Bovine laminitis: clinical aspects, pathology and pathogenesis with reference to acute equine laminitis. 
This review deals with the features of clinical and subclinical laminitis in cattle.  Prominent clinical signs of acute laminitis are a tender gait and arched back.  The sole horn reveals red and yellowish discolourations within five days.  In subacute and chronic cases clinical signs are less severe.  In chronic laminitis the shape of the claws is altered.  Laminitis is frequently followed by sole ulceration and white zone lesions.  Blood tests showed no significant changes for laminitic animals.  Arteriographic studies of claws affected by laminitis indicated that blood vessels had narrowed lumens.  Gross pathology revealed congestion of the corium and rotation of the distal phalanx.  Histopathologic studies indicate that laminitis is associated with changes of the vasculature.  Peripartum management and nutrition are important factors in its aetiology.  It is hypothesised that laminitis is evoked by disturbed digital circulation.  In the pathogenesis of acute laminitis three factors are considered important: the occurrence of thrombosis, haemodynamic aspects of the corium, and endotoxins which trigger these pathologic events.