Microtubule and chromatin configurations during rhesus intracytoplasmic sperm injection: successes and failures. 
Intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) was performed on rhesus monkey oocytes, and the resultant microtubule and DNA configurations were imaged by laser-scanning confocal microscopy.  In addition, polyspermic oocytes fertilized by ICSI were examined by transmission electron microscopy (TEM).  Successful rhesus fertilization by ICSI revealed microtubule and DNA configurations similar to those observed during in vitro fertilization of human and rhesus monkey oocytes, including sperm aster formation, pronuclei decondensation, spindle formation, and cell division.  Several abnormalities, however, were also observed: 1) inability to complete meiosis; 2) inability to undergo male or female pronucleus formation; 3) separation of the sperm tail from the sperm nucleus; 4) premature chromosome condensation with the formation of a paternal meiotic spindle; and 5) formation of multiple female pronuclei (karyomeres) during chromosome decondensation.  TEM analysis revealed that sperm can undergo decondensation in the presence of an intact acrosome at least 18 h after sperm injection.  These results demonstrate the utility of rhesus ICSI in pre-clinical applications as well as with endangered species.  However, the different types of fertilization failures observed here indicate that although ICSI may be a readily accepted means of fertilization of human oocytes in many clinics, we should further characterize the cellular and genetic abnormalities associated with ICSI in both human and nonhuman primates.