Q:

How much does a day's ration really weigh, one or two pounds? 

In the PHB, the equipment list says that a day's ration weighs 2 pounds (p. 150), however, page 185 says that only 1 pound of food is required per day:

A character needs one pound of food per day and can make food last longer by subsisting on half rations.  Eating half a pound of food in a day counts as half a day without food. 

I can see how one might read this and interpret it to mean that 1 pound of the 2 pound ration is half a ration and all that is required per day.  If this is the case, then why is a 2 pound ration even a thing? 
What is the general consensus for how this inconsistency is handled? 

A:

A ration weighs two pounds, but a character only needs to consume one pound (half a ration) per day. 
The key word in this case is need and how this is very different from should.  A character, at a bare minimum, needs be consuming one pound of food per day, but very rarely will anyone want to get by on the bare minimum amount of food unless it's a survival scenario and resources are scarce.  It stands to reason that a ration is two pounds because consuming a whole ration would be enough food to comfortably satisfy a day's requirement of food, and therefore, what a character should consume per day. 

We can very easily reword the quote to yield the following:

A character needs one pound of food per day and can make a ration last longer by subsisting on half rations.  Each half a pound of food, or quarter of a ration, in a day counts as half a day without food. 

The word subsisting supports this interpretation because of the following definition provided by a simple Google search:

subsist - maintain or support oneself, especially at a minimal level. 

It could stand to argue that if a ration were intended to be one pound, one could not, by definition, subsist on half a ration by definition since half a pound of food is less than what is required in a day. 

If that's the case, why shouldn't I only consume half rations to save resources? 
As mxyzplk mentions in his comment,

real people, unlike computer game characters, don't like subsisting on EXACTLY THE MINIMUM AMOUNT TO LIVE EVERY DAY. 

We must remember that rations are intended to sustain adventures and travelers who will very likely need more than the bare minimum amount of food daily.  If we consider modern body builders, they can very easily consume six meals a day as opposed to the average three because they must sustain their added muscle mass.  One might be able to argue that a warrior might need more food than a wizard, but neither will be happy if they only ate only what they needed for an extended period of time. 
This, unfortunately, does not offer a mechanical reason as to why a character should consume more than a pound of food a day and I am unaware of any in-game rules which address this either.  This would suggest two possible solutions to encourage players to consume a full ration whenever possible:

Reward players who consume a full ration (or a large enough meal) with a temporary buff.  This is a result of the character being well fed and ready to address any challenges they may face. 
Penalize players who are attempting to live off of the bare minimum.  In this case, you can easily apply any penalties which a hungry character suffers, but to a lesser degree to seem fair. 

As to which should be used and to what degree is up to the GM's discretion for what they believe is a best fit for their campaign or scenario. 

A:

Your rations weigh two pounds, the food inside them is one pound. 
This would be because your rations are wrapped in packaging to prevent them from spoiling and the elements (such as weather).  So the rations weigh two pounds because there's packaging and preservatives (such as salt) and then there's one pound of food within them. 

A:

Specific Over General
The Food subsection quote you provide goes into depth into how 1lb of food is what you will eat in a single day.  As it is so specific, it is the rule you should be following. 
Furthermore, this other mention of ration size could easily be, and likely is, a single character typo. 

Rations  (1  day) ------------- 5 sp ------------- 2 lb. 
  - (Adventuring Gear, p. 150)

