Requirement for NK cells in CD40 ligand-mediated rejection of Philadelphia chromosome-positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia cells. 
We have previously developed a murine model of Philadelphia chromosome-positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia by i.v.  injection of a pre-B ALL cell line (BM185) derived from Bcr-Abl-transformed BALB/c bone marrow.  We are studying the potential to elicit autologous antileukemic immune responses by introducing genes encoding immunomodulators (CD40 ligand (CD40L), CD80, and GM-CSF) into leukemia cells.  BM185 cells expressing CD40L or CD80 alone, when injected into BALB/c mice, were rejected in approximately 25% of mice, whereas cohorts receiving BM185 cells expressing two or more immunomodulator genes rejected challenge 50-76% of the time.  The greatest protection was conferred in mice receiving BM185 cells expressing all three immunomodulators.  Addition of murine rIL-12 treatments in conjunction with BM185/CD80/CD40L/GM-CSF vaccination allowed rejection of preestablished leukemia.  BM185 cell lines expressing CD40L were rejected in BALB/c nu/nu (nude) mice, in contrast to cell lines expressing CD80 and/or GM-CSF.  Nude mice depleted of NK cells were no longer protected when challenged with BM185/CD40L, demonstrating a requirement for NK cells.  Similarly, NK cell depletion in immunocompetent BALB/c mice resulted in a loss of protection when challenged with BM185/CD40L, confirming the data seen in nude mice.  The ability of CD40L to act in a T cell-independent manner may be important for clinical applications in patients with depressed cellular immunity following chemotherapy.