Synthesis and characterization of insulin-fluorescein derivatives for bioanalytical applications. 
Human insulin was labeled with fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) and fully characterized to yield four distinct insulin-FITC species.  High-performance liquid chromatography and electrospray mass spectrometry were used to determine the extent and location of fluorescein conjugation.  By changing the reaction conditions (i.e., pH, time, and FITC/insulin ratio) the selectivity of the fluorescein conjugation was altered, and all conjugates could be separated.  The isolated species of insulin-FITC were labeled at the following residues: A1(Gly), B1(Phe), A1(Gly)B1(Phe), and A1(Gly)B1(Phe)B29(Lys).  All four insulin-FITC conjugates were then used to develop fluorescence polarization binding assays with monoclonal and polyclonal anti-insulin antibodies.  The assay sensitivity differed between the conjugates depending on the site of modification (B1 > A1 > A1B1 > A1B1B29).  Also, the type of antibody used had an important role in the binding of insulin-FITC conjugates.  Finally, for the first time the biological activity of the four conjugates was demonstrated by an autophosphorylation assay.  The positional substitution dramatically affected the biological activity, confirming insights into the residues responsible for the insulin binding region.  The B1 conjugate was found to retain almost all biological activity while the A1 and A1B1 conjugates had approximately 10 times lower activity.  The trisubstituted species (labeled at A1, B1, and B29) was determined to be least active.