Shoulder dystocia. 
Shoulder dystocia is an uncommon but not rare obstetric emergency.  Death of the infant is unusual but perinatal morbidity is frequent and can result in permanent injury.  These cases carry significant medico-legal implications.  This chapter covers the mechanisms, predisposing factors and management of shoulder dystocia.  A well-rehearsed sequence of manoeuvres to manage shoulder dystocia will minimize fetal trauma.