Q:

What are the historical fastest and longest time between take off and orbit insertion? 

The question is restricted to payloads having described at least 2 orbits. 
When watching launches, it appears that between launch and orbit insertion, the typical time interval is few minutes (perhaps between 8 and 30 minutes depending on the launcher).  I imagine minimizing the time inside the atmosphere is important (while constraint by acceleration the payload can sustain and the time to perform the gravity turn). 
If we define the launch time as... the launch time (beginning of launcher take off, before clearing the tower) and we consider the payload is in orbit as soon as it is released (end of launcher mission, possibly several seconds after reaching orbital velocity), what is the historical maximal time interval between launch and orbit?  What is the minimal one?  

A:

The fastest time to orbit I know of is the TRICOM 1R cubesat launch on SS-520-5.  It reached LEO in 263.6 seconds -- and that's including a minute and a half of coast time between the first stage separation and second stage ignition!  It's also the smallest orbital launcher.  The payload wasn't released until 3 minutes later, however, which might disqualify it based on the wording of your question.  
For crewed orbital launches, the Mercury-Atlas flights take the record.  I think John Glenn's MA-6 flight at 5:01 was the winner but I haven't found a SECO time for MA-9. 
For longest time to orbit, the answer is trickier.  Some flight profiles, for example, the space shuttle, start by establishing an elliptical orbit with an in-atmosphere perigee, then coast for about half an orbit before circularizing at the apogee.  The shuttle's main engines burned for 8 and a half minutes before cutoff, but the circularization burn would be about 35 minutes after liftoff.  I don't know if any launchers do a direct-to-GTO ascent (without establishing a low Earth orbit) before circularizing at geosynchronous altitude, which would take many hours. 
Some launchers with low-thrust upper stages (e.g. Ariane) take 15-20 minutes to reach LEO without a long coast phase.