An Aptamer-Based Near-Infrared Fluorescence Nanoprobe for Detecting and Imaging of Phospholamban Micropeptide in Cardiomyocytes. 
A growing body of evidence indicates that micropeptides encoded by long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) act independently or as regulators of larger proteins in fundamental biological processes, especially in the maintenance of cellular homeostasis.  However, due to their small size and low intracellular expression, visual monitoring of micropeptides in living cells is still a challenge.  In this work, we have designed and synthesized an aptamer-based near-infrared fluorescence nanoprobe for fluorescence imaging of phospholamban (PLN), which is an intracellular micropeptide that affects calcium homeostasis, and is closely associated with human heart failure in the clinic.  The nanoprobe could respond specifically to PLN with excellent selectivity, high sensitivity, good nuclease stability, and biocompatibility, and it was successfully applied for imaging of changes in PLN levels in cardiomyocytes and in frozen sections of heart tissues.  Further combined with clinical myocardial biopsy, we believe that the developed nanoprobe should be of great significance in later molecular pathology study of heart failure, which may help with diagnosis of early heart failure in the future.  More importantly, for the first time nanoprobes were applied to visually monitor the changes of micropeptides in living cells and in frozen tissue sections, and the design concept of the aptamer-based nanoprobe can be extended to fluorescence detection of other micropeptides.