Mitochondrial upstream promoter sequences modulate in vivo the transcription of a gene in yeast mitochondria. 
An in vivo study of the importance of the length and/or structures of sequences upstream of a mitochondrial promoter was undertaken in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.  Short tandem mtDNA repeats were introduced upstream of the COX2 gene.  Our data show that its expression is modulated by the sequence located over 200 bp upstream of the promoter.  A deletion decreases the level of transcripts to about 50%.  The initial level can be recovered by a fill-in AT-rich sequence or partially by the presence of a long repeat tract; on the contrary, a smaller number of copies tends to intensify the effect of the deletion.  These results show that the length and base composition upstream of mitochondrial promoter are involved in vivo in the modulation of the gene expression.