DOTAM derivatives as active cartilage-targeting drug carriers for the treatment of osteoarthritis. 
Targeted drug-delivery methods are crucial for effective treatment of degenerative joint diseases such as osteoarthritis (OA).  Toward this goal, we developed a small multivalent structure as a model drug for the attenuation of cartilage degradation.  The DOTAM (1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid amide)-based model structure is equipped with the cathepsin D protease inhibitor pepstatin A, a fluorophore, and peptide moieties targeting collagen II.  In vivo injection of these soluble probes into the knee joints of mice resulted in 7-day-long local retention, while the drug carrier equipped with a scrambled peptide sequence was washed away within 6-8 h. The model drug conjugate successfully reduced the cathepsin D protease activity as measured by release of GAG peptide.  Therefore, these conjugates represent a promising first drug conjugate for the targeted treatment of degenerative joint diseases.