Mapping of the Down syndrome phenotype on chromosome 21 at the molecular level. 
Phenotypic and molecular analysis of individuals with partial trisomy 21 can be used to determine which regions of chromosome 21 are involved in the pathogenesis of specific features of Down's Syndrome.  Using dosage analysis of 27 sequences we defined, at the molecular level, the extent of the chromosome 21 duplication in ten individuals with partial trisomy 21.  Phenotype-genotype correlations led to the definition of minimal regions, the duplications of which are linked to the expression of 23 clinical features of Down's Syndrome.  The D21S55 region or Down's Syndrome Chromosome Region 1 (DCR1) (1/20 of the long arm), on 21q22.2-21q22.3 proximal, is involved in four cardinal features of the disease: mental retardation, growth retardation, muscular hypotonia and joint hyperlaxity, and in eight of the 18 more common morphological anomalies of the face, hands and feet.  Overlapping the DCR1, the D21S55-MX1 region or DCR2 (1/10 of the long arm), spanning 21q21.2 down to the 1/4th proximal part of 21q22.3, is involved in the features defined by the DCR1 plus congenital heart defect and five additional morphological anomalies.  Thus, our results indicate that duplication of a relatively small region of chromosome 21 plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of the Down's phenotype.