Down Syndrome is also known as _____ and is due to thepresence of ______. 

Trisomy 21, an extra chromosome. 

Down syndrome is estimated to be the cause of about _____% of all cases of moderate to severe retardation. 

10 to 30%

What do treatment approaches for children with Mental Retardation emphasize? 

Providing education and training that enhance the skillsneeded to live productively and independently. 

If a person has an IQ of 73, with deficits in adaptive functioning, what would be the most appropriate diagnosis? 

While Borderline Intellectual Functioning is typicallyassociated with an IQ between 71 and 84, Mild MentalRetardation is the most appropriate diagnosis when aperson's IQ is between 71 and 75, with substantial deficits inadaptive functioning. 

A Learning Disorder is defined as when achievement is'substantially below' that which is expected given age,schooling, and intelligence. "Substantially below" is usually defined as a discrepancy of___ standard deviations between achievement and IQ testscores. 

Two or more

____ is the most frequent comorbid disorder in individualswith Learning Disorder. 

20 to 25% of children with Learning Disorders also haveADHD. 

Which of the following has been found to be helpful in thetreatment of Learning Disorders? 

Because children with learning disabilities often have peerrelationship problems, training in social-cognitive skills isbeneficial. 

Which of the following are Learning Disorders?a) Stutteringb) Mathematics Disorderc) Disorders of Written Expressiond) Reading Disorder

b), c) and d) are all Learning Disorders. 

A promising treatment method for older children withStuttering is the _______ method. 

The regulated breathing method has been found to be atreatment for older children who stutter. It involves reassuring the individual he can speak withoutstuttering, and incorporates breathing and vocalizationexercises and graded speech assignments. 

Which of the following is NOT a criteria for a diagnosis ofAutism?a) Qualitative impairment in social interactionb) Qualitative impairment in writingc) Restricted, repetitive and stereotyped behavior, interestsand activitiesd) all of the above are criteria

b) Qualitiative impairment in communication is a criteria fora diagnosis of Autism. 

A diagnosis of Autism requires that abnormal functioning insocial interaction, communication, or symbolic orimaginative play develops prior to age ___. 

three

Autism is about _____ times more common in ____. 

Autism is about four to five times more common in malesthan females. 

About ___ of individuals with Autism achieve some degreeof partial independence as adults. 

1/3

About ___% of people with Autism are mentally retarded. 

75%

The earliest signs of Autism are _____. 

A lack of normal responding to caregivers

Which of the following are associated with a better prognosisfor children with Autism?a) Ability to communicate verbally by age 4b) An IQ over 70c) Earlier onset of symptomsd) b and c

B) An IQ over 70, ability to communicate verbally by age 5or 6, and a later onset of symptoms are all associated with abetter prognosis for children with Autism. 

In temrs of etiology, Autism has been linked to a number of_______, the most common of which are ______. 

Neurological factors; reduced cerebellum and enlargedventricles

____________ have been found to be most effective inicreasing communication skills in children with Autism. 

shapingand discrimination training have been found to be mosteffective in this population. 

Autistic children have been found to be relatively strong in_____ processing, which has led to the development ofeducational interventions that emphasize the use of________. 

visual; visual structures and cues

Autistic Disorder is one subcategory of PervasiveDevelopmental Disorders (PDD).  Another PDD is Rett'sDisorder, which involves a characteristic pattern ofsymptoms following a period of normal development for_____ months or more. 

five

Which of the following is NOT characteristic of Rett'sDisorder?a) Head growth accelerationb) loss of purposeful head skills and development ofstereotypical hand movementsc) impairments in gait or trunk coordinationd) severely impaired language development

Which of the following is true about Asperger's Disorder?a) Social development is not severely impairedb) Language development is not substantially impairedc) Cognitive development is substantially impairedd) Self-help skills are substantially impaired

b) Language development is not impaired in children withAsperger'S Disorder. 

A diagnosis of ADHD requires:a) Onset of symptoms prior to age 6b) Persistence of symptoms for at least three monthsc) Some degree of impairment in at least one setting, asobserved by at least two peopled) None of the above

d) ADHD requires an onset of symptoms prior to age 7,persistence of symptoms for at least six months, and somedegree of impairement in at least two settings. 

A co-diagnosis of ________ is very common in childrenwith ADHD, to the extent that some experts believe thesetwo conditions are the same disorder. 

Conduct Disorder isvery common. 

Up to ___% of children continue to have symptoms ofADHD as adults. 

60%

The prognosis for children with ADHD is poorest for thosewho have a co-diagnosis of Conduct Disorder, a low IQ, and_____. 

parents with severe mental disorders. 

Which of the following brain abnormalities have been linkedto ADHD?a) Reduced activity in the frontal cortex and basal gangliab) Malfunction in the right hemispherec) Smaller than normal caudate nucleus, globus pallidus, andprefrontal cortexd) All of the above

D

Barkley (1990) proposed that the core feature of ADHD is aninability to regulate one's behavior to fit situational demands. This is known as:

The behavioral disinhibition hypothesis

With regard to the activity levels of people with ADHD,which of the following has been found to be true?a) People with ADHD may have trouble increasing theirlevel of activity to appropriate levelsb) People with ADHD may have trouble decreasing theirlevel of activity to appropriate levelsc) People with ADHD may have trouble increasing anddecreasing their level of activity to appropriate levelsd) People with ADHD have no trouble increasing anddecreasing their level of activity to appropriate levels

C

_____ are a class of drugs that have been used to treatADHD since the 1930's, and have had beneficial effects onits core symptoms in about __% of cases. 

Stimulants; 75%

The effects of stimulants in treating ADHD symptoms aresaid to be "dose dependent."  This means:

___________ have been observed in 30 to 70% ofhyperactive children taking stimulant drugs

Motor and Vocal Tics. 

Another class of drugs used to treat ADHD are the _______. 

Tricyclic Antidepressants. These drugs are similar to CNS stimulants in terms ofbenefits, and may be useful when stimulants arecontraindicated because of adverse side effects. 

Which of the following is true regarding treatmentinterventions for ADHD?a) Pharmacotherapy is the optimal form of treatmentb) Psychosocial interventions is the optimal form oftreatmentc) There is some evidence that pharmacotherapy, incombination with psychosocial interventions, result in betteroutcomes than either treatment aloned) There is considerable evidence that pharmacotherapy, incombination with psychosocial interventions, result in betteroutcomes than either treatment alone

D

What is the most accurate statement concerning parentalinvolvement in the treatment of ADHD?a) It is helpful, but not seen as particularly importantb) It is seen as importantc) It is not seen as relevantd) It has not been adequetely studied

b) Parental involvement is considered an important part ofthe treatment for ADHD. 

The diagnosis of Conduct Disorder requires the presence ofat least three characteristic symptoms during the past 12months.  Symptoms are divided into four categories. Which of the following is NOT a symptom category?a) aggression to people and animalsb) destruction of propertyc) deceitfulness or theftd) All of the above are symptom categories

d) All of the above are symptom categories. Additionally, serious violation of rules is a symptomscategory of Conduct Disorder. 

There are two subtypes of Conduct Disorder.  When the onsetof symptoms is prior to age 10, _____ is diagnosed. 

Childhood-Onset Type

The two subtypes of Conduct Disorder areChildhood-Onset Type and _______:

Adolescent-Onset Type

Moffit (1993) distinguishes between two types of ConductDisorder that differ in terms of onset, symptom severity andetiology, They are:

Life-course-persistent type and Adolescence-limited type
The life-course-persistent type begins early, withsymptoms sometimes apparent by age three, and involves apattern of increasingly serious transgressions that continuesinto adulthood. By contrast, the adolescence-limited type is a temporaryform of antisocial behavior that reflects a maturity gapbetween the adolescent's biological maturation and lack ofopportunities for adult privileges and rewards. 

Which of the followng is true about treatment for ConductDisorder?a) Treatment is best targeted at children once they reachadolescenceb) Treatment can be directed at children either inpre-adolescence or adolescence, with equal effectivenessc) Preadolescence is the optimal time for interventiond) None of the above

c) Interventions that target preadolescents (versusadolescents) are most effective

Which form(s) of family interventions are commonlyassociated with treatment of Conduct Disorder? 

Parent management trainingMultisystemic treatment

A 7 year old child argues often with his parents, is quick tolose his temper, and is defiant of the rules when playinggames with his friends.  What is the most accurate diagnosisfor this child?