Obesity is the most common nutritional disease in dogs with an estimated prevalence of canine overweight and obesity between 10% and 44% in first world countries \[[@r2], [@r6], [@r7], [@r15], [@r18]\] and following the same rising trend as human obesity \[[@r26]\].  Positive energy balance is related to obesity, but several factors can contribute to the development of canine obesity, such as sedentary lifestyle, owners' preferences, genetics or neutered animals \[[@r7], [@r10], [@r25]\]. 

Obesity is known to predispose a high number of serious medical conditions including hypertension, cardiorespiratory disorders, abnormalities in circulating lipid profiles, diabetes mellitus and other chronic health problem, as well as detrimental effects on the longevity of dogs, and therefore, an adequate control of associated morbidity is fundamental for the treatment of canine obesity \[[@r10], [@r20]\].  In humans, numerous studies have shown the benefit of weight loss, and even small losses of weight have demonstrated a clear health benefit \[[@r19]\].  However, the studies related to health benefits associated with loss of weight in dog are rather limited. 

Management of canine obesity through dietary restriction and increased physical activity is often difficult to achieve and dependent upon the motivation of the owner.  However, with the development of mitratapide and dirlotapide, microsomal triglyceride transfer protein inhibitors for canine use, the veterinarian has a supplementary method to widen the traditional weight control programmes \[[@r11], [@r12], [@r28]\].  Mitratapide works by blocking the microsomal triglyceride transfer protein that is involved in the absorption of dietary lipids and consequently reduces the absorption of these lipids, resulting in a decrease of the total energy intake; besides, lipids retained in the enterocytes are also believed to cause the release into the circulation of gastrointestinal peptides associated with satiety, triggering a decreased appetite \[[@r11], [@r27]\].  This approach has the additional advantage that weight loss is achieved without significant dietary restriction or change in exercise regimen, providing encouragement for the owner to comply with subsequent dietary and exercise recommendations, thereby increasing the likelihood for long-term success \[[@r13]\].  Although loss of weight by reduction in food intake, or by treatment with oral mitratapide or dirlotapide has been reported in interventional studies \[[@r9], [@r11], [@r12]\], there is limited information on the changes in the morbidities associated to obesity during weight loss in canine population using these medicinal products \[[@r9]\]. 

The aim of the study was to assess the effects of a program of loss of weight in obese dogs, treated with mitratapide and a high fibre dry diet, and the impact on blood pressure and some metabolic parameters \[alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), total cholesterol (CLT), triglycerides and glucose\]. 

The study sample consisted of 36 urban household overweight dogs (83.3% females and 16.7% males), which visited several veterinary centers for routine consultations.  Included animals were apparently healthy dogs after being ruled out metabolic underlying conditions which could be related to obesity (hypothyroidism, hyperadrenocorticism and diabetes mellitus); all the owners consented to participate in this study.  The age range was between 6 and 14 years (mean 9.5 ± 1.9 years); the studied group consisted of 21 mixed-breed dogs, 7 poodles, 5 cocker spaniels and 3 golden retrievers.  The weight status of the dogs was determined by body condition score (BCS) always assessed by the same veterinarian, using a 9-point scale \[[@r16]\]; all the dogs were obese (BCS 8 or 9).  The study was performed in accordance with ethical principles and in accordance with the current European legislation on animal protection. 

The dogs were by simple randomization divided into 2 groups.  Group A consisted of 17 dogs used as a control group, whereas group B consisted of 19 dogs which received mitratapide oral solution (Yarvitan^®^, Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Beerse, Belgium) at the therapeutic daily dose of 0.63 mg/kg.  The dogs were treated once daily for 2 times 21 consecutive days with an intermediate period of 14 consecutive days without treatment.  All 36 dogs were only fed with a low-fat high-fibre commercial prescription diet (Hill's R/D^®^, Hill's Pet Nutrition Inc., Topeka, KS, U.S.A.).  The used diet was mainly composed of 34.6% protein, 8.2% fat, 38.2% carbohydrate (nitrogen-free extract) and 13.1% crude fiber.  The diet presented 25.7% of total dietary fiber (1.6% soluble fiber and 23.5% insoluble fiber; composition by dry matter).  The amount to feed was given following manufacturer's instructions and determined based on target weight.  Weekly reviews of the dose were done to adjust the dose depending on the weight of the dog.  No supplementations with other foods or treats were given during the treatment. 

*The variables measured were*: body weight, BCS, arterial blood pressure, heart rate and metabolic parameters (ALT, ALP, CLT, triglycerides and glucose) measured at the beginning (day 0) and at the end of the study (day 85). 

Blood samples from all dogs were collected from the cephalic vein on day 0 and day 85, at 10 a.m. after 12 hr of withholding food.  Blood was collected into heparinized tubes, and plasma was separated and analyzed within 30 min.  Measurement was performed using the SPOTCHEM EZ SP-4430 auto-analyzer (Arkray, Inc., Kyoto, Japan). 

Blood pressure and heart rate were assessed on days 0 and 85, using an oscillometric method (Memoprint^®^, S+B medVET GmbH, Babenhausen, Germany) with an appropriately sized cuff placed around the front part of the left foreleg, medioproximal between the elbow and carpal joint, placing the sensor over radial artery, with the patient lying down upright in ventral recumbent position.  Three measures were taken every 10 min.  Dogs were gently restrained and excluded from analysis, if they showed signs of stress.  Hypertension was defined according to the criteria of the Veterinary Blood Pressure Society and the American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine (systolic blood pressure ≥150 mm Hg and diastolic blood pressure ≥95 mm Hg) \[[@r5]\]. 

The SPSS statistical package (version 15.0.  for Windows) was used throughout.  Descriptive analyses of the variables were using the test of proportions for qualitative variables and measurements of central tendency (mean or median), measures of dispersion (standard deviation) for quantitative variables.  For continuous variables, we used the Kolmogorov--Smirnov test to check that the variables were normally distributed.  Normality was accepted at *P*\<0.05.  Comparison of absolute means between day 0 and day 85 was performed using Student's *t*-test, and comparison between the obtained differences in the parameters between both groups was performed by Student's *t*-test for independent samples. 

All 36 dogs completed the study.  There were no statistically significant differences between group A and group B regarding sex (82.4 vs. 84.2% males), mean age (8.7 ± 1.5 vs. 10.3 ± 2.0 years), mean initial body weight (19.0 ± 11.8 vs. 15.8 ± 9.5 kg) and median initial body weight (14.00 vs. 11.25 kg, respectively). 

Of the 36 dogs included in the study, the BCS on day 0 was 8.47 ± 0.53 (median 8.00) and 7.79 ± 0.41 on day 85 (median 8.00).  The global percentage of weight loss was 16.46 ± 6.81% and was not significant between group A (control) and group B (mitratapide), which was 16.8 ± 8.0% and 16.1 ± 5.6%, respectively.  All the studied parameters decreased significantly after the loss of weight in both groups of dogs. [ Table 1](#tbl_001){ref-type="table"}Table 1.Mean blood pressure, heart rate and plasma levels of the measured metabolic parameters in group a (dogs fed with low-fat high-fibre diet) and group B (dogs fed with low-fat high-fibre diet and treated with mitratapide oral solution), at the beginning of the treatment (day 0) and at the end of the treatment (day 85)Measured parametersDay 0Day 85*P*-value^a)^Percentage of reductionDifference inter individual*P*-value^b)^Mean ± SDMean ± SDMean ± SDMean ± SDWeight (kg)Diet19.0 ± 11.815.8 ± 9.5--16.8 ± 8.0%Diet+Mitratapide15.8 ± 9.513.5 ± 8.9NS--16.1 ± 5.6%2.5 ± 1.1*P*\<0.001Systolic blood pressure (mm Hg)Diet172.6 ± 16.2145.4 ± 18.2--15.6 ± 8.0%Diet+Mitratapide170.2 ± 9.7140.0 ± 10.7NS--17.4 ± 8.1%28.7 ± 14.3*P*\<0.001Diastolic blood pressure (mm Hg)Diet113.1 ± 13.693.6 ± 9.2--16.3 ± 11.0%Diet+Mitratapide122.8 ± 6.589.2 ± 9.8*P*\<0.001--27.2 ± 7.8%26.9 ± 13.9*P*\<0.001Heart rate (BPM)Diet132.7 ± 17.8118.9 ± 16.4--10.1 ± 7.1%Diet+Mitratapide133.9 ± 22.8114.5 ± 16.3NS--13.8 ± 7.1%16.7 ± 11.2*P*\<0.001Total cholesterol (mg/ d*l*)Diet309.1 ± 44.9248.4 ± 41.9--18.4 ± 15.8%Diet+Mitratapide345.3 ± 36.7244.3 ± 44.5*P*=0.027--28.7 ± 13.5%82.0 ± 55.5*P*\<0.001Triglycerides (mg/ d*l*)Diet411.5 ± 55.0297.8 ± 46.7--26.7 ± 12.5%Diet+Mitratapide412.0 ± 56.6278.0 ± 44.4NS--32.1 ± 9.2%124.4 ± 54.1*P*\<0.001Glucose (mg/ d*l*)Diet124.8 ± 18.4101.7 ± 11.6--16.5 ± 17.1%Diet+Mitratapide125.4 ± 20.198.6 ± 10.4NS--19.0 ± 17.1%25.0 ± 24.6*P*\<0.001Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) (U/*l*)Diet117.2 ± 21.6101.1 ± 21.2--13.0 ± 13.3%Diet+Mitratapide127.3 ± 26.993.6 ± 20.4*P*=0.014--25.1 ± 13.0%25.3 ± 21.9*P*\<0.001Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) (U/*l*)Diet252.0 ± 79.4188.5 ± 56.4--20.6 ± 24.8%Diet+Mitratapide277.0 ± 107.6189.3 ± 65.5NS--29.2 ± 15.8%76.3 ± 74.3*P*\<0.001"Percentage of reduction" refers to percentage of decrease of the parameter on day 85 compared to day 0.  SD: standart deviation; NS: no significative; a) *P*-value from Student's-test for independent samples¸ b) *P*-value from Student's-test for related samples.  summarizes the mean values and percentages of reduction obtained in all measured parameters on day 0 and day 85, in both groups of dogs. 

There were no statistically significant differences in the initial values of all measured parameters between both groups, except for systolic blood pressure (*P*=0.035) and diastolic blood pressure (*P*\<0.001).  The mean systolic and diastolic blood pressures were above normal ranges for dogs on day 0 in both groups, decreasing to normal values at the end of the study.  Furthermore, the percentage of decrease was statistically significant for diastolic blood pressure between both groups. 

The levels of all measured metabolic parameters (ALT, ALP, CLT, triglycerides and glucose) decreased at the end of the treatment, being the triglycerides the higher percentage of decrease in the group B (32.1 ± 9.2%).  The difference in the decrease between both groups was statistically significant for CLT and ALT (*P*\<0.05). 

Mitratapide is indicated to be used as an aid in the management of overweight and obesity in adult dogs.  Dobenecker *et al*.  \[[@r9]\] showed that the treatment with mitratapide induces weight loss by reduction of fat tissue.  In our study, all dogs finished the treatment, and in all cases, there was a significant loss of weight.  Contrary to other studies, our results did not find a significant reduction of weight in the group of dogs treated with mitratapide when compared with the group of dogs treated only with diet \[[@r28]\].  This could be due to the fact that in these studies, the dogs were fed *ad libitum* for 3 hr per day and do not specify the composition of the diet followed by the animals, while in our study, all dogs followed a low-fat high-fibre diet given appropriately to the weight of the dog in all cases.  In fact, the discussed studies conclude that the obesity management programmer with mitratapide should be combined with individually adjusted dietary measures \[[@r28]\].  In the light of these results, following a properly adapted dietary programme, it seems that specific medical treatment with mitratapide is unnecessary for losing weight in dogs. 

Several studies have documented that obesity has a detrimental effect on blood pressure in dogs and that obese dogs possess higher reference ranges of arterial pressure in contrast to normal weight dogs \[[@r3], [@r14], [@r20], [@r23]\]; also, concluded that weight status should be considered as a risk factor for the development of secondary hypertension \[[@r5], [@r20]\].  In our study, the obese dogs showed systolic and diastolic blood pressures above normal ranges for dogs according to the Veterinary Blood Pressure Society and should be considered as animals under moderate to severe risk of target-organ damage \[[@r5]\]. 

At the end of the study, blood pressure values ​​decreased in both groups of dogs, being within the normal ranges for dogs on day 85.  In human subjects, obese hypertensive patients decrease blood pressure values to normal after loss of weight \[[@r1], [@r17], [@r24]\], and some studies have also shown a significant decrease in arterial pressure in obese dogs after weight reduction \[[@r22], [@r23]\].  In our study, the mean reduction on diastolic blood pressure was statistically significant in dogs from group B (mitratapide) compared with dogs from group A (control) (*P*\<0.001).  Furthermore, in the interpretation of these results, it should be taken into consideration that average diastolic blood pressure was higher in group B on day 0, and therefore, the percentage of reduction was greater in this group.  However, on day 85, the mean diastolic blood pressures are within normal ranges in all animals, so we can assume that both ways of weight-loss programs succeeded in normalizing blood pressures.  Regarding the heart rate, our results are similar to those of Bouthegourd *et al*.  \[[@r4]\], who observed a decreased heart rate in overweight dogs after a weight loss program. 

The effect of diet on metabolic parameters has not been reported extensively in dogs.  Canine obesity is associated with high serum lipid levels and increased serum glucose, as well as ALT activity \[[@r4], [@r21], [@r23]\], whereas it has been reported a significant decrease in CLT and triglycerides levels after loss of weight with a specific diet \[[@r4], [@r8]\].  Diez *et al*.  \[[@r8]\] observed a decrease in serum cholesterol and triglycerides after feeding obese dogs with the same diet used in our study, although the differences were not significant.  In our study, the obese dogs presented hyperlipidemia with CLT and triglycerides levels above the reference values for healthy dogs, whereas at the end of the study, we observed a statistically significant further decrease of triglycerides and CLT levels in dogs treated with mitratapide than in dogs only treated with a specific diet, which is to be expected and could be attributed to the properties of the mitratapide, so it might be considered a beneficial product for the treatment of the hyperlipidemia associated with the obesity in dogs \[[@r28]\]. 

Although the obese dogs of this study did not show hyperglycemia at the beginning of the treatment, a significant reduction of the levels of glucose was observed on day 85 in both groups of dogs.  Although no statistically significant, the reduction of glucose values was higher in the dogs treated with mitratapide.  The results suggest that loss of weight might help to improve diseases related to insulin resistance. 

In the present study, a significant decrease of the activity of ALT and ALP at the end of the treatment was noticed, contrary to the study of Diez *et al*.  \[[@r8]\], in which no effect was observed on these transaminases after the loss of weight.  The reduction of ALT activity in dogs from group B (mitratapide) was statistically significant when compared to results from group A (control), although in both groups, mean values remained slightly above reference values. 

Described side-effects of mitratapide are vomiting, diarrhea or softened stools, anorexia, lethargy or weakness, decrease in serum proteins, calcium and ALP, increase in ALT and aspartate aminotransferase, and occasional hyperkalemia \[[@r9]\].  In most cases, these effects are mild and transient.  None of these side-effects was reported during the present study. 

In conclusion, additionally to a low fat high fibre diet, the use of mitratapide in the treatment of the canine obesity does not seem to offer any additional useful effect in the loss of weight.  On the other hand, mitratapide seems to present certain beneficial effects on pathologies associated to obesity, mainly related to blood pressure, lipids and hepatic parameters, although the efficacy of these is not clear and further studies should be carried out.