Interaction between Ca2+ and dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine membranes.  I. Transition anomalies of ultrasonic properties. 
The effect of Ca2+ on a gel-to-liquid crystal transition as well as the mechanical properties of dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine bilayers was studied by an ultrasonic technique.  Transition temperature increased with increase in Ca2+ concentration, whereas the variation of ultrasonic anomalies indicated that dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine bilayers exhibited maximum pseudocritical fluctuation at a Ca2+ concentration of about 10 mM. Hardening of dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine membranes due to the Ca2+ binding was observed above 10 mM CaCl2, suggesting the lateral compression of the lipid bilayer by bound Ca2+.  Long-range attraction between bound Ca2+ and the head groups of surrounding lipid molecules was proposed from these calcium effects.