A coplanar three body cluster model (two deformed fragments and an alpha particle) similar to the model used for the description of cold binary fission was employed for the description of cold (neutronless) alpha accompanied fission of 252Cf.  No preformation factors were considered.  The three body potential was computed with the help of a double folding potential generated by the M3Y-NN effective interaction and realistic fragment ground state deformations.  From the minimum action principle, the alpha particle trajectory equations, the corresponding ternary barriers, and an approximate WKB expression for the barrier penetrability are obtained.  The relative cold ternary yields were calculated as the ratio of the penetrability of a given ternary fragmentation and the sum of the penetrabilities of all possible cold ternary fragmentations.  Different scenarios were considered depending on the trajectories of the fragments.  It was shown that two regions of cold fragmentation exist, a deformed one corresponding to large fragment deformations and a spherical one around 132Sn, similarly to the case of the cold binary fission of 252Cf.  We have shown that for the scenario corresponding to the Lagrange point, where all forces acting on the alpha particle are in equilibrium, the cold alpha ternary yields of 252Cf are strongly correlated with the cold binary yields of the daughter nucleus 248Cm into the same heavy fragments.  For all other scenarios only the spherical splittings are favored.  We concluded that due to the present available experimental data on cold alpha ternary yields only the Lagrange scenario could describe the cold alpha ternary fission of 252Cf. 

We study the extrapolation of nuclear shell structure to the region of superheavy nuclei in self-consistent mean-field models—the Skyrme-Hartree-Fock approach and the relativistic mean-field model—using a large number of parametrizations which give similar results for stable nuclei but differ in detail.  Results obtained with the folded-Yukawa potential which is widely used in macroscopic-macroscopic models are shown for comparison.  We focus on differences in the isospin dependence of the spin-orbit interaction and the effective mass between the models and their influence on single-particle spectra.  The predictive power of the mean-field models concerning single-particle spectra is discussed for the examples of 208Pb and the spin-orbit splittings of selected neutron and proton levels in 16O, 132Sn, and 208Pb.  While all relativistic models give a reasonable description of spin-orbit splittings, all Skyrme interactions show a wrong trend with mass number.  The spin-orbit splitting of heavy nuclei might be overestimated by 40%–80%, which exposes a fundamental deficiency of the current nonrelativistic models.  In most cases the occurrence of spherical shell closures is found to be nucleon-number dependent.  Spherical doubly magic superheavy nuclei are found at 184298114, 172292120, or 184310126 depending on the parametrization.  The Z=114 proton shell closure, which is related to a large spin-orbit splitting of proton 2f states, is predicted only by forces which by far overestimate the proton spin-orbit splitting in 208Pb.  The Z=120 and N=172 shell closures predicted by the relativistic models and some Skyrme interactions are found to be related to a central depression of the nuclear density distribution.  This effect cannot appear in macroscopic-microscopic models or semiclassical approaches like the extended Thomas-Fermi-Strutinski integral approach which have a limited freedom for the density distribution only.  In summary, our findings give a strong argument for 172292120 to be the next spherical doubly magic superheavy nucleus. 

We calculate the asymptotic high-energy amplitude for electrons scattering at one ion, as well as at two colliding ions, by means of perturbation theory.  We show that the interaction with one ion eikonalizes and that the interaction with two ions causally decouples.  We are able to put previous results on perturbative grounds and propose further applications for the obtained rules for interactions on the light cone.  We discuss the implications of the eikonal amplitude on the pair production probability in ultrarelativistic peripheral heavy-ion collisions.  In this context the Weizsäcker-Williams method is shown to be exact in the ultrarelativistic limit, irrespective of the produced particles’ mass.  A new equivalent single-photon distribution is derived, which correctly accounts for Coulomb distortions.  The impact on single-photon induced processes is discussed. 

We investigate the structure of the potential energy surfaces of the superheavy nuclei 158258Fm100, 156264Hs108, 166278112, 184298114, and 172292120 within the framework of self-consistent nuclear models, i.e., the Skyrme-Hartree-Fock approach and the relativistic mean-field model.  We compare results obtained with one representative parametrization of each model which is successful in describing superheavy nuclei.  We find systematic changes as compared to the potential energy surfaces of heavy nuclei in the uranium region: there is no sufficiently stable fission isomer any more, the importance of triaxial configurations to lower the first barrier fades away, and asymmetric fission paths compete down to rather small deformation.  Comparing the two models, it turns out that the relativistic mean-field model gives generally smaller fission barriers. 

We study the binary cold fission of 252Cf in the frame of a cluster model where the fragments are born to their respective ground states and interact via a double-folded potential with deformation effects taken into account up to multipolarity lambda=4.  The preformation factors were neglected.  In the case when the fragments are assumed to be spherical or with ground-state quadrupole deformation, the Q-value principle dictates the occurrence of a narrow region around the double magic 132Sn, like in the case of cluster radioactivity.  When the hexadecupole deformation is turned on, an entire mass region of cold fission in the range 138–156 for the heavy fragment arise, in agreement with the experimental observations.  This fact suggests that in the above-mentioned mass region, contrary to the usual cluster radioactivity where the daughter nucleus is always a neutron/proton (or both) closed shell or nearly closed shell spherical nucleus, the clusterization mechanism seems to be strongly influenced by the hexadecupole deformations rather than the Q value. 

We investigate the influence of nuclear masses, radii, and interaction potentials on 12C radioactivity of 114the best representative of a new island of cluster emitters leading to daughter nuclei around the doubly magic 100Sn.  Three different models are considered: one derived by Blendowske, Fliessbach, and Walliser (BFW) from the many-body theory of alpha decay, as well as our analytical (ASAF) and numerical (NuSAF) superasymmetric fission models.  A Q value larger by 1 MeV or an ASAF potential barrier reduced by 3% are producing a half-life shorter by 2 orders of magnitude.  A similar effect can be obtained within BFW and NuSAF by a decrease of the action integral with less than 10% and 5%, respectively.  By increasing the radius constant within ASAF or BFW models by 10%, the half-life becomes shorter by 3 orders of magnitude. 

We investigate the possibility that high-energy photons are channeled, when passing through an oriented single crystal, due to Delbrück scattering.  For this purpose the exact electron propagator for the single-string model is constructed.  Starting from a separation of variables, we solve the Dirac equation for a cylindrical electrostatic potential.  The propagator for such external fields is constructed from solutions of the radial Dirac equation.  This propagator is applied to a calculation of the S matrix for Delbrück scattering.  We specify the conditions under which photon channeling takes place.  Unfortunately these conditions are only matched for a very small fraction of those photons being produced by channeled electrons. 

The electron-positron pairs observed in heavy-ion collisions at Gesellschaft für Schwerionen-forschung Darmstadt mbH have been interpreted as the decay products of yet unknown particles with masses around 1.8 MeV. The negative results of resonant Bhabha scattering experiments, however, do not support such an interpretation.  Therefore we focus on a more complex decay scenario, where the e+e- lines result from a two-collision process.  We discuss the induced decay of a metastable 1++ state into e+e- pairs.  For most realizations of a 1++ state such a decay in leading order can only take place in the Coulomb field of a target atom.  This fact has the attractive consequence that for such a state the Bhabha bounds are no longer valid.  However, the absolute value of the e+e- production cross section turns out to be unacceptably small. 

A calculation of the vacuum-polarization contribution to the hyperfine splitting for hydrogenlike atoms is presented.  The extended nuclear charge distribution is taken into account.  For the experimentally interesting case 209Bi82+ we predict a delta-lambda- -1.6 nm shift for the transition wavelength of the ground-state hyperfine splitting. 

The properties of nuclear matter are studied in the framework of quantum hadrodynamics.  Assuming an &#969;-meson field, periodic in space, a self-consistent set of equations is derived in the mean-field approximation for the description of nucleons interacting via &#963;-meson and &#969;-meson fields.  Solutions of these self-consistent equations have been found: The baryon density is constant in space, however, the baryon current density is periodic.  This high density phase of nuclear matter can be produced by anisotropic external pressure, occurring, e.g., in relativistic heavy ion reactions.  The self-consistent fields developing beyond the instability limit have a special screw symmetry.  In the presence of such an &#969; field, the energy spectrum of the relativistic nucleons exhibits allowed and forbidden bands, similar to the energy spectrum of the electrons in solids.