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"Planning nonlinear access paths for temporal bone surgery.",
"\nInterventions at the otobasis operate in the narrow region of the temporal bone where several highly sensitive organs define obstacles with minimal clearance for surgical instruments. ",
"Nonlinear trajectories for potential minimally invasive interventions can provide larger distances to risk structures and optimized orientations of surgical instruments, thus improving clinical outcomes when compared to existing linear approaches. ",
"In this paper, we present fast and accurate planning methods for such nonlinear access paths. ",
"We define a specific motion planning problem in [Formula: see text] with notable constraints in computation time and goal pose that reflect the requirements of temporal bone surgery. ",
"We then present [Formula: see text]-RRT-Connect: two suitable motion planners based on bidirectional Rapidly exploring Random Tree (RRT) to solve this problem efficiently. ",
"The benefits of [Formula: see text]-RRT-Connect are demonstrated on real CT data of patients. ",
"Their general performance is shown on a large set of realistic synthetic anatomies. ",
"We also show that these new algorithms outperform state-of-the-art methods based on circular arcs or Bézier-Splines when applied to this specific problem. ",
"With this work, we demonstrate that preoperative and intra-operative planning of nonlinear access paths is possible for minimally invasive surgeries at the otobasis."
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[
"The parish of St. Andrew was formed in 1954 and draws people of the Orthodox faith, both of Ukrainian and non-Ukrainian heritage. ",
"Worshippers give glory to the One God, Father, Son and Holy Spirit. ",
"The faithful of the parish seek a close and personal relationship with Jesus Christ through prayer, divine services, reading of Sacred Scripture, reception of the sacraments, fasting and acts of charity.",
"\n\nIt is the intention of its parishioners to remain faithful to the Sacred Traditions of the Holy Orthodox Church as well as to the customs of the Ukrainian Church. ",
"As Christians, church members adhere to the commandment of our Lord Jesus Christ to \"teach all nations\". ",
"Therefore, it is within this spirit that the Parish welcomes everyone to pray together.",
"\n\nAnnouncements\n\nDear Parishioners and Friends,\n\nOur governor has given churches the option of opening up after many weeks of quarantine. ",
"As of now, though, St. Andrew Ukrainian Orthodox Church of Boston will remain closed. ",
"The Parish Board had a Zoom meeting on May 27, 2020, to discuss our options for the future. ",
"We have created a sub-committee to explore best practices for reopening St. Andrew’s. ",
"There is a lot to consider. ",
"As much as we would all love to be together again worshipping in our beautiful church, we ask that you be patient. ",
"You may read the letter at the end of this week's bulletin (both in Ukrainian and English) from our Hierarchs regarding the reopening of our churches. ",
"We do not anticipate opening at least for the next month and possibly beyond.",
"\n\nPlease feel free to communicate your thoughts and ideas to Fr. ",
"Roman, any of our Parish Board members or me.",
"\n\nMost sincerely,\n\nJane Yavarow, Parish President\n\nClick on picture for video\n\nSunday April 19, 2020 Pascha\n\nSunday, April 12, 2020\n\nFrom our Hierarchs regarding Holy Week and Pascha:\n\nThere will be NO PUBLIC SERVICES for the faithful in our churches as long as the restrictions of our government remain in effect. ",
"Our Bishops have stressed that this is for the well being of all of our parishioners and for the well being of all of our priests.",
"\n\nThey do not anticipate that this will change anytime soon as it is believed the worst of the Covid-19 epidemic is yet to come. ",
"Priests are encouraged to hold all services BEHIND CLOSED DOORS with the aid of a single cantor and live-stream if possible.",
"\n\nFor Palm Sunday: Priests should bless pussy willows. ",
"These will be saved and then distributed to the faithful on the first Sunday we are able to come together to celebrate the Divine Liturgy. ",
"These willows will be a symbol of our triumphant and safe return to our church and to our regular lives.",
"\n\nFor Holy Week: Priests are encouraged to hold all services BEHIND CLOSED DOORS with the aid of a single cantor and live-stream if possible. ",
"Confessions are to be heard only if absolutely necessary one person allowed per hour in the church or under dire circumstances in the home of the parishioner. “",
"Telephone confessions” are forbidden. ",
"All other confessions should be heard when we again are allowed to gather to worship as a community.",
"\n\nFor Pascha: Priests are encouraged to hold all services BEHIND CLOSED DOORS with the aid of a single cantor and live-stream if possible. ",
"Bringing Easter Baskets to church for a blessing is forbidden. ",
"There will be no “drive-by” blessings of any kind. ",
"The priest will bless his own basket in church. ",
"After he has said the proper prayers, then the faithful may bless their own baskets with Holy Water. ",
"As insufficient as this is, it is the only way to remain safe.",
"\n\n(In light of this information, Fr. ",
"Roman has cancelled our order for Easter Flowers. ",
"The florist was very sad as every church has cancelled flower orders. ",
"St. Andrew’s might want to consider ordering some flowers for the Sunday we are able to return to church in support of his business.)",
"\n\nOur Hierarchs also reminded us that the life of the church goes on. ",
"Metropolitan Antony strongly encouraged us to remind our parishioners to remember to support the church with their regular donations.",
"\n\nParishes were also reminded to support the Metropolia Center in So. ",
"Bound Brook. ",
"They will be laying off one half of their staff.",
"\n\nI greet you during these most difficult times in the name of the Father, the Son and Holy Spirit. ",
"I pray for you and your health everyday both at my home and in our beautiful church. ",
"It is empty of people, but I feel your love within its walls. ",
"I want you to know that as your spiritual Father, I am very happy to speak with you on the phone or by email. ",
"If you need my pastoral services, I will even meet with you if necessary. ",
"I encourage you to pray at home. ",
"I also encourage you to join our St. Sophia Seminarians and Archbishop Daniel for morning and evening prayers, the Liturgy of Pre-sanctified Gifts and the Divine Liturgy on Sundays. ",
"You can view these on Facebook and YouTube.",
"\n\nWe pray you all remain vigilant and take every precaution during the coming days to protect yourselves as much as possible from the Coronavirus. ",
"Please follow all of the guidelines outlined by the CDC. ",
"We will keep you posted regarding any changes in our church schedule in the days ahead. ",
"Please stay in contact with each other. ",
"Please call Fr. ",
"Roman to touch base during these uncertain times.",
"\n\nIf you are interested in becoming a member of our Parish Family, please speak with Fr. ",
"Roman. ",
"We encourage you to be a member of our church community and worship with us every Sunday. ",
"Your membership helps us to maintain the church and to pay our bills.",
"\n\nOn Sunday, December 9, 2018 His Eminence Metropolitan Antony, accompanied by Subdeacon Mykola Zomchak and seminarian Myroslav Mykytyuk, visited St. Andrew Ukrainian Orthodox Church of Boston. ",
"The occasion was the 60th Anniversary of the church edifice and the 40th anniversary of the ordination of its pastor, Very Reverend Roman Tarnavsky. ",
"His Eminence was greeted with flowers at the church door by the children of the parish and then welcomed into the church by parish president, Jane Yavarow. ",
"In her greeting she stressed that St. Andrew’s was more than just four walls, but a place to ground us, a place to come together to worship as a community, a place to rely on for spiritual health and healing, and a place for us to be the body of Christ.",
"\n\nFr. ",
"Roman, along with visiting clergy Fr. ",
"Borislav Kroner, Deacon Paul Cherkas and Deacon Michael Abrahamson all from Woonsocket, RI, ushered His Eminence to the tetrapod where the Hierarchical Divine Liturgy began. ",
"St. Andrew’s choir, under the direction of Jane Yavarow offered the responses. ",
"At the end of the Liturgy, His Eminence thanked the choir for the beautiful, peaceful and at times moving melodies that they rendered.",
"\n\nWith the Liturgy completed, there were a few awards to be given out. ",
"In July, the Ukrainian Orthodox Church of the USA celebrated its 100th anniversary. ",
"In honor of the Church’s Centennial Celebration, our hierarchs created a special award of a medal bearing the image of St. Andrew and the X-shaped cross upon which he was crucified along with the Ukrainian and American flags and the centennial “100” insignia. ",
"The purpose of this special award is to honor individual parish members, nominated by their pastors and parish boards who have exemplified what it means to be a fully committed Ukrainian Orthodox Christian over a period of at least 15 years in the life of the Church. ",
"St. Andrew’s honorees, exemplifying these qualities and more, were Leonid Kondratiuk, Pearl Smith, Iryna Wavariv-Priester, George Wons and Jane Yavarow. ",
"Two “hramatas” were also awarded to more recent immigrants, Kateryna Parshikova and Michael Gregory for their dedication to the church. ",
"Finally Vladyka Antony summoned the faithful for a group photo, a panoramic view of the parishioners in the beautiful 60 year-old church.",
"\n\nAfter the Liturgy everyone moved to the church hall where they dined on a catered meal featuring lobster bisque, Waldorf salad and baked cod prepared by Chef Michael, a long-time friend of St. Andrew’s.",
"\n\nAlong with celebrating the 60th anniversary of the church, the parishioners honored their pastor, Right Rev. Roman Tarnavsky, on the 40th anniversary of his ordination to the priesthood. ",
"Fr. ",
"Roman attended the Odessa Theological Seminary. ",
"On September 27, 1978, on the feast day of the Exaltation of the Holy Cross, he was ordained a priest. ",
"In 1997, with the prospects of a better life for his two sons, Fr. ",
"Roman moved his family to the United States where he began his service in the Ukrainian Orthodox Church of the USA. ",
"He was assigned to St. Andrew Ukrainian Orthodox Church of Boston in 2002. ",
"Fr. ",
"Roman was honored with gifts from the choir, sisterhood and parish. ",
"Proclamations were received from the governor of Massachusetts and the city of Boston making it Fr. ",
"Roman Tarnavsky Day in the city.",
"\n\nThe day’s festivities continued with a concert performed by a few of the many talented members of the parish. ",
"Cellist Łukasz Pawlikowski and violinist Matt Scutchfield played two numbers followed by singing performances by Michael Hotz, Tetyana Portyankina, Olga Tymoshchuk and Eugene Moroz accompanied on piano by Oksana Oliynyk. ",
"Young altar servers Alex Levchuk and Dennis Levchuk, their father Georgiy Levchuk and friend Igor Oliynyk dedicated their rendition of Dva Koljory (Two colors) to Fr. ",
"Roman. ",
"Their performance brought tears to his eyes and to all those in the audience.",
"\n\nTo close out the day, Metropolitan offered a few remarks congratulating the parish and encouraging its members to embrace new immigrants and nurture its children to ensure the life of St. Andrew’s for another 60 years.",
"\n\n“Luba” in Action!",
"\n\nBy Jane Yavarow\n\nIn the spirit of this Lenten season, “LET US BE ATTENTIVE!” (",
"LUBA) is a call to be attentive to our neighbor, to our community, to our parish family and to Christ! ",
"This year, as a Lenten Project, parishioners of St. Andrew Ukrainian Orthodox Church of Boston undertook a charitable activity to assist the International Orthodox Christian Charities (IOCC) in shipping emergency hygiene kits to those in need around the world. ",
"Imagine a child being so poor that soap and washcloths are considered luxury items. ",
"Imagine being a refugee who has fled from home with only the items he carries in his hands. ",
"Imagine being the victim of a natural disaster and losing all of your possessions. ",
"For the faithful of St. Andrew’s, assembling and sending these emergency kits was a practical and tangible way to provide aid and to make life a bit better for those in need.",
"\n\nDuring the first four weeks of Great Lent, parishioners donated items needed to make the hygiene kits including hand towels, washcloths, combs, nail clippers, soap, toothbrushes and Band-Aids. ",
"After the Liturgy on Sunday, March 25, 2018 enthusiastic volunteers assembled the items and prepared the kits for shipping. ",
"Since this year marks St. Andrew’s 60th anniversary as a parish, donors set a goal of assembling sixty kits for the 60th! ",
"As it turned out, 83 kits were assembled, far exceeding the goal.",
"\n\nOver this past year, St. Andrew’s has followed the recommendations of the Consistory’s “LUBA” initiative. ",
"The Church has made monthly donations to various charities ranging from the American Kidney Foundation to the Greater Boston Food Pantry as well as to the organizations of the UOC of the USA. ",
"Assembling the kits was a great next step in getting the parish actively involved in charity work.",
"\n\nLenten Mission Weekend at St. Andrew Ukrainian Orthodox Church of Boston\n\nBy Jane Yavarow\n\nOn Saturday, March 17 and Sunday, March 18, 2018 St. Andrew Ukrainian Orthodox Church of Boston held its annual Lenten Mission with special guest, His Eminence Metropolitan Antony of the UOC of the USA. ",
"The Mission began on Saturday evening with Vespers led by Very Reverend Roman Tarnavsky of St. Andrew’s and assisted by visiting clergy, Very Reverend Stephen Masliuk from Bridgeport, CT, Reverend Borislav Kroner and Deacon Paul Cherkas both from Woonsocket, RI. ",
"The responses were rendered by Archdeacon Vasyl Janick, Deacon Michael Abrahamson, both from Woonsocket, RI and the choir of St. Andrew’s. ",
"After Vespers attendees partook of a Lenten supper prepared by St. Olha’s Sisterhood. ",
"Many parishioners contributed their Lenten specialties for all to enjoy.",
"\n\nDinner was followed by the highlight of the evening, a Lenten talk by Vladyko Antony. ",
"His Eminence used the penitential prayer of the Judean king, Manasseh, as the basis of the first part of his talk. “…",
"I bow the knee of my heart, beseeching thee for grace. ",
"I have sinned, O Lord, I have sinned, and I acknowledge mine iniquities; but I humbly beseech thee, forgive me, O Lord, forgive me, and destroy me not with mine iniquities. ",
"Be not angry with me for ever, by reserving my evils for me; neither condemn me to the lower parts of the earth; for thou, O Lord, art the God of them that repent; and in me wilt thou show all thy goodness; for thou wilt save me that am unworthy, according to thy great mercy. ",
"And I will praise thee henceforth all the days of my life…” Through the exploration of this prayer, Vladyko reminded those in attendance of the way we can all seek atonement as we humbly ask God’s forgiveness.",
"\n\nVladyko Antony also emphasized that a very important part of our daily life should be to seek our true religious inner soul as well as “theosis,” or union with God. ",
"He encouraged the audience to read the book, The Way of the Pilgrim. ",
"In this fictional account, a pilgrim journeys through the land trying to find a way to pray unceasingly. ",
"Metropolitan Antony’s message to us was that if we pray unceasingly we will be mindful and grateful to God for all that we have. ",
"A quote from the book sums this up. “",
"The Apostle says: ‘pray without ceasing; that is, he teaches constant remembrance of God at all times, in all places, and under any circumstances. ",
"If you are busy doing something, you must remember the Creator of all things; if you see light, remember Him who gave it to you. ",
"If you look at the sky, the earth, the waters and all that is in it, marvel and glorify the Creator of all. ",
"If you are putting your clothes on, remember Him whose gift they are and thank Him who provides everything in your life. ",
"In short, let every action be an occasion for you always to remember and praise God. ",
"And before you know it you are praying unceasingly and your soul will always rejoice in this.’”",
"\n\nHis Eminence’s talk was thought provoking and well received, a good prescription for those 40 guests in attendance seeking to be spiritually uplifted during Great Lent.",
"\n\nOn the following day, Sunday, March 18, 2018, His Eminence Metropolitan Antony celebrated a Hierarchical Divine Liturgy for the faithful of St. Andrew Ukrainian Orthodox Church of Boston. ",
"He was welcomed with flowers presented by the children of the parish and greeted with bread and salt by Jane Yavarow, Parish Board President. ",
"Pastor of St. Andrew’s, Fr. ",
"Roman Tarnavsky, presented him with the cross and asked for his blessing. ",
"From the first “God, Grant you Many Years, Master!” ",
"to the final “Amen,” responses were beautifully rendered by the dedicated 18 member church choir under the direction of Jane Yavarow. ",
"During Vladyko Antony’s sermon he emphasized the importance of praying the prayer of St. St. Ephraim not only during Great Lent but every day as a guideline for the way we shoould live our daily lives.",
"\n\nAfter the Liturgy, all were treated to a Lenten Luncheon prepared by St. Olha’s Sisterhood under the leadership of co-presidents Vera Geba and Valentina Dingle. ",
"At the conclusion of the dinner, a donation of $1,000, raised from Lenten soup sales and funds from the Parish Board and Sisterhood, was presented to Vladyko Antony to be used for the wonderful work our Consistory does to support orphanages in Ukraine. ",
"As the day drew to a close, many of the faithful, filled with a renewed spirit divined from the Lenten Mission, came forward to seek the blessing of His Eminence.",
"\n\nTheophany 2018\n\nPascha April 16, 2017\n\nMay the Victorious Christ bless all of us with His kindness and love. ",
"May the joy of Jesus Christ’s Resurrection fill our hearts and souls. ",
"Christ is Risen! ",
"Indeed He is Risen!",
"\n\nLenten Mission 2017\n\nLenten Mission 2016\n\nSt. Andrew's 2016 Lenten Mission With His Grace Bishop Daniel\n\nOn April 16 & 17, 2016, St. Andrew Ukrainian Orthodox Church of Boston held its annual Lenten Mission. ",
"The parish was extremely fortunate to have His Grace, Bishop Daniel, as its guest for the weekend. ",
"On Saturday evening, parishioners as well as visitors from St. Michael’s in Woonsocket, RI and other local Orthodox parishes gathered to worship together. ",
"As His Grace Bishop Daniel heard confessions, Fr. ",
"Borislav Kroner, assisted by Deacon Paul Cherkas and altar servers Alexis Levchuk and Dennis Levchuk celebrated Great Vespers. ",
"Responses were offered by Fr. ",
"Roman Tarnavsky, Deacon Michael, Hierodeacon Vasyl, and seminarians Ihor Protsak and Mykola Zomchak, as well as members of the choir of St. Andrew’s. ",
"The church, bathed in evening candlelight, was the perfect setting for this beautiful service. ",
"At the conclusion of Vespers, Bishop Daniel began the Lenten Mission in earnest by putting on his teaching hat. ",
"Via Villanova University, and on loan to Bishop Daniel through the weeks of Great Lent, he brought with him a set of 12 saintly relics from the Pecherska Lavra in Kiev encased in a box labeled, “Synaxis of the Saints of Kiev-Rus” as well as a 16th Century icon of the Venerable Fathers of the Monastery of Kyiv Caves. ",
"He used these physical items to prompt the faithful into contemplating who is a saint, and just how does one become saintly?",
"\n\nAfter this mini-lesson, all in attendance gathered in the church hall for a light Lenten Supper prepared by members of St. Olha’s Sisterhood. ",
"Following the meal, Bishop Daniel again took to the floor to speak on his theme for the evening, “Enter to Worship, Exit to Serve.” ",
"Through his talent for storytelling and use of humor, His grace made it most clear that living a fulfilling and meaningful Christian life does not simply mean attending church on Sunday, but more importantly, how you serve other people day to day. ",
"He stressed that we must step outside our comfort zone to do things for others, so that they feel the love and presence of Christ that we have within us and want to share with them. ",
"His presentation was an extremely powerful reminder of what we should be doing during Great Lent, so that in the future, it becomes part of our everyday life.",
"\n\nOn Sunday morning His Grace celebrated the Hierarchical Divine Liturgy at St. Andrew’s. ",
"He was greeted with flowers by flower girl Maria Custodio, bread and salt by Parish Board President, Jane Yavarow and the holy cross by St. Andrew’s pastor, Roman Tarnavsky. ",
"From the first “God, Grant you Many Years, Master!” ",
"to the final “Amen,” responses were beautifully rendered by the dedicated 20 member church choir under the direction of Jane Yavarow and Eugene Moroz.",
"\n\nIn keeping with the idea of a Lenten Mission, Vladyka aptly took time out during the Liturgy to educate the faithful about what was happening. ",
"He explained the history of why we pray for the Catechumens. ",
"He had us experience the lost tradition of offering the “Kiss of Peace” to our church family members, and had the congregation recite the Nicaean Creed together as one united body. ",
"Finally, before it was consecrated into the body of Jesus, he brought down from the altar the portion of the Prosphora called the Ahnec, or the Lamb, which represents our Lord who takes on the sins of the world. ",
"He showed us how this would be portioned out for communion.",
"\n\nBishop Daniel’s thoughtful bilingual sermon challenged us with a question. “",
"What would you ask of Jesus if he stood before you today?” ",
"Again he tied this in with the idea of serving, suggesting that we should not ask for things for ourselves, but for the greater humanity.",
"\n\nAfter the extraordinary three-hour Liturgy, all were invited to partake in a Lenten luncheon buffet coordinated by project manager, Vera Geba. ",
"Many generous parishioners donated their favorite Lenten dishes for all to enjoy.",
"\n\nTo conclude the Lenten Mission, Bishop Daniel filled the attendees in on what is happening at the Consistory regarding the Church’s strategic plan for the future. ",
"He also encouraged individuals to think about church camp for the youth and mission work for young adults. ",
"He spoke specifically about the opportunity to serve in the orphanages the Ukrainian Orthodox Church of the USA sponsors in Ukraine. ",
"It was apropos then, at this time, that Vera Geba, Co-President of St. Olha’s Sisterhood, presented Bishop Daniel with a $1,000 check for the orphanages - $300 from a fundraiser run by the youth of the parish and $700 from the Sisterhood. ",
"For this, His Grace was very grateful.",
"\n\nSt. Andrew’s Lenten Mission, on all levels, proved a great success. ",
"We thanked His Grace for inspiring us as we move through the last weeks of Great Lent into Holy Week and then to Pascha, the ultimate celebration of the Resurrection of our Lord and Savior.",
"\n\nSouper Bowl Sunday - February 7, 2016\n\nThank you to all who supported our St. Andrew’s Youth Group “Souper Bowl” Sunday activity last week. ",
"They raised $300. ",
"All donations will be sent to the Saint Andrew’s Society to feed the hungry in Ukraine.",
"\n\nHis Eminence Metropolitan Antony Visits Boston April 26, 2015\n\nOn Sunday, April 26, 2015, St. Andrew Ukrainian Orthodox Church of Boston was honored to have a visit from His Eminence Metropolitan Antony. ",
"The Metropolitan was greeted with flowers by the children of the parish, bread and salt by Parish Board President, Jane Yavarow and the holy cross by Fr. ",
"Roman Tarnavsky. ",
"With the intoning of “Christ is Risen” he began the Hierarchical Divine Liturgy. ",
"Responses were offered by the dedicated members of the parish choir. ",
"At the conclusion of the Liturgy, Metropolitan Antony invited everyone outside for a group photo.",
"\n\nIt is the tradition at St. Andrew’s to celebrate, Sviachene - the post-Paschal dinner - two weeks after Pascha together with members of Christ the King Ukrainian Catholic Church of Boston. ",
"Fr. ",
"Yaroslav Nalysyk and his parishioners joined St. Andrew’s parish to partake of a delicious meal prepared by the members of the church and coordinated by project manager, Iryna Warvariv-Priester.",
"\n\nAfter the meal, Metropolitan Antony served a Panahyda to mark the anniversary of the tragic events in Chernobyl 29 years ago. ",
"May their memory be eternal.",
"\n\nBefore the conclusion of the dinner, the President of the Ukrainian American Heritage Foundation, Walter Boyko, and its Board of Directors, made a very generous gift to St. Andrew’s. ",
"A plaque, noting this donation, was installed in the church hall and will be a reminder of their great kindness. ",
"Metropolitan Antony blessed the plaque and prayed for the good health of the members of the Foundation. ",
"Then His Eminence blessed the faithful with a heavy sprinkling of holy water and offered best wishes to all for many, many happy years!",
"\n\nOn Sunday, December 1, 2013, the Parish of Saint Andrew the First Called Apostle Ukrainian Orthodox Church welcomed His Eminence Metropolitan Antony and His Grace Bishop Daniel to Boston. ",
"They were invited by the parish to celebrate our Patron Saint’s Day and to bless the renovated and restored interior of our 60-year-old edifice. ",
"Our Hierarchs were presented with flowers by the children of the parish and greeted with the traditional bread and salt by parish president, Jane Yavarow. ",
"Very Reverend Roman Tarnavsky, pastor of the church, offered them the cross. ",
"Thus began a many faceted morning. ",
"The blessing service took place first. ",
"The Hierarchs walked throughout the church sprinkling holy water on the newly painted walls. ",
"Bishop Daniel took great pleasure in dousing choir members as they sang, “Oh, Lord, Save Thy People”.",
"\n\nNext, 17 year old Sviatoslav Kotyk, was ordained a sub-deacon. ",
"Originally from Ukraine, Sviat is an altar server and reads the Sunday epistle regularly in both English and Ukrainian. ",
"Metropolitan Antony reminded him of the importance of the reader who must prepare weekly to fully understand what he is reading and to impart it with conviction.",
"\n\nAfter these services, the bilingual Hierarchical Divine Liturgy began. ",
"Serving with our Hierarchs and Fr. ",
"Roman were Fr. ",
"Anthony Perkins from Woonsocket, RI and Hierodeacon Vasyl from Boston. ",
"Seminarian Adrian Mazur joined them from St. Sophia’s Seminary. ",
"Metropolitan Antony offered an insightful sermon revolving around the word restoration, not only in the physical sense, but also most importantly, in the spiritual sense. ",
"Bishop Daniel offered an especially meaningful prayer for Ukraine in light of the turmoil she has endured in the past and is being confronted with today.",
"\n\nBefore the dismissal, a “Testament of Blessing” was bestowed on four of the faithful parishioners of the church: Valentina Dingle and Vera Geba, co-presidents of St. Olha’s Sisterhood, Eugene Moroz, choir director and Jane Yavarow choir director and parish president. ",
"This was a surprise and great honor to all who received this blessing.",
"\n\nAt the conclusion of the Liturgy, Metropolitan Antony called all of the faithful to the front of the church for a group picture.",
"\n\nWhile the Liturgy was going on upstairs, a delicious banquet of lobster bisque and baked sole was being prepared by Chef Michael Maggiani, and parishioners Len Kondratiuk, Mark Walling, George Wons, and Dan Smith. ",
"Over 130 guests were in attendance in the hall beautifully decorated by Tanya Tereshko-Little. ",
"Between the first two courses, mistress of ceremonies, Iryna Warvariv-Priester, directed the audience to the stage to view a welcoming dance by the Ukrainian dance ensemble ISKRA from NJ under the direction of Andrij Cybyk. ",
"They performed a number of other dances during the afternoon ending with a lively and crowd rousing hopak. ",
"The crowd was also entertained by local talent Sophia Raniuk who performed a piano medley of Ukrainian songs. ",
"She then accompanied bass singer Eugene Moroz as he preformed two Ukrainian folk songs.",
"\n\nJane Yavarow, parish president, welcomed all in attendance and thanked those who contributed to the Restoration Fund. ",
"She acknowledged Fr. ",
"Roman Tarnavsky and Iryna Warvariv-Priester with whom she worked to fulfill the goals of the Church Restoration Committee. ",
"Valentina Dingle, Vera Geba and Pearl Smith were thanked for their contributions, as well.",
"\n\nThe day was rounded out with a birthday celebration to honor Joseph Charyna on his 100th birthday. ",
"Metropolitan Antony presented him with a “Testament of Blessing”, and birthday wishes from President Barack Obama and Massachusetts Governor Deval Patrick. ",
"Joseph joins Mary Wons and Mary Schlitz who, in June, both turned 100 years old. ",
"Our parish is blessed to have three parishioners in the “Century Club”.",
"\n\nSt. Andrew’s Day 2013 was a memorable and joyous occasion for all who worshipped together, broke bread together and shared in the very special fellowship found at our parish."
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"video size: 640x360 730x576 1024x576 1280x720 1920x1080 custom size x Advanced Embed Example Add the following CSS to the header block of your HTML document.",
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"The present invention relates to aromatic diamine compounds which can be used as raw materials for polyimide, polyamide, bismaleimide or epoxy resins. ",
"The compounds can also be employed as curing agents. ",
"The invention also relates to a method for preparing the compounds.",
"\nFurthermore, the present invention relates to bismaleimide compounds which are useful as raw materials for heat-resistant resins, and which can be obtained from the aforementioned aromatic diamine compounds. ",
"The invention also relates to a method for preparing the compounds.",
"\nIn addition, the present invention relates to thermosetting resin forming compositions, and ultimately the resins, which are obtained from the aforementioned aromatic diamine compounds and bismaleimide compounds, as well as a method for preparing the composition.",
"\nIn recent years, raw materials for heat-resistant resins have been required to provide a combination of good thermal and mechanical properties, as well as certain other characteristics which composites should exhibit such as flexibility and moldability/workability.",
"\nIn this regard, polyimide resins have been used. ",
"While providing some excellent properties, they typically exhibit poor moldability/workability.",
"\nAn example of such a polyimide is an aromatic polyimide made by Du Pont and marketed under the tradename \"Vespel\". ",
"This polyimide can be prepared from 4,4'-diaminodiphenyl ether and pyromellitic anhydride. ",
"It is insoluble and unmeltable. ",
"Thus, when it is molded, a special procedure such as powder sinter molding must be used. ",
"Unfortunately, this molding technique cannot be easily used for the preparation of articles having complex shapes. ",
"During manufacturing of complex shaped articles, additional operations such as cutting are necessary. ",
"As a result the polyimide difficult to mold and costs increase.",
"\nTo address those drawbacks associated with polyimide resins, a variety of strategies have been formulated, primarily focusing on improving the diamine component of the raw materials. ",
"For example, there have been attempts to introduce an ether linkage group or an isopropylidene group into the molecule and to increase the molecular chain. ",
"Unfortunately, these techniques have not effectively provided the flexibility and moldability/workability characteristics necessary for composite materials.",
"\nA typical example of a bismaleimide is N,N'-(methylene-di-p-phenylene)bismaleimide disclosed in Japanese Patent Laid-open Nos. ",
"47-8644 and 47-11500. ",
"However, this bismaleimide compound is substantially insoluble in common organic solvents such as ketone and petroleum solvents. ",
"And, when a polyimide resin is prepared using this compound, the occupation ratio of the polyimido group in the polymer structure is high. ",
"Therefore, the polymer is hard, brittle and provides extremely poor flexibility and high hygroscopicity. ",
"The effective application of the bismaleimide compounds is accordingly limited considerably.",
"\nRecently, in an effort to eliminate such disadvantages, much attention has been given to the development of long-chain bismaleimide compounds. ",
"For example, Japanese Patent Laid-open No. ",
"63-500866 discloses a bismaleimide compound having three benzene rings and having the following structure represented by formula (X): ##STR3##\nIn addition, Japanese Patent Laid-open No. ",
"63-264566 discloses a bismaleimide compound having four benzene rings and having the following structure represented i3y the formula (XI): ##STR4##\nHowever, even with these bismaleimide compounds and polymers prepared from the compounds, an effective balanced combination of heat resistance, flexibility, adhesion to a metal and inorganic materials, and workability is not provided.",
"\nThermosetting resins having an imido structure have been effectively used to prepare molded articles having excellent electrical insulating properties, heat resistance and dimensional stability. ",
"Therefore, this type of resin has been utilized in many industrial fields.",
"\nHowever, thermosetting resins obtained by subjecting aromatic bismaleimides alone to heat polymerization are very brittle and provide poor flexibility, although they do provide excellent heat resistance. ",
"To address this drawback, attempts have been made to develop thermosetting resin forming compositions comprising an aromatic bismaleimide and an aromatic diamine. ",
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"46-23250). ",
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"Q:\n\nHow come there is no Course Rank for Spiral in Pac-Man CE DX?",
"\n\nI have Pac-Man CE DX for the XBox 360. ",
"On the course selection screen it displays an overall course rank for each course. ",
"However, the Spiral course does not have anything displayed in that area. ",
"Is it a bug? ",
"Is the Spiral course special for some reason?",
"\n\nA:\n\nSome PS3 users have had problems with this also. ",
"It appears to be a game bug that affects a limited subset of users. ",
"For other users, the course rank shows up correctly. ",
"I was unable to find a solution, or any offical developer comment on these issues.",
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"\n\nSunday’s attack came during a night of escalating violence that opened new fronts in Hong Kong’s widening crisis over an extradition bill that could see people from the territory sent to China for trial in Communist Party-controlled courts.",
"\n\nProtesters had earlier on Sunday surrounded China’s main representative office in the Asian financial hub and defaced walls and signs and clashed with police.",
"\n\nHong Kong’s Beijing-backed leader, Carrie Lam, condemned the attack on the Central Government Liaison Office, saying it was a “challenge” to national sovereignty.",
"\n\nShe condemned violent behavior of any kind and said she had been shocked by the clashes at the station, adding that police would investigate fully. “",
"Violence will only breed more violence,” Lam said while flanked by senior city officials.",
"\n\nSome politicians and activists have linked Hong Kong’s shadowy network of triad criminal gangs to political intimidation and violence in recent years, sometimes against pro-democracy activists and critics of Beijing.",
"\n\n\n\nHong Kong has been hit by a series of sometimes violent protests for over two months – its most serious crisis since the city was handed back by Britain to China in 1997 but with democratic freedoms under a “one country, two systems” formula.",
"\n\nOn Sunday night, scores of men in white T-shirts, some armed with clubs, flooded into the rural Yuen Long station and stormed a train, assaulting passengers with pipes, poles and other objects, according to video footage.",
"\n\nWitnesses, including Democratic lawmaker Lam Cheuk-ting, said the men appeared to target black-shirted passengers who had been at an anti-government march.",
"\n\nLawmaker Lam, who was wounded in the face and hospitalized, said the police ignored his appeals to them to intervene to prevent bloodshed. “",
"They deliberately turned a blind eye to these attacks by triads on regular citizens,” he told Reuters, saying the floors of the station were streaked with blood.",
"\n\n“I won’t speculate on why they didn’t help immediately.”",
"\n\nLater on Monday night, a police spokeswoman confirmed the arrests of two men, aged 45 and 48, related to an unlawful assembly in Yuen Long. ",
"They provided no other details.",
"\n\n“Not a normal confrontation”\n\nForty-five people were injured in the violence at the station, with one in critical condition, according to hospital authorities.",
"\n\nHong Kong police chief Stephen Lo, asked about concerns that officers had been slow to respond to the clash at the station, said there had been a need to “redeploy manpower from other districts”.",
"\n\nPolice stations nearby had closed, given the risk of unrest and a patrol on the scene needed to wait for reinforcements, he said.",
"\n\n“We will pursue at all costs to bring the offenders to justice,” he told reporters while pledging to restore public confidence in the police force.",
"\n\nAsked by a reporter if police had colluded with triads at the station, Lo said the force had no connections to triads.",
"\n\nWitnesses saw groups of men in white with poles and bamboo staves at a nearby village but police later found no weapons and allowed the men to leave without making any arrests.",
"\n\n“We can’t say you have a problem because you are dressed in white and we have to arrest you,” said Yau Nai-keung, an assistant police commander in the area. “",
"We will treat them fairly no matter which camp they are in.”",
"\n\nSome banks, shops and government facilities in the area closed early on Monday amid fears of more trouble and few people ventured out on the streets, eyewitnesses said.",
"\n\nIn 2014, Hong Kong’s anti-triad police units investigated triad gang attacks on protesters during pro-democracy demonstrations that shut down parts of the city for 79 days.",
"\n\nAlvin Yeung, a barrister and lawmaker with the pro-democracy Civic Party, said he was sure the railway station attackers were gang members.",
"\n\n“I hope that the police will not deceive themselves. ",
"It is a triad fight and not a normal confrontation.”",
"\n\nRubber bullets\n\nUnder the terms of the 1997 handover from Britain, Hong Kong was allowed to retain extensive freedoms not enjoyed on the mainland under a “one country, two systems” model, including an independent judiciary and the right to protest.",
"\n\nMany city residents fear that the proposed extradition law, which would allow people to be extradited to mainland China for trial, would undermine Hong Kong’s judicial independence.",
"\n\nThe city’s Beijing-backed government, responding to the scale of the protests, postponed the bill and later said it was “dead”. ",
"But the protesters are demanding its formal withdrawal and urged city leader Lam to quit – something she refuses to do.",
"\n\nThey are also demanding independent inquiries into the use of the police against protesters. ",
"Some are also demanding full democracy – anathema to Beijing’s party leadership.",
"\n\nIn a rare comment, the pro-establishment Hong Kong General Chamber of Commerce strengthened earlier criticism of the bill and issued a statement urging its full withdrawal.",
"\n\nThey also endorsed calls for an independent inquiry, acknowledging “frustrations” surrounding perceptions that public demands were being ignored.",
"\n\nOn Sunday, police fired rubber bullets and tear gas to disperse activists after thousands ringed Beijing’s Liaison Office. ",
"Police said protesters hurled bricks, smoke grenades and petrol bombs during the unrest that broke out after hundreds of thousands marched through the city streets.",
"\n\nThe Chinese government, including office director Wang Zhimin, condemned the turmoil, which included spray-painting and hurling eggs at walls and a national emblem at the Liaison Office, saying the behavior challenged the “authority and dignity” of the Chinese government.",
"\n\nA foreign ministry spokesman said such acts tested Beijing’s limits. “",
"Some radical protester behavior violated our bottom line of ‘one country, two systems.'” ",
"We cannot tolerate that,” said spokesman Geng Shuang.",
"\n\nThe unrest in Hong Kong marks the greatest popular challenge to Chinese leader Xi Jinping since he came to power in 2012."
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"Power hand tools such as motorized ratchet wrenches and drivers are commonly used in automotive, industrial and household applications to install and remove threaded fasteners and to apply a torque and/or angular displacement to a work piece such as a threaded fastener, for example. ",
"Motorized hand tools such as cordless power ratchets and drivers generally include an electric motor contained in a clamshell housing along with other components such as switches, light emitting diodes (LEDs), and batteries, for example. ",
"The clamshell housing generally includes two or more housing portions fastened together by fasteners such as screws or rivets.",
"\nThe process of assembling a motor subassembly to a drive member such as a ratchet head housing in a motorized hand tool generally involves the use elaborate fixtures, presses and/or hammers, for example. ",
"Current process for assembling a motor subassembly to a ratchet housing involve fastening a motor end plate to a ratchet head housing with fasteners such as pins or screws. ",
"Manufacturing tooling including presses, fixtures and hammers are used to install the fasteners. ",
"Disassembly of the ratchet heads housing from the motor end plate involves the use of a hammer and punch to remove the fasteners. ",
"The resulting subassemblies have been difficult to disassemble without causing damage to its constituent components."
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"\n\nSo I want to compare new users to returning users in a table by month. ",
" I have a table that contains each action with a username and a date stamp.",
"\nI can easily pull users that performed an action in, for example, January 2011. ",
" To see see if each user is new I need to then run their username against all previous records (prior to January 2011).",
"\nIn my fumblings I came up with the following:\n SELECT ini.username,\n MIN(ini.datetime) AS firstAction,\n COUNT(ini.datetime) AS numMonth,\n (SELECT COUNT(*) \n FROM tableActions tot\n WHERE tot.username = ini.username\n AND tot.datetime < '201101%' \n AND tot.datetime > '201001%') AS numTotal\n FROM tableActions ini\n WHERE DATETIME >= '201101%' \n AND DATETIME < '201102%'\nGROUP BY ini.username\nORDER BY firstAction\n\nIt doesn't error, but it doesn't finish either. ",
" Seems to be quite intense.",
"\n\nA:\n\nYou can re-write the query to be (assuming tableactions.datetime is a DATETIME data type):\n SELECT ini.username,\n MIN(ini.datetime) AS firstAction,\n COUNT(ini.datetime) AS numMonth,\n x.numTotal\n FROM tableActions ini\nLEFT JOIN (SELECT tot.username,\n COUNT(*) AS numTotal\n FROM tableActions tot\n WHERE tot.datetime > '2010-01-01'\n AND tot.datetime < '2011-01-01'\n GROUP BY tot.username) x ON x.username = ini.username\n WHERE ini.datetime BETWEEN '2011-01-01' AND '2011-01-31'\n GROUP BY ini.username\n ORDER BY firstAction\n\nMight help to have an index on username at a minimum, though a covering index using username, datetime is worth considering.",
"\nThe datetime comparison looks suspect - LIKE is the only to support wildcards.",
"\n\n"
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"Q:\n\nAssembling a WebLogic Web Service Manually\n\nI implemented webservice as described in this guide by simply creating \"web-services.xml\" with the following content (and offcourse i create the 'com.example.",
"WorkFlowEntry' handler class ) :\n<web-services>\n<handler-chains>\n <handler-chain name=\"enterWorkflowChain\">\n <handler class-name=\"com.example.",
"WorkFlowEntry\">\n <init-params>\n <init-param name=\"workflow-eng-jndi-name\" \n value=\"workflow.entry\" />\n </init-params>\n </handler>\n </handler-chain>\n</handler-chains>\n<web-service targetNamespace=\"http://example.com\" \n name=\"myworkflow\" uri=\"myWorkflowService\">\n <operations xmlns:xsd=\"http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema\" >\n <operation name=\"enterWorkflow\" \n handler-chain=\"enterWorkflowChain\"\n invocation-style=\"one-way\" />\n </operations>\n</web-service>\n\n \nMy issue is that when i deploy the EAR file in weblogic 11g the '' webservice is deployed successfully and i can access the WSDL of the webservice. ",
"When i deploy the same EAR in weblogic 12c it got deployed successfully but the WSDL is not accessible i am getting 404!",
"\n\nA:\n\nManually assembling weblogic web service is valid if you are using the\n Webservice 8.1 environment. ",
"The last Weblogic version for which this\n approach can be used is Weblogic 12.1.1, from Weblogic 12.1.2 release,\n the 8.1 WebLogic Web services run time has been removed.",
"\n\nthat means using the 'web-services.xml' to build your webservice is valid till weblogic 12.1.1 version. ",
"for the newer version you have to upgrade your webservice implementation as mentioned in this link which mainly go through (Upgrading a 10.x WebLogic Web Service (JAX-WS or JAX-RPC) to 12.1.x). ",
"But this solution may affect the current running clients.",
"\nIn my case i cannot ask the client to change their code. ",
"So my workaround for this case is to take the current WSDL and generate the webservice manually by ant as described in this link which is describes using wsdlc Ant task to generate the following artifacts:\n\nJWS service endpoint interface (SEI) that implements the Web service described \nby the WSDL file.",
"\nJWS implementation file that contains a partial (stubbed-out) implementation of \nthe generated JWS SEI. ",
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"Q:\n\nHow can add image in wordpress custom post?",
"\n\nHow can add image in wordpress custom post? ",
"please any one help me....\nThanks in advance.",
"\n\nA:\n\nYou mean a post featured image?",
"\nIn the functions file for your theme you need to turn support on for the post types you have\nYou may already have a line that looks like this, just as your postype in the array.",
"\nadd_theme_support('post-thumbnails', array('post', 'page', 'CUSTOM_POST_TYPE_HERE'));\n\n"
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"Q:\n\nCartier divisor and Dimension of Cohomology Group\n\nI am doing some practice questions for my exam and I would appreciate help in solving this problem:\n\n$D,E$ are Cartier divisors on a nonsingular projective surface $X$.\n (1) If $D\\equiv 0$ show that dim $H^0(X,sD)\\leq 1$ for all $s\\geq 1$.\n (2) If $D$ is effective, $D\\neq 0$ and $D\\equiv E$ show that $H^0(X,tE)=0$ for all $t\\leq -1$.\n (3) Is (2) true if $E=D$ and $X$ is nonsingular affine variety of positive dimension?",
"\n\nHere is my workings for (1) and (2): are they correct?",
"\nBy definition, $D\\equiv 0$ means $D.C=0.C=0$ for any curve $C$.",
"\n(Note: The remainder of this portion was pointed out to be wrong)\nSince I can easily construct a line intersecting with $D$, this shows that $D=0$. Then clearly $sD=0$ for all $s\\geq 1$. I know that dim $H^0(X,sD)-1=$ dim$|sD|$, so I can try to show that dim $|sD|\\leq 0$. Since $|sD|=\\lbrace D'\\geq 0|D'\\sim sD\\rbrace$, therefore $D'\\sim 0$ and $D'=0$. This shows that $|sD|=\\lbrace 0\\rbrace$ and hence dim $|sD|=0$.\nFor (2), since $D>0$ and $t\\geq -1$, hence deg $tE<0$.\n$H^0(X,tE)=\\lbrace f\\in k(X)\\setminus\\lbrace 0\\rbrace|tE+div(f)\\geq 0\\rbrace\\cup\\lbrace 0\\rbrace$.\nAssuming such an $f$ exists, then $tE+div(f)\\geq 0$.\nBut degree of $div(f)=0$, hence this is a contradiction. ",
" \nNot sure about (3)...\nThanks for reading!",
"\n\nA:\n\n(1) If $h^0(sD)\\ge 1$, then there exists a rational function $f$ such that $\\mathrm{div}(f)+sD=D'\\ge 0$. If $D'=0$, then $sD$ is principal and $h^0=1$. Suppose $D'>0$. Let $L$ be a line, then \n$$0<\\deg D'=D'.",
"L=\\mathrm{div}(f).L+sD.L=0,$$\ncontradiction. ",
"\n(2) Your proof is correct.",
"\n(3) On an affine variety $V$, a coherent sheaf $\\mathscr F$ is zero if and only if $H^0(V, \\mathscr F)=0$. As $O_X(tE)$ is an invertible sheaf, it is never zero unless $X$ is empty. ",
"So $H^0(X, tE)\\ne 0$ if $X$ is affine and non-empty.",
"\n\n"
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"The announcement by Suncorp that it will no longer insure new thermal coal projects, along with a similar announcement by QBE Insurance a few months earlier, brings Australia into line with Europe where most major insurers have broken with coal.",
"\n\nUS firms have been a little slower to move, but Chubb announced a divestment policy in July, and Liberty has confirmed it will not insure Australia's Adani project.",
"\n\nOther big firms such as America's AIG are coming under increasing pressure.",
"\n\nEven more than divestment of coal shares by banks and managed funds, the withdrawal of insurance has the potential to make coal mining and coal-fired power generation businesses unsustainable.",
"\n\nAs the chairman and founder of Adani Group, Gautam Adani, has shown in Queensland's Galilee Basin, a sufficiently rich developer can use its own resources to finance a coal mine that banks won't touch.",
"\n\nBut without insurance, mines can't operate.",
"\n\n(Adani claims to have insurers for the Carmichael project, but has declined to reveal their names.)",
"\n\nWithout insurance mines can't operate ( AAP )\n\nWhy are insurers abandoning coal?",
"\n\nBy the nature of their business, insurers cannot afford to indulge the denialist fantasies still popular in some sectors of industry. ",
"Damage caused by climate disasters is one of their biggest expenses, and insurers are fully aware that damage is set to rise over time.",
"\n\nEven so, a sufficiently hard-headed company might choose to work both sides of the street — continuing to do business with fossil fuel companies, while also writing more expensive insurance against climate damage.",
"\n\nThe bigger problem insurers face is the risk of litigation holding fossil fuel companies responsible for climate-related damage. ",
"For the moment, this is a potential rather than an immediate risk.",
"\n\nAs US insurer AIG, yet to announce a divestment policy, has observed:\n\nBased on our monitoring, while the overall volume of litigation activity has increased, past litigation seems to have largely been unsuccessful on numerous grounds including difficulties in determining and attributing fault and liability to a particular company, and the judiciary's deference to the political branches of government on questions relating to climate change.",
"\n\nRecent development suggest these difficulties will be overcome.",
"\n\nIt's becoming easier to finger climate culprits…\n\nUntil recently, the most immediate problem facing potential litigants has been demonstrating that an event was the result of climate change as opposed to something else, such as random fluctuations in climatic conditions.",
"\n\nScientific progress on this \"extreme event attribution problem\" has been rapid.",
"\n\nThe increased frequency of extreme weather events poses serious challenges to the insurance industry. ( ",
"AAP: Tracey Nearmy )\n\nIt is now possible to say with confidence that climate change is causing an increase in both the frequency and intensity of extreme weather and weather-related events such as extreme heatwaves, drought, heavy rains, tropical storms and bushfires.",
"\n\nThe Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society has highlighted three extremes in 2016 that would not have occurred if not for the added influence of climate change:\n\na persistent area of unusually warm water that lingered off the Alaskan coast, causing reduced marine productivity and other ecological disruptions\n\na persistent area of unusually warm water that lingered off the Alaskan coast, causing reduced marine productivity and other ecological disruptions the extreme heatwave that happened in Asia, killing hundreds and destroying crops\n\nthe extreme heatwave that happened in Asia, killing hundreds and destroying crops the overall global atmospheric heat record set that year.",
"\n\n…and to allocate liability\n\nThe second line of defence against climate litigation that has held so far is the difficulty of imputing damage to the companies that burn fossil fuels.",
"\n\nWhile it is true that all weather events have multiple causes, in many circumstances climate change caused by the burning of fossil fuels has been a necessary condition for those events to take place.",
"\n\nCourts routinely use arguments about necessary conditions to determine liability.",
"\n\nFor example, a spark from a power line might cause a bushfire on a hot, dry, windy day, but would be harmless on a wet cold day. ",
"That can be enough to establish liability on the part of the company that operates the power line.",
"\n\nThese issues are playing out in California, where devastating fires in 2017 caused damage estimated at US$30 billion and drove the biggest of the power companies, PG&E, into bankruptcy.",
"\n\nAs a result there has been pressure to loosen liability laws, leaving the cost of future disasters to be borne by Californians in general, and their insurers.",
"\n\nLawyers will be looking for someone to sue.",
"\n\nAdani is a convenient target\n\nThe question facing potential litigants is whether any single company contributes enough to climate change to make it meaningfully liable for particular disaster.",
"\n\nAdani's Carmichael mine provides a convenient example.",
"\n\nAdani says the 10 million tonnes of coal it plans to mine will produce only 240,000 tonnes of carbon dioxide, but this is semantic trickery. ",
"The firm is referring only to so-called \"scope 2\" emissions associated with the mining process itself.",
"\n\nWhen the coal is burned it might produce an extra 30 million tonnes of carbon dioxide, amounting to about 0.05 per cent of global emissions.",
"\n\nA 0.1 per cent share of the damage associated with the California fires is US$15 million, enough to be worth suing for. ",
"Other similarly-sized mines will face similar potential liabilities.",
"\n\nOnce a precedent is established, any company in the business of producing or burning fossil fuels on a large scale can expect to be named in a regular stream of suits seeking substantial damages.",
"\n\nWhen governments are successfully sued…\n\nThe remaining line of defence for companies responsible for emissions is the history of courts in attributing climate change to decisions by governments rather than corporations.",
"\n\nIn the Netherlands, a citizen action group called Urgenda has won a case against the Dutch government arguing it has breached its legal duty of care by not taking appropriate steps to significantly restrain greenhouse gas emissions and prevent damage from climate change.",
"\n\nThe government is appealing, but it has lost every legal round so far.",
"\n\nSooner or later, this kind of litigation will be successful. ",
"Then, governments will look for another party that can be sued instead of them.",
"\n\n…they'll look for someone else to blame\n\nInsurance companies are an easy target with deep pockets. ",
"Despite its hopeful talk quoted above, AIG would find it very difficult to avoid paying up if Californian courts found the firms it insured liable for their contributions to a climate-related wildfires or floods.",
"\n\nThis is not a message coal-friendly governments in the US or Australia want to hear.",
"\n\nBut the decision of Suncorp to dump coal, just a couple of months after the re-election of the Morrison government, makes it clear that businesses with a time horizon measured in decades cannot afford wishful thinking. ",
"They need to protect themselves against what they can see coming.",
"\n\nJohn Quiggin is a professor with the School of Economics at The University of Queensland. ",
"This article first appeared on The Conversation.",
"\n\n"
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"We use cookies to ensure that we give you the best experience on our website. ",
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"\n\nAbstract\n\nThe nanoscale magnetic structure of FeRh epilayers has been studied by polarized neutron reflectometry. ",
"Epitaxial films with a nominal thickness of 500 Å were grown on MgO (001) substrates via molecular-beam epitaxy and capped with 20 Å of MgO. The FeRh films show a clear transition from the antiferromagnetic (AF) state to the ferromagnetic (FM) state with increasing temperature. ",
"Surprisingly the films possess a FM moment even at a temperature 80 K below the AF-FM transition temperature of the film. ",
"We have quantified the magnitude and spatial extent of this FM moment, which is confined to within ∼60–80 Å of the FeRh near the top and bottom interfaces. ",
"These interfacial FM layers account for the unusual effects previously observed in films with thickness <100 Å. Given the delicate energy balance between the AF and FM ground states we suggest a metastable FM state resides near to the interface within an AF matrix. ",
"The length scale over which the FM region resides is consistent with the strained regions of the film."
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" NOT RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION\n File Name: 13a0981n.06\n\n No. ",
"12-2616\n\n UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS\n FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT\n FILED\n Nov 15, 2013\nLACESHA BRINTLEY, M.D., ) DEBORAH S. HUNT, Clerk\n )\n Plaintiff-Appellant, )\n )\nv. ) ON APPEAL FROM THE UNITED\n ) STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR\nST. ",
"MARY MERCY HOSPITAL; GILBERT ROC, ) THE EASTERN DISTRICT OF\nM.D.; ASIT GOKLI, M.D.; LOUIS HALLAL, M.D., ) MICHIGAN\nTALLAL ZENI, M.D., )\n )\n Defendants-Appellees. ",
" )\n )\n )\n )\n )\n\n\n Before: SUTTON and KETHLEDGE, Circuit Judges; DOW, District Judge. *",
"\n\n KETHLEDGE, Circuit Judge. ",
"Dr. LeCesha Brintley cut two of her patient’s major blood\n\nvessels while performing a routine appendectomy at St. Mary Mercy Hospital. ",
"The patient suffered\n\ncardiac arrest and went into a day-long coma. ",
"St. Mary’s later revoked Brintley’s surgical\n\nprivileges. ",
"In response, Brintley sued the defendants under Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964,\n\n42 U.S.C. § 1981, and the Michigan Elliott-Larsen Civil Rights Act, alleging racial discrimination.",
"\n\nThe district court granted St. Mary’s motion for summary judgment. ",
"We affirm.",
"\n\n\n\n\n *\n The Honorable Robert M. Dow, Jr., United States District Judge for the Northern District\nof Illinois, sitting by designation.",
"\n\fNo. ",
"12-2616\nBrintley v. St. Mary Mercy Hospital\n\n I.\n\n Brintley is an African-American, board-certified surgeon. ",
"In October 2006, she applied for\n\nmedical-staff privileges at St. Mary’s. ",
"During the application process, Dr. Asit Gokli, the Chief\n\nMedical Officer at St. Mary’s, discovered that another hospital had suspended Brintley’s privileges.",
"\n\nUltimately, however, St. Mary’s granted privileges to Brintley at their hospital. ",
"St. Mary’s later\n\nlearned that two of Brintley’s patients at the other hospital had died from surgical complications.",
"\n\n In January 2008, an otherwise-healthy woman in her early twenties came to St. Mary’s with\n\nappendicitis. ",
"During surgery to remove the woman’s appendix, Brintley accidentally cut two of the\n\nwoman’s major blood vessels, sending her into cardiac arrest followed by a day-long coma. ",
"The\n\npatient needed transfusions of 26 units of blood and did not leave the hospital for 20 days. ",
"Later\n\ninvestigation revealed that Dr. Brintley had performed the surgery with a blind-trocar insertion,\n\nwhich is a procedure that prevents the surgeon from seeing the organs and vessels inside the\n\npatient’s body.",
"\n\n After this surgery, Dr. Gilbert Roc, St. Mary’s Chair of Surgery, requested that Brintley\n\nremove herself from the emergency-call list. ",
"He also told Brintley to stop using the blind-trocar\n\ntechnique. ",
"In addition, Roc asked the hospital’s Outcomes Department to compare Brintley’s rate\n\nof surgical complications to that of the other surgeons at St. Mary’s. ",
"The department found that, in\n\njust over a year at St. Mary’s, Brintley had six cases that resulted in avoidable surgical\n\ncomplications. ",
"The nine surgeons at St. Mary’s had only one such complication, total, during that\n\ntime.",
"\n\n\n\n\n -2-\n\fNo. ",
"12-2616\nBrintley v. St. Mary Mercy Hospital\n\n St. Mary’s Medical Executive Committee recommended that Brintley undergo a proctorship,\n\nduring which other surgeons would supervise her surgeries. ",
"The committee told Brintley that the\n\nproctors would have authority to intervene in the “performance of any case,” and that Brintley could\n\nnot prevent any intervention by a proctor, nor “disregard the proctor’s directives or other\n\nsupervision[.]” ",
"Any failure “to strictly abide by all of the requirements and terms” of the proctorship\n\ncould subject Brintley “to possible summary suspension and other adverse action[.]”",
"\n\n The record shows that Brintley did not abide by the proctorship’s requirements. ",
"Drs. ",
"Roc,\n\nZeni, and Hallal served as Brintley’s proctors. ",
"Roc once asked Brintley to dim the light so that the\n\nsurgical team could see the video monitor more clearly. ",
"She responded, “I am the surgeon here; I\n\nwant the OR lights bright.” ",
"Def. ",
"Ex. ",
"23. ",
"During another surgery, Zeni had to intervene when,\n\ncontrary to Roc’s directive, Brintley began to perform another blind-trocar insertion. ",
"Brintley told\n\nZeni, “You are not here to tell me how to operate.” ",
"A nurse reported that the disagreement during\n\nthis surgery “caused tremendous stress on the surgical team” and “great concern for the well being\n\nand safety of the patient.” ",
"Def. ",
"Ex. ",
"25.",
"\n\n Zeni and Hallal later withdrew from Brintley’s proctorship because of her poor performance\n\nand refusal to follow the proctorship’s requirements. ",
"The Medical Executive Committee thereafter\n\nvoted to suspend Brintley’s surgical privileges. ",
"Three levels of internal review confirmed this\n\ndecision.",
"\n\n Brintley then sued St. Mary’s along with Roc, Hallal, Zeni, and Gokli. ",
"She alleged racial\n\ndiscrimination in violation of state and federal law, among other claims. ",
"St. Mary’s filed a motion\n\nfor summary judgment, which the district court granted on all claims. ",
"This appeal followed.",
"\n\n -3-\n\fNo. ",
"12-2616\nBrintley v. St. Mary Mercy Hospital\n\n II.",
"\n\n We review de novo the district court’s grant of summary judgment. ",
"Shah v. Deaconess\n\nHosp., ",
"355 F.3d 496, 498 (6th Cir. ",
"2004).",
"\n\n A.\n\n Brintley argues that the hospital violated Title VII when it revoked her privileges. ",
"Title VII\n\nprotects employees—but not independent contractors—from racial discrimination by an employer.",
"\n\nId. at 499. ",
"A threshold question here is whether Brintley was an employee of St. Mary’s, as opposed\n\nto an independent contractor there. “[",
"W]e apply the common law agency test to determine whether\n\na hired party is an independent contractor or an employee.” ",
"Id. at 499. ",
"Under that test, we consider\n\namong other factors, “the hiring party’s right to control the manner and means of” the hired party’s\n\nperformance, the skill required by the hired party, “the tax treatment of the hired party’s\n\ncompensation[,]” and whether the hired party is “in business for himself.” ",
"See id. at 499–500\n\n(internal quotation marks omitted).",
"\n\n The factors here point uniformly towards an independent-contractor relationship. ",
"Here, until\n\nthe botched appendectomy in January 2008, Brintley controlled all aspects of her surgeries. ",
"Brintley\n\nran her own business, entitled “L. Brintley, MD, PLC,” and held privileges at other facilities, where\n\nshe treated patients without any control from St. Mary’s. ",
"And surgery obviously requires a high\n\nlevel of skill. ",
"In addition, St. Mary’s did not pay Brintley a salary or prepare a W-2 for her.",
"\n\nBrintley herself never filed tax returns as an employee of St. Mary’s. ",
"Instead, she billed her patients\n\ndirectly and paid her own malpractice insurance, health insurance, and licensing fees. ",
"Thus, we\n\n\n\n\n -4-\n\fNo. ",
"12-2616\nBrintley v. St. Mary Mercy Hospital\n\nconclude, as a matter of law, that Brintley was not an employee of St. Mary’s. ",
"See Shah, 355 F.3d\n\nat 500. ",
"Her Title VII claim therefore fails.",
"\n\n\n\n B.\n\n Brintley next argues that the hospital violated 42 U.S.C. § 1981 when it revoked her\n\nprivileges. ",
"Section 1981 “protects the equal right of all persons . . . ",
"to make and enforce contracts\n\nwithout respect to race.” ",
"Domino’s Pizza, Inc. v. McDonald, 546 U.S. 470, 474 (2006) (punctuation\n\nomitted). ",
"To proceed with this claim, however, Brintley must first show the existence of a contract\n\nbetween her and St. Mary’s. ",
"Id. at 476.",
"\n\n Brintley contends that St. Mary’s bylaws created such a contract. ",
"But she does not explain\n\nwhich of the bylaws’ provisions create a contract with her, much less how any provision does so.",
"\n\nAnd the bylaws themselves appear primarily, if not exclusively, to describe St. Mary’s self-\n\ngovernance and organization. ",
"Nothing in them speaks to or creates a contractual relationship with\n\nBrintley.",
"\n\n Brintley responds that, under Grain v. Trinity Health, 431 F. App’x 434 (6th Cir. ",
"2011),\n\nhospital bylaws create a contract unless they expressly state otherwise. ",
"In Grain, the bylaws\n\nspecifically provided that they did “not constitute a contract between the medical staff and the\n\nhospital.” ",
"431 F.App’x at 450. ",
"But in Grain we did not say that, absent such language, a hospital’s\n\nbylaws do create such a contract. ",
"Instead we noted there is Michigan caselaw to the contrary. ",
"See\n\nid. (citing Macomb Hosp. ",
"Ctr. ",
"Med. ",
"Staff v. Detroit-Macomb Hosp. ",
"Corp., 1996 WL 3347517, at\n\n\n\n\n -5-\n\fNo. ",
"12-2616\nBrintley v. St. Mary Mercy Hospital\n\n*1 (Mich. Ct. ",
"App. ",
"1996)). ",
"See also Abu-Farha v. Providence Hosp., ",
"2002 WL 1308778, at *3\n\n(Mich. Ct. ",
"App. ",
"2002).",
"\n\n St. Mary’s bylaws thus do not create a contract with Brintley, and she otherwise does not\n\nhave any contract with St. Mary’s to serve as the predicate for her § 1981 claim. ",
"Her § 1981 claim\n\ntherefore fails.",
"\n\n C.\n\n Brintley’s claim under Michigan’s Elliot-Larsen Act remains. ",
"The Act prohibits racial\n\ndiscrimination with respect to employment or access to public accommodations. ",
"Mich. Comp. ",
"Laws\n\nAnn. § ",
"37.2202. ",
"Here, Brintley lacks any direct evidence that St. Mary’s discriminated against her\n\non the basis of her race. ",
"Thus, she must present evidence “from which a factfinder could infer that\n\n[she] was the victim of unlawful discrimination.” ",
"Hazle v. Ford Motor Co., 628 N.W.2d 515, 521\n\n(Mich. 2001) (emphasis deleted). ",
"To do so, Brintley must present evidence that the hospital treated\n\nher differently than “similarly-situated employees” who were not African-American. ",
"See Martinez\n\nv. Cracker Barrel Old Country Store, Inc., 703 F.3d 911, 916–17 (6th Cir. ",
"2013).",
"\n\n To that end, Brintley alleges that St. Mary’s imposed less restrictive proctorships upon two\n\nCaucasian doctors than it imposed upon her. ",
"But neither of the other two doctors had the history\n\nof serious complications that Brintley did. ",
"Thus, neither of them are similarly situated to Brintley,\n\nand her Elliot-Larsen claim therefore fails. ",
"Id.\n\n The district court’s grant of summary judgment is affirmed.",
"\n\n\n\n\n -6-\n\f"
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"Association of alcohol consumption to mortality and person-years of life lost in Switzerland--measuring the impact of some methodological options.",
"\nThe present study is designed to estimate the health impact of alcohol consumption in terms of the number of deaths and person-years of life lost (PYLL) in Switzerland. ",
"To that end, three hypothetical situations have been compared to the current situation used as a reference. ",
"The underlying question was: how many deaths and person-years of life lost would be avoided if all individuals were: (1) non-drinkers, (2) low drinkers only or (3) both (either abstainers or low level drinkers)? ",
"Etiological fractions of alcohol-related health consequences by age and gender were applied to the officially reported numbers of deaths to estimate the total number of deaths and PYLL. ",
"Depending upon the hypothetical situation, the estimated number of alcohol-related deaths varied between an overall net protective and an overall net causal effect: in situation (1), there would occur 730 additional deaths in reference to the current situation (+1.2% of the total alcohol-related mortality in Switzerland), whereas in situation (2) there would be 3460 deaths less (-5.5%). ",
"Thus, the current situation in Switzerland would be preferable compared to a society, in which no one drinks alcohol. ",
"A society, however, in which every individual drinks at low levels, would be preferable to the current situation. ",
"The corresponding figures for PYLL are 23,596 vs. 29,229 (6.4% vs. 7.9% of total PYLL). ",
"The hypothetical situation decisively impacts on the number of deaths attributable to alcohol. ",
"In contrast, it has much less influence on the number of alcohol-related PYLL. ",
"Thus, mortality is at least a questionable indicator of alcohol-related health outcomes. ",
"The study also indicated that more lives and PYLL were saved in the low-risk situation than in the abstinence situation. ",
"Public health policies should not concentrate on the promotion of abstinence."
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"Verona, Illinois\n\nVerona is a village in Grundy County, Illinois, United States. ",
"The population was 215 at the 2010 census.",
"\n\nThe community was established circa 1876 by George D. Smith as a station on the Chicago, Pekin and Southwestern Railroad. ",
" Smith named the town for his birthplace Verona, New York.",
"\n\nGeography\nVerona is located at (41.215459, -88.502631).",
"\n\nAccording to the 2010 census, Verona has a total area of , all land.",
"\n\nDemographics\n\nAs of the census of 2000, there were 257 people, 88 households, and 69 families residing in the village. ",
" The population density was 1,762.7 people per square mile (661.5/km²). ",
" There were 92 housing units at an average density of 631.0 per square mile (236.8/km²). ",
" The racial makeup of the village was 94.94% White, 1.56% Native American, 3.11% from other races, and 0.39% from two or more races. ",
"Hispanic or Latino of any race were 12.06% of the population.",
"\n\nThere were 88 households out of which 43.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 71.6% were married couples living together, 6.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 20.5% were non-families. ",
"18.2% of all households were made up of individuals and 10.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. ",
" The average household size was 2.92 and the average family size was 3.34.",
"\n\nIn the village, the population was spread out with 30.7% under the age of 18, 5.4% from 18 to 24, 31.9% from 25 to 44, 19.5% from 45 to 64, and 12.5% who were 65 years of age or older. ",
" The median age was 36 years. ",
"For every 100 females, there were 104.0 males. ",
" For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 97.8 males.",
"\n\nThe median income for a household in the village was $46,094, and the median income for a family was $53,571. ",
"Males had a median income of $35,156 versus $21,042 for females. ",
"The per capita income for the village was $16,387. ",
" About 4.5% of families and 5.2% of the population were below the poverty line, including 9.8% of those under the age of eighteen and 3.1% of those sixty five or over.",
"\n\nReferences\n\nCategory:Villages in Grundy County, Illinois\nCategory:Villages in Illinois\nCategory:1876 establishments in Illinois"
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"Fairy shrimp, clam shrimp, Triops, and water flea are tiny crustaceans, and classified in the group of Branchiopoda. ",
"They live in the water ponds of the mountains, the prairies, the wetlands, the deserts, and in every fresh water of dry lakes and vernal pools that are isolated from the river and have no fish. ",
"There are species live in snow-melted cold water, while others live in desert warm water. ",
"Some of them live in clean water contains algae, and the others live in muddy water. ",
"There are over 900 species living in totally different environments after their kind! ",
"We introduce the species in the southwestern USA. ",
"They are very interesting creatures. ",
"Their eggs survive through very dry climate exposed to freezing cold and burning hot weather for months or years, waiting for good hatching condition. ",
"Also they can easily be blown away by strong wind with dusts and travel to other places, and hatch out like seed of plants when the water covers the ground. ",
"In the water pools and the playas which keep appropriate depth of water longer than 2 weeks, they can hatch, grow, reproduce till the water dries up. ",
"As long as the pools have water, shrimps can keep reproducing for months until the life span ends. ",
"We offer the eggs of instant life. ",
"When you raise them at home, you will see the exalted and graceful movement of fairy shrimps that you've never seen before. ",
"You will also see their life cycle and how they live all together. ",
"We hope you enjoy another world hiding in the muddy water of desert!"
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"Facebook\n\nTwitter\n\nPinterest\n\nHave you heard the saying “work smarter, not harder”? ",
"It often comes to mind on my high stress days… which I have to admit roll around all too frequently. ",
"I was just chatting with my husband and analyzing ways to get more done without actually doing more work. ",
"Sounds a little crazy, doesn’t it? ",
"Almost sounds impossible, but I have a few tricks up my sleeve that I’m starting to tap into. ",
"This is a sponsored post with E FUN/Nextbook and I received a Nextbook Flexx 11A to facilitate this post, all opinions are my own.",
"\n\nThe struggle is real! ",
"I work at home and let me tell you, it’s not as fun as it sounds. ",
"While, I wouldn’t want to trade it for anything… I definitely struggle balancing it all. ",
"Work and personal time has become so blurred that it’s become impossible to tell the difference between the two. ",
"It’s SO time to do whatever I can to unblur those lines. ",
"My goal is to have very clear time that I’m working and when I’m not. ",
"Clearly, I have my work cut out for me in this area because so far, nothing has worked to date.",
"\n\nI’ve been jokingly telling my husband that I need a personal assistant. ",
"And, while I’m partly joking… deep down I think it might actually need that much help. ",
"Since, that’s not workable at the moment, I have to find ways to get my work done faster and also do things to help me keep up with my family and home, too. ",
"Tapping into some helpful tech should definitely help make things a little easier for me. ",
"I recently had a chance to see how Nextbook Flexx 11A might be a helpful tool to allow me to get some more time in my day. ",
"First off, this model is convertible touchscreen tablet PC which allows me to easily use it either in my office space, on the go or laying down in bed. ",
"That’s what I’m talking about.",
"\n\nAnother thing that I struggle with is squeezing in lunch while I’m trying to get work done. ",
"Having a lightweight, easy to use option can help me get work done while still enjoying an energizing meal. ",
"You can take the whole thing with the detachable keyboard or just the tablet… anywhere you need to go. ",
"On a full charge, you’ll enjoy 8 hours of run time. ",
"This week, I decided to treat myself to Chipotle. ",
"It’s the little things. ",
"No work missed on the go.",
"\n\nThe Nextbook Flexx 11A reminded me that I can get more out of my day by tapping into tech to make my days go smoother. ",
"I can just grab the tablet and head to the kitchen and start cooking. ",
"While I’m waiting for dinner to finish, I can check out some cat videos on YouTube or catch up on email messages. ",
"😛\n\nNextbook Flexx 11A Features\n\nThis little piece of tech can stand on it’s own or be used as an addition to your main PC. ",
"Setting it up was as easy as you can imagine with the help of Cortana. ",
"You can choose to have “her” literally walk (and talk) you through the process. ",
"This took me about 5 minutes to set up and I wasn’t super frustrated with the process. ",
"Total win.",
"\n\nHere are some additional technical features that you might need to know:\n\n11.6″, 16:9 aspect ratio, high-resolution 1366×768 resolution (IPS) touchscreen\n\nIntel® Atom™ Cherry Trail quad-core processor 1.84GHz (Z8300)\n\n2GB DDR3L system memory\n\n64GB onboard storage; Micro-SD card slot for expansion to 128GB\n\nWi-Fi 802.11 b/g/n and Bluetooth 4.0\n\nFront and back cameras with built-in microphone\n\nReally, the best reason to consider this model is the affordability. ",
"The Nextbook Flexx 11A is currently available for only $179. ",
"Shop for the Nextbook Flexx 11A at Walmart.",
"\n\nNextbook Flexx 11A Giveaway\n\nNow! ",
"I have a special treat for one of you! ",
"I’m giving away one of these nifty guys.",
"\n\nShare! ",
"How do you think the Nextbook Flexx 11A could benefit your daily life?"
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"Follow Us\n\nMore\n\nHistory is gearing up for more from its Templar Knights saga Knightfall, with the first trailer for season 2, which introduces Mark Hamill’s battle-hardened warrior, Talus. ",
"Hamill’s involvement is a big win for the series, which is looking to capitalize on the success of the soon-to-be-ending Vikings, bringing a highly stylized aesthetic to the genre of historical fiction. ",
"The series’ first season was in many ways a fascinating departure from the tales of Ragnar Lothbrok and his sons, while also being clearly cut from the same narrative cloth. ",
"And while the first season of Knightfall leaned heavily into notions of conspiracy and other shadowy plots, the second season looks as though it will be exploring more of the inner demons haunting its central character Landy (Tom Cullen).",
"\n\nNow, the series can also look forward to earning some geek cred, too, as Hamill inevitably brings with him memories of not only Luke Skywalker, but also his years giving voice to the Joker in various animated forms. ",
"It also looks as though his role here won’t be some sort of one-off attention grab, as the trailer clearly positions Talus as an important figure in not only the pending war between the Templar Knights and King Philip of France (Ed Stoppard), but also in the redemption of Landry himself.",
"\n\nLandry’s ruin was at the heart of the first season’s final run, one which saw him banished from the Templars for his dalliance with the queen that resulted in a child. ",
"Here, the trailer wastes no time in establishing he’s welcomed back into the fold, albeit as an initiate with the order. ",
"Check out the trailer below:\n\nOnce again, watching the trailer it’s hard to put Hamill’s past iconic roles out one’s thought as he’s seen playing the role of steely mentor to recently re-instated Landry. ",
"Hamill is certainly diving into the role with plenty of gusto, as he’s not only decked out in plenty of make-up and an impressive wig, but he’s also adopted an intriguing voice, one that’s showcased quite often in the trailer. ",
"The end result looks to be a slightly overcooked but certainly entertaining new season that repositions the series around a much more compelling conflict than season 1.",
"\n\nWhether or not that prove to be true remains to be seen, but as History ramps up the marketing for the new season of Knightfall it’s all but certain the network will be putting Mark Hamill front and center. ",
"Perhaps that’ll mean a whole new audience will be tuning in when the season premiere in March."
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"Q:\n\nWhere should index and glossary appear in a report?",
"\n\nI am writing my thesis and now wonder whether I should typeset index and glossary as an appendix or after them.",
"\nThere's no department-level accepted writing style, so my adviser's opinion might be different from that of my thesis committee. ",
"Hence, I am not only supposed to be accountable for my scientific participation; but also the typesetting and formatting of the thesis. ",
"This is why I am looking for a justifiable answer. ",
"For better or worse, the common practice for scientific writing style in Farsi (which I am supposed to present my thesis in) is to adopt and adapt style guides of English. ",
"\n\nA:\n\nThe answer is for you to do what the universoty or your department requires. ",
"There is no universal answer to this. ",
"\nFor academic writing in English, one would likely be using the APA Style Guide or the MLA Style Guide. (",
"See this question for more on style guides in general.) ",
"Different departments may have different standards, so check with your advisor. ",
"\nThere may be a university style guide for you to follow, to handle issues specific to your educational institution. ",
"There may even be more than one, so make sure you're using the right guide. (",
"Here's an example of a thesis style guide, but this will almost certainly not apply to your school.)",
"\nThe bottom line: Check what style guides your university requires and use those. ",
"\n\n"
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"Former heavyweight champion Ken Norton (42-7-1, 33KOs) has passed away at the age of 70. ",
"The Los Angeles Times reports that Norton died at a hospital in Arizona. ",
"The former fighter had congestive heart failure. ",
"Norton is best known for his trilogy series with Muhammad Ali. ",
"He broke Ali's jaw, on March 31, 1973, on his way to winning a twelve round split decision. ",
"He lost a split decision in their rematch six months later. ",
"The following year he suffered a bruising two-round TKO loss at the hands of George Foreman.",
"\n\nNorton fought Ali for a third time on September 28, 1976 lost a controversial fifteen round decision at Yankee Stadium in New York. ",
"Norton last fought on May 11, 1981 - when he was stopped in the first round by Gerry Cooney.",
"\n\nNorton is a 1989 inductee of the World Boxing Hall of Fame, a 1992 inductee of the International Boxing Hall Of Fame, a 2004 inductee into the United States Marine Corps Sports Hall of Fame, and a 2008 inductee into the WBC Hall of Fame."
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"Media playback is unsupported on your device Media caption Speaker John Bercow accuses Boris Johnson of sexism\n\nForeign Secretary Boris Johnson has been reprimanded by Commons Speaker John Bercow for using sexist language.",
"\n\nSpeaker Bercow intervened - to applause from some Labour MPs - after Mr Johnson referred to shadow foreign secretary Emily Thornberry as Lady Nugee.",
"\n\nMs Thornberry is married to High Court judge Sir Christopher Nugee - but chooses to go by her maiden name.",
"\n\nMr Bercow said it was \"inappropriate\" and sexist to refer to her as Lady Nugee.",
"\n\nHe said MPs should be called by their names and not by the titles of their spouses.",
"\n\nMr Johnson had to be reminded of Ms Thornberry's title by MPs, as he answered a question from a Conservative MP on the Commonwealth, calling her \"the Baroness, whatever it is, I cannot remember what it is... Nugee\".",
"\n\nMr Bercow rebuked the foreign secretary, telling him: \"We do not address people by the titles of their spouses.",
"\n\n\"The shadow Foreign Secretary has a name, and it is not 'Lady something'. ",
"We know what her name is. ",
"It is inappropriate and frankly sexist to speak in those terms, and I am not having it in this Chamber.",
"\n\n\"That is the end of the matter. ",
"No matter how senior a Member, that parlance is not legitimate. ",
"It will not be allowed, and it will be called out.\"",
"\n\nMr Johnson subsequently apologised for his \"inadvertent sexism.\"",
"\n\nImage caption Thornberry: \"I've never been a Lady\"\n\nMs Thornberry has occasionally been teased about her formal title by Conservative critics and in February last year complained to Mr Bercow when Theresa May referred to her as Lady Nugee in the Commons.",
"\n\n\"Is it in order for the prime minister to refer to a member of this House not by her own name, but by the name of her husband?\" ",
"the Islington South MP said in a point of order.",
"\n\n\"I have never been a Lady and it will be a great deal more than being married to a Knight of the Realm in order to make me one.\"",
"\n\nMrs May said: \"If the Honourable Lady is concerned about the reference that I made to her, of course I will apologise for that.",
"\n\n\"I have to say to her, though, that for the last 36 years I have been referred to by my husband's name.\""
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"Q:\n\nGetting Sql Error: Invalid column name 'PrimaryContact_ContactID'\n\nWill someone please put me out of my misery and let me know what I have/have not done that makes my code fail?",
"\nI am using Entity Framework database first. ",
" When I query for an entity and request a related entity to be included, I get this error: Invalid column name 'PrimaryContact_ContactID'. ",
" The exception is thrown on the line with the call to the Load method.",
"\nI am trying to query one of the Enterprise entities and have it include the Company entity as well. ",
"\n(This is a simplified example that duplicates the exception)\nHere are my entity classes:\n//Enterprise\npublic class Enterprise\n{\n public int Id { get; set; }\n public string Name { get; set; }\n public int CompanyID { get; set; }\n\n public virtual Company Company { get; set; }\n}\n\n//Company\npublic class Company\n{\n public int Id { get; set; }\n public string Name { get; set; }\n public int PrimaryContactId { get; set; }\n\n public virtual CompanyContact PrimaryContact { get; set; }\n}\n\n//CompanyContact class\npublic class CompanyContact\n{\n public int ContactID { get; set; }\n public string Name { get; set; }\n}\n\nHere is the DataContext class\npublic class DataContext : DbContext\n{\n public DbSet<Enterprise> Enterprises { get; set; }\n public DbSet<Company> Companies { get; set; }\n public DbSet<CompanyContact> CompanyContacts { get; set; }\n\n public DataContext(string connStrName = nameof(DataContext)) : base($\"Name={connStrName}\")\n {\n Database.",
"SetInitializer<DataContext>(null);\n base.",
"Configuration.",
"ProxyCreationEnabled = false;\n }\n\n protected override void OnModelCreating(DbModelBuilder modelBuilder)\n {\n base.",
"OnModelCreating(modelBuilder);\n\n modelBuilder.",
"Conventions.",
"Remove<PluralizingTableNameConvention>();\n\n modelBuilder.",
"Entity<Enterprise>().HasKey(pk => pk.",
"Id);\n modelBuilder.",
"Entity<Enterprise>().Property(i => i.Id)\n .HasDatabaseGeneratedOption(DatabaseGeneratedOption.",
"Identity);\n\n modelBuilder.",
"Entity<Company>().HasKey(pk => pk.",
"Id);\n modelBuilder.",
"Entity<Company>().Property(i => i.Id)\n .HasDatabaseGeneratedOption(DatabaseGeneratedOption.",
"Identity);\n modelBuilder.",
"Entity<Company>().HasOptional(t => t.PrimaryContact);\n\n modelBuilder.",
"Entity<CompanyContact>().HasKey(pk => pk.",
"ContactID);\n modelBuilder.",
"Entity<CompanyContact>().Property(i => i.ContactID)\n .HasDatabaseGeneratedOption(DatabaseGeneratedOption.",
"Identity);\n\n }\n}\n\nAnd here is the Main method where I call the code. ",
" \n static void Main(string[] args)\n {\n try\n {\n using (var ctx = new DataContext())\n {\n ctx.",
"Database.",
"Log = Console.",
"Write;\n\n var ent = ctx.",
"Enterprises.",
"FirstOrDefault(e => e.Id == 1);\n\n //Exception thrown on this line.",
"\n ctx.",
"Entry(ent).Reference(e => e.Company).Load();\n\n Console.",
"WriteLine(ent);\n Console.",
"WriteLine(ent.",
"Company);\n }\n }\n catch (Exception e)\n {\n Console.",
"WriteLine(e);\n }\n\n Console.",
"ReadLine();\n }\n\nI turned on EF logging and here is the output from running the code (to keep the question shorter, I did not include the full stack trace):\nOpened connection at 2/22/2019 3:43:02 PM -06:00\nSELECT TOP (1)\n [Extent1].[Id] AS [Id],\n [Extent1].[Name] AS [Name],\n [Extent1].[CompanyID] AS [CompanyID]\n FROM [dbo].[Enterprise] AS [Extent1]\n WHERE 1 = [Extent1].[Id]\n-- Executing at 2/22/2019 3:43:02 PM -06:00\n-- Completed in 85 ms with result: SqlDataReader\n\nClosed connection at 2/22/2019 3:43:02 PM -06:00\nOpened connection at 2/22/2019 3:43:02 PM -06:00\nSELECT\n [Extent1].[Id] AS [Id],\n [Extent1].[Name] AS [Name],\n [Extent1].[PrimaryContactID] AS [PrimaryContactID],\n [Extent1].[PrimaryContact_ContactID] AS [PrimaryContact_ContactID]\n FROM [dbo].[Company] AS [Extent1]\n WHERE [Extent1].[Id] = @EntityKeyValue1\n-- EntityKeyValue1: '1' (Type = Int32, IsNullable = false)\n-- Executing at 2/22/2019 3:43:02 PM -06:00\n-- Failed in 68 ms with error: Invalid column name 'PrimaryContact_ContactID'.",
"\n\nClosed connection at 2/22/2019 3:43:02 PM -06:00\nSystem.",
"Data.",
"Entity.",
"Core.",
"EntityCommandExecutionException: An error occurred while executing the command definition. ",
"See the inner exception for details. ---",
"> System.",
"Data.",
"SqlClient.",
"SqlException: Invalid column name 'PrimaryContact_ContactID'.",
"\n at System.",
"Data.",
"SqlClient.",
"SqlConnection.",
"OnError(SqlException exception, Boolean breakConnection, Action`1 wrapCloseInAction)\n at System.",
"Data.",
"SqlClient.",
"SqlInternalConnection.",
"OnError(SqlException exception, Boolean breakConnection, Action`1 wrap\n\nAnd finally, here is the database schema diagram:\n\nI'm sure that I must be missing something fundamental, but after copious amounts of searching, I have not been able to resolve my problem.",
"\n\nA:\n\nYou need to enforce [ForeignKey] attribute for navigation properties which don't follow the EF default conventions:\npublic class Company\n{\n public int Id { get; set; }\n public string Name { get; set; }\n public int PrimaryContactId { get; set; }\n\n [ForeignKey(nameof(PrimaryContactId))]\n public virtual CompanyContact PrimaryContact { get; set; }\n}\n\nOtherwise, EF will not recognize your PrimaryContactId property as column for PrimaryContact and it'll create another column instead, PrimaryContact_ContactID.",
"\n\n"
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"Roman Catholic Diocese of East Anglia\n\nThe Diocese of East Anglia is a diocese of the Latin Rite of the Roman Catholic Church covering the counties of Cambridgeshire, Norfolk, Suffolk and Peterborough in eastern England. ",
"The diocese makes up part of the Catholic Association Pilgrimage.",
"\n\nStatistics\nThere are 85,309 members of the church who belong to the 50 parishes in the diocese. ",
"The patrons of the diocese are Our Lady of Walsingham (24 September), St Felix (8 March) and St Edmund (20 November).",
"\n\nChurches\nThe diocese is divided into seven deaneries, which are in turn divided into 50 parishes.",
"\n\nDeanery of Bury St Edmunds (St Edmund) \n\nMasses are also said at RAF Lakenheath, at Clare Priory, at the Monastery of Our Lady of Mount Carmel in Quidenham, at the care home of the Sisters of Our Lady of Grace and Compassion in Great Barton, and in the villages of Cavendish and Woolpit.",
"\n\nDeanery of Cambridge (St Andrew) \n\nMasses are also said at RAF Alconbury, at Blackfriars, the Dominican Priory of St Michael, Cambridge, at Fisher House University Chaplaincy, and in the villages of Bar Hill and Papworth Everard.",
"\n\nDeanery of Great Yarmouth (St Peter) \n\n1No longer listed on diocesan website.",
"\n\nDeanery of Ipswich (St Edward)\nAldeburgh with Leiston Parish\nOur Lady & St Peter, Aldeburgh\nAll Saints, Leiston\nSt Felix, Felixstowe\nSt Cecilia, Trimley St Mary (closed 2010)\nSt James, Ipswich\nSt Mark's Parish\nSt Mark, Ipswich\nHoly Family, Brantham\nSt Mary's Parish\nSt Mary, Ipswich\nHoly Family & St Michael, Kesgrave\nSt Mary Magdalen, Ipswich\nSt Pancras, Ipswich\nWoodbridge and Framlingham Parish\nSt Thomas of Canterbury, Woodbridge\nSt Clare, Framlingham\nIpswich Polish Mission\n\nDeanery of King's Lynn (St Wilfrid)\nSt Dominic, Downham Market\nSt Anthony of Padua, Fakenham\nHunstanton and Dersingham Parish\nOur Lady of Perpetual Succour & St Edmund King & Martyr, Hunstanton\nSt Cecilia, Dersingham\nKing's Lynn Parish\nOur Lady, King's Lynn\nHoly Family, King's Lynn\nSwaffham Parish\nOur Lady of Pity, Swaffham\nChapel of the Immaculate Conception & St Margaret, Oxburgh Hall\nBasilica of Our Lady of Walsingham\nWalsingham Parish\nSt Henry Walpole, Burnham Market\nOur Lady Star of the Sea, Wells-next-the-Sea\nOur Lady of the Annunciation, Little Walsingham\nSt Peter, Blakeney\nOur Lady & St Charles Borromeo, Wisbech\n\nDeanery of Norwich (St Felix)\nOur Lady & St Walstan, Costessey\nThe Sacred Heart & St Margaret Mary, East Dereham\nNorth Walsham Parish\nSacred Heart, North Walsham\nSt John of the Cross, Aylsham\nSt Helen, Hoveton\nCathedral of St John the Baptist, Norwich\nHoly Apostles SS Peter & Paul, Norwich\nSt George, Norwich\nSt Boniface, Norwich\nOur Lady Mother of God, Norwich\nOur Lady of the Annunciation, Poringland\nSheringham and Cromer\nSt Joseph, Sheringham\nOur Lady of Refuge, Cromer\nOur Lady & St Thomas of Canterbury, Wymondham\nUniversity of East Anglia Catholic Chaplaincy\n\nDeanery of Peterborough (St Hugh)\nOur Lady of Good Counsel & St Peter, March\nSt Peter & All Souls, Peterborough\nOur Lady of Lourdes, Peterborough\nUkrainian Catholic Church of St Olga, Peterborough\nSacred Heart & St Oswald, Peterborough\nSt Luke, Peterborough\nWhittlesey and Ramsey\nSacred Heart of Jesus, Ramsey\nSt Jude the Apostle, Whittlesey\nPolish Mission, Peterborough\n\nHistory\nOn 13 March 1976, by the decree Quod Ecumenicum, Pope Paul VI formed the Diocese of East Anglia (from the counties of Cambridge, Norfolk and Suffolk) out of the Diocese of Northampton.",
"\n\nOn 2 June 1976, the new diocese received its first bishop, Alan Clark. ",
"Bishop Clark had previously been auxiliary bishop of Northampton and co-chairman of ARCIC (Anglican/Roman Catholic International Commission), with the cathedral being established at the former parish church of St John the Baptist, Norwich. ",
"As the first bishop of the new diocese, Bishop Clark had to set up all the necessary instruments and commissions for the diocese to operate successfully. ",
"The establishment of the Diocesan Pastoral Council in 1987 strengthened these.",
"\n\nThe diocese continued to grow with the development of the diocesan offices and diocesan tribunal attached to Bishop's House in Poringland near Norwich. ",
"Bishop Clark led a number of Lourdes pilgrimages.",
"\n\nOrdinaries\n\nAlan Charles Clark (appointed on 26 April 1976 – retired on 21 March 1995) \nPeter David Smith (appointed on 21 March 1995 – translated to the Archdiocese of Cardiff on 26 October 2001) \nMichael Charles Evans (appointed on 14 February 2003 – died in office on 11 July 2011)\nAlan Hopes (appointed on 11 June 2013)\n\nPilgrimage\nThe diocese makes up part of the Catholic Association Pilgrimage.",
"\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n Diocese of East Anglia website\n\n \nCategory:Religion in Suffolk\nCategory:Religion in Norfolk\nCategory:Christianity in Cambridgeshire\nCategory:Christian organizations established in 1976\nCategory:Roman Catholic dioceses and prelatures established in the 20th century\nCategory:1976 establishments in England"
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"Q:\n\nRemote machine running XP won't shutdown, which processes should I kill and in what order?",
"\n\nUnable to restart or shutdown remote Windows XP using psshutdown or psexec/shutdown. ",
"I tried shutdown -s -t 0, but this failed. ",
"Pulling the power isn't an option as no one at machine to do this.",
"\nI'm still able to run tasklist and taskkill on the remote machine. ",
"\nIs it possible to trigger a fairly safe shutdown by killing processes? ",
"\n\nIf so, which ones and in what order?",
"\nIf not, is there another way of performing a shutdown?",
"\n\nA:\n\nIf you kill lsass.exe the machine will reboot, shutting down you have to execute a shutdown command. ",
" shutdown -s -f -t 05 that will force a shutdown with a 5 second timer.",
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"In 2005, it played for the BBC Antiques Roadshow . ",
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"Diseases in which normal mechanical forces are disrupted, such as retinal detachment of the eye, are highly debilitating and the mechanisms underlying disease progression are not fully understood. ",
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"Vocaloid models for mmd\n\nFeatured: DL: Tda Deja Vu [MIKUxLUKA] Featured: TDA Norton Miku APPEND [Download] Featured: MMD - TDA Miku and Teto ~Swimsuit~ [DL]. ",
"DeviantArt is the world's largest online social community for artists and art enthusiasts, allowing people to connect through the creation and sharing of art. ",
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"Q:\n\nComparing graphics between gaming consoles shouldn't be closed as opinion-based\n\nThe following question was closed as opinion-based:\nHow do the Nintendo Switch graphics compare to the Playstation 3?",
"\nI agree that a question which asks if a console is 'better' in general would be opinion-based, but I don't believe answers to this question would be opinion-based. ",
"When specifically comparing graphics, it can be answered 'technically'. ",
"No one will argue that Switch games look better than PlayStation 4 games graphically (in general), because the GPU (in most cases) determines the quality of graphics. ",
"And do we compare GPUs? ",
"We do! ",
"And we compare GPUs technically: FLOPS, APIs, etc.",
"\nSo I believe answers to the above question is not opinion-based. ",
"By the way, as a matter of fact there are many similar questions on the Internet and I already know the answer thanks to those questions. ",
"Still I wanted to ask here because I think Stackoverflow is a better place for Q&A (and I answered by myself by collecting the info from the Internet). ",
"\nBut I am not sure if the question should be active. ",
"Because even if the question can be answered technically with relative accuracy, many people don't like the result. ",
"Many many Nintendo fans would not like to accept the fact that PS4 is more powerful than Switch, for me that is understandable because I used to deny that PlayStation 2 is weaker than contemporary high-end PC! ",
"But that is simply untrue. ",
"By the way, I am a Switch owner.",
"\nSo if the question is active, I'm afraid more and more Nintendo fans will down vote my question (I wanted to do something good for the Stackoverflow!).",
"\nI ask for reopen of the above question, but if there is no way to protect myself from being down voted (account reputation is very important to me!), ",
"I prefer the question to be in a status that no one can vote (down or up).",
"\nEdit\nI would like to add links of some similar (almost exact) questions here to show that indeed many people care about the question\nhttps://www.quora.com/Is-the-Nintendo-Switch-more-powerful-than-the-PS3-and-Xbox-360\nhttps://gamefaqs.gamespot.com/boards/189706-nintendo-switch/75832526\nhttps://www.reddit.com/r/NintendoSwitch/comments/5z7z30/is_the_nintendo_switch_graphically_better_than/\nhttps://gbatemp.net/threads/graphically-how-well-does-the-nintendo-switch-par-up-to-the-ps3.470562/\nhttps://www.gamespot.com/forums/system-wars-314159282/how-powerful-is-the-switch-compared-to-wiiu360ps3-33377498/\n\nA:\n\nAs a new user, I appreciate the effort you made in order to make this question on-topic by coming to the meta. ",
"It shows effort on your part to be a part of our community! ",
"With that said, we are Arqade, Stack Overflow is another Stack Exchange network that works with programming. ",
"While it is the biggest and I've often called Stack Exchange, Stack Overflow on accident, I just thought I'd throw that out there on how to name the Exchange networks.",
"\n\nBut I am not sure if the question should be active. ",
"Because even if the question can be answered technically with relative accuracy, many people don't like the result. ",
"\n\nThis is irrelevant as far as Arqade is concerned. ",
"We aren't worried about the answer to a question making the question itself on-topic or not. ",
"Many questions that ask if something is possible have a simple answer of \"No, it's not possible.\" ",
"Even though it's not the answer people may want to see, it's an acceptable answer and doesn't change the fact that the question that was asked was on-topic.",
"\n\nSo if the question is active, I'm afraid more and more Nintendo fans will down vote my question.",
"\n\nUsers on Arqade don't downvote based on if they are fans or not. ",
"Here is a great meta post about how people use downvotes. ",
"In your case, users downvoted the question because they thought a couple of things:\n\nIt wasn't highly researched. ",
"Your question asks a rather simple question comparing graphics between two consoles.",
"\nIt's not useful. ",
"Questions here on Arqade that get a lot of attention are useful. ",
"See this question, that goes into the usefulness of spending your time actually killing monsters in a game. ",
"Your question doesn't solve an issue or is very valuable to anyone really. ",
"People are going to buy these consoles for totally different reasons and will never compare their graphic capabilities.",
"\nIt's a broad question. ",
"If there is a specific question or specific hardware difference you want to know about, that would have made a better question. \"",
"Differences\" between consoles, just like you said, is very readily available information.",
"\n\nI ask for reopen of the above question, but if there is no way to protect myself from being down voted (account reputation is very important to me!), ",
"I prefer the question to be in a status that no one can vote (down or up).",
"\n\nIf you want the question to be re-opened, you'll have to edit it to be acceptable. ",
"Like I said previously, if you can narrow down a hardware specific difference you are looking for, it could be reopened. ",
"Your answer goes into more specifics about certain hardware, I'd try to go in that direction. ",
"If you take the \"close reason\" into consideration, you'll allow yourself to narrow it down to not fall into that close reason.",
"\nI wouldn't worry too much about your reputation. ",
"If you ask good questions and take the time and effort to answer other questions well, you'll see your reputation go up!",
"\nThe ability for people to vote on your question won't go away, but you'll find if you edit your question to a better one, people may take away their downvote.",
"\nWe don't really compare consoles or PC hardware, you'll want to go visit another site that does those types of things on the daily. ",
"The hardware tag questions is usually used for troubleshooting issues with gaming hardware or how to use certain gaming hardware correctly.",
"\nTo your edit\n\nI would like to add some similar (almost exact) questions here to show\n that if a question asked many times on other place, it can also be\n asked on StackExchange (depends on which community though)\n\nJust because you find the exact question on another website, doesn't mean it's on-topic on Arqade. ",
"You'll want to read our rules and visit our FAQ before linking a bunch of other sources.",
"\n\n"
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"It was highlighted that the flavonoids absorption at Band-II (240-280 nm) was more suitable for the semi-quantification purpose because of the less variation compared to that at Band-I (300-380 nm). ",
"The semi-quantification was therefore conducted at 254 nm. ",
"Beyond the qualitative comparison results acquired by common chemical profiling techniques, the semi-quantitative approach presented the detailed compositional information of flavonoids in EGB and demonstrated how the adulteration of one batch was achieved. ",
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"// (C) Copyright David Abrahams 2002.",
"\n// (C) Copyright Jeremy Siek 2002.",
"\n// (C) Copyright Thomas Witt 2002.",
"\n// Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (",
"See\n// accompanying file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at\n// http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt)\n#ifndef BOOST_INTEROPERABLE_23022003THW_HPP\n# define BOOST_INTEROPERABLE_23022003THW_HPP\n\n# include <boost/mpl/bool.hpp>\n# include <boost/mpl/or.hpp>\n\n# include <boost/type_traits/is_convertible.hpp>\n\n# include <boost/iterator/detail/config_def.hpp> // must appear last\n\nnamespace boost {\nnamespace iterators {\n\n //\n // Meta function that determines whether two\n // iterator types are considered interoperable.",
"\n //\n // Two iterator types A,B are considered interoperable if either\n // A is convertible to B or vice versa.",
"\n // This interoperability definition is in sync with the\n // standards requirements on constant/mutable container\n // iterators (23.1 [lib.container.requirements]).",
"\n //\n // For compilers that don't support is_convertible\n // is_interoperable gives false positives. ",
"See comments\n // on operator implementation for consequences.",
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"Southern district of Abu Salim in the capital got shelled late on Tuesday, killing four and wounding at least 20.",
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"\n\nBut the southern district of Abu Salim got shelled late on Tuesday with explosions heard even in the city centre where life had been going on largely untouched by the violence in Libya.",
"\n\nThe artillery killed at least two people and wounded eight, Osama Ali, spokesman for a Tripoli emergency body, told Reuters news agency, without saying who was behind the shelling.",
"\n\nAnother official told Libya Al Ahrar TV channel four people were killed and 20 wounded.",
"\n\nThe district is located near the road to the old airport in southern Tripoli, which has changed hands several times since the fighting started.",
"\n\nAbu Salim lies north of forces loyal to the Tripoli government seeking to stop the LNA troops coming from the south.",
"\n\nForces allied to Tripoli have accused the LNA of firing rockets into residential areas, but the LNA said in a statement it had nothing to with the shelling, accusing a Tripoli-based group instead .",
"\n\nAl Jazeera’s Mahmoud Abdelwahed, reporting from Tripoli, said it was not the first time Haftar’s forces targeted civilian areas.",
"\n\n“Many people here are also wondering why the international community is not putting pressure on Haftar to stop the escalation in and around the capital Tripoli,” he said.",
"\n\nLibya, which has been mired in chaos since the NATO-backed toppling of Gaddafi in 2011, has been split into rival eastern and western administrations since 2014.",
"\n\nIn March 2016, Government of National Accord (GNA) chief Fayez al-Sarraj arrived in Tripoli to set up a new government, but the Haftar-allied administration in the eastern city of Tobruk refused to recognise its authority.",
"\n\nHaftar’s push on the capital threatens to further destabilise the oil-rich country and reignite a full-blown civil war. ",
"Both sides accuse each other of targeting civilians.",
"\n\nAt least 174 people have been killed and 756 wounded since the LNA started its offensive on April 4, according to the World Health Organization. ",
"It says it has deployed additional surgical staff to support hospitals receiving trauma cases.",
"\n\nAs the rockets fell on Tuesday, UN Security Council diplomats began negotiations on a British-drafted resolution that would demand an immediate ceasefire in Libya.",
"\n\nThe proposed text, seen by AFP news agency, warns that the offensive by Haftar’s LNA “threatens the stability of Libya and prospects for a United Nations-facilitated political dialogue and a comprehensive political solution to the crisis”.",
"\n\nThe council “demands that all parties in Libya immediately de-escalate the situation, commit to a ceasefire, and engage with the United Nations to ensure a full and comprehensive cessation of hostilities throughout Libya”, the draft says."
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"Q:\n\nshiny - omitting a userinput with filter when \"All\" is selected\n\nIn the Ui.",
"R i have some input selects, of which Location is one, I would like to be able to omit the same if \"All\" is selected, \nselectInput('Location', 'Location', choices = c(\"All\", unique(sampleData$Location)), selected = \"All\"),\n\nI tried using reactive if else, but there is an error which says - \n\"Evaluation error: operations are possible only for numeric, logical or complex types.\"",
"\nI am new to shiny, can I use inpLocation that way?",
"\nAny help is appreciated.",
"\nHere's my entire code -\nlibrary(plotly)\nlibrary(shiny)\nload(\"sample_Data.rdata\")\nnms <- names(sample_Data)\n\nui <- (pageWithSidebar(\n headerPanel(\"Demo\"),\n\n sidebarPanel(\n selectInput('sex', 'Sex', choices = unique(sample_Data$sex), selected = \"F\"),\n selectInput('Location', 'Location', choices = c(\"All\", unique(sample_Data$Location)), selected = \"All\"),\n selectInput('color1', 'Color1', choices = c('None', nms), selected = \"region\"),\n selectInput('color2', 'Color2', choices = c('None', nms), selected = \"species\")\n ),\n\n mainPanel(\n fluidRow(\n column(12, plotlyOutput(\"p1\"))\n ),\n fluidRow(\n column(12, plotlyOutput(\"p2\"))\n )\n )\n))\n\nserver <- function(input, output, session) {\n\n nms <- row.names(sample_Data)\n dataset <- reactive({\n inpLocation <- reactive({\n if(input$Location == \"All\"){\n sample_Data$Location\n }else{\n input$Location\n }})\n\n sample_Data %>%\n filter(sex %in% input$sex, inpLocation())\n })\n\n output$p1 <- renderPlotly({\n p<-qplot(year,N,data=dataset(),color=species)\n if (input$color1 !",
"= 'None') p <- p + aes_string(color=input$color1)\n p<-ggplotly(p)\n p\n })\n\n output$p2 <- renderPlotly({\n p<-qplot(region,N,data=dataset(),color=species)\n if (input$color2 !",
"= 'None') p <- p + aes_string(color=input$color2)\n p <- ggplotly(p)\n p\n })\n}\n\nshinyApp(ui, server, options = list(display.mode = \"showcase\"))\n\nA:\n\nyou don't need the second reactive inside of the first reactive call. ",
"Inside the outer reactive it will already be updated whenever the input$Location is changed.",
"\ndataset <- reactive({\n if(input$Location == \"All\"){\n inpLocation <- sample_Data$Location\n }else{\n inpLocation <- input$Location\n }\n sample_Data %>%\n filter(sex %in% input$sex, \n Location %in% inpLocation)\n})\n\n"
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"William J Harrington was a senior analyst at Moody's. ",
"Whether you're an insider yourself or just want to know more after reading this rare interview, he's here to answer your questions\n\nWhen the banking blog asks insiders who they blame for the financial crisis, most say: the rating agencies. ",
"It was the rating agencies that assigned super safe (\"triple A\") ratings to complex financial instruments. ",
"When these blew up, the agencies accepted no responsibility, claiming they had merely been expressing \"opinions\".",
"\n\nWilliam J Harrington was a senior analyst at rating agency Moody's between 1999 and 2010 in New York. ",
"Since then he has been campaigning for reform and drawing attention to ongoing problems with ratings. ",
"Bill is coming into the comment threads below to answer your questions and discuss his views.",
"\n\nIt's really worth reading his testimony in full here.",
"\n\nSome of Bill's quotes hint in one sentence at a whole universe of dysfunction: \"In my days it was individual managers [at Moody's] who set the rules on how to interact with the bankers: for instance whether we could scream back at them (we could not).\" ",
"And: \"I knew rating agencies were seen in the industry as losers and 'also-rans'. ",
"I didn't care. ",
"I didn't go to conferences, to industry parties… The reality is rating agencies attract rather different kinds of people.\"",
"\n\nThe most shocking thing, at least for me, was this:\n\n\"The CEO of Moody's in the runup to the fiasco in 2008 is now… still the CEO of Moody's. ",
"Last year his compensation was $6m, in line with his five-year average. ",
"Moody's has never had a losing quarter. ",
"This is why analysts who follow Moody's for investors really like Moody's. ",
"Moody's always makes a profit.\"",
"\n\nBill says he has asked people at Moody's why those responsible weren't fired. \"",
"That would be an admission of liability, I was told. ",
"Worse, precisely the managers responsible for the instruments that blew up have been rewarded and promoted. ",
"I don't believe in conspiracies but here you really have a small cabal of people doing this.\"",
"\n\nFree market theory predicts that when market players perform as badly as the rating agencies have, new companies will see an opportunity. ",
"This has hardly happened with the market for rating agencies. ",
"Bill: \"Rating agencies form an oligopoly, with Moody's, Fitch and S&P controlling 97% of the market between them. ",
"If there were many significant rating agencies of varying sizes and ownership structures rather than three indistinguishable large ones, then if a few changed their approach it would be hard for the rest to simply continue to go along for the ride. ",
"Currently, this is not a self-correcting system.\"",
"\n\nBut why don't other players in finance demand better rating agencies? ",
"After two decades at the top of his profession, Bill offers this bleak assessment:\n\n\"The rating agencies are such small entities in such a huge industry. ",
"They are like the Panama canal. ",
"Crucial but very small. ",
"Worldwide, the nine big registered rating agencies have less than 4,000 junior and senior analysts working for them, combined across all activities. ",
"JP Morgan alone employs a quarter of a million people. ",
"This state of affairs seems to suit the big players well. ",
"The rating agencies are one moving piece in the machine that they can push around.",
"\n\n\"The rating agencies have been the all-purpose bogeymen for the crisis. ",
"They bear a heavy responsibility, absolutely, but this exclusive focus obscures how the problems are embedded in the whole system: the big banks, accountancy firms, financial law firms, investment firms, regulators, the financial press… The rating agencies have done us a disservice by allowing so much of the blame to rest on them. ",
"They are effectively protecting these other players – who seem quite happy with this arrangement. ",
"Meanwhile people at rating agencies go: \"just blame us, we're used to it.\"",
"\n\nIt's very rare for a former rating agency employee to speak out like Bill does: \"I didn't take 'a package'. ",
"If I had I might have gotten a year's salary – but I'd have to sign a 'non-disparagement' clause which meant that I'd remain silent about what I saw.\"",
"\n\nThere is much more good stuff in the full interview, about how the rating process actually works, how rating agencies reward their employees in a fundamentally different way from other areas in finance, and what it's been like for Bill to be gay in finance.",
"\n\nEspecially if you're considering leaving a comment below, please read the full text first. ",
"As for those comments, it would be really great if other (former) rating agency employees would come forward. ",
"Equally interesting would be to hear from insiders across the financial industry about their experiences with the rating agencies. ",
"At the end of the full text Bill makes two alarming points about ongoing problems with ABSs. ",
"What do other insiders think?",
"\n\nAs for financial outsiders: this is your chance. ",
"Bill had a ring seat during the buildup, climax and aftermath of the 2008 financial crisis. ",
"A firm believer in disseminating information and insight about finance to as large an audience as possible, he is eager to take your questions, also those about finance generally.",
"\n\n• This banking blog features interviews with insiders across the industry. ",
"Here is a guide to help you find your way.",
"\n\nOne other rating agency employee has spoken to the blog: \"Every time I read about a new financial product, I think: 'Uh-oh'.\"",
"\n\nAnother voice in finance who is gay: \"When I came out, my boss was really supportive and so were my colleagues. ",
"There has been only one idiot so far.\""
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"Q:\n\nHow to add Facebook dependency in offline mode on Android Studio\n\nI am trying to write a program that can make Facebook updates but i have issues adding the Facebook dependency. ",
"I already have the sdk but couldn't add to my project because... \neven though i have tried adding the gradle.prperties file to the extracted Facebook folder as a comment suggested here\nNext i tried adding as suggested on the Facebook official page but i hit this snag...\nNow, because if the price of data where I'm from, I'd rather not go online since I already have the sdk locally so my question is how can i manually cache the sdk into my project?",
"\nEDIT: For clarity, my question is HOW DO I ADD THE FACEBOOK SDK INTO MY PROJECT WITHOUT GOING ONLINE (i.e. OFFLINE BUILD)?",
"\n\nA:\n\nDownload Facebook Android SDK 4.24.0 ARR it from here\nThen,\nIn order to import a .aar library:\n\nAdd a .aar file in libs folder.",
"\nUse \"New Module\" option under File menu.",
"\nImport the .aar file.",
"\nBuild gradle and compile the project.",
"\n\n"
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"\n\nShow HN: Godray – a simple ray tracer - ppymou\nhttps://github.com/LanJian/godray\n\n======\nppymou\nWrote this with friend as a learning project for golang. ",
"Any golang tips would\nbe much appreciated.",
"\n\n------\n856dfiuk\nWhat would you recommend for writing a simple ray tracer? ",
"Any books or\nwebsites?",
"\n\n~~~\nppymou\nFor me, going through wikipedia article on phong and working out the math with\nmy friends (instead of just blindly translating the equations to code) really\nhelped me understand the basics.",
"\n\nIn order to learn more (I admittedly know very little about anything other\nthan the phong model - the other friend is much more knowledgable), I presume\neither a textbook or a course notes like this\n[https://www.student.cs.uwaterloo.ca/~cs488/notes.pdf](https://www.student.cs.uwaterloo.ca/~cs488/notes.pdf)\nwill probably help.",
"\n\n------\ndrewmate\nAre there any dependencies to run it on Windows? ",
"I do 'go run src/main.go' on\nWindows, and nothing happens and there are no errors reported.",
"\n\n~~~\njackhxs\nHi, I worked on this project as well. ",
"I tried it on Windows, it ran without\nissues. ",
"If you run 'go run src/main.go', it should create output.png in the\ncurrent directory. ",
"Then you should be able to run 'explorer output.png' to\nview the image.",
"\n\n------\n_ph_\nWhat is the license for the code?",
"\n\n~~~\nppymou\nAh. ",
"An oversight on our part, we will make it MIT licensed so feel free to do\nwhatever you want with it.",
"\n\n------\nmazeway\nHow do you find a friend to study and write code with you?",
"\n\n"
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"Q:\n\nantd custom primary color\n\nI am using antd and create-react-app to create my application.",
"\nI following this examplle:https://github.com/ant-design/antd-init/tree/master/examples/customize-antd-theme\n\nHere they have given example using webconfig. ",
"When i tried to replacete the same i m unable to change the primary color. ",
"Can anybody tell how to do the same in create-react-app ?",
"\n\nA:\n\n1st way Manually ejecting create-react-app\nYou need to eject with npm run eject to have control the webpack.config.js\nthen you can use LESS's modifyvars to change the primary color\njust as the guide explains\nhere is an english version:\nhttps://ant.design/docs/react/customize-theme\nhttps://github.com/webpack-contrib/less-loader#less-options\n2nd. ",
"use react-app-rewire-less\nImport it and modify config-overrides.js like below.",
"\n$ yarn add react-app-rewire-less --dev\n const { injectBabelPlugin } = require('react-app-rewired');\n+ const rewireLess = require('react-app-rewire-less');\n\n module.exports = function override(config, env) {\n- config = injectBabelPlugin(['import', { libraryName: 'antd', style: 'css' }], config);\n+ config = injectBabelPlugin(['import', { libraryName: 'antd', style: true }], config); // change importing css to less\n+ config = rewireLess.withLoaderOptions({\n+ modifyVars: { \"@primary-color\": \"#1DA57A\" },\n+ })(config, env);\n return config;\n };\n\nCheck more information here: https://ant.design/docs/react/use-with-create-react-app\n\nA:\n\nIf you don't want to use react-scripts eject\nyou can simply create a less file (let's say main.less ) , import antd.less and replace the default variables of ant design in this main.less file.",
"\ncompile this less file using lessc (npm i -g less).",
"\nlessc \"main.less antd.css\" --js\n--js is for inline javascript in less Now simply include these complied css in your app.",
"\ncheck out https://medium.com/@aksteps/782c53cbc03b for complete walkthrough \n\n"
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"Q:\n\nUsing 32-bit Lab images in Tensorflow\n\nI'm using skimage to convert RGB images to Lab colorspace but it seems that skimage uses float64 datatype while Tensorflow uses float32. ",
"\nIs there any way to convert the 64-bit Lab image to 32-bit datatype? ",
"The documentation doesn't cover anything specific about this and I'm not sure if using image.astype(np.float32) is the way to go since it might damage the data precision (or not).",
"\nHere's a part of the code:\nfrom skimage import color, io\nimport numpy as np \n\nrgb = io.imread('Test.jpg') # Could be any shape\nlab = color.rgb2lab(rgb)\n\nconverted = np.array(lab).astype(np.float32)\nrgb = color.lab2rgb(converted)\n\nThe last line gives an error:\nValueError: Images of type float must be between -1 and 1.",
"\n\nand here's the Stack Trace:\n File \"C:\\Anaconda3\\lib\\site-packages\\skimage\\color\\colorconv.py\", line 928, in lab2rgb\n return xyz2rgb(lab2xyz(lab))\n File \"C:\\Anaconda3\\lib\\site-packages\\skimage\\color\\colorconv.py\", line 855, in lab2xyz\n arr = _prepare_colorarray(lab).copy()\n File \"C:\\Anaconda3\\lib\\site-packages\\skimage\\color\\colorconv.py\", line 153, in _prepare_colorarray\n return dtype.img_as_float(arr)\n File \"C:\\Anaconda3\\lib\\site-packages\\skimage\\util\\dtype.py\", line 291, in img_as_float\n return convert(image, np.float64, force_copy)\n File \"C:\\Anaconda3\\lib\\site-packages\\skimage\\util\\dtype.py\", line 195, in convert\n raise ValueError(\"Images of type float must be between -1 and 1.\")",
"\nValueError: Images of type float must be between -1 and 1.",
"\n\nA:\n\nUsing x.astype(np.float32) is perfectly acceptable. ",
" You'll seldom if ever need that level of accuracy.",
"\nIf you are not careful, however, you may accidentally cast an integer image (e.g., unsigned bytes, going from 0 to 255) into float. ",
" So the safest approach, that will rescale as necessary, is\nfrom skimage import img_as_float\nimage = img_as_float(image).astype(np.float32)\n\n"
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"---\nauthor:\n- 'J. Philidet'\n- 'K. Belkacem'\n- 'R. Samadi'\n- 'C. Barban'\n- 'H.-G. Ludwig'\nbibliography:\n- 'biblio.bib'\ntitle: 'Modelling the asymmetries of the Sun’s radial $p$-mode line profiles'\n---\n\nIntroduction {#sec:intro}\n============\n\nSolar-like oscillations are known to be stochastically excited and damped by turbulence occurring close to the surface of low-mass stars (see e.g. [@GK77a; @GK77b] or [@samadiBS15] for a review). ",
"The power spectral density of such oscillations is expected to feature a Lorentzian-shaped peak centred around their eigenfrequencies. ",
"This idealised line profile has been extensively used to fit observations [see e.g. @jefferies91]. ",
"However, as the resolution reached in helioseismic measurements (both ground-based and space-borne) has increased, it has become apparent that the observed line profiles feature a certain degree of asymmetry (see e.g. [@duvall93] for observations made at the geographic South Pole; [@toutain98] for data from the *MDI* and *SPM* instruments aboard the *SOHO* spacecraft).",
"\n\nSince the discovery of this skew symmetry in solar $p$-mode line profiles, several studies have been devoted to explaining this feature. ",
"In particular, it had been recognised early on that a source of excitation that is highly localised compared to the mode wavelength (which we refer in the rest of the paper as ‘source localisation’) could lead to a certain degree of mode asymmetry, depending on the position of the source [@gabriel92; @duvall93; @gabriel93; @abramsK96; @roxburghV95; @roxburghV97]. ",
"Line profile asymmetries have then been used to infer some properties of the turbulent source, especially its radial location and its multipolar nature [see e.g. @roxburghV97; @nigamCORREL98].",
"\n\nFurthermore, @duvall93 noticed an inversion of the sense of asymmetry between spectrometric and photometric measurements, with line profiles in the velocity spectrum featuring more power in their low-frequency wing than in their high-frequency wing and vice-versa for line profiles in the intensity spectrum. ",
"Since intensity perturbations were expected to be proportional to velocity perturbations, one would have expected the asymmetries to be the same. ",
"Many hypotheses were posited to explain this puzzling result. ",
"@duvall93 suggested that it was due to non-adiabatic effects lifting the proportionality relationship between the two kinds of perturbations (fluid displacement and temperature) but this hypothesis was later contradicted by @rastB98. ",
"Non-adiabaticity was brought up again later on by @georgobiani03 who suggested that the explanation resided in radiative transfer between the mode and the medium. ",
"Indeed, the observed radiation temperature corresponds to the gas temperature at local optical depth $\\tau = 1$. But optical depth depends on opacity, which non-linearly depends on temperature. ",
"Therefore, the temperature fluctuations due to the oscillating mode entails opacity fluctuations, which in turn impacts the ‘observed’ radiation temperature. ",
"Given the non-linear nature of the $\\kappa - T$ relation, this modulation decreases the observed temperature fluctuations more significantly in the low-frequency wing of the mode than in its high-frequency wing. ",
"Since this radiative transfer does not impact the velocity measurements, this could explain the asymmetry reversal between velocity and intensity spectra. ",
"Using 3D simulations, @georgobiani03 computed mode line profiles in both the velocity and the intensity power spectrum alternatively at mean unity optical depth and instantaneous unity optical depth. ",
"Their results indeed show that the modulation of the ‘observed’ intensity fluctuations due to radiative transfer could be significant enough to reverse the sense of mode asymmetry. ",
"One of the hypothesis enjoying the most support for asymmetry reversal, however, is based on the effect of turbulent perturbations partially correlated with the mode, which thus impact its line profile [@nigamCORREL98; @roxburghV97; @rastB98; @kumarB99]. ",
"Indeed, a part of these perturbations is coherent with the mode and, thus, leads to interference. ",
"This interference term may be constructive or destructive, depending on the phase difference between the mode and the coherent turbulent perturbations. ",
"For frequencies at which the interference is constructive, the power spectral density is slightly elevated, whereas it drops slightly for frequencies at which it is destructive. ",
"Typically, in the vicinity of a resonant mode, the dependence of the phase difference between mode and turbulent perturbation is such that the interference term is constructive for frequencies located in one wing of the mode and destructive in the other. ",
"Therefore, as a result of this interference behaviour, one of the wings falls off more slowly and the other more rapidly, leading to mode asymmetry. ",
"It has been suggested that the degree of correlation between the turbulent perturbations and the oscillation it excites is higher in intensity than in velocity, so that it changes the sign of mode asymmetry only in the intensity spectrum. ",
"While it is widely accepted that correlated turbulent perturbations must be taken into account to explain asymmetries in the intensity spectrum, the question of whether it has a significant impact on the velocity spectrum remains an open issue [see e.g. @jefferies03].",
"\n\nThe possibility that correlated turbulent fluctuations have an affect on mode asymmetry has led many authors to include them in their models for the power spectrum. ",
"Even though correlated noise was introduced to explain the particular puzzle of asymmetry reversal between velocity and intensity measurements, several models include correlated noise in the velocity spectrum as well as in the intensity spectrum. ",
"This is the case for the model developed by @severino01 and later used, for instance, by @barban04, which includes three types of noise (coherent-correlated, coherent-uncorrelated and incoherent) in both the velocity spectrum, the intensity spectrum, and the velocity-intensity cross-spectrum. ",
"They considered, however, that the ‘pure oscillation’ (without the noise) has a Lorentzian shape, thus discarding the contribution of source localisation. ",
"This model was later refined by @watcherK05 to take this contribution into account.",
"\n\nThese prior studies have one thing in common, however, and that is that they all treat the various sources of asymmetry (mainly source localisation and correlated noise) in a simplified, parametrised fashion. ",
"Indeed, the excitation is consistently modelled as a point-like source, with radial position and multipolar development left as free parameters. ",
"This prescription remains somewhat unsatisfactory in the sense that it does not take into account the finer properties of the source of excitation, such as its spatial extent or its dependence on frequency, for instance. ",
"As such, these prior models lack a realistic description of the source of excitation. ",
"Likewise, for models including the effect of noise on the power spectrum, the various relative amplitudes and phase differences between modal oscillation and correlated noise in both spectra are also left as free parameters. ",
"The approach followed by these studies is to find best-fit values for all their free parameters by fitting their model to observations in order to localise the source.",
"\n\nIn contrast, in the present paper, we follow a different approach: we model both the source of excitation and the correlated background by constraining their properties using an analytical model of stochastic excitation, coupled with a 3D simulation of the solar atmosphere. ",
"The novelty of our approach lies in the fact that we do not fit a parametrised model to the observations but, instead, we predict the dependence of mode asymmetry on frequency, which we then compare to observations in order to validate our model. ",
"Our model of mode asymmetry is, therefore, both more realistic (in its description of the source of excitation) and more complete (in its lack of freely adjustable parameters). ",
"It can then be used to deepen our understanding of the underlying physical mechanisms behind mode asymmetry by exploring how varying a given physical constraint impacts the results yielded by our model. ",
"Finally, our model allows for a much higher predictability of mode asymmetry, which is essential when it comes to applying these results to other solar-like oscillators. ",
"We note that this paper is devoted to the modelling of the velocity power spectrum only and, as a result, we do not address the problem of asymmetry reversal, which is a separate challenge altogether.",
"\n\nThese efforts to model the line profiles of solar-like oscillations are also necessary in order to correctly infer mode properties from observations. ",
"Indeed, it was discovered early on that using a Lorentzian shape to fit skew symmetric line profiles led to a significant bias in the eigenfrequency determination, which may be higher than the frequency resolution achieved by helioseismic measurements [@duvall93; @abramsK96; @chaplin99; @thiery00; @toutain98]. ",
"Such eigenfrequency determination bias has also been revealed for solar-like oscillations in stars other than the Sun by @benomar18. ",
"Inversion methods used to infer the internal structure of solar-like oscillators, whether they be analytical or numerical, require a very accurate determination of the mode eigenfrequencies. ",
"For spectra extracted from very long time series, the resolution is high enough that this bias in eigenfrequencies impacts the results obtained by inversion methods [see e.g. @toutain98 who show that the difference between the sound speed squared inferred from symmetric and asymmetric fits can reach $0.3 \\%$ in the core]. ",
"When fitting these observations, mode asymmetry must, therefore, be taken into account. ",
"Since it has proven very difficult to determine accurate mode eigenfrequency without prior knowledge on its line shape, obtaining an a priori model of $p$-mode line profiles is of primary importance.",
"\n\nIn this paper, we present a predictive model of solar radial $p$-mode line profile in the velocity spectrum. ",
"In particular, we use a realistic model for stochastic excitation, following a method similar to that of @samadiG01. ",
"Furthermore, we include the effect of correlated turbulent perturbations in the model in a non-parametrised way, unlike what was done in previous works [see e.g. @severino01]. ",
"The paper is structured as follows: we present the analytical model of the Sun’s velocity power spectral density in Section \\[sec:methods\\] and its numerical implementation in Section \\[sec:numerical\\]. ",
"We then present the results yielded by our model concerning mode asymmetry in Section \\[sec:results\\]. ",
"In Section \\[sec:discussion\\], we briefly describe the development of a toy model to describe the impact of source localisation on mode asymmetry and use it to interpret our results; we also investigate the matter of the influence of correlated turbulent perturbations. ",
"We then confront our results with the related observations in Section \\[sec:observations\\] and discuss the issue of eigenfrequency determination bias entailed by the skewness of the mode line profiles.",
"\n\nModelling the $p$-mode line profiles {#sec:methods}\n====================================\n\nTo extract the asymmetries of solar radial $p$-modes, we first need to model their line profile in the velocity power spectrum. ",
"In this section, we present the analytical developments that led us to this model. ",
"First, we define the disc-integrated velocity power spectrum in terms of the radial fluid displacement. ",
"We then present the inhomogeneous, radial wave equation associated to the acoustic modes and detail how convolving its Green’s function with its inhomogeneous part gives us access to the velocity power spectral density.",
"\n\nDefinition of the velocity power spectral density\n-------------------------------------------------\n\nBefore embarking on a discussion of the actual modelling of the line profiles, the spectrum from which they are extracted needs to be defined. ",
"In this paper, we restrict ourselves to the study of radial acoustic modes in the Sun. ",
"Furthermore, as part of the definition of the spectrum, we include the effect of limb-darkening and of disk integration that affect the Sun-as-a-star measurements. ",
"We note, however, that other instrumental effects - in particular mode leakage - are not accounted for.",
"\n\nTo derive an expression for the observed power spectral density, we separate the total surface velocity into an oscillatory part $\\bm{{\\mathrm{v}}_\\text{osc}}$ and a turbulent part $\\bm{u}$, where it is understood that the modes are described by the oscillatory part. ",
"The observations made for the Sun-as-a-star are obtained by integrating the velocities over the entire solar disk. ",
"Neither the mode velocity (for radial modes), nor the turbulent perturbations depend on the point of the disk at which it is estimated; however, the projection on the line of sight $\\bm{n}$ does. ",
"This integration over the solar disk is affected by limb-darkening $h(\\mu)$ (where $\\mu$ refers to the cosine of the angle between the local radial direction and the line of sight). ",
"Furthermore, since it is the turbulent perturbations that excite the mode, a certain fraction of the former must be correlated with the latter, so that the contribution of turbulent perturbations to the velocity spectrum must be considered.",
"\n\nWith these considerations, the observed velocity power spectral density can be expressed as\n\n$$P(\\omega) = \\dfrac{1}{\\displaystyle\\int {\\mathop{}\\!\\mathrm{d}}\\Omega~h(\\mu)}\\left\\langle \\left|\\displaystyle\\int {\\mathop{}\\!\\mathrm{d}}\\Omega~h(\\mu)\\left(\\widehat{\\bm{{\\mathrm{v}}_\\text{osc}}}(\\omega) + \\widehat{\\bm{u}}(\\omega)\\right).\\bm{n} \\right|^2 \\right\\rangle ,\n\\label{eq1}$$\n\nwhere the integration is performed over the solar disk, $\\Omega$ refers to the solid angle, $\\bm{n}$ is the unit vector along the line of sight, $\\bm{{\\mathrm{v}}}_\\text{osc}$ is the mode velocity, $\\bm{u}$ represents the fluctuations of the turbulent velocity around its mean value, $\\omega$ is the angular frequency, the notation $\\left(~\\widehat{.}~\\right)$ refers to temporal Fourier transform, and $\\langle . ",
"\\rangle$ refers to ensemble average. ",
"Since we are only considering radial modes, $\\bm{{\\mathrm{v}}_\\text{osc}}$ is exclusively radial. ",
"Thus, Eq. ",
"becomes\n\n$$P(\\omega) = \\left\\langle \\left|\\widehat{{\\mathrm{v}}_\\text{osc}}(\\omega)\\displaystyle\\int {\\mathop{}\\!\\mathrm{d}}\\Omega~\\mu \\widetilde{h}(\\mu) + \\displaystyle\\int {\\mathop{}\\!\\mathrm{d}}\\Omega~\\widetilde{h}(\\mu)\\widehat{u_n}(\\omega) \\right|^2 \\right\\rangle ,$$\n\nwhere $u_n$ is the component of the turbulent velocity along the line of sight. ",
"We introduced the reduced limb-darkening $\\widetilde{h}(\\mu)$ so that its integral over the solar disk is normalised to unity.",
"\n\nWe expand the square in the above expression and we consider that the term containing $\\langle|\\widehat{u_n}|^2\\rangle$ is negligible compared to the terms that contain $\\langle|\\widehat{{\\mathrm{v}}_\\text{osc}}|^2\\rangle$ and $\\mathrm{Re}\\left(\\langle \\widehat{u_n} \\widehat{{\\mathrm{v}}_\\text{osc}}^\\star\\rangle\\right)$ , respectively. ",
"Indeed, the power spectral density is several orders of magnitude higher for the mode velocity than for the turbulent velocity [typically, the former is of order $10^5$ m$^2$.s$^{-2}$.Hz$^{-1}$, while the latter is of order $10$ m$^2$.s$^{-2}$.Hz$^{-1}$, e.g. @turck04 Fig. ",
"2], so that $$\\langle|\\widehat{u_n}|^2\\rangle \\ll \\mathrm{Re}\\left(\\langle \\widehat{u_n} \\widehat{{\\mathrm{v}}_\\text{osc}}^\\star\\rangle\\right) \\ll \\langle|\\widehat{{\\mathrm{v}}_\\text{osc}}|^2\\rangle~,$$ where the notation $\\mathrm{Re}$ refers to the real part of a complex quantity, and $^\\star$ refers to its complex conjugate. ",
"Finally, we obtain\n\n$$\\begin{gathered}\nP(\\omega) = \\left(\\displaystyle\\int {\\mathop{}\\!\\mathrm{d}}\\Omega~\\mu~\\widetilde{h}(\\mu)\\right)^2 \\left\\langle \\left|\\widehat{{\\mathrm{v}}_\\text{osc}}(\\omega)\\right|^2 \\right\\rangle \\\\\n+ 2\\displaystyle\\int {\\mathop{}\\!\\mathrm{d}}\\Omega~\\mu~\\widetilde{h}(\\mu) \\text{Re}\\left(\\displaystyle\\int {\\mathop{}\\!\\mathrm{d}}\\Omega~\\widetilde{h}(\\mu) \\left\\langle \\widehat{{\\mathrm{v}}_\\text{osc}}(\\omega)\\widehat{u_n}^{\\star}(\\omega) \\right\\rangle\\right) .",
"\n\\label{eq:dev}\\end{gathered}$$\n\nThe first term corresponds to the spectral power density of the mode velocity ${\\mathrm{v}}_\\text{osc}$. In itself, the line profile generated by this term is already asymmetric; indeed, it has been known for a long time that source localisation can generate line profile asymmetry [see e.g. @abramsK96; @roxburghV97; @chaplinA99]. ",
"The second term corresponds to what the literature commonly refers to as correlated turbulent perturbations and which is also expected to significantly impact mode asymmetry in photometric measurements [see e.g. @nigamCORREL98; @roxburghV97; @kumarB99], although its importance in velocity measurements is not as clear.",
"\n\nThe inhomogeneous wave equation\n-------------------------------\n\nGoing further, we write the radial wave equation associated to ${\\mathrm{v}}_\\text{osc}$ with the same formalism as @unno89. ",
"We detail its derivation in Appendix \\[app:wave\\_eq\\]. ",
"Although we included both the source terms due to Reynolds stress fluctuations and non-adiabatic pressure fluctuations in the computation detailed in Appendix \\[app:wave\\_eq\\], we only consider the former in the following. ",
"Indeed, it is the dominant source of excitation for acoustic modes in the Sun [e.g. @belkacem08]. ",
"When it is temporally Fourier transformed, the inhomogeneous wave equation for radial modes reads:\n\n$$\\dfrac{{\\mathop{}\\!\\mathrm{d}}^2\\Psi_\\omega}{{\\mathop{}\\!\\mathrm{d}}r^2} + \\left(\\dfrac{\\omega^2}{c^2} - V(r)\\right)\\Psi_\\omega = S(r)~,\n\\label{eq2}$$\n\nwhere $c$ is the sound speed, the wave variable $\\Psi_\\omega(r)$ is related to the radial fluid displacement $\\xi_r(r)$ through\n\n$$\\Psi_\\omega(r) = rc(r)\\sqrt{\\rho_0(r)}\\xi_r(r)~,\n\\label{eq:psi_to_v}$$\n\nand the acoustic potential and source term are given by $$\\begin{array}{l}\nV(r) = \\dfrac{N^2-4\\pi G\\rho_0}{c^2} + \\dfrac{2}{x^2}\\left(\\dfrac{{\\mathop{}\\!\\mathrm{d}}x}{{\\mathop{}\\!\\mathrm{d}}r}\\right)^2 - \\dfrac{1}{x}\\dfrac{{\\mathop{}\\!\\mathrm{d}}^2x}{{\\mathop{}\\!\\mathrm{d}}r^2}~,\\\\\nx(r) = \\dfrac{r\\sqrt{I}}{c}~, \\\\\nS(r) = \\dfrac{r}{c\\sqrt{\\rho_0(r)}} \\dfrac{{\\mathop{}\\!\\mathrm{d}}p_t'}{{\\mathop{}\\!\\mathrm{d}}r}~, \\\\\nI(r) = \\exp\\left(\\displaystyle\\int_0^r \\dfrac{N^2}{g_0}-\\dfrac{g_0}{c^2}~{\\mathop{}\\!\\mathrm{d}}r'\\right)~,\n\\end{array}\n\\label{eq:potential_mainbody}$$ where $r$ is the radial coordinate, $\\rho_0$ is the density, $N$ is the Brunt-Väisälä frequency, $g_0$ is the gravitational acceleration, $G$ is the gravitational constant, and $p_t'$ refers to the fluctuations of the Reynolds stress around its mean value. ",
"Indeed, only the fluctuating part of the Reynolds stress contributes to the source term $S(r)$ and its mean value only modifies the equilibrium structure. ",
"The subscript $0$ refers to the equilibrium structure and all the above quantities are dependent on the radius at which they are estimated, even when not explicitly specified. ",
"We note that we only model radial modes in this paper, so that the wave equation (Eq. ",
"\\[eq2\\]) is of the second order despite the fact that we did not use the Cowling approximation.",
"\n\nMode damping is not included in Eq. . ",
"Indeed, we did not take into account the feedback of modal oscillations on the equilibrium state through modulations in the fluid density, pressure, opacity, etc. ",
"Such feedback allows mechanical work and thermal transfer to occur from the mode to the medium in which it develops; depending on the phase-lag between these different modulations energy can be exchanged with the surrounding medium. ",
"However, the modelling of damping rates of solar-like oscillations is extremely difficult [@samadiBS15]. ",
"Thus, we directly introduce damping in the wave equation in the form of a mode lifetime, or, equivalently, by a (frequency-dependent) linewidth $\\Gamma_\\omega$, so that the wave equation takes the following form\n\n$$\\dfrac{{\\mathop{}\\!\\mathrm{d}}^2\\Psi_\\omega}{{\\mathop{}\\!\\mathrm{d}}r^2} + \\left(\\dfrac{\\omega^2 + j\\omega\\Gamma_\\omega}{c^2} - V(r)\\right)\\Psi_\\omega = S(r) ,\n\\label{eq:wave_equation}$$\n\nwhere $j$ denotes the imaginary unit and the linewidths $\\Gamma_\\omega$ are inferred from observations. ",
"We used the line-widths presented in @baudin05 (see their Table 2), which were inferred from GOLF data. ",
"Note, however, that our definition of $\\Gamma_\\omega$ corresponds to their $\\Gamma$ multiplied by $2\\pi$, or equivalently to twice their damping rate $\\eta$. We completed these data with low-frequency line-widths obtained by @davies14 through BiSON, which go as low as $\\sim 900~\\mu$Hz (see their Table 1). ",
"We reproduce the dependence of the linewidth we used on frequency in Table \\[table:gammas\\]. ",
"We note that damping can potentially be a source of mode asymmetry. ",
"However, the impact of damping on mode asymmetry is very weak compared to the other sources of asymmetry [@abramsK96], so that the direct introduction of observed line-widths in our model is unlikely to have an impact on our results.",
"\n\n $\\nu$ ($\\mu$Hz) $\\Gamma_\\omega$ ($\\mu$Hz) $\\nu$ ($\\mu$Hz) $\\Gamma_\\omega$ ($\\mu$Hz)\n ----------------- --------------------------- ----------------- ---------------------------\n \n \n 972.615 0.0055 2828.15 0.94\n 1117.993 0.0091 2963.29 0.80\n 1263.198 0.022 3098.16 1.08\n 1407.472 0.033 3233.13 1.12\n 1548.336 0.082 3368.56 1.84\n 1686.594 0.20 3504.07 2.83\n 1749.33 0.26 3640.39 3.85\n 1885.10 0.28 3776.61 5.90\n 2020.83 0.47 3913.49 8.09\n 2156.79 0.54 4049.46 10.73\n 2292.03 0.74 4186.98 12.69\n 2425.57 0.88 4324.79 16.39\n 2559.24 0.94 4462.08 17.35\n 2693.39 0.92 4599.96 26.42\n\n : Observational linewidth $\\Gamma_\\omega$ used in Eq. ",
"as a function of frequency $\\nu$. The data are extracted from @baudin05 for frequencies higher than $1750~\\mu$Hz, and from @davies14 below. ",
"When a frequency laid between these points, linear interpolation was used.[]{data-label=\"table:gammas\"}\n\nExpression of the velocity power spectral density\n-------------------------------------------------\n\nBy definition, the Green’s function $G_\\omega(r_\\text{o}, r_\\text{s})$ is the value taken by the function $\\Psi_\\omega$ at the radius $r = r_\\text{o}$ (the variable $r_\\text{o}$ refers to the height in the atmosphere at which the spectrum is observed and the variable $r_\\text{s}$ refers to the position of the point-like source term), where $\\Psi_\\omega$ is the solution to the inhomogeneous wave equation,\n\n$$\\dfrac{{\\mathop{}\\!\\mathrm{d}}^2\\Psi_\\omega}{{\\mathop{}\\!\\mathrm{d}}r^2} + \\left(\\dfrac{\\omega^2 + j\\omega\\Gamma_\\omega}{c^2} - V(r)\\right)\\Psi_\\omega = \\delta(r - r_\\text{s})~,\n\\label{eq:avant}$$\n\nand $\\delta$ refers to the Dirac function. ",
"Once the Green’s function is known, it can be used to express explicitly ${\\mathrm{v}}_\\text{osc}$ in Eq. . ",
"Indeed, on the one hand, the general solution to the inhomogeneous wave equation with a source term $S(r_\\text{s})$ is\n\n$$\\Psi_\\omega(r_\\text{o}) = \\displaystyle\\int {\\mathop{}\\!\\mathrm{d}}r_\\text{s}~G_\\omega(r_\\text{o}, r_\\text{s}) S(r_\\text{s})~,\n\\label{eq:convolv}$$\n\nwhere the source term is given by Eq. . ",
"The pulsational velocity ${\\mathrm{v}}_\\text{osc}$ is related to the variable $\\Psi_\\omega$ through\n\n$${\\mathrm{v}}_\\text{osc}(r_\\text{o}) = \\dfrac{j\\omega}{r_\\text{o}c(r_\\text{o})\\sqrt{\\rho_0(r_\\text{o})}}\\Psi_\\omega(r_\\text{o})~.\n\\label{eq:puls_vel}$$\n\nUsing the source term given by Eq. ",
"in Eq. , ",
"and Eq. ",
"and after finally performing an integration by part, we write the velocity Fourier transform at angular frequency $\\omega$ as\n\n$$\\begin{gathered}\n\\widehat{{\\mathrm{v}}_\\text{osc}}(\\omega, r_\\text{o}) = -\\dfrac{j\\omega}{r_\\text{o} c(r_\\text{o})\\sqrt{\\rho_0(r_\\text{o})}} \\\\\n\\times \\displaystyle\\int {\\mathop{}\\!\\mathrm{d}}^{3}\\bm{r_\\text{s}}~\\bm{\\nabla}\\left( G_\\omega(\\bm{r_\\text{s}}, r_\\text{o})\\dfrac{||\\bm{r_\\text{s}}||}{c(\\bm{r_\\text{s}})\\sqrt{\\rho_0(\\bm{r_\\text{s}})}}\\right) . ",
"\\left(\\rho_0 \\widehat{u_r \\bm{u}})(\\bm{r_\\text{s}})\\right) .",
"\n\\label{eq:v}\\end{gathered}$$\n\nIn the following, the observation height $r_\\text{o}$ will be fixed, so that we drop it for ease of notation. ",
"However, since the observation height depends on the transition line used for the observations and on whether the observations rely on spectrometric or photometric measurements, it significantly varies from instrument to instrument (see Sect. ",
"\\[sec:observations\\] for more details).",
"\n\nUsing Eq. ",
"in Eq. ",
"then gives an expression for the velocity power spectral density in terms of Green’s function $G_\\omega(r_\\text{s}):$\n\n$$P(\\omega) = \\left(\\displaystyle\\int {\\mathop{}\\!\\mathrm{d}}\\Omega~\\mu~\\widetilde{h}(\\mu)\\right)^2 \\left[\\left\\langle \\left|\\widehat{{\\mathrm{v}}_\\text{osc}}(\\omega)\\right|^2 \\right\\rangle + C(\\omega)\\right] ,\n\\label{eq:power}$$\n\nwhere $\\left\\langle \\left|\\widehat{{\\mathrm{v}}_\\text{osc}}(\\omega)\\right|^2 \\right\\rangle$ and $C(\\omega)$ are given, respectively, by Eqs. , ",
"and . ",
"We note that the effects of limb-darkening and disk integration are now contained in a single factor and, thus, these will only have an effect on mode amplitude. ",
"Since the asymmetry of a mode does not depend on its amplitude, it is not impacted by such a factor.",
"\n\nThe calculations leading from Eq. ",
"to Eq. ",
"are detailed in Appendix \\[app:spectrum\\]. ",
"In the following, we only provide the main steps and assumptions. ",
"We split the calculations two ways, focussing separately on the first term inside the brackets of Eq. , ",
"which we hereby refer to as the leading term, and on its second term, which we hereby refer to as the cross term.",
"\n\n### Closure models\\[subsec:moments\\]\n\nThe calculations leading from Eq. ",
"to Eq. ",
"involve the evaluation of fourth-order and third-order two-point correlation moments of the turbulent velocity. ",
"Therefore, an appropriate closure model is needed to express these high-order moments as a function of second-order moments. ",
"We devote the following subsection to presenting and developing these closure models.",
"\n\n#### Fourth-order moments\n\nTo describe the fourth-order correlation moments of the turbulent velocity, we make use of the Quasi-Normal Approximation (QNA hereafter). ",
"This closure model consists in considering that all turbulent quantities are normally distributed, in which case fourth-order moments can be analytically expressed as a combination of second-order moments [@book_lesieur]: \n\n$$\\langle abcd \\rangle = \\langle ab \\rangle \\langle cd \\rangle + \\langle ac \\rangle \\langle bd \\rangle + \\langle ad \\rangle \\langle bc \\rangle ,\n\\label{eq:decomposition}$$\n\nwhere $a$, $b$, $c$ , and $d$ refer to any turbulent scalar quantity. ",
"Applying the QNA to isotropic, homogeneous turbulence inhibits energy transfers among modes of different wave numbers, thus leading to violations of the energy conservation principle [@kraichnan57]. ",
"This is due to the fact the QNA entails vanishing third-order correlation moments. ",
"When it comes to estimating the fourth-order moments, however, the picture is different. ",
"@belkacem06B have studied the validity of the QNA for two-points, fourth-order correlation moments of the vertical turbulent velocity, in the form of $\\langle u_{r,1}^2 u_{r,2}^2 \\rangle$ (where the indices $1$ and $2$ refer to two different points in space), using 3D simulations of the solar atmosphere. ",
"They found that the dependence of this correlation moment on the distance $\\Delta X$ between the two points is correctly estimated by the QNA but that its absolute value (which can be taken as the corresponding one-point moment) is not. ",
"Consequently, the amplitude of the modes are largely underestimated when the QNA is used. ",
"However, the asymmetry of the modes does not depend on their amplitude, so that mode asymmetry will be unaffected by a discrepancy in the absolute value of the two-points, fourth-order moments. ",
"As such, the decomposition given by Eq. ",
"can be considered valid when it comes to studying mode asymmetry.",
"\n\n#### Third-order moments\n\nWhile the QNA provides an adequate closure relation for fourth-order moments, as mentioned above, it assumes vanishing third-order moments. ",
"Therefore, in order to estimate these third-order moments, we make use of another closure model, the *Plume closure model* (PCM hereafter), which was developed by @belkacem06. ",
"The idea behind this closure model is to separate the flows directed upwards from those directed downwards (the latter being referred to as plumes) and to apply the QNA to both separately. ",
"The anisotropy between the two types of flow - in particular, turbulence is more prominent in the downwards plumes [e.g. @goode98] - yields non-vanishing third-order correlation moments:\n\n$$\\begin{gathered}\n\\langle u_r(\\bm{R},t)^2 u_r(\\bm{R}+\\bm{r},t+\\tau)\\rangle = \\left[a(1-a)^3 - a^3(1-a)\\right] \\delta u^3 \\\\\n-a(1-a)\\left[2\\langle \\widetilde{u_d}(\\bm{R},t) \\widetilde{u_d}(\\bm{R}+\\bm{r},t+\\tau) \\rangle + \\langle \\widetilde{u_d}(\\bm{R},t)^2 \\rangle\\right]\\delta u ,\n\\label{eq:PCM}\\end{gathered}$$\n\nwhere $u_r$ is the vertical component of the turbulent velocity, $a$ is the relative horizontal section of the upflows, $\\delta u$ is the difference between the mean velocity of the two types of flows (considering their respective signs, it actually is the sum of their absolute values), and $\\widetilde{u_d}$ is the fluctuation of the vertical velocity around its mean value in the downflows.",
"\n\nWe note that, strictly speaking, the third-order moment given by Eq. ",
"and yielded by the PCM are centred. ",
"However, we consider that the mean value of the overall vertical velocity of the flow is sufficiently low (compared to its standard deviation for instance) to be neglected. ",
"Therefore, these moments may interchangeably refer here either to centred or non-centred moments.",
"\n\nWe also note that this closure relation is written here in terms of $\\widetilde{u_d}$ (i.e. the turbulent fluctuations in the downflows only). ",
"It would be more practical to rewrite it in terms of $u_r$ (i.e. the total turbulent fluctuations). ",
"The two are related through $$\\langle \\widetilde{u_d}(\\bm{R}, t)\\widetilde{u_d}(\\bm{R}+\\bm{r}, t+\\tau) \\rangle = \\dfrac{1}{1-a} \\langle u_r(\\bm{R}, t)u_r(\\bm{R}+\\bm{r}, t+\\tau) \\rangle - a\\delta u^2~.$$\n\n### The leading term\\[subsec:leading\\]\n\nIn the following, we detail the derivation of the first term of Eq. . ",
"This term corresponds to the pulsational velocity itself, without correlated turbulent perturbations. ",
"As such, any asymmetry featured by this term alone represents the effect of source localisation. ",
"The first step consists in separating the scales relevant to the turbulent velocity $\\bm{u}$ from the scales relevant to both the medium stratification and the oscillating mode (respectively, the pressure scale height and the mode wavelength). ",
"The scale separation approximation is not realistic in the subsurface layers (in particular, the mode wavelength is comparable to the typical correlation length associated with turbulence); however, for want of a better alternative, we are led to use this approximation in the following.",
"\n\nSince the integral defining $\\widehat{{\\mathrm{v}}_\\text{osc}}(\\omega)$ in Eq. ",
"contains the turbulent velocity fluctuations squared, expanding the square of its modulus will raise these fluctuations to the fourth. ",
"The contribution of turbulence to the expression of ${\\mathrm{v}}_\\text{osc}$ thus takes the form of two-points, fourth-order correlation moments of the turbulent velocity. ",
"We use the closure relation presented and detailed in Subsection \\[subsec:moments\\] to express them as a function of second-order moments.",
"\n\nWe then use analytical expressions for the second-order moments of the turbulent velocity. ",
"We describe the second-order moment of the $i$-th and $j$-th component of the turbulent velocity in terms of its spatial and temporal Fourier transform $\\phi_{ij}(\\bm{k},\\omega)$. For isotropic turbulence, it reads [@batchelor_book]: $$\\phi_{ij}(\\bm{k},\\omega) = \\dfrac{E(k,\\omega)}{4\\pi k^2} \\left(\\delta_{ij} - \\dfrac{k_i k_j}{k^2}\\right)~,$$ where $E(k,\\omega)$ is the specific turbulent kinetic energy spectrum, $k$ is the norm of the wavevector $\\bm{k}$, $k_i$ and $k_j$ are its $i$-th and $j$-th component, and $\\delta_{ij}$ is the Kronecker symbol. ",
"The integration over the solid angle of wave vectors $\\bm{k}$ is straightforward, and only an integral over the norm of $\\bm{k}$ remains. ",
"However, solar turbulence close to the photosphere is known to be highly anisotropic. ",
"To take this anisotropy into account, we follow the formalism developed by @gough77. ",
"In this formalism, the integral over the solid angle of $\\bm{k}$ is simply readjusted by adding an anisotropy factor given by Eq. [",
"see Appendix B in @samadiG01].",
"\n\nFollowing @stein67, we then decompose $E(k,\\omega)$ into a spatial part $E(k)$, which describes how the turbulent kinetic energy is distributed among modes of different wave numbers, and a temporal part $\\chi_k(\\omega)$, which describes the statistical distribution of the life-time of eddies of wavenumber $k$\n\n$$E(k,\\omega) = E(k)\\chi_k(\\omega)~.$$\n\nIn order to model the spatial and temporal part of the spectrum of turbulent kinetic energy, we followed two different approaches, described in the following.",
"\n\n#### The ‘theoretical spectrum’ model\\[para:theory\\_spec\\]\n\nWe use theoretical prescriptions to model both the spatial spectrum $E(k)$ and the temporal spectrum $\\chi_k(\\omega)$ of turbulent velocity. ",
"Based on the assumption that turbulent flows are self-similar, Kolmogorov’s theory of turbulence leads to a spatial spectrum $E(k) \\propto k^{-5/3}$ in the inertial range, between $k = k_0$ (where $k_0$ is the scale at which the kinetic energy is injected in the turbulent cascade, and is henceforth referred to as the injection scale) and the dissipation scale (at which the turbulent kinetic energy is converted into heat). ",
"Given the very high Reynolds number characterising solar turbulence ($\\mathrm{Re} \\sim 10^{14}$), we cast the dissipation scale to infinity. ",
"Then, following @musielak94, we extend the turbulent spectrum below the injection scale by considering that $E(k)$ takes a constant value for $k < k_0$. This extended spectrum, referred to as the broadened Kolmogorov spectrum (BKS hereafter) was introduced to account for the broadness of the maximum of $E(k)$. The BKS can be written as\n\n$$E(k) = \\left\\{\n\\begin{array}{ll}\n0.652\\dfrac{u_0^2}{k_0} & \\text{ if } 0.2~k_0 < k < k_0 \\\\\n0.652\\dfrac{u_0^2}{k_0}\\left(\\dfrac{k}{k_0}\\right)^{-5/3} & \\text{ if } k_0 < k ,\n\\end{array}\n\\right.$$\n\nwhere $u_0^2 \\equiv \\langle \\bm{u}^2(\\bm{r}) \\rangle / 3$ and the $0.652$ factor is introduced so that the total specific kinetic energy of the turbulent spectrum matches $u_0^2 / 2$. Therefore, the spatial spectrum is parametrised solely by the injection scale $k_0$. However, the injection scale varies significantly between the sub-surface layers and the atmosphere [@samadi03], so that we keep it free in our model and allow for it to depend on the radial coordinate $r$.\n\nFollowing @samadi03, we consider a Lorentzian shape for the temporal spectrum $\\chi_k(\\omega)$, which is supported both by numerical simulations [@samadi03] and by theoretical arguments. ",
"Indeed, a noise described by a stationary, Gaussian Markov process in time is expected to relax exponentially, meaning that the resulting eddy-time correlation is expected to be a decreasing exponential, and its Fourier transform a Lorentzian function [@belkacem11levrai]. ",
"The width $\\omega_k$ associated to eddy-time correlation is linked to the life-time of the eddies of wavenumber $k$. Dimensional arguments would suggest that $\\omega_k \\propto k u_k$, where $u_k$ is the typical velocity associated to the eddies of wavenumber $k$. However, there remains a substantial indetermination on the actual value of $\\omega_k$, so that, following @balmforth92, we consider:\n\n$$\\omega_k = 2k u_k / \\lambda~,\n\\label{eq:lambda}$$\n\nwhere $\\lambda$ is a dimensionless, constant parameter. ",
"Overall, the only input parameters of this model are $k_0(r)$ and $\\lambda$.\n\n#### The ‘numerical spectrum’ model\n\nIn the second model, we extract the spatial spectrum $E(k)$ from a 3D hydrodynamic simulation of the solar atmosphere, provided by the $\\text{CO}^5\\text{BOLD}$ code (see Sect. ",
"\\[sec:numerical\\] for details). ",
"This simulation gives us access to the velocity field as a function of all three spatial coordinates and time. ",
"In order to extract the turbulent spectrum $E(k)$, we average the velocity field temporally, then isolate each horizontal slice in the simulated cube and perform a 2D Fourier transform of each slice separately, thereof which we only retain the radial part. ",
"This gives us a spectrum $E(k)$ for each vertical point in the simulation. ",
"Finally, we renormalise each spectrum so that\n\n$$\\displaystyle\\int_0^{+\\infty} {\\mathop{}\\!\\mathrm{d}}k~E(k) = \\dfrac{u_0^2}{2}~,$$\n\nwhere $u_0$ is also extracted from the 3D atmospheric simulation, by averaging the fluid velocity squared temporally and horizontally, and using the definition $u_0^2 = \\langle \\bm{u}^2(\\bm{r}) \\rangle / 3$.\n\nThe temporal spectrum $\\chi_k(\\omega)$ is also treated in a slightly different manner than in the ‘theoretical model’ above. ",
"Indeed, the arguments invoked above to justify the Lorentzian shape of the spectrum, while valid for most of the relevant time scales associated to turbulent eddies, are no longer valid for shorter time scales, that is, for higher angular frequencies. ",
"@belkacem11 argued that if the time correlation associated to small eddies indeed originates from their advection by larger, energy-bearing eddies - a hypothesis referred to as the sweeping assumption - one recovers a Gaussian spectrum instead of a Lorentzian one. ",
"The transition between a Lorentzian spectrum, valid for low angular frequencies, and a Gaussian spectrum, valid for high angular frequencies, occurs at the cut-off angular frequency $\\omega_E$, which is given by the curvature of the eddy-time correlation function at $\\tau=0$ [@belkacem11]: $$\\omega_E = k u_0~.$$\n\nSince a Gaussian spectrum would fall off much more rapidly than a Lorentzian spectrum, we simply consider that $\\chi_k$ vanishes entirely for $\\omega > \\omega_E,$\n\n$$\\chi_k(\\omega) =\n\\left\\{\\begin{array}{ll}\n\\dfrac{1}{2\\arctan(\\omega_E / \\omega_k) \\omega_k}\\dfrac{1}{1+(\\omega/\\omega_k)^2} & \\text{if}~\\omega < \\omega_E \\\\\n0 & \\text{if}~\\omega_E < \\omega~.\n\\end{array}\n\\right.$$\n\nWe modified the prefactor so that $\\chi_k$ meets the normalisation condition. ",
"The typical life time of eddies of wavenumber $k$, parametrised by $\\omega_k$, is still given by Eq. . ",
"We note that the convolution of the function $\\chi_k(\\omega)$ with itself must be computed to evaluate the leading term (see Eq. ",
"\\[eq:must\\_convol\\]). ",
"While the convolution of a Lorentzian function with itself straightforwardly yields a Lorentzian function with a width twice as large, the convolution of the modified spectrum above with itself is slightly different, but can be obtained analytically as\n\n$$\\begin{gathered}\n(\\chi_k \\ast \\chi_k)(\\omega) = \\dfrac{1}{2\\pi\\omega_k} \\dfrac{1}{1+(\\omega/2\\omega_k)^2} \\\\\n\\times \\dfrac{\\pi\\left(\\arctan\\left(\\dfrac{\\omega_E}{\\omega_k}\\right) - \\arctan\\left(\\dfrac{\\omega-\\omega_E}{\\omega_k}\\right)\\right)}{4\\arctan^2\\left(\\dfrac{\\omega_E}{\\omega_k}\\right).}\\end{gathered}$$\n\nPhysically, taking the cut-off frequency into account significantly decreases the predicted amplitudes for high frequency modes. ",
"As far as mode asymmetry is concerned, we found that it did not have a significant impact in the ‘theoretical spectrum’ model. ",
"In contrast, it substantially changes mode asymmetry at high frequency in the ‘numerical spectrum’ model, which is why we only introduce it in the latter. ",
"The reason is the following: the spatial spectrum of turbulent energy falls off much more rapidly with $k$ in the ‘theoretical spectrum’ than in the ‘numerical spectrum’. ",
"Therefore, small spatial scales play a more important role in the latter. ",
"Since the cut-off frequency only impacts these small scales, it is natural that taking it into account should only have a significant impact on the ‘numerical spectrum’ model.",
"\n\n### The cross term\n\nThe derivation of the cross term follows essentially the same steps as for the leading term. ",
"The main difference is that the turbulent velocity correlation moments that appear are now two-point, third-order moments. ",
"We use the closure relation presented in Sect. ",
"\\[subsec:moments\\] to express them, as we did with the fourth-order moments, as a function of two-point, second-order moments of the turbulent velocity. ",
"We then use the same analytical description of second-order moments as the one we used for the leading term. ",
"The rest of the calculations is very similar to those described in Sect. ",
"\\[subsec:leading\\] and leads to the second term in Eq. .",
"\n\nThese two models - the ‘theoretical spectrum’ and ‘numerical spectrum’ models - are complementary in the sense that the first one allows us to explore the impact of the properties of turbulence on mode asymmetries and gives physical insight into this problem, whereas the second one relies on fewer input parameters and, therefore, has more predictive capability (we recall here that the former requires the parameters $\\lambda$ and $k_0(r)$ to be set, while the latter only requires $\\lambda$). ",
"Consequently, in the following, we present and develop the results yielded by both.",
"\n\nNumerical implementation {#sec:numerical}\n========================\n\nIn this section, we detail how we numerically implemented the model presented in Sect. ",
"\\[sec:methods\\]. ",
"We describe how we obtained the solar equilibrium state in which the acoustic modes develop and how we integrated the inhomogeneous wave equation given by Eq. . ",
"Having obtained the solar radial $p$-mode line profiles, we then detail how we extracted their asymmetries and perform several tests to validate our model and its numerical implementation.",
"\n\nThe solar equilibrium state \\[subsec:eq\\_state\\]\n------------------------------------------------\n\nThe acoustic potential given by Eq. ",
"depends only on the equilibrium structure of the Sun. ",
"We extracted the potential from a 1D solar model provided by the evolutionary code CESTAM [@morel97; @marques13]. ",
"The 1D model includes treatment of the convective flux (using standard mixing-length theory with no overshoot) and of the radiative flux (using the Eddington approximation). ",
"On the other hand, turbulent pressure, rotation, and diffusion processes are ignored.",
"\n\nHowever, 1D stellar models do not fully take into account the more complex physical phenomena taking place in the uppermost layers of a star; in particular, the rapid transition between the convective zone and the superficial radiative region [@kupkaM17]. ",
"This leads to significant biases in the equilibrium structure. ",
"Since the excitation of solar oscillations precisely takes place in these layers, it is essential that we model them more accurately. ",
"To do so, we use a 3D hydrodynamic simulation of the solar atmosphere computed using the $\\text{CO}^5\\text{BOLD}$ code [@freytag12]. ",
"The modelled region includes the super-adiabatic peak just below the photosphere and goes up to the lower atmosphere of the star.",
"\n\nIt is now possible to construct a ‘patched’ model of the solar interior. ",
"We use the solar patched model computed by @manchon. ",
"The process of constructing patched models has been extensively discussed [e.g. @trampedach97; @samadi08] and the particular case of the patched model used in this paper is described in much detail in @manchon. ",
"The basic idea is to transform the 3D atmosphere into a 1D atmosphere through temporal and horizontal averaging and then to replace the surface layers of the 1D stellar interior with this 1D atmosphere. ",
"We note that the input parameters of the CESTAM model used to describe the solar interior (age, total stellar mass, mixing-length parameter $\\alpha_\\text{MLT}$ , and helium abundance) are chosen so that the top layers match the bottom layers of the CO$^5$BOLD atmosphere. ",
"Here the model was computed with the mixing-length parameter $\\alpha_\\text{MLT} = 1.65$, an initial helium abundance of $Y_\\text{init} = 0.249,$ and an initial metallicity of $Z_\\text{init} = 0.0135$. Figure \\[fig:potential\\] shows the acoustic potential profile $V(r)$ given by this solar patched model, computed using Eq. .",
"\n\n![",
"Acoustic potential $V(r)$ used in Eq. , ",
"calculated using Eq. ",
"and the equilibrium state of the Sun given by the solar patched model described in the text. ",
"The radius is normalised by the photospheric radius $R_\\odot$, and only the outermost region is shown. ",
"We note that the acoustic potential is normalised by $R_\\odot^{-2}$ here (where $R_\\odot$ is the radius of the solar photosphere) so that it is dimensionless.[]{data-label=\"fig:potential\"}](potential){width=\"\\linewidth\"}\n\nFinally, we use the same simulation of the solar atmosphere to extract the various parameters appearing in the analytical description of the source term; in particular, the standard deviation $u_0$ associated to turbulent velocities, the anisotropy factor $G$ given by Eq. , ",
"as well as the parameters used in the *Plume closure model* (see Eq. ",
"\\[eq:PCM\\]). ",
"Specifically, the ensemble average appearing in the definition of $u_0$ was computed by performing a temporal and horizontal average of the norm of the velocity squared in the 3D simulation of the solar atmosphere. ",
"We also used this same simulation to extract the spatial spectrum of turbulent kinetic energy in the ‘numerical spectrum’ model (see Sect. ",
"\\[sec:methods\\]).",
"\n\nIntegration of the inhomogeneous wave equation\n----------------------------------------------\n\nTo compute one value of $P(\\omega)$ for one value of the angular frequency $\\omega$ (i.e. one point in the velocity power spectrum), we convolve the Green’s function $G_\\omega(r_\\text{s})$ associated to Eq. ",
"with the stochastic source term $S(r_\\text{s})$ (see Sect. ",
"\\[sec:methods\\]). ",
"It is then possible to reconstruct the velocity power spectral density, and in particular the line profile of the resonant modes, point by point (typically, we only need 10 points regularly spaced between $\\omega_0 - \\Gamma_{\\omega_0}$ and $\\omega_0 + \\Gamma_{\\omega_0}$, where $\\omega_0$ is the angular eigenfrequency of the mode and $\\Gamma_{\\omega_0}$ its linewidth). ",
"In the following, we describe how the wave equation was integrated and how we extracted its Green’s function.",
"\n\nFor a given angular frequency $\\omega$, we carry out the integration using a 4th-order Runge-Kutta scheme [@press_book] with the acoustic potential $V(r)$ given by the solar equilibrium state (see Sect. ",
"\\[subsec:eq\\_state\\]). ",
"Given that radial modes develop in the entire solar volume, we perform this integration over the entire solar radius, between $r = 0$ and $r = r_\\text{max}$. We note that $r_\\text{max}$ refers not to the photospheric radius, but to the maximum radial extent of the solar model described in Sect. ",
"\\[subsec:eq\\_state\\], so that $r_\\text{max} > r_\\text{photosphere}$.\n\nWe imposed Dirichlet boundary conditions on the wave equation. ",
"The condition at the centre is straightforward: by definition, $\\Psi_\\omega(r=0) = 0$. At $r_\\text{max}$, we impose a vanishing Lagrangian pressure perturbation (which physically means that the atmosphere of the Sun is force-free). ",
"The continuity equation and the equation of state allow us to rewrite this latter condition in terms of $\\Psi_\\omega:\\ $\n\n$$\\dfrac{{\\mathop{}\\!\\mathrm{d}}\\Psi_\\omega}{{\\mathop{}\\!\\mathrm{d}}r} + \\dfrac{{\\mathop{}\\!\\mathrm{d}}}{{\\mathop{}\\!\\mathrm{d}}r}\\left[\\ln\\left(\\dfrac{r}{c\\sqrt{\\rho_0}}\\right)\\right] \\Psi_\\omega = 0~.$$\n\nThe use of Dirichlet boundary conditions leads us to implement a shooting method: we perform the integration with $\\Psi_\\omega(r=0) = 0$, and tune the initial slope (i.e. the value of ${\\mathop{}\\!\\mathrm{d}}\\Psi_\\omega / {\\mathop{}\\!\\mathrm{d}}r$ at $r=0$) until the other boundary condition is met. ",
"Note that this method is not similar to the shooting method usually implemented to solve the eigenvalue problem associated to the determination of acoustic mode eigenfrequencies: here, the pulsation $\\omega$ is fixed, and it is the initial slope that is tuned to meet the boundary condition at the surface. ",
"The difference between these two methods is that in the inhomogeneous problem, the initial slope (or, alternatively, the amplitude of the mode) is fixed by the amplitude of the source of excitation. ",
"The shape of the eigenfunction, however, remains the same as in the homogeneous problem.",
"\n\nThis method enables us to extract the Green’s function associated to the wave equation (Eq. ",
"\\[eq:wave\\_equation\\]). ",
"To obtain one value of the Green’s function $G_\\omega(r_\\text{s})$, for one value of the pulsation $\\omega$ and one value of the source position $r_\\text{s}$, we carry out the integration of the inhomogeneous equation as described above, adding a point-like source term to the numerical scheme. ",
"The source is normalised in such a way that the right-hand side equals $1/h$ when the source falls within the integration radial step, and $0$ otherwise ($h$ is the radial step of the integration).",
"\n\nThis integration gives us the radial oscillation profile $\\Psi_\\omega(r)$, and we simply extract its value at a fixed radius $r_\\text{o}$, which corresponds to the height in the atmosphere at which the spectrum is measured. ",
"We note that the presence of damping in the wave equation implies that it is complex-valued. ",
"As such, the Green’s function is complex-valued as well.",
"\n\nFinally, to calculate the integrals over source positions which appear in Eqs. ",
"and , we compute the Green’s function using the above method for a grid of source positions $r_\\text{s}$, while $\\omega$ is kept constant. ",
"This grid corresponds to the radial grid provided by the 3D atmospheric model described in Sect. ",
"\\[subsec:eq\\_state\\].",
"\n\nWe also use the aforementioned 3D model to extract the physical quantities appearing in both the leading term of Eq. (",
"the anisotropy factor $G$, the turbulent velocity fluctuations $u_0$), and the cross term (the parameters $a$ and $\\delta w$ in the PCM; see Sect. ",
"\\[sec:methods\\] for a definition of these parameters).",
"\n\nUsing Eq. ",
"provided by the model developed in Sect. ",
"\\[sec:methods\\] and the radial grid of Green’s functions computed using the above method finally allows us to extract the value of $P(\\omega)$ for each value of $\\omega$.\n\nFitting of the mode asymmetries\n-------------------------------\n\nWe fit the line profile of the modes following @nigamFORMUL98 with the formula\n\n$$P(\\omega) = H_0\\dfrac{(1+Bx)^2 + B^2}{1+x^2} ,\n\\label{eq:formula}$$\n\nwhere $x = 2(\\omega - \\omega_0)/\\Gamma_{\\omega_0}$ is the reduced pulsation frequency. ",
"The fit contains three free parameters ($H_0$, $\\nu_0$ and $B$), the last of which is defined as the asymmetry parameter. ",
"We illustrate the dependence of the line profile on $B$ in Fig. ",
"\\[fig:illustrB\\]. ",
"In particular, $B < 0$ means that the peak contains more power in the low-frequency side (that corresponds to negative asymmetry), $B > 0$ means that the high-frequency side contains more power (that corresponds to positive asymmetry), while with $B=0$ we recover a classic, Lorentzian profile. ",
"Figure \\[fig:illustrB\\] also shows that the mode does not peak exactly at the eigenfrequency, but rather at a slightly higher (for $B > 0$) or lower value (for $B < 0$). ",
"This can have important repercussions for the determination of the mode eigenfrequencies from observations, as we discuss in Section \\[sec:bias\\].",
"\n\n![",
"Dependence of the line profile given by Eq. ",
"on the asymmetry parameter $B$. The line profiles are normalised with $H_0 = 1$.[]{data-label=\"fig:illustrB\"}](illustrB){width=\"\\linewidth\"}\n\nNote that several other definitions of the asymmetry parameters can be found in the literature. ",
"@korzennik05 prefers to adjust the mode line profiles with\n\n$$P(\\omega) \\propto \\dfrac{1 + \\alpha(x - \\alpha / 2)}{x^2 + 1}~,$$\n\nand defines the asymmetry parameter as $\\alpha_{n,l}$. Meanwhile, @vorontsovJ13 use the following formula:\n\n$$P = H\\left[\\left(\\dfrac{A\\cos(\\phi - S)}{1 - R^2}\\right)^2 + B^2\\right]~,$$\n\nwhere the frequency variable is $\\phi$, and the asymmetry parameter is defined as $S$. While these three formulas have been derived in different ways, they are perfectly equivalent close to the eigenfrequency (for $x \\ll 1$, or equivalently for $\\phi \\equiv 0 \\pmod \\pi$), with $S \\sim B \\sim \\alpha / 2$.\n\nFinally, @gizon06 provides the asymmetry parameter defined as [see also @benomar18]: $$\\chi = 2B\\omega_0 / \\Gamma_\\omega~.\n\\label{eq:chi}$$\n\nThe author quantified the mode asymmetry by means of the relative positions of the local maxima (peaks) and minima (troughs) in the power spectral density: minima located half-way between the neighbouring maxima lead to symmetric line profiles, while a deviation from this behaviour leads to asymmetric line profiles. ",
"The parameter $\\chi$ derived from these considerations is independent from both the amplitude and the line-widths of the modes.",
"\n\nThe formulas presented above only lead to different line profiles far from the central frequency, whereas they are equivalent in our range of interest. ",
"We opted for the definition given by @nigamFORMUL98 (Eq. ",
"\\[eq:formula\\]) because it is the most commonly used.",
"\n\nTo ensure the significance of fitting an asymmetric profile to the mode obtained through our model, we compared the results produced by the fitting formula Eq. ",
"and by a symmetric, Lorentzian profile (that is, imposing $B = 0$ in Eq. ",
"\\[eq:formula\\]). ",
"The asymmetric fits led to excellent agreement with the modelled line profiles; however, the symmetric fits led to substantial discrepancies, with one wing consistently falling off more rapidly than the numerical line profile and the other too slowly. ",
"Finally, it should be noted that the excellent fit given by Eq. ",
"to the numerical line profile is independent from the number of points used for the adjustment; we have indeed performed a similar fit with thrice the number of points, without any loss of accuracy and the resulting asymmetry parameter $B$ was the same to an excellent approximation.",
"\n\nValidation of the method\n------------------------\n\nUsing the method presented above, we extracted solar radial modes of radial orders $n=6$ to $n=30$. Indeed, the formula used for the fit and given by Eq. ",
"does not converge properly for higher-order modes (because the increasing linewidths lead to mode overlapping), while we did not have access to observed linewidths for lower-order modes. ",
"In addition to their line profile asymmetries, we also extract other fundamental properties, namely their eigenfrequencies, amplitudes, and eigenfunctions. ",
"In the following, to support the validity of our model, we compare the mode properties we obtained with similar properties obtained through other methods.",
"\n\nFirst, we compare the eigenfrequencies obtained through our model to the eigenfrequencies of the 1D adiabatic oscillations calculated using the ADIPLS code [@jcd11]. ",
"For this validation, we did not make use of the patched model described in Sec. ",
"but, rather, the corresponding unpatched model. ",
"The reason is that the patching procedure produces a small discontinuity of the physical quantities at the patching point, which can affect the eigenfrequencies calculated by ADIPLS. ",
"We recover the correct eigenfrequencies, with errors not exceeding $\\sim 0.1 \\%$. Since mode asymmetry is only expected to vary on the scale of $\\sim$ mHz, modelled asymmetries will not be significantly affected by such small discrepancies of the eigenfrequencies.",
"\n\nOur numerical method also allows us to extract the radial profile $\\Psi(r)$ of the eigenmodes. ",
"We compare them in Fig. ",
"\\[fig:profiles\\] to the eigenfunctions calculated using the same 1D adiabatic oscillations obtained through the ADIPLS code and presented above. ",
"The figure shows that the modes obtained through our model have eigenfunctions that are very similar to those obtained through this dedicated code, which further supports the validity of the model we have used.",
"\n\n![",
"Eigenfunction $\\Psi(r)$ of several radial acoustic modes (*black*: $n=10$ ($\\nu_0 = 1.580$ mHz); *red*: $n=20$ ($\\nu_0 = 2.912$ mHz); *blue*: $n=30$ ($\\nu_0 = 4.267$ mHz)) as computed by our model (*solid lines*), and calculated using the ADIPLS code (*dashed lines*). ",
"The radial axis is zoomed to show only the outermost region. ",
"The eigenfunctions have been normalised so that their maximum over the entire solar interior equals $1$.[]{data-label=\"fig:profiles\"}](radial_profiles_zoom){width=\"\\linewidth\"}\n\nFinally, we compare the mode amplitudes obtained through our model to the observed ones. ",
"To that end, we estimated the velocity power spectrum at an observation height of $340$ km, which corresponds to the observation height of the GOLF instrument as estimated by [@baudin05], following [@brulsR92]. ",
"By definition, the velocity amplitude squared is the total area under the mode peak, so that it depends both on its maximum $H$ and on its width $\\Gamma,$\n\n$${\\mathrm{v}}_\\text{osc} = \\sqrt{\\pi H\\Gamma}~.\n\\label{eq:height_to_amp}$$\n\nWe note that when it is used to treat observational data, this formula also contains a geometric factor to account for instrumental effects, including mode visibility. ",
"This factor is, however, irrelevant in our case.",
"\n\nWe show in Fig. ",
"\\[fig:heights\\] the comparison between the mode amplitudes ${\\mathrm{v}}_\\text{osc}$ obtained through our ‘numerical spectrum’ model and the mode amplitudes inferred from observations performed by the GOLF instrument [@baudin05]. ",
"The free parameter $\\lambda$ of our model (*cf.* ",
"Sect. ",
"\\[sec:methods\\]) has been adjusted so as to obtain the best possible agreement. ",
"As a consequence, our model does not hold any predictive power when it comes to mode amplitudes. ",
"However, the fact that we manage to retrieve a very good agreement with observational data by using reasonable values of the input parameters is still a solid sign that our model is valid. ",
"In particular, we correctly recover the frequency at maximum amplitude $\\nu_\\text{max}$, as well as the slopes on both the low-frequency and the high frequency limit. ",
"To conclude on the matter, we emphasise that the asymmetry parameter $B$ is independent from the mode amplitude, so that potential discrepancies concerning the latter should not affect the former.",
"\n\n![",
"Velocity amplitudes of radial acoustic modes as computed by our model, using Eq. (*",
"black dashed line*), and as observed by GOLF (*black points*). ",
"The data points are taken from @baudin05. ",
"The free parameters in the model have been tuned to obtain the best possible agreement with observational data.[]{data-label=\"fig:heights\"}](heights)\n\nResults for the asymmetry profile $B(\\nu)$ {#sec:results}\n==========================================\n\nUsing the model presented in Sect. ",
"\\[sec:methods\\], numerically implemented using the method presented in Sect. ",
"\\[sec:numerical\\], we extract the solar $p$-modes line profile asymmetries $B(\\nu)$ throughout a large part of the spectrum, between $n=6$ ($\\nu \\sim 1$ mHz) and $n=30$ ($\\nu \\sim 4.3$ mHz). ",
"In this section, we present the results yielded by our model, focusing on the dependence of the asymmetry parameter $B$ on frequency (which we hereafter shorten to the expression ‘asymmetry profile’) and on the impact of our different input parameters on the asymmetry profile.",
"\n\nAs we detailed in Sect. ",
"\\[sec:methods\\], we followed two different approaches to model the turbulent kinetic energy spectrum. ",
"The first one, which we refer to as the ‘theoretical spectrum’ model, uses the prescription given by Kolmogorov’s theory of turbulence and which we have described in detail in Sect. ",
"\\[sec:methods\\]. ",
"The second approach, which we refer to as the ‘numerical spectrum’ model, uses the turbulent spectrum extracted from the 3D hydrodynamic simulation of the solar atmosphere described in Sect. ",
"\\[sec:numerical\\]. ",
"In this section, we present separately the asymmetry profile $B(\\nu)$ yielded by both models.",
"\n\nThe ‘theoretical spectrum’ model\\[subsec:theoretical\\_spec\\]\n------------------------------------------------------------\n\nThis model relies on a prescription for the properties of turbulence. ",
"It contains the following input parameters: the temporal spectrum of turbulent kinetic energy, parametrised by the dimensionless quantity $\\lambda$, which is defined by Eq. , ",
"and its spatial spectrum, parametrised by $k_0(r)$, which is defined as the (radius-dependent) injection wavenumber of turbulent kinetic energy. ",
"We let the latter depend on $r$ in order to account for the fact that the typical size of turbulent eddies drastically depends on where they are located with respect to the photosphere. ",
"It is known that the size of the energy-bearing eddies increases with height, so that the injection scale $k_0$ decreases with $r$ [@samadi03]. ",
"We simplify the situation by considering that the injection rate only takes two values: $k_0(r) = k_{0,\\text{int}}$ below the photosphere, and $k_0(r) = k_{0,\\text{atm}}$ above the photosphere. ",
"This picture crudely corresponds to what is observed in 3D atmospheric simulations [@samadi03]. ",
"In the following, we denote the ratio between the two as $R_k \\equiv k_{0,\\text{int}} / k_{0,\\text{atm}}$. This leaves only three input parameters in our model: $\\lambda$, $k_{0,\\text{int}}$ , and $k_{0,\\text{atm}}$; or equivalently $\\lambda$, $k_{0,\\text{int}}$ , and $R_k$.\n\nIn Fig. ",
"\\[fig:asym\\_vs\\_k0abs\\], we keep $\\lambda$ and $R_k$ constant, and we show the asymmetry profile $B(\\nu)$ for several values of $k_{0,\\text{int}}$. Despite the fact that we vary $k_{0,\\text{int}}$ across almost one order of magnitude, the asymmetry profile $B(\\nu)$ does not depend significantly on the absolute value of $k_0$, except close to $\\nu \\sim 1.7$ mHz. ",
"By comparison, its dependence on both $R_k$ and $\\lambda$ is more substantial, especially at high frequencies (*cf.* ",
"Figs. ",
"\\[fig:asym\\_vs\\_rats\\] and \\[fig:asym\\_vs\\_lambdas\\]). ",
"Since $k_{0,\\text{int}}$ does not seem to play an important role, we keep it fixed in the following, and focus on the impact of the other two input parameters, $\\lambda$ and $R_k$.\n\nFig. ",
"\\[fig:asym\\_vs\\_k0abs\\] illustrates the main qualitative features of the asymmetry profile $B(\\nu)$. In fact, together with Figs. ",
"\\[fig:asym\\_vs\\_rats\\] and \\[fig:asym\\_vs\\_lambdas\\], it shows that the qualitative behaviour of the asymmetry profile is largely model-independent. ",
"Thus the asymmetries of the solar radial $p$-mode line profiles are negative across a large part of the spectrum, in agreement with solar observations [see for instance @duvall93]. ",
"Furthermore, the asymmetry profile $B(\\nu)$ exhibits three distinct local extrema: the absolute value of $B$ increases below $\\sim 1.7$ mHz, decreases between $\\sim 1.7$ and $\\sim 3$ mHz, increases again between $\\sim 3$ mHz and $\\sim 4$ mHz, and finally decreases again above $\\sim 4$ mHz. ",
"Note, however, that this last extremum is, unlike the other ones, somewhat impacted by the values given to the different input parameters of the model.",
"\n\nThe first two local extrema ($\\sim 1.7$ and $\\sim 3$ mHz) correspond respectively to the beginning and end of the damping rate plateau. ",
"Indeed, the asymmetry parameter $B$ depends on the linewidth of the modes, so it is natural that a sudden change in the behaviour of the latter should reflect on the former. ",
"The third extrema is not so easily explained and it will be discussed in Sect. ",
"\\[sec:discussion\\].",
"\n\n![",
"Asymmetry parameter $B$ as a function of frequency obtained by the ‘theoretical spectrum’ model, for different values of $k_{0,\\text{int}}$, with $\\lambda = 1$ and $R_k = 2$ fixed. ",
"The sub-photospheric injection scale $k_{0,\\text{int}}$ is expressed in $\\text{Mm}^{-1}$.[]{data-label=\"fig:asym_vs_k0abs\"}](asym_vs_k0abs){width=\"\\linewidth\"}\n\nFig. ",
"\\[fig:asym\\_vs\\_rats\\] shows how the asymmetry profile $B(\\nu)$ depends on $R_k$. An increase of this parameter attenuates low-frequency mode asymmetries (below $\\nu_\\text{max} \\sim 3$ mHz), while on the contrary, the high-frequency modes (above $\\nu_\\text{max}$) become more asymmetric. ",
"The effect is significantly more substantial for the latter than for the former. ",
"Asymmetries close to $\\nu_\\text{max}$, however, are not affected by the parameter $R_k$ whatsoever.",
"\n\n![",
"Same as Fig. ",
"\\[fig:asym\\_vs\\_k0abs\\], but only $R_k$ varies, $\\lambda = 1$ and $k_{0,\\text{int}} = 2\\text{ Mm}^{-1}$.[]{data-label=\"fig:asym_vs_rats\"}](asym_vs_rats){width=\"\\linewidth\"}\n\nFigure \\[fig:asym\\_vs\\_lambdas\\] shows that the impact of $\\lambda$ on the asymmetry profile $B(\\nu)$ is quite similar, albeit inverted, in the sense that $|B|$ increases with $\\lambda$ for low-frequency modes and decreases for high-frequency modes. ",
"Similarly, $B$ is barely impacted by a change of $\\lambda$ close to $\\nu_\\text{max}$. Furthermore, the asymmetry profile $B(\\nu)$ undergoes saturation, in the sense that it ceases to depend on $\\lambda$ when it is increased above a certain value. ",
"In the following, we denote this threshold as $\\lambda_\\text{sat}$. Figure \\[fig:asym\\_vs\\_lambdas\\] shows that $\\lambda_\\text{sat} \\sim 1$. This dichotomy between $\\lambda \\lesssim 1$ and $\\lambda \\gtrsim 1$ originates in the Lorentzian nature of the temporal turbulent spectrum: depending on the value of $\\lambda$, the angular frequencies relevant to solar $p$-modes are either in the low frequency part or in the high frequency part of the spectrum. ",
"We do not go into too much detail here as we discuss this matter further in Sect. ",
"\\[sec:discussion\\].",
"\n\n![",
"Same as Fig. ",
"\\[fig:asym\\_vs\\_k0abs\\], but only $\\lambda$ varies, $R_k = 2$ and $k_{0,\\text{int}} = 2\\text{ Mm}^{-1}$.[]{data-label=\"fig:asym_vs_lambdas\"}](asym_vs_lambdas){width=\"\\linewidth\"}\n\nThe ‘numerical spectrum’ model\n------------------------------\n\nIn the ‘numerical spectrum’ model, which describes the properties of turbulence more realistically, there is only one input parameter left, $\\lambda$. In this sense, it has a greater predictive power than the previous model. ",
"The qualitative behaviour of the asymmetry profile $B(\\nu)$ and, in particular, the positions of the different local extrema featured by $B(\\nu)$, are, in this model, rather independent from $\\lambda$ and in agreement with what we observed in the scope of the previous model.",
"\n\nHowever, the input parameter $\\lambda$ does have an impact on the quantitative behaviour of the asymmetry profile $B(\\nu)$. We show in Fig.\\[fig:asym\\_vs\\_lambda\\_newmodel\\] the asymmetry profile $B(\\nu)$ obtained with the ‘numerical spectrum’ model (see Sect. ",
"\\[sec:methods\\]) for several values of $\\lambda$. As for the ‘theoretical spectrum’ model, $B$ is always negative and features several local extrema at $\\nu \\sim 1.7$, $3$ and $4$ mHz.",
"\n\nAs for the dependence of $B(\\nu)$ on $\\lambda$, two distinct regimes can be separated. ",
"Below $\\nu_\\text{max} \\sim 3$ mHz, we recover the same dependence of the asymmetry parameter $B$ with $\\lambda$ as we obtained in the scope of the ‘theoretical spectrum’ model, with absolute values of $B$ increasing with $\\lambda$. The picture at frequencies higher than $\\nu_\\text{max}$ is, however, somewhat different. ",
"The asymmetry profile $B(\\nu)$ features a local minimum at $\\nu \\sim 4$ mHz; the curve inflexion grows sharper as $\\lambda$ increases up to $\\lambda \\sim 1$, after which this part of the asymmetry profile does not significantly depend on $\\lambda$. In this sense, the asymmetry profile $B(\\nu)$ seems to undergo the same saturation behaviour as in the ‘theoretical spectrum’ model (see Sect. ",
"\\[subsec:theoretical\\_spec\\]), for the same value $\\lambda_\\text{sat} \\sim 1$. The fact that we recover approximately the same threshold gives us confidence that this particular feature of the asymmetry profile $B(\\nu)$ is not a mere artefact of one model or the other but, rather, it is a genuine effect based on a physical origin. ",
"Again, we postpone the discussion of the physical origin of this behaviour to Sect. ",
"\\[sec:discussion\\].",
"\n\n![",
"Asymmetry parameter $B$ as a function of frequency obtained by the ‘numerical spectrum’ model, for several values of $\\lambda$.[]{data-label=\"fig:asym_vs_lambda_newmodel\"}](asym_vs_lambdas_newmodel){width=\"\\linewidth\"}\n\nImpact of the properties of turbulence on mode asymmetry {#sec:discussion}\n========================================================\n\nLine profile asymmetry of solar-like oscillations have two main causes: localisation of the source of excitation [see for instance @duvall93] and correlation with the turbulent perturbations [see for instance @nigamCORREL98]. ",
"In the following, we investigate both contributions in light of the results yielded by the ‘theoretical spectrum’ model and presented in Sect. ",
"\\[subsec:theoretical\\_spec\\]. ",
"With its various input parameters, the ‘theoretical spectrum’ model allows us to understand the physical origin of mode asymmetry. ",
"In this section, then we only consider this model, although the conclusions are valid for the ‘numerical spectrum’ model as well. ",
"We first discuss how source localisation and correlated turbulent perturbations can skew the mode line profiles. ",
"In particular, we support the discussion concerning source localisation with a simplified toy-model of mode excitation, which we describe in Appendix \\[app:toy\\_model\\]. ",
"We then use this discussion to interpret the results yielded by our model. ",
"Additionally, we show that the contribution of the correlated turbulent perturbations to the mode asymmetries is negligible in the velocity power spectrum.",
"\n\nOrigin of mode asymmetry\n------------------------\n\n### Effect of source localisation on mode asymmetry: generic arguments\n\nThe fact that the source of excitation of a mode is spatially localised can affect the skewness of the mode line profile in Fourier space. ",
"There are several ways of describing the impact of source localisation on mode asymmetry.",
"\n\nOne way is to make use of the analogy between the development of acoustic modes in the stellar cavity and the phenomenon of optical interference in a Fabry-Pérot cavity. ",
"This analogy was used to account for the acoustic mode asymmetry in the Sun by @gabriel92 [@duvall93], among others. ",
"The idea is that acoustic, stationary modes in the Sun can be described by means of two progressing waves, propagating in opposite directions. ",
"Each of these waves follows the same cycle: they propagate one way, get refracted on the lower turning point of the acoustic cavity, then propagate backwards, get reflected on the upper turning point, and so forth. ",
"As a result of these multiple reflections and refractions on both turning points, the acoustic waves pass multiple times through the same regions and, therefore, interfere with each other (and with themselves). ",
"This interference pattern leads to the development of resonant modes in the cavity. ",
"What we observe then is the evanescent tail of these modes in the atmosphere, which lies outside the resonant cavity.",
"\n\nLet us now consider that the source of the waves is located at a certain point within the cavity. ",
"The waves propagating outwards and inwards will have travelled over different distances before interfering with one another and this difference of travel times will depend on the location of the source. ",
"The shape of the mode line profile is directly related to the dependence of the phase difference between the outwards and inwards interfering waves on frequency. ",
"Since this phase difference is not exactly symmetric about the mode eigenfrequency, neither is its line profile; and given that it depends on the source location, mode asymmetry is indeed a marker of source localisation.",
"\n\nAnother physical interpretation of how source localisation can bring about mode asymmetry has been proposed by @rastB98, and later refined by @rosenthal98. ",
"They remarked that mode asymmetry could be mathematically described by the relative position of local maxima (or peaks) and local minima (or troughs) in the power spectrum. ",
"Peaks located exactly halfway between their neighbouring troughs feature symmetric, Lorentzian line profiles. ",
"However, if one of the neighbouring trough is closer than the other, the peak in question appears skewed and, depending on which trough is closest, its asymmetry parameter is either positive or negative.",
"\n\nThe position of the peaks are simply related to the eigenmodes of the solar acoustic cavity. ",
"As for the position of the troughs, in the special case of a point-like source of excitation, with a given multipolar decomposition, the authors showed that it is related to the eigenmodes of the atmosphere truncated at the source position, with a vanishing external boundary condition depending on the multipolar nature of the source. ",
"In that interpretation, the position of the troughs thus depends on both the position and the multipolar decomposition of the source.",
"\n\nYet another way to describe the impact of source localisation on mode asymmetry is to consider the eigenfunction of the mode. ",
"In order to illustrate this, we present in Appendix \\[app:toy\\_model\\] a very simplified toy-model of mode excitation, where the source is considered point-like and the acoustic cavity is simplified to a square well potential. ",
"From this toy-model we draw the following conclusion: for a given frequency, the amplitude of the wave is proportional to the eigenfunction associated with the wave at the source of excitation. ",
"In particular, excitation at a mode’s antinode is much more efficient than at a mode’s node.",
"\n\nWith this conclusion in mind, let us consider the situation illustrated by Fig. ",
"\\[fig:schema\\]. ",
"The blue and red curves represent the radial profile of the acoustic wave for two different angular frequencies. ",
"It can be seen that an increase of $\\omega$ causes the radial profile of the oscillation to ‘shrink’ radially. ",
"Therefore, the amplitude of the oscillation as seen by the source will either increase or decrease with $\\omega$, depending on its position. ",
"More specifically, a source at $r = r_1$ (see illustration in Fig. ",
"\\[fig:schema\\]) will see the amplitude of the oscillation increase with $\\omega$, and a source at $r = r_2$ will see it decrease. ",
"In light of the conclusion presented in the previous paragraph, it can be deduced that if the source is located at $r = r_1$, the right wing of the mode line profile will be slightly elevated compared to the left wing, thus leading to positive asymmetry. ",
"Likewise, the asymmetry generated by a source at $r = r_2$ will be negative.",
"\n\nFrom the illustration in Fig. ",
"\\[fig:schema\\], it is straightforward to see that the dichotomy between the $r = r_1$ case and the $r = r_2$ case is based on the relative position of the source and the nodes and antinodes of the mode, or, in other words, on the sign of the derivative of the absolute value of the eigenfunction. ",
"To be more specific, one has to separate the case of a source inside and outside the acoustic cavity. ",
"If the source is inside the cavity, the $r = r_1$ case (i.e. case where source localisation entails positive asymmetry) corresponds to any source position located above a node and below an antinode of the oscillation profile, whereas the $r = r_2$ case (i.e. the case where source localisation entails negative asymmetry) corresponds to any source position located above an antinode and below a node. ",
"Here we recall that a node is a point at which the wave amplitude is zero and an antinode is a point at which it is maximal. ",
"If the source is outside the cavity, however, it is always as in the $r = r_2$ case and, thus, it always generates negative asymmetry: indeed, the outside of the cavity corresponds to an evanescent zone for the acoustic waves so that the absolute value of the eigenfunction always decreases in this region.",
"\n\nIt should be noted that we only consider this toy-model in the present subsection. ",
"In the following sections, we return to the discussion of our model, simply using the conclusions drawn above to interpret the results which it yields.",
"\n\n![",
"Illustration of the importance of source position with respect to nodes and antinodes of the eigenfunction associated to a mode to explain its asymmetry. ",
"The blue and red lines show the radial profile of the oscillation for two angular frequencies very close to one another ($\\omega_\\text{red} < \\omega_\\text{blue}$). ",
"The bold vertical dashed lines show two source positions generating opposite mode asymmetries: positive for $r_1$, negative for $r_2$. The third vertical dashed line marks the edge of the acoustic cavity $r=a$.[]{data-label=\"fig:schema\"}](schema){width=\"\\linewidth\"}\n\n### Correlated turbulent fluctuations\n\nAcoustic modes in the Sun are excited by fluctuations of turbulent nature - more specifically by turbulent fluctuations of the Reynolds stress or non-adiabatic pressure perturbations. ",
"It is therefore natural that a part of the turbulent fluctuations should be not only coherent, but statistically correlated with the oscillating mode.",
"\n\nThe resulting interference between the mode and the turbulent fluctuations leads, in turn, to mode asymmetry. ",
"In order to illustrate this, let us consider a mode whose line profile is intrinsically Lorentzian and turbulent fluctuations whose power spectral density is constant over the width of the mode under consideration. ",
"We then have $$P(x) = \\left|\\dfrac{A_m}{x+j} + A_n e^{j\\phi_n}\\right|^2 ,$$ where $P$ is the total power spectral density, $x = 2(\\omega-\\omega_0)/\\Gamma_\\omega$ is the reduced frequency ($\\omega_0$ is the angular eigenfrequency of the mode, and $\\Gamma_\\omega$ its linewidth), $A_m$ and $A_n$ are the (real) amplitudes associated to the mode and the noise respectively, $\\phi_n$ is the phase difference between the mode and the noise, and $j$ is the imaginary unit. ",
"Expanding the module squared, we obtain $$P(x) = \\dfrac{A_m^2}{1+x^2} + \\dfrac{2A_m A_n}{\\sqrt{1+x^2}}\\sin\\left(\\arctan x + \\phi_n\\right) + A_n^2 .",
"\n\\label{eq:correlated_noise}$$\n\nThe first term of the right-hand side of Eq. ",
"corresponds to a Lorentzian profile and is symmetric about $x = 0$. The third term simply acts as an offset and does not introduce any mode asymmetry. ",
"The second term, however, is clearly not symmetric at $x = 0$, unless $\\phi_n = \\pm \\pi / 2$. For instance, if $\\phi_n = 0$, this term is even antisymmetric. ",
"In other words, the interference between the mode and the noise is destructive in the left wing of the mode and constructive in its right wing. ",
"As such, the power spectral density $P(x)$ is higher than the Lorentzian profile in the right wing and lower in the left wing, thus entailing positive mode asymmetry. ",
"The sign and magnitude of the mode asymmetry depends on the amplitude $A_n$ , that is, on the degree of correlation between the mode and the turbulent fluctuations, as well as on the phase difference $\\phi_n$, both of which are included in the model we developed in Sect. ",
"\\[sec:methods\\].",
"\n\nContribution of source localisation to $B(\\nu)$\n-----------------------------------------------\n\nIn the previous subsection, we summarised the impact of source localisation on mode asymmetry by stating the following: a source within the resonant cavity of a mode entails negative asymmetry if it is located above an antinode and below a node of the associated eigenfunction and positive asymmetry otherwise; a source outside the resonant cavity always entails negative mode asymmetry. ",
"With this in mind, we set out to interpret the results obtained in Sect. ",
"\\[sec:results\\] in the scope of the ‘theoretical spectrum’ model.",
"\n\nOnce applied to the case of solar $p$-mode excitation, this rule can be rephrased in the following way. ",
"There is a dichotomy between the effect of the turbulent eddies located below the upper turning point of the mode and those located above. ",
"The former skew the mode line profile one way or the other depending on their height relative to the nodes and antinodes of the mode eigenfunction. ",
"The latter always skew the mode line profile so that it feature negative asymmetry. ",
"Until now, we have only discussed the case of a point-like source of excitation. ",
"However, the driving region of the solar $p$-modes, while localised around the super-adiabatic peak just below the photosphere, has a certain spatial extent. ",
"As such, driving turbulent eddies can be found both below and above the upper turning point of the modes and the observed mode asymmetry is due to the combination of both.",
"\n\nAs we mention above, the sense of asymmetry created by turbulent eddies below the upper turning point depends on their position with respect to the nodes and antinodes of the modes. ",
"Since the wavelength of the modes is much larger than the spatial extent of the driving region, it is sufficient to study the position of the super-adiabatic peak with respect to the nodes and antinodes of the mode eigenfunction. ",
"We illustrate this in Fig. ",
"\\[fig:nodes\\], which shows the position of the node and antinode of the radial modes obtained through our model, with respect to the super-adiabatic peak, where the stochastic excitation is mainly located. ",
"Below $\\nu \\sim 3.5$ mHz, the super-adiabatic peak lies above the closest antinode (dashed blue line in Fig. ",
"\\[fig:nodes\\]), thus generating negative asymmetries. ",
"Above the aforementioned threshold, the closest antinode is above the super-adiabatic peak and it generates positive asymmetry. ",
"Close to $3.5$ mHz, the super-adiabatic peak coincides with an antinode, so that the asymmetry is very low.",
"\n\n![",
"Radial location of the nodes (*red symbols connected by a dashed line*) and anti-nodes (*blue symbols connected by a dashed line*) that are closest to the super-adiabatic peak, for each radial mode between $n=16$ and $n=30$. The vertical black line represents the maximum of the super-adiabatic peak, where the excitation is most efficient. ",
"Horizontal black dotted lines are added for readability only.[]{data-label=\"fig:nodes\"}](nodes){width=\"\\linewidth\"}\n\nThe dichotomy between turbulent eddies below and above the upper turning point stands thus: excitation localised below the upper turning point makes modes with $\\nu \\lesssim \\nu_\\text{max}$ negatively asymmetric and modes with $\\nu \\gtrsim \\nu_\\text{max}$ positively asymmetric; excitation localised above the upper turning point makes all modes negatively asymmetric; since the source of excitation has a certain spatial extent, the total asymmetry is a combination of both cases. ",
"This is in perfect accordance with the dashed blue curve of Fig. ",
"\\[fig:asym\\_vs\\_rats\\] which shows the asymmetry profile $B(\\nu)$ with $R_k = \\lambda = 1$ (i.e. imposing the same turbulent spectrum everywhere). ",
"Indeed, this curve shows that $B$ is negative for low frequencies, and positive for high frequencies. ",
"If the source of excitation was only located below the upper turning point of the modes, the threshold between the two regimes would be $\\sim 3.5$ mHz; however, turbulent eddies above the upper turning point generate additional negative asymmetry, thus shifting the curve downwards and increasing the threshold between the $B < 0$ and the $B > 0$ regimes.",
"\n\nThe results presented in Figs. ",
"\\[fig:asym\\_vs\\_k0abs\\] and \\[fig:asym\\_vs\\_rats\\] are also easily interpreted. ",
"Indeed, Eqs. ",
"and show that the efficiency of stochastic excitation scales as $k_0^{-4}$, where $k_0$ is the injection wavenumber of turbulent kinetic energy. ",
"Therefore, keeping $R_k$ constant does not change the contribution of atmospheric turbulence relatively to the contribution of turbulence below the upper turning point, and consequently only impacts the mode amplitude, not its asymmetry.",
"\n\nHowever, decreasing $k_{0,\\text{atm}}$ with respect to $k_{0,\\text{int}}$ increases the contribution of atmospheric eddies relatively to eddies below the upper turning point. ",
"Therefore, increasing $R_k$ makes asymmetries at high frequencies decrease, and the frequency above which $B > 0$ increases. ",
"The ratio $R_k$ needed for the asymmetry profile to be negative throughout the entire spectrum is only $R_k \\sim 2$, which is explained by the high sensitivity of the excitation efficiency on $k_0$ (since it scales to $k_0^{-4}$).",
"\n\nThe physical interpretation of the influence of $\\lambda$ on the asymmetry profile $B(\\nu)$ is not as straightforward. ",
"It cannot be interpreted in the same way as the influence of $k_0(r)$, since we consider $\\lambda$ to be uniform throughout the region of excitation. ",
"Furthermore, it cannot be interpreted in terms of the relative contribution of the leading and cross term (see Eq. ",
"\\[eq:power\\]), because both terms scale to $\\lambda$. The existence of the threshold $\\lambda_\\text{sat}$ can be explained as follows: depending on $\\lambda$, the typical period of solar $p$-modes compares differently to the typical turbulent eddy-time correlation, that is, $\\omega$ compares differently to $\\omega_k$, which indeed depends on $\\lambda$. Depending on whether $\\omega < \\omega_k$ or $\\omega > \\omega_k$, the temporal turbulent spectrum $\\chi_k(\\omega)$ vary differently with $\\omega$: indeed, $\\chi_k$ is almost flat for very low frequencies, whereas it decreases as $\\omega^{-2}$ for high frequencies. ",
"As such, as $\\lambda$ is increased, it is expected that the qualitative behaviour of the mode properties - including mode asymmetry - changes when $\\omega \\sim \\omega_k$. This explanation is supported by the value found for $\\lambda_\\text{sat}$. Indeed, if we take $k \\sim 10^{-6}$ m$^{-1}$, $u_k \\sim 10^3$ m.s$^{-1}$ and $\\omega \\sim 10^{-3}$ rad.s$^{-1}$, we obtain $\\omega / \\omega_k \\sim \\lambda$. Consequently, $\\lambda \\sim 1$ does correspond to the threshold at which $\\omega$ and $\\omega_k$ have the same order of magnitude.",
"\n\nContribution of correlated turbulent perturbations to $B(\\nu)$\n--------------------------------------------------------------\n\nEarlier in this paper, we illustrate how a certain degree of correlation between the oscillating modes and the turbulent fluctuations can create mode asymmetry. ",
"Furthermore, it has been claimed [@nigamCORREL98] that correlation between pulsational velocity and acoustic turbulent perturbations is at the root of the inversion of the sign of mode asymmetry between spectrometric and photometric measurements. ",
"This suggests that this correlation plays a crucial role when it comes to interpreting photometric data, although other explanations exist [@duvall93; @georgobiani03]. ",
"However, determining whether or not this role can be disregarded in the velocity spectrum or if it must be taken into account at all (even if it is not so significant as to change the sign of the mode asymmetries) remains an open question.",
"\n\nOur model allows us to shed some light upon this issue. ",
"In the following, we compute the asymmetry profile $B(\\nu)$ alternatively with and without the cross term $C(\\omega)$ in Eq. . ",
"In terms of amplitude, the leading term will, unsurprisingly, dominate over the correlation term $C(\\omega)$; however, one must keep in mind that the asymmetry of the mode line profile is a subtle effect, and it is possible that, albeit negligible in amplitude, $C(\\omega)$ impacts the asymmetry as much as the leading term.",
"\n\nFig. ",
"\\[fig:with\\_without\\] shows the relative difference between the asymmetry profile $B(\\nu)$ when the cross term is respectively taken into account and discarded. ",
"This relative difference is highest at low frequency, and almost vanishes when $\\nu > \\nu_\\text{max}$. This can be easily explained by the fact that low-frequency modes have the smallest power spectral density, while power spectral density associated to the noise is higher: in contrast, the effect of correlated turbulent perturbations is at its most substantial at the lowest frequencies. ",
"Nevertheless, even in the lowest part of the spectrum, the relative difference in asymmetry between a model with and without the cross term does not exceed $3 \\%$, which is much smaller than the dispersion characterising observed asymmetries. ",
"We therefore conclude that the dominant source of asymmetry in velocity data is the source localisation and that the effect of correlated turbulent perturbations can be disregarded.",
"\n\n![",
"Relative difference (in percentages) between the asymmetry parameter $B$ obtained by respectively taking into account and discarding the cross term $C(\\omega)$ ($k_{0,\\text{int}} = 2 \\text{ Mm}^{-1}$, $R_k = 2$ and $\\lambda = 1$), as a function of frequency.[]{data-label=\"fig:with_without\"}](with_without){width=\"\\linewidth\"}\n\nIt is possible to support this conclusion with a simple order of magnitude estimation. ",
"Indeed, $B$ is of order $10^{-2}$, which means it is necessary for the cross term to represent at least $1 \\%$ of the leading term to have a significant impact on the asymmetry profile. ",
"The Cauchy-Schwarz inequality provides an upper bound to the cross term: $C(\\omega) \\leqslant \\widehat{{\\mathrm{v}}}_\\text{rms}(\\omega)\\widehat{u}_\\text{rms}(\\omega)$, where the case of equality happens when the correlation between the mode ${\\mathrm{v}}$ and the turbulence $u$ is optimal. ",
"Therefore\n\n$$\\dfrac{\\left\\langle \\left|\\widehat{{\\mathrm{v}}}(\\omega)\\right|^2\\right\\rangle}{C(\\omega)} \\gtrsim \\dfrac{\\widehat{{\\mathrm{v}}}_\\text{rms}(\\omega)}{\\widehat{u}_\\text{rms}(\\omega)}~,$$\n\nwhere $C(\\omega)$ corresponds to the second term in Eq. , ",
"and is defined by Eq. .",
"\n\nIf we estimate the power spectral density of the mode as $\\widehat{{\\mathrm{v}}}_\\text{rms}^2 \\sim 10^5~\\text{m}^2\\text{.s}^{-2}\\text{.Hz}^{-1}$ and that of the turbulent fluctuations as $\\widehat{u}_\\text{rms}^2 \\sim 10~\\text{m}^2\\text{.s}^{-2}\\text{.Hz}^{-1}$ [@turck04 fig.",
" 2], the above ratio becomes $\\sqrt{10^5 / 10} \\sim 10^2$. We note that at this stage, the correlation term is about $1 \\%$ of the leading term, which is barely enough to impact the asymmetries significantly. ",
"However, by considering the limiting case in the Cauchy-Schwarz inequality, we assumed that the mode velocity and the turbulent velocity were both optimally coherent and completely independent. ",
"This is not, however, the case; consequently we probably overestimated the importance of $C(\\omega)$ by at least an order of magnitude. ",
"Therefore, this crude order of magnitude estimation indeed tends to support the conclusion that correlated turbulent perturbations can be disregarded when interpreting mode asymmetries in the velocity spectrum.",
"\n\nComparison with observations {#sec:observations}\n============================\n\nObserved properties of solar-like oscillations depend not only on the observable (velocity or intensity), but also on the specifics of each instruments. ",
"As far as velocity measurements are concerned, all instruments do not perform their Doppler observations on the same spectral line. ",
"Since different spectral lines form at different altitudes in the atmosphere, and since the properties of turbulence change throughout the atmosphere, mode properties, and especially mode asymmetries, may depend on the instrument.",
"\n\nIn the following, we compare the results of our model to observations performed with the *GONG* network. ",
"We then focus on the dependence of the asymmetry profile $B(\\nu)$ on the height at which the velocity spectrum is observed. ",
"We use the the ‘numerical spectrum’ model (see Sect. ",
"\\[sec:methods\\]) to compare the asymmetry profiles $B(\\nu)$ as observed by several instruments performing solar velocity spectrum measurements. ",
"Finally, we focus on the bias in the determination of mode eigenfrequencies entailed by mode asymmetry, whose understanding is of primary importance for accurate inference of mode properties.",
"\n\nComparison with *GONG* observations\n-----------------------------------\n\nFirst - and in order to support the validity of our model in terms of mode asymmetry - we compare the asymmetries yielded by our model to those inferred from observations. ",
"We use the data points extracted from the spectrum analysis of @barban04. ",
"The authors chose an equivalent, albeit different, set of parameters to fit the acoustic modes observed by the *GONG* network. ",
"Therefore, we reconstructed the shape of the modes point by point using the parameters extracted from their fit and fitted them again with the formula given by Eq. . ",
"We note that the modes analysed in their study are not radial, but have angular degrees ranging from $l=15$ to $l=50$. It is known, however, that the dependence of mode asymmetry on the angular degree is very weak [see for instance @duvall93 who studied modes of angular degree up to $l = 170$] because the eigenfunctions associated to the acoustic modes are very weakly dependent on $l$ close to the photosphere, as long as $l$ is not too high. ",
"Thus, comparing our radial study to their non-radial observations remains relevant.",
"\n\nWe showcase this comparison in Fig. ",
"\\[fig:us\\_vs\\_caro\\]. ",
"The parameter $\\lambda$ was adjusted for a better agreement with the observations. ",
"We obtained $\\lambda = 0.5$ (see Eq. ",
"\\[eq:lambda\\] for a definition of this parameter), which is approximately the value obtained by constraining mode amplitudes [@samadiG01]. ",
"It is rather clear that we reproduce the main features of the asymmetry profile $B(\\nu)$, especially its sense of variation on the different intervals (when the frequency range of the observations overlaps ours), as well as the positions and values of its local extrema. ",
"Alternatively, we show the same comparison in terms of the asymmetry parameter $\\chi$ in the bottom panel of Fig. ",
"\\[fig:us\\_vs\\_caro\\]. ",
"This parameter is defined by Eq. , ",
"and is more robust when it comes to comparing theory and observations because it does not depend on the determination of the mode linewidths, which may introduce extra uncertainty in the determination of the observed asymmetries. ",
"In conclusion, the good agreement obtained between our model and observations show that the model developed in this paper is relevant to account for acoustic mode asymmetry quantitatively.",
"\n\n![",
"Asymmetry profile obtained by the ‘numerical spectrum’ model (*solid red line*), compared to the observed asymmetry profile (*blue crosses*). ",
"The data points are taken from @barban04. ",
"For more readability, only data points corresponding to modes with angular degrees $15 \\leqslant l \\leqslant 20$ have been retained. ",
"The asymmetry profile is given in terms of the parameter $B$ (*top panel*), and alternatively in terms of the parameter $\\chi$ (*bottom panel*), which is defined by Eq. . ",
"The error bars in the top panel correspond to the uncertainty on the observed values of the mode linewidths, which propagates to the asymmetry parameter $B$.[]{data-label=\"fig:us_vs_caro\"}](us_vs_caro_both){width=\"\\linewidth\"}\n\nDependence of asymmetry profile $B(\\nu)$ on observation height\n--------------------------------------------------------------\n\nWe consider three different observation heights in this paper associated, respectively, with the *Michelson Doppler Imager* (MDI), the *GOLF* instrument (both onboard the *SOHO* spacecraft), the *Global Oscillation Network Group* (ground-based), and the *Helioseismic and Magnetic Imager* (HMI; onboard the *SDO* spacecraft). ",
"We provide further information on the observation height of each of these instruments in Table \\[table:heights\\]. ",
"However, determining the formation height of a given absorption line is extremely difficult in that it does not depend only on the nature of the line [@fleck11]. ",
"Therefore, the values given in Table \\[table:heights\\] are not to be considered as precise estimates but, rather, as approximate figures.",
"\n\n[ccccc]{} Instrument & Line & $\\lambda$ ($\\AA$) & Height (km)\\\n\\\nMDI/GONG & Ni I & 6768 & 170\\\nGOLF & Na I D1/D2 & 5896/5890 & 340\\\nHMI & Fe I & 6173 & 100\\\n\nIn Fig. ",
"\\[fig:compare\\_inst\\], we compare the asymmetry profile $B(\\nu) $ as it would be observed by the various instruments listed in Table \\[table:heights\\]. ",
"We control the height by tuning the radial coordinate $r_\\text{o}$ at which the Green’s function of the homogeneous wave equation is calculated (see Sect. ",
"\\[sec:methods\\] for more details). ",
"Mode asymmetry is only slightly dependent on the observation height. ",
"This is not so surprising since mode asymmetry is a global property of the modes. ",
"It is noticeable, however, that the difference between these asymmetry profiles is most prominent at high frequency ($\\gtrsim 3.5$ mHz). ",
"This is because by observing the modes at a lower height in the atmosphere, we effectively increase the contribution of atmospheric turbulence compared to the contribution of sub-photospheric turbulence on mode asymmetry. ",
"As we discussed in Sect. ",
"\\[sec:discussion\\], it is at high frequency that the atmospheric turbulence has a more significant impact on mode asymmetry. ",
"Therefore, changing the observation height has more impact at high frequency than at low frequency.",
"\n\n![",
"Asymmetry profile $B(\\nu)$ obtained by the ‘numerical spectrum’ model (with $\\lambda = 0.5$), as would be observed at three different heights in the atmosphere, corresponding respectively to the observation heights of *GOLF* (*dashed red line*), *MDI*/*GONG* (*dashed blue line*) and *HMI* (*dashed black line*).[]{data-label=\"fig:compare_inst\"}](compare_instruments){width=\"\\linewidth\"}\n\nBias in eigenfrequency determination\\[sec:bias\\]\n------------------------------------------------\n\nIn order to infer the stellar internal structure from asteroseismic measurements, it is important to determine the eigenfrequencies of the observed modes not only precisely, but also accurately. ",
"As was noted early on [@duvall93; @abramsK96; @chaplin99; @thiery00; @toutain98], using a symmetric, Lorentzian model to fit asymmetric line profiles results in an appreciable bias in the best-fit parameters, thus rendering inaccurate the frequency determination.",
"\n\nWe illustrate this bias in the following. ",
"We fit the line profiles we obtained numerically with a formula given either by Eq. ",
"or by the symmetric version (i.e. fixing $B=0$). ",
"Following @abramsK96, we denote the reduced frequency bias as\n\n$$\\delta \\nu = \\dfrac{\\nu_0^{B=0} - \\nu_0^{B \\neq 0}}{\\Gamma_{\\nu_0}}~.\n\\label{eq:bias}$$\n\nFigure \\[fig:bias\\] shows the results obtained for all radial modes described in Sect. ",
"\\[sec:results\\]. ",
"Given that the asymmetry of solar $p$-modes in the velocity spectrum are all negative, using a symmetric fit introduces an underestimation of $\\nu_0$. It is very clear that this underestimation grows linearly with the asymmetry $B$ of the modes. ",
"We superimpose on Fig. ",
"\\[fig:bias\\] the best linear fit to the numerical data, given by: $\\delta\\nu = 0.463~B + 0.000296$. Given the typical values of $\\delta\\nu$, it is safe to say that the intercept of this linear regression is negligible.",
"\n\nThis result can be easily interpreted by taking a closer look to the asymmetric fitting formula given by Eq. . ",
"Indeed, after applying elementary algebra, it becomes clear that for leading order in $B$, this expression reaches its maximum at $x \\sim B$ (or $\\nu_\\text{max} = \\nu_0~+~B\\Gamma_{\\nu_0} / 2$). ",
"Therefore, while the asymmetric fit accurately finds the eigenfrequency at $\\nu_0^{B \\neq 0} = \\nu_0$, the symmetric fit finds it at $\\nu_0^{B=0} = \\nu_\\text{max}$. One can therefore derive the simple expression $\\delta\\nu = B/2$, which is in accordance with the linear fit shown in Fig. ",
"\\[fig:bias\\].",
"\n\nThe frequency bias introduced when not taking the line profile asymmetry into account can easily reach several percents of the mode linewidth. ",
"This bias largely exceeds the frequency resolution achievable in current solar measurements, especially for high-frequency modes, which are the widest.",
"\n\n![",
"Reduced frequency bias $\\delta\\nu$, defined by Eq. , ",
"as a function of the asymmetry parameter $B$ for each radial $p$-mode between $n=6$ and $n=30$. The blue dashed line shows the best linear fit.[]{data-label=\"fig:bias\"}](bias){width=\"\\linewidth\"}\n\nSummary and conclusion {#sec:conclusion}\n======================\n\nIn this paper, we detail the development of a realistic and predictive model for the asymmetry displayed by solar radial $p$-modes in the velocity spectrum. ",
"The basic idea behind this model is to compute the Green’s function associated to the radial acoustic wave equation, as well as its inhomogeneous part (which corresponds to the source of excitation) and to convolve the two to reconstruct the velocity power spectral density point by point. ",
"Once the power spectral density is reconstructed, we extract its resonant modes and study their asymmetry. ",
"In particular, and unlike previous attempts to such modelling, we included in our model the correlation of the oscillating modes with the fluctuations associated to turbulent velocity.",
"\n\nFirst, the Green’s function associated with the wave equation was computed numerically. ",
"We put the wave equation in the form of a 1D stationary Schrödinger equation, whose potential only depends on the equilibrium structure of the Sun. ",
"We extracted the acoustic potential from a solar patched model: the solar interior is calculated using the 1D evolutionary code CESTAM and the solar atmosphere is calculated using the 3D hydrodynamic code CO$^5$BOLD and horizontally averaged. ",
"We integrated the wave equation along the solar radius, and added a point-like, normalised source to the integration scheme in order to compute the Green’s function.",
"\n\nSecondly, the source term of the wave equation being of stochastic nature, we modelled the statistical properties of the source by means of theoretical developments. ",
"We made use of the adequate closure relation to express the third and fourth-order correlation products of the turbulent velocity as functions of second-order products; more specifically on their spatial and temporal Fourier transform. ",
"We developed two distinct models: one is based on theoretical prescriptions for the spatial and temporal spectrum of turbulent kinetic energy; the other is based on theoretical modelling of the temporal spectrum only, whereas the spatial spectrum is extracted from a 3D hydrodynamic simulation of the solar atmosphere. ",
"We refer to the former as the ‘theoretical spectrum’ model, and to the latter as the ‘numerical spectrum’ model.",
"\n\nThe asymmetry $B$ displayed by the modes in our model drastically depends on their frequency $\\nu$. This is because the shape of the eigenfunctions close to the photosphere is very dependent on $\\nu$. We find that $B$ is negative throughout the $p$-mode spectrum, and that its behaviour weakly depends on the input parameters of our model. ",
"It drops from $-0.01$ to $-0.05$ between $1$ mHz and $1.7$ mHz, then rises to $0.015$ at $3$ mHz, and decreases again from $3$ mHz to $4$ mHz. ",
"Above $4$ mHz, the behaviour of $B(\\nu)$ is much more dependent on the value given to our input parameters and, in particular, on the injection scale associated to the turbulent cascade above the photosphere, compared to below the photosphere. ",
"This is related to the fact that the contribution of atmospheric turbulence to mode excitation only becomes significant at high frequency, so that only in this part of the spectrum it may have an impact on mode asymmetry.",
"\n\nThe asymmetry of the modes can have two different origins: localisation of their source of excitation within a region of lesser spatial extent than the mode wavelength and correlation between the oscillating modes and the fluctuations associated to turbulent velocity. ",
"Formally, these two phenomena have the same impact on mode asymmetry, so that they cannot be separated using observational data only. ",
"Our model allows us to make this distinction and to study their relative weight in the total mode asymmetry. ",
"We find that the correlation with turbulent fluctuations is negligible in the velocity spectrum, and that the observed asymmetries are exclusively due to source localisation. ",
"More precisely, we interpret the results of our model in terms of the source position with respect to the various nodes and antinodes featured by the eigenfunctions of the modes. ",
"In the case of a point-like source of excitation, mode asymmetry drastically depends on whether it is located within or outside the mode acoustic cavity. ",
"In our model, however, the source of excitation has a certain spatial extent, so that the total asymmetry is a combination of the contributions from the source outside and inside the mode acoustic cavity.",
"\n\nWe find that it is impossible to interpret even the qualitative behaviour of the asymmetry profile $B(\\nu)$ by considering that the source of excitation is point-like (either outside or inside the modes cavity). ",
"On the contrary, taking into account the spatial extent of the source allows us to reproduce the observed asymmetries, not only qualitatively, but also quantitatively. ",
"This positive result shows that our model is indeed relevant to describe - and, more importantly, to predict - acoustic mode asymmetry in solar-like oscillators. ",
"It also shows that any model that assumes a point-like source of excitation cannot give reliable results as far as mode asymmetry is concerned. ",
"In particular, such a model would predict positive asymmetries for high-frequency modes, whereas observations show that all asymmetries are negative when measured in terms of velocity power spectral density.",
"\n\nFinally, we study the eigenfrequency bias entailed by neglecting to fit observations with an asymmetric profile. ",
"We find that for the most asymmetric modes, this bias can reach several percent of the mode linewidth. ",
"Therefore, this bias is higher for high frequency modes, which are the widest. ",
"In particular, for $\\nu \\sim 4$ mHz, the asymmetry parameter is of order $B \\sim -0.04$, and the linewidth is of order $\\Gamma \\sim 10~\\mu$Hz, so that the eigenfrequency bias is of order $\\delta\\nu \\sim 0.2~\\mu$Hz. ",
"This is in perfect accordance with actual biases obtained from observation fit of the solar spectrum [see @benomar18 Fig. ",
"6, topmost panel]. ",
"Since the eigenfrequency bias is most pronounced for higher frequency (because it is proportional to the mode line-width, which is widest at high frequency), it is likely to have a non-negligible impact on inversion methods, especially those based on asymptotic formulae. ",
"One must keep in mind, however, that the deviation of the modelled eigenfrequencies from the observed ones, induced by surface effects, largely dominates the eigenfrequency bias entailed by symmetric fits.",
"\n\nIn this paper, we have restricted ourselves to the study of solar radial $p$-modes. ",
"Our formalism can be easily adapted to the study of non-radial modes simply by using a non-radial wave equation instead of the radial one. ",
"However, since the eigenfunction associated to $p$-modes in solar-like oscillators are very weakly independent on angular degree $l$ close to the photosphere, which is precisely where the excitation takes place, the mode asymmetry is not expected to vary significantly with $l$, at least as long as $l$ remains reasonably small. ",
"Observational data tend to confirm this [see e.g. @vorontsovJ13 who report that the spectral parameters of individual modes collapse to slowly varying functions of frequency only for modes with $l \\lesssim 100 $].",
"\n\nWe only considered one type of acoustic source in this study, that is, the turbulent fluctuations of the Reynolds stress. ",
"Indeed, it has been shown by @steinN01 that this is the dominant source of excitation of solar acoustic modes [see also @chaplin05; @samadi07; @nordlund09]. ",
"Therefore, our objective was to start by considering only this source. ",
"However, further refinements of the model will have to include other sources of excitation, in the form of non-adiabatic, turbulent pressure fluctuations.",
"\n\nOur formalism can also be easily applied to other solar-like oscillators. ",
"Comparing the asymmetries featured by the velocity spectra of several solar-like oscillators as modelled by the method presented in this paper and, in particular, the trend followed by mode asymmetry with stellar parameters such as effective temperature or surface gravity, undoubtedly constitutes the next step of this study. ",
"In the long run, mode asymmetry may serve as a useful tool for seismic diagnoses of solar-like oscillators. ",
"However, the one major difference that remains between the solar case and other stars is that the Sun is the only solar-like oscillator for which spectra obtained by spectrometric measurements are sufficiently resolved to allow for a determination of their mode asymmetry. ",
"The asymmetry of acoustic modes of all other stars can only be observed in intensity spectra. ",
"As has been reported numerous times [see e.g. @duvall93], asymmetry in intensity and in velocity spectra are drastically different. ",
"It is, therefore, necessary to adapt our formalism to the intensity spectrum, which is another key element of any further considerations on the matter treated here.",
"\n\nJ.P wishes to warmly thank Louis Manchon for having provided us with the solar patched model we used in this paper. ",
"J.P and K.B would also like to thank Marie-Jo Goupil for her thorough reading of the manuscript, as well as John Leibacher for useful discussions. ",
"J.P and K.B acknowledge financial support from the ‘Programme National de Physique Stellaire’ (PNPS) of CNRS/INSU. ",
"H.G.L. acknowledges financial support by the Sonderforschungsbereich SFB881 ‘The Milky Way System’ (subprojects A4) of the German Research Foundation (DFG).",
"\n\nThe inhomogeneous wave equation (Eq. ",
"\\[eq:wave\\_equation\\]) {#app:wave_eq}\n===========================================================\n\nHydrodynamic equations and their linearisation\n----------------------------------------------\n\nWe linearise the governing, hydrodynamic equations in order to derive the wave equation with its source term. ",
"We consider that the mode velocity and the turbulent velocity obey separately their own continuity equation. ",
"Furthermore, we only consider radial modes, such that the mode velocity may we written in terms of the radial fluid displacement as $\\bm{{\\mathrm{v}}_\\text{osc}} = {\\mathop{}\\!\\mathrm{d}}\\xi_r / {\\mathop{}\\!\\mathrm{d}}t~\\bm{e_r}$. In this context, the governing equations are as follows:\n\n- the continuity equation associated to the mode velocity can be written as $$\\dfrac{\\partial \\rho}{\\partial t} + \\bm{\\nabla}(\\rho\\bm{{\\mathrm{v}}_\\text{osc}}) = 0~.$$ Writing $\\rho = \\rho_0 + \\rho'$ (where $\\rho'$ is the Eulerian density perturbation corresponding to the mode), linearising this equation around a motionless state, and integrating with respect to time yields $$\\rho' + \\bm{\\nabla}(\\rho_0\\bm{\\xi}) = 0~.$$ We then introduce the Lagrangian density perturbation $\\delta\\rho = \\rho' + (\\bm{\\xi}.\\bm{\\nabla})\\rho_0$, which allows us to write the linearised continuity equation in its final form: $$\\dfrac{\\delta\\rho}{\\rho_0} + \\dfrac{1}{r^2}\\dfrac{{\\mathop{}\\!\\mathrm{d}}(r^2\\xi_r)}{{\\mathop{}\\!\\mathrm{d}}r} = 0~;$$\n\n- the Euler equation: $$\\dfrac{\\partial \\rho\\bm{{\\mathrm{v}}}}{\\partial t} + \\bm{\\nabla}:(\\rho\\bm{{\\mathrm{v}}}\\bm{{\\mathrm{v}}}) = -\\bm{\\nabla}P + \\rho\\bm{g}~.$$ Unlike what we did for the continuity equation, the velocity $\\bm{{\\mathrm{v}}}$ now includes the mode velocity $\\bm{{\\mathrm{v}}_\\text{osc}}$ as well as the turbulent velocity $\\bm{u_\\text{turb}}$. We further decompose the latter into a mean value $\\bm{U} \\equiv \\langle \\bm{u_\\text{turb}} \\rangle$ (where the notation $\\langle . ",
"\\rangle$ refers to an ensemble average) and fluctuations around this mean value $\\bm{u} \\equiv \\bm{u_\\text{turb}} - \\bm{U}$. As such, we have $$\\bm{{\\mathrm{v}}} = \\bm{U} + \\bm{{\\mathrm{v}}_\\text{osc}} + \\bm{u} = \\bm{U} + {\\mathop{}\\!\\mathrm{d}}\\xi_r / {\\mathop{}\\!\\mathrm{d}}t~\\bm{e_r} + \\bm{u}~.$$ The last two terms are treated as small perturbations compared to the first one. ",
"In the term $\\partial \\rho\\bm{{\\mathrm{v}}} / \\partial t$, the contribution of $\\bm{U}$ vanishes because we consider that $\\bm{U}$ is independent of time (in other words, we consider a stationary turbulence), and the contribution of $\\bm{u}$ vanishes after ensemble averaging. ",
"Concerning the advection term, among the 9 terms of its development, only 2 survive after the linearisation and ensemble averaging, namely $\\bm{\\nabla}:(\\rho\\bm{U}\\bm{U})$ and $\\bm{\\nabla}:(\\rho\\bm{u}\\bm{u})$. The first one can be rewritten as $\\bm{\\nabla} p_t$, where $p_t$ is the turbulent pressure, and is of order zero, so that it will only impact the equilibrium structure. ",
"The second one can be equivalently rewritten as $\\bm{\\nabla} p_t'$, where $p_t'$ refers to the perturbation of the turbulent pressure. ",
"Finally, performing a Fourier transform with respect to time, the radial component of the Euler equation reads: $$-\\omega^2\\xi_r + \\dfrac{1}{\\rho_0}\\dfrac{{\\mathop{}\\!\\mathrm{d}}p'}{{\\mathop{}\\!\\mathrm{d}}r} + \\dfrac{\\rho'}{\\rho_0}g_0 - g' = -\\dfrac{1}{\\rho_0}\\dfrac{{\\mathop{}\\!\\mathrm{d}}p_t'}{{\\mathop{}\\!\\mathrm{d}}r}~,$$ where $p'$ is the Eulerian pressure perturbation, $g_0$ is the mean gravitational acceleration, $g'$ is its Eulerian perturbation and ${\\mathop{}\\!\\mathrm{d}}p_t' / {\\mathop{}\\!\\mathrm{d}}r$ refers to the turbulent fluctuations of the Reynolds stress around its mean value. ",
"Since we only aim at modelling radial modes, using the Cowling approximation to eliminate $g'$ would not reduce the order of the final wave equation, and is therefore of no particular use. ",
"Instead, we follow @unno89 and express $g'$ as a function of the radial fluid displacement (see their Eq. ",
"14.36): $$g' = -\\dfrac{{\\mathop{}\\!\\mathrm{d}}\\phi'}{{\\mathop{}\\!\\mathrm{d}}r} = 4\\pi G\\rho_0\\xi_r~.$$ One can note that this is equivalent to saying that the Lagrangian perturbation of the gravitational potential is zero.",
"\n\n- the equation of state we will use to close the system: after some algebra, a linearised version of the equation of state in terms of the Lagrangian perturbations can be derived: $$\\dfrac{\\delta \\rho}{\\rho_0} = \\dfrac{1}{\\Gamma_1}\\dfrac{\\delta p}{p_0} - \\dfrac{\\rho_0 T_0}{p_0}\\nabla_\\text{ad}\\delta s~,$$ where $\\delta s$ corresponds to the turbulent fluctuation of the specific entropy of the fluid and we define the various thermodynamic coefficients as $$\\begin{array}{ll}\n \\Gamma_1 &\\equiv \\left(\\dfrac{\\partial \\ln p}{\\partial \\ln \\rho}\\right)_s \\\\\n \\nabla_\\text{ad} &\\equiv \\left(\\dfrac{\\partial \\ln T}{\\partial \\ln p}\\right)_s .",
"\n \\end{array}$$ In order to facilitate the following calculations, we replace the Lagrangian pressure perturbation $\\delta p$ with the Eulerian one $p'$, and we derive two versions of the linearised equation of state, one with the Lagrangian density perturbation, one with the Eulerian one. ",
"Noting that the hydrostatic equilibrium gives us $$\\dfrac{{\\mathop{}\\!\\mathrm{d}}p_0}{{\\mathop{}\\!\\mathrm{d}}r} = -\\rho_0 g_0~,$$ and that by definition of the Brunt-Väisälä frequency, we have $$\\dfrac{N^2}{g_0} = \\dfrac{1}{\\Gamma_1}\\dfrac{{\\mathop{}\\!\\mathrm{d}}\\ln p_0}{{\\mathop{}\\!\\mathrm{d}}r} - \\dfrac{{\\mathop{}\\!\\mathrm{d}}\\ln \\rho_0}{{\\mathop{}\\!\\mathrm{d}}r}~,$$ and we finally obtain $$\\begin{array}{ll}\n \\dfrac{\\delta\\rho}{\\rho_0} &= \\dfrac{1}{\\Gamma_1}\\dfrac{p'}{p_0} - \\dfrac{g_0\\rho_0}{\\Gamma_1 p_0}\\xi_r - \\dfrac{\\rho_0 T_0}{p_0}\\nabla_\\text{ad} \\delta s \\\\\n \\dfrac{\\rho'}{\\rho_0} &= \\dfrac{1}{\\Gamma_1}\\dfrac{p'}{p_0} + \\dfrac{N^2}{g_0}\\xi_r - \\dfrac{\\rho_0 T_0}{p_0}\\nabla_\\text{ad} \\delta s~.\n \\end{array}\n \\label{eq:eos}$$\n\nChanging variables\n------------------\n\nThe two variables that we wish to keep in these equations are $\\xi_r$ and $p'$. We first make use of Eq. ",
"to eliminate the density fluctuations. ",
"Noting that $c^2 = \\Gamma_1 p_0 / \\rho_0$ (where $c$ is the sound speed), the continuity and Euler equations then yield:\n\n$$\\begin{array}{l}\n\\dfrac{{\\mathop{}\\!\\mathrm{d}}(r^2\\xi_r)}{{\\mathop{}\\!\\mathrm{d}}r} - g_0\\dfrac{r^2}{c^2}\\xi_r + \\dfrac{r^2}{\\rho_0 c^2}p' = r^2\\nabla_\\text{ad}\\dfrac{\\rho_0 T_0}{p_0}\\delta s \\\\\n\\dfrac{1}{\\rho_0}\\dfrac{{\\mathop{}\\!\\mathrm{d}}p'}{{\\mathop{}\\!\\mathrm{d}}r} + \\dfrac{g_0}{c^2}\\dfrac{p'}{\\rho_0} + (N^2 - \\omega^2 -4\\pi G\\rho_0)\\xi_r = \\dfrac{\\rho_0 g_0 T_0}{p_0}\\nabla_\\text{ad} \\delta s - \\dfrac{1}{\\rho_0}\\dfrac{{\\mathop{}\\!\\mathrm{d}}p_t'}{{\\mathop{}\\!\\mathrm{d}}r}~.\n\\end{array}\n\\label{eq:density_discarded}$$\n\nIn order to remove $\\xi_r$ from the 0-th order term in the $\\xi_r$ equation, and same for $p'$, the required variable change is then [@unno89]:\n\n$$\\begin{array}{l}\nr^2\\xi_r(r) = \\widetilde{\\xi}(r) \\exp\\left(\\displaystyle\\int_0^r \\dfrac{g_0}{c^2}~{\\mathop{}\\!\\mathrm{d}}r'\\right) \\\\\np' = \\rho_0 \\widetilde{\\eta}(r) \\exp\\left(\\displaystyle\\int_0^r \\dfrac{N^2}{g_0}~{\\mathop{}\\!\\mathrm{d}}r'\\right) .",
"\n\\end{array}$$\n\nPlugging this into Eq. , ",
"we obtain\n\n$$\\begin{gathered}\n\\dfrac{{\\mathop{}\\!\\mathrm{d}}\\widetilde{\\xi}}{{\\mathop{}\\!\\mathrm{d}}r} + \\dfrac{r^2}{c^2}\\exp\\left(\\displaystyle\\int_0^r \\dfrac{N^2}{g_0}-\\dfrac{g_0}{c^2}~{\\mathop{}\\!\\mathrm{d}}r'\\right)\\widetilde{\\eta} \\\\\n= r^2 \\exp\\left(-\\displaystyle\\int_0^r \\dfrac{g_0}{c^2}~{\\mathop{}\\!\\mathrm{d}}r'\\right) \\nabla_\\text{ad}\\dfrac{\\rho_0 T_0}{p_0} \\delta s~,\n\\label{eq:plugging1}\\end{gathered}$$\n\nand\n\n$$\\begin{gathered}\n\\dfrac{{\\mathop{}\\!\\mathrm{d}}\\widetilde{\\eta}}{{\\mathop{}\\!\\mathrm{d}}r} + \\dfrac{1}{r^2}\\exp\\left(\\displaystyle\\int_0^r \\dfrac{g_0}{c^2}-\\dfrac{N^2}{g_0}~{\\mathop{}\\!\\mathrm{d}}r'\\right) (N^2-\\omega^2 -4\\pi G\\rho_0)\\widetilde{\\xi} \\\\\n= \\exp\\left(-\\displaystyle\\int_0^r \\dfrac{N^2}{g_0}~{\\mathop{}\\!\\mathrm{d}}r'\\right) \\left[\\nabla_\\text{ad}\\dfrac{\\rho_0 g_0 T_0}{p_0} \\delta s - \\dfrac{1}{\\rho_0}\\dfrac{{\\mathop{}\\!\\mathrm{d}}p_t'}{{\\mathop{}\\!\\mathrm{d}}r}\\right]~.\n\\label{eq:plugging2}\\end{gathered}$$\n\nwhere we denote the right-hand side terms of Eqs. ",
"and as $S_0$ and $S_1$ respectively in the following. ",
"We also define $$\\begin{array}{ll}\nI(r) &\\equiv \\exp\\left(\\displaystyle\\int_0^r \\dfrac{N^2}{g_0}-\\dfrac{g_0}{c^2}~{\\mathop{}\\!\\mathrm{d}}r'\\right) \\\\\nx(r) &\\equiv \\dfrac{r\\sqrt{I}}{c} \\\\\nk^2 &\\equiv \\dfrac{\\omega^2 - N^2 + 4\\pi G\\rho_0}{c^2}~.\n\\end{array}$$ The above set of equations can be rewritten as $$\\begin{array}{l}\n\\dfrac{{\\mathop{}\\!\\mathrm{d}}\\widetilde{\\xi}}{{\\mathop{}\\!\\mathrm{d}}r} + x^2\\widetilde{\\eta} = S_0 \\\\\n\\dfrac{{\\mathop{}\\!\\mathrm{d}}\\widetilde{\\eta}}{{\\mathop{}\\!\\mathrm{d}}r} - \\dfrac{k^2}{x^2}\\widetilde{\\xi} = S_1~.\n\\end{array}\n\\label{eq:new_coupled}$$\n\nWe can now eliminate $\\widetilde{\\eta}$ to get a single second-order wave equation. ",
"Using the first of Eq. ",
"to express $\\widetilde{\\eta}$ as a function of $\\widetilde{\\xi}$, and plugging it in the second equation, we get the following equation:\n\n$$\\dfrac{{\\mathop{}\\!\\mathrm{d}}^2\\widetilde{\\xi}}{{\\mathop{}\\!\\mathrm{d}}r^2} - \\dfrac{2}{x}\\dfrac{{\\mathop{}\\!\\mathrm{d}}x}{{\\mathop{}\\!\\mathrm{d}}r}\\dfrac{{\\mathop{}\\!\\mathrm{d}}\\widetilde{\\xi}}{{\\mathop{}\\!\\mathrm{d}}r} + k^2\\widetilde{\\xi} = \\dfrac{{\\mathop{}\\!\\mathrm{d}}S_0}{{\\mathop{}\\!\\mathrm{d}}r} - \\dfrac{2}{x}\\dfrac{{\\mathop{}\\!\\mathrm{d}}x}{{\\mathop{}\\!\\mathrm{d}}r}S_0 - x^2S_1~.\n\\label{eq:second_order_origin}$$\n\nSimilarly to what has been done for the first change of variables, we wish for the left-hand side to contain no first-order term, but only second-order and 0th-order ones. ",
"Thus we introduce yet another variable: $\\Psi(r) \\equiv \\widetilde{\\xi} / x$. Plugging this new variable into Eq. , ",
"we easily obtain a wave equation that assumes the form of a 1D stationary Schrödinger equation $$\\dfrac{{\\mathop{}\\!\\mathrm{d}}^2\\Psi}{{\\mathop{}\\!\\mathrm{d}}r^2} + \\left(\\dfrac{\\omega^2}{c^2} - V(r)\\right)\\Psi = \\dfrac{1}{x}\\left(\\dfrac{{\\mathop{}\\!\\mathrm{d}}S_0}{{\\mathop{}\\!\\mathrm{d}}r} - \\dfrac{2}{x}\\dfrac{{\\mathop{}\\!\\mathrm{d}}x}{{\\mathop{}\\!\\mathrm{d}}r}S_0 - x^2S_1\\right)~,\n\\label{eq:schrodinger}$$ with an acoustic potential $V(r)$ that only depends on the star’s equilibrium state: $$V(r) = \\dfrac{N^2 - 4\\pi G\\rho_0}{c^2} + \\dfrac{2}{x^2}\\left(\\dfrac{{\\mathop{}\\!\\mathrm{d}}x}{{\\mathop{}\\!\\mathrm{d}}r}\\right)^2 - \\dfrac{1}{x}\\dfrac{{\\mathop{}\\!\\mathrm{d}}^2x}{{\\mathop{}\\!\\mathrm{d}}r^2}~.\n\\label{eq:potential}$$\n\nThe source term\n---------------\n\nWith the above notations, the parameters intervening in the source term of Eq. ",
"have the following expressions:\n\n$$\\begin{array}{l}\nS_0(r) = r^2 \\exp\\left(-\\displaystyle\\int_0^r \\dfrac{g_0}{c^2}~{\\mathop{}\\!\\mathrm{d}}r'\\right) \\nabla_\\text{ad}\\dfrac{\\rho_0 T_0}{p_0}\\delta s \\\\\nS_1(r) = \\exp\\left(-\\displaystyle\\int_0^r \\dfrac{N^2}{g_0}~{\\mathop{}\\!\\mathrm{d}}r'\\right) \\left[\\nabla_\\text{ad}\\dfrac{\\rho_0 g_0 T_0}{p_0} \\delta s - \\dfrac{1}{\\rho_0}\\dfrac{{\\mathop{}\\!\\mathrm{d}}p_t'}{{\\mathop{}\\!\\mathrm{d}}r}\\right] \\\\\nx(r) = \\dfrac{r}{c}\\exp\\left(\\dfrac{1}{2}\\displaystyle\\int_0^r \\dfrac{N^2}{g_0}-\\dfrac{g_0}{c^2}~{\\mathop{}\\!\\mathrm{d}}r'\\right) .",
"\n\\end{array}$$\n\nFurthermore, one can easily derive the following relationship between $\\nabla_\\text{ad}$ and $\\alpha_s \\equiv (\\partial P / \\partial s)_\\rho$ by means of the adequate Schwarz relation: $$\\nabla_\\text{ad} \\dfrac{\\rho_0 T_0}{p_0} = \\dfrac{\\alpha_s}{\\rho_0 c^2}~.$$ After some manipulations, one finally obtain the source term in the form: $$\\begin{gathered}\nS(r) = \\dfrac{r}{c\\rho_0} \\exp\\left(-\\dfrac{1}{2}\\displaystyle\\int_0^r \\dfrac{N^2}{g_0}+\\dfrac{g_0}{c^2}~{\\mathop{}\\!\\mathrm{d}}r'\\right) \\\\\n\\times \\left[\\alpha_s \\delta s \\dfrac{{\\mathop{}\\!\\mathrm{d}}}{{\\mathop{}\\!\\mathrm{d}}r}\\ln\\left(\\dfrac{\\alpha_s \\delta s}{\\rho_0}\\right) - \\alpha_s \\delta s\\left(\\dfrac{N^2}{g_0}+\\dfrac{g_0}{c^2}\\right) + \\dfrac{{\\mathop{}\\!\\mathrm{d}}p_t'}{{\\mathop{}\\!\\mathrm{d}}r}\\right] .\\end{gathered}$$\n\nFinally, since $$\\dfrac{N^2}{g_0} + \\dfrac{g_0}{c^2} = -\\dfrac{{\\mathop{}\\!\\mathrm{d}}\\ln\\rho_0}{{\\mathop{}\\!\\mathrm{d}}r}~,$$ this expression can be drastically simplified to $$S(r) = \\dfrac{r}{c\\sqrt{\\rho_0(r=0)\\rho_0(r)}}\\left(\\dfrac{{\\mathop{}\\!\\mathrm{d}}(\\alpha_s \\delta s)}{{\\mathop{}\\!\\mathrm{d}}r} + \\dfrac{{\\mathop{}\\!\\mathrm{d}}p_t'}{{\\mathop{}\\!\\mathrm{d}}r}\\right) .",
"\n\\label{eq:source}$$\n\nThis form clearly shows that the source term can be split three ways: a monopolar source term (proportional to $\\delta s {\\mathop{}\\!\\mathrm{d}}\\alpha_s / {\\mathop{}\\!\\mathrm{d}}r$) due to non-adiabatic pressure fluctuations in a stratified environment, a dipolar term (proportional to $\\alpha_s {\\mathop{}\\!\\mathrm{d}}\\delta s / {\\mathop{}\\!\\mathrm{d}}r$) due to a stratification in the non-adiabatic pressure fluctuations themselves, and a quadripolar term (proportional to ${\\mathop{}\\!\\mathrm{d}}p_t' / {\\mathop{}\\!\\mathrm{d}}r$) due to Reynolds stress fluctuations. ",
"In the following, we only consider this last term but we also show here how the effect of non-adiabaticity can be introduced as well.",
"\n\nTo conclude, note that the value of the fluid density at the centre of the star $\\rho_0(r=0)$ appears both in the definition of the variable $\\Psi$ and in the source term $S(r)$. This is due to the particular change of variable we have performed, and it can be factored out of the wave equation. ",
"Finally, we can put the wave equation in the following form:\n\n$$\\dfrac{{\\mathop{}\\!\\mathrm{d}}^2\\Psi}{{\\mathop{}\\!\\mathrm{d}}r^2} + \\left(\\dfrac{\\omega^2}{c^2} - V(r)\\right)\\Psi = S(r)~,\n\\label{eq:wave_eq_app}$$\n\nwith $V(r)$ given by Eq. , ",
"and the source term and wave variable are given by\n\n$$\\begin{array}{l}\nS(r) = \\dfrac{r}{c\\sqrt{\\rho_0(r)}}\\left(\\dfrac{{\\mathop{}\\!\\mathrm{d}}(\\alpha_s \\delta s)}{{\\mathop{}\\!\\mathrm{d}}r} + \\dfrac{{\\mathop{}\\!\\mathrm{d}}p_t'}{{\\mathop{}\\!\\mathrm{d}}r}\\right) \\\\\n\\Psi(r) = rc(r)\\sqrt{\\rho_0(r)}\\xi_r(r)~.\n\\end{array}$$\n\nFrom the Green’s function to the power spectral density {#app:spectrum}\n=======================================================\n\nHere we detail the calculations carried out to obtain the expression of the velocity power spectral density (Eq. ",
"\\[eq:power\\]) as a function of the Green’s function associated with the homogeneous wave equation . ",
"Note that these calculations correspond to the ‘theoretical spectrum’ model described in Section \\[subsec:leading\\]. ",
"The calculations in the ‘numerical spectrum’ model being fairly similar, we do not detail it. ",
"We start with the development given by Eq. , ",
"with the expression of $\\widehat{{\\mathrm{v}}_\\text{osc}}$ given by Eq. . ",
"We detail the treatment of both terms in the development (leading term and cross term) separately.",
"\n\nThe leading term\n----------------\n\nFor more clarity, in the following, we introduce $$X_\\omega(\\bm{r}) \\equiv G_\\omega(\\bm{r})\\dfrac{||\\bm{r}||}{c(\\bm{r})\\sqrt{\\rho_0(\\bm{r})}}~.$$ We then have $$\\begin{gathered}\n\\left\\langle \\left|\\widehat{{\\mathrm{v}}_\\text{osc}}(\\omega)\\right|^2\\right\\rangle = \\left\\langle \\dfrac{\\omega^2}{r_\\text{o}^2 c_\\text{o}^2 \\rho_0(r_\\text{o})}\\right. \\\\",
"\n\\times\\left.\\displaystyle\\iint {\\mathop{}\\!\\mathrm{d}}^3\\bm{r_{s1}}{\\mathop{}\\!\\mathrm{d}}^3\\bm{r_{s2}}~\\left(\\bm{\\nabla} X_\\omega . ",
"\\rho_0\\widehat{u_r \\bm{u}}\\right)(\\bm{r_{s1}}) \\left(\\bm{\\nabla} X_\\omega^{\\star} . ",
"\\rho_0\\widehat{u_r \\bm{u}}^{\\star}\\right)(\\bm{r_{s2}}) \\right\\rangle~,\\end{gathered}$$ where $r_\\text{o}$ is the radius at which the spectrum is observed, $c_\\text{o}$ is the speed of sound at that radius, and the notation $^\\star$ refers to the complex conjugate.",
"\n\nWe then perform the following change of variable: $\\bm{R} = (\\bm{r_{s1}} + \\bm{r_{s2}})/2$ and $\\bm{r} = (\\bm{r_{s1}} - \\bm{r_{s2}})/2$, the former being a ‘slow’ variable, and the latter a ‘fast’ variable. ",
"This allows us to separate the scales relevant to the turbulent velocity $\\bm{u}$ from the scales relevant to the medium stratification and the mode wavelength, with turbulent quantities only relevant in the $\\bm{r}$ scale and the stratification and Green function only relevant in the $\\bm{R}$ scale. ",
"The scale separation approximation is not realistic in the subsurface layers (in particular, the mode wavelength is comparable to the typical correlation length associated with turbulence); however, for want of a better alternative, we are led to use this approximation in the following.",
"\n\nTherefore, we make the assumption that the second-order correlation product of the turbulent velocity vanishes for lengths much shorter than the scale associated to the variations of the equilibrium structure. ",
"Being able to separate the two scales, as well as the fact that, for radial modes, $X_\\omega$ only depends on the radial coordinate, allows us to rewrite the leading term as\n\n$$\\begin{gathered}\n\\left\\langle \\left|\\widehat{{\\mathrm{v}}_\\text{osc}}(\\omega)\\right|^2\\right\\rangle = \\dfrac{\\omega^2}{r_\\text{o}^2 c_\\text{o}^2 \\rho_0(r_\\text{o})} \\\\\n\\times\\displaystyle\\int {\\mathop{}\\!\\mathrm{d}}m~\\left|\\dfrac{{\\mathop{}\\!\\mathrm{d}}X_\\omega}{{\\mathop{}\\!\\mathrm{d}}R}\\right|^2 \\rho_0(R) \\displaystyle\\int {\\mathop{}\\!\\mathrm{d}}^3\\bm{r}~\\left\\langle \\widehat{u_r^2}(\\bm{0},\\omega)\\widehat{u_r^2}^{\\star}(\\bm{r},\\omega)\\right\\rangle~,\\end{gathered}$$\n\nwhere we have dropped the variable $\\bm{R}$ in favor of the more practical mass variable $m$ . ",
"We note that we can only perform this change of variable because the wave equation is radial so that the function $X_\\omega(\\bm{r})$ only depends on the radial coordinate.",
"\n\nIn the following, we focus on establishing the expression of the integral over the fast variable $\\bm{r}$. By definition of the temporal Fourier transform appearing in said integral, we have\n\n$$\\begin{gathered}\n\\displaystyle\\int {\\mathop{}\\!\\mathrm{d}}^3\\bm{r}~\\left\\langle \\widehat{u_r^2}(\\bm{0},\\omega)~\\widehat{u_r^2}^{\\star}(\\bm{r},\\omega)\\right\\rangle \\\\\n= \\dfrac{1}{(2\\pi)^2}\\displaystyle\\iint {\\mathop{}\\!\\mathrm{d}}^3\\bm{r}{\\mathop{}\\!\\mathrm{d}}\\tau~e^{-j\\omega\\tau}\\left\\langle u_r^2(\\bm{0},0)~u_r^2(\\bm{r},\\tau)\\right\\rangle~.\\end{gathered}$$\n\nWe then use the Quasi-Normal Approximation (hereby abbreviated QNA), under which any fourth-order correlation product can be decomposed into a sum of three second-order correlation products, so that [@book_lesieur]\n\n$$\\left\\langle u_r^2(\\bm{0},0)u_r^2(\\bm{r},\\tau)\\right\\rangle = 2\\left\\langle u_r(\\bm{0},0)u_r(\\bm{r},\\tau)\\right\\rangle^2 + \\left\\langle u_r(\\bm{0},0)\\right\\rangle^2 \\left\\langle u_r(\\bm{r},\\tau)\\right\\rangle^2.$$\n\nThe last term does not depend on $\\tau$ or $\\bm{r}$ if the turbulence is homogeneous and uniform, and thus yields zero when the Fourier transform is performed. ",
"We can then write\n\n$$\\begin{gathered}\n\\displaystyle\\int {\\mathop{}\\!\\mathrm{d}}^3\\bm{r}~\\left\\langle \\widehat{u_r^2}(\\bm{0},\\omega)\\widehat{u_r^2}^{\\star}(\\bm{r},\\omega)\\right\\rangle \\\\\n= \\dfrac{2}{(2\\pi)^2}\\displaystyle\\iint {\\mathop{}\\!\\mathrm{d}}^3\\bm{r} {\\mathop{}\\!\\mathrm{d}}\\tau~e^{-j\\omega\\tau} \\left\\langle u_r(\\bm{0},0)u_r(\\bm{r},\\tau)\\right\\rangle^2 .\\end{gathered}$$\n\nUsing the Parseval identity, we can express this as an integral over wave vectors $\\bm{k}$ and angular frequencies $\\omega$\n\n$$\\begin{gathered}\n\\displaystyle\\int {\\mathop{}\\!\\mathrm{d}}^3\\bm{r}~\\left\\langle \\widehat{u_r^2}(\\bm{0},\\omega)\\widehat{u_r^2}^{\\star}(\\bm{r},\\omega)\\right\\rangle = 2\\times(2\\pi)^2 \\\\\n\\times \\displaystyle\\iint {\\mathop{}\\!\\mathrm{d}}^3\\bm{k}{\\mathop{}\\!\\mathrm{d}}\\omega'~\\text{TF}\\left[e^{-j\\omega\\tau} \\left\\langle u_r(\\bm{0},0)u_r(\\bm{r},\\tau)\\right\\rangle\\right]\\text{TF}\\left[\\left\\langle u_r(\\bm{0},0)u_r(\\bm{r},\\tau)\\right\\rangle\\right]~,\\end{gathered}$$\n\nwhere the notation $\\text{TF}[.]$ refers to temporal and spatial Fourier transform.",
"\n\nWe then proceed to describe the second-order correlation product not in terms of time and space increments, but in terms of angular frequencies $\\omega$ and spatial modes $\\bm{k}$. We denote the temporal and spatial Fourier transform of the second-order correlation product of the $i$-th and $j$-th component of the turbulent velocity as $\\phi_{ij}(\\bm{k},\\omega)$, so that\n\n$$\\begin{gathered}\n\\displaystyle\\int {\\mathop{}\\!\\mathrm{d}}^3\\bm{r}~\\left\\langle \\widehat{u_r^2}(\\bm{0},\\omega)\\widehat{u_r^2}^{\\star}(\\bm{r},\\omega)\\right\\rangle \\\\\n= 8\\pi^2 \\displaystyle\\iint {\\mathop{}\\!\\mathrm{d}}^3\\bm{k}{\\mathop{}\\!\\mathrm{d}}\\omega'~\\phi_{rr}\\left(\\bm{k},\\omega'-\\omega\\right) \\phi_{rr}\\left(\\bm{k},\\omega'\\right)~.\n\\label{eq:integral}\\end{gathered}$$\n\nFor isotropic turbulence, $\\phi_{ij}$ can be expressed analytically [@batchelor_book] as\n\n$$\\phi_{ij} = \\dfrac{E(k,\\omega)}{4\\pi k^2}\\left(\\delta_{ij} - \\dfrac{k_i k_j}{k^2}\\right)~,$$\n\nwhere $E(k,\\omega)$ is the specific turbulent kinetic energy spectrum, $k$, $k_i$ and $k_j$ are the norm, $i$-th component and $j$-th component of the wave vector $\\bm{k}$, and $\\delta_{ij}$ is the Kronecker symbol. ",
"The integration over the solid angle of $\\bm{k}$ is straightforward and only an integral over its norm remains. ",
"However, solar turbulence close to the photosphere is known to be highly anisotropic. ",
"To take this anisotropy into account, we follow the formalism developed by @gough77. ",
"In this formalism, the integral over the solid angle of $\\bm{k}$ is simply readjusted by adding an anisotropy factor $G$, given by [see Appendix B in @samadiG01]\n\n$$G = \\displaystyle\\int_{-1}^1 {\\mathop{}\\!\\mathrm{d}}\\mu~\\left(1-\\dfrac{Q^2\\mu^2}{(Q^2-1)\\mu^2 + 1}\\right)^2~,\n\\label{eq:anisotropy}$$\n\nwhere $$Q^2 = \\dfrac{\\left\\langle u_x^2 \\right\\rangle}{\\left\\langle u_r^2 \\right\\rangle} = \\dfrac{\\left\\langle u_y^2 \\right\\rangle}{\\left\\langle u_r^2 \\right\\rangle}~,$$ $u_x$ and $u_y$ referring to the two horizontal components of the turbulent velocity.",
"\n\nThis anisotropy factor depends on the ratio between horizontal and vertical turbulent velocities, and therefore depends on the slow $\\bm{R}$ variable - or equivalently, on the mass variable $m$. Under this formalism, the integral over $k$ and $\\omega$ remains the same as in the isotropic case.",
"\n\nFollowing @stein67, we decompose $E(k,\\omega)$ into a spatial part $E(k)$, which describes how the turbulent kinetic energy is distributed among modes of different wave numbers, and a temporal part $\\chi_k(\\omega)$, which describes the statistical life-time distribution of eddies of wavenumber $k$\n\n$$E(k,\\omega) = E(k)\\chi_k(\\omega)~.$$\n\nFinally, the integral given by Eq. ",
"can be rewritten as\n\n$$\\begin{gathered}\n\\displaystyle\\int {\\mathop{}\\!\\mathrm{d}}^3\\bm{r}~\\left\\langle \\widehat{u_r^2}(\\bm{0},\\omega)\\widehat{u_r^2}^{\\star}(\\bm{r},\\omega)\\right\\rangle \\\\\n= 2\\pi G\\displaystyle\\int {\\mathop{}\\!\\mathrm{d}}k~\\dfrac{E(k)^2}{k^2}\\displaystyle\\int {\\mathop{}\\!\\mathrm{d}}\\omega'~\\chi_k(\\omega'-\\omega)\\chi_k(\\omega')~.\n\\label{eq:must_convol}\\end{gathered}$$\n\nAs mentioned in the main body of the paper, we have followed two different leads to model the functions $E(k)$ and $\\chi_k(\\omega)$ in this study. ",
"In the following, we only detail what we refer to as the ‘theoretical spectrum’ model, which is based on theoretical prescriptions.",
"\n\nBased on the assumption that turbulent flows are self-similar, Kolmogorov’s theory of turbulence leads to a spatial spectrum $E(k) \\propto k^{-5/3}$ in the inertial range, between $k=k_0$ (where $k_0$ is the scale at which the kinetic energy is injected in the turbulent cascade, and is henceforth referred to as the injection scale) and the dissipation scale (at which the turbulent kinetic energy is converted into heat). ",
"Given the very high Reynolds number characterising solar turbulence ($\\mathrm{Re} \\sim 10^{14}$), we cast the dissipation scale to infinity. ",
"Then, following @musielak94, we extend the turbulent spectrum below the injection scale by considering that $E(k)$ takes a constant value for $k < k_0$. This extended spectrum, referred to as the broadened Kolmogorov Spectrum (BKS thereafter) was introduced to account for the broadness of the maximum of $E(k)$. Finally, the BKS can be written thus:\n\n$$E(k) = \\left\\{\n\\begin{array}{ll}\n0.652\\dfrac{u_0^2}{k_0} & \\text{ if } 0.2~k_0 < k < k_0 \\\\\n0.652\\dfrac{u_0^2}{k_0}\\left(\\dfrac{k}{k_0}\\right)^{-5/3} & \\text{ if } k_0 < k~,\n\\end{array}\n\\right.",
"\n\\label{eq:BKS}$$\n\nwhere $u_0^2 \\equiv \\left\\langle \\bm{u}^2(\\bm{r}) \\right\\rangle / 3$ and the $0.652$ factor is introduced so that the total specific kinetic energy of the turbulent spectrum matches $u_0^2 / 2$.\n\nFollowing @samadi03, we consider a Lorentzian shape for the temporal spectrum $\\chi_k(\\omega)$, which is supported both by numerical simulations [@samadi03] and by theoretical arguments (if the noise is characterised by a time-correlation function which decays exponentially, its spectrum is Lorentzian). ",
"Thus:\n\n$$\\chi_k(\\omega) = \\dfrac{1}{\\pi\\omega_k}\\dfrac{1}{1 + (\\omega/\\omega_k)^2}~.$$\n\nThe width of the Lorentzian is the inverse of the typical correlation time-scale and by dimensional arguments, it is proportional to $ku_k$, where $u_k$ is the typical velocity of eddies of wavenumber $k$. However, there remains a substantial indetermination on the actual value of $\\omega_k$. To account for this indetermination, we follow @balmforth92 and introduce the dimensionless parameter $\\lambda$, so that\n\n$$\\omega_k = 2ku_k / \\lambda~.$$\n\nFor a Kolmogorov spectrum, $u_k$ scales as $k^{-1/3}$, which means that we have\n\n$$\\omega_k = \\omega_{k_0}\\left(\\dfrac{k}{k_0}\\right)^{2/3} \\equiv \\dfrac{2k_0 u_{k_0}}{\\lambda}\\left(\\dfrac{k}{k_0}\\right)^{2/3}~,$$\n\nThere is a temptation to approximate the typical velocities of eddies of wavenumber $k_0$ with $u_0$. This assumption requires some discussion, however. ",
"Indeed, @stein67 has pointed out that eddies of all sizes have the same Eulerian velocity fluctuations $u_0$. As far as Lagrangian fluctuations go, the fluctuations $u_k$ can be expressed as [@stein67]\n\n$$u_k^2 = \\displaystyle\\int_k^{2k} {\\mathop{}\\!\\mathrm{d}}k~E(k)~.$$\n\nUsing the expression of $E(k)$ given in Eq. ",
"and applying it to $k = k_0$, we finally find $u_{k_0} = 0.602u_0$. Under all these assumptions, all further calculations being carried out, we ultimately obtain the leading term,\n\n$$\\begin{gathered}\n\\left\\langle \\left|\\widehat{{\\mathrm{v}}_\\text{osc}}(\\omega)\\right|^2\\right\\rangle = \\dfrac{0.353 \\lambda\\omega^2}{r_\\text{o}^2 c_\\text{o}^2 \\rho_0(r_\\text{o})}\\displaystyle\\int {\\mathop{}\\!\\mathrm{d}}m~\\left[\\rho_0 G \\left|\\dfrac{{\\mathop{}\\!\\mathrm{d}}X_\\omega}{{\\mathop{}\\!\\mathrm{d}}r}\\right|^2 \\dfrac{u_0^3}{k_0^4}\\right.\\\\\n\\left.\\left(\\displaystyle\\int_{0.2}^1~f_1(K){\\mathop{}\\!\\mathrm{d}}K + \\displaystyle\\int_1^\\infty~f_2(K){\\mathop{}\\!\\mathrm{d}}K\\right)\\right]~,\n\\label{eq:dominant}\\end{gathered}$$\n\nwith $$\\begin{array}{l}\nf_1(K) = \\dfrac{K^{-8/3}}{1 + \\left(\\dfrac{\\lambda\\omega}{2.408 u_0 k_0}\\right)^2 K^{-4/3}} \\\\\nf_2(K) = \\dfrac{K^{-6}}{1 + \\left(\\dfrac{\\lambda\\omega}{2.408 u_0 k_0}\\right)^2 K^{-4/3}}~,\n\\end{array}$$ and where $K$ is the reduced inverse eddy scale ($K \\equiv k/k_0$). ",
"We note that all the terms appearing in the integrand depend on the mass variable $m$, particularly $u_0$ and $k_0$, even when the dependence does not appear explicitly. ",
"Free parameters are left in this description of the leading term in the form of $\\lambda$ and $k_0(m)$; solar turbulence close to the photosphere being as poorly constrained as it is today, we cannot hope to achieve a non-parametrised description of stochastically excited modes of oscillation.",
"\n\nThe cross term\n--------------\n\nSimilarly to the leading term, the cross term in the development of $P(\\omega)$ shown in Eq. ",
"can be written as\n\n$$\\begin{gathered}\n\\text{Re}\\left(\\displaystyle\\int {\\mathop{}\\!\\mathrm{d}}\\Omega~\\widetilde{h}(\\mu) \\left\\langle \\widehat{{\\mathrm{v}}_\\text{osc}}(\\omega)\\widehat{u_n}^{\\star}(\\omega) \\right\\rangle\\right) = -\\dfrac{\\omega}{r_\\text{o} c_\\text{o} \\sqrt{\\rho_0(r_\\text{o})}} \\times \\\\\n\\displaystyle\\int {\\mathop{}\\!\\mathrm{d}}\\Omega~\\widetilde{h}(\\mu)\\text{Re}\\left(j\\displaystyle\\int {\\mathop{}\\!\\mathrm{d}}^3\\bm{r_\\text{s}}~\\rho_0\\dfrac{{\\mathop{}\\!\\mathrm{d}}X_\\omega}{{\\mathop{}\\!\\mathrm{d}}r}\\left\\langle \\widehat{u_r^2(\\bm{r_\\text{s}})}\\widehat{u_n (\\bm{r_\\text{o}})}^\\star \\right\\rangle\\right)~,\n\\label{eq:correl}\\end{gathered}$$\n\nwhere $\\mu$ is the cosine of the angle between the local vertical direction and the direction of the line of sight.",
"\n\nWe note that this time, one of the velocities in the correlation product is estimated at a fixed location corresponding to the observation height, so that only one variable is left. ",
"Expressing the line-of-sight component of $\\bm{u}$ as $u_n = u_r\\cos\\theta - u_\\theta \\sin\\theta$, this transforms into\n\n$$\\begin{gathered}\n\\text{Re}\\left(\\displaystyle\\int {\\mathop{}\\!\\mathrm{d}}\\Omega~\\widetilde{h}(\\mu) \\left\\langle \\widehat{{\\mathrm{v}}_\\text{osc}}(\\omega)\\widehat{u_n}^{\\star}(\\omega) \\right\\rangle\\right) = -\\dfrac{\\omega}{r_\\text{o} c_\\text{o} \\sqrt{\\rho_0(r_\\text{o})}} \\times \\\\\n\\left[ \\text{Re}\\left(j\\displaystyle\\int {\\mathop{}\\!\\mathrm{d}}m~\\dfrac{{\\mathop{}\\!\\mathrm{d}}X_\\omega}{{\\mathop{}\\!\\mathrm{d}}r}\\left\\langle \\widehat{u_r^2(\\bm{r_\\text{s}})}\\widehat{u_r (\\bm{r_\\text{o}})}^\\star \\right\\rangle\\right) \\displaystyle\\int {\\mathop{}\\!\\mathrm{d}}\\Omega~\\widetilde{h}(\\mu)\\mu \\right. \\\\",
"\n\\left. ",
"+ \\text{Re}\\left(j\\displaystyle\\int {\\mathop{}\\!\\mathrm{d}}m~\\dfrac{{\\mathop{}\\!\\mathrm{d}}X_\\omega}{{\\mathop{}\\!\\mathrm{d}}r}\\left\\langle \\widehat{u_r^2(\\bm{r_\\text{s}})}\\widehat{u_\\theta (\\bm{r_\\text{o}})}^\\star \\right\\rangle\\right) \\displaystyle\\int {\\mathop{}\\!\\mathrm{d}}\\Omega~\\widetilde{h}(\\mu)\\sqrt{1-\\mu^2} \\right]~.\\end{gathered}$$\n\nSince $u_\\theta$ is a horizontal component of the turbulent velocity, if we consider there is no preferential horizontal direction as far as turbulence goes, the third-order correlation product appearing in the second integral cancels out, so that we are left with the first integral only. ",
"The latter can be rewritten thus:\n\n$$\\begin{gathered}\n\\displaystyle\\int {\\mathop{}\\!\\mathrm{d}}m~\\dfrac{{\\mathop{}\\!\\mathrm{d}}X}{{\\mathop{}\\!\\mathrm{d}}r}\\left\\langle \\widehat{u_r^2(\\bm{r_\\text{s}})}\\widehat{u_r (\\bm{r_\\text{o}})}^\\star \\right\\rangle \\\\\n= \\displaystyle\\int {\\mathop{}\\!\\mathrm{d}}^3\\bm{r_{\\text{s}1}} {\\mathop{}\\!\\mathrm{d}}^3\\bm{r_{\\text{s}2}}~\\rho_0(\\bm{r_{\\text{s}1}}) \\dfrac{{\\mathop{}\\!\\mathrm{d}}X}{{\\mathop{}\\!\\mathrm{d}}r}(\\bm{r_{\\text{s}1}}) \\left\\langle \\widehat{u_r^2(\\bm{r_{\\text{s}1}})}\\widehat{u_r (\\bm{r_{\\text{s}2}})}^\\star \\right\\rangle \\delta(\\bm{r_{\\text{s}2}}-\\bm{r_\\text{o}})~,\\end{gathered}$$\n\nwhere we have artificially introduced a second spatial variable $\\bm{r_{\\text{s}2}}$, so as to get an expression formally similar to that of the leading term above. ",
"Performing the same change of variables, and plugging the definition of the temporal Fourier transform, we have\n\n$$\\begin{gathered}\n\\displaystyle\\int {\\mathop{}\\!\\mathrm{d}}m~\\dfrac{{\\mathop{}\\!\\mathrm{d}}X}{{\\mathop{}\\!\\mathrm{d}}r}\\left\\langle \\widehat{u_r^2(\\bm{r_\\text{s}})}\\widehat{u_r (\\bm{r_\\text{o}})}^\\star \\right\\rangle \\\\\n= \\dfrac{1}{(2\\pi)^2}\\rho_0(\\bm{r_\\text{o}}) \\dfrac{{\\mathop{}\\!\\mathrm{d}}X}{{\\mathop{}\\!\\mathrm{d}}r}(\\bm{r_\\text{o}}) \\displaystyle\\int {\\mathop{}\\!\\mathrm{d}}\\tau {\\mathop{}\\!\\mathrm{d}}^3\\bm{r}~e^{-j\\omega\\tau} \\left\\langle u_r^2(0,\\bm{0})u_r(\\tau,\\bm{r}) \\right\\rangle~.\n\\label{eq:before_PCM}\\end{gathered}$$\n\nThe challenge in estimating the contribution of correlated turbulent perturbations fundamentally lies in the correct determination of non-local, third-order correlation products. ",
"While the QNA provides an adequate closure relationship for fourth-order moments, it yields vanishing third-order moments, which is known to lead to serious violations of the energy conservation principle, as well as an impossibility for the turbulent cascade to develop [see @kraichnan57].",
"\n\nIn order to estimate the third-order moments, we follow @belkacem06 and use the Plume closure model, which consists of separating the flow into upward flows and downward plumes, each normally distributed, with different mean values and standard deviations. ",
"In addition, we consider that the downflows are much more turbulent than the upflows [which is supported by @goode98 according to whom the intergranular lanes harbour stronger turbulence than the granules themselves at the Sun’s surface], and that the two types of flows considered separately have zero third-order correlation products. ",
"In @belkacem06, the authors use the same approximations but focused on one-point correlation products; however, the calculations can be easily extended to the two-point correlation products that we need and the model yields\n\n$$\\begin{gathered}\n\\langle u_r(\\bm{R},t)^2 u_r(\\bm{R}+\\bm{r},t+\\tau)\\rangle = \\left[a(1-a)^3 - a^3(1-a)\\right] \\delta u^3 \\\\\n-a(1-a)\\left[2\\langle \\widetilde{u_d}(\\bm{R},t) \\widetilde{u_d}(\\bm{R}+\\bm{r},t+\\tau) \\rangle + \\langle \\widetilde{u_d}(\\bm{R},t)^2 \\rangle\\right]\\delta u~,\n\\label{eq:PCM_app}\\end{gathered}$$\n\nwhere $a$ is the relative horizontal section of the upflows, $\\delta u$ is the difference between the mean velocity of the two types of flows (considering their respective signs, it actually is the sum of their absolute values), and $\\widetilde{u_d}$ is the fluctuation of the downflow velocity around its mean value. ",
"The only additional approximation we make to adapt these calculations to two-point correlation products is that the parameters of the model $a$ and $\\delta u$ vary on scales much greater than the typical correlation length, which is another illustration of the scale separation approximation, which we have already used for the leading term (see above).",
"\n\nNote that strictly speaking, the third-order moment appearing in Eq. ",
"and yielded by the PCM are centred. ",
"However, we consider that the mean value of the overall vertical velocity of the flow is sufficiently low (compared to its standard deviation for instance) to be neglected. ",
"Therefore, the moment described by Eq. ",
"may interchangeably refer either to a centred or non-centred moment.",
"\n\nAlso note that this closure relation is written here in terms of $\\widetilde{u_d}$ (i.e. the turbulent fluctuations in the downflows only). ",
"It would be more practical to rewrite it in terms of $u_r$ (i.e. the total turbulent fluctuations). ",
"The two are related through $$\\langle \\widetilde{u_d}(\\bm{R}, t)\\widetilde{u_d}(\\bm{R}+\\bm{r}, t+\\tau) \\rangle = \\dfrac{1}{1-a} \\langle u_r(\\bm{R}, t)u_r(\\bm{R}+\\bm{r}, t+\\tau) \\rangle - a\\delta u^2~.\n\\label{eq:PCM_conv}$$\n\nPlugging Eq. ",
"into Eq. , ",
"we obtain a closure model that allows us to write the third-order moments as a function of second-order moments only, after which we can use the same prescriptions for turbulence as we did for the leading term. ",
"We note that while this closure relation contains many terms, not many survive the Fourier transform in Eq. ",
"as all terms not depending on $\\bm{r}$ or $\\tau$ will not contribute to the Fourier transform. ",
"The integral over $m$ appearing in becomes\n\n$$\\displaystyle\\int {\\mathop{}\\!\\mathrm{d}}m~\\dfrac{{\\mathop{}\\!\\mathrm{d}}X}{{\\mathop{}\\!\\mathrm{d}}r}\\left\\langle \\widehat{u_r^2(\\bm{r_s})}\\widehat{u_r (\\bm{r_o})}^\\star \\right\\rangle = -8\\pi^2 a\\delta u \\rho_0(r_o) \\dfrac{{\\mathop{}\\!\\mathrm{d}}X}{{\\mathop{}\\!\\mathrm{d}}r}(r_o)\\phi_{rr}(\\bm{0},\\omega)~.$$\n\nFormally, the integration over $\\bm{r}$ makes the value of $\\phi_{rr}$ at $\\bm{k}=\\bm{0}$ appear. ",
"Physically, that means only the largest eddies have a significant impact on the correlation between the mode and the turbulent perturbations. ",
"Since considering eddies characterised by $\\bm{k} = \\bm{0}$ does not actually make physical sense, we considered a comprise by assuming that the largest contributing eddies are those at the injection scale $k_0$, so that the correlated turbulent perturbations term finally becomes\n\n$$\\begin{gathered}\n\\text{Re}\\left(\\displaystyle\\int {\\mathop{}\\!\\mathrm{d}}\\Omega~\\widetilde{h}(\\mu) \\left\\langle \\widehat{{\\mathrm{v}}_\\text{osc}}(\\omega)\\widehat{u_n}^{\\star}(\\omega) \\right\\rangle\\right) = C(\\omega)\\displaystyle\\int {\\mathop{}\\!\\mathrm{d}}\\Omega~\\widetilde{h}(\\mu)\\mu \\\\\nC(\\omega) = -\\dfrac{1.083 \\lambda a\\omega u_0 \\delta u}{r_\\text{o} c_\\text{o} k_0^4} \\\\\n\\times \\sqrt{\\rho_0(r_\\text{o})}\\left.\\dfrac{{\\mathop{}\\!\\mathrm{d}}\\text{Im}X_\\omega}{{\\mathop{}\\!\\mathrm{d}}r}\\right|_{r_o} \\times\\left(1 + \\left(\\dfrac{\\lambda\\omega}{1.204 k_0 u_0}\\right)^2\\right)^{-1}~,\n\\label{eq:crossed}\\end{gathered}$$\n\nwhere every parameter is estimated at the observation height $r_\\text{o}$, even when not specified explicitly. ",
"Note that we introduce no new free parameter compared to those used for the leading term, as the parameters $a$ and $\\delta u$ appearing in the PCM are extracted from numerical hydrodynamic simulations of the stellar atmosphere. ",
"Plugging Eqs. ",
"and in the expression of the velocity power spectral density given by Eq. , ",
"we obtain Eq. .",
"\n\nA simplified toy model {#app:toy_model}\n======================\n\nHere we consider a simplified model of solar acoustic mode excitation, which has already been developed, used, and analysed in previous works [see e.g. @abramsK96; @chaplinA99]. ",
"In the scope of this toy-model, the acoustic potential appearing in Eq. ",
"takes the form of a square well, and the sound speed $c$ is considered constant throughout the entire stellar radius. ",
"The latter approximation allows us to substitute the radial coordinate $r$ in the wave equation for the acoustic depth $\\tau$, defined such that ${\\mathop{}\\!\\mathrm{d}}\\tau = {\\mathop{}\\!\\mathrm{d}}r/c$. In this approximation, the wave equation simply yields $$\\dfrac{{\\mathop{}\\!\\mathrm{d}}^2\\Psi}{{\\mathop{}\\!\\mathrm{d}}\\tau^2} + (\\omega^2 - V(\\tau) + j\\omega\\gamma)\\Psi = \\delta(\\tau-\\tau_\\text{s})~,\n\\label{eq:waveeq_toy}$$ where we have introduced a point-like source at acoustic depth $\\tau_\\text{s}$, and the acoustic potential is $$V(\\tau) = \\left\\{\n\\begin{array}{ll}\n+\\infty &\\text{ if } \\tau < 0 \\\\\n0 &\\text{ if } 0 \\leqslant \\tau \\leqslant a \\\\\n\\alpha^2 &\\text{ if } a < \\tau~.\n\\end{array}\n\\right.$$\n\nIn this model, $a$ represents the acoustic length of the cavity (for radial modes, it corresponds to the time it takes for sound waves to propagate throughout the entire stellar radius) and $\\alpha$ is the acoustic cut-off angular frequency above which waves are no longer confined. ",
"We added an infinite step at $\\tau = 0$ to force the wave variable $\\Psi$ to vanish at the centre.",
"\n\nAnalytic solution of Eq. ",
"\n-------------------------\n\nIn order to solve the wave equation, it should be rewritten in terms of matrices:\n\n$$\\dfrac{{\\mathop{}\\!\\mathrm{d}}X}{{\\mathop{}\\!\\mathrm{d}}\\tau} = AX + B~,\n\\label{eq:matrix_eq}$$\n\nwhere\n\n$$\\begin{array}{l}\nX = \\begin{bmatrix} \\Psi \\\\ {\\mathop{}\\!\\mathrm{d}}\\Psi / {\\mathop{}\\!\\mathrm{d}}\\tau \\end{bmatrix} \\\\\n\\vspace{1pt} \\\\\nA = \\begin{bmatrix} 0 & 1 \\\\ V(\\tau) - \\omega^2 - j\\omega\\gamma & 0 \\end{bmatrix} \\\\\n\\vspace{1pt} \\\\\nB = \\begin{bmatrix} 0 \\\\ \\delta(\\tau-\\tau_\\text{s}) \\end{bmatrix}~.\n\\end{array}$$\n\nThe general solution to the homogeneous equation is $X_h(\\tau) = \\exp(A\\tau) C$, where $C$ is a constant vector. ",
"A particular solution to the inhomogeneous equation can then be sought in the form $X_p(\\tau) = \\exp(A\\tau) C(\\tau)$. For each domain in which the matrix $A$ is constant, injecting this form in Eq. ",
"yields\n\n$$C(\\tau) = \\left\\{\n\\begin{array}{ll}\n\\begin{bmatrix} 0 \\\\ 0 \\end{bmatrix} & \\text{ if } \\tau < \\tau_\\text{s} \\\\\n\\vspace{1pt} \\\\\n\\begin{bmatrix} 0 \\\\ \\exp(-A\\tau_\\text{s}) \\end{bmatrix} & \\text{ if } \\tau_\\text{s} \\leqslant \\tau~.\n\\end{array}\n\\right.$$\n\n$A$ being piecewise constant, we can thus write the general solution to Eq. ",
"as\n\n$$X(\\tau) = \\left\\{\n\\begin{array}{ll}\n\\exp(A\\tau) C & \\text{ if } \\tau < \\tau_\\text{s} \\\\\n\\exp(A\\tau) \\left(C + \\begin{bmatrix} 0 \\\\ \\exp(-A\\tau_\\text{s}) \\end{bmatrix} \\right) & \\text{ if } \\tau_\\text{s} \\leqslant \\tau~,\n\\end{array}\n\\right.",
"\n\\label{eq:general_sol}$$\n\nwhere the integration constant $C$ is constant on whichever domain $A$ is; in other words, $C$ is piecewise constant on the same domains as $A$, that is, between $0$ and $a$, and above $a$ separately. ",
"In the following, we denote the column vector $C$ as $\\left[ A_\\text{i} ~ B_\\text{i} \\right]$ in the former domain, and $\\left[ A_\\text{o} ~ B_\\text{o} \\right]$ in the latter, the indices i and o referring to the inner and outer regions, respectively.",
"\n\nThe simple form of $A$ allows for a straightforward computation of its exponential. ",
"We obtain\n\n$$\\exp(A\\tau) = \\left\\{\n\\begin{array}{ll}\n\\begin{bmatrix} \\cos \\omega_\\text{i}\\tau & \\dfrac{\\sin \\omega_\\text{i} \\tau}{\\omega_\\text{i}} \\\\ -\\omega_\\text{i} \\sin \\omega_\\text{i} \\tau & \\cos \\omega_\\text{i}\\tau \\end{bmatrix} & \\text{ if } 0 < \\tau < a \\\\\n\\vspace{1pt} \\\\\n\\begin{bmatrix} \\cosh \\omega_\\text{o}\\tau & \\dfrac{\\sinh \\omega_\\text{o} \\tau}{\\omega_\\text{o}} \\\\ \\omega_\\text{o} \\sinh \\omega_\\text{o} \\tau & \\cosh \\omega_\\text{o}\\tau \\end{bmatrix} & \\text{ if } a < \\tau~,\\\\\n\\end{array}\n\\right.$$\n\nwhere $\\omega_\\text{i}^2 = \\omega^2 + j\\omega\\gamma$ and $\\omega_\\text{o}^2 = \\alpha^2 - \\omega^2 - j\\omega\\gamma$ (with the understanding that $0 < \\omega < \\alpha$).",
"\n\nFinally, injecting this into the general solution and only keeping the first line (at this point, the second one only gives the derivative of the solution and is redundant with the solution itself) yields the following expression, depending on whether the source is inside the cavity or not:\n\n$$\\Psi_\\text{i}(\\tau) = \\left\\{\n\\begin{array}{ll}\nA_\\text{i}\\cos \\omega_\\text{i}\\tau + \\dfrac{B_\\text{i}}{\\omega_\\text{i}}\\sin \\omega_\\text{i}\\tau & \\text{ if } \\tau < \\tau_\\text{s} \\\\\n\\begin{split}\nA_\\text{i}\\cos \\omega_\\text{i}\\tau + \\dfrac{B_\\text{i}}{\\omega_\\text{i}}\\sin \\omega_\\text{i}\\tau \\\\\n+ \\dfrac{1}{\\omega_\\text{i}}\\sin \\omega_\\text{i}(\\tau-\\tau_\\text{s}) \n\\end{split} & \\text{ if } \\tau_\\text{s} < \\tau < a \\\\\nA_\\text{o} \\cosh \\omega_\\text{o}\\tau + \\dfrac{B_\\text{o}}{\\omega_\\text{o}}\\sinh \\omega_\\text{o}\\tau & \\text{ if } a < \\tau_\\text{s}~,\n\\end{array}\n\\right.",
"\n\\label{eq:sol_i}$$\n\nand\n\n$$\\Psi_\\text{o}(\\tau) = \\left\\{\n\\begin{array}{ll}\nA_\\text{i}\\cos \\omega_\\text{i}\\tau + \\dfrac{B_\\text{i}}{\\omega_\\text{i}}\\sin \\omega_\\text{i}\\tau & \\text{ if } \\tau < a \\\\\nA_\\text{o} \\cosh \\omega_\\text{o}\\tau + \\dfrac{B_\\text{o}}{\\omega_\\text{o}}\\sinh \\omega_\\text{o}\\tau & \\text{ if } a < \\tau < \\tau_\\text{s} \\\\\n\\begin{split}\nA_\\text{o} \\cosh \\omega_\\text{o}\\tau + \\dfrac{B_\\text{o}}{\\omega_\\text{o}}\\sinh \\omega_\\text{o}\\tau \\\\\n+ \\dfrac{1}{\\omega_\\text{o}}\\sinh \\omega_\\text{o}(\\tau-\\tau_\\text{s})\n\\end{split} & \\text{ if } \\tau_\\text{s} < \\tau~,\\\\\n\\end{array}\n\\right.",
"\n\\label{eq:sol_o}$$\n\nwhere $\\Psi_\\text{i}$ is the solution if the source is inside the cavity ($\\tau_\\text{s} < a$) and $\\Psi_\\text{o}$ is the solution if the source is outside ($a < \\tau_\\text{s}$). ",
"Predictably, this general solution contains 4 constants of integration (in the form of $A_\\text{i}$, $B_\\text{i}$, $A_\\text{o}$ and $B_\\text{o}$), and we therefore need 4 boundary conditions to find $\\Psi_\\text{i}$ and $\\Psi_\\text{o}$. We impose that $\\Psi(\\tau=0) = 0$ and that the solution do not diverge when $\\tau \\rightarrow +\\infty$; furthermore, we impose that both $\\Psi$ and its derivative be continuous at $\\tau = a$. With all calculations having been carried out, this set of boundary conditions finally gives us:\n\n$$\\begin{array}{l}\n\\Psi_{\\text{i,o}}(\\tau) = -\\dfrac{f_{\\text{i,o}}(\\tau_\\text{s})}{\\omega_\\text{i}\\cos\\omega_\\text{i} a + \\omega_\\text{o}\\sin \\omega_\\text{i} a}\\exp^{-\\omega_\\text{o}(\\tau - a)} \\\\\n\\vspace{1pt} \\\\\nf_\\text{i}(\\tau_\\text{s}) = \\sin \\omega_\\text{i}\\tau_\\text{s} \\\\\n\\vspace{1pt} \\\\\n\\begin{split}\nf_\\text{o}(\\tau_\\text{s}) = \\omega_\\text{i} \\cos \\omega_\\text{i} a \\sinh\\omega_\\text{o}(\\tau_\\text{s}-a) \\\\\n+ \\omega_\\text{o} \\sin \\omega_\\text{i} a \\cosh \\omega_\\text{o}(\\tau_\\text{s}-a)~.\n\\end{split}\n\\end{array}$$\n\nWe note that the above expression is only valid if $\\tau > a$ and $\\tau > \\tau_\\text{s}$. Since the first condition means that we observe the mode of oscillation above the upper turning point (which is always the case in practice) and since the second condition means that the excitation of the mode occurs in layers located deeper than the observation height in the atmosphere (which is also always the case in practice, at least for spectrometric measurements), these are not restrictive conditions.",
"\n\nDiscussion\n----------\n\nIn each case (source inside or outside the cavity), the solution $\\Psi_{\\text{i,o}}$ can be decomposed into three parts:\n\n- the denominator corresponds to the Wronskian $W(\\omega)$ of the wave equation. ",
"$|1 / W(\\omega)|^2$ peaks at the eigenfrequencies associated to the acoustic cavity and is responsible for the presence of resonant modes in the spectrum. ",
"The line profile it generates have a Lorentzian profile, so long as the damping rate of the modes are much smaller than their frequency;\n\n- the exponential part accounts for the fact that the modes are evanescent outside the acoustic cavity, so that the higher in the atmosphere the mode is observed, the lower its amplitude as we observe it. ",
"Therefore, it only affects the observed amplitude of the mode, not its line profile;\n\n- the numerator $f_{\\text{o,i}}(\\tau_\\text{s})$ is responsible for the mode line profile asymmetry. ",
"Because it is the only term that depends on the source position $\\tau_\\text{s}$, it is commonly said that mode asymmetry is caused by source localisation.",
"\n\nRegardless of whether the source is located inside or outside the cavity, it can be seen from Eqs. ",
"and that the third term $f_{\\text{o,i}}(\\tau_\\text{s})$ actually corresponds to the amplitude of the solution $\\Psi_{\\text{i,o}}$ at $\\tau = \\tau_\\text{s}$. This leads us to the following conclusion, which we reproduce in the main body of the paper: for a given frequency, the amplitude of the excited wave is proportional to the radial profile associated with the wave at the source of excitation.",
"\n"
] | {
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[
"package com.lvr.threerecom.adapter;\n\nimport android.content.",
"Context;\nimport android.graphics.",
"Bitmap;\nimport android.support.v7.widget.",
"RecyclerView;\nimport android.view.",
"LayoutInflater;\nimport android.view.",
"View;\nimport android.view.",
"ViewGroup;\nimport android.view.",
"ViewTreeObserver;\nimport android.widget.",
"ImageView;\nimport android.widget.",
"RelativeLayout;\nimport android.widget.",
"TextView;\n\nimport com.lvr.threerecom.",
"R;\nimport com.lvr.threerecom.bean.",
"InformationBean;\nimport com.lvr.threerecom.utils.",
"BitmapUtils;\nimport com.lvr.threerecom.utils.",
"ImageLoaderUtils;\n\nimport java.io.",
"File;\nimport java.util.",
"List;\n\n/**\n * Created by lvr on 2017/5/15.",
"\n */\n\npublic class InformationAdapter extends RecyclerView.",
"Adapter<RecyclerView.",
"ViewHolder> {\n private final Context context;\n private onItemClickListenr mOnItemClickListenr;\n private final LayoutInflater inflater;\n private List<InformationBean> list;\n private int TYPE_SPECIAL = 0;\n private int TYPE_COMMON =1;\n private int mHeight;\n private int mWidth;\n\n\n public InformationAdapter(Context context, List<InformationBean> list) {\n this.context = context;\n this.inflater = LayoutInflater.from(context);\n this.list = list;\n\n }\n\n @Override\n public int getItemViewType(int position) {\n if(position==0){\n return TYPE_SPECIAL;\n }else {\n return TYPE_COMMON;\n }\n }\n\n @Override\n public RecyclerView.",
"ViewHolder onCreateViewHolder(ViewGroup parent, int viewType) {\n if(viewType == TYPE_SPECIAL){\n return new SpecialViewHolder(inflater.inflate(R.layout.item_information_special, parent, false));\n }else if(viewType==TYPE_COMMON){\n return new CommonViewHolder(inflater.inflate(R.layout.item_information_common, parent, false));\n }\n return null;\n\n }\n\n @Override\n public void onBindViewHolder(final RecyclerView.",
"ViewHolder holder, final int position) {\n if (holder instanceof SpecialViewHolder){\n InformationBean bean = list.get(position);\n ((SpecialViewHolder) holder).mTextView.setText(bean.getTitle());\n if(bean.isSet()){\n String content = bean.getContent();\n if(content.startsWith(\"http\")){\n //网络图片\n ImageLoaderUtils.displayRound(context, ((SpecialViewHolder) holder).mImageView,content);\n }else{\n final File file = new File(content);\n ((SpecialViewHolder) holder).mImageView.getViewTreeObserver().addOnGlobalLayoutListener(new ViewTreeObserver.",
"OnGlobalLayoutListener() {\n @Override\n public void onGlobalLayout() {\n ((SpecialViewHolder) holder).mImageView.getViewTreeObserver().removeOnGlobalLayoutListener(this);\n mWidth = ((SpecialViewHolder) holder).mImageView.getMeasuredWidth();\n mHeight = ((SpecialViewHolder) holder).mImageView.getMeasuredHeight();\n Bitmap bitmap = BitmapUtils.decodeBitmapFromFile(file, mWidth, mHeight);\n if (bitmap !",
"= null) {\n //检查是否有被旋转，并进行纠正\n int degree = BitmapUtils.getBitmapDegree(file.getAbsolutePath());\n if (degree !",
"= 0) {\n bitmap = BitmapUtils.rotateBitmapByDegree(bitmap, degree);\n }\n ((SpecialViewHolder) holder).mImageView.setImageBitmap(bitmap);\n }\n\n }\n });\n }\n }else{\n ((SpecialViewHolder) holder).mImageView.setImageResource(R.drawable.nav_photo);\n }\n ((SpecialViewHolder) holder).mImageView.setOnClickListener(new View.",
"OnClickListener() {\n @Override\n public void onClick(View v) {\n mOnItemClickListenr.onItemClick(position);\n }\n });\n\n }else{\n InformationBean bean = list.get(position);\n ((CommonViewHolder) holder).mTitle.setText(bean.getTitle());\n if(bean.isSet()){\n ((CommonViewHolder) holder).mContent.setText(bean.getContent());\n ((CommonViewHolder) holder).mContent.setTextColor(context.getResources().getColor(R.color.text_color));\n }else{\n ((CommonViewHolder) holder).mContent.setText(\"未设置\");\n ((CommonViewHolder) holder).mContent.setTextColor(context.getResources().getColor(R.color.time_line));\n }\n ((CommonViewHolder) holder).mContent.setOnClickListener(new View.",
"OnClickListener() {\n @Override\n public void onClick(View v) {\n mOnItemClickListenr.onItemClick(position);\n }\n });\n }\n }\n\n @Override\n public int getItemCount() {\n return list.size();\n }\n\n public class SpecialViewHolder extends RecyclerView.",
"ViewHolder{\n private TextView mTextView;\n private ImageView mImageView;\n private RelativeLayout mLayout;\n public SpecialViewHolder(View itemView) {\n super(itemView);\n mTextView = (TextView) itemView.findViewById(R.id.tv_title);\n mImageView = (ImageView) itemView.findViewById(R.id.iv_content);\n mLayout = (RelativeLayout) itemView.findViewById(R.id.rl_root);\n\n }\n }\n public class CommonViewHolder extends RecyclerView.",
"ViewHolder{\n private TextView mTitle;\n private TextView mContent;\n public CommonViewHolder(View itemView) {\n super(itemView);\n mTitle = (TextView) itemView.findViewById(R.id.tv_title);\n mContent = (TextView) itemView.findViewById(R.id.tv_content);\n\n }\n }\n public interface onItemClickListenr{\n void onItemClick(int position);\n }\n public void setOnItemClickListenr(onItemClickListenr onItemClickListenr){\n this.mOnItemClickListenr = onItemClickListenr;\n }\n}\n"
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"Supporting the multiple tenants represents that one virtual machine instance supports a service to a plurality of tenants.",
"\nMeanwhile, as a SaaS based cloud service is generalized, introduction of the cloud service of an enterprise is actualized, but various efforts for improving the quality of the cloud service are required. ",
"For example, when a SaaS provider provides a specialized service to a tenant, since a separate device (appliance) needs to be installed for each tenant in the related art, such inconvenience needs to be solved. ",
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"\n404 N.W.2d 918 (1987)\nSTATE of Minnesota, Respondent,\nv.\nRonnie Irwin STAFFORD, Appellant.",
"\nNo. ",
"C6-86-1313.",
"\nCourt of Appeals of Minnesota.",
"\nMay 5, 1987.",
"\nReview Denied June 26, 1987.",
"\n*919 Hubert H. Humphrey, III, Atty. ",
"Gen., St. Paul, Tom Foley, Ramsey Co. Atty., ",
"Darrell C. Hill, Asst. ",
"Co. Atty., ",
"St. Paul, for respondent.",
"\nC. Paul Jones, State Public Defender, Cathryn Y. Middlebrook, Asst. ",
"State Public Defender, Minneapolis, for appellant.",
"\nConsidered and decided by RANDALL, P.J., and WOZNIAK and NIERENGARTEN, JJ., ",
"with oral argument waived.",
"\n\nOPINION\nRANDALL, Judge.",
"\nAppellant Ronnie Stafford was convicted of criminal sexual conduct in the third degree, Minn.Stat. § ",
"609.344, subd. ",
"1(c) (1984), and criminal sexual conduct in the fourth degree, Minn.Stat. § ",
"609.345, subd. ",
"1(c) (1984). ",
"He claims he was denied a fair trial by references to his prior incarceration, misconduct in closing argument, and by erroneous evidentiary rulings. ",
"He also contends the evidence was insufficient to support the conviction. ",
"We affirm.",
"\n\nFACTS\nL.J. was approached by appellant at a downtown St. Paul bus station around 8:00 p.m. on February 6, 1986. ",
"L.J. lived about a block away. ",
"Appellant asked L.J. if she was Bill Morton's lady, and told L.J. he had been in prison with Morton. ",
"Morton was a friend of L.J.'s and was incarcerated. ",
"Appellant and L.J. struck up a friendly conversation and smoked a marijuana cigarette together. ",
"Appellant asked to use L.J.'s bathroom and the two went to her apartment.",
"\nL.J. went into her bedroom and began getting ready to go to work at P.J. Clark's, a downtown bar. ",
"Appellant came into her bedroom, but left when she told him to *920 leave. ",
"He returned and started fondling her, touching her breasts. ",
"She said appellant was supposed to be Bill's friend, and appellant replied, \"Fuck Bill, Bill won't know,\" but left the bedroom when L.J. told him to stop.",
"\nAppellant told L.J. he was leaving, and L.J. let him out the front door. ",
"L.J. asked if they could just be friends. ",
"Appellant told her that would not be possible unless they were \"intimate friends.\" ",
"Appellant then pushed his way back into the apartment, locked the door, and pushed L.J. down on the floor. ",
"He pulled her pants down and stuck his hand inside her mouth, scraping the roof of her mouth with his fingernails. ",
"He hit her in the face, and then forcibly engaged in sexual intercourse with her. ",
"Afterwards he choked her, dragged her into the bedroom, and told her not to call the police.",
"\nAfter appellant left, L.J. called Tracy Weed at P.J. Clark's. ",
"Weed testified L.J. was hysterical and crying. ",
"The bouncer at P.J. Clark's picked L.J. up and brought her to the bar. ",
"L.J. told Weed she had been raped and that the inside of her mouth was cut. ",
"Weed noticed swelling on L.J.'s face and bruises on her cheeks and body. ",
"The manager of P.J. Clark's called the police. ",
"L.J. told the police the suspect was named \"Ronnie\" and was a black male, 5'7\" tall, 155-160 pounds, 21-22 years old, wearing a black Michael Jackson baseball cap, black leather coat and gray pants.",
"\nThe police later picked appellant up and brought him to St. Paul Ramsey Hospital, where L.J. positively identified him as her assailant. ",
"The hospital examination revealed a bruise on her jaw and under her eye, as well as scratches on the roof of her mouth.",
"\nThe next day at the police station, L.J. identified appellant from a photo lineup of twenty men. ",
"L.J. viewed the photographs again during the trial and identified appellant as her assailant. ",
"She positively identified the pants worn by appellant on the evening of the assault.",
"\nThrough investigation, the police discovered that Bill Morton had asked a fellow inmate, Claude Woods, to find somebody on the outside to \"hit on,\" or attempt to seduce, L.J. to test her loyalty and faithfulness. ",
"Woods proposed this plan to appellant and gave appellant L.J.'s name, place of residence and place of work.",
"\nAppellant did not testify. ",
"He was convicted of criminal sexual conduct in the third and fourth degree and was sentenced to 49 months imprisonment for the third degree conviction. ",
"The fourth degree conviction was vacated at sentencing.",
"\n\nISSUES\n1. ",
"Was appellant denied a fair trial by references to his prior incarceration?",
"\n2. ",
"Did the prosecutor commit misconduct in the closing argument?",
"\n3. ",
"Did the trial court's evidentiary rulings violate appellant's right to a fair trial?",
"\n4. ",
"Was the evidence sufficient to support the jury verdict?",
"\n\nANALYSIS\n\nI.\n\nFair Trial\nDuring trial numerous references to appellant's previous incarceration were made. ",
"L.J. testified that appellant introduced himself as a friend of Bill Morton who had been in St. Cloud Reformatory with Morton. ",
"Appellant did not object to these references. ",
"While relating L.J.'s account of the incident, the police officer testified that appellant had been in prison. ",
"Again, appellant did not object. ",
"The police officer also related appellant's warnings to L.J. that she should not contact the police because he was not going back to jail. ",
"Appellant made no objection on the record. ",
"Finally, another officer testified that appellant told L.J. he would return to St. Cloud if she reported the incident. ",
"Appellant's objection was overruled. ",
"Later, after both sides rested, appellant objected in chambers to all the prior references to his incarceration.",
"\nAny reference to a defendant's prior record has \"great potential for unfair prejudice.\" ",
"State v. Hjerstrom, 287 N.W.2d 625, 628 (Minn.1979). ",
"Such evidence, however, *921 may be relevant to establish identity, to provide the context for a statement or a conversation, or for other legitimate purposes. ",
"See State v. Halverson, 381 N.W.2d 40, 43 (Minn.Ct.",
"App.1986), pet. ",
"for rev. ",
"denied (Minn. Mar. 21, 1986) (incarceration relevant to identity); State v. Czech, 343 N.W.2d 854, 856-57 (Minn.1984) (references to other crimes relevant to show context of conversations with undercover agents). ",
"The trial court must balance the probative value of the evidence against its potential for unfair prejudice. ",
"Minn.R. Evid. ",
"403. ",
"If there is doubt as to the balance, the evidence should be excluded.",
"\nThe State contends references to appellant's prior incarceration were relevant to establish identity and to provide context, both for appellant's initial approach to L.J., and his threat to her after the assault. ",
"We do not fully address this issue, however, since we agree with the trial court that appellant failed to make a timely objection to this evidence. ",
"See State v. Senske, 291 Minn. 228, 231, 190 N.W.2d 658, 661 (1971) (objection should be made when evidence is presented).",
"\nA defendant who fails to timely object does not forfeit a claim of trial error if the failure is plain error. ",
"Minn.R.Evid. ",
"103(d); State v. Gruber, 264 N.W.2d 812, 817 (Minn.1978). ",
"We cannot say it was plain error to admit the evidence. ",
"The supreme court has affirmed admission of evidence of other crimes or prior incarceration which provides the context for a statement or conversation. ",
"See State v. Gonzales-Guerrero, 364 N.W.2d 792, 793-94 (Minn.1985).",
"\nIn Gonzales-Guerrero, a sexual assault suspect told police he was the victim of a case of mistaken identity and that he had once been falsely arrested on a rape charge. ",
"Id. at 793. ",
"While noting that the reference could easily have been excised, the court affirmed its admission, stating it\nwas relevant evidence in that it was defendant's way of trying to persuade the police that he was again the victim of a mistaken identification.",
"\nId. at 794.",
"\nAppellant's statement to L.J. that he had been in prison with Bill Morton was arguably more relevant than the statement in Gonzales-Guerrero. ",
"It showed why L.J. was willing to talk to him, share a marijuana cigarette, and let him into her apartment. ",
"See State v. Czech, 343 N.W.2d at 856-57 (defendant's references to other crimes showed why undercover agents were talking with him). ",
"The references to incarceration could have been excised from the conversation without damage to the context, but under Gonzales-Guerrero we find the reference was not plain error.",
"\nWe do not address the relevancy of the reference to identification, nor the admission of other references to appellant's prior incarceration, which were cumulative.",
"\n\nII.",
"\n\nClosig Argument Misconduct\nAppellant claims the prosecutor committed misconduct in his closing argument. ",
"We find this issue has been waived by appellant's failure to object or to seek cautionary instructions. ",
"State v. Parker, 353 N.W.2d 122, 127 (Minn.1984). ",
"Instead, defense counsel chose to counter-argue in his closing argument. ",
"See State v. Whisonant, 331 N.W.2d 766, 769 (Minn.1983).",
"\n\nIII.",
"\n\nEvidentiary Ruling\nAppellant personally challenges several evidentiary rulings. ",
"He claims he was denied a fair trial because the court excluded relevant evidence regarding L.J.'s credibility.",
"\nAppellant sought to introduce evidence, through Bill Morton's testimony, of L.J.'s prior statements about her virginity and chastity. ",
"Her statements were allegedly false. ",
"The trial court ruled the evidence was inadmissible under Minn.R.Evid. ",
"608(b). ",
"This ruling was correct. ",
"Specific instances of witness's conduct for the purpose of attacking her credibility may not be proved by extrinsic evidence. ",
"See State v. Clark, 296 N.W.2d 359, 368 (Minn.1980). ",
"Further, the evidence was inadmissible under Minn.R.Evid. ",
"404(c) as improper evidence *922 of the victim's previous sexual conduct.",
"\nAppellant sought to introduce evidence, through Bill Morton's testimony, that L.J. had a certain sexual preference. ",
"This evidence was properly precluded by Minn.R.Evid. ",
"404(c). ",
"See State v. Mar, 291 N.W.2d 223, 224-25 (Minn.1980) (in prosecution for sexual assault trial court properly excluded testimony offered by defense that victim was homosexual).",
"\nAppellant sought to introduce the testimony of two witnesses who, in August 1985, got into a fight with William Benton, a former boyfriend of L.J.'s. ",
"They would have testified that Benton told them the fight was provoked by L.J.'s accusations that the two had raped her, but that Benton later apologized to them when L.J. admitted the accusation was false. ",
"In her testimony, L.J. denied ever making a false claim of rape.",
"\nBenton was not found for trial. ",
"Appellant sought to introduce Benton's statements to the witnesses through their testimony. ",
"The trial court correctly excluded this hearsay testimony. ",
"Minn.R.Evid. ",
"801. ",
"Without Benton's statements, the only thing the witnesses could testify about was that they had been in a fight with Benton because he thought they had raped his girlfriend and they had not done so. ",
"The trial court found this irrelevant to the case at hand because it shed no light on L.J.'s credibility. ",
"Without Benton's inadmissible hearsay statement, there was no evidence that complainant had made a prior false accusation of rape. ",
"See State v. Gerring, 378 N.W.2d 94, 96-97 (Minn.Ct.",
"App.1985). ",
"Further, the proffered evidence represented an attempt by appellant to impeach L.J.'s credibility through extrinsic evidence, a violation of Minn.R.Evid. ",
"608(b).",
"\nFinally appellant argues the trial court erred by excluding testimony from defense witness Michael Byrd that L.J. asked him for marijuana on the day of the assault. ",
"This evidence was without foundation. ",
"Byrd did not know L.J.'s name or the date of the conversation. ",
"He claimed he saw her talking with appellant during the afternoon daylight hours. ",
"We affirm the trial court's ruling. ",
"The suppressed evidence was of marginal value, and since L.J. freely admitted sharing a marijuana cigarette with appellant before the assault and was repeatedly questioned about her marijuana use during cross-examination, there was no prejudice to appellant by this ruling.",
"\n\nIV.",
"\n\nSufficiency of the Evidence\nWe have reviewed the record and find the evidence sufficient to sustain appellant's convictions. ",
"L.J.'s testimony was positive, and largely unimpeached. ",
"The State produced other evidence, including her prompt complaint, her emotional state, and the physical and medical evidence as testified to by different neutral witnesses. ",
"See State v. Reinke, 343 N.W.2d 660, 662 (Minn.1984); State v. Kennie, 381 N.W.2d 13, 16 (Minn.Ct.",
"App.1986), pet. ",
"for rev. ",
"denied, (Minn. April 11, 1986).",
"\n\nDECISION\nThe admission of evidence of appellant's prior incarceration was not plain error. ",
"Appellant was not denied a fair trial by the trial court's evidentiary rulings. ",
"The evidence was sufficient to support his convictions.",
"\nAffirmed.",
"\n"
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[
"Timeline of Port Elizabeth\n\nThe following is a timeline of the history of Port Elizabeth in the Nelson Mandela Bay Municipality, Eastern Cape province, South Africa.",
"\n\nPrior to 20th century\n\n 1799 - Fort Frederick built by British during the Napoleonic wars.",
"\n 1820 - Port Elizabeth settlement founded by British.",
"\n 1823 - Population: 319.",
"\n 1841 - Jetty constructed in Algoa Bay.",
"\n 1845 - Eastern Province Herald newspaper begins publication.",
"\n 1856\n Grey Institute founded.",
"\n King George VI Art Gallery opens.",
"\n 1859 - St George’s Park founded.",
"\n 1861 - Town of Port Elizabeth incorporated.",
"\n 1862 - Western-Road Synagogue formed.",
"\n 1865 - Hill Presbyterian Church consecrated.",
"\n 1866 - St. Augustine's Cathedral built.",
"\n 1875\nUitenhage-Port Elizabeth railway begins operating.",
"\n Port Elizabeth railway station built.",
"\n 1880 - Prince Alfred's Guard Drill Hall built.",
"\n 1881 - Horsecar tram begins operating.",
"\n 1882\n Imbumba yama Nyama political group formed.",
"\n Conservatory built in St George's Park.",
"\n 1885 - \"South African Exhibition\" held\n 1888 - Mighty Elephants rugby team formed.",
"\n 1889 - St George's Park Cricket Ground in use.",
"\n 1892 - Opera House built.",
"\n 1897 - Electric tram begins operating.",
"\n 1899 - Humewood Road railway station built.",
"\n 1900 - Post Office built.",
"\n\n20th century\n 1903 - New Brighton black township established.",
"\n 1905 - Horse Memorial erected.",
"\n 1907\n (church) founded.",
"\n Prince Alfred's Guard Memorial unveiled.",
"\n 1908 - Port Elizabeth Orthodox Hebrew Congregation formed.",
"\n 1912 - built.",
"\n 1913 - Port Elizabeth attains city status.",
"\n 1917 - Airplane flown from Cape Town to Port Elizabeth.",
"\n 1928 - (church) founded.",
"\n 1929 - Port Elizabeth Airport and (church) established.",
"\n 1936 - Campanile (belltower) installed.",
"\n 1937 - newspaper begins publication.",
"\n 1940 - (church) founded.",
"\n 1949 - suburb laid out (approximate date).",
"\n 1950 - newspaper begins publication.",
"\n 1951 - (nature reserve) established near city.",
"\n 1954 - 20th Century Theatre in business.",
"\n 1960\n Boet Erasmus Stadium opens.",
"\n Alliance Française of Port Elizabeth founded.",
"\n 1961 - 16 December: Bomb explosions occur.",
"\n 1964 - University of Port Elizabeth established.",
"\n 1965 - Walmer, South Africa becomes part of Port Elizabeth.",
"\n 1969 - Kouga Dam begins operating in vicinity of city.",
"\n 1979 - Port Elizabeth Black Civic Organisation founded.",
"\n 1984\n Port Elizabeth Youth Congress founded.",
"\n Development of Motherwell begins near city.",
"\n 1985\n March: Labor strike.",
"\n 8 May: Disappearance of \"Pebco Three\" anti-apartheid activists.",
"\n 27 June: The death of \"The Cradock Four\" political activists.",
"\n 1986 - established.(de)\n 1991 - Population: 303,353 city; 853,205 metro.",
"\n 1995 - Nceba Faku elected mayor.",
"\n\n21st century\n 2001 \n Port Elizabeth becomes seat of newly created Nelson Mandela Bay Metropolitan Municipality.",
"\n Anti-apartheid leader Govan Mbeki dies at ages 91 years.",
"\n 2004 - Website Mandelametro.gov.za launched.",
"\n 2005\n First premier of the Eastern Cape and anti-apartheid leader Raymond Mhlaba dies at the ages of 85 years.",
"\n Nelson Mandela University formed.",
"\n Red Location Museum of Apartheid opens.",
"\n 2006\n 1 March: South African municipal elections, 2006 held.",
"\n Nondumiso Maphazi becomes mayor.(fr)\n Bay United F.C. (football club) formed.",
"\n 2009\n Nelson Mandela Bay Stadium opens.",
"\n Zanoxolo Wayile becomes mayor.(fr)\n Southern Kings rugby team formed.",
"\n 2010\n Gelvandale Stadium opens.",
"\n Part of 2010 FIFA World Cup football contest played in Port Elizabeth.",
"\n 2011 - Population: 312,392.",
"\n 2013 - Ben Fihla becomes mayor.",
"\n 2015 - Danny Jordaan becomes mayor.",
"\n 2016 - Athol Trollip becomes mayor.",
"\n\nSee also\n Port Elizabeth history\n List of heritage sites in Port Elizabeth\n Timelines of other cities in South Africa: Cape Town, Durban, Johannesburg, Pietermaritzburg, Pretoria\n\nReferences\n\nThis article incorporates information from the Afrikaans Wikipedia, French Wikipedia, and German Wikipedia.",
"\n\nBibliography\n\nExternal links\n\n (Directory of South African archival and memory institutions and organisations)\n (Bibliography)\n (Images, etc.)",
"\n\nCategory:Port Elizabeth\nPort Elizabeth\nPort Elizabeth\nCategory:South Africa history-related lists"
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"In known methods and systems for optimal operation of a power plant, plant operation is controlled by control values generated by a control system and is optimised in order to minimise fuel costs while achieving nominal required output values for produced power and process steam. ",
"This is done by, at a given time, determining future values of control values and simulating a behaviour of the plant up to a given future time. ",
"From the simulation, fuel costs are determined and an objective function comprising the fuel costs and costs for buying power from another source is computed. ",
"In order to determine optimal control values, the control values are varied and the simulation is repeated until a minimum of the objective function is found. ",
"The above procedure is also called “Unit commitment problem” (UCP). ",
"A mathematical treatment is given in “The Generalised Unit Commitment Problem”, Ross Baldick, IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, 10(1):465-475, February 1995. ",
"The optimisation is constrained by the fact that predetermined operating limits of the plant may not be exceeded.",
"\n“Optimal-Maintenance Modelling on Finitic Time with Technology Replacement and Changing Repair Costs”, Jason W. Rupe, IEEE 2000 Proc. ",
"Annual Reliability and Maintainability Symposium, shows a method to determine when to replace or maintain components in a system with limited lifetime.",
"\n“Optimal Generation Scheduling with Ramping Costs”, C. Wang, and S. Shahidehpour, IEEE Trans. ",
"on Power Systems, Vol. ",
"10, no. ",
"1, pp 60-67. ",
"February 1995, shows how to include an effect of fatigue stress and a resulting steam turbine rotor depreciation in scheduling algorithms for minimising operation cost."
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"Coming in August: T206 Plank\n\nOne of the most valuable baseball cards in the hobby, and the third most valuable card in the ultra-popular T206 set, this card of Hall of Fame pitcher “Gettysburg Eddie” Plank is one of the best-recognized cards outside the hobby, proof of its iconic nature. “",
"Iconic” is a term that gets thrown around quite a bit in this hyperbole-filled hobby, but a T206 Eddie Plank is certainly worthy of the description.",
"\n\nConsidered one of the “Big Four” in the T206 set, the Plank is so rare and valuable that most collectors consider the set complete without it. ",
"However, the card is a part of the set, as it was issued, in the Sweet Caporal 150 series (with Factory 25 and 30 backs), as well as Sweet Caporal 350 Factory 30. ",
"After this series was distributed, no additional Plank cards were printed. ",
"Today, the Plank can only be found with Sweet Caporal 150 (Factory 25 and 30), Sweet Caporal 350 (Factory 30), and a small number of hand-cut Piedmont 150 backs. ",
"The Planks with the Piedmont 150 backs, however, were never actually distributed in packs.",
"\n\nMany theories have been postulated about why the Plank is so rare, with perhaps 100 copies in existence. ",
"Early hobby scholars suggested that the printing plate was broken or damaged, a theory that was disproven as T206 researchers began to understand more about the printing of the different series. ",
"Today, nobody really knows why, as the rarity of the Eddie Plank card remains a mystery – that Plank is a Hall of Famer and one of the greatest pitchers of his era simply adds to the card’s mystique.",
"\n\nThe outstanding T206-related website T206Resource.com remains our “Go To” website for all things T206. ",
"The managers of that site have been working on tracking the sales of various T206 Planks in the hobby over the years, which enables us to glean quite a bit of information on the cards. ",
"They have, at this point, identified 55 different Planks that have changed hands in recent public sale – roughly half the Planks in existence. ",
"Of those cards, 30 were issued with the Sweet Caporal 350 back (the same back advertisement featured on this example), 12 with Sweet Caporal 150 backs, four with Piedmont 150 backs, and an additional 9 where the back cannot be determined by the scans published because the card is either ungraded, or the back is not noted on the grading label.",
"\n\nThe example featured in this auction is Plank #55 of the 55 different examples tracked. ",
"In other words, it is the most recent “new” Plank to appear for public sale, relatively fresh to the hobby in that only once has it changed hands publicly during the era of online auctions and traceable public sales. ",
"That T206Resource tracks Plank sales as early as 1996 is an illustration that this is not one of those examples that seems to change hands repeatedly – as of today, they have tracked 100 different T206 Plank transactions, with several cards changing hands as many as four times during that period. ",
"This example has only been tracked once. ",
"And while that is by no means an indication that it has never been sold before, it is quite clear that this card has remained tucked away in collections far longer than some of its peers.",
"\n\nWhy is that? ",
"We have no idea. ",
"However, what we can tell you is that this is a true collector-grade Plank, obviously well-handled and loved over the years, with significant color loss around the card’s blue background serving as its primary flaw. ",
"However, unlike many of the other examples graded POOR by its grading company, this example still boasts an extremely strong presentation, with a series of heavy creases that traverse the card at the lower part of Plank’s face, but certainly not detracting greatly from what is a very clean, striking image. ",
"While the card exhibits significant corner and edge wear, the card is still intact and presentable, with a clean back. ",
"Unlike some of the other low-grade Planks that exhibit significant creasing, paper loss, trimming or cleaning, this example, while certainly deserving of its technical grade, is a clearly attractive card for the grade.",
"\n\nThis truly sensational card is one of the top cards in the hobby, considered by many to be significantly undervalued due to being overshadowed by the legend of its cousin, the T206 Honus Wagner. ",
"With low-grade examples of the Wagner routinely reaching into seven figure territory, and no Wagner selling for less than six figures since a horribly trimmed example sold for $62,000 ten years ago, a presentable, collector-grade Plank is a significant value. ",
"Even lower-grade Plank cardss are beginning to climb into the higher five-figure range, with two mid grade examples approaching and exceeding $100,000 just last month.",
"\n\nThis is, of course, the first T206 Plank we have offered, a strong, presentable, collector-grade example that would be an outstanding highlight to any T206 or Hall of Fame collection, and since low-grade Planks do not make themselves available frequently, is perhaps the last opportunity to acquire an “affordable” Plank for some time."
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"Su nombre es Júnior José Correia, pero es conocido con el fantástico apodo de \"Ze Turbo\". ",
"El exótico delantero de Guinea-Bisáu (nacionalizado portugués), que había llegado a Newell´s rodeado de misterio no se adaptó al fútbol argentino. ",
"Y después de seis meses se marchará a préstamo a Nacional de Paraguay para poder tener continuidad.",
"\n\n// El puntero de la Superliga: sin Gustavo Bou, Racing volvió a los entrenamientos\n\nJustamente, continuidad fue algo que no tuvo en Argentina. ",
"Tras haber llegado como jugador libre de Inter de Milan, jugó tan sólo 20 minutos en todo el semestre con Newell´s. ",
"Además, en 15 de los 17 partidos del equipo rosarino entre Superliga y Copa Argentina no estuvo siquiera entre los convocados.",
"\n\nSaludamos a José Correia en el día de su cumpleaños. ¡",
"Felicidades @zturbo30! ",
"👏🏼 pic.twitter.com/XPzl2CcpzB — Newell's Old Boys (@CANOBoficial) October 22, 2018\n\nZe Turbo, de 22 años, jugó en el fútbol de Italia, Portugal y España antes de llegar a la Argentina, en donde disputó un solo encuentro con Newell´s.",
"\n\n\"La ciudad respira fútbol, quiero ponerme a disposición del club y ayudar a uno de los clubes más grandes del interior\", decía Ze Turbo seis meses atrás, mientras firmaba autógrafos. ",
"Hoy se alejó de Newell´s en medio de la indiferencia y el olvido."
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"Fox News is running an alarmist story today under the outrageous headline, “Marijuana Not Only Gets You High, It Damages Your DNA.”",
"\n\nThe ‘news’ story, which several other mainstream media outlets are also promoting, is based on a new British study assessing the effects of, ahem, “calf thymus DNA treated in vitro (in a Petri dish) … with the smoke generated from 1, 5, and 10 cannabis cigarettes.”",
"\n\nYes, really.",
"\n\nSo how did Fox “We report, you decide” News summarize this non-story? ",
"Let’s take a look.",
"\n\nWhat Fox News reported: “Smoking marijuana not only gets you high, but it also alters your DNA.”",
"\n\nWhat the study actually said: “[T]hese results provide evidence for the DNA damaging potential of cannabis smoke, implying that the consumption of cannabis cigarettes may be detrimental to human health with the possibility to initiate cancer development.”",
"\n\nWhat Fox News reported: “There have been many studies on the toxicity of tobacco smoke,” researcher Rajinder Singh said in a news release. “",
"Cannabis in contrast has not been so well studied.”",
"\n\nWhat Fox News didn’t report: From the March 2009 issue of the scientific journal Medicinal Research Reviews, “Research on the chemistry and pharmacology of cannabinoids and endocannabinoids has reached enormous proportions. … [",
"A]pproximately 15,000 articles on Cannabis sativa L. and cannabinoids and over 2,000 articles on endocannabinoids (are available in the scientific literature).”",
"\n\nWhat Fox News reported: “Singh said cannabis smoke contains 400 compounds including 60 cannabinoids. ",
"It also contains 50 percent more carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons including naphthalene, benzanthracene, and benzopyrene, than tobacco smoke, Singh added.”",
"\n\nWhat Fox News didn’t report: From the November 2007 issue of the scientific journal Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics, “Vaporization of marijuana does not result in exposure to combustion gases, … and [was] preferred by most subjects compared to marijuana cigarettes. … ",
"The Volcano [vaporizer] device is an effective and apparently safe vehicle for THC delivery, and warrants further investigation in clinical trials of cannabis for medical purposes.”",
"\n\nWhat Fox News reported: “‘The smoking of 3-4 cannabis cigarettes a day is associated with the same degree of damage to bronchial mucus membranes as 20 or more tobacco cigarettes a day,’ the team wrote in the journal.”",
"\n\nExcept for the fact that it isn’t. ",
"In fact, here’s what Donald Tashkin of the UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, had to say about the subject earlier this month in an interview with the McClatchy newspaper chain. (**",
"Note: Dr. Tashkin has performed US-government sponsored studies of marijuana and lung function for over 30 years and is considered to be the United States’ — if not the world’s — foremost expert on the subject.)",
"\n\n“What we found instead was no association (between marijuana smoking and cancer) and even a suggestion of some protective (anti-cancer) effect. … ",
"Early on, when our research appeared as if there would be a negative impact on lung health, I was opposed to legalization because I thought it would lead to increased use and that would lead to increased health effects. ",
"But at this point, I’d be in favor of legalization (of marijuana). ",
"I wouldn’t encourage anybody to smoke any substances. ",
"But I don’t think it should be stigmatized as an illegal substance. ",
"Tobacco smoking causes far more harm. ",
"And in terms of an intoxicant, alcohol causes far more harm.”",
"\n\nJust for the record, in 2006, Tashkin led the largest population case-control study (yes, Dr. Tashkin actually performed research on humans, not ‘calf thymus DNA’) ever to assess the use of marijuana and lung cancer risk. ",
"The study, which included more than 2,200 subjects (1,212 cases and 1,040 controls), reported that marijuana smoking was not positively associated with cancers of the lung or upper aerodigestive tract – even among individuals who reported smoking more than 22,000 joints during their lifetime.",
"\n\nLet the folks at Fox put that in their pipe and smoke it.",
"\n\nShare this: Twitter\n\nFacebook\n\n"
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"All Smiles\n\nLooking Dapper\n\n9/13\n\nNate Parker attends the New York Premiere of Spike Lee’s Red Hook Summer.",
"\n\nNight Out\n\n10/13\n\nMona Scott Young and Bevy Smith attend the New York premiere of Spike Lee’s Red Hook Summer.",
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"ASTM A255 Jominy Hardenability Testing\n\nASTM A255 Jominy testing is a very common test among steel mills. ",
"Clients require tests to confirm the effectiveness of the alloying elements for a specific steel grade. ",
"We also provide Jominy testing in accordance with the requirements of EN ISO 642. ",
"The Jominy End Quench hardenability test has five operations to obtain the hardness test values for evaluation. ",
"The test stages are:\n\nNormalizing\n\nMachining of ASTM A255 Jominy Specimen\n\nEnd Quenching\n\nGrinding of Parallel Flats\n\nHardness Testing\n\nRequest Jominy Hardenability\n\n* Indicates Required Fields\n\nYour Name\n\nYour Email\n\nYour Phone\n\nSample/Testing Description\n\nUpload an image here (max file size 2 mb)\n\nSGS MSi is a leader in Jominy testing utilizing two separate position testers with eleven furnaces supporting our daily production on two shifts. ",
"We provide Jominy testing to over ten different steel mills with rapid turn-around of Jominy test results. ",
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"1. ",
"Field of the Invention\nThe present invention relates to a shaft seal part structure of a hydraulic shock absorber and an assembling method of the same.",
"\n2. ",
"Description of the Related Art\nIn a hydraulic shock absorber, for example, as described in Japanese Unexamined Utility Model Application Laid-Open No. ",
"6-65638, an inner cylinder is arranged in an inner side of an outer cylinder. ",
"A rod guide is arranged in an inner side of the inner cylinder. ",
"An oil seal for sealing the inner cylinder and the rod guide is attached in a sealing manner to an inner side of the outer cylinder, and a piston rod is inserted to the inner cylinder via the oil seal and the rod guide.",
"\nIn the conventional art, the rod guide is attached to an upper end of the inner cylinder. ",
"The oil seal which is inserted to an upper inner periphery of the outer cylinder is layered on the rod guide. ",
"An upper end of the outer cylinder is bent inward according to a roll caulking. ",
"The inner cylinder, the rod guide, and the oil seal are held in an inner portion of the outer cylinder by the bent portion. ",
"At this time, an outer peripheral lip of the oil seal is in contact with an inner periphery of the outer cylinder so as to seal the outer cylinder.",
"\nThe conventional art mentioned above has the following problems.",
"\n(1) Since the structure is made such that the outer peripheral lip of the oil seal is in contact with the inner periphery of the outer cylinder so as to seal the outer cylinder, it is necessary to make surface roughness of the outer periphery in the outer cylinder fine. ",
"It is also necessary to finish the inner periphery of the outer cylinder to which the oil seal is inserted according to a cutting process or the like.",
"\n(2) When inserting the oil seal to the outer cylinder, there is a risk that the outer peripheral lip of the oil seal is damaged because the outer diameter of the outer peripheral lip in the oil seal is larger than the inner diameter of the outer cylinder.",
"\nAn object of the present invention is, in a shaft seal part structure of a hydraulic shock absorber, to seal an outer cylinder to which an oil seal is inserted, without finishing an inner periphery of the outer cylinder and while avoiding the risk that damage is generated in an outer peripheral seal portion of the oil seal at a time of inserting the oil seal.",
"\nAccording to the present invention, there is disclosed a shaft seal part structure of a hydraulic shock absorber in which an inner cylinder is arranged in an inner side of an outer cylinder, a rod guide is arranged in an inner side of the inner cylinder, an oil seal for sealing the inner cylinder and the rod guide is attached in a sealing manner to an inner side of the outer cylinder, and a piston rod is inserted to the inner cylinder via the oil seal and the rod guide.",
"\nThe oil seal is provided with a seal core having a doughnut-like horizontal portion and a tubular portion extending downward from an outer periphery thereof, layered on an upper portion of the inner cylinder via the rod guide.",
"\nA diameter of an upper portion of the outer cylinder is reduced toward the tubular portion of the oil seal.",
"\nThe diameter reduced portion of the outer cylinder presses the tubular portion of the oil seal downward, thereby holding the inner cylinder, the rod guide, and the oil seal in an inner portion of the outer cylinder.",
"\nAccording to the present invention, there is disclosed a method of assembling a shaft seal part structure of a hydraulic shock absorber in which an inner cylinder is arranged in an inner side of an outer cylinder, a rod guide is arranged in an inner side of the inner cylinder, an oil seal for sealing the inner cylinder and the rod guide is attached in a sealing manner to an inner side of the outer cylinder, and a piston rod is inserted to the inner cylinder via the oil seal and the rod guide.",
"\nThe inner cylinder is arranged in a coaxial manner in an inner side of the outer cylinder by using the oil seal provided with a seal core having a doughnut-like horizontal portion and a tubular portion extending downward from an outer periphery thereof.",
"\nThe rod guide and the oil seal are layered in an upper end of the inner cylinder.",
"\nThe diameter of an upper portion of the outer cylinder toward the tubular vertical portion of the oil seal is reduced so as to press the tubular portion of the oil downward by the diameter reduced portion.",
"\nAccording to the present invention, a horizontal direction means a direction orthogonal to a center axis of a piston rod in a hydraulic shock absorber, and a vertical direction means a direction extending along the center axis of the piston rod. ",
"An upward direction means a direction in which the piston rod moves out from the hydraulic shock absorber, and a downward direction means a direction in which the piston rod moves."
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"Pages\n\nThursday, March 31, 2011\n\nThis report is a player's point of view in response to the referee's report, which can be found here. ",
"You may want to read that post first in order to get the proper context for this response.",
"\n\nFirst, let me start by saying that I don't know jack about EPT/Tekumel. ",
"I understand it is very popular amongst the old school crowd. ",
"However, this turned out to be a bonus with regard to this particular game, since I was able to come to the table free of any preconceived notions about what I was getting myself into. ",
"I was introduced to the world through play, and as far as I could tell, the referee was well-grounded in the setting. ",
"He did a very nice job explaining the state of the world, and illustrating all of it's weird little qualities.",
"\n\nThe referee was well-prepared with copies of the rules for everyone. ",
"However, he did not have premade characters, so character creation along with a late start ate a significant chunk into the time we might have otherwise spent playing.",
"\n\nAs far as rolling abilities 3d6 in order - fine by me. ",
"Minimum ability requirements for weird alien races - fine with me. ",
"I didn't qualify for any of the non-human races based on my rolls, but even if I did, I probably still would have played a human, since I didn't know what any of the other races were (no pictures of them in the rules), and I couldn't pronounce their names. ",
"I went and looked at the rules afterwards, and they are described, but it would have been impractical to sit there and read them all at a con game.",
"\n\nThen we got to the skills. ",
"I don't really like skill systems in the first place, so honestly, I was relieved at rolling the lowest possible number of skills, so that the guessing game of trying to anticipate what skills might be useful was minimized. ",
"Again, sitting there and reading through all the skills would have been impractical.",
"\n\nI did go back and take a look at the skills afterwards, and my concerns were reinforced by the text. ",
"There are skills that seem reasonable, like brawler (better at hand-to-hand fighting), air pilot (can pilot aircraft), and survivalist (wilderness survival stuff). ",
"Then there are others that bother me, like driver. ",
"Really? ",
"I need to spend skill points to know how to drive? ",
"Can't we just assume characters know how to drive in a sci-fi rpg set 60,000 years in the future? ",
"Maybe there is some setting thing that I'm unaware of that makes this logical, but it wasn't apparent to me. ",
"There is also some overlap in skills, as in the case of thief and spy, which are nearly identical in their descriptions.",
"\n\nThere was a situation that came up in play where we were on our ship approaching an asteroid and we wanted to scan for lifeforms to try to get a clue as to whether or not the guy we were looking for was there or not. ",
"Basically, we weren't able to do it because no one had the use computer skill or whatever it would be called. ",
"This kind of bugged me. ",
"We were on a ship that we supposedly owned for some time before the adventure began, so it would seem to me that we should have been able to do that simple task. ",
"Even if the answer was \"no, your ship doesn't have any equipment like that\" I would have been totally cool with that. ",
"But the fact that we couldn't because of a lack of a skill selection really bothered me.",
"\n\nThere are two pieces to this. ",
"Part of this is in the referee's hands, as far as figuring out how to adjudicate these sort of requests, and it can be a matter of style that is different from one referee to the next. ",
"The other part is the responsibility of the designer - to give the referee the information he needs in order to make the skill system something that enhances play rather than being a roadblock to players' performance of mundane tasks. ",
"I would be happy to see a paragraph or two added to the beginning of the skills section that addresses this.",
"\n\nI can't really comment on combat mechanics, since I had to leave before we got to fight anything. ",
"In fact, I had to leave right as we were entering the \"dungeon,\" which is kind of like participating in foreplay with no sex. (",
"Did I just draw an analogy between D&D and sex? ",
"I really need to have my head checked...) This made me sad, since I had purchased a space sword and a Z-ray rifle... no idea what either are, but they sounded fucking cool! ",
"I really had an itch to jam my SPACE SWORD in someone's left eye.",
"\n\nSo, in looking back and reading this thing over, my comments on the skills kind of took over the post, but I want to make it clear that I had a lot of fun in the short time I got to play. ",
"The referee clearly had a love for the world, and it showed in his rich descriptions and in-character NPC representations he gave. ",
"I would definitely play again.",
"\n\nNow, as a complete neophyte when it comes to EPT/Tekumel, I'm not sure I would be able to run this game for my friends. ",
"I have almost no experience with sci-fi games to start with, and I think it's aimed at the EPT enthusiast that already has a lot of knowledge about the world this game is set in. ",
"The game mechanics do seem simple enough to use in any homebrew setting without much trouble, but I'm pretty sure it was the designer's intent to marry the game with the setting.",
"\n\nSummary\n3-1/2 of 5 big fucking space swords. ",
"Would play again!Pros: Simple rules, pretty much a sci-fi skinned OD&D. Made me want to learn more about the setting and explore it some more.",
"Cons: clunky skill system (note that the author of this review is predisposed to dislike skill systems of any sort)Other notes: As presented, the game is tied heavily to the setting. ",
"This may be a feature for some, and a bug for others. ",
"To play as it is presented, it seems advisable for the referee to have strong knowledge of EPT/Tekumel, but setting knowledge is not required of the players, unless they want to have some basis of understanding the alien PC races that are available.",
"\n\nTuesday, March 29, 2011\n\nGaryCon III has been over for a few days now, but I am just now getting a moment to write a short blurb about it. ",
"It was my first-ever gaming convention, and it was a TON of fun. ",
"I got in about 24 hours of gaming between Friday and Saturday.",
"\n\nHere are the highlights of the weekend:\n\nGot a sweet long-sleeve GaryCon III t-shirt\n\nBought a numbered copy of the adventures Tim Kask ran for GaryCon I & II\n\nBought the Black Blade Publishing imprint of the huge tome that is OSRIC. ",
"I'm not a big AD&D guy, but it is a very nice book and looks like it has some good stuff in there. ",
"At $26.00 for a 400+ page hardcover, it was pretty much a no-brainer.",
"\n\nSaw a co-worker there that I never knew played D&D. He and his wife might be joining our gaming group.",
"\n\nI know that GaryCon isn't a big commercial thing, but one thing that was both a blessing and a curse was the relatively small vendor area. ",
"It would have been awesome to see a bunch of old TSR stuff for sale. ",
"I budgeted myself $300 to spend the entire weekend and I only spent about $120. ",
"Just an idea, but Noble Knight isn't that far, and it would've been cool for them to pack up some out of print TSR stuff and sell it at the convention. ",
"Although if I take a step back and look at the big picture, these wishes of mine probably aren't that reflective of the convention's attendees as a whole. ",
"I am a relative newcomer to the OSR, and as such, my wish list of gaming goodies is still quite long. ",
"However, a lot of these other guys that have been around and playing these games for a long time likely already have most of the stuff they want, and don't go to the convention to shop.",
"\n\nAnother nice thing was the relatively small size of the thing. ",
"I think about 400 attendees were reported, which I felt was pretty much perfect for a guy like me, who tends to get claustrophobic and anxious in large dense crowds. ",
"Even photographs of the big comic cons and GenCon make my head swim. ",
"In spite of it's smaller scale, I could have attended 10 times over and not even put a dent in all the games available. ",
"It was all about the gaming, and there was plenty to be had.",
"\n\nIn summation, it was an awesome experience, and I highly recommend this convention. ",
"I will certainly be attending again.",
"\n\nI dedicate this post to the memory of my grandma and grandpa, who were awesome Finnish people. ",
"They always argued in Finnish, so us kids couldn't understand what they were saying. ",
"My grandpa also used to put some peaches in a bowl and pour milk on them, and leave them out on the kitchen table overnight. ",
"He'd then wake up and eat the peaches and sour milk for breakfast. ",
"Some day, I will work up the courage to try this myself.",
"\n\nSunday, March 13, 2011\n\nIn my fledgling Outland B/X campaign, we have started out with Keep on the Borderlands. ",
"None of our group has actually ever played it, so it seemed like a good choice. ",
"However, one thing I quickly realized is that I was going to have to add some flavor to keep my players interested. ",
"Running around slaying kobolds/orcs/goblins, etc. ",
"is old hat for us, even if old school gaming is not.",
"\n\nSo I set out to spice up the caves, and have now dubbed them The Chaotic Caves of Weirdness. ",
"While I am certain that every referee that has run this module has pretty much done the same, I figured I'd try documenting my changes to see if anyone else liked them. ",
"If you are an experienced referee that is good at making up details on the fly, this will probably be of no use to you. ",
"But if you are looking for a few ideas, or maybe want something more fully fleshed-out, then you might be interested.",
"\n\nAs a side note, the party in my game is currently hunting humanoids in the caves and collecting left ears for a 10 gp bounty for each turned in at the keep. ",
"The keep wants to build surrounding farms but can't at the moment due to the humanoid infestation. ",
"I wonder what they'll do with the kobold babies...\n\nThursday, March 10, 2011\n\nThis past Saturday, I was able to go check out the Classic D&D Marathon run by ChicagoWiz at Unique Gifts and Games in Grayslake, IL. ",
"He's already posted his own recap as well, and you can read that here:\n\nThe event was scheduled from 11AM-9PM. ",
"I got there at 11:05, and the table was already full and play was underway. ",
"No biggie though, since players were being rotated on the hour.",
"\n\nSo the first hour I just got to watch, which was extremely helpful for me as a DM that is interested in running more old-school type games. ",
"He was clearly very comfortable with the game he was running, which seemed to be sort of a mashup of Original/Basic D&D and Swords & Wizardry. ",
"He kept things moving all the time, which I think is important when you are running a game for 7 players.",
"\n\nI liked to see how minis were used in an old-school game. ",
"In my group we always joke about how we used them in the 1e/2e era. \"",
"You set your mini down in front of you, point to it, and say, That's my guy.\" ",
"Mike used a big unmarked vinyl battlemat, put the monsters out for every combat, and had people arrange their minis to show how they formed their group in some combats, but that was about it. ",
"At one point, someone asked what the scale was. ",
"His response was, \"There is no scale.\" ",
"Minis were not moved to reflect movement in combat, and there was no fiddling with determining cover or range or any of that stuff.",
"\n\nIn the second hour, I got my turn to play, and I got the magic-user. ",
"This was pretty awesome, since I never get to play, and even when I do, I NEVER get to play the MU. ",
"My sister swipes it up every time, usually leaving me with a cleric. ",
"On top of all this, it was a level 4 MU, so he actually had a few spells. ",
"After gearing up in town and exchanging some gold for silver (the natives did not value gold, which was a nice touch), we headed out. ",
"It didn't take long before we found ourselves out in a wide-open field with a dragon circling overhead, and it was clear that he had seen us. ",
"I was at a bit of a loss as to what to do. ",
"The mini placed on the table to represent the dragon was less than intimidating, and perhaps that influenced my judgement.",
"\n\nTo make a long story short, I cast phantasmal force to create in image of the largest red dragon I could, in hopes of scaring him off. ",
"He saved to disbelieve the illusion, and killed 3 of us. ",
"Whoops!",
"\n\nSo my 30 minutes of fame were up and I went back into the queue. ",
"By this time people started flooding the store - people from all walks of life, and lots of guys brought their young kids. ",
"You should have seen the smiles on these guys' faces. ",
"The place was buzzing. ",
"At one point, I counted 7 people playing and 13 people waiting to play. ",
"That's just awesome!",
"\n\nI was content to watch for a few more hours, and it was pretty fun to watch the party go out hunting with Ron the Hunter, who would always hide in the bushes for every combat, and them come back out after the fight to decapitate the beast in glorious fashion. ",
"Watching the group interact with the monkey people via pantomime was downright hilarious. ",
"Throughout the entire game, there was a lot of head-scratching going on by the players, which I consider to be a sign of a great D&D game.",
"\n\nI planned on staying the entire duration, but alas, I had gone to bed at 3AM the night before and woke up at 6AM , so I headed out at about 4PM to go home and nap. ",
"All in all I consider the event a great success, and I would love to see more D&D at that store.",
"\n\nThanks Mike, for showing us all a great time. ",
"I know you put a lot of work into it, and based on the number of smiles in that store, I'd say your efforts paid off!",
"\n\nP.S. - Sorry for the crappy pictures. ",
"I guess when my cell phone starts getting full it shrinks the picture resolution :(\n\nSunday, March 6, 2011\n\nI got an email from blizzard offering me a 7-day trial to get back into World of Warcraft. ",
"It got me looking back at my screenshot folder from the game, and I probably shouldn't have done that because I got a flood of awesome memories playing that game. ",
"Despite all it's drawbacks, it was a FUN ASS GAME! ",
"I laughed my ass off regularly while playing that game.",
"\n\nAplus was a bad-ass paladin that could combine talent selections and little-known item combinations to kill like 80 people at once by himself\n\nBack in the olden days of WoW, the 40-man raid group was just the coolest thing ever put in a video game ever. ",
"Note Poomanchu's comment in the lower left. ",
"He's going to record this boss fight to teach people how to play a shaman properly. ;)",
"\n\nOn internet games, a lot of people are dickheads, but it was usually pretty humorous.",
"\n\nImmature practical jokes on guildies were a favorite pastime...\n\nAnd if the game ever got too hard, you could always just wait a month and it would be nerfed haha!",
"\n\nSaturday, March 5, 2011\n\nI owe Jamesnardia* a debt of gratitude for his Pulp Fantasy Library series of posts (example). ",
"These posts were to be my introduction to fantasy fiction outside of my old comfort zone of Forgotten Realms novels, Robert Jordan, and the like. ",
"Until recently, I hadn't read for many years anyways, so I figured I may as well expand my horizons a bit. ",
"The numerous excerpts he posted from the stories are what really piqued my interest, and made me get up off my butt and check this stuff out.",
"\n\nThe first one I chose was Swords and Deviltry by Fritz Leiber. ",
"I got the Ace paperback for $7 shipped on ebay, which seemed like a good deal. ",
"The book has 3 stories - The Snow Women, The Unholy Grail, and Ill Met in Lankhmar. ",
"From what I understand, these stories are far from Leiber's best work, but I figured I may as well start out chronologically, as these stories cover the origins of each character separately, and then the story of how they met.",
"\n\nThe Snow Women was far from the best story I've ever read, but it had some great elements, my favorite being the subtle way magic is featured in the story. ",
"It's presented in such a way that you don't even know if it really is magic, or if it's just the crazy superstitions of a backward people mixed with coincidental happenings. ",
"Prominently featured is an exotic bellydancer/mime/hooker that Fafhrd becomes so infatuated with that he decides to just up and leave his pregnant girlfriend. ",
"There are some pretty great stunts involved as this plays out.",
"\n\nThe Unholy Grail takes a much different tone, and begins with a tragedy. ",
"This story was much darker and more enjoyable to read, with a great hate-worthy villian. ",
"My only complaint would be the use of deus ex machina in the end, but I can overlook that and still call it a good story.",
"\n\nIll Met in Lankhmar is a proper conclusion to this book, and it is better than the first two stories combined. ",
"There is great atmosphere in this story, and an artful combination of a feeling of impending doom that hangs over the entire story in the background, while the actual things that are happening right in front of you are mostly light-hearted shenanigans of a couple of guys that like to do crimes and have a good time. ",
"I particularly loved the description of Mouser's apartment, basically a crappy run-down abandoned building that should be condemned, yet it was filled with luxurious items such as fancy rugs, furniture, and so forth. ",
"This really struck a chord with me, as I used to interface with a lot of unsavory types in my younger days, and this sort of thing was commonplace. ",
"A big fancy leather couch from Rent-A-Center stuffed into a crappy studio apartment, and the guy would ask for cigarettes because he had no money, and that sort of thing. ",
"The dark sorcery presented in this story was much less subtle and much more horrifying than what we experienced in The Snow Women, much to my delight. ",
"Again, there was some deus ex machina at the end, but it seemed less offensive to my sensibilities than that of the previous story.",
"\n\nFrom what I understand, the stories that follow these are the best ones. ",
"As luck would have it, while I was in the middle of reading this book, I found a hardcover copy of Ill Met in Lankhmar (the one published by White Wolf) in the basement, which includes the next book/volume/whatever - Swords Against Death - so I already have some more Leiber ready and waiting for me, and I consider myself a pretty lucky dude as a result!",
"\n\nI've ordered the first book (which is actually volume 2) for my Clark Ashton Smith collection I'm going to put together. ",
"I've asked my lovely wife to try to find a reasonably priced copy of volume 1 for my birthday, which is coming up next month. ",
"I read The Dark Eidolon over at The Eldritch Dark and was instantly hooked. ",
"I normally wouldn't pay this much for books, but I can't find this guy at the library, local book stores, not even Half-Price Books. ",
"But if the quality of the story I read is any indication, it is a worthy investment by far.",
"\n\nI have a strong suspicion that most of you who follow this blog will hate this, but I'm going to post it anyway because I think it is a unique gem. ",
"It's a hip hop song about a quest for the holy mic. ",
"It is filled with great lyrical imaginings. ",
"I used to listen to this album every day for about a year around the time I graduated high school.",
"\n\nBUT, if you have a blind hatred for hip hop, I guess you shouldn't bother...\n\nThursday, March 3, 2011\n\nWarning! ",
"The following post contains spoilers for the Paizo's Rise of the Runelords Adventure Path for the Pathfinder RPG. ",
"If you think there is even a sliver of a chance that you may participate in this adventure path, it is recommended that you stop reading now. ",
"You have been warned!",
"\n\nP.S. - There will also be some foul language, because when we play, there is a lot of that type of language at the table...\n\nP.P.S. - This post turned out quite a bit different than the way I initially started to type it up. ",
"I made a post over at the Knights & Knaves Alehouse asking for input concerning play reports, and the people over there were very helpful with giving me some direction and things to think about. ",
"My goal is to make a play report that is actually semi interesting and entertaining to read. ",
"I think there's still plenty of room for improvement in that regard, but please tell me what you think. ",
"If you think it totally sucks, I'd like to know that too.",
"\n\nReal Life Date: February 26, 2011In-Game Date: Sometime in the fall.",
"I looked at the Golarion calendar, and it has weird names, so we don't bother with it.",
"\n\nRuns with Apes, the Tiefling Druid that is ignorant of her fiendish heritage, and her pet ape, Uncle Reuben (played by my 27-year-old sister, Jen)\n\nLoti, the Gnomish Sorceress (played by my lovely wife, Mary)\n\nWe didn't have a babysitter, so Mary spent about 80% of the time being a parent to our two-year-old daughter, rather than doing make believe adventures with us. ",
"But whenever she got the chance, she would come back to the table and say, \"okay, what's going on?\"",
"\n\nThe group is accompanied by Orik Vancaskerkin, the human mercenary from Riddleport, who gave his allegiance in exchange for his life at the end of the previous session, after being beaten within an inch of his life and stripped of his valuable possessions.",
"\n\nOrik Vancaskerkin, Professional Scumbag\n\nThe party started out this session in the hallway outside the D4 sleeping quarters, after having spent the previous night in D2 with the door spiked shut. ",
"There were still corpses in the room of the bugbear and his 4 goblin lady-friends. ",
"For good measure, they stacked the corpses up against the door before going to sleep for the night in the piles of hay. ",
"That way, if anyone tried to come in while they were sleeping, at least there would be corpses in the way...\n\nI figured sleeping in the goblin lair would be risky business, so I gave them a 25% chance of someone trying to come in every 2 hours. ",
"Luck was on their side and they slept uninterrupted.",
"\n\nThistletop Goblin Lair\n\nThey went into D6 and found a bunch of crap garbage no one was interested in. ",
"Greg did the old, \"I search the room, I rolled a 15\". ",
"I told him, \"No way dude. ",
"You have to tell me what you are searching. ",
"If you need a more detailed description of what you see, just ask.\" ",
"This is a habit that has come about as the result of the Perception skill. ",
"I am doing my best to eliminate this kind of play because I think it's lame.",
"\n\nThe group headed north (D7) where they were ambushed by a disgusting squid-like creature covered in eyes that dropped from the ceiling between Senator and the rest of the group. ",
"It sucked because they kept making their saves, so I didn't get the pleasure of inflicting anyone with Liquefy Organs, which I was really looking forward to. ",
"The thing's life ended with a powerful croquet shot from Senator's earthbreaker that sent it flying in the air to be impaled on a stalactite, a puddle of disgusting ooze dripping to form a large puddle on the ground.",
"\n\nAt this point I gotta pause for a second to talk about Greg/Senator. ",
"Greg is a total power gamer, and he plays so he can build characters that kick people's asses. ",
"He got me to let him play a Half-Ogre, because it has a fucking +4 STR bonus. ",
"He's level 3 and his strength is like 20 or 22 or something retarded like that. ",
"Senator's weapon, the earthbreaker, crits on a 19 or a 20. ",
"He rolled a 19 and he looked at me and said, \"I rolled a 19\", with this fake dumb look on his face that he does. ",
"So I said, \"Great, you crit!\" ",
"And he rolled damage and it was like 37 or some ridiculous shit like that. ",
"It wasn't until after the session that I realized what he had done. ",
"See, in Pathfinder, there is a rule where you have to confirm crits. ",
"That means if you roll a crit, you have to make another attack roll that would equal a hit, or else it's just a regular hit. ",
"What Greg was thinking in his head when he gave me that dumb look was \"I'm going to pretend I forgot about the rule about confirming crits, and see if he'll just give it to me.\" ",
"And I did. ",
"Pathfinder has a lot of rules, so it's easy to forget things like that. ",
"In hindsight, he did this to me probably five times throughout the session, and I never remembered about the rule until we were done playing. ",
"That fucker. ",
"He'll see. ",
"I'll get him back for it.",
"\n\nAlright, sorry about that - The crew went to work, with Senator severing the sharp end of the poisoned tentacle, adding it to his collection of body parts from the various beasts he's bested in combat, and Runs with Apes extracting some of the foul liquid from the poisonous tentacle into a vial for later study.",
"\n\nThe group headed north to the next cavern (D8) to find a collection of corpses - mostly seagulls, but about a half-dozen goblin corpses as well, with shriveled skin stretched over their skeletons as if all their insides had somehow been sucked out (haha Liquefy Organs). ",
"They relieved one of the corpses of his magical dog-hide armor and a nice miniature shortbow.",
"\n\nI think this is when the pizza came, and we all took a break to go eat pizza and Mary suggested that we watch that episode of Community that featured D&D, since no one had seen it (except me and Mary) so we did, and we all laughed our balls off.",
"\n\nNext they went to D11 and to the west were a large set of solid stone double doors. ",
"The doors were covered with carvings of monsters of various horrid aspect, clawing their way from the pregnant bellies of women of all races. ",
"This caused a bit of headscratching, WTFs, and debate amongst the players. ",
"Greg wanted to go in right away because they were still fresh and pretty much had all their spells. ",
"Nicholas/Master Choli wasn't so keen on the idea, and wanted to see if there were easier pickings elsewhere before going in. ",
"He's weird like that. ",
"He's always hesitant to go into dangerous-looking rooms, but put a font of dark, bubbling, smoking liquid, or a jar of blood in front of him, and he will drink it every time, in hopes of gaining some kind of demonic super-powers or something. ",
"Of course, no one thought to ask the mercenary about what was in there...\n\nThey went in and surveyed the dimly lit room, while at the table we had a discussion about how to pronounce \"brazier\". ",
"Mary described her vision of flaming bras nailed to the walls. ",
"We also took a moment to look up what a \"kukri\" was, after I described what the statue behind the altar looked like, and the fact that it had a glowing kukri in each hand. ",
"The statue looked basically like the picture below, except it was a statue, so it was grey.",
"\n\nLamashtu - Mother of Monsters\n\nNicholas/Master Choli couldn't resist the urge to head over to the \"stone fonts containing frothy dark water\", but his inevitable drinking of said water was interrupted when a couple of yeth hounds descended upon the party from the ceiling. ",
"I just described them as \"creepy, hairless, otherworldly dogs\". ",
"The first one let out a terrible baying sound that led to failed saves by Senator, Master Choli, and the mercenary. ",
"They dropped their weapons and fled the room at full running speed, and this fear effect was going to last 6 rounds.",
"\n\nWe had a lengthy discussion about the nature of these dogs. ",
"The minis I used were for undead dogs, and thus the first question was, \"are they undead?\" \"",
"No.\" \"",
"Well how can they climb on the ceiling?\" \"",
"Your character is wondering that exact thing as he is fleeing in terror down the halls!\" ",
"Eventually, later in the fight, I referred to them as \"the yeth hounds.\" \"",
"Oh! ",
"That's what they are!\" ",
"Dammit! ",
"I do that shit every time!",
"\n\nThus, the two lightly armored girl player/characters were left in the room with the vicious dogs. ",
"They took turns getting shat upon by the dogs. ",
"These dogs are crazy because you have to make a save every time you get bit and if you fail you take a -2 to everything for the next round. ",
"In addition to that, they get a free chance to trip you whenever they land a bite as well. ",
"Uncle Reuben dropped to negative. ",
"Loti/Mary dropped to negative, was brought back, and then dropped again. ",
"During all this we had to review the crazy rules about death and dying, because they are too complicated to remember. ",
"Then I killed my sister's druid with a devastating yeth hound bite. ",
"I said in a very serious tone, \"I'm sorry, but you'll have to turn over your character sheet.\" ",
"and we all had a good laugh. ",
"She took over playing the mercenary for the time being.",
"\n\nWith Loti and Uncle Reuben knocked out, and Runs with Apes dead, the yeth hounds ran back out into the caverns to go after the others that were still fleeing in terror. ",
"Really they were just in the corners of the caves in D7/D8, running in place. ",
"If I made them run full speed away as far as they could go every round, they would have been back in town by now.",
"\n\nMaster Choli just healed Senator while he went to town clubbing the dogs to death. ",
"I forgot that they dropped their weapons before fleeing, so they magically reappeared in their hands. ",
"I'll bet the bastards knew it too, and just weren't going to say anything unless I called them out on it, which I never did.",
"\n\nThey went and got Loti, healed up, and went to rest in the room full of torture implements (D10). ",
"I got my minis back, and the one that only stands on his hind legs was somehow all bent to shit, so his front legs were touching the ground. ",
"I bent him back and winced as I felt that horrible cracking vibration in the metal that happens when you try to bend a bent mini back into place. ",
"At any rate, it seems whole and the paint doesn't look like it cracked. ",
"They passed through a prison chamber with lots of torture implements in it on the way, but were largely unimpressed.",
"\n\nAt this point Greg got excited about the prospect of making a new character for Jen. ",
"I told him she should just play that fighter guy for the rest of the day, so as not to kill the session. ",
"Making a Pathfinder character can take easily an hour or two. ",
"I really wanted to push Jen to play a fighter or a ranger, because she always takes an ultra-long time on her turns mulling over her spells. ",
"It used to piss me off, but I'm much more laid back about it now. ",
"I've kind of just given up and accept it as the way of things. ",
"I'd rather have her there playing with us, taking a long-ass time to decide what to do, than not participating.",
"\n\nSo, we just started all dicking around, while Greg was making her a bard. ",
"He found that they added some 3rd-party goblin race to the site we use, and I was just like \"fuck it, if she wants to be a goblin, she can\". ",
"Greg and Jen love playing monsters, and that used to piss me off too. ",
"I've gotten over it. ",
"It's a game of pretend after all, and if they get their fun out pretending to be goblins and ogres rather than elves and humans, who am I to piss on their party? ",
"Jen was super-excited at the prospect of a goblin bard, and it would be easy enough to insert her into the adventure, SINCE THEY ARE IN THE MIDDLE OF RAIDING A GOBLIN LAIR AND KILLING ALL OF THE GOBLINS!",
"\n\nThen we sat back down to play for real, after about an hour of everyone milling about and bullshitting. ",
"They went to D13 and saw some paintings on the walls of goblins killing horses and dogs, and a giant 30-foot-tall goblin kicking lots of ass. ",
"I must not have done a good enough job explaining, because Greg says, \"I look behind the paintings.\" ",
"I told him that the paintings were not hanging on the walls, but were painted directly on the wall! ",
"/facepalm\n\nJen also was commenting on how she liked her character (who she now named Barbara), but didn't know how she would ever find a mini for it. ",
"Then it dawned on me that I had one of these:\n\nGoblin Warchanter Mini\n\nIt was perfect. ",
"It had a whip and a dogslicer, and it was female, just like her character. ",
"She was super-excited about it. ",
"The gods were smiling upon us at that moment.",
"\n\nSo in the next room, there is supposed to be this wizard lady who happens to be black. ",
"I figured this would be a good spot to get Jen back in the game with her new character, since it was the room immediately before the descent into the 2nd level. ",
"In the adventure, this wizard lady is supposed to be just sitting here studying magic, waiting for the party to come beat her ass I guess. ",
"I changed it up a little and had her holding up a little goblin girl against the wall (Jen's new character, Barbara), choking her and yelling at her. ",
"On a meta level, we all new this was Jen's character, so the group came in and kicked her ass and we basically just hand-waved the fact that this was somehow a \"good guy\" goblin, and she joined the party.",
"\n\nLyrie Akenja - Evil Black Wizard Lady\n\nThen Jen commented on something no one really realized up until this point. ",
"She says, \"You guys are terrible. ",
"Do you realize that you all just came in the room and saw a black lady and a goblin fighting with each other, and you killed the black lady? ",
"What the fuck?\"",
"\n\nWe all pondered this heinous act as her belongings were inspected and distributed amongst the group.",
"\n\nIn the next episode, the party descends into the 2ndlevel of the Thistletop goblin lair...\n\nTuesday, March 1, 2011\n\nMy Rise of the Runelords Pathfinder group had an awesome 12-hour session this past Saturday! ",
"There was one character death, and also a really scary moment where all of us had a strong suspicion that a TPK was mere moments away. ",
"I really hope to have the stars align in such a way that I have both the motivation and the time available to post a nice recap. ",
"I don't know what it is, but gaming session recaps are something I have always struggled with. ",
"I don't know if it's because they can be so long (especially for a 12-hour session), because I'm afraid I'll get something wrong or embellish too much, or if I think it's a waste of time because no one reads them (I tend to skip over other peoples' game recaps in google reader myself, and I know for the most part my players don't care about them). ",
"Probably a little bit of all of those things. ",
"I'd definitely love to hear other peoples' thoughts on the matter. ",
"Are they a waste of time? ",
"Any tips for keeping up with them?",
"\n\nThis weekend, I'll be playing in ChicagoWiz's Classic D&D Marathon at UGG in Grayslake. ",
"I'm super-pumped about that. ",
"I rarely ever play, and am looking forward to the chance to see another DM exercising his craft. ",
"I plan to stay as long as I can and try to stay alive as long as possible, but we'll see how it goes.",
"\n\nThen, at the end of the month, I will have GaryCon. ",
"This will be my first gaming convention ever, and it looks like it's going to be an awesome one. ",
"Here are the games I'm signed up for so far:\n\nVIP Selection\nA Matter of Minutes, OD&D White Box, run by Tim KaskAlternate VIP Selection\nMystery at the Acaeum, AD&D 1E, run by Frank Mentzer\n\nI was browsing through some of the WotC Star Wars minis, looking for inspiration for a potential foray into Gamma World, when I found this dude (Gamorrean Bodyguard). ",
"I think he'd make a pretty good orc, and he looks much better than the ones that are actually supposed to be orcs, in my humble opinion. ",
"I'll have to give some of these Star Wars minis a closer look..."
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"Paul Junger Witt\n\nPaul Junger Witt (March 20, 1941 – April 27, 2018) was an American film and television producer. ",
" He, with his partners Tony Thomas and Susan Harris (also his wife), produced such television shows as Here Come the Brides, The Partridge Family, The Golden Girls, Soap, Benson, It's a Living, Empty Nest and Blossom. ",
" The majority of their shows have been produced by their company, Witt/Thomas Productions (alternately Witt/Thomas/Harris Productions), founded in 1975. ",
"Witt also produced the films Dead Poets Society, Three Kings, Insomnia, and the made-for-TV movie Brian's Song. ",
" He was a graduate of the University of Virginia.",
"\n\nPersonal life\nWitt married Ann McLaughlin with whom he had 3 children, Christopher, Anthony, and Genevieve. ",
" After their divorce, he married Susan Harris on September 18, 1983.",
"\n\nDeath\nWitt died of cancer in Los Angeles on April 27, 2018, at age 77.",
"\n\nFilmography\nAll films, he was producer unless otherwise noted.",
"\n\nFilm\n\nTelevision\n\nAs director\n\nMiscellaneous crew\n\nAs writer\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n \n\nCategory:1941 births\nCategory:2018 deaths\nCategory:Film producers from New York (state)\nCategory:American television directors\nCategory:Television producers from New York City\nCategory:University of Virginia alumni\nCategory:Deaths from cancer in California"
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"Aspects of membrane function and assembly will be studied in Staphylococcus aureus, Spirillum itersonii and Paracoccus denitrificans. ",
"Major attention is given to the cytoplasmic and membrane associated nitrate reductase systems in these organisms. ",
"The role of b and c-type cytochromes in the formation and function of nitrate reductase will be studied with wild type and mutant strains of the organisms. ",
"BIBLIOGRAPHIC REFERENCE: Burke, K.A., and Lascelles, J. Nitrate reductase activity in heme-deficient mutants of Staphylococcus aureus. ",
"J. Bacteriol. ",
"126:225-231 (1976)."
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"Q:\n\nDjango 1.6: Pass dropdown value from one template another\n\nI'm really new to Django and trying to get the value a user select from the dropdown menu on the index page, and use it in on the doclisting page. ",
"I'm trying to print the value on the doclistings page but it doesn't seem to print anything. ",
"I'm not sure if that's possible or not. ",
"any help would be much appreciated. ",
"\nHere is index template where I've dropdown form\n<div class=\"signup\">\n <div class=\"form-group\">\n <form action=\"/doclistings/\" method=\"post\" >{% csrf_token %}\n <select class=\"form-control\" id=\"s1\" name=\"selection\">\n <option><b>Find a Doctor...</b></option>\n {% for value, text in form.selection.field.choices %}\n <option value=\"{{ value }}\">{{ text }}</option>\n {% endfor %}\n </select>\n<button class=\"btn btn-primary\" type=\"submit\" name=\"submit\" id=\"ss-submit\">Find Doctors</button>\n\nhere is doclisting template where I'm trying to print the value from the selection\n <h2>{{selection}}</h2> \n\nhere is the index method in views.py\ndef index(request):\n d = getVariables(request,dictionary={'page_name': \"Home\"})\n if request.method == \"POST\":\n form = DropdownSelectionForm(request.",
"POST)\n\n if form.is_valid():\n selection = form.cleaned_data['selection']\n\n return HttpResponseRedirect('/doclistings', 'selection')\n else:\n form = DropdownSelectionForm()\n\n return render(request, 'meddy1/index.html', {'form': form})\n\nhere is the doclisting method in views.py\ndef doclistings(request):\n d = getVariables(request)\n doctors = Doctor.objects.all().order_by('-likes')\n paginator = Paginator(doctors, 20) #Show 20 doctors per page\n page = page = request.",
"GET.get('page')\n try:\n doctors = paginator.page(page)\n except PageNotAnInteger:\n doctors = paginator.page(1)\n except EmptyPage:\n doctors = paginator.page(paginator.num_pages)\n d['doctors'] = doctors\n d['paginator'] = paginator\n\n return render_to_response('meddy1/doclistings.html',d)\n\nforms.py\nMY_CHOICES = (\n ('Dermatologist', 'Dermatologist'),\n ('Dentist', 'Dentist'),\n ('Opthalmologist', 'Opthalmologist'),\n)\n\nclass DropdownSelectionForm(forms.",
"Form):\n selection = forms.",
"ChoiceField(choices=MY_CHOICES, widget = forms.",
"Select)\n\nurls.py\nurl(r'^index/$', views.index, name='index'),\nurl(r'^doclistings/$', views.doclistings, name='doclistings'),\n\nA:\n\nIf you haven't model, you can achieve this using django session,\nAssuming you want database based sessions (Django also offers file based sessions, and cache based sessions):\nOpen settings.py and find MIDDLEWARE_CLASSES. ",
"Add 'django.contrib.sessions.middleware.",
"SessionMiddleware' to the list.",
"\nFind INSTALLED_APPS in the same file and add 'django.contrib.sessions' there.",
"\nRun manage.py syncdb from the command line.",
"\n\nAfter the initial setup you can use request.session in your views to store information between requests.",
"\ndef index(request):\n d = getVariables(request,dictionary={'page_name': \"Home\"})\n if request.method == \"POST\":\n form = DropdownSelectionForm(request.",
"POST)\n\n if form.is_valid():\n selection = form.cleaned_data['selection']\n request.session[\"selection\"] = request.",
"POST['selection']\n\n return HttpResponseRedirect('/doclistings')\n else:\n form = DropdownSelectionForm()\n\n return render(request, 'meddy1/index.html', {'form': form})\n\nIn doclist view,\ndef doclistings(request):\n d = getVariables(request)\n doctors = Doctor.objects.all().order_by('-likes')\n paginator = Paginator(doctors, 20) #Show 20 doctors per page\n page = page = request.",
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"Q:\n\nMethods are called as thread! ",
"Are they in a ordered stack?",
"\n\nI have this code :\nfor (int i = 0; i < 10000; i++)\n{\n printValue(i);\n}\n\nprivate void printValue(int value)\n{\n Console.",
"WriteLine(value);\n}\n\nis there any case in which the numbers printed are not in order? ",
"\nI mean, maybe the thread of the method printValue(60) is executed before than printValue(50)? (",
"just as example).",
"\nOr they are synchronized?",
"\n\nA:\n\nAs far as I can see from this snippet, there is only one thread, which is sequentially executing the printValue function calls. ",
" So there is no question of synchronization, because there is only one thread.",
"\n\n"
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"New approaches for the preparation of hydrophobic heparin derivatives.",
"\nA heparin derivative sufficiently lipophilic to be bound to plastics, forming blood-compatible supports, or to be used as an anticoagulant by transdermal or oral routes would be of great pharmaceutical interest. ",
"For such applications, the functional groups within heparin's antithrombin III binding site, responsible for its anticoagulant activity, cannot be modified. ",
"Chemistry is described in which lipophilic substituents were attached to the reducing termini of heparin chains. ",
"Substituents introduced at this position had a minimal effect on the antithrombin III binding sites found in heparin's interior. ",
"These derivatives, with enhanced hydrophobicities, were prepared using two distinctly different approaches. ",
"First, octyl isocyanate and octadecyl isocyanate were coupled to the core peptide of peptidoglycan heparin to form octyl- and octadecyl-peptidoglycan heparin. ",
"These octyl- and octadecyl-peptidoglycan heparins were then purified by hydrophobic interaction chromatography on phenyl-Sepharose CL-4B, demonstrating their enhanced hydrophobicities. ",
"Second, the lipophilic acyl hydrazides of various long chain fatty acids were coupled to heparin's reducing end. ",
"Caprylic (C8), capric (C10), lauric (C12), and stearic (C18) hydrazide derivatives of heparin were prepared using this approach. ",
"Only the stearyl hydrazide derivative of heparin showed a measurable increase in lipophilicity. ",
"This result demonstrated that a single small linear C8, C10, or C12 aliphatic chain was ineffective in enhancing the hydrophobicity of the highly negative, polyanionic heparin molecule. ",
"Two lipophilic chains, lauryl (C12) and stearyl (C18), were then coupled to a single heparin chain, resulting in a heparin derivative having enhanced hydrophobicity. ",
"All the heparin derivatives prepared in this study maintained some of their anticoagulant activity."
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"Q:\n\nWhy does i cant bind the datasource to my datagridview with result from stored procedure?",
"\n\nMy SP :\n\nMy C#:\n\nI can't get method .ToList() in eksekusi for datasource in datagridview, how to solve this?",
"\n\nA:\n\nThe result of the stored procedure is a collection of items (IEnumerable<T>/IQueryable<T>). ",
"When you perform FirstOrDefault you retrieve the first item in the collection or default(T) if collection is empty. ",
"\nThe T that you have is not an IEnumerable<T> but an object representing a single record with 3 properties, so you do not have the ToList() extension method.",
"\n\n"
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"Film review: What's wrong with Lions' offense?",
"\n\nEntering this season, there were high expectations for a Lions' offense that was far too inconsistent last season.",
"\n\nDetroit's priority in the off-season was to improve the offensive line and, by extension, the league's 28th-ranked rushing attack, which averaged a paltry 3.6 yards-per-carry (29th). ",
"They traded for veteran guard/center Manny Ramirez, drafted guard Laken Tomlinson in the first round and added running back Ameer Abdullah in the second round.",
"\n\nYet through two games, the offense has sputtered, failing to consistently move the ball. ",
"Though the passing attack has been merely mediocre, Detroit ranks near the bottom in every running category. ",
"Their 32 rushes are the least amount in the league and their average of 3.3 yards-per-attempt ranks 29th.",
"\n\nAs Free Press sports writer Dave Birkett touched on in his film study, Sunday's poor offensive output was a collective fail from every position group on the offense. ",
"The line failed to protect Stafford, the receivers failed to consistently create separation, the quarterback missed some throws, the running backs (though they never had much of a chance) didn't break tackles and offensive coordinator Joe Lombardi could have done more to protect his quarterback.",
"\n\nWithout a run game to lean on, Lombardi had Stafford throw 53 passes. ",
"Through two weeks the Lions' offensive pass to run ratio is 73 % to 27 %, the second-most unbalanced mark in the NFL.",
"\n\nWhy has Lombardi called so many passes? ",
"Because the offensive line has been beaten badly in the run game and failed to create movement up front. ",
"Unfortunately, that's only the start of their problems.",
"\n\nLet's jump into the All-22 coaches film from Week 2 to examine what happened and why it happened.",
"\n\nRun game\n\nAnyone who watched this game saw the offensive line dominated by Minnesota's defensive line. ",
"The combination of Abdullah, Joique Bell, Theo Riddick and fullback Michael Burton carried 12 times for an abysmal 18 yards. ",
"Stafford led the team with four rushes for 20 yards.",
"\n\nOn the Lions' first drive of the game, right guard Larry Warford, making his return from an ankle sprain that kept him out of the opener, is tossed aside by third-year defensive tackle Sharrif Floyd. ",
"Center Travis Swanson doesn't generate any push and can't sustain his block on veteran Linval Joseph. ",
"Bell, who looks rusty after sitting out the preseason while recovering from off-season knee and Achilles surgeries, is hesitant and stops his feet, a no-no for running backs.",
"\n\n(Mobile users: click to see play)\n\nAbdullah fared no better, as he was running for his life on five of his six carries. ",
"He's lucky to pick up two yards after 6-foot-9 right tackle Cornelius Lucas plays too upright, thus losing the leverage battle and being pushed back into the explosive rookie runner. ",
"Look at the backside pursuit from the aggressive Vikings.",
"\n\n(Mobile users: click to see play)\n\nHere's another run where Abdullah has no chance after Swanson gets pushed to the ground and left guard Ramirez can't get to linebacker Chad Greenway. ",
"Again, no movement from the men in white.",
"\n\n(Mobile users: click to see play)\n\nThe only successful run play the Lions had was an early misdirection handoff to Abdullah for seven yards (the Philadelphia Eagles used this play, sometimes called H-Reverse, last year to revive their running game). ",
"It would have been nice to see Lombardi go back to this run to combat the attacking pursuit of the Vikings second-level defenders.",
"\n\nPass game\n\nThe Vikings are a young, fast defense but the Lions didn't attempt to slow them down (no reverse to keep them honest?), ",
"calling just one screen pass, a first quarter attempt to Joique Bell that went nowhere as Swanson and Warford were slow to react to linebacker Gerald Hodges.",
"\n\nWith Minnesota controlling the line of scrimmage from the start, Vikings coach Mike Zimmer and defensive coordinator George Edwards did not have to worry about the run. ",
"They focused on bringing heat and limiting big plays, and similar to last season's meeting in Minnesota, they disguised coverages and deployed their favorite blitz scheme, the double-A-gap pressure package, which we'll dissect in a bit.",
"\n\nIn the first half, Stafford was accurate and on time with his throws and the line mostly held up in protecting him. ",
"But the beleaguered quarterback unsurprisingly wore down in the second half after being punished all afternoon.",
"\n\nPro Football Focus had Stafford pressured on 38 percent of his dropbacks (22 of 58), 10th most among quarterbacks in Week 2. ",
"I had Stafford pressured on an obscene 15 of 35 second half dropbacks (43 percent).",
"\n\nWhen the Vikings pressured Stafford, he completed just 7 of 20 passes.",
"\n\nStafford's nightmare began on the third play of the game. ",
"On third-and-10, he finds Golden Tate for 19 yards but not before being demolished on a hit by rookie linebacker Eric Kendricks. ",
"Warford whiffs on his block of linebacker Anthony Barr and Bell doesn't react to Kendricks, who comes racing in untouched on a delay once he reads tight end Eric Ebron is blocking.",
"\n\n(Mobile users: click to see play)\n\nThe Lions ran a fair amount of deep route combinations throughout the game, but the Vikings' blitz schemes and pressure forced Lombardi to alter his gameplan. ",
"He began dialing up more quick, short passes and the strategy worked on the two second quarter drives.",
"\n\nThey beat the blitz a few times with quick passes to Ebron here and here, but credit the Vikings for not missing tackles and preventing chunk plays all day.",
"\n\nThe Lions scored on both second quarter drives. ",
"A 14-play, 72-yard march took 7:14 but was halted prematurely for a field goal. ",
"An eight-play, 73-yard drive before the half finished with a laser of a touchdown throw from Stafford to a tip-toeing Calvin Johnson.",
"\n\nOn the field goal drive, they finally moved the ball as Stafford connected with seven different receivers.",
"\n\nOn second-and-goal from the Vikings' 8, Lombardi designs a post route for Lance Moore, isolated to the right of the formation with veteran cornerback Terence Newman over the top. ",
"The Vikings play Cover 3 with four underneath defenders. ",
"Johnson (boxed in orange) lines up next to Tate (not pictured) and draws the attention of the Vikings' middle safety.",
"\n\nStafford moves the safety (view clip) with his eyes by looking towards Johnson, which clears out the middle of the field. ",
"Moore runs a good route and jerks hard to the right before planting and crossing to the inside, yet Newman doesn't bite. ",
"There's some contact but Stafford's throw is well behind Moore, who stumbles as Newman drops the interception.",
"\n\n(Mobile users: click to see play)\n\nThe following play, Tate stumbles and falls as he comes wide open on a drag route, forcing the Lions to settle for a field goal.",
"\n\nMinnesota wasn't fooled by anything the Lions were doing, and were happy to force Detroit to dink and dunk its way down the field. ",
"The Vikings' secondary stayed on the hips of the Lions' playmakers and forced three second-half turnovers.",
"\n\nThe Lions stayed in their three receiver set, with Moore getting the nod as the third wideout by playing 60 of 78 snaps. ",
"Fourth-receiver Corey Fuller was on the field for just nine offensive plays.",
"\n\nTo counter, Minnesota played nickel most of the game, with two linebackers -- rookie second-rounder Kendricks and 2014 first-rounder Barr -- and five defensive backs. ",
"Starting linebackers Greenway (14 snaps) and Hodges (28 snaps) were removed for Kendricks (53 snaps) and slot corner Captain Munnerlyn (65 snaps). ",
"This gave the Vikings great speed in the middle of the field to help them cover. ",
"They paid no attention to the Lions' ground game because their defensive line dominated early and Lombardi was rightfully hesitant to go back to it.",
"\n\nAs the hits and pressures began to climb, Stafford -- understandably so -- stopped trusting his protection and began moving off his spot. ",
"His accuracy level dipped in the second half.",
"\n\nOn first down, the Vikings fake the double-A-gap blitz by only sending one of their two linebackers. ",
"What makes this scheme so effective is the setup looks the same, whether you send extra guys or not. ",
"The threat forces the offense to account for the potential pressure up the middle, causing break downs in protection and/or giving the defense favorable one-on-one pass rushing matchups.",
"\n\nThe Vikings only send five rushers against six pass protectors, but they get a clean shot at Stafford. ",
"Kendricks comes and is picked up by Abdullah, while safety Harrison Smith blitzes untouched off the edge and levels the quarterback. ",
"The Vikings drop the left defensive end, something Lions defensive coordinator Teryl Austin has employed at times, to cover the tight end, while Barr drops into a flat zone to take away the quick slant to Johnson. ",
"It's one-on-one across the board with one deep safety. ",
"A perfect call and well-executed by the Vikings.",
"\n\n(Mobile users: click to see play)\n\nTwo plays later on third-and-10, Lucas is bull-rushed into the backfield and left tackle Riley Reiff gets beat deep off the edge. ",
"Stafford drifts too deep in his drop, doesn't set his feet and throws incomplete towards Ebron running a corner route.",
"\n\nThe following series Stafford gets a reprieve following a 27-yard pass interference call on rising third-year corner Xavier Rhodes which negated a horribly thrown interception.",
"\n\nOn the next play, the Lions tried to get the ball to Ebron on a quick hitch route to combat a Vikings blitz. ",
"Little used defensive end Justin Trattou isn't fooled by the run action, gets his hands in the passing lane and collects the pick.",
"\n\n(Mobile users: click to play)\n\nFollowing the Lions' third turnover in five second-half possessions, the Vikings ate nearly six minutes off the clock and kicked a field goal for a 26-10 lead. ",
"The Lions received the ball back with 6:13 to play and took 4:32 to drive 82 yards for a touchdown. ",
"They tried to go deep, but as was the case all day, the Minnesota secondary smothered it.",
"\n\nOn the second play of the drive, the Lions sent three receivers on the outside vertical, with Ebron running down the seam over the middle. ",
"The Vikings have one-deep safety, with Rhodes on Megatron's hip (as he was all afternoon), step-for-step at the bottom of the screen. ",
"No one is open, Stafford is forced from the pocket and sacked.",
"\n\n(Mobile users: click to play)\n\nDefenses can drop safeties deep to take away the shot plays because they aren't concerned with the Lions' run game. ",
"The inability for this passing game to get anything going down the field is a major issue, but it likely won't improve much unless the run game shows signs of life and Lombardi devises more creative calls.",
"\n\nThe Vikings were glad to give up small chunks of yards in exchange for time, but the Lions scored a touchdown and needed a two-point conversion to make it a one score game.",
"\n\nThis is a split-zone run with Ebron coming across the formation to block the back-side end. ",
"The key block is supposed to be made by Johnson coming down to pin the strong safety, Harrison Smith, inside. ",
"It's a very difficult block to make for the receiver because Smith is so close to the line with the Lions at the two-yard line. ",
"Johnson doesn't take a flat enough path and Smith slips past him to stop Bell (why Bell was in the game over a spry Abdullah or Riddick is another matter).",
"\n\n(Mobile users: click to play)\n\nThe Lions have as many skilled offensive weapons as nearly any team in the league, which is why a second straight forgettable outing and 0-2 start is so frustrating.",
"\n\nAlthough they're only two games in and still learning to play with each other, the offensive line remains the weak link. ",
"Lucas was horrid and Warford, Swanson and Reiff weren't much better. ",
"Ramirez was the only lineman to hold his own, and that's a surprise because he's more of a center than a guard at 32 years old. ",
"With the talented defenses of Denver, Seattle and Arizona up next, the season will turn even uglier fast if adjustments aren't made.",
"\n\nMost contending teams are built to win in the trenches, and though the line isn't the only problem (how about feeding Abdullah more than seven offensive touches?!), ",
"if this team doesn't improve the run game and protect Stafford, he won't last into October, and the franchises' bid for consecutive playoff appearances for the first time in 20 years will disappear with its quarterback, whether you think he's the man for the job or not.",
"\n\nCredit to NFL Game Pass for the game footage. ",
"All GIFs were created by Marlowe Alter for the Free Press.",
"\n\nEngage with Marlowe on Twitter @MarloweAlter, check out his other film reviews for the Free Press and his Lions blog."
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"---\nabstract: 'Bandit based optimisation schemes have a remarkable advantage over gradient based approaches due to their global perspective, which eliminates the danger of getting stuck at local optima. ",
"However, for continuous optimisation problems or problems with a large number of actions, bandit based approaches can be hindered by slow learning. ",
"Gradient based approaches, on the other hand, navigate quickly in high-dimensional continuous spaces through local optimisation, following the gradient in fine grained steps. ",
"However, apart from being susceptible to local optima, these schemes are also less suited for online learning due to their reliance on extensive trial-and-error before the optimum can be identified. ",
"In contrast, bandit algorithms seek to identify the optimal action (global optima) in as few steps as possible. ",
"In this paper, we propose a Bayesian approach that unifies the above two distinct paradigms in one single framework, with the aim of combining their advantages. ",
"At the heart of our approach we find a stochastic linear approximation of the function to be optimised, where both the gradient and values of the function are explicitly captured. ",
"This model allows us to learn from both noisy function and gradient observations, as well as predicting these properties across the action space to support optimisation. ",
"We further propose an accompanying bandit driven exploration scheme that uses Bayesian credible bounds to trade off exploration against exploitation. ",
"Our empirical results demonstrate that by unifying bandit and gradient based learning, one obtains consistently improved performance across a wide spectrum of problem environments. ",
"Furthermore, even when gradient feedback is unavailable, the flexibility of our model, including gradient prediction, still allows us outperform competing approaches, although with a smaller margin. ",
"Due to the pervasiveness of bandit based optimisation, our scheme opens up for improved performance both in meta-optimisation and in applications where gradient related information is readily available.'",
"\nauthor:\n- 'Ole-Christoffer Granmo[^1]'\nbibliography:\n- 'Granmo.bib'\ntitle: 'Bayesian Unification of Gradient and Bandit-based Learning for Accelerated Global Optimisation'\n---\n\nIntroduction\n============\n\nBackground and Motivation\n-------------------------\n\nThe multi-armed bandit problem is a classical optimisation problem that captures the trade off between exploitation and exploration in reinforcement learning. ",
"The problem consists of an agent that sequentially pulls one out of multiple arms attached to a gambling machine, with each pull resulting in a scalar reward. ",
"Each reward is randomly drawn from an *unknown* distribution, unique to each arm. ",
"The purpose is to as quickly as possible identify the arm with the highest expected reward, through goal directed trial-and-error.",
"\n\nBandit based optimisation schemes have a tremendous advantage over gradient based approaches (such as [@bengio2000]) due to their global perspective, which eliminates the danger of getting stuck at local optima. ",
"However, for continuous optimisation problems or problems with a large number of arms (actions), bandit based approaches are hindered by their inability to generalise across arms (typically modelling arms as independent reward sources). ",
"This independence assumption leads to slow learning because the expected reward function must be inferred independently for each arm. ",
"Gradient based approaches, on the other hand, navigate quickly in high-dimensional continuous spaces through [*local*]{} optimisation, following the gradient in small steps. ",
"The local optimisation, however, makes this class of schemes susceptible to local optima. ",
"Further, they are less suited for on-line learning due to their reliance on extensive trial and error, with small parameter adjustments at each step. ",
"In contrast, bandit algorithms are designed for on-line operation, aiming to converge to the optimal arm (global optima) in as few trials as possible.",
"\n\nTo deal with continuous and large action spaces, several bandit based approaches have recently been proposed that capture interaction among actions. ",
"One class of schemes, referred to as *global* multi-armed bandit schemes, models the expected rewards of the arms as (non-)linear functions of a global parameter $\\gamma$ [@Atan2015]. ",
"Another family of techniques attacks large action spaces through tree based searching, with X-Armed Bandits finding global maxima when the expected reward (objective) function is “locally Lipschitz” [@Bubeck2011]. ",
"Finally, Gaussian processes have been applied for smoothing and interpolation, forming the foundation for bandit based exploration and exploitation in continuous action spaces [@Srinivas2012].",
"\n\nGaussian process based approaches are particularly attractive because they provide a Bayesian estimate of the expected reward functions including credible intervals, as illustrated in Fig. ",
"\\[fig\\_gp\\].",
"\n\n![",
"Gaussian process with a squared exponential covariance function (isotropic distance and white noise). ",
"The red line marks the original function, while the black line marks the function predicted from five noisy observations (blue crosses) along with a 99% credible interval.[]{data-label=\"fig_gp\"}](plot_gp_0_100000_5){width=\"4.0in\"}\n\nIn brief, dedicated kernel functions capture smoothness and other function dynamics, encoded in a covariance matrix. ",
"However, as illustrated in the figure, the scheme is “blind” towards the gradient of the underlying reward function (red line), merely “tracing” a line through the observations (crosses), tending towards a prior mean without other input (typically set to zero).",
"\n\nIn conclusion, gradient and bandit based scheme have distinct advantages and disadvantages.",
"\n\nPaper Contributions and Outline\n-------------------------------\n\nIn this paper we propose a radically new approach to stochastic optimisation where the global perspective of multi-armed bandits is combined with gradient based local optimisation, with the effect of significantly accelerating learning. ",
"In all brevity, our approach provides a Bayesian Unification of Gradient and Bandit-based learning (hereafter referred to as BUG-B). ",
"Our contributions can be summarised as follows:\n\n- At the heart of BUG-B we find a novel Bayesian model that explicitly connects the expected reward function with its gradient. ",
"The model supports learning from both noisy function values as well as gradient related observations. ",
"Further, unobserved function values and gradient information can be predicted across the action space to support goal-directed exploration and exploitation of the reward function.",
"\n\n- In addition, we propose an accompanying bandit driven exploration scheme that uses Bayesian credible bounds to trade off exploration against exploitation. ",
"Note that BUG-B also lends itself towards so-called Thompson Sampling [@Granmo2010a; @Scott2010; @May2011; @Thompson1933] due to its Bayesian nature.",
"\n\n- Our empirical results demonstrate that by unifying bandit and gradient based learning, one obtains improved performance across a wide spectrum of reward functions and degrees of noise.",
"\n\n- Even when gradient feedback is unavailable, the flexibility of our model, including gradient estimation, allows us to still outperform competing approaches, although with a smaller margin.",
"\n\nIn Section \\[BUG-B\\] we provide the details of our Bayesian approach to unifying gradient and bandit-based learning. ",
"We introduce a grid based linear approximation of the reward function that explicitly relates function- and gradient values, modelled as a set of stochastic variables to address noisy observations and relationships. ",
"We then cover accompanying optimisation strategies based on Bayesian credibility bounds as well as Thompson Sampling, before we in Section \\[results\\] provide empirical results demonstrating the superiority of our scheme in a wide range of settings. ",
"We conclude the paper in Section \\[conclusion\\] by providing pointers for further research.",
"\n\nBayesian Unification of Gradient and Bandit-based Learning (BUG-B) {#BUG-B}\n==================================================================\n\nThe BUG-B Model\n---------------\n\nThe BUG-B model is based on a linear approximation of the expected reward function $f(x_i)$ using a grid of input values, $x_i \\in \\{x_0, x_1, \\ldots, x_N\\}$. This paper focuses on one-dimensional cases. ",
"The approximation then takes the following recursive form: $$f(x_i) = f(x_{i-1}) + \\nabla f(x_{i-1}) \\cdot (x_i - x_{i-1}),$$ for $i \\in \\{1, \\ldots, N\\}$.\n\n![",
"Linear approximation of $f(x_i)$ based on the preceding function value $f(x_{i-1})$ and gradient $\\nabla f(x_{i-1})$.[]{data-label=\"fig_approx\"}](Approx){width=\"2.5in\"}\n\nAs illustrated in Fig. ",
"\\[fig\\_approx\\], for any input value $x_i$, the function value, $f(x_i)$, is formulated in terms of the gradient, $\\nabla f(x_{i-1})$, and the function value, $f(x_{i-1})$, of the preceding point, $x_{i-1}$. Note that for $x_0$, $f(x_0)$ then becomes a constant. ",
"In all brevity, the gradient and function values are related in a manner that allows the underlying function to be approximated with arbitrary accuracy. ",
"That is, the approximation can be made arbitrarily accurate by making the grid increasingly fine grained: $\\lim_{h\\to0}\\|f(x + h) - f(x) - \\nabla f(x) \\cdot h\\| = 0$ (for any differentiable function $f$).",
"\n\nWe are now ready to present our novel Bayesian scheme that explicitly connects the expected reward function with its gradient.",
"\n\n![",
"Relating gradient and function values for unified gradient and bandit based learning.[]{data-label=\"fig_bug-b\"}](GBN){width=\"3.0in\"}\n\nAs shown in Fig. ",
"\\[fig\\_bug-b\\], we model each $f(x_i)$ and $\\nabla f(x_i)$ as stochastic variables $F_i$ and $\\nabla F_i$, respectively. ",
"These stochastic variables are normally distributed, with corresponding unknown means, $\\mu_i$ and $\\mu_{i\\nabla}$, and variations, $\\sigma^2_i$ and $\\sigma^2_{i\\nabla}$. As further seen in the figure, the relationship between variables are defined recursively, according to the aforementioned linear approximation scheme: $F_i = F_{i-1} + \\nabla F_{i-1} (x_i - x_{i-1}) + \\epsilon^f_i$. Here, $\\epsilon^f_i$ captures uncertainty, representing i.i.d. ",
"Gaussian noise $\\epsilon^f_i \\sim N(0,\\sigma^2_f)$. Furthermore, we model the dynamics of the unknown gradient $\\nabla f$ of $f$ by relating neighbouring stochastic gradient variables: $\\nabla F_i \n= \\nabla F_{i-1} + \\epsilon^g_i$. That is, the change rate is stochastically governed by i.i.d. ",
"Gaussian noise $\\epsilon^g_i \\sim N(0, \\sigma^2_g)$.\n\nUsing a factor graph based computation approach for the above model, we can efficiently calculate the posterior joint and marginal distributions for all the variables, given noisy information on both function and gradient values (the computational complexity grows linearly with the number of grid points).",
"\n\n[.5]{} {width=\"3.0in\"}\n\n[.5]{} {width=\"3.0in\"}\n\nOptimization Strategies with Thompson Sampling and Upper Confidence Intervals\n-----------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nFrom a rather broad perspective, there are currently two competing strategies for finding the global optimum in the bandit setting: Thompson sampling (stochastic probability matching schemes) and those based on upper confidence (or credibility) bounds. ",
"Thompson sampling tends to provide better performance than UCB-based approaches in empirical investigations, however, is known to over-explore. ",
"UCB-like approaches, on the other hand, provide a deterministic and more goal-directed path towards the global optimum, finding the optimum with probability arbitrarily close to unity. ",
"Thompson sampling, on the other hand, *always* converges to the global optimum (with unit probability). [",
"@Granmo2010a]\n\nIn [@Granmo2010a] we proposed a *Bayesian* technique for solving bandit like problems, akin to the *Thompson Sampling* [@Thompson1933] principle, leading to novel schemes for handling multi-armed and non-stationary (restless) bandit problems [@Granmo2010c; @Granmo2010b]. ",
"Empirical results demonstrated the advantages of these techniques over established top performers. ",
"Furthermore, we provided theoretical results stating that the original technique is instantaneously self-correcting and that it converges to only pulling the optimal arm with probability as close to unity as desired. ",
"Later on, as a further testimony to the renewed importance of the Thompson Sampling principle, a modern Bayesian look at the multi-armed bandit problem was also taken in [@Scott2010; @May2011].",
"\n\nA promising avenue for solving the multi-armed bandit problem involves the methods which consider the estimation of confidence intervals, wherein the scheme estimates a confidence interval for the reward probability of each arm, and an “optimistic reward probability estimate” is identified for each arm. ",
"The arm with the most optimistic reward probability estimate is then greedily selected [@Vermorel2005; @Kaelbling1993].",
"\n\nIn [@Auer2002], the authors analysed several confidence interval based algorithms. ",
"These algorithms also provide logarithmically increasing *regret*, with *UCB-Tuned* – a variant of the well-known *UCB1* algorithm — outperforming both *UCB1*, *UCB2*, as well as the $\\epsilon_n$-greedy strategy. ",
"In brief, in *UCB-Tuned*, the following optimistic estimates are used for each arm $i$: $$\\mu_i + \\sqrt{{\\ln n \\over n_i} \\min\\left\\{1/4, \\sigma_i^2 + \\sqrt{{2 \\ln n \\over n_i}}\\right\\}}$$ where $\\mu_i$ and $\\sigma_i^2$ are the sample mean and variance of the rewards that have been obtained from arm $i$, $n$ is the total number of arm pulls, and $n_i$ is the number of times arm $i$ has been pulled. ",
"Thus, the quantity added to the sample average of a specific arm $i$ is steadily reduced as the arm is pulled, and the corresponding uncertainty about the reward probability is reduced. ",
"As a result, by always selecting the arm with the highest optimistic reward estimate, *UCB-Tuned* gradually shifts from exploration to exploitation.",
"\n\n*By providing a Bayesian estimate of the function $f(x)$ to be optimised, the BUG-B model supports both Thompson Sampling and UCB-based optimization.* ",
"However, as further explored below, we obtained best performance by calculating 95% Bayesian Credible Bounds across the grid of input values, $x_i \\in \\{x_0, x_1, \\ldots, x_N\\}$. By iteratively measuring the function value at the highest bound and then updating our estimate for $f(x)$ using BUG-B, we were able to quickly converge to the maxima of the function.",
"\n\nEmpirical Results {#results}\n=================\n\nIn this section we evaluate the BUG-B scheme by comparing it with the currently best performing approaches. ",
"Based on our comparison with these “reference” algorithms, it should be quite straightforward to also relate the BUG-B performance results to the performance of other similar algorithms.",
"\n\nExperimental Setup\n------------------\n\nWe have conducted numerous experiments using various functions, generating artificial data, under varying degrees of observation noise. ",
"The full range of empirical results all show the same trend, however, we here report performance on a representative subset of the experiment configurations, involving uni-modal and multi-modal functions, with varying degrees of noise and resolutions. ",
"Performance is measured in terms of *Regret* — *the difference between the sum of rewards expected after $N$ successive rounds and what would have been obtained by always selecting the optimal point*.",
"\n\nFor these experiment configurations, an ensemble of $1000$ independent replications with different random number streams was performed to minimize the variance of the reported results. ",
"In order to investigate the performance of the schemes under a broad spectrum of environments, we test the schemes using three different representative functions — one sloped, with a single maxima, and one more peaked with multiple local maxima, particularly similar to the global maxima. ",
"To investigate performance under varying degrees of noise we introduced i.i.d. ",
"Gaussian observation noise, $N(0, \\sigma_o)$, employing a diverse range of noise levels: $\\sigma_o \\in \\{0.01, 0.1, 1.0, 5.0\\}$. Regret is reported after 25, 50, 100, and 250 iterations for both the new *accelerating* scheme and the traditional *static* scheme.",
"\n\nComparison of Regret\n--------------------\n\nThe *regret* measure is non-trivial, and so we provide further clarification here. ",
"In brief, the *regret* can be seen as *the difference between the sum of rewards expected after $N$ successive arm pulls, and what would have been obtained by only pulling the optimal arm*. ",
"To exemplify, assume that a *reward* yields a value (utility) of $1$, and that a *penalty* is associated with the value $0$. This implies that the expected utility of pulling arm $i$ is $r_i$. Thus, if the optimal arm is arm $1$, the *regret* after $N$ plays would become: $$r_1 N - \\sum_{n=1}^N \\hat{r}_n,$$ with $\\hat{r}_n$ being the expected reward at arm pull $n$, given the agent’s arm selection strategy.",
"\n\nTable \\[table\\_regret\\_time\\_steps\\] reports average regret over multiple functions for different number of time steps. ",
"As exemplified in Fig. ",
"\\[fig\\_bug-b\\_example\\], pursuing a UCB strategy, BUG-B only needs 4-5 observations to capture the underlying function, allowing it to quickly zoom in on the most promising input value regions. ",
"The effect of this is seen in the table, with BUG-B performing significantly better than the competing state-of-the-art schemes.",
"\n\nAlso notice how BUG-B outperforms the Gaussian process based UCB approach, even when not receiving feedback on the gradient function. ",
"This could be explained by the ability of BUG-B to [*infer*]{} gradient information indirectly by means of the noisy function value observations.",
"\n\n [**Algorithm / Time steps**]{} [**25**]{} [**50**]{} [**100**]{} [**250**]{}\n -------------------------------- ------------ ------------ ------------- -------------\n BUG-B w/o gradient 20.0 26.4 34.2 50.9\n BUG-B [*13.3*]{} [*16.7*]{} [*21.8*]{} [*31.5*]{}\n Multi-armed Bandit w/UCB 26.0 35.9 48.5 71.7\n Gaussian Process w/UCB 19.9 27.1 36.3 53.9\n Gradient Descent 23.0 43.6 79.2 171.9\n Uniform 38.1 76.4 152.8 381.1\n\n : Comparison of regret after increasing number of iterations (grid resolution 100, noise 1.0)[]{data-label=\"table_regret_time_steps\"}\n\nThe above findings are confirmed by the plots in Fig. ",
"\\[fig\\_regret\\_plot\\], showing that BUG-B provides superior performance at every time step.",
"The Gaussian process based approach is better than BUG-B without gradient feedback up to time step ten or so, and then BUG-B w/o gradients is slightly better for the remainder of the time steps.",
"\n\n![",
"Regret plot over time[]{data-label=\"fig_regret_plot\"}](experiments){width=\"4.5in\"}\n\nTable \\[table\\_regret\\_noise\\] summarises performance under a diverse range of noise levels, from $0.01$ up to $5.0$. BUG-B is consistently the superior approach across all the noise levels, both with and without feedback on the gradient.",
"\n\n [**Algorithm / Noise**]{} [**0.01**]{} [**0.1**]{} [**1.0**]{} [**5.0**]{}\n --------------------------- -------------- ------------- ------------- -------------\n BUG-B w/o Gradient 12.8 17.8 50.9 110.57\n BUG-B [*11.5*]{} [*13.6*]{} [*31.5*]{} [*55.6*]{}\n Multi-armed Bandit w/UCB 31.6 34.9 71.7 149.2\n Gaussian Process w/UCB 14.4 19.6 53.9 175.6\n Gradient Descent 212.3 201.7 171.9 249.6\n Uniform 382.1 381.7 381.1 380.5\n\n : Comparison of regret under varying degrees of noise (grid resolution 100)[]{data-label=\"table_regret_noise\"}\n\nInterestingly, gradient descent improves performance in the mid range noise levels. ",
"This can be explained by the increased noise opening up for escaping local optima, however, performance falls again with the largest degree of noise.",
"\n\nTable \\[table\\_computation\\_time\\] summarises computational performance. ",
"In all brevity, the model structure of BUG-G lends itself to efficient computation by exploiting model structure for local computation. ",
"This leads to linear increase in computation time with respect to number of observations, as opposed to the much more computationally expensive Gaussian process based approach (with exact computation involving covariance matrix inversion).",
"\n\n [**BUG-B**]{} [**MAB**]{} [**Gaussian Process**]{} [**Gradient Descent**]{} \n --------------- ------------- -------------------------- -------------------------- --\n 1.74 0.58 789.7 [*0.04*]{} \n\n : Comparison of computation time[]{data-label=\"table_computation_time\"}\n\nFor all of these experiments, the gradient of the functions were pre-calculated, making gradient descent computationally extremely efficient.",
"\n\nConclusions and Further Work {#conclusion}\n============================\n\nIn this paper we have proposed a novel approach to global optimisation where bandit based and gradient based learning is combined. ",
"Our Bayesian model, BUG-B, unifies the two paradigms in one integrated model. ",
"At the heart of the model we find a stochastic linear approximation of the function to be optimised. ",
"Here, both the gradient and function values are explicitly related. ",
"This allows us to learn from both noisy function and gradient observations, as well as predicting these properties across the action space to support optimisation.",
"\n\nWe further proposed an accompanying bandit driven exploration scheme that use Bayesian credibility bounds to trade off exploration against exploitation. ",
"Our empirical results demonstrated that by unifying bandit and gradient based learning, one obtains consistently improved performance across a wide spectrum of environments. ",
"Furthermore, even when gradient feedback is unavailable, the flexibility of our model, including gradient prediction, allows us to still outperform competing approaches, although with a smaller margin. ",
"Due to the pervasiveness of bandit based optimisation, our scheme opens up for improved performance both in meta-optimisation and in applications where gradient information is readily available.",
"\n\nIn future work, we propose that these pioneering results are expanded in a number of directions. ",
"First of all, BUG-B needs to be generalised to cover multi-dimensional functions. ",
"Additionally, formal regret bounds and asymptotic properties needs to be established. ",
"Finally, it would be interesting to investigate how BUG-B can be leveraged in novel application areas, such as meta-learning in neural networks.",
"\n\n[^1]: Author’s status: [*Professor*]{}. ",
"This author can be contacted at: Centre for Artificial Intelligence Research (CAIR), University of Agder, Grimstad, Norway. ",
"E-mail: [ole.granmo@uia.no]{}.",
"\n"
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[
"---\nbibliography:\n- 'refs.bib'\n---\n\n**Bayesian model averaging in model-based clustering and density estimation**\\\nNiamh Russell$^{1, 2\\ast}$, Thomas Brendan Murphy$^{1,3}$, Adrian E. Raftery$^4$\\\n$^1$ School of Mathematical Sciences, University College Dublin, Ireland\\\n$^2$Complex and Adaptive Systems Laboratory, UCD, Ireland.\\\n$^3$Insight Research Centre, UCD, Ireland.\\\n$^4$Department of Statistics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA\\\n$^{\\ast}$Email: niamh.russell.1@ucdconnect.ie\\\n\n[**Abstract:** We propose Bayesian model averaging (BMA) as a method for postprocessing the results of model-based clustering. ",
"Given a number of competing models, appropriate model summaries are averaged, using the posterior model probabilities, instead of being taken from a single “best” model. ",
"We demonstrate the use of BMA in model-based clustering for a number of datasets. ",
"We show that BMA provides a useful summary of the clustering of observations while taking model uncertainty into account. ",
"Further, we show that BMA in conjunction with model-based clustering gives a competitive method for density estimation in a multivariate setting. ",
"Applying BMA in the model-based context is fast and can give enhanced modeling performance. ]{}",
"\n\n**Keywords:** Bayesian model averaging $\\cdot$ Cluster analysis $\\cdot$ Density estimation $\\cdot$ High-dimensional data $\\cdot$ Model-based clustering $\\cdot$ Model uncertainty\n\nIntroduction {#sec:Ch4intro}\n============\n\nModel-based clustering methods are based on the assumption that the population can be modeled using the finite mixture model [e.g. @banfield1993; @celeux1995; @fraley2002]. ",
"Within this paradigm, it is assumed that the data come from $G$ subpopulations, which correspond to the mixture components, and within each subpopulation the data are modeled using a single parametric component distribution. ",
"The most common finite mixture model that is used for model-based clustering is the finite normal mixture, but many alternatives exist [e.g. @mclachlan2000; @lee2013].",
"\n\nModel selection is an intrinsic part of model-based clustering. ",
"In particular, the number of clusters (component densities), $G$, is unknown and a number of competing choices for component densities may also be under consideration. ",
"Each combination of component density and number of clusters can be viewed as a separate model, and a model selection approach can be used to select both at the same time [e.g. @fraley2002]. ",
"In most implementations of model-based clustering, the “best\" model is chosen by using some criterion and clustering is based on the “best” single model. ",
"A number of methods have been proposed for selecting the “best” model including choosing the model with the highest Bayesian Information Criterion (BIC) [@schwarz1978] or the highest Integrated Complete Likelihood (ICL) [@biernacki2000].",
"\n\nThe approach of reporting the results of model-based clustering based on a single model ignores the uncertainty that arises from the model selection. ",
"Consequently, the uncertainty about quantities of interest may be underestimated. ",
"We propose basing the results of model-based clustering on a combination of the results from all candidate models rather than on those from a single model. ",
"We propose taking a weighted average of the model summaries, where the weights are approximate posterior model probabilities. ",
"Thus we propose using Bayesian Model Averaging (BMA) [@hoeting1999] within the model-based clustering paradigm.",
"\n\nTo obtain valid inference using BMA, the quantity of interest should have the same meaning in each model under consideration. ",
"In model-based clustering, the quantities of interest must have the same meaning for all values of $G$ and must be invariant to the labeling of the clusters in the finite mixture model. ",
"This is because finite mixture models are identifiable only up to permutations of the cluster labels. ",
"Here we focus on inference about the clustering consensus matrix. ",
"This has the same meaning for all values of $G$ and is invariant to the cluster labeling.",
"\n\nWe also consider using model-based clustering as a method for multivariate density estimation, following [@fraley2002]. ",
"In this case, the estimated density has the same meaning in all models, so we again use the posterior model probabilities as weights to offer an alternative density estimation procedure to multivariate kernel density estimation [e.g., @scott1992; @duong2007] or to model-based clustering density estimation methods based on a single model [@fraley2002].",
"\n\nThe paper is organized as follows. ",
"In Section \\[sec:Ch4background\\], we briefly review the model-based clustering paradigm. ",
"In Section \\[sec:Ch4BMA\\], we outline how the BMA approach can be used to deal with model uncertainty. ",
"In Section \\[sec:Ch4method\\], we describe how we can create a matrix for each model that is invariant to the number and labeling of the clusters. ",
"In Section \\[sec:Ch4results\\], we provide an assessment of clustering performance for BMA in conjunction with model-based clustering. ",
"In Section \\[sec:Ch4density\\], we describe the background for density estimation and introduce a framework for combining BMA and model-based clustering for multivariate density estimation. ",
"We illustrate this with a number of simulations. ",
"We conclude, in Section \\[sec:Ch4discuss\\], with a discussion of related work and suggest future directions.",
"\n\nModel-based clustering {#sec:Ch4background}\n======================\n\nModel-based clustering [@banfield1993; @celeux1995; @fraley2002; @fraley2007] is used for clustering data into groups, where the number of groups $G$ is typically unknown. ",
"Here we focus on model-based clustering based on the finite normal mixture model as described in [@fraley2002].",
"\n\nWe assume that there are $G$ clusters, where each cluster $g$ arises with probability $\\tau_g$. Data within each cluster follow a normal distribution with cluster-specific mean $\\mu_g$ and covariance $\\boldsymbol{\\Sigma}_g$, so that the data are characterized by a finite mixture of normal distributions. ",
"The density of each observation $x_i$ is $$f(x_i)=\\sum^G_{g=1}\\tau_g\\phi(x_i|\\mu_g,\\boldsymbol{\\Sigma}_g),$$ where $\\phi(\\cdot|\\cdot,\\cdot)$ is a multivariate normal density. ",
"In practice, the number of clusters, $G$, is usually unknown and needs to be determined as part of the model inference.",
"\n\nThe assumption of multivariate normal distributed clusters implies that the clusters are elliptical in shape. [",
"@banfield1993] proposed that constraints be placed on the covariance matrices to gain parsimony. ",
"These are specified using a modified eigenvalue decomposition of $\\boldsymbol{\\Sigma}_g$, namely $$\\boldsymbol{\\Sigma}_g=\\lambda_g \\mathbf{D}_g \\mathbf{A}_g \\mathbf{D}_g^{\\intercal},$$ where $\\lambda_g$ is a constant which controls the cluster volume, $\\mathbf{D}_g$ is an orthogonal matrix of eigenvectors which control the orientation of the clusters, and $\\mathbf{A}_g$ a diagonal matrix, with entries proportional to the eigenvalues, which control the shape of the cluster. ",
"We can restrict each property of the covariance $\\boldsymbol{\\Sigma}_g$ (volume, shape, orientation) in different ways, resulting in fourteen different possible models [@biernacki2006]. ",
"Throughout this paper, we will consider the ten covariance structures implemented in the [mclust]{} software [@fraley2012], as displayed in Figure \\[fig:Ch4ellipses\\]. ",
"Each letter in the name of a model corresponds to the constraint placed on the volume, shape and orientation respectively. ",
"The constraint can be equal (E), variable (V) or identity (I). ",
"For example, in the EEV model, each cluster has the same volume and the same shape but the orientations of the clusters can differ. ",
"Other parametrizations of covariance matrices are useful in the context of model-based cluster analysis [e.g. @mcnicholas2008; @mcnicholas2010b; @biernacki2014], but we do not consider them further here.",
"\n\n![",
"Examples of cluster shapes under each covariance restriction.[]{data-label=\"fig:Ch4ellipses\"}](Fig1.png){width=\"60.00000%\"}\n\nBased on choosing a covariance constraint and the number of groups $G$, we can fit the finite mixture of normal distributions using the EM algorithm [@dempster1977] to yield the maximum likelihood estimates of the model parameters and an estimate of the posterior probability that each observation $x_i$ belongs to group $g$. The resulting $N \\times G$ matrix of probabilities, denoted by $\\mathbf{Z}$, has typical entry $z_{ig}$, which is the estimated conditional posterior probability that observation $i$ belongs to group $g$. This is $${\\mathbb P}\\{\\mbox{Observation $i$ comes from group $g$}\\}\\approx z_{ig}=\\frac{\\hat\\tau_g\\phi(\\mathbf{x}_i|\\hat\\mu_g,\\hat{\\boldsymbol\\Sigma}_g)}{\\sum_{g'=1}^G \\hat\\tau_{g'} \\phi(\\mathbf{x}_i|\\hat\\mu_{g'},\\hat{\\boldsymbol\\Sigma}_{g'})}, \\label{eq:Ch4clustpostprob}$$ where $\\{(\\hat\\tau_g,\\hat\\mu_g,\\hat{\\boldsymbol\\Sigma}_g):g=1,2\\ldots,G\\}$ are the maximum likelihood estimates of the model parameters. ",
"The probability matrix, $\\mathbf{Z}$, can be converted into group labels for the observations and thus the observations can be clustered.",
"\n\nIn a clustering problem where several possible values for $G$ are considered (e.g. $G=1,2,\\ldots, 9$) and when all ten model types are also considered, we have to choose between about 83 different models. ",
"However, we would expect only a small number of these models to be strongly supported by the data. ",
"A frequently-used model selection approach is to choose the “best\" model using the Bayesian Information Criterion (BIC), [@schwarz1978] where the BIC for model ${\\cal M}_m$ is given by $$\\textrm{BIC}_m=2 \\log (\\mathcal{L})-\\kappa_m \\log (N).",
"\n\\label{eq-BIC}$$ In Equation \\[eq-BIC\\], $\\mathcal{L}$ is the maximized likelihood of the data, $\\kappa_m$ is the number of estimated model parameters for model ${\\cal M}_m$, and $N$ is the number of observations. ",
"This approach was proposed for clustering by [@dasgupta1998], and has been found to perform well [e.g. @steele2010].",
"\n\nOnce the model has been chosen, the cluster membership matrix is based on the parameters for that model alone. ",
"The other competing models are then discarded and model uncertainty is ignored.",
"\n\nModel Uncertainty and Bayesian model averaging {#sec:Ch4BMA}\n==============================================\n\nBasing inferences on a single “best” model ignores uncertainty about what the best model is. ",
"This can result in underestimating uncertainty about quantities of interest such as cluster membership or the estimated density.",
"\n\nWe address this using Bayesian model averaging (BMA) [@leamer1978; @madigan1994; @hoeting1999], which proceeds as follows. ",
"If $\\{{\\cal M}_1,...,{\\cal M}_M\\}$ denotes the set of all models being considered and if $\\Delta$ is the quantity of interest, then the posterior distribution of $\\Delta$ given the data is $$\\mathbb{P}(\\Delta|\\text{Data})=\\sum_{m=1}^{M}\\mathbb{P}(\\Delta|{\\cal M}_m,\\text{Data})\\mathbb{P}({\\cal M}_m|\\text{Data}).",
"\n\\label{eq:Ch4intro}$$ This is an average of the posterior distributions under each model weighted by the corresponding posterior model probabilities.",
"\n\nIn Equation \\[eq:Ch4intro\\], the posterior probability of model ${\\cal M}_m$ is given by $$\\mathbb{P}({\\cal M}_m|\\text{Data})=\\frac{\\mathbb{P}(\\text{Data}|{\\cal M}_m)\\mathbb{P}({\\cal M}_m)}{\\sum_{m'=1}^M \\mathbb{P}(\\text{Data}|{\\cal M}_{m'})\\mathbb{P}({\\cal M}_{m'})},$$ where $$\\mathbb{P}(\\text{Data}|{\\cal M}_m)=\\int \\mathbb{P}(\\text{Data}|\\theta_m,{\\cal M}_m)\\mathbb{P}(\\theta_m|{\\cal M}_m)d\\theta_m\n\\label{eq:Ch4integral}$$ is the marginal likelihood of model ${\\cal M}_m$, $\\theta_m$ is the vector of parameters of model ${\\cal M}_m$, $\\mathbb{P}(\\text{Data}|\\theta_m,{\\cal M}_m)$ is the likelihood for model ${\\cal M}_m$, $\\mathbb{P}(\\theta_k|{\\cal M}_k)$ is the prior density of the parameter $\\theta_m$ in model ${\\cal M}_m$ and $\\mathbb{P}({\\cal M}_m)$ is the prior probability of model ${\\cal M}_m$. All probabilities are conditional on the set of all models being considered. [",
"@madigan1994] argued that averaging over all of the models, as in Equation \\[eq:Ch4intro\\], provides better predictive ability than using any single model.",
"\n\nOne difficulty is that the integral in Equation \\[eq:Ch4integral\\] is intractable in most cases and so an approximation to the posterior model probability is required. ",
"We use the Bayesian Information Criterion (BIC) to derive approximate posterior model probabilities for Bayesian model averaging for model-based clustering [@dasgupta1998]. ",
"If all the models are equally likely *a priori*, so that $\\mathbb{P}({\\cal M}_1)=\\dots =\\mathbb{P}({\\cal M}_M)=1/M$, this yields $$\\mathbb{P}({\\cal M}_m|\\text{Data}) \\approx \\frac{\\exp \\left(\\frac{1}{2}BIC_m\\right)}{\\sum_{m'=1}^M\\exp \\left(\\frac{1}{2}BIC_{m'}\\right)}.",
"\n\\label{eq:Ch4PMP}$$\n\nBayesian model averaging for clustering {#sec:Ch4method}\n=======================================\n\nAn important point when implementing BMA is that the quantity of interest, $\\Delta$, must have a consistent definition across all models. ",
"Care should be taken when implementing BMA in the clustering setting because the labeling of clusters (components) within a model is arbitrary, so the labeling of clusters under one model may not correspond to the labeling under another model. ",
"Also, the number of clusters can vary from model to model.",
"\n\nSimilarity matrix\n-----------------\n\n@strehl2003 introduced the concept of a binary *similarity matrix* in the context of clustering. ",
"This matrix is $N\\times N$ and for any pair of observations $(i,j)$, the $(i,j)$th entry in the matrix is 1 if the $i$th and $j$th observations are in the same cluster in a given model, and 0 if they are not. ",
"They used this structure to form what they call *pairwise cluster ensembles*; [@monti2003] and [@kuncheva2004] also exploited this idea in a clustering context. ",
"In these articles, weights were given to various clustering methods and the similarity matrices were combined using these weights. ",
"The resulting matrix was described by @kuncheva2004 as a *consensus matrix*.",
"\n\n@fern2003 extended the binary similarity matrix to soft-clustering techniques, which return a probability vector $\\mathbb{P}(g|i,{\\cal M}_m), g=1,\\dots,G$ for an observation $i$, representing the probability that $i$ belongs to each cluster under model ${\\cal M}_m$. The values ${\\mathbb P}(g|i,{{\\cal M}_m})$ are analogous to the $z_{ig}$ values, as defined in Equation \\[eq:Ch4clustpostprob\\]. [",
"@fern2003] used model-based clustering to cluster high-dimensional data by randomly projecting the data into a low-dimensional space and clustering the data in the low-dimensional space. ",
"The data are projected multiple times and the consensus matrices are averaged across all projections.",
"\n\n[@fern2003] defined $\\mathbf{S}^{{m}}_{ij}$ as the probability that observations $i$ and $j$ belong to the same cluster under model ${{\\cal M}_m}$. This can be calculated as $$\\mathbf{S}^{{m}}_{ij}=\\sum_{g=1}^G \\mathbb{P}(g|i,{{\\cal M}_m})\\times \\mathbb{P}(g|j,{{\\cal M}_m})\\approx\\sum_{g=1}^{G}z_{ig}^m z_{jg}^m ,$$ because $z_{ig}^m$ is an estimate of the probability that observation $i$ belongs to cluster $g$ in model ${\\cal M}_m$.\n\nWe can construct the similarity matrix $\\mathbf{S}^m$ for each model ${\\cal M}_m$ as follows: $$\\mathbf{S}_{ij}^{m} = \n\\left\\{\n\\begin{array}{ll}\n(\\mathbf{Z}^m(\\mathbf{Z}^{m})^{\\intercal})_{ij} & , \\mbox{ when } i \\ne j\\\\\n1 & , \\mbox{ when } i=j . ",
"\n\\end{array}\n\\right.",
"\n\\label{eq:Ch4zzt}$$ We propose using the matrix $\\mathbf{S}^{m}$ of probabilities that any pair of observations belong to the same cluster, when implementing BMA for model-based clustering. ",
"This ensures that we are averaging a quantity that has the same meaning across differing number of clusters and is invariant to cluster labeling.",
"\n\nProperties of the similarity matrix {#sec:toy}\n-----------------------------------\n\nThe matrix $\\mathbf{S}^m$ for any model ${\\cal M}_m$ will be $N \\times N$ where $N$ is the number of observations. ",
"It is invariant to label switching, and its dimension is invariant to the number of clusters in the model. ",
"It can therefore be used to combine models with different numbers of clusters. ",
"It can be viewed as a similarity matrix between the data points $(x_1,\\dots ,x_N)$.\n\nThe element $s_{ij}^k $ of the matrix $\\mathbf{S}^m$ represents the probability that $i$ and $j$ belong to the same cluster. ",
"We can also define a quantity $d_{ij}=1-s_{ij}$ as the probability that they are not in the same cluster. ",
"So, $\\mathbf{S} = 1-\\mathbf{D}$, where $\\mathbf{D}$ can be thought of as a dissimilarity matrix. ",
"Therefore, $\\mathbf{D}$ can be used with any clustering algorithm which operates directly on a dissimilarity matrix.",
"\n\nWe define $s_{\\mathcal{A}}$ as the minimum probability that two observations $i$ and $j$ in a set $\\mathcal{A}$ belong together, which we can think of as the minimum probability that two elements in $\\mathcal{A}$ belong to the same cluster. ",
"If we define $d_{\\mathcal{A}}$ as $1-s_ {\\mathcal{A}}$, we obtain the following result: $$\\begin{aligned}\nd_{\\mathcal{A}}&=& 1-s_{\\cal A}\\nonumber\\\\\n& = & 1 - \\min_{i,j \\in \\mathcal{A}} \\mathbb{P}\\{i, j \\text{ belong together}\\}\\nonumber\\\\\n&=& \\max_{i,j \\in \\mathcal{A}} [1-\\mathbb{P}\\{i, j \\text{ belong together}\\}]\\nonumber\\\\ \n&=& \\max_{i,j\\in\\mathcal{A}}(d_{ij})\\nonumber.\\end{aligned}$$\n\nThus the maximum probability that two elements of ${\\cal A}$ do not appear in the same cluster is $d_{\\cal A}$. It follows that ${\\mathbf D}$ can be used in hierarchical clustering with complete linkage [@sokal1963] and the results will have an intuitive interpretation. ",
"In complete linkage, the dissimilarity between two groups $G$ and $H$ is the largest dissimilarity between opposite groups, that is, the maximum distance between an element of $G$ and an element of $H$, namely $$d_{\\text{complete}}(G,H)= \\max_{i\\in G,j\\in H} d_{ij}.$$ Hierarchical complete-linkage clustering will then merge the groups with the smallest $d_{\\text{complete}}$. This continues until all the groups are merged.",
"\n\nThe results can be shown on a dendrogram which can be cut at any level. ",
"There is an intuitive interpretation of the level of cut. ",
"If we cut the dendrogram at a particular probability level, any observations clustered together at that level have a probability of at least that value of all being in the same cluster.",
"\n\nWe illustrate this with a toy example. ",
"Suppose we have six data points $A,\\dots,F$ and two equally likely clustering results. ",
"The first clustering attempt puts $A,B,C$ in one cluster and $D,E,F$ in the other, while the second attempt puts $A,C,E$ in one cluster and $B,D,F$ in the other. ",
"For simplicity we will use hard clustering where the probability of cluster membership is either 0 or 1 for each observation. ",
"If both models have equal probability, the $\\mathbf{S}$ matrix will be $$\\begin{pmatrix}\n1.0 & 0.5& 1.0& 0.0& 0.5& 0.0\\\\\n 0.5 & 1.0 & 0.5 & 0.5 & 0.0 & 0.5\\\\\n 1.0 & 0.5 & 1.0 & 0.0 & 0.5 & 0.0\\\\\n 0.0 & 0.5 & 0.0 & 1.0 & 0.5 & 1.0\\\\\n 0.5 & 0.0 & 0.5& 0.5 & 1.0 & 0.5\\\\\n 0.0 & 0.5 & 0.0 & 1.0 & 0.5 & 1.0\\\\\n\\end{pmatrix}$$ If we proceed to implement hierarchical clustering on the corresponding dissimilarity matrix, with complete linkage, we get the dendrogram shown in Figure \\[fig:Ch4toyHeat\\].",
"\n\n![",
"Toy data: Dendrogram denotes the probability of certain observations being in the same group. ",
"For example if we cut the dendrogram at the blue line, any observations clustered together have a probability of at least 0.8 of all being in the same group. ",
"If we cut at the red line, any observations clustered together at that level have a probability of at least 0.2 of all being in the same group.[]{data-label=\"fig:Ch4toyHeat\"}](Fig2.png){width=\"80.00000%\"}\n\nAveraging the two models and cutting the resulting dendogram at any probability level above 0.5 leads to a four-cluster solution. ",
"This makes sense. ",
"Both clusterings agree that $A$ and $C$ belong in the same cluster as do $D$ and $F$. However, they disagree on $B$ and $E$. This dendrogram gives a probabilistic representation of this situation. ",
"If we cut the dendogram in Figure \\[fig:Ch4toyHeat\\] at 0.2, we see that $A$, $B$ and $C$ have at least a probability 0.2 of being in the same group, but cutting at 0.8 shows that $A$ and $C$ have at least a probability of 0.8 of being in the same group.",
"\n\nSummary of method\n-----------------\n\nWe can now carry out Bayesian model averaging by using the posterior model probabilities estimated from Equation \\[eq:Ch4PMP\\] as weights and the similarity matrices for each candidate model, defined in Equation \\[eq:Ch4zzt\\]. ",
"For each pair of observations $i$ and $j$ in our dataset, we propose assigning the probability vector $$\\begin{aligned}\n& & \\mathbb{P}\\left\\{\\text{Observation } i,j \\text{ in same cluster }|\\text{ Data}\\right\\}\\nonumber \\\\\n& =& \\sum_{m=1}^M \\mathbb{P}\\left\\{\\text{Obs } i,j \\text{ in same cluster } |{\\cal M}_m\\right\\}\\mathbb{P}\\left\\{{\\cal M}_m|\\text{ Data}\\right\\} \\nonumber\\\\\n& \\approx &\\frac{ \\sum_{m=1}^{M} \\sum_{g=1}^{G}z_{ig}^{m}z_{jg}^{m}\\exp\\left(\\frac{1}{2}BIC_m\\right)}{\\sum_{m=1}^{M}\\exp\\left(\\frac{1}{2}BIC_m\\right)} . ",
"\n\\nonumber\\end{aligned}$$\n\nResults {#sec:Ch4results}\n=======\n\nThe proposed methodology is demonstrated using two well known data sets: Fisher’s iris data [@fisher1936] and Forina’s wine data [@forina1986].",
"\n\nWe clustered the datasets using the [mclust]{} software (Version 4.4) [@fraley2012] and [R]{} [@R2014]. ",
"Where appropriate we have ordered the observations using the [gclus]{} R package (Version 1.3.1) [@hurley2012] and the [seriation]{} R package (Version 1.0-14) [@hahsler2014].",
"\n\nWhen using the default settings in [mclust]{}, a total of 83 candidate models were fitted. ",
"These include three one-cluster models ($G=1$) and the ten possible covariance structures (Figure \\[fig:Ch4ellipses\\]) for each number of clusters $G=2,3,\\ldots, 9$. One can of course fit a larger or smaller set of models if desired.",
"\n\nClustering Fisher’s iris data\n-----------------------------\n\nThe iris data [@fisher1936] gives the measurements in centimetres of the variables sepal length and width and petal length and width for 150 observations with 50 of each of three species of iris: *versicolor, setosa* and *virginica*. ",
"Table \\[tab:Ch4iris\\] shows the model-based clustering models with the highest BIC values for the iris data. ",
"These results show that the VEV model with two clusters has the highest BIC, but that there is considerable uncertainty about whether this is the best model. ",
"In a single model scenario, the VEV model with two clusters would be selected and clustering would be based solely on this model.",
"\n\n ---------------------------------------------- ---------- ----- -------------------\n Model No of BIC Posterior\n\n Type Clusters Model Probability\n\n **[VEV]{}&**[2]{}&**[-561.73]{}&**[0.601]{}\\ \n VEV&3&-562.55&0.398\\ \n VVV&2&-574.028&0.001\\ \n Others&&&$<0.00001$\\ \n ******** \n ---------------------------------------------- ---------- ----- -------------------\n\n : Iris data: BIC and posterior model probabilities for the three most favored models, i.e., those with the highest BIC. ",
"The boldfaced model is chosen by this criterion.",
"\n\n\\[tab:Ch4iris\\]\n\nHowever, it can be seen from Table \\[tab:Ch4iris\\], that the BIC value for the three-cluster VEV solution is similar to that for the selected model. ",
"The posterior model probabilities in the table are estimated using Equation \\[eq:Ch4PMP\\] and we see that the posterior probability for this second best model is almost 40%.",
"\n\nIn order to visualize the observations that are likely to be in the same cluster, we use a heatmap to represent the similarity matrix. ",
"The ordering of the observations in the heatmap is important. ",
"Here we present the data in species order, which yields an intuitive heatmap, as shown in Figure \\[fig:Ch4IrisHeat\\]. ",
"However, in many applications this will not be the case, but the structure may be easier to see if the data are ordered using some seriation method.",
"\n\nFigure \\[fig:Ch4BestIrisHeat\\] shows the heatmap for the similarity matrix for the two-cluster VEV model, while Figure \\[fig:Ch42ndIrisHeat\\] shows the three-cluster model; these are the two models with the highest BIC values. ",
"The red sections of the figure represent clusters of $(i,j)$ pairs that have a high probability of being in the same cluster, which the white areas show $(i,j)$ pairs that are unlikely to be in the same cluster. ",
"The clusters are isolated along the diagonal of the heatmap.",
"\n\nThe model that would be selected by BIC separates the *setosa* species very well from the other two species but it merges the two other species into one cluster. ",
"It can be seen also that the probabilities assigned to the co-clustering pairs are very high. ",
"The fact that there is large uncertainty associated with the two-cluster solution is not clear in the single model results.",
"\n\nThe second most likely model shows separation between the three clusters with high probability, as we see in Figure \\[fig:Ch42ndIrisHeat\\]. ",
"Thus the argument can be made that this model should contribute to the final clustering result.",
"\n\nFigure \\[fig:Ch4BMAIrisHeat\\] shows the heatmap for the similarity matrix produced from the Bayesian model averaging process. ",
"The method separates the large cluster into two clusters which approximate the known species groups quite well, but also reflect the uncertainty about whether there are really three species.",
"\n\nWe can also present these results using dendrograms, as detailed in Section \\[sec:toy\\], and these are shown in Figure \\[fig:Ch4IrisDend\\]. ",
"The dendrograms show that the single model results cluster the observations into two clear groups, whereas the BMA results show the possibility of both a two-cluster and/or three-cluster solution, depending on the cutoff used.",
"\n\nClustering Italian wines data\n-----------------------------\n\nWe now apply the methodology to a well-known dataset consisting of 27 chemical measurements on each of 178 wine samples belonging to three cultivars of wine (Barolo, Grignolino and Barbera) produced in the Piedmont region of Italy [@forina1986]. ",
"Table \\[tab:Ch4cultivar\\] shows the number of samples collected in each vintage year for the three cultivars.",
"\n\n ----------- ------------ ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- -------\n \n Cat.index Cat.name ’70 ’71 ’72 ’73 ’74 ’75 ’76 ’77 ’78 ’79 Total\n 1 Barolo 19 20 20 59\n 2 Grignolino 9 9 7 9 16 9 12 71\n 3 Barbera 9 5 29 5 48\n ----------- ------------ ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- -------\n\n : Wines data: A list of the number of samples of each cultivar for each vintage year investigated in the study.",
"\n\n\\[tab:Ch4cultivar\\]\n\nTable \\[tab:Ch4wines\\] shows the candidate models with the highest BIC and hence the highest approximate posterior probability; all other models had negligible posterior probability. ",
"Although the data consist of samples from three different cultivars, a seven-cluster model was preferred to any of the three-cluster models. ",
"The seven clusters successfully separate the three cultivars, and also partly reflect the different vintage years shown in Table \\[tab:Ch4cultivar\\] [@mcnicholas2008].",
"\n\n ------------------------------------------ ---------- ----- -------------------\n Model No of BIC Posterior\n\n Type Clusters Model Probability\n\n **[VEI]{}&7&**[-23951.91]{}&**[0.600]{}\\ \n EVI&3&-23953.87&0.225\\ \n VVI&3&-23954.37&0.175\\ \n others&&&$<0.001$\\ \n ****** \n ------------------------------------------ ---------- ----- -------------------\n\n : Wines data: BIC and posterior model probabilities for the three models with the highest BIC. ",
"Again, the boldfaced model is chosen when carrying out model-based clustering.",
"\n\n\\[tab:Ch4wines\\]\n\nThe heatmap of the similarity matrix of the optimal model is presented in Figure \\[fig:Ch4BestWinesHeatns\\]. ",
"Here the observations are shown in order of vintage year within cultivar. ",
"It appears that the clustering results partly reflect the vintage years as well as the cultivars.",
"\n\nWe seriated the data to reorder the observations, using the order of the leaf nodes in a dendrogram produced by hierarchical clustering with complete linkage. ",
"In hierarchical displays, a decision is needed at each merge to specify which subtree should go to the left and which to the right [@hurley2012]. ",
"We used the order suggested in [@gruvaeus1972], which ensures that objects at the boundaries of each class were located next to objects outside the class which they most resembled [@gordon1987]. ",
"At a merge of clusters $A$ and $B$, the new cluster is one of $(A,B)$, $(A',B)$, $(A,B')$, $(A',B')$, where $A'$ denotes $A$ in reverse order. ",
"The new cluster is chosen to minimize the distance between the object in $A$ placed adjacent to an object from $B$. The reordered similarity matrix, shown in Figure \\[fig:Ch4BestWinesHeatser\\], has seven clear clusters, with uncertainty about the group membership of some of the observations.",
"\n\nFrom Table \\[tab:Ch4wines\\] we see that the combined posterior probability of the two three-cluster models (EVI and VVI) is high, at just under 40%. ",
"We use BMA to average the similarity matrices across the candidate models and show the results in Figure \\[fig:Ch4BMAWinesHeat\\]. ",
"Figure \\[fig:Ch4BMAWinesHeatns\\] shows the clustering in the originally presented order, after BMA has been carried out. ",
"It gives a clearer picture of the cultivar clustering, although there is some uncertainty, shown by the yellow colors. ",
"Figure \\[fig:Ch4BMAWinesHeatser\\] shows the seriated version, where the smaller clusters group naturally into three larger clusters, but with one small cluster that could belong to either of two cultivars.",
"\n\nFigure \\[fig:Ch4WinesDend\\] shows the dendrogram of the complete-linkage clustering of the consensus matrices according to (a) the best model and (b) BMA. ",
"The dendogram for the best model (VEI with seven clusters) reproduces the model’s seven clusters quite clearly if the dendogram is cut at any level above about 0.5, as expected. ",
"The BMA dendogram reflects more uncertainty, as one would expect. ",
"It divides the data into four groups if cut at 0.1.",
"\n\nThe two three-cluster solutions give similar clustering results. ",
"In the seven-cluster solution, three of the clusters are for the Grignolino observations, and two each for the Barbera and Barolo observations. ",
"The Barolo and Barbera clusters break down by vintage year, whereas for the Grignolino observations the clusters correspond less clearly to vintage years.",
"\n\nBayesian model averaging for density estimation. {#",
"sec:Ch4density}\n================================================\n\nThe fitted mixture model produced by model-based clustering provides an overall density estimate for the data generation process. ",
"@ferguson1983 showed that finite mixtures of normal distributions can approximate any distribution on the real line to within any given accuracy. ",
"Thus the density estimate produced by model-based clustering can be used as a density estimation method. ",
"The performance of densities fitted in this way was assessed by @roeder1997 for the univariate case and by @fraley2002 for the bivariate case. ",
"Both of these studies showed model-based clustering to be competitive with state of the art kernel density estimation methods.",
"\n\nWe propose using Bayesian model averaging of the density estimates for each model using the posterior model probabilities from Equation \\[eq:Ch4PMP\\]. ",
"So, given model-based density estimates $\\hat{f}_{{\\cal M}_m}(x)$, for $m=1,2,\\ldots, M$, we have $$\\hat{f}_{\\text{BMA}}(x)=\\sum_{m=1}^{M} \\mathbb{P}\\{{\\cal M}_m|\\text{ Data }\\} \\hat{f}_{{\\cal M}_m}(x).$$\n\nWe compare the BMA results with kernel density estimation methods. ",
"Kernel density estimation has long been used for density estimation and visualization of univariate data [@rosenblatt1956; @parzen1962; @jones1996]. ",
"The kernel density estimate $\\hat{f}_h$ of a univariate density $f$ based on a random sample $X_1,\\dots, X_N$ of size $N$ is $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\hat{f}_h(x)&=&\\frac{1}{N} \\sum_{i=1}^{N} K_h(x-X_i) \\nonumber\\\\\n&=&\\frac{1}{N} \\sum_{i=1}^{N} \\frac{1}{h}K\\left(\\frac{x-X_i}{h}\\right) ,\n\\nonumber\\end{aligned}$$ where $K_h(\\cdot)= (1/h)K(\\cdot/h)$ for a kernel function $K$, assumed to be a symmetric probability density and a bandwidth $h$ (the smoothing parameter). ",
"We also compare $\\hat{f}_{\\text{BMA}}$ with the single-model estimate $\\hat{f}_{\\text{SM}}$, where $$\\hat{f}_{\\text{SM}}(x)=\\hat{f}_{\\widehat{\\cal M}_m}(x)$$ where $\\widehat{\\cal M}_m$ is the model with the highest value of BIC. (",
"SM stands for “single model”.)",
"\n\n@wand1994 described the extension of the method to the bivariate case. ",
"The multivariate kernel density estimate is $$\\hat{f}(x; \\mathbf{H})=\\frac{1}{N} \\sum_{i=1}^{N} K_{\\mathbf{H}}(x-X_i),$$ where $\\mathbf{H}$ is now a $d \\times d$ positive definite matrix and $K$ is a $d$-variate spherically symmetric density function; a common simplification is to use a diagonal $\\mathbf{H}$ [e.g., @wand1994 Chapter 4.2].",
"\n\nThe performance of density estimation procedures can be compared using mean integrated squared error (MISE) or expected Kullback-Leibler divergence (KL), defined as follows: $$\\begin{aligned}\n\\mbox{MISE} &=& {\\mathbb E}^{\\hat{f}}\\int [f(x)-\\hat{f}(x)]^2dx\n\\label{eq:MISE} \\\\\n\\mbox{MKL} &=& {\\mathbb E}^{\\hat{f}}\\int \\log\\left[\\frac{f(x)}{\\hat{f}(x)}\\right]f(x)dx,\n\\label{eq:KL}\\end{aligned}$$ where the expected value is taken with respect to the resulting density estimate, $\\hat{f}$, computed from a random sample, $X_1,X_2,\\ldots,X_n$, drawn from $f$. For both criteria, smaller is better. ",
"MISE (Equation \\[eq:MISE\\]) is the most commonly used measure of performance, while Kullback-Leibler divergence (Equation \\[eq:KL\\]) provides an alternative which considers the differences in densities on a logarithmic scale; this places more emphasis on differences in regions of low density.",
"\n\nThe asymptotic performance of kernel density estimation under the MISE criterion was described by [@silverman1986] and [@scott1992] and the form of the optimal bandwidth for the kernel was derived. [",
"@hall1987] studied the asymptotic performance of kernel density estimation under Kullback-Leibler divergence and showed that the optimal bandwidth in this case leads to a smoother density estimate than under MISE. ",
"The optimal bandwidths differ because Kullback-Leibler puts a larger penalty on regions where a density estimate has low density but the true density has high density. ",
"@wand1993 and @duong2003 investigated the use of unconstrained parametrisations of the $\\mathbf{H}$ matrix as opposed to diagonal ones on simulated target densities, and concluded that this can improve efficiency.",
"\n\nWe use the extended version of multivariate kernel density estimation as described in [@duong2003] and [@duong2007] as a benchmark for comparison with the model-based clustering density estimates. ",
"This approach uses a two-stage estimation procedure, where a pilot density estimate is used to get an improved estimate of the optimal bandwidth compared to the standard plug-in estimates [e.g. @silverman1986 Section 3.4.2]. [",
"@duong2007] used kernels with non-diagonal ${\\mathbf H}$ matrices.",
"\n\nDensity estimation results\n--------------------------\n\n### Simulation study for bivariate density estimation {#sec:bivarsim}\n\n[@fraley2002] defined bivariate analogs of the first ten of the univariate datasets defined in @marron1992 to compare the performance of the fitted model-based clustering density with multivariate kernel density estimation. ",
"Contour plots of the densities are shown in Appendix \\[sec:settings\\] as well as the parameter settings for the actual densities we used.",
"\n\nWe produced 250 simulations of 250 observations from each of the same ten distributions and compared density estimation using model-based clustering with the Bayesian model averaged result in terms of the mean integrated squared error and the Kullback-Leibler distance. ",
"We compared the performance of the model-based clustering approaches to the extended kernel density estimaton method described in [@duong2003] as implemented in the [ks]{} R package [@duong2007; @duong2014].",
"\n\nThe results of the simulation study are shown in Table \\[tab:DEresults\\] where the numbers in the MISE columns are the MISE for kernel density estimation and for the single model respectively divided by the MISE for the BMA method. ",
"Similarly, for the Kullback-Leibler column, we divide the Kullback-Leibler distance for kernel density estimation and for the single model by the Kullback-Leibler distance for the BMA method.",
"\n\n --------------------- ------ ------ ------ ------\n Model \n MISE KL MISE KL\n Single Gaussian 6.19 4.86 1.00 1.00\n Skewed unimodal 1.06 1.53 1.03 1.03\n Strongly skewed 2.75 11.4 1.04 1.05\n Kurtotic unimodal 0.45 11.7 1.00 1.00\n Outlier 1.81 1.68 1.00 1.00\n Bimodal 1.12 1.46 1.08 1.08\n Separated bimodal 3.10 3.74 1.01 1.01\n Asymmetric bimodal 0.55 2.63 1.00 1.00\n Trimodal 0.98 0.99 1.01 1.03\n Claw (Bart Simpson) 0.91 1.37 1.09 1.19\n --------------------- ------ ------ ------ ------\n\n : Mean MISE and Kullback-Leibler (KL) distance ratios for density estimation via model-based clustering with Bayesian model averaging (BMA) as against kernel density estimation with the [ks]{} R package (KS) and single-model model-based clustering (SM). ",
"Datasets used are the ten bivariate extensions of Marron-Wand univariate densities from [@fraley2002]. ",
"The numbers in the MISE columns are the MISE for kernel density estimation and for the single model respectively divided by the MISE for the BMA method; similarly for the KL columns. ",
"A value greater than 1.00 indicates that BMA is preferred to the competing method while a value less than 1.00 denotes that the competing method is preferred to BMA. (",
"Results are based on 250 simulated datasets with 250 observations each for each density type.)",
"\n\n\\[tab:DEresults\\]\n\nDensity estimation using model-based clustering with BMA compares very favorably with kernel density estimation according to the KL criterion, while it compares favorably in the majority of cases by the MISE criterion. ",
"It also compares favorably with density estimation using model-based clustering with a single model in all cases and by both criteria, although the gains are more modest.",
"\n\n[@fraley2002] gave further comparisons of single model density estimation with other kernel density estimation methods, namely Gaussian kernel density estimation using both the normal optimal bandwidth and cross-validated bandwidth [@bowman1997].",
"\n\n### Simulation study for higher dimensional density estimation\n\nWe also investigated density estimation for higher dimensional data. ",
"We first added dimensions consisting of observations from the standard normal distribution to the existing distributions used in Section \\[sec:bivarsim\\]. ",
"The first three rows in Table \\[tab:HDEresults\\] refer to bivariate distributions with one extra such dimension added, while the next three rows refer to the same distributions with four extra standard normal dimensions. ",
"We also implemented three- and six-dimensional versions of the bimodal distribution. ",
"We allowed for variable separation of the modes as in the bimodal case, and the results are in rows seven to twelve of Table \\[tab:HDEresults\\]. ",
"The settings used for all these simulations are in Appendix \\[sec:highdimensional\\].",
"\n\n ------------------------- ------ ------- ------ ------\n Model \n MISE KL MISE KL\n Strongly skewed 3D 2.46 7.47 1.03 1.04\n Separated bimodal 3D 5.08 6.39 1.00 1.02\n Asymmetric bimodal 3D 0.75 3.53 1.01 1.00\n Strongly skewed 6D 2.66 4.95 1.03 1.04\n Separated bimodal 6D 8.18 11.0 1.03 1.03\n Asymmetric bimodal 6D 1.41 4.31 1.06 1.04\n Bimodal 3D (sep of 1.5) 6.51 6.45 1.00 1.03\n Bimodal 3D (sep of 3) 1.94 3.13 1.03 1.05\n Bimodal 3D (sep of 5) 5.34 6.30 1.00 1.00\n Bimodal 6D (sep of 1.5) 12.3 10.56 1.06 1.04\n Bimodal 6D (sep of 3) 10.8 13.61 1.03 1.04\n Bimodal 6D (sep of 5) 8.41 11.9 1.11 1.08\n ------------------------- ------ ------- ------ ------\n\n : MISE and Kullback-Leibler (KL) distance ratios for density estimation via model-based clustering with Bayesian model averaging (BMA) as against kernel density estimation with the [ks]{} package (KS) and single model model-based clustering (SM). ",
"The top six lines comprise simulations of bivariate data as before with either one or four extra dimensions of standard normal. ",
"The bottom six lines comprise extensions to three and six dimensions of the bimodal density of [@fraley2002] with variable separation of the modes.",
"\n\n\\[tab:HDEresults\\]\n\nModel-based clustering with BMA strongly outperformed kernel density estimation in all cases except one for both three-dimensional and six-dimensional data, according to both criteria, MISE and KL. ",
"Model-based clustering with BMA also uniformly outperformed single-model model-based clustering, although the gain was more modest.",
"\n\nDensity estimation using model-based clustering can be carried out for higher dimensions, and performs well. ",
"However, we limited ourselves to six dimensions because the [ks]{} R package provides results for at most six dimensions. ",
"We conjecture that model-based clustering’s gain in performance would be even greater for higher dimensions.",
"\n\n### Lansing maples\n\nWe now consider the Lansing trees data set [@gerrard1969] where we are interested in the density of the maple trees in a forest. ",
"The models with the highest BIC are shown in Table \\[tab:imaples\\] and we can see that three models have non-negligible posterior probability.",
"\n\n ------------- ----------- ----------------- -------------------\n Model No of BIC Posterior\n Type Clusters Model Probability\n [**VII**]{} [**7**]{} [**154.339**]{} [**0.49462**]{}\n VEI 7 153.569 0.33655\n VII 6 152.081 0.15998\n others $<0.01$\n ------------- ----------- ----------------- -------------------\n\n : Lansing Woods data: BIC and posterior model probabilities for the three models with the highest BIC.",
"\n\n\\[tab:imaples\\]\n\nA six-cluster solution has approximately 16% posterior model probability with two seven-cluster solutions having approximately 83% between them. ",
"There are very small probabilities associated with five and eight cluster solutions respectively. ",
"However, the best model that would be chosen according to BIC is VII with seven clusters.",
"\n\nWe can compare graphically the contour plots for the models with the highest BIC and the plot for the density estmation after BIC (Figure \\[fig:lansing\\]). ",
"Figures \\[fig:densVII7\\], \\[fig:densVEI7\\] and \\[fig:densVII6\\] show the three most likely models according to BIC, while Figure \\[fig:densBMA\\] shows the BMA density estimate. ",
"We can see that the high density region at approximately $(0.4,0.1)$ in Figures \\[fig:densVII7\\] and \\[fig:densVII7\\] does not appear in Figure \\[fig:densVII6\\]. ",
"Further, the density of this region is smaller in Figure \\[fig:densBMA\\]. ",
"Thus the BMA density estimate takes into account the possibility that the model density plotted in Figure \\[fig:densVII6\\] is appropriate.",
"\n\nFigure \\[fig:densdiff\\] shows the differences between the density estimates produced by BMA and the density estimate for the VII model with seven clusters. ",
"Again, the difference in probability density around the cluster at $(0.4,0.1)$ is evident. ",
"There are some other small areas of smoothing denoted in blue. ",
"The brown peaks are higher densities to compensate for the lower density at $(0.4,0.1)$.\n\n![",
"Lansing Wood data: Difference between the densities for the model with highest probability and after BMA.[]{data-label=\"fig:densdiff\"}](Fig9.png){width=\"80.00000%\"}\n\nDiscussion {#sec:Ch4discuss}\n==========\n\nWe have implemented Bayesian model averaging for model-based clustering and density estimation. ",
"The results show that the BMA assesses the model uncertainty better than the single best model approach.",
"\n\nWe have proposed similarity matrices as a way of representing ensembles of clustering solutions. ",
"They provide an intuitive way of visualising clustering solutions and are consistent across models with different numbers of clusters. ",
"They are also invariant to label switching between models. ",
"Similar ideas were put forward by [@strehl2003] and [@monti2003] using binary classification matrices, while [@fern2003] extended the idea to soft classifications when proposing their random projection clustering method. ",
"All of these papers use different ways of combining the matrices than BMA.",
"\n\n[@kuncheva2004] suggested that “cutting” the matrix at a certain threshold is equivalent to running the single link algorithm and cutting the dendrogram at that level. ",
"We argue that using complete linkage gives a more intuitive interpretation.",
"\n\nWe have shown how to apply Bayesian model averaging to clustering solutions using the similarity matrix. ",
"This provides a statistical postprocessing method which takes account of model uncertainty. ",
"When used on datasets with well-documented structure or a known ground truth, results achieved with Bayesian model averaging are consistent with the ground truth. ",
"We have shown that carrying out BMA on datasets that have no ground truth might give additional information than using model-based clustering alone and at little computational cost.",
"\n\nThe model-based density estimation method described in [@fraley2002] gives better results in many cases than those given by well-known kernel density estimation methods for the simulated datasets analysed here. ",
"With the addition of the Bayesian model averaging described in this paper, even more improvement can be seen, and this becomes more pronounced in higher dimensions.",
"\n\nIn the case where the derivative of the density estimate is of interest (e.g. @jones1994 and others), a separate bandwidth is needed for each order derivative [@chacon2013]. ",
"An advantage of the finite mixture density estimate and the BMA mixture density estimate is that a single estimate is produced which can be used for estimating derivatives of any order.",
"\n\nThe proposed methodology could also be used when more than one family of component distributions is under consideration. ",
"For example, the normal mixture models with eigendecomposed covariances used in [mclust]{} [@fraley2002], the normal mixtures with factor analytic covariance structure used in [pgmm]{} [@mcnicholas2008], the multivariate $t$ mixtures used in [EMMIX]{} [@mclachlan99] and the skew-$t$ mixtures used in [EMMIXuskew]{} [@lee2013b] could be combined using the BMA procedure.",
"\n\nOne previous approach to Bayesian model averaging within model-based clustering [@wei2014] considers noninvariance of model-based clustering results to cluster labeling by matching the clusterings for competing models using an cluster agreement criterion. ",
"Further, they combine the clusters in the larger model so that the models being combined have the same number of clusters, $G$. We have proposed a very different approach for Bayesian model averaging for model-based clustering by choosing a quantity of interest, $\\Delta$, that is invariant to cluster labeling and that has a common meaning for all values of $G$.\n\nOverall, our results suggest that Bayesian model averaging is a useful postprocessing tool for model-based clustering and density estimation. ",
"It often helps and seldom disimproves the results, so it could be used routinely as part of model-based clustering.",
"\n\nAcknowledgements {#acknowledgements .unnumbered}\n================\n\nThis research is supported by the Programme for Research In Third Level Institutions (PRTLI) Cycle 5 and co-funded by the European Regional Development Fund, the Science Foundation Ireland Research Walton Fellowship (11/W.1/I2079), the Science Foundation Ireland funded Insight Research Center (SFI/12/RC/2289), and NIH grants R01-HD054511, R01-HD070936 and U54-HL127624.",
"\n\nSettings used for density simulations {#sec:settings}\n=====================================\n\nBivariate extensions of the Marron and Wand distributions as used in Fraley *et al.* (",
"2002)\n-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\n### Single Gaussian\n\n\n\n{width=\"70.00000%\"}\n\n --------- ---------- ------------------------------------------ -------------------------------------------------------\n Cluster Prop Mean Covariance\n $\\tau_g$ $(\\mu_g)$ $(\\Sigma_g)$\n 1 1 $\\begin{pmatrix}0 \\\\ 0 \\\\ \\end{pmatrix}$ $\\begin{pmatrix}1.25&0.75\\\\0.75&1.25\\\\ \\end{pmatrix}$\n --------- ---------- ------------------------------------------ -------------------------------------------------------\n\n : Gaussian distribution: Simulation settings.",
"\n\n\\[tab:Gaussian\\]\n\n### Skewed unimodal\n\n\n\n{width=\"70.00000%\"}\n\n --------- ---------- ---------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------\n Cluster Prop Mean Covariance\n $\\tau_g$ $(\\mu_g)$ $(\\Sigma_g)$\n 1 1/5 $\\begin{pmatrix}0 \\\\ 0 \\\\ \\end{pmatrix}$ $\\begin{pmatrix}1.25&0.75\\\\0.75&1.25\\\\ \\end{pmatrix}$\n 2 1/5 $\\begin{pmatrix}0.3535534 \\\\ 0.3535534 \\\\ \\end{pmatrix}$ $\\begin{pmatrix}0.6804138&0.4082483\\\\0.4082483&0.6804138\\\\ \\end{pmatrix}$\n 3 3/5 $\\begin{pmatrix}0.7660323 \\\\ 0.7660323 \\\\ \\end{pmatrix}$ $\\begin{pmatrix}0.5176083&0.3105650\\\\0.3105650&0.5176083\\\\ \\end{pmatrix}$\n --------- ---------- ---------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\n : Skewed unimodal distribution: Simulation settings.",
"\n\n\\[tab:su\\]\n\n### Strongly skewed\n\n\n\n{width=\"50.00000%\"}\n\n --------- ---------- ------------------------------------------------------------ -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n Cluster Prop Mean Covariance\n $\\tau_g$ $(\\mu_g)$ $(\\Sigma_g)$\n 1 1/8 $\\begin{pmatrix}0 \\\\ 0 \\\\ \\end{pmatrix}$ $\\begin{pmatrix}1.25&0.75\\\\0.75&1.25\\\\ \\end{pmatrix}$\n 2 1/8 $\\begin{pmatrix}-0.7071068 \\\\ -0.7071068 \\\\ \\end{pmatrix}$ $\\begin{pmatrix}0.5555556&0.3333333\\\\0.3333333&0.5555556\\\\ \\end{pmatrix}$\n 3 1/8 $\\begin{pmatrix}-1.178511 \\\\ -1.178511 \\\\ \\end{pmatrix}$ $\\begin{pmatrix}0.2469136&0.1481481\\\\0.1481481&0.2469136\\\\ \\end{pmatrix}$\n 4 1/8 $\\begin{pmatrix}-1.492781 \\\\ -1.492781 \\\\ \\end{pmatrix}$ $\\begin{pmatrix}0.10973937&0.06584362\\\\0.06584362&0.10973937\\\\ \\end{pmatrix}$\n 5 1/8 $\\begin{pmatrix}-1.702294 \\\\ -1.702294 \\\\ \\end{pmatrix}$ $\\begin{pmatrix} 0.04877305&0.02926383\\\\0.02926383& 0.04877305\\\\ \\end{pmatrix}$\n 6 1/8 $\\begin{pmatrix}-1.84197 \\\\ -1.84197 \\\\ \\end{pmatrix}$ $\\begin{pmatrix}0.02167691&0.01300615\\\\0.01300615&0.02167691\\\\ \\end{pmatrix}$\n 7 1/8 $\\begin{pmatrix}-1.935086 \\\\ -1.935086 \\\\ \\end{pmatrix}$ $\\begin{pmatrix}0.009634183&0.005780510\\\\0.005780510&0.009634183\\\\ \\end{pmatrix}$\n 8 1/8 $\\begin{pmatrix}-1.997164 \\\\ -1.997164 \\\\ \\end{pmatrix}$ $\\begin{pmatrix}0.004281859&0.002569116\\\\0.002569116&0.004281859\\\\ \\end{pmatrix}$\n --------- ---------- ------------------------------------------------------------ -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\n : Strongly skewed distribution: Simulation settings.",
"\n\n\\[tab:strong\\]\n\n### Kurtotic unimodal\n\n\n\n{width=\"70.00000%\"}\n\n --------- ---------- ------------------------------------------ -------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n Cluster Prop Mean Covariance\n $\\tau_g$ $(\\mu_g)$ $(\\Sigma_g)$\n 1 2/3 $\\begin{pmatrix}0 \\\\ 0 \\\\ \\end{pmatrix}$ $\\begin{pmatrix}1.25&0.75\\\\0.75&1.25\\\\ \\end{pmatrix}$\n 2 1/3 $\\begin{pmatrix}0 \\\\ 0 \\\\ \\end{pmatrix}$ $\\begin{pmatrix}0.03952847&0.02371708\\\\0.02371708&0.03952847\\\\ \\end{pmatrix}$\n --------- ---------- ------------------------------------------ -------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\n : Kurtotic unimodal distribution: Simulation settings.",
"\n\n\\[tab:ku\\]\n\n### Outlier\n\n\n\n{width=\"70.00000%\"}\n\n --------- ---------- ------------------------------------------ -------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n Cluster Prop Mean Covariance\n $\\tau_g$ $(\\mu_g)$ $(\\Sigma_g)$\n 1 1/10 $\\begin{pmatrix}0 \\\\ 0 \\\\ \\end{pmatrix}$ $\\begin{pmatrix}1.25&0.75\\\\0.75&1.25\\\\ \\end{pmatrix}$\n 2 9/10 $\\begin{pmatrix}0 \\\\ 0 \\\\ \\end{pmatrix}$ $\\begin{pmatrix}0.03952847&0.02371708\\\\0.02371708&0.03952847\\\\ \\end{pmatrix}$\n --------- ---------- ------------------------------------------ -------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\n : Outlier distribution: Simulation settings.",
"\n\n\\[tab:outlier\\]\n\n### Bimodal\n\n\n\n{width=\"70.00000%\"}\n\n --------- ---------- ------------------------------------------------------------ ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n Cluster Prop Mean Covariance\n $\\tau_g$ $(\\mu_g)$ $(\\Sigma_g)$\n 1 1/2 $\\begin{pmatrix}-0.5303301 \\\\ -0.5303301 \\\\ \\end{pmatrix}$ $\\begin{pmatrix*}[r]0.6804138&-0.4082483\\\\-0.4082483&0.6804138\\\\ \\end{pmatrix*}$\n 2 1/2 $\\begin{pmatrix}0.5303301 \\\\ 0.5303301 \\\\ \\end{pmatrix}$ $\\begin{pmatrix*}[r]0.6804138&-0.4082483\\\\-0.4082483&0.6804138\\\\ \\end{pmatrix*}$\n --------- ---------- ------------------------------------------------------------ ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\n : Bimodal Data: Simulation settings.",
"\n\n\\[tab:bimodal\\]\n\n### Separated bimodal\n\n\n\n{width=\"70.00000%\"}\n\n --------- ---------- -------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n Cluster Prop Mean Covariance\n $\\tau_g$ $(\\mu_g)$ $(\\Sigma_g)$\n 1 1/2 $\\begin{pmatrix}-1.06066 \\\\ -1.06066 \\\\ \\end{pmatrix}$ $\\begin{pmatrix*}[r]0.6804138&-0.4082483\\\\-0.4082483&0.6804138\\\\ \\end{pmatrix*}$\n 2 1/2 $\\begin{pmatrix}1.06066 \\\\1.06066 \\\\ \\end{pmatrix}$ $\\begin{pmatrix*}[r]0.6804138&-0.4082483\\\\-0.4082483&0.6804138\\\\ \\end{pmatrix*}$\n --------- ---------- -------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\n : Separated bimodal distribution: Simulation settings.",
"\n\n\\[tab:sep\\]\n\n### Asymmetric bimodal\n\n\n\n{width=\"70.00000%\"}\n\n --------- ---------- ---------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n Cluster Prop Mean Covariance\n $\\tau_g$ $(\\mu_g)$ $(\\Sigma_g)$\n 1 3/4 $\\begin{pmatrix}0 \\\\ 0 \\\\ \\end{pmatrix}$ $\\begin{pmatrix*}[r]1.25&-0.75\\\\-0.75&1.25\\\\ \\end{pmatrix*}$\n 2 1/4 $\\begin{pmatrix}0.7071068 \\\\ 0.7071068 \\\\ \\end{pmatrix}$ $\\begin{pmatrix*}[r]0.13888889&-0.08333333\\\\-0.08333333&0.13888889\\\\ \\end{pmatrix*}$\n --------- ---------- ---------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\n : Asymmetric bimodal distribution: Simulation settings.",
"\n\n\\[tab:asymm\\]\n\n### Trimodal\n\n\n\n{width=\"70.00000%\"}\n\n --------- ---------- ------------------------------------------------------------ ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n Cluster Prop Mean Covariance\n $\\tau_g$ $(\\mu_g)$ $(\\Sigma_g)$\n 1 2/5 $\\begin{pmatrix}-0.8485281 \\\\ -0.8485281 \\\\ \\end{pmatrix}$ $\\begin{pmatrix*}[r]0.5809475&-0.3485685\\\\-0.3485685&0.5809475\\\\ \\end{pmatrix*}$\n 2 2/5 $\\begin{pmatrix}0.8485281 \\\\ 0.8485281 \\\\ \\end{pmatrix}$ $\\begin{pmatrix*}[r]0.5809475&-0.3485685\\\\-0.3485685&0.5809475\\\\ \\end{pmatrix*}$\n 3 1/5 $\\begin{pmatrix}0 \\\\ 0 \\\\ \\end{pmatrix}$ $\\begin{pmatrix*}[r]0.15625&-0.09375\\\\-0.09375&0.15625\\\\ \\end{pmatrix*}$\n --------- ---------- ------------------------------------------------------------ ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\n : Trimodal distribution: Simulation settings.",
"\n\n\\[tab:trimodal\\]\n\n### Claw (Bart Simpson)\n\n\n\n{width=\"70.00000%\"}\n\n --------- ---------- ------------------------------------------------------------ --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n Cluster Prop Mean Covariance\n $\\tau_g$ $(\\mu_g)$ $(\\Sigma_g)$\n 1 2/7 $\\begin{pmatrix}0 \\\\ 0 \\\\ \\end{pmatrix}$ $\\begin{pmatrix}0.625&0.375\\\\0.375&0.625\\\\ \\end{pmatrix}$\n 2 1/7 $\\begin{pmatrix}-0.7071068 \\\\ -0.7071068 \\\\ \\end{pmatrix}$ $\\begin{pmatrix*}[r]0.03952847&-0.02371708\\\\-0.02371708&0.03952847\\\\ \\end{pmatrix*}$\n 3 1/7 $\\begin{pmatrix}-0.3535534 \\\\ -0.3535534 \\\\ \\end{pmatrix}$ $\\begin{pmatrix*}[r]0.03952847&-0.02371708\\\\-0.02371708&0.03952847\\\\ \\end{pmatrix*}$\n 4 1/7 $\\begin{pmatrix}0 \\\\ 0 \\\\ \\end{pmatrix}$ $\\begin{pmatrix*}[r]0.03952847&-0.02371708\\\\-0.02371708&0.03952847\\\\ \\end{pmatrix*}$\n 5 1/7 $\\begin{pmatrix}0.3535534 \\\\ 0.3535534 \\\\ \\end{pmatrix}$ $\\begin{pmatrix*}[r]0.03952847&-0.02371708\\\\-0.02371708&0.03952847\\\\ \\end{pmatrix*}$\n 6 1/7 $\\begin{pmatrix}0.7071068 \\\\ 0.7071068 \\\\ \\end{pmatrix}$ $\\begin{pmatrix*}[r]0.03952847&-0.02371708\\\\-0.02371708&0.03952847\\\\ \\end{pmatrix*}$\n --------- ---------- ------------------------------------------------------------ --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\n : Claw distribution: Simulation settings.",
"\n\n\\[tab:claw\\]\n\nHigher dimensional distribution settings {#sec:highdimensional}\n----------------------------------------\n\n### Additional standard normal columns\n\nFor these results we merely added standard normal observations to the simulated bivariate clusters. ",
"We did not differentiate between the clusters as cluster membership is not important in this setting.",
"\n\n### Three- and six-dimensional extensions\n\n --------- ------------ ---------- ----------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n Cluster Separation Prop Mean Covariance\n $\\tau_g$ $(\\mu_g)$ $(\\Sigma_g)$\n 1 1.5 1/2 $\\begin{pmatrix}-0.5303301 \\\\ -0.5303301 \\\\0.0\\\\ \\end{pmatrix}$ $\\begin{pmatrix*}[r]1.5&-0.5&0.0\\\\-0.5&1.5&0.0\\\\0.0&0.0&0.5\\\\ \\end{pmatrix*}$\n 2 1/2 $\\begin{pmatrix}0.5303301 \\\\ 0.5303301 \\\\ 0.0\\\\ \\end{pmatrix}$ $\\begin{pmatrix*}[r]1.5&-0.5&0.0\\\\-0.5&1.5&0.0\\\\0.0&0.0&0.5\\\\ \\end{pmatrix*}$\n 1 3 1/2 $\\begin{pmatrix}-1.06066 \\\\ -1.06066 \\\\0.0\\\\ \\end{pmatrix}$ $\\begin{pmatrix*}[r]1.5&-0.5&0.0\\\\-0.5&1.5&0.0\\\\0.0&0.0&0.5\\\\ \\end{pmatrix*}$\n 2 1/2 $\\begin{pmatrix}1.06066 \\\\ 1.06066 \\\\ 0.0\\\\ \\end{pmatrix}$ $\\begin{pmatrix*}[r]1.5&-0.5&0.0\\\\-0.5&1.5&0.0\\\\0.0&0.0&0.5\\\\ \\end{pmatrix*}$\n 1 5 1/2 $\\begin{pmatrix}-1.767767 \\\\ -1.767767 \\\\0.0\\\\ \\end{pmatrix}$ $\\begin{pmatrix*}[r]1.5&-0.5&0.0\\\\-0.5&1.5&0.0\\\\0.0&0.0&0.5\\\\ \\end{pmatrix*}$\n 2 1/2 $\\begin{pmatrix}1.767767 \\\\ 1.767767 \\\\ 0.0\\\\ \\end{pmatrix}$ $\\begin{pmatrix*}[r]1.5&-0.5&0.0\\\\-0.5&1.5&0.0\\\\0.0&0.0&0.5\\\\ \\end{pmatrix*}$\n --------- ------------ ---------- ----------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\n : 3D Bimodal Data: Settings used to simulate the density of a 3D bimodal distribution.",
"Note that displacement means the distance from the origin - in this case along the line $y=x$. Separation as described in the results tables is the separation of the group centres.",
"\n\n\\[tab:bimodal3\\]\n\n --------- -------------- ---------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n Cluster Displacement Prop Mean Covariance\n $\\tau_g$ $(\\mu_g)$ $(\\Sigma_g)$\n 1 0.75 1/2 $\\begin{pmatrix}-0.5303301 \\\\ -0.5303301 \\\\0.0\\\\0.0\\\\0.0\\\\0.0\\\\ \\end{pmatrix}$ $\\begin{pmatrix*}[r]3.0&1.0&0&0&0&0\\\\1.0&3.0&0&0&0&0\\\\0&0&1&0&0&0\\\\ 0&0&0&1&0&0\\\\ 0&0&0&0 &0.5 &0\\\\0&0&0&0&0 &0.25\\\\\\end{pmatrix*}$\n 2 1/2 $\\begin{pmatrix}0.5303301 \\\\ 0.5303301 \\\\0.0\\\\0.0\\\\0.0\\\\0.0\\\\ \\end{pmatrix}$ $\\begin{pmatrix*}[r]3.0&1.0&0&0&0&0\\\\1.0&3.0&0&0&0&0\\\\0&0&1&0&0&0\\\\ 0&0&0&1&0&0\\\\ 0&0&0&0 &0.5 &0\\\\0&0&0&0&0 &0.25\\\\\\end{pmatrix*}$\n 1 1.5 1/2 $\\begin{pmatrix}-1.06066 \\\\ -1.06066 \\\\0.0\\\\0.0\\\\0.0\\\\0.0\\\\ \\end{pmatrix}$ $\\begin{pmatrix*}[r]3.0&1.0&0&0&0&0\\\\1.0&3.0&0&0&0&0\\\\0&0&1&0&0&0\\\\ 0&0&0&1&0&0\\\\ 0&0&0&0 &0.5 &0\\\\0&0&0&0&0 &0.25\\\\\\end{pmatrix*}$\n 2 1/2 $\\begin{pmatrix}1.06066 \\\\ 1.06066 \\\\0.0\\\\0.0\\\\0.0\\\\0.0\\\\ \\end{pmatrix}$ $\\begin{pmatrix*}[r]3.0&1.0&0&0&0&0\\\\1.0&3.0&0&0&0&0\\\\0&0&1&0&0&0\\\\ 0&0&0&1&0&0\\\\ 0&0&0&0 &0.5 &0\\\\0&0&0&0&0 &0.25\\\\\\end{pmatrix*}$\n 1 2.5 1/2 $\\begin{pmatrix}-1.767767 \\\\ -1.767767 \\\\0.0\\\\0.0\\\\0.0\\\\0.0\\\\ \\end{pmatrix}$ $\\begin{pmatrix*}[r]3.0&1.0&0&0&0&0\\\\1.0&3.0&0&0&0&0\\\\0&0&1&0&0&0\\\\ 0&0&0&1&0&0\\\\ 0&0&0&0 &0.5 &0\\\\0&0&0&0&0 &0.25\\\\\\end{pmatrix*}$\n 2 1/2 $\\begin{pmatrix}1.767767 \\\\ 1.767767 \\\\0.0\\\\0.0\\\\0.0\\\\0.0\\\\ \\end{pmatrix}$ $\\begin{pmatrix*}[r]3.0&1.0&0&0&0&0\\\\1.0&3.0&0&0&0&0\\\\0&0&1&0&0&0\\\\ 0&0&0&1&0&0\\\\ 0&0&0&0 &0.5 &0\\\\0&0&0&0&0 &0.25\\\\\\end{pmatrix*}$\n --------- -------------- ---------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\n : 6D Bimodal Data: Settings used to simulate the density of a 6D bimodal distribution. ",
"Note that displacement means the distance from the origin - along the line $x_1=x_2$, as before. ",
"Separation as described in the results tables is the separation of the group centres.",
"\n\n\\[tab:bimodal6\\]\n"
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"Adrenal lymphoma and Addison's disease: report of a case.",
"\nAddison's disease due to adrenal lymphoma usually manifests as bilateral adrenal enlargement. ",
"We report a patient with Addsion's disease in whom the initial overt primary adrenal insufficiency was accompanied by an only slightly enlarged right adrenal gland. ",
"The 80-year-old man presented with nausea, anorexia, weight loss, and hyperpigmentation of the skin and buccal mucosa. ",
"Addison's disease was diagnosed based on this clinical presentation and laboratory findings of low cortisol and high adrenocorticotropin levels. ",
"Computerized tomography (CT) of the adrenal glands revealed a small right adrenal tumor. ",
"His family refused to allow percutaneous or surgical biopsy to determine the nature of the tumor. ",
"His general condition improved after steroid supplementation. ",
"However, about 1 year later, dizziness, fever, night sweats, and edema of the lower legs developed, and adrenal CT scanning revealed that the left adrenal gland had enlarged and now exceeded the size of the right one. ",
"Left adrenalectomy was performed and pathology showed a diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. ",
"Staging work-up using whole-body CT scanning suggested a stage IIIb lymphoma. ",
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"Primary adrenal lymphoma should be considered in the differential diagnosis of Addison's disease, even if only slight enlargement of the adrenal glands is found initially."
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"This invention relates to a surface treated part with a conversion coating formed on a metallic surface and to a process for forming this conversion coating, to a liquid aqueous concentrate for the make-up for the replenishing of a conversion coating solution as well as to a solution for forming a conversion coating on surfaces of metallic materials. ",
"The invention is particularly concerned with a conversion coating on aluminum, aluminum alloy, magnesium, magnesium alloy, zinc or zinc alloy and a process, a concentrate and a solution for the formation of a conversion coating on parts of these metallic materials.",
"\nThe term xe2x80x9cconversion coatingxe2x80x9d is a well known term of the art and refers to the replacement of native oxide on the surface of a metallic material by the controlled chemical formation of a film. ",
"Oxides, chromates or phosphates are common conversion coatings. ",
"Conversion coatings are used on metallic materials such as steel or aluminum, zinc, cadmium, magnesium and their alloys, and provide a key for paint adhesion and/or corrosion protection of the metallic substrate. ",
"Accordingly, conversion coatings find application in such areas as aerospace, automotive, architectural, and packaging.",
"\nKnown methods for applying conversion coatings to metallic surfaces include treatment with chromate or phosphate solutions, or mixtures thereof. ",
"However, in recent years it has been recognized that the hexavalent chromium ion, Cr6+, is a serious environmental and health hazard. ",
"Similarly, phosphate ions pose a considerable risk, particularly when they find their way into natural waterways and cause algal blooms. ",
"Consequently, strict restrictions have been placed on the quantity of these species used in a number of industrial processes and limitations have been placed on their release to the environment. ",
"This leads to costly effluent processing.",
"\nIn the search for alternative, less toxic conversion coatings, research has been conducted on conversion coatings based on rare earth compounds. ",
"However, there is considerable room for improvement in the adhesion and corrosion protection properties of prior rare earth element (hereinafter referred to as xe2x80x9cREExe2x80x9d) based conversion coatings and in the time required to deposit those coatings. ",
"The need for improvement is particularly true for conversion coatings on certain metal alloys, such as 3000, 5000 and 6000 series aluminum alloys, which coatings can be slow to deposit and have variable adherence or no adherence.",
"\nIt is also very important to develop conversion coating solutions and processes which are compatible with existing coating apparatus and equipment used in the art. ",
"In particular, the use of stainless steel containers to hold conversion coating solutions is prevalent in the conversion coating industry. ",
"Typically much money and infrastructure has been invested in such equipment and it is often impractical and/or prohibitively expensive to replace it.",
"\nWO 88/06639 teaches a process for forming a conversion coating on metal using a cerium containing conversion coating solution. ",
"However, it has been found that said process does not produce acceptable coatings on alloys of the 3000, 5000 and 6000 series of aluminum alloys within the time needed for industrial coating, that means within much less than five minutes. ",
"Moreover, this process requires a specified initial chloride content which increases in the bath over the course of the process. ",
"It has been found that the initial and increasing chloride content in the bath adversely affects stainless steel containers by considerable corrosion attack.",
"\nWO 96/15292 describes a REE containing conversion coating and a process for its formation using a solution containing REE and additives selected from (i) metal peroxo complexes in which the metal is selected from Groups IVB, VB, VIB and VIIB; and (ii) metal salts or complexes with a conjugate base of an acid in which the metal is selected from Transition Elements other than chromium especially copper, silver, manganese, zinc, iron, ruthenium and Group IVA elements, especially tin. ",
"The solution preferably includes hydrogen peroxide. ",
"Good results were obtained using the additive Cu alone or in combination with Mn, Ti-peroxo complexes and/or Mo-peroxo complexes. ",
"However, it has been found that the use of two different accelerators creates difficulties in controlling the process, particularly when it is used on an industrial scale. ",
"In all the other examples disclosed in W096/15292 a time for applying the solution was needed which was much longer than the typical time required in current industrial practice, i.e. from about 1 to 3 minutes. ",
"Moreover, while anions other than chloride are mentioned in WO 96/15292, only chloride containing solutions were disclosed and the concentrations of chloride in those solutions have been found to cause corrosion attack of stainless steel equipment.",
"\nExamples 13 to 15 of WO 96/15292 indicate in comparison to examples 7 to 12 and 16 to 27 that optimum results are obtained in a very narrow window of conditions, i.e. a pH value only of 2.3 and a relatively high copper content of about 100 ppm. ",
"These optimum conditions however, are quite problematic. ",
"The pH value of 2.3 is quite high with the result that the solution is close to the stability limit of the trivalent REE ions. ",
"For example, the oxidation of Ce3+ to Ce4+ is pH dependent and is favoured at higher pH values. ",
"If pH increases to 2.5 and above, formation of insoluble Ce(IV) compounds occurs. ",
"This means that REE compounds are already precipitating out of solution, causing sludge in the bath and thus further costs are required to remove it. ",
"Moreover, a copper content of about 100 mg/l causes the rapid catalytic decomposition of hydrogen peroxide to water and oxygen requiring replenishment of H2O2 which leads to increasing costs and a considerable dilution of the solution.",
"\nOver the years there have been numerous attempts to replace chromating chemicals by ones less hazardous to health and the environment. ",
"One major disadvantage of the replacement solutions is that they form colourless conversion coatings, e.g. Gardobond 764(copyright), which is based on zirconium fluoride. ",
"Coloured conversion coatings are highly desirable from a practical point of view as they give a readily visible indication of the presence of a coating and its quality.",
"\nAnother major disadvantage of prior replacement solutions is that they have required very long treatment times, like the chemical oxidation process described in EP-A-0 769 080. ",
"Zirconium and titanium based conversion coating processes have found some applications in certain market niches, but they have failed in the past 25 years to replace chromating as a pre-treatment prior to painting of aluminum, magnesium, zinc or their alloys.",
"\nAccordingly, it is an object of the present invention to provide a conversion coating for the surface of a metallic material which overcomes, or at least alleviates, one or more of the disadvantages or deficiencies of the prior art. ",
"It is also an object of the present invention to provide an aqueous, rare earth element containing conversion coating solution for use in providing a conversion coating on a metallic surface. ",
"It is a further object to provide a process for forming a conversion coating on the surface of a metallic material which overcomes, or at least alleviates, one or more of the disadvantages of the prior art.",
"\nAdvantages of this invention include the provision of a process and a solution which can meet the industrial requirements of 1. ",
"formation of the coating in a short time, 2. ",
"the generation of coloured coatings of high adhesion and coating quality, and 3. ",
"solutions which may be used in stainless steel containers.",
"\nIt has been discovered that the careful selection of additives, to the coating solution can assist in accelerating the coating process, improving the coating quality, and/or the adhesion of the conversion coating to the metal surface, without causing corrosion of stainless steel containers.",
"\nThroughout the specification, reference will be to the CAS version of the Periodic Table, as defined in (for example) Chemical and Engineering News, 63(5), 27, 1985. ",
"Furthermore, as used herein, the term xe2x80x9crare earthxe2x80x9d elements or ions, or xe2x80x9cREExe2x80x9d refers to the elements of the Lanthanide series, namely those having the atomic number 57 to 71 (La to Lu), plus scandium and yttrium. ",
"Moreover, as used herein, the term xe2x80x9cperoxidic compoundxe2x80x9d refers to any of the group of peroxo acids and their salts or any peroxo containing compound such as hydrogen peroxide. ",
"Also, the expression: xe2x80x9cmetals of Groups IB, IIB, IVA, VA, VIA, and VIII of the Periodic Tablexe2x80x9d refers to both metals and metalloids of each group. ",
"It explicitly covers the elements Cu, Ag, Au, Zn, Cd, Hg, Si, Ge, Sn, Pb, As, Sb, Bi, Se, Te, Po, Fe, Ru, Os, Co, Rh, Ir, Ni, Pd and Pt. ",
"Further, the generic term xe2x80x9cpartxe2x80x9d is intended to cover any body or component of any shape or size having at least one metallic surface thereon.",
"\nAccording to the present invention, there is provided an aqueous, acidic solution for forming a conversion coating on the surface of a metallic material, said solution containing at least one rare earth element (as herein defined) containing species, an accelerator additive selected from the group consisting of metals of Groups IB, IIB, IVA, VA, VIA and VII of the Periodic Table, a peroxidic species, and at least one acid selected from the group of mineral acids, carboxylic acids, sulphonic acids and phosphonic acids, wherein said solution contains no more than 20 mg/l each of fluoride and of phosphate, preferably no more than 10 mg/l each, and the solution is essentially free of chromate. ",
"Preferably the amount of chloride containing species present in the coating solution is controlled so that the concentration of total chloride is within the range of from 50 to 1500 mg/l.\nAccording to the present invention, there is also provided a process for forming a conversion coating on the surface of a metallic material including the step of contacting said surface with an aqueous, acidic conversion coating solution containing at least one rare earth element (as herein defined) containing species, an accelerator additive selected from the group consisting of metals of Groups IB, IIB, IVA, VA, VIA and VII of the Periodic Table, a peroxidic species, and at least one acid selected from the group of mineral acids, carboxylic acids, sulphonic acids and phosphonic acids, wherein said solution contains no more than 20 mg/l of each of fluoride and of phosphate, and the solution is essentially free of chromate. ",
"Preferably, the amount of chloride present in the coating solution is controlled to be within the range of from 50 to 1500 mg/l.\nThe present invention also provides a surface treated part including a metallic material having a conversion coating thereon resulting from treatment with the aqueous, acidic conversion coating solution of the invention. ",
"The treated part may additionally bear a coating of a paint, a lubricant and/or a sealant. ",
"The treated part may be subsequently used in a process involving cold forming, glueing, welding and/or other joining processes. ",
"The conversion coating preferably contains at least 5% by weight of a rare earth compound.",
"\nThe present invention also provides a liquid acidic aqueous concentrate for the make-up of a conversion coating solution according to the invention wherein the concentrate contains at least 80 g/l and preferably at least 100 g/l of total rare earth elements (as herein defined), an accelerator selected from the group consisting of metals of Groups IB, IIB, IVA, VA, VIA and VIII of the Periodic Table, and at least one acid selected from the group of mineral acids, carboxylic acids, sulphonic acids and phosphonic acids, wherein the concentrate contains no more than 100 mg/l each of fluoride and of phosphate and the solution contains essentially no chromate.",
"\nThe present invention also provides a liquid acidic aqueous concentrate for the replenishing of a conversion coating solution according to the invention, wherein the concentrate contains rare earth ions (as herein defined) and monovalent anions in a molar ratio of total rare earth ions:monovalent anions of from 1:200 to 1:6 and/or rare earth ions and divalent anions in a molar ratio of total rare earth ions:divalent anions of from 1:100 to 1:3 and/or the concentrate contains at least one metal selected from Groups IB, IIB, IVA, VA, VIA and VII, preferably from the group of Cu, Ag, Au, Cd, Hg, Ni, Pd, Pt, Co, Rh, Ir, Ru, Os, Sn, Pb, Sb, Bi, Se and Te and anions such that the molar ratio of the sum of the elements in this group: anions is in the range from 1:50 to 1:10,000.",
"\nPreferably the accelerator additive is selected from the elements Cu, Ag, Au, Cd, Hg, Ni, Pd, Pt, Co, Rh, Ir, Ru, Os, Sn, Pb, Sb, Bi, Se and Te. ",
"The most preferred accelerator additive is Cu.",
"\nThe at least one acid is preferably selected from the group comprising sulphuric acid, sulphamic acid, hydrochloric acid, nitric acid, perchloric acid, carboxylic acids, alkyl sulphonic acids, aryl sulphonic acids, alkyl phosphonic acids, and aryl phosphonic acids."
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"Clares Rocket Beaten on Trial Run at Towcester\n\n2017 Greyhound Derby favourite Clares Rocket made his seasonal return at Towcester earlier this week where he got his first taste of the prestigious English track. ",
"Graham Holland’s dog finished second behind Bruisers Bullet when going off at 2/7 in the betting for the race.",
"\n\nThe bookmakers reacted to the trial by pushing Clares Rocket out to 10/1 from 8/1 in the betting for the Derby, but he does remain as the market leader ahead of Priceless Brandy, Droopys Buick and Bubbly Bluebird, who are all available at 16/1.",
"\n\nClares Rocket, who was seeded as middle runner last Tuesday, ran from trap six in the trial and, after missing the break, he always had work to do to get back into the contest. ",
"Holland is expected to change his seeding to a railer before his next run, which means he should avoid the widest trap at the course for the Derby campaign.",
"\n\nDespite the slow start, Clares Rocket finished his race well and was particularly strong on the back straight. ",
"Unfortunately for his connections, he was unable to reel in Bruisers Bullet, who clocked 29.04secs. ",
"That time was only seven spots behind the track record for 500m at Towcester, which was set by kennel mate Drive On Tipp. ",
"Bruisers Bullet is now available at 25/1 in the Derby betting where he has been popular following his latest success.",
"\n\nClares Rocket could have one more run before the qualification round of the Derby. ",
"Holland was not too disappointed by the defeat and he expects his runner to come on for the outing. ",
"He told Racing Post: “I’m a believer in making the mistakes first and to have him right for the Derby. ",
"He’s a better dog when he’s racing week in, week out. ",
"Having observed him running the track on Tuesday, I’ll seed him inside next week.",
"\n\n“I hope to bring him back Saturday week. ",
"He needs to get back into the mood and to get used to the kennelling. ",
"He was very excited in the kennel on Tuesday.”",
"\n\nFour dates have been provisionally set for the qualification round of the 2017 Derby. ",
"Those races are likely to take place between Wednesday, 24th May and Saturday, 27th May. The first round will occur from Thursday, 1st June and Saturday, 3rd June. ",
"There are two days booked for the second round, which are Friday, 9th June and Saturday 10th, while from the third round onwards all the races will take place on one night, culminating on Saturday, 1st July for the final where the winner will earn its connections the first prize of £175,000.",
"\n\nHolland has never won the Greyhound Derby; however, he will be hoping to follow in the footsteps of fellow Irish trainer Paul Hennessy, who was successful in 2016 with Jaytee Jet. ",
"Three Irish dogs have won the race in the last 14 years and there is a strong chance that record could improve as there may be a record number of dogs making the trip across from Ireland in 2017."
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"1. ",
"Field of the Invention\nThe present invention relates to a method, system, and article of manufacture for providing a process exclusive access to a page including a memory address to which a lock is granted to the process.",
"\n2. ",
"Description of the Related Art\nApplication processes may concurrently access memory addresses in a shared memory. ",
"A process may comprise one or more threads allocated processor and computer resources to execute computer instructions. ",
"Multiple processes or multiple threads in one process may concurrently execute instructions for one application, or multiple processes may concurrently execute instructions for multiple applications. ",
"Multiple processes may execute on multiple processors. ",
"The term “process” as used herein refers to a process, thread or any other unit of execution allocated to execute instructions. ",
"To access the memory addresses, the processes must obtain a spinlock for each address. ",
"If the spinlock is not available or granted to another process, then the process must repeatedly check until the spinlock becomes available. ",
"If one process holds the spinlock for a memory address, then other processes attempting to access that locked memory address continue to use processing resources to retry the access request until they obtain the spinlock. ",
"While a process is waiting to retry the request for a locked memory address to obtain the spinlock, the retrying process continually accesses the memory bus, which further consumes processing resources and delays other processes from accessing the memory bus. ",
"Thus, the use of spinlocks may be computationally expensive if one process holds the spinlock for an extended period of time while many other processes are waiting to access the spinlock for the memory address.",
"\nOne technique for avoiding the costs of spinlocks is to provide the process seeking access to a memory address exclusive access to a page including the memory IP address. ",
"The published International Patent Application No. ",
"WO2006/077261, entitled “METHOD FOR MANAGING ACCESS TO SHARED RESOURCES IN A MULTI-PROCESSOR ENVIRONMENT”, and assigned to International Business Machines Corp., describes a technique to set the presence bit in the page table for the process having exclusive access to the page to indicate that the page is in the memory and set the presence bit for other processes to indicate that the page is not in the memory. ",
"Processes having the presence bit set to indicate the page is not in the memory will experience a page fault error preventing their access to the page to which exclusive access is granted. ",
"This page fault suspends the requesting process. ",
"Suspending the process trying to obtain the spinlock avoids costs associated with waiting processes retrying their request to obtain the spinlock.",
"\nThere is a need in the art for further improved techniques for reducing costs associated with obtaining locks for shared memory addresses."
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"\nI tried \\xrightharpoon{\\ast}, but it is not working.",
"\n\nA:\n\nThe use of \\overset (amsmath package) is the canonical answer to your question. ",
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"Elaine Chao stands by her man — 'both of them'\n\nTransportation Secretary Elaine Chao said Tuesday that she stood by both her husband and President Donald Trump, despite the public feud that has erupted between the two in recent weeks.",
"\n\n“I stand by my man, both of them,” Chao said when, appearing with the president in New York, she was asked at a news conference on transportation policy whether she agreed with Trump’s statements slamming the work of her husband, Senate Majority Leader Mitch McConnell.",
"\n\n\nTrump has recently decried Senate Republicans’ inability to push through their party’s major legislative items, including health care and tax reform. ",
"Trump has been particularly critical of McConnell’s leadership, openly griping about the failure to repeal Obamacare.",
"\n\nMcConnell seemingly angered Trump last week when he said the president “had excessive expectations about how quickly things happen in the democratic process.”",
"\n\nTrump rebuffed him on Twitter two days later, writing: “Senator Mitch McConnell said I had ‘excessive expectations,’ but I don't think so. ",
"After 7 years of hearing Repeal & Replace, why not done?”",
"\n\nPOLITICO Playbook newsletter Sign up today to receive the #1-rated newsletter in politics Email Sign Up By signing up you agree to receive email newsletters or alerts from POLITICO. ",
"You can unsubscribe at any time. ",
"This site is protected by reCAPTCHA and the Google Privacy Policy and Terms of Service apply.",
"\n\nThe president added, while addressing the news media from his Bedminster golf club in New Jersey, that he found it “unacceptable” that McConnell and other Senate Republicans were unable to push through legislation to repeal and replace the Affordable Care Act.",
"\n\nChao’s comments came on the heels of a heated exchange between Trump and the press in which the president staunchly defended his initial response to the white supremacist rally in Charlottesville, Va., over the weekend.",
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"The RTD crew has crossed the globe searching out the most extraordinary stories in Moscow, Vietnam, Amsterdam, Liberia, and other places. ",
"People cried, laughed and grieved, recalling the most dramatic, scary and shocking moments of their lives.",
"\n\n10. ",
"I am Hunter\n\nFor the Chukotka people hunting is the only way to survive. ",
"Even though it runs in their blood, hunters' wives pray each time their loved ones leave for the hunt. ",
"Anything can go wrong when wounded prey seeks to protect itself. “",
"Of course, it's a risk, it's dangerous, but we don't really think about that,” Gennady says. ",
"Sometimes things go from bad to hilariously worse. ",
"The hunter recalled how once walruses surfaced near his boat and his dog jumped on one of them and caught it by the whiskers. “",
"It [dog] finally let go, and survived,” he said.",
"\n\n9. ",
"Lost: Russian Style\n\nIce fishing is supposed to be one of the most relaxing Russian winter pastimes - peace, quiet, solitude and a rare chance to commune with nature. ",
"But what if you had to get far closer to “mother nature” than you'd ever asked to? ",
"RT's James Brown spent a weekend he'll probably never forget, stranded in the forests of the frozen North without food, sense of direction and just a little light at the end of the tunnel.",
"\n\n8. ",
"Under Moscow\n\nTheir boots are stomping through mud, marching through tunnels at night... Moscow diggers descend into the urban underworld. “",
"There's no signal in this black hell. ",
"The devil would lose himself in here...” Mysterious Moscow hides a dark subterranean world waiting to be explored, unknown to most surface dwellers. ",
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"119 Lives Unlived\n\nDuring the renovation of an old house in Amsterdam, a shoebox was found, containing several dozen old postcards and letters written by a young man named Flip Slier. ",
"He had penned them during a harrowing year he spent in Nazi concentration camps. ",
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"Paula faced the horrific discovery that concentration camps took the lives of 119 members of her family. ",
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"RTD visited the epicenter of the Ebola crisis in West Africa in Liberia, where local Red Cross workers are risking their lives in an effort to save others from the deadly disease. ",
"The closure of health facilities and limited health services due to the Ebola outbreak has cut short the country's progress in registering births in recent years, UNICEF said. ",
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"\n\n5. ",
"On top of the world\n\nRTD caught up with a bunch of young people who spend their free time climbing construction sites and towers without ropes – all in search of adrenaline. ",
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"RTD’s Peter Scott visited victims' memorials in Hiroshima and Nagasaki and met nuclear blast survivors. ",
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"An estimated 5 million people are suffering from the damaging effects of “orange pain” in Vietnam. ",
"An RTD team talked to people who are still struggling with the consequences of the Vietnam War, and an American veteran who has dedicated his life to clearing the country of mines and shells."
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"Field of the Invention\nThe present invention relates to an optical fiber telecommunication line, for example, a submarine line, comprising amplifiers for transmitted optical signals and of the type in which lengths of active core optical fibers are used for amplification.",
"\nAlso, the present invention relates to optical signal amplifiers for optical fiber telecommunication lines, for example, submarine lines and the like, in which the amplifiers are arranged in positions not easily accessible, of the type making use of lengths of active core optical fiber.",
"\n2. ",
"Description of the Prior Art\nAs is known, optical fibers of the so-called \"active core\" type comprise, inside a cladding, at least a core wherein here are doping substances which besides making the refractive index of the core higher than that of the cladding become optical radiation sources having a wavelength .lambda..sub.1 used for the transmission when struck by a radiation having a wavelength .lambda..sub.2 (different from .lambda..sub.1). ",
"The wavelength .lambda..sub.2 is different according to the particular doping substance used.",
"\nExamples of doping substances having this characteristic are erbium and neodymium.",
"\nMore particularly, in active core optical fibers the emission of optical radiation having a wavelength .lambda..sub.1 takes place when a radiation having a wavelength .lambda..sub.2, ususally called umping optical radiation, travels in the optical fiber.",
"\nSince the phenomenon of the amplification of the signals made through the so-called active core optical fibers is known a further description will not be given.",
"\nThe use of amplifiers provided with active core optical fiber lengths in the optical fiber telecommunication submarine lines will supersede the use of optoelectronic repeaters of the transmitted signals because of a greater reliability in comparison to optoelectronic repeaters due to a lower content of electronic components.",
"\nIn fact, as is known, the electronic components present in the optoelectronic repeaters are quite important and are of the type operating at high frequencies. ",
"This is because, in the opto electronic repeaters, the input optical signal modulated at high frequency is transformed into an electric signal necessarily at high frequency, the electric signal is amplified at high frequency and said amplified electric signal is transformed again into an amplified optical signal still at high frequency which is transmitted at the output of the repeaters.",
"\nThese high frequency electronic components have proven to be not very reliable over a long length of time due to their failures with the consequent interruption of the line operation.",
"\nThis drawback is clearly very undesirable in particular in optical fiber telecommunication submarine lines. ",
"In addition to this, there is difficulty of access to the optoelectronic repeaters for repair purposes and the long time required for putting the line back into service.",
"\nUnlike the optoelectronic repeaters, the known amplifiers provided with active core optical fibers do not contain high frequency electronic components, and the only delicate element they comprise is the pumping optical radiation source constituted in general by a laser, a laser diode or the like.",
"\nHowever, although the optical fiber telecommunication lines comprising active core optical fiber amplifiers are more reliable with respect to the optoelectronic repeaters because of the lower risk of failures, they are not able to communicate to the terminals of the line, and in case of submarine lines to the land ends, signals corresponding to impropeer operation that can arise during the operation thereof and in case of failure, it is practically impossible to locate the failure along the line.",
"\nFor this reason, in the optical fiber telecommunication lines, it is important to provide a plurality of reserve optical channels both in the cables and in the repeaters of in the amplifiers independent of one another to operate when a working optical channel is not utilizable. ",
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"Well, this one isn't a sketch of someone else, I made it myself!!! ",
"While waiting on people and planing to make the deviations I owe, I had to make this crazy idea, don't know why but I thought it would be great to have an angry Octavia made, she was never happy in \"The Best Day Ever\" she had the \"I'm not impressed\" face all the time and the \"piss off Pinkie\" face at some moments too, so that drew my inspiration to make this.",
"I wanted to make this one a while back ago, but never found the time due to sickness and work, I still need to do a Vinyl Scratch one, but it will come much later, for now I'll enjoy Octavia.",
"Also I got inspired by an unfinished and unreleased deviation by , I hope he finishes that epic vector of his one day, it will be tremendously epic when he does that.",
"Anyone can use this, with my consent (send me a message or note asking for) as long it is used for non profit purposes, only Hasbro owns the character, but yeah, this can be used for wallpapers or other stuff.",
"Vector named by Thanks guys!!!!"
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"leadership\n\nWhether it’s “DevOps,” “digital transformation,” or even “cloud” and “agile,” middle-management is all too common an issue. ",
"They simply won’t budge and help out. ",
"This isn’t always the case for sure, but “the frozen middle” is a common problem.",
"\n\nWith a big ol’ panel of people (including two folks from RedMonk), we talk about tactics for thawing the frozen middle.",
"\n\nHowever, CEOs often just tell their companies that they “must execute the strategy better.” ",
"Clearly this advice isn’t very helpful, as it’s as obvious as saying, “Let’s all just do a better job!” ",
"What companies need is to identify specifically what it is that they must execute better. ",
"For example, “improve the speed of deliveries” would be a far more helpful instruction, one that could help a company achieve its strategic goal of improving customer service.",
"\n\nI don’t know about counterintuitive, but there was a great piece of insight that Sam Zell, the real estate mogul from Chicago, said to me that really made me rethink what a big organization is really about. ",
"He said, as an entrepreneur, [he needs] as much information as possible. ",
"In a big corporation, people use information as currency. ",
"So they trade it. ",
"The more information a person has, the more power that person has in a big organization. ",
"But, he said, in a small company or an entrepreneurial environment, if you’re keeping a piece of information away from [him], then you’re damaging [his] company because [he needs] to make decisions quickly and [he needs] to make them with as much information as possible.",
"\n\nHe told me a story about a woman who he hired from a major corporation. ",
"He said she was an overachiever. ",
"He said she was a star all the way through her career. ",
"Nine months after she joined his organization, he fired her. ",
"He said it was because she used the same practice of using information as currency. ",
"When he told me that, I thought, “Geez, how many big companies have I worked for where I have seen that happen?” ",
"I have done the same thing. ",
"I have committed the same crime of using information to get information from other people and using information and hoarding it so that I have power over colleagues. ",
"I thought, “That is such a great observation, and I need to check myself….” ",
"Organizations talk about transparency, but it’s the execution of it that really matters.",
"\n\nSome good insights on how big companies work (that is, the people in them!), ",
"there, and how to work adjust per the size of the company and team.",
"\n\nIf the company was to sell off unprofitable divisions, and focus solely on profit, with no in-fighting, then this can be done. ",
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"We’ll see."
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"Category Cloud\n\nInterMine Mobile\n\nAdvertisements\n\nGoogle Summer of Code is over for another year – and well done to all!",
"\n\nOne of the goals of Google Summer of Code (GSoC) is to help turn students into long-term open source maintainers and contributors. ",
"I suspect we’ve managed this with our current batch of students, who have contributed to our projects across a broad range of topics, whether it was querying InterMine using natural language sentences, updating our search capabilities (both UIs and search backends), or adding new features to the InterMine python client.",
"\n\nFrom the start of the application process, our fabulous pool of applicants spent time interacting with each other and even helping each other out before anyone had been officially accepted. ",
"We received numerous PRs, tickets, and suggestions on our GitHub repos, and for this year we had returning GSoC mentors who previously had been students. ",
"It’s almost hard to believe we hadn’t participated before 2017, seeing all of the great work and enthusiasm GSoC brings, all while being able to pay students for their time and give them valuable work experience.",
"\n\nTo wrap up this year’s great set of projects we had a community call [agenda & notes here] where our students presented their work in roughly 5 minute slots. ",
"You can catch up on each of the recorded presentations in our GSoC 2018 playlist, or here are direct links to each of the videos:"
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"doctype html>\n<html>\n <head>\n <meta charset=\"utf-8\">\n <title>CodeMirror: Ruby mode</title>\n <link rel=\"stylesheet\" href=\"../../lib/codemirror.css\">\n <script src=\"../../lib/codemirror.js\"></script>\n <script src=\"../../addon/edit/matchbrackets.js\"></script>\n <script src=\"ruby.js\"></script>\n <style>\n .CodeMirror {border-top: 1px solid black; border-bottom: 1px solid black;}\n .cm-s-default span.cm-arrow { color: red; }\n </style>\n <link rel=\"stylesheet\" href=\"../../doc/docs.css\">\n </head>\n <body>\n <h1>CodeMirror: Ruby mode</h1>\n <form><textarea id=\"code\" name=\"code\">\n# Code from http://sandbox.mc.edu/~bennet/ruby/code/poly_rb.html\n#\n# This program evaluates polynomials. ",
" It first asks for the coefficients\n# of a polynomial, which must be entered on one line, highest-order first.",
"\n# It then requests values of x and will compute the value of the poly for\n# each x. It will repeatly ask for x values, unless you the user enters\n# a blank line. ",
" It that case, it will ask for another polynomial. ",
" If the\n# user types quit for either input, the program immediately exits.",
"\n#\n\n#\n# Function to evaluate a polynomial at x. The polynomial is given\n# as a list of coefficients, from the greatest to the least.",
"\ndef polyval(x, coef)\n sum = 0\n coef = coef.clone # Don't want to destroy the original\n while true\n sum += coef.shift # Add and remove the next coef\n break if coef.empty? ",
" # If no more, done entirely.",
"\n sum *= x # This happens the right number of times.",
"\n end\n return sum\nend\n\n#\n# Function to read a line containing a list of integers and return\n# them as an array of integers. ",
" If the string conversion fails, it\n# throws TypeError. ",
" If the input line is the word 'quit', then it\n# converts it to an end-of-file exception\ndef readints(prompt)\n # Read a line\n print prompt\n line = readline.chomp\n raise EOFError.new if line == 'quit' # You can also use a real EOF.",
"\n \n # Go through each item on the line, converting each one and adding it\n # to retval.",
"\n retval = [ ]\n for str in line.split(/\\s+/)\n if str =~ /^\\-?\\d+$/\n retval.push(str.to_i)\n else\n raise TypeError.new\n end\n end\n\n return retval\nend\n\n#\n# Take a coeff and an exponent and return the string representation, ignoring\n# the sign of the coefficient.",
"\ndef term_to_str(coef, exp)\n ret = \"\"\n\n # Show coeff, unless it's 1 or at the right\n coef = coef.abs\n ret = coef.to_s unless coef == 1 && exp > 0\n ret += \"x\" if exp > 0 # x if exponent not 0\n ret += \"^\" + exp.to_s if exp > 1 # ^exponent, if > 1.",
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"\n\n # Convert the first term, preceded by a \"-\" if it's negative.",
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"\n result += (if term[0] < 0 then \" - \" else \" + \" end) + \n term_to_str(*term)\n end\n\n return result\nend\n \n#\n# Run until some kind of endfile.",
"\nbegin\n # Repeat until an exception or quit gets us out.",
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"\n print \"\\n\"\n begin\n poly = readints(\"Enter a polynomial coefficients: \")\n rescue TypeError\n print \"Try again.\\n\"\n retry\n end\n break if poly.empty?",
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"Square’s Final Fantasy is the undisputed poster child for the JRPG. ",
"Even if the series is considered by many to be flagging of late, Final Fantasy is the RPG series that’s arguably made the genre what it is today, certainly in the west. ",
"Without Final Fantasy VII‘s monumental arrival, would we have a fraction of the RPGs we have today? ",
"Maybe not. ",
"The turn-based behemoth shook the console-gaming world, and we’ve never looked back since.",
"\n\nBack then, with PlayStation gamers getting their fill of the Final Fantasy series, amongst other JRPG arrivals, PC gamers looking for a similar fix were left out in the cold. ",
"The turn-based RPG may not have been the traditional style of game to appeal to the PC gaming faithful, with many dismissing the genre as a childish waste of time, far from the titanic RPGs the PC was capable of, but many were a little envious.",
"\n\nThere was something to the formula made famous by Square, and it was that something that Ion Storm, riding high on the success of Deus Ex, saw. ",
"There was a definite niche in the PC market for a console-style RPG, and Ion Storm set out to reproduce that winning mixture of ingredients, only with a western twist, ditching the usually bright and cheerful, happy-go-lucky Japanese aesthetic, for a darker and more cynical western approach. ",
"The end result was Anachronox, one of the best RPGs you’ve likely never played.",
"\n\nI hate this place\n\nAnachronox is a veritable love letter to both the JRPG genre and sci-fi movie classics. ",
"It stars main protagonist, Sylvester ‘Sly’ Boots, a down on his luck Private Investigator who’s in debt to a local crime boss. ",
"In need of a job, he takes on what seems like an easy enough case, and quickly ends up involved in a plot that doesn’t simply threaten the world, or even the solar system, but the whole universe. ",
"Yes, this is one epic, if irreverent quest."
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"aprile 27, 2016 - Bugatti\n\n37th Vienna Motor Symposium: The new Bugatti Chiron comes to Austria for the first time\n\nComunicato Stampa disponibile solo in lingua originale.",
"\n\nOn April 28 and 29, the world’s most powerful, fastest production super sports car will be on view on Heldenplatz in front of the Hofburg\n\nBugatti President Wolfgang Dürheimer is outlining the latest 16-cylinder engine technology in a presentation at the renowned expert #event on April 28\n\nTopic of presentation: The 16-cylinder high-performance engine of the new #bugatti – successful approaches to boosting power output\n\nVienna is to have an additional attraction for two days – the new #bugatti Chiron1. ",
"For the first time following its successful world premiere at the Geneva International Motor Show, the world’s most powerful, fastest, most luxurious and most exclusive production super sports car is coming to Austria. ",
"In connection with the 37th Vienna Motor Symposium, the #chiron will be visiting Heldenplatz in front of the Hofburg. ",
"The luxury super sports car maker from Molsheim in Alsace is also taking part in the programme of the renowned engineering #event. ",
"In the “High-Performance Engine” section, Wolfgang Dürheimer, President of #bugatti Automobiles S.A.S., will be speaking about the unique #chiron power plant on the afternoon of April 28. ",
"The title of his presentation is: “The 16-cylinder high-performance engine of the new #bugatti – successful approaches to boosting power output”.",
"\n\nIn fact, the engine enters new realms, even for super sports car. ",
"The #bugatti#chiron is the first production super sports car to bring 1,500 PS and torque of 1,600 Nm at 2,000 to 6,000 rpm onto the road extremely effectively, effortlessly and with unprecedented comfort.",
"\n\nThis is all due to the legendary and unique 16-cylinder, eight-litre engine. ",
"In order to obtain 25 percent more power, the engine developers at #bugatti almost completely redesigned the power plant.",
"\n\nIn his presentation, Dürheimer will focus on the key factors in realizing the high power output of the new engine, which once again features 16 cylinders in the W configuration which has become established at #bugatti. ",
"These factors include the four larger turbochargers which are installed, and which are controlled by #bugatti two-stage turbocharging – an innovation which #bugatti is using for the first time –, the exhaust system with reduced back pressure, optimised intercooling and duplex fuel injection with 32 injectors.",
"\n\n“With its performance figures and its agility, the new 16-cylinder engine of the #bugatti#chiron has achieved the ultimate for a production sports car,” says Wolfgang Dürheimer. “",
"By consistently reaching its ambitious targets, #bugatti has convincingly met demands in the segment of production super sports cars and achieved commanding performance in comparison with its competitors.”",
"\n\n1 Near-production vehicle – not subject to Directive 1999/94/EC, as a general operating permit has not yet been issued"
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"/*\n * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more\n * contributor license agreements. ",
" See the NOTICE file distributed with\n * this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.",
"\n * The ASF licenses this file to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0\n * (the \"License\"); you may not use this file except in compliance with\n * the License. ",
" You may obtain a copy of the License at\n *\n * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n *\n * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\n * distributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS,\n * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.",
"\n * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n * limitations under the License.",
"\n */\npackage org.apache.calcite.avatica;\n\nimport java.sql.",
"ResultSetMetaData;\nimport java.sql.",
"SQLException;\nimport java.util.",
"Properties;\nimport java.util.",
"TimeZone;\n\n/**\n * Factory for JDBC objects.",
"\n *\n * <p>There is an implementation for each supported JDBC version.</p>\n */\npublic interface AvaticaFactory {\n int getJdbcMajorVersion();\n\n int getJdbcMinorVersion();\n\n AvaticaConnection newConnection(\n UnregisteredDriver driver,\n AvaticaFactory factory,\n String url,\n Properties info) throws SQLException;\n\n AvaticaStatement newStatement(AvaticaConnection connection,\n /*@Nullable*/ Meta.",
"StatementHandle h, int resultSetType,\n int resultSetConcurrency, int resultSetHoldability) throws SQLException;\n\n AvaticaPreparedStatement newPreparedStatement(AvaticaConnection connection,\n /*@Nullable*/ Meta.",
"StatementHandle h, Meta.",
"Signature signature,\n int resultSetType, int resultSetConcurrency, int resultSetHoldability)\n throws SQLException;\n\n /**\n * Creates a result set. ",
"You will then need to call\n * {@link AvaticaResultSet#execute()} on it.",
"\n *\n * @param statement Statement\n * @param state The state used to create this result set\n * @param signature Prepared statement\n * @param timeZone Time zone\n * @param firstFrame Frame containing the first (or perhaps only) rows in the\n * result, or null if an execute/fetch is required\n * @return Result set\n */\n AvaticaResultSet newResultSet(AvaticaStatement statement, QueryState state,\n Meta.",
"Signature signature, TimeZone timeZone, Meta.",
"Frame firstFrame)\n throws SQLException;\n\n /**\n * Creates meta data for the database.",
"\n *\n * @return Database meta data\n */\n AvaticaSpecificDatabaseMetaData newDatabaseMetaData(AvaticaConnection connection);\n\n /**\n * Creates meta data for a result set.",
"\n *\n * @param statement Statement\n * @param signature Prepared statement\n * @return Result set meta data\n */\n ResultSetMetaData newResultSetMetaData(AvaticaStatement statement,\n Meta.",
"Signature signature) throws SQLException;\n}\n\n// End AvaticaFactory.java\n"
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"Q:\n\nElasticSearch - python alias type\n\nI have a elasticsearch instance with zzz index and devices document type. ",
"Devices have different manufacturers:\n$ curl 'http://localhost:9200/zzz/devices/_search?pretty=true&q=*:*'\n\nresult:\n{\n \"took\": 3,\n \"timed_out\": false,\n \"_shards\": {\n \"total\": 5,\n \"successful\": 5,\n \"failed\": 0\n },\n \"hits\": {\n \"total\": 93,\n \"max_score\": 1.0,\n \"hits\": [\n {\n \"_index\": \"zzz\",\n \"_type\": \"devices\",\n \"_id\": \"309\",\n \"_score\": 1.0,\n \"_source\": {\n \"title\": \"Apple iPad Air\",\n \"url\": \"http://admin.zzz:5000/api/devices/309\",\n \"images\": [\n {\n \"url\": \"http://images.zzz.co.uk/Pb_YD8-Apple-iPad-Air-Space-grey-front.png\"\n }\n ],\n \"model\": \"iPad Air\",\n \"type\": \"device\",\n \"id\": 309,\n \"manufacturer\": {\n \"id\": 24,\n \"name\": \"Apple\"\n }\n }\n },\n {\n \"_index\": \"zzz\",\n \"_type\": \"devices\",\n \"_id\": \"330\",\n \"_score\": 1.0,\n \"_source\": {\n \"title\": \"Apple iPad with Retina Display\",\n \"url\": \"http://admin.zzz:5000/api/devices/330\",\n \"images\": [\n {\n \"url\": \"http://images.zzz.co.uk/6F_UHO-Apple-iPad-Air-Space-grey-front.png\"\n }\n ],\n \"model\": \"iPad with Retina Display\",\n \"type\": \"device\",\n \"id\": 330,\n \"manufacturer\": {\n \"id\": 24,\n \"name\": \"Apple\"\n }\n }\n },\n {\n \"_index\": \"zzz\",\n \"_type\": \"devices\",\n \"_id\": \"1\",\n \"_score\": 1.0,\n \"_source\": {\n \"title\": \"Apple iPhone 5s\",\n \"url\": \"http://admin.zzz:5000/api/devices/1\",\n \"images\": [\n {\n \"url\": \"http://images.zzz.co.uk/fEcmFm-Apple-5S-Gold-front.png\"\n },\n {\n \"url\": \"http://images.zzz.co.uk/9RDYXY-Apple-5S-Gold-back.png\"\n }\n ],\n \"model\": \"iPhone 5s\",\n \"type\": \"device\",\n \"id\": 1,\n \"manufacturer\": {\n \"id\": 24,\n \"name\": \"Apple\"\n }\n }\n },\n {\n \"_index\": \"zzz\",\n \"_type\": \"devices\",\n \"_id\": \"335\",\n \"_score\": 1.0,\n \"_source\": {\n \"title\": \"Asus Fonepad\",\n \"url\": \"http://admin.zzz:5000/api/devices/335\",\n \"images\": [\n {\n \"url\": \"http://images.zzz.co.uk/oMOlgt-Asus-Fonepad-black.png\"\n }\n ],\n \"model\": \"Asus Fonepad\",\n \"type\": \"device\",\n \"id\": 335,\n \"manufacturer\": {\n \"id\": 11,\n \"name\": \"Asus Fonepad\"\n }\n }\n },\n {\n \"_index\": \"zzz\",\n \"_type\": \"devices\",\n \"_id\": \"328\",\n \"_score\": 1.0,\n \"_source\": {\n \"title\": \"HTC Desire 610\",\n \"url\": \"http://admin.zzz:5000/api/devices/328\",\n \"images\": [\n {\n \"url\": \"http://images.zzz.co.uk/QdavNt-HTC-610-Navy.png\"\n }\n ],\n \"model\": \"Desire 610\",\n \"type\": \"device\",\n \"id\": 328,\n \"manufacturer\": {\n \"id\": 23,\n \"name\": \"HTC\"\n }\n }\n },\n {\n \"_index\": \"zzz\",\n \"_type\": \"devices\",\n \"_id\": \"347\",\n \"_score\": 1.0,\n \"_source\": {\n \"title\": \"Huawei E5756\",\n \"url\": \"http://admin.zzz:5000/api/devices/347\",\n \"images\": [\n {\n \"url\": \"http://images.zzz.co.uk/mJjOiN-Huawei_E5756.png\"\n }\n ],\n \"model\": \"Huawei E5756\",\n \"type\": \"device\",\n \"id\": 347,\n \"manufacturer\": {\n \"id\": 20,\n \"name\": \"Huawei E5756\"\n }\n }\n },\n {\n \"_index\": \"zzz\",\n \"_type\": \"devices\",\n \"_id\": \"70\",\n \"_score\": 1.0,\n \"_source\": {\n \"title\": \"LG G2\",\n \"url\": \"http://admin.zzz:5000/api/devices/70\",\n \"images\": [\n {\n \"url\": \"http://images.zzz.co.uk/GnTFhn-LG-G2-Black-Front.png\"\n }\n ],\n \"model\": \"G2\",\n \"type\": \"device\",\n \"id\": 70,\n \"manufacturer\": {\n \"id\": 5,\n \"name\": \"LG\"\n }\n }\n },\n {\n \"_index\": \"zzz\",\n \"_type\": \"devices\",\n \"_id\": \"342\",\n \"_score\": 1.0,\n \"_source\": {\n \"title\": \"LG G3\",\n \"url\": \"http://admin.zzz:5000/api/devices/342\",\n \"images\": [\n {\n \"url\": \"http://images.zzz.co.uk/yH2HFE-Screen_Shot_2014-06-26_at_11.09.40.png\"\n }\n ],\n \"model\": \"LG G3\",\n \"type\": \"device\",\n \"id\": 342,\n \"manufacturer\": {\n \"id\": 5,\n \"name\": \"LG\"\n }\n }\n },\n {\n \"_index\": \"zzz\",\n \"_type\": \"devices\",\n \"_id\": \"304\",\n \"_score\": 1.0,\n \"_source\": {\n \"title\": \"LG Nexus 5\",\n \"url\": \"http://admin.zzz:5000/api/devices/304\",\n \"images\": [\n {\n \"url\": \"http://images.zzz.co.uk/PxLiur-LG-Nexus5-white-front.png\"\n }\n ],\n \"model\": \"Nexus 5\",\n \"type\": \"device\",\n \"id\": 304,\n \"manufacturer\": {\n \"id\": 5,\n \"name\": \"LG\"\n }\n }\n },\n {\n \"_index\": \"zzz\",\n \"_type\": \"devices\",\n \"_id\": \"114\",\n \"_score\": 1.0,\n \"_source\": {\n \"title\": \"Nokia Lumia 1020\",\n \"url\": \"http://admin.zzz:5000/api/devices/114\",\n \"images\": [\n {\n \"url\": \"http://images.zzz.co.uk/w0gk6L-Nokia-Lumia1020-yellow-front.png\"\n }\n ],\n \"model\": \"Lumia 1020\",\n \"type\": \"device\",\n \"id\": 114,\n \"manufacturer\": {\n \"id\": 7,\n \"name\": \"Nokia\"\n }\n }\n }\n ]\n }\n}\n\nHow can I create an alias for apple devices? ",
"I've tried \nes.indices.put_alias(index=\"zzz\", name=\"devices_apple\", body={ \n \"routing\" : \"devices_apple\",\n \"filter\" : {\n \"term\" : {\n \"manufacturer.name\" : \"Apple\"\n }\n }\n });\n\nbut http://localhost:9200/cbp/devices/devices_apple returns nothing. ",
"\nI'm very new to elasticsearch so any tips appreciated. ",
"\n\nA:\n\nTry this:\nes.indices.put_alias(index=\"zzz\", name=\"devices_apple\", body=\"\"\"{ \n \"routing\" : \"devices_apple\",\n \"filter\" : {\n \"term\" : {\n \"manufacturer.name\" : \"Apple\"\n }\n }\n}\"\"\")\n\nYou can save the return value and print it. ",
"If it worked it should contain\"{'acknowledged': True}\".",
"\nYou can also have a look here to see the changes: 'http://localhost:9200/zzz'. ",
"Use a 'GET _aliases' request to see if there is any new aliases on the index.",
"\n\n"
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"Possible Mutiny Averted Aboard Oil Tanker\n\nShotgun-armed Maryland State police boarded a giant oil tanker in the Chesapeake Bay yesterday and were told that the captain had been threatened and another officer assaulted by angry crew members who shut off the vessel's steam.",
"\n\nNo charges were filed and no injuries reported in the alleged incident which reportedly stemmed from a labor dispute about the 38,000 ton Youssef B., anchored yesterday near Annapolis.",
"\n\nHowever, state police spokesman Bill Clark said last night that \"we believe there was a real possibility of a mutiny occurring. ",
"All the elements were there.\"",
"\n\nPolice boarded about 2:30 p.m. and left three hours later, but one of the ship's Baltimore agents remained to try to resolve the dispute, which reportedly involved pay. ",
"The ship is of Panamanian registery. ",
"About 10 of its 30 or so crew members are Polish; the others are of various nationalities.",
"\n\nClark said state police boarded from motorboats after the ship's captain, Tadeusz Pienkowski, radioed Baltimore asking that pay for crew members be sent immediately.",
"\n\n\"The crew otherwise may cause bloody accident,\" the telex messgae read. ",
"It said the vessel was \"without steam\" which had apparently been \"stopped by the crew.\"",
"\n\nAfter state and Maryland marine police boarded, Clark said, the captain told them he had fired most or all of the crew yesterday morning for alleged incompetence.",
"\n\nSome of those discharged \"were upset\" over severance pay and other benefits, Clark said.",
"\n\nAccording to Clark, the captain claimed that the ship's third engineer had been thrown to the engine room floor by crew members who then shut off the vessel's steam. ",
"The ship already was at anchor at the time.",
"\n\nThen, Clark said, crew members allegedly \"came after\" the captain.",
"\n\nCapt. ",
"Pienkowski asked that four crew members be removed from the tanker, Clark said, but when they did not wish to leave, he was told that it would be necessary to go ashore to swear out warrants against them.",
"\n\nClark said it was not immediately known why the captain had declined to do so.",
"\n\nCoast Guard officials in Baltimore said that the Youssef B.had recently unloaded petroleum products in Baltimore and was carrying only ballast yesterday."
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"similar properties matching your requirement\n\n2 bhk flat in span valencia, for rent. ",
"This place is a lovely abode for you and your family. ",
"Area is...read more\n\nShubh Property Search (AGENT)\n\nposted: 17 days ago\n\nQualified sellers who’ll understand what you want and will help you get it. ",
"They have access to a wide variety of properties to match every kind of need. ",
"From loans to paperwork to registration they’ll be there to guide you till you\nget the keys to your home.",
"\nIn other words, till you find joy. ",
"These sellers have been personally selected by us. ",
"So that you get the best, always.",
"\n\nQualified sellers who’ll understand what you want and will help you get it. ",
"They have access to a wide variety of properties to match every kind of need. ",
"From loans to paperwork to registration they’ll be there to guide you till you\nget the keys to your home.",
"\nIn other words, till you find joy. ",
"These sellers have been personally selected by us. ",
"So that you get the best, always.",
"\n\nThis 3 bhk apartment is in Mira Road East, Mumbai, It is present in the project Sonam Heights Sonam ...read more\n\nM\n\nMira Road Rent (AGENT)\n\nposted: 11 days ago\n\nQualified sellers who’ll understand what you want and will help you get it. ",
"They have access to a wide variety of properties to match every kind of need. ",
"From loans to paperwork to registration they’ll be there to guide you till you\nget the keys to your home.",
"\nIn other words, till you find joy. ",
"These sellers have been personally selected by us. ",
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"\n\nGated community with Security System. ",
"Community Hall. ",
"Yoga and Aerobics Room. ",
"Children Play Area. ",
"Jo...read more\n\nL\n\nLucky Homes (AGENT)\n\nposted: 11 days ago\n\nQualified sellers who’ll understand what you want and will help you get it. ",
"They have access to a wide variety of properties to match every kind of need. ",
"From loans to paperwork to registration they’ll be there to guide you till you\nget the keys to your home.",
"\nIn other words, till you find joy. ",
"These sellers have been personally selected by us. ",
"So that you get the best, always.",
"\n\ngardenia by hubtown is located in mira road east. ",
"gardenia renders purity and perfection where life ...read more\n\nO\n\nOm Enterprises (AGENT)\n\nposted: 11 days ago\n\nQualified sellers who’ll understand what you want and will help you get it. ",
"They have access to a wide variety of properties to match every kind of need. ",
"From loans to paperwork to registration they’ll be there to guide you till you\nget the keys to your home.",
"\nIn other words, till you find joy. ",
"These sellers have been personally selected by us. ",
"So that you get the best, always.",
"\n\nWell designed 1 BHK apartment is available at a prime location. ",
"It is a well-maintained property in ...read more\n\npreet properties (AGENT)\n\nposted: 16 days ago\n\nQualified sellers who’ll understand what you want and will help you get it. ",
"They have access to a wide variety of properties to match every kind of need. ",
"From loans to paperwork to registration they’ll be there to guide you till you\nget the keys to your home.",
"\nIn other words, till you find joy. ",
"These sellers have been personally selected by us. ",
"So that you get the best, always.",
"\n\nQualified sellers who’ll understand what you want and will help you get it. ",
"They have access to a wide variety of properties to match every kind of need. ",
"From loans to paperwork to registration they’ll be there to guide you till you\nget the keys to your home.",
"\nIn other words, till you find joy. ",
"These sellers have been personally selected by us. ",
"So that you get the best, always.",
"\n\nSadguru Laxmi Heaven is one of the popular Residential Developments in Mira Road east Mumbai. ",
"It is ...read more\n\nBothra Properties (AGENT)\n\nposted: a day ago\n\nQualified sellers who’ll understand what you want and will help you get it. ",
"They have access to a wide variety of properties to match every kind of need. ",
"From loans to paperwork to registration they’ll be there to guide you till you\nget the keys to your home.",
"\nIn other words, till you find joy. ",
"These sellers have been personally selected by us. ",
"So that you get the best, always.",
"\n\n2 bhk untouched flat is Available for rent. ",
"it is the apartment, located at the prime location of mi...read more\n\nS\n\nShine Property Mgt Services (AGENT)\n\nposted: 3 days ago\n\nQualified sellers who’ll understand what you want and will help you get it. ",
"They have access to a wide variety of properties to match every kind of need. ",
"From loans to paperwork to registration they’ll be there to guide you till you\nget the keys to your home.",
"\nIn other words, till you find joy. ",
"These sellers have been personally selected by us. ",
"So that you get the best, always.",
"\n\nHubtown Redwoodt It's a New Beginning of Lifestyle Upgrades at the Fullest at Mira Road (E). ",
"Live a ...read more\n\nS\n\nSpace Solve (AGENT)\n\nposted: 10 days ago\n\nQualified sellers who’ll understand what you want and will help you get it. ",
"They have access to a wide variety of properties to match every kind of need. ",
"From loans to paperwork to registration they’ll be there to guide you till you\nget the keys to your home.",
"\nIn other words, till you find joy. ",
"These sellers have been personally selected by us. ",
"So that you get the best, always.",
"\n\n2 BHK Terrace spacious flat with a L shaped living room and a master bedroom. ",
"It is located near bra...read more\n\nInvestree Real Estate (AGENT)\n\nposted: 17 days ago\n\nQualified sellers who’ll understand what you want and will help you get it. ",
"They have access to a wide variety of properties to match every kind of need. ",
"From loans to paperwork to registration they’ll be there to guide you till you\nget the keys to your home.",
"\nIn other words, till you find joy. ",
"These sellers have been personally selected by us. ",
"So that you get the best, always.",
"\n\nResidential 1 bhk apartment with lift, garden, security available. ",
"The property is located near to M...read more\n\nS\n\nSR Properties (AGENT)\n\nposted: 7 days ago\n\nQualified sellers who’ll understand what you want and will help you get it. ",
"They have access to a wide variety of properties to match every kind of need. ",
"From loans to paperwork to registration they’ll be there to guide you till you\nget the keys to your home.",
"\nIn other words, till you find joy. ",
"These sellers have been personally selected by us. ",
"So that you get the best, always.",
"\n\nGated community with Security System, Community Hall Yoga, Aerobics Room, Children Play Area, Joggin...read more\n\nS\n\nSajid Badgujar company (AGENT)\n\nposted: 16 days ago\n\nQualified sellers who’ll understand what you want and will help you get it. ",
"They have access to a wide variety of properties to match every kind of need. ",
"From loans to paperwork to registration they’ll be there to guide you till you\nget the keys to your home.",
"\nIn other words, till you find joy. ",
"These sellers have been personally selected by us. ",
"So that you get the best, always.",
"\n\nWell designed apartment available at a prime location. ",
"Area is well connected to the city areas. ",
"It ...read more\n\nS\n\nShubh Labh Real Estate Agent (AGENT)\n\nposted: 3 days ago\n\nQualified sellers who’ll understand what you want and will help you get it. ",
"They have access to a wide variety of properties to match every kind of need. ",
"From loans to paperwork to registration they’ll be there to guide you till you\nget the keys to your home.",
"\nIn other words, till you find joy. ",
"These sellers have been personally selected by us. ",
"So that you get the best, always.",
"\n\njay krishna darshan. ",
"2 bhk flat rent. ",
"the flat is available on mira road. ",
"good connectivity, prime l...read more\n\nS\n\nsarthak enterprises (AGENT)\n\nposted: a month ago\n\nQualified sellers who’ll understand what you want and will help you get it. ",
"They have access to a wide variety of properties to match every kind of need. ",
"From loans to paperwork to registration they’ll be there to guide you till you\nget the keys to your home.",
"\nIn other words, till you find joy. ",
"These sellers have been personally selected by us. ",
"So that you get the best, always.",
"\n\nWell designed 2 BHK apartment is available for rent at a prime location Mira road east. ",
"It is well c...read more\n\nS\n\nShree Laxmi Real Estate (AGENT)\n\nposted: 18 days ago\n\nQualified sellers who’ll understand what you want and will help you get it. ",
"They have access to a wide variety of properties to match every kind of need. ",
"From loans to paperwork to registration they’ll be there to guide you till you\nget the keys to your home.",
"\nIn other words, till you find joy. ",
"These sellers have been personally selected by us. ",
"So that you get the best, always.",
"\n\n2 bhk flat for rent in kakad paradise, mira road. ",
"it is available with various facilities like car p...read more\n\nD\n\nDivakar Housing (AGENT)\n\nposted: 15 days ago\n\nQualified sellers who’ll understand what you want and will help you get it. ",
"They have access to a wide variety of properties to match every kind of need. ",
"From loans to paperwork to registration they’ll be there to guide you till you\nget the keys to your home.",
"\nIn other words, till you find joy. ",
"These sellers have been personally selected by us. ",
"So that you get the best, always.",
"\n\nWell designed 1 BHK apartment is available at a prime location. ",
"Area is well connected to the city a...read more\n\nU\n\nunique realty (AGENT)\n\nposted: 16 days ago\n\nQualified sellers who’ll understand what you want and will help you get it. ",
"They have access to a wide variety of properties to match every kind of need. ",
"From loans to paperwork to registration they’ll be there to guide you till you\nget the keys to your home.",
"\nIn other words, till you find joy. ",
"These sellers have been personally selected by us. ",
"So that you get the best, always.",
"\n\nWell designed 2 BHK apartment is available for rent at a prime location of Mumbai. ",
"The area is well ...read more\n\nS\n\nSakshi Associates (AGENT)\n\nposted: 21 days ago\n\nQualified sellers who’ll understand what you want and will help you get it. ",
"They have access to a wide variety of properties to match every kind of need. ",
"From loans to paperwork to registration they’ll be there to guide you till you\nget the keys to your home.",
"\nIn other words, till you find joy. ",
"These sellers have been personally selected by us. ",
"So that you get the best, always.",
"\n\nWell maintained 1 Bhk, residential flat for Rent at Mira road (e). ",
"It is a class project at Mira roa...read more\n\nS\n\nSadguru Estate (AGENT)\n\nposted: a month ago\n\nQualified sellers who’ll understand what you want and will help you get it. ",
"They have access to a wide variety of properties to match every kind of need. ",
"From loans to paperwork to registration they’ll be there to guide you till you\nget the keys to your home.",
"\nIn other words, till you find joy. ",
"These sellers have been personally selected by us. ",
"So that you get the best, always.",
"\n\nThis is a big size 3 BHK flat with 2 master bed and 1 common bed, halll with L-shaped dining area, 3...read more\n\nP\n\nParshwanath Estate Agency (AGENT)\n\nposted: 14 days ago\n\nQualified sellers who’ll understand what you want and will help you get it. ",
"They have access to a wide variety of properties to match every kind of need. ",
"From loans to paperwork to registration they’ll be there to guide you till you\nget the keys to your home.",
"\nIn other words, till you find joy. ",
"These sellers have been personally selected by us. ",
"So that you get the best, always.",
"\n\nLodha construction has the best quality in comparison with others. ",
"all the amenities and space provi...read more\n\nO\n\nOrchid Realty (AGENT)\n\nposted: a month ago\n\nQualified sellers who’ll understand what you want and will help you get it. ",
"They have access to a wide variety of properties to match every kind of need. ",
"From loans to paperwork to registration they’ll be there to guide you till you\nget the keys to your home.",
"\nIn other words, till you find joy. ",
"These sellers have been personally selected by us. ",
"So that you get the best, always.",
"\n\nAvailable 2 bhk flat in Iraisa chs. ",
"ltd. ",
"located in beverly park, mira road east, next to kanakia po...read more\n\nV\n\nvaibhav property hub (AGENT)\n\nposted: 25 days ago\n\nQualified sellers who’ll understand what you want and will help you get it. ",
"They have access to a wide variety of properties to match every kind of need. ",
"From loans to paperwork to registration they’ll be there to guide you till you\nget the keys to your home.",
"\nIn other words, till you find joy. ",
"These sellers have been personally selected by us. ",
"So that you get the best, always.",
"\n\n15 storied tower, municipal water supply, kids play area, near by hospital, market, school, multiple...read more\n\nS\n\nShree Balaji estate Consultancy (AGENT)\n\nposted: 8 days ago\n\nQualified sellers who’ll understand what you want and will help you get it. ",
"They have access to a wide variety of properties to match every kind of need. ",
"From loans to paperwork to registration they’ll be there to guide you till you\nget the keys to your home.",
"\nIn other words, till you find joy. ",
"These sellers have been personally selected by us. ",
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"\n\nQualified sellers who’ll understand what you want and will help you get it. ",
"They have access to a wide variety of properties to match every kind of need. ",
"From loans to paperwork to registration they’ll be there to guide you till you\nget the keys to your home.",
"\nIn other words, till you find joy. ",
"These sellers have been personally selected by us. ",
"So that you get the best, always.",
"\n\n2 Bhk Residential Flat Available for Rent In Mira Road at Prime Location. ",
"it is a Deluxe Flat With M...read more\n\nSanjeevni Enterprises (AGENT)\n\nposted: 10 days ago\n\nQualified sellers who’ll understand what you want and will help you get it. ",
"They have access to a wide variety of properties to match every kind of need. ",
"From loans to paperwork to registration they’ll be there to guide you till you\nget the keys to your home.",
"\nIn other words, till you find joy. ",
"These sellers have been personally selected by us. ",
"So that you get the best, always.",
"\n\nWell designed 2 BHK apartment is available at a prime location. ",
"The area is well connected by variou...read more\n\nI\n\nInvestors Hub (AGENT)\n\nposted: a month ago\n\nQualified sellers who’ll understand what you want and will help you get it. ",
"They have access to a wide variety of properties to match every kind of need. ",
"From loans to paperwork to registration they’ll be there to guide you till you\nget the keys to your home.",
"\nIn other words, till you find joy. ",
"These sellers have been personally selected by us. ",
"So that you get the best, always.",
"\n\nPoonam Sagar Complex is one of the popular residential developments in Mira Road, neighborhood of Mu...read more\n\nL\n\nLUCKYHOMES (AGENT)\n\nposted: a month ago\n\nQualified sellers who’ll understand what you want and will help you get it. ",
"They have access to a wide variety of properties to match every kind of need. ",
"From loans to paperwork to registration they’ll be there to guide you till you\nget the keys to your home.",
"\nIn other words, till you find joy. ",
"These sellers have been personally selected by us. ",
"So that you get the best, always.",
"\n\nQualified sellers who’ll understand what you want and will help you get it. ",
"They have access to a wide variety of properties to match every kind of need. ",
"From loans to paperwork to registration they’ll be there to guide you till you\nget the keys to your home.",
"\nIn other words, till you find joy. ",
"These sellers have been personally selected by us. ",
"So that you get the best, always.",
"\n\nDev Paradise Building 15 Storey and this flat is on 9th Floor This Complex Have Amenities Like Swimm...read more\n\nOm Housing and Real Estate (AGENT)\n\nposted: 8 days ago\n\nQualified sellers who’ll understand what you want and will help you get it. ",
"They have access to a wide variety of properties to match every kind of need. ",
"From loans to paperwork to registration they’ll be there to guide you till you\nget the keys to your home.",
"\nIn other words, till you find joy. ",
"These sellers have been personally selected by us. ",
"So that you get the best, always.",
"\n\nThis Property is 3 BHK Fully Furnished Flat For Rent in Shreepati -1, Poonam Sagar, This Property is...read more\n\nPatel Realcom Pvt Ltd (AGENT)\n\nposted: 25 days ago\n\nQualified sellers who’ll understand what you want and will help you get it. ",
"They have access to a wide variety of properties to match every kind of need. ",
"From loans to paperwork to registration they’ll be there to guide you till you\nget the keys to your home.",
"\nIn other words, till you find joy. ",
"These sellers have been personally selected by us. ",
"So that you get the best, always.",
"\n\nGated community with Security System Community Hall Yoga, Aerobics Room Children Play Area Jogging T...read more\n\nL\n\nLucky Homes (AGENT)\n\nposted: 6 days ago\n\nQualified sellers who’ll understand what you want and will help you get it. ",
"They have access to a wide variety of properties to match every kind of need. ",
"From loans to paperwork to registration they’ll be there to guide you till you\nget the keys to your home.",
"\nIn other words, till you find joy. ",
"These sellers have been personally selected by us. ",
"So that you get the best, always.",
"\n\nnew society, well maintained flat, 24 water, pipe gas line, good society, good security, near bus st...read more\n\nT\n\ntayade estate agency (AGENT)\n\nposted: 21 days ago\n\nQualified sellers who’ll understand what you want and will help you get it. ",
"They have access to a wide variety of properties to match every kind of need. ",
"From loans to paperwork to registration they’ll be there to guide you till you\nget the keys to your home.",
"\nIn other words, till you find joy. ",
"These sellers have been personally selected by us. ",
"So that you get the best, always.",
"\n\nBhairav Residency is one of the very premium address of mira road, very close to cinemax theatre in ...read more\n\nS\n\nShubh Property Search (AGENT)\n\nposted: a month ago\n\nQualified sellers who’ll understand what you want and will help you get it. ",
"They have access to a wide variety of properties to match every kind of need. ",
"From loans to paperwork to registration they’ll be there to guide you till you\nget the keys to your home.",
"\nIn other words, till you find joy. ",
"These sellers have been personally selected by us. ",
"So that you get the best, always.",
"\n\nA 3 BHK Apartment on the Middle floor. ",
"The Property is near to school, 20 minutes to Mira road stati...read more\n\nM\n\nMira Road Rent (AGENT)\n\nposted: 19 days ago\n\nQualified sellers who’ll understand what you want and will help you get it. ",
"They have access to a wide variety of properties to match every kind of need. ",
"From loans to paperwork to registration they’ll be there to guide you till you\nget the keys to your home.",
"\nIn other words, till you find joy. ",
"These sellers have been personally selected by us. ",
"So that you get the best, always.",
"\n\nGood Society with garden and parking, Nearby Thakur Mall and highway touch. ",
"15 min drive from Boriva...read more\n\nShree Laxmi Home (AGENT)\n\nposted: 23 days ago\n\nQualified sellers who’ll understand what you want and will help you get it. ",
"They have access to a wide variety of properties to match every kind of need. ",
"From loans to paperwork to registration they’ll be there to guide you till you\nget the keys to your home.",
"\nIn other words, till you find joy. ",
"These sellers have been personally selected by us. ",
"So that you get the best, always.",
"\n\nQualified sellers who’ll understand what you want and will help you get it. ",
"They have access to a wide variety of properties to match every kind of need. ",
"From loans to paperwork to registration they’ll be there to guide you till you\nget the keys to your home.",
"\nIn other words, till you find joy. ",
"These sellers have been personally selected by us. ",
"So that you get the best, always.",
"\n\nUnique Poonam Estate is a residential project developed by Unique Shanti Developers. ",
"The project off...read more\n\nV\n\nVishwakarma Realtors (AGENT)\n\nposted: 23 days ago\n\nQualified sellers who’ll understand what you want and will help you get it. ",
"They have access to a wide variety of properties to match every kind of need. ",
"From loans to paperwork to registration they’ll be there to guide you till you\nget the keys to your home.",
"\nIn other words, till you find joy. ",
"These sellers have been personally selected by us. ",
"So that you get the best, always.",
"\n\nLeena Bhairav Residency is a residential development by Leena Group in Mira Road, Mumbai. ",
"It offers ...read more\n\nBothra Properties (AGENT)\n\nposted: a day ago\n\nQualified sellers who’ll understand what you want and will help you get it. ",
"They have access to a wide variety of properties to match every kind of need. ",
"From loans to paperwork to registration they’ll be there to guide you till you\nget the keys to your home.",
"\nIn other words, till you find joy. ",
"These sellers have been personally selected by us. ",
"So that you get the best, always.",
"\n\nQualified sellers who’ll understand what you want and will help you get it. ",
"They have access to a wide variety of properties to match every kind of need. ",
"From loans to paperwork to registration they’ll be there to guide you till you\nget the keys to your home.",
"\nIn other words, till you find joy. ",
"These sellers have been personally selected by us. ",
"So that you get the best, always.",
"\n\ncalculated based on presence of project amenities, builder credentials and\nlocation\nadvantages\n\nGot it\n\nlocality score\n\ncalculated based on presence of neighborhood amenities like restaurants,\nschools, hospitals, public transportation and\nothers\n\nGot it\n\nYou are currently offline.",
"\n\nabout makaan.com\n\nat makaan.com, we understand that people everywhere are searching for a home to\ncall their own. ",
"we want to make this search as joyful as finally finding the\nperfect home because we understand that finding a home is much more than an\nonline\nsearch!",
"\n\na home is a cherished memory that lasts forever, it is where the walls embrace\nmemories, the ceilings shelter love and laughter, where the quiet corners offer\na much-needed pause and life itself becomes a reason to\ncelebrate.",
"\n\nso to make this journey joyful, we begin by partnering with our customers from\nthe start and being there when it matters the most - right from online search\nto brokers to home loans to paperwork to finally finding that perfect\nhome.",
"\n\nat makaan.com, we not only help you search but help you find. ",
"we help you find\njoy.",
"\n\nmakaan.com is part of elara technologies pte limited, singapore which also owns\nand operates proptiger.com, a digital real estate marketing and transactions\nservices provider. ",
"news corp, a global media, book publishing and digital real\nestate services company, is the key investor in elara. ",
"elara's other major\ninvestors include saif partners, accel partners and horizen\nventures."
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"CareFirst BlueCross BlueShield is being forced to cancel plans that currently cover 76,000 individuals in Virginia, Maryland, and Washington, D.C., due to changes made by President Obama's health care law, the company told the Washington Examiner today.",
"\n\nThat represents more than 40 percent of the 177,000 individuals covered by CareFirst in those states.",
"\n\nThough Obama famously promised that those who liked their health care coverage could keep it under his program, in reality, the health care law imposes a raft of new regulations on insurance policies starting Jan. 1 that are forcing insurers across the country to terminate existing plans.",
"\n\nIn theory, rules were supposed to allow pre-existing plans to be \"grandfathered in,\" but they were written so narrowly that they leave out many plans.",
"\n\n\"Of the 177,000 individuals under age 65 who are covered by CareFirst, about 76,000 of them are in a non-grandfathered plan — a plan that will not comply with the guidelines imposed by the Affordable Care Act at their time of renewal this year or next,\" CareFirst said in an email in response to an inquiry by the Examiner.",
"\n\nIt continued, \"These individuals in Maryland, Washington, D.C., and portions of Northern Virginia will be required by the health law to purchase a new ACA-compliant health plan. ",
"This phenomenon is not unique to CareFirst and its members, but rather a result of industrywide changes in accordance with new ACA health plan standards.\"",
"\n\nWhile individuals in Maryland and Virginia will have the option of shopping for new plans either on the Obamacare exchanges or the individual market, D.C. residents who get cancellation notices will be forced to purchase insurance on the exchange."
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"Using records, especially nested records, in Haskell can sometimes be a bit of a chore. ",
"Fortunately, there are several libraries in hackage that make working with records easier. ",
"This library is my attempt to build on top of these libraries to make working with records even more pleasant!",
"\n\nIn most imperative languages, records are accessed using the infix dot operator. ",
"Record fields can be read simply by suffixing a record value with .field and they can be modified by simply assigning to that location. ",
"Although this is not the only way to access records (indeed, Haskell does not use it), many people (including myself) like it. ",
"This library attempts to support this style for Haskell records in the following manner:\n\nrecord.field.subfield becomes record .# ",
"field # subfield record.field = value becomes record .# ",
"field =: value\n\nOf course, the infix assignment in Haskell is pure and doesn't actually mutate anything. ",
"Rather, a modified version of the record is returned.",
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"> field\n\nComposing fields with Applicative functors and Monad s. Example: record .# ",
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"Example: case record of (match field -> 1) -> ...\n\nEasy comparisons etc. ",
"using onField . ",
"Example: sortBy (compare `onField` field#subfield) records\n\nFor a detailed description of usage, see Data.",
"Record.",
"Field.",
"\n\nThis library is a work-in-progress. ",
"Some limitations, deficiencies, points of interest and possible future improvements include:"
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"Simulation Training in Obstetrics.",
"\nSimulation now permeates all levels of training in obstetrics and maternal-fetal medicine. ",
"We will review the role of obstetric simulation through the continuum of training and practice. ",
"Simulation allows learners to acquire skills in a nonthreatening environment while avoiding harm to patients. ",
"Simulation in obstetrics evolved from a learning tool for students and residents, to a method for experienced physicians to learn new procedures and reenter the full breadth and depth of practice. ",
"Specialty boards and credentialing organizations recognize simulation training as an innovative approach to assess and assure technical, clinical, and teamwork skills."
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"Eight healthy subjects aged 18-20 years participated in this study. ",
"Polysomnography was performed in all subjects; signals were sampled at 128 Hz and stored on hard disk. ",
"The C3 or C4 derivation was used for all the subsequent computational steps, which were performed on EEG epochs (4096 data points) selected from sleep stage 2 (S2) and slow-wave sleep (SWS), in both CAP and non-CAP (NCAP) conditions. ",
"Also, epochs from sleep stage 1 (S1), REM and wakefulness preceding sleep were recorded. ",
"The dynamic properties of the EEG were assessed by means of the non-linear cross-prediction test, which uses three different 'model' time series in order to predict non-linearly the original data set (Pred, Ama, and Tir). ",
"Pred is a measure of the predictability of the time series, and Ama and Tir are measures of asymmetry, indicating non-linear structure. ",
"The non-linear measures applied in this study indicate that sleep EEG tends to show non-linear structure only during CAP periods, both during S2 and SWS. ",
"Moreover, during CAP periods, non-linearity can only be detected during the phase A1 subtypes (and partially A2) of CAP. ",
"The A3 phases show characteristics of non-stationarity and bear some resemblance to wakefulness. ",
"Based on the results of this study, sleep might be considered as a dynamically evolving sequence of different states of the EEG, which we could track by detecting non-linearity, mostly in association with CAP. ",
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"Because linkage analysis assesses allele sharing identical-by-descent among relatives instead of the association of a particular allele of an anonymous marker, we have performed a linkage study for bone BMD using microsatellite markers flanking the VDR locus. ",
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"Participants in the Framingham Osteoporosis Study (aged 37-89 years) who had undergone BMD testing were used to test for concordance of genotype with phenotype in the hip (femoral neck, Ward's area, trochanter) and lumbar spine (L2-L4) with adjustment for covariates. ",
"Multipoint quantitative trait linkage analysis using variance components methods was conducted with microsatellite markers flanking the VDR locus (GATA91H06, GATA5A09, GGAT2G06) in 332 extended families containing 1062 individuals with both bone density measures and marker data. ",
"In addition, quantitative trait sib-pair linkage analysis, with a marker (AFM345xf1) in close proximity to the VDR locus, was performed in a second sample of 169 sibships (n = 413), comprising 284 full-sib pairs. ",
"Neither analysis revealed evidence for linkage of this region to femoral neck, Ward's area, lumbar spine, and trochanter in age or sex BMI, and height-adjusted bone density measures. ",
"Additional adjustment for alcohol intake, caffeine consumption, smoking status, and estrogen supplement (female only) did not alter the results. ",
"The present study could not demonstrate linkage of BMD to chromosome 12q12-14. ",
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"Hundreds of music patrons were shocked to learn that Janelle Monae's first ever Melbourne performance was cancelled due to ill health, just minutes before the American songstress was due to perform on Saturday night.",
"\n\nForum Theatre management said that a \"signal\" was sent out for a doctor shortly before the performance and it was on this advice that the decision was made to cancel.",
"\n\n\"It's a genuine health issue, we tried to work out a way for the show to go forward but the band in solidarity for Janelle have decided that they can't put together a show of enough quality,\" said Forum Theatre manager, Jason Platts.",
"\n\nJanelle Monae with Kimbra. ",
"Photo: Live Nation\n\n\"From the venue's point of view, we're extremely sorry about it. ",
"I've done 1200 shows here and this has never happened,\" he added.",
"\n\nAdvertisement\n\nConfusion was apparent in the crowd as Monae's band members and gear were assembled on stage for the announcement.",
"\n\nMonae's white-coat clad spokesperson assured punters that any ticket holder wishing to attend her second scheduled performance on May 26 would be able to. ",
"This is despite the fact a second Melbourne show needed to be added to make up for an earlier cancellation in Perth.",
"\n\nThe news was read out approximately 30 minutes after Kimbra's opening set at 10.15pm.",
"Monae was scheduled to take the stage at 9:45pm.",
"\n\nMonae's opening act, Kimbra of Grammy winning song \"Somebody That I Used To Know\", performed her allocated set and gave no indication to the audience that she had any knowledge of Monae's illness, stating several times how excited she was for the first leg of the tour.",
"\n\nMonae herself is yet to make a statement on the highly unusual cancellation, while Kimbra has tweeted\n\nLet's all lift up our thoughts & prayers for @JanelleMonae. ",
"We had a beautiful time playing 4 u 2night & we will be both be back on the...\n\nTour promoter Live Nation have posted information for ticket holders on social media providing two options, either a refund or a reallocation to Monae's only other scheduled show in Melbourne on May 26 at The Plenary.",
"\n\nFans have also taken to social media both to express disappointment and wish Monae a speedy recovery."
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