Determinants of vertebral fracture prevalence among native Japanese women and women of Japanese descent living in Hawaii. 
Age-adjusted prevalence of vertebral fracture has been reported to be higher among native Japanese women than among women of Japanese descent living in Hawaii.  In this cross-sectional population-based study, we examined a variety of potential risk factors for associations with prevalent vertebral fractures and investigated whether these factors could explain the difference in vertebral fracture prevalence between native Japanese and Japanese-American women.  Spine radiographs and data on spine bone mineral density (BMD) and other potential risk factors were collected among 802 Japanese women aged 50-88 years living in Hiroshima and 840 Japanese-American women aged 52-88 years living in Hawaii.  In logistic regression analysis, BMD was a major predictor of prevalent vertebral fracture.  In linear regression models, weight, age, and menstrual history (age at menopause or years between menarche and menopause) were significantly associated with BMD and thus might contribute to fracture risk indirectly through their effects on BMD.  However, age and menstrual history provided additional and complementary information about fracture prevalence after adjusting for BMD.  These variables together explained much of the difference in vertebral fracture prevalence between the two study populations.  We conclude that the observed difference in age-adjusted prevalence of spine fracture between native Japanese and Japanese-American women was accounted for primarily by the differences in BMD, duration of estrogen exposure, and/or duration of estrogen deficiency.  Thus, current BMD is a major but not the sole risk factor for vertebral fractures.  Age-related and menopause-related mechanisms may also play an important role in spine fracture independent of BMD.