Pozzuoli

Pozzuoli (; ) is a city and comune of the Metropolitan City of Naples, in the Italian region of Campania.  It is the main city of the Phlegrean Peninsula. 

History
Pozzuoli began as the Greek colony of Dicaearchia ().  The Roman colony was established in 194 BC, and took the name Puteoli which it has his roots from 'puteus', meaning well (also used by sibyls to predict the future) and 'osco fistulus' (cave).  An alternative etymology of Puteoli from the Latin puteo (to stink), referring to the sulfuric smell in the area, most notably from Solfatara.  This is because Pozzuoli lies in the centre of the Campi Flegrei, a volcanic caldera. 

Puteoli was the great emporium for the Alexandrian grain ships, and other ships from all over the Roman world.  It also was the main hub for goods exported from Campania, including blown glass, mosaics, wrought iron, and marble.  The Roman naval base at nearby Misenum housed the largest naval fleet in the ancient world.  It was also the site of the Roman Dictator Sulla's country villa and the place where he died in 78 BC.  Pliny mentions Pozzuoli as the site of a famed cochlearium created by Fulvius Hirpinus, known for raising exquisite snails. 

The local volcanic sand, pozzolana (Latin: pulvis puteolanus, "dust of Puteoli") formed the basis for the first effective concrete, as it reacted chemically with water.  Instead of just evaporating slowly off, the water would turn this sand/lime mix into a mortar strong enough to bind lumps of aggregate into a load-bearing unit.  This made possible the cupola of the Pantheon, which is still the world's largest unreinforced concrete dome. 

The apostle Paul landed here on his way to Rome, from which it was  distant.  Here he stayed for seven days (Acts 28:13, 14) and then began with his companions his journey by the Appian Way to Rome. 

Puteoli is considered the best candidate for the unnamed city where the 1st-century Roman novel Satyricon takes place. 

In 37 AD Puteoli was the location for a political stunt by Emperor Gaius Caligula, who on becoming Emperor ordered a temporary floating bridge to be built using trading vessels, stretching for over two miles () from the town to the famous neighboring resort of Baiae, across which he proceeded to ride his horse, in defiance of an astrologer's prediction that he had "no more chance of becoming Emperor than of riding a horse across the Gulf of Baiae". 

Saint Proculus (San Procolo) was martyred here with his companions in the fourth century, and is the city's patron saint.   The seven eagle heads on the coat-of-arms for the town of Pozzuoli are said to represent seven of these martyrs.   November 16 was the official feast day for Saint Proculus.   St. Proculus was affectionately nicknamed 'u pisciasotto ("the pants-pisser") because November 16 was often a day of rain.   The townspeople also celebrated his feast day on the second Sunday in May.

Charles Lyell visited Pozzuoli in 1828 and studied the Macellum columns. 

Since 1946 the town has been the home of the Accademia Aeronautica, the Italian Air Force Academy, which was first situated on the island of Nisida, then from 1962 on a purpose-built hilltop campus overlooking the bay. 

From August 1982 to December 1984 the city experienced hundreds of tremors and bradyseismic activity which reached a peak on October 4, 1983, damaging 8,000 buildings in the city center and dislocating 36,000 people, many permanently.  The events raised the sea bottom by almost 2 m, and rendered the Bay of Pozzuoli too shallow for large craft. 

Main sights

The town's attractions include:

The Macellum of Pozzuoli, also known as the Temple of Serapis or serapeum, is considered the city's symbol.  The "temple" was actually a marketplace.  Its name derives from the misinterpretation of its function after a statue of the god Serapis was found in 1750 at this location.  The Macellum includes three majestic columns in Cipollino marble, which show erosion from marine Lithophaga molluscs when, at an earlier time, the ground level was much lower due to Bradyseism, and sea-water could flow in. 
Flavian Amphitheater (Amphitheatrum Flavium), the third largest Italian amphitheater after the Colosseum and the Capuan Amphitheater.  
Solfatara (volcanic crater with active fumaroles)
Forum
Minor Amphitheater, very near to the Flavian one, its remains were absorbed by other buildings, but some arches can be seen by Via Solfatara and Via Vigna.  It is crossed by metropolitan railway and the arena is still buried
Puteoli's Baths, so called Temple of Neptune, the remains of a big thermal complex now in Corso Terracciano which included also "Dianae Nymphaeum", this last one partly hidden by buildings. 
Villa Avellino, one of the few urban parks of Pozzuoli.  It also shows several Roman ruins and water tanks.  There is also a still working Roman "face" water fountain. 
Rione Terra, the first settlement of Puteoli, originally Dicearkia in Greek.  It is a multi-layered city with several Roman buildings; the most important one is the Temple of Augustus (today the Pozzuoli's Duomo)
Necropolis of the Via Puteolis Capuam, just under the bridge that leads outside the city near Via Solfatara
Necropolis of Via San Vito, near to Quarto
Necropolis of Via Celle, a rich complex of tombs and mausoleums, very near to an old Roman street track still used today (Via Cupa Cigliano)
Stadium of Antoninus Pius, a very similar stadium to the Domitian one in Rome, only partially unburied and partly collapsed (Via Campi Flegrei).  
Sanctuary of San Gennaro (St. Januarius).  With the Cathedral of Naples, it is one of the two places in which the alleged miracle of the liquefaction of the saint's blood occurs. 
Lake Avernus, in which Virgil, in the 6th book of his Aeneid, placed the entrance to Hell.  The name derives from Greek, and means "Without Birds", referring to the absence of birds due to the sulfur gas that sprung from it.  Nearby are the Temple of Apollo, the Grotto of the Cumaean Sibyl and Cocceius' Grotto, a gallery carved by the Romans to connect Lucrino to Cumae.  The latter was damaged during World War II and is no longer visitable. 
Lake Lucrino, in the frazione of the same name.  The lake was considered an infernal place, due to  volcanic phenomena.  It was a renowned resort in Roman times and included the villa of Cicero, which later held the remains of emperor Hadrian.  Pliny the Elder cites it in Naturalis historia (ix, 25) as the home of a dolphin who had made friends with a child.  According to Pliny, when the child fell ill and died, the dolphin died of broken heart also.  The tale is considered the first known Urban legend. 

A unique anarchist monument is present in the small garden close to the Roman Macellum.  It's made of a marble block and has the following text written on it:

Transportation
It is easily reached by train from Rome on Naples Metro line 2, and by the trains of "Cumana" lines leaving from the station of Montesanto, in the city center. 

Twinnings

 Agios Dimitrios, a suburb of Athens in Greece

Neighboring communes
Bacoli
Giugliano in Campania
Monte di Procida
Naples
Quarto

Notable people
 Januarius, Patron Saint of Naples, executed at Solfatara c. 305
 Josephus landed there on his way to Rome (The Life of Flavius Josephus; 3.16)
 William Jopling, British leprologist, born there
 Sophia Loren, film actress, grew up there
 Gilbert, Count of Montpensier, Viceroy of Naples died there on 15 October 1496
 Saint Paul, the Apostle landed there on his way to Rome. ( Acts 28:13)
 Giovanni Battista Pergolesi, Baroque composer, died there
 Lucius Cornelius Sulla, Dictator of Rome, died at his villa there
 Ludovica Nasti, “L’amica geniale”/“My Brilliant Friend” actress, originally from there

See also
De balneis Puteolanis

Footnotes

Bibliography
 Amalfitano, Paolo, et al. ( 1990) I Campi Flegrei, Venezia
 Annecchino, Raimondo (1960) Storia di Pozzuoli e della zona flegrea.  Pozzuoli: Arti Grafiche D. Conte
 Gianfrotta, Piero Alfredo & Maniscalco, Fabio (eds.) ( 1998) Forma Maris: Forum Internazionale di Archeologia Subacquea.  Puteoli

 Puteoli: studi di storia Romana; no.  2; 4/5
 Sommella, Paolo (1978) Forma e urbanistica di Pozzuoli romana.  Pozzuoli: Azienda Autonoma di Soggiorno, Cura e Turismo di Pozzuoli
 Atti del convegno Studi e ricerche su Puteoli romana: Napoli, Centre J. Bérard, 2-3 aprile 1979.  Napoli, 1984

External links

Kub Foto Pozzuoli
Pozzuoli Italian Portal (soon translated in english)

 

Category:New Testament cities
Category:Cities and towns in Campania
Category:Coastal towns in Campania
Category:Cumaean colonies
Category:Coloniae (Roman)
Category:Roman harbors in Italy
Category:Roman sites of Campania
Category:Archaeological sites in Campania