Social dominance rank and accessory sex glands in wild adult male house mice born to food-deprived mothers. 
Food deprivation after weaning often has greater effects on the reproduction of females than males.  However, if animals are deprived prenatally (i.e., through deprivation of the mother during gestation), the reproduction of males may be more negatively impacted because it may decrease their ability to compete with other males and their attractiveness to females.  We tested the predictions that adult sons of females that are food-deprived during gestation would tend to lose agonistic encounters with sons of well-nourished (control) females and would have smaller accessory sex glands as well.  Sons of control mothers were more frequently dominant to sons of deprived mothers.  They also had heavier vesicular-coagulating gland complexes and tended to have heavier preputial glands.  However, among males that had not been tested for social dominance rank, there were no such differences in accessory gland weights.  These data indicate that maternal food deprivation affects sons only if they engage in agonistic encounters.  These effects may be due to a disruption of the organizational effects of testosterone that occur in neonatal male mice and they are likely to have a strong negative impact on the reproduction of the sons of deprived mothers.