Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: progress and prospects for treatment. 
Fifteen years ago, a role for excitotoxic damage in the pathology of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) was postulated.  This stimulated the development of riluzole, the only available treatment for the disease.  Since then, the identification of abnormal forms of superoxide dismutase as the genetic basis of certain familial forms of ALS has provided a huge impetus to the search for new effective treatments for this devastating disease.  Transgenic mouse models have been developed expressing these aberrant mutants that develop a form of motor neurone disease the progress of which can be slowed by riluzole.  Studies in these mice have provided evidence for a role for excitotoxic, apoptotic and oxidative processes in the development of pathology.  The mice can be used for testing molecules targeting these processes as potential therapies, to allow the most promising to be evaluated in humans.  Several such agents are currently in clinical trials.  Many previous clinical trials in ALS were insufficiently powered to demonstrate any relevant effect on disease progression.  This situation has been to some extent remedied in the more recent trials, which have recruited many hundreds of patients.  However, with the exception of studies with riluzole, the results of these have been disappointing.  In particular, a number of large trials with neurotrophic agents have revealed no evidence for efficacy.  Nonetheless, the need for large multinational trials of long duration limits the number that can be carried out and makes important demands on investment.  For this reason, surrogate markers that can be used for rapid screening in patients of potential treatments identified in the transgenic mice are urgently needed.