Electric field enhanced plasmid delivery to liver hepatocellular carcinomas. 
Electric field enhanced molecular delivery for cancer research and treatment is a new technology that has demonstrated its effectiveness in clinical trials using bleomycin or cisplatin (Heller, R., Gilbert, R., Jaroszeski, M. J. Clinical applications of electrochemotherapy, Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews 35,119-129, 1999), as chemotherapeutic agents.  The technology is being investigated in research applications for applicability as a method to enhance gene expression in a target tumor.  Success is predicated on an appropriate effective electric field mediated delivery protocol that triggers significant appropriate gene expression duration and levels.  An electric field mediated delivery protocol includes a set of conditions associated with the electric field, the electroporation signature, as well as parameters associated with the plasmid and the electric field applicator.  Manipulation of the electrical parameters within the electroporation signature generates different gene expression levels in liver hepatocellular carcinomas.  Statistically significant gene expression levels were obtained that differed by an order of magnitude when two different electric field strength and duration conditions were employed.