Treatment of vesicoureteral reflux by endoscopic injection of blood. 
We have developed a new endoscopic procedure for correction of experimental and clinical reflux.  It was technically feasible to correct successfully experimentally produced vesicoureteral reflux in dogs by endoscopic injection of blood.  Thirteen ureters (10 patients) with grade I-III vesicoureteral reflux were treated by endoscopic injection of patient's heparinized blood behind the ureteral orifice.  Before drawing out the needle, small amounts of thrombin and protamine were injected to prevent the leakage of the injected blood.  Eight of thirteen treated ureters showed complete absence of reflux.  The technique has both advantages and disadvantages.  Advantageous points are that it is technically simple and injection can be done a few times when reflux has not disappeared.  Furthermore, no complications such as distant migration of injected materials and escape from the bladder mucosa have been observed.  A disadvantageous point is that the treatment has not been successful in every case.