Saquinavir-NO inhibits S6 kinase activity, impairs secretion of the encephalytogenic cytokines interleukin-17 and interferon-gamma and ameliorates experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. 
NO-hybridization of the HIV protease inhibitor Saquinavir generates a new chemical entity named Saq-NO, that retains the anti-viral activity and exerts lower toxicity.  We show that Saq-NO inhibited the generation of various cytokines in ConA-stimulated unfractionated murine spleen cells and rat lymph nodes stimulated with ConA as well as in purified CD4(+) T cells in vitro and reduced the circulating levels of cytokines in mice challenged with anti-CD3 antibody.  Furthermore, Saq-NO reduced IL-17 and IFN-γ production in myelin basic protein (MBP)-specific cells isolated from rats immunized with MBP.  These findings translated well into the in vivo setting as Saq-NO ameliorated the course of the disease in two preclinical models of multiple sclerosis.  Our results demonstrate that Saq-NO exerts immunomodulatory effects that warrant studies on its application in autoimmune diseases.