Reduced release of intact and cleaved urokinase receptor in stimulated whole-blood cultures from human immunodeficiency virus-1-infected patients. 
The blood levels of the soluble forms of the urokinase receptor (suPAR) are increased in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1-infected patients.  This study investigated whether the release of urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR) in whole-blood cultures was affected by HIV infection.  The release of different uPAR forms in whole-blood cultures incubated 24 h with or without phytohemagglutinin and lipopolysaccharide was analysed in 47 HIV patients and 19 controls.  suPAR was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) (bulk-suPAR) and three different time-resolved fluorescence immunoassays measuring three-domain suPAR [suPAR(I-III)], three- and two-domain suPAR [suPAR(I-III) + suPAR(II-III)] and one-domain suPAR [suPAR(I)].  The uPAR release was correlated to leucocyte subpopulations and plasma levels of suPAR.  The stimulated net whole-blood culture release of bulk-uPAR, uPAR(I-III), uPAR(II-III) and uPAR(I) was reduced in HIV patients (all P < 0.01), whereas the spontaneous bulk-uPAR and uPAR(I-III) release was increased in HIV patients (both P < 0.05).  The stimulated uPAR release in whole-blood cultures correlated well to leucocytes and circulating suPAR levels in controls, whereas the correlation was weaker to leucocytes and nonexisting to circulating suPAR levels in HIV patients.  These findings demonstrate that HIV infection affects stimulated and spontaneous uPAR release in whole-blood cultures.  Given that high blood levels of suPAR in HIV patients are linked to immune activation, the perturbations in uPAR release in whole-blood cultures from HIV patients may also reflect immune activation.