Degenerate two-photon-absorption spectral studies of highly two-photon active organic chromophores. 
Degenerate two-photon absorption (TPA) spectral properties of five AFX chromophore solutions have been studied using a single and spectrally dispersed sub-picosecond white-light continuum beam.  In a specially designed optical configuration, optical pathways inside the sample solution for different spectral components of the focused continuum beam were spatially separated from each other.  Thus, the nondegenerate TPA processes coming from different spectral components can be eliminated, and the direct nonlinear absorption spectrum attributed to degenerate TPA processes can be readily obtained.  Using this new technique, the complete TPA spectra for these five highly two-photon-active compounds (AF-380, AF-350, AF-295, AF-270, and AF-50) were obtained in the spectral range from 600 to 950 nm on an absolute scale of TPA cross section.  The relationship between the molecular structures and their TPA spectral behaviors are discussed.  In general the measured TPA spectra are not identical with the linear absorption spectra on the scale of absorbed photon(s) energy.  Moreover, for some sample (such as AF-380), the TPA spectrum is totally different from the linear spectrum, which implies the difference of molecular transition pathways and selection rules for one- and two-photon excitation processes.  At high excitation intensity levels (>or=15 GW/cm(2)), the saturation behavior of TPA transition can be observed obviously in AF-350 and AF-380 solutions that exhibit much higher nonlinear absorptivity than the other chromophores investigated.