XTEA

In cryptography, XTEA (eXtended TEA) is a block cipher designed to correct weaknesses in TEA.  The cipher's designers were David Wheeler and Roger Needham of the Cambridge Computer Laboratory, and the algorithm was presented in an unpublished technical report in 1997 (Needham and Wheeler, 1997).  It is not subject to any patents. 

Like TEA, XTEA is a 64-bit block Feistel cipher with a 128-bit key and a suggested 64 rounds.  Several differences from TEA are apparent, including a somewhat more complex key-schedule and a rearrangement of the shifts, XORs, and additions. 

Implementations
This standard C source code, adapted from the reference code released into the public domain by David Wheeler and Roger Needham, encrypts and decrypts using XTEA:
#include <stdint.h>

/* take 64 bits of data in v[0] and v[1] and 128 bits of key[0] - key[3] */

void encipher(unsigned int num_rounds, uint32_t v[2], uint32_t const key[4]) {
    unsigned int i;
    uint32_t v0=v[0], v1=v[1], sum=0, delta=0x9E3779B9;
    for (i=0; i < num_rounds; i++) {
        v0 += (((v1 << 4) ^ (v1 >> 5)) + v1) ^ (sum + key[sum & 3]);
        sum += delta;
        v1 += (((v0 << 4) ^ (v0 >> 5)) + v0) ^ (sum + key[(sum>>11) & 3]);
    }
    v[0]=v0; v[1]=v1;
}

void decipher(unsigned int num_rounds, uint32_t v[2], uint32_t const key[4]) {
    unsigned int i;
    uint32_t v0=v[0], v1=v[1], delta=0x9E3779B9, sum=delta*num_rounds;
    for (i=0; i < num_rounds; i++) {
        v1 -= (((v0 << 4) ^ (v0 >> 5)) + v0) ^ (sum + key[(sum>>11) & 3]);
        sum -= delta;
        v0 -= (((v1 << 4) ^ (v1 >> 5)) + v1) ^ (sum + key[sum & 3]);
    }
    v[0]=v0; v[1]=v1;
}
The changes from the reference source code are minor:
 The reference source code used the unsigned long type rather than the 64-bit clean uint32_t. 
 The reference source code did not use const types. 
 The reference source code omitted redundant parentheses, using C precedence to write the round function as e.g. v1 += (v0<<4 ^ v0>>5) + v0 ^ sum + k[sum>>11 & 3];

The recommended value for the "num_rounds" parameter is 32, not 64, as each iteration of the loop does two Feistel-cipher rounds.  To additionally improve speed, the loop can be unrolled by pre-computing the values of sum+key[]. 

Cryptanalysis
In 2004, Ko et al.  presented a related-key differential attack on 27 out of 64 rounds of XTEA, requiring 220.5 chosen plaintexts and a time complexity of 2115.15 (Ko et al.,  2004). 

In 2009, Lu presented a related-key rectangle attack on 36 rounds of XTEA, breaking more rounds than any previously published cryptanalytic results for XTEA.  The paper presents two attacks, one without and with a weak key assumption, which corresponds to 264.98 bytes of data and 2126.44 operations, and 263.83 bytes of data and 2104.33 operations respectively. 

Block TEA
Presented along with XTEA was a variable-width block cipher termed Block TEA, which uses the XTEA round function, but Block TEA applies it cyclically across an entire message for several iterations.  Because it operates on the entire message, Block TEA has the property that it does not need a mode of operation.  An attack on the full Block TEA was described in (Saarinen, 1998), which also details a weakness in Block TEA's successor, XXTEA. 

See also
 RC4 — A stream cipher that, just like XTEA, is designed to be very simple to implement. 
 XXTEA — Block TEA's successor. 
 TEA — Block TEA's precursor. 

References

Further reading

External links
DataFlow Diagram
A web page advocating TEA and XTEA and providing a variety of implementations
Test vectors for TEA and XTEA
A Cryptanalysis of the Tiny Encryption Algorithm
A C implementation of XTEA
PHP implementation of XTEA
Pascal/Delphi implementation of XTEA
Java implementation of XTEA (32 rounds)
JavaScript implementation of XTEA (32 rounds)
Python implementation of XTEA
Linden Scripting Language (LSL) implementation of XTEA for Second Life scripting
Verilog implementation of XTEA
Smalltalk implementation of XTEA
PostgreSQL implementation of XTEA

Category:Feistel ciphers
Category:Free ciphers
Category:Articles with example C code