Narcotic receptor blockade and its effect on the analgesic response to placebo and ibuprofen after oral surgery. 
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the contribution of endogenous opiates to the analgesic response after treatment with placebo, codeine, and ibuprofen after oral surgery.  Eighty-one patients undergoing complicated dental extractions were pretreated with either a placebo or the narcotic antagonist naltrexone 50 mg, 30 minutes before surgery.  After surgery, patients self administered one of three possible postsurgical medications, which included placebo, codeine 60 mg, and ibuprofen 400 mg, when their pain reached a moderate or severe intensity.  The study was double-blind with the three postsurgical treatments being randomly allocated within each presurgical treatment block.  Pain intensity, pain relief, pain half gone, and overall evaluations were assessed for up to 6 hours.  Ibuprofen was significantly more efficacious (p < .05) than codeine or placebo for most analgesic measures.  The administration of naltrexone before surgery reduced the analgesic response to both placebo and codeine.  Pretreatment with naltrexone did not diminish the peak analgesic response to ibuprofen, but surprisingly prolonged (p < .05) the duration of its action.  The results suggest that a blockade of endogenous opiates by naltrexone diminished the placebo response, but that naltrexone may prolong ibuprofen analgesia by some unknown mechanism.