In the original article, there were errors in [Tables 1](#T1){ref-type="table"}, [2](#T2){ref-type="table"} and [3](#T3){ref-type="table"}, and to the text.  In [Table 1](#T1){ref-type="table"}, one of the two study sites from Amoah et al.\'s study (Parasites & Vectors, 2018) was erroneously excluded from the table hence the study was presented as one site, the age range of study participants from the Stone et al. ( Nature Communications, 2018) study site "Hauts-Bassins (Burkina Faso)" was mistakenly indicated as "2--74" instead of "5--14" years and the reference for Skinner et al.  given as "35" instead of "33".  These errors have been corrected and the amended table appears in this article. 

###### 

Characteristics of studies included in the systematic review and meta-analysis. 

  **Study (Reference)**                                     **Year**   **Country**    **Region of study site[^c^](#TN4){ref-type="table-fn"}**   **Sample size**   **Age group (years)**   **Antigen detected**   **Seasonality tested (Y/N)**   **Assay**                                           **Seropositivity cut-off**   **Negative control[^d^](#TN5){ref-type="table-fn"}**   **Selective recruitment[^e^](#TN6){ref-type="table-fn"}**
  --------------------------------------------------------- ---------- -------------- ---------------------------------------------------------- ----------------- ----------------------- ---------------------- ------------------------------ --------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------ -----------------------------------------------------------
  Amoah et al. ([ @B1])[^a^](#TN1){ref-type="table-fn"}      2018       Ghana(Abura)   Central                                                    65                6--12                   Pfs230                 No                             ELISA*[^R^](#TN7){ref-type="table-fn"}*             2 SD                         Naïve                                                  No
  Amoah et al. ([ @B1])[^a^](#TN1){ref-type="table-fn"}      2018       Ghana(Obom)    Greater Accra                                              75                6--12                   Pfs230                 No                             ELISA*[^R^](#TN7){ref-type="table-fn"}*             2 SD                         Naïve                                                  No
  Lamptey et al. ( 35)                                       2018       Ghana          Greater Accra                                              338               2--65                   Pfs230                 Yes                            ELISA[^R^](#TN7){ref-type="table-fn"}               3 SD                         Test sample                                            No
  Stone et al. ( 20)[^b\*^](#TN3){ref-type="table-fn"}       2018a      Burkina Faso   Hauts-Bassins                                              33                5--14                   Pfs230 and Pfs48/45    No                             ELISA*[^R^](#TN7){ref-type="table-fn"}*             3 SD                         Test sample                                            Yes
  Stone et al. ( 20)[^b\*^](#TN3){ref-type="table-fn"}       2018b      Burkina Faso   Centre-Nord                                                38                2--10                   Pfs230 and Pfs48/45    No                             ELISA                                               3 SD                         Test sample                                            Yes
  Stone et al. ( 20)[^b\*^](#TN3){ref-type="table-fn"}       2018       Cameroon       Centre                                                     140               5--16                   Pfs230 and Pfs48/45    No                             ELISA*[^R^](#TN7){ref-type="table-fn"}*             3 SD                         Test sample                                            Yes
  Bansal et al. ( 42)                                        2017       Zimbabwe       Mashonaland Central                                        181               6--14                   Pfs48/45               No                             ELISA*[^R^](#TN7){ref-type="table-fn"}*             2 SD                         Naïve                                                  No
  Paul et al. ( 43)                                          2016       Zimbabwe       Manicaland                                                 150               6--16                   Pfs48/45               No                             ELISA*[^R^](#TN7){ref-type="table-fn"}*             2 SD                         Naïve                                                  No
  Ateba-Ngoa et al. ( 44)[^b^](#TN2){ref-type="table-fn"}    2016       Gabon          Moyen - Ogooue                                             286               3--50                   Pfs230 and Pfs48/45    No                             ELISA*[^R^](#TN7){ref-type="table-fn"}*             3 SD                         Test sample                                            No
  Jones et al. ( 19)[^b^](#TN2){ref-type="table-fn"}         2015       Burkina Faso   Nord                                                       200               5--16                   Pfs230 and Pfs48/45    Yes                            ELISA*[^R^](#TN7){ref-type="table-fn"}*             3 SD                         Test sample                                            No
  Jones et al. ( 19)[^b^](#TN2){ref-type="table-fn"}         2015       Ghana          Greater Accra                                              108               5--17                   Pfs230 and Pfs48/45    Yes                            ELISA*[^R^](#TN7){ref-type="table-fn"}*             3 SD                         Test sample                                            No
  Jones et al. ( 19)[^b^](#TN2){ref-type="table-fn"}         2015       Tanzania       Tanga Region                                               202               3--15                   Pfs230 and Pfs48/45    Yes                            ELISA*[^R^](#TN7){ref-type="table-fn"}*             3 SD                         Test sample                                            No
  Skinner et al. ( 33)[^b^](#TN2){ref-type="table-fn"}       2015       Mali           Koulikoro 3 and Bamako                                     225               2--25                   Pfs230 and Pfs48/45    Yes                            Microarray*[^R^](#TN7){ref-type="table-fn"}*        2 SD                         No Template                                            No
  Miura et al. ( 45)                                         2013       Mali           Kayes 2                                                    45                18--60                  Pfs230                 No                             ELISA*[^R^](#TN7){ref-type="table-fn"}*             3 SD                         Naïve                                                  No
  Ouedraogo et al. ( 24)[^b\*^](#TN3){ref-type="table-fn"}   2018       Burkina Faso   Centre-Nord                                                128               1--55                   Pfs230 and Pfs48/45    Yes                            Two-site ELISA*[^Ge^](#TN8){ref-type="table-fn"}*   3 SD                         Naïve                                                  No
  Ouedraogo et al. ( 16)[^a^](#TN1){ref-type="table-fn"}     2011       Burkina Faso   Centre-Nord                                                296               1--\>20                 Pfs230 and Pfs48/45    Yes                            Two-site ELISA*[^Ge^](#TN8){ref-type="table-fn"}*   2 SD                         Naïve                                                  No
  Van der Kolk et al. ( 46)                                  2006       Cameroon       Centre                                                     236               5--14                   Pfs230 and Pfs48/45    No                             Two-site ELISA*[^Ge^](#TN8){ref-type="table-fn"}*   2 SD                         Naïve                                                  No

*Seroprevalence data provided by authors upon request*. 

*Seroprevalence data calculated from data provided by original authors, or from data available on public repositories*. 

*Citation also includes citation of repository from which data was retrieved*. 

*Administrative region of study site from which participants were drawn, this was used infer predicted parasite prevalence rates standardized in 2 -- 10-year olds (PfPR~2−10~) that was then used to assign transmission intensity at the time of sampling*. 

*Negative control refers to the comparator used to assign seropositivity in the immunoassay.  Naïve -- malaria naïve volunteers; Sample -- a proportion of statistically -- defined seronegative individuals; No template - a 'no DNA control\' used to detect reactivity to the expression vector used to produce protein for the array*. 

*Selective recruitment refers to studies that only recruited parasite positive individuals for antibody measurements*. 

*Recombinant protein*;

*gametocyte extract*. 

*SD, standard deviation*. 

###### 

Univariable meta-regression analysis of factors influencing reported seroprevalence to Pfs230. 

                                                               **No.  of studies (No.  of Sites)**   **Coefficient (β)**   **Lower CI**   **Upper CI**   ***p-*value[^\*^](#TN9){ref-type="table-fn"}**   **Residual *I*^**2**^**   ***I*^**2**^ change (%)**
  ------------------------------------------------------------ ----------------------------------- --------------------- -------------- -------------- ------------------------------------------------ ------------------------- ---------------------------
  **Age**                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
      Children (ref.)                                           10 (14)                                                                                                                                                            
      Adults                                                   6 (6)                               0.21                  0.05           0.38           **0.04**                                         95.36                     **2.09**
  **Asexual parasite prevalence**                              6 (10)                              −0.001                −0.005         0.002          0.51                                             95.37                     2.08
  **Gametocyte prevalence**                                    4 (8)                               −0.002                −0.004         0.001          0.38                                             92.54                     4.50
  **Transmission intensity**                                                                                                                                                                                                      
      Mesoendemic (ref.)                                        7 (8)                                                                                                                                                              
      Hyperendemic                                             6 (7)                               −0.06                 −0.23          0.11           0.51                                             96.18                     1.25
  **Season**                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
      Dry (ref.)                                                6 (9)                                                                                                                                                              
      Rainy                                                    5 (7)                               0.07                  −0.12          0.27           0.51                                             96.24                     1.19
  **Assay**                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
      ELISA (ref.)                                              6 (11)                                                                                                                                                             
      Microarray                                               1 (1)                               0.31                  0.08           0.55           0.07                                             95.29                     2.17
      Two-site ELISA                                           3 (3)                               0.12                  −0.06          0.29                                                                                      
  **Antigen**                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
      Gametocyte extract (ref.)                                 3 (3)                                                                                                                                                              
      Recombinant protein                                      7 (12)                              −0.06                 −0.25          0.13           0.51                                             96.31                     1.12
  **Antigen concentration[^+^](#TN10){ref-type="table-fn"}**                                                                                                                                                                      
      0.1 μg/ml (ref.)                                          3 (7)                                                                                                                                                              
      1 μg/ml                                                  3 (4)                               0.26                  0.09           0.43           **0.04**                                         93.52                     **3.98**
  **Seropositivity cut-off**                                                                                                                                                                                                      
      2 SD (ref.)                                               4 (5)                                                                                                                                                              
      3 SD                                                     6 (10)                              −0.22                 −0.37          −0.06          **0.04**                                         95.16                     **2.30**

*p-values adjusted using the Benjamini and Hochberg correction for multiple testing; values in bold p \< 0.05*. 

*Antigen concentration was only tested for studies using recombinant protein as antigen source*. 

*CI, confidence interval; SD, standard deviation*. 

###### 

Univariable meta-regression analysis of factors influencing reported seroprevalence to Pfs48/45. 

                                                               **No.  of Studies (No.  of Sites)**   **Coefficient (β)**   **Lower CI**   **Upper CI**   ***p-*value**   **Residual *I*^**2**^**   ***I*^**2**^ change (%)**
  ------------------------------------------------------------ ----------------------------------- --------------------- -------------- -------------- --------------- ------------------------- ---------------------------
  **Age**                                                                                                                                                                                        
      Children (ref.)                                           9 (13)                                                                                                                            
      Adults                                                   4 (4)                               0.07                  −0.12          0.27           0.49            94.90                     −0.18
  **Asexual parasite prevalence**                              4 (8)                               −0.003                −0.006         0.0003         0.11            91.41                     3.96
  **Gametocyte prevalence**                                    4 (8)                               −0.003                −0.005         −0.002         **0.003**       70.82                     **25.24**
  **Transmission intensity**                                                                                                                                                                     
      Hypoendemic (ref.)                                        1(1)                                                                                                                              
      Mesoendemic                                              5 (6)                               −0.47                 −0.89          −0.06          0.11            93.91                     0.87
      Hyperendemic                                             5 (6)                               −0.38                 −0.80          0.04                                                     
  **Season**                                                                                                                                                                                     
      Dry (ref.)                                                4 (6)                                                                                                                             
      Rainy                                                    6 (8)                               0.07                  −0.09          0.24           0.47            93.12                     1.70
  **Assay**                                                                                                                                                                                      
      ELISA (ref.)                                              5 (9)                                                                                                                             
      Microarray                                               1 (1)                               0.36                  0.15           0.56           **0.016**       91.99                     **2.89**
      Two-site ELISA                                           3 (3)                               0.09                  −0.07          0.24                                                     
  **Antigen**                                                                                                                                                                                    
      Gametocyte extract (ref.)                                 3 (3)                                                                                                                             
      Recombinant protein                                      6 (10)                              −0.01                 −0.19          0.17           0.91            94.91                     −0.19
  **Antigen concentration[^+^](#TN11){ref-type="table-fn"}**                                                                                                                                     
      0.1 μg/ml (ref.)                                          3 (7)                                                                                                                             
      1 μg/ml                                                  2 (2)                               0.30                  0.06           0.54           **0.043**       92.65                     **2.20**
  **Seropositivity cut-off**                                                                                                                                                                     
      2 SD (ref.)                                               5 (5)                                                                                                                             
      3 SD                                                     4 (8)                               −0.26                 −0.39          −0.12          **0.003**       91.38                     **3.54**

^\*^*p-values adjusted using the Benjamini and Hochberg correction for multiple testing; values in bold p \< 0.05*. 

*Antigen concentration was only tested for studies using recombinant protein as antigen source*. 

*CI, confidence interval; SD, standard deviation*. 

Furthermore, owing to the omission of the study site from Amoah et al.\'s study, the figures quoted in the text on the overall number of study sites and the total number of study sites reporting seroprevalence to Pfs230 and Pfs48/45 were incorrect.  The total number of study sites for Pfs230 was given as "14" instead of "15" and for Pfs48/45 given as "14" instead of "13".  Also, we inadvertently provided the total number of individual study locations ("23") instead of the study sites---based on administrative region---("17") when providing a summary of the 12 studies that we included in the analysis.  In addition, the citation for "Amoah et al."  was was incorrectly cited as "Acquah et al."  in the **Results** section, sub-section **Pfs230**, **Seroprevalence**, **Paragraph 1**. 

These errors have been corrected and amendments made to the relevant result sections, given below. 

**Results** section, sub-section **Study Selection and Characteristics**, **Paragraph 1**:

"The 12 studies were carried out across 17 study sites, majority of which were in West Africa (Burkina Faso, Senegal, Gabon, Cameroon, Ghana, and Mali) with only one study site in East Africa (Tanzania) and two study sites in Southern Africa (Zimbabwe) ([Table 1](#T1){ref-type="table"}).  Ten articles (from 15 study sites) measured responses to Pfs230 and nine articles (13 study sites) measured responses to Pfs48/45.  Six studies were longitudinal studies spread over the malaria transmission season with all but one measuring responses to both Pfs230 and Pfs48/45.  Studies predominantly used ELISA as the immunoassay with only one study measuring responses using protein microarrays." 

**Results** section, sub-section **Pfs230, Seroprevalence**, **Paragraph 1**:

"Ten studies from across 15 study sites in Africa analyzed immune responses to Pfs230.  The range of seroprevalence estimates was quite wide, ranging from 6% reported by Stone et al.  in Soumousso and Dande villages, Burkina Faso (20) to 72% reported by Amoah et al. ([ @B1]) (**Figure 2**).  Significant heterogeneity was observed between the studies (*I*^2^ = 97%; 95% CI: 96--98%; *p* \< 0.01) therefore, a pooled prevalence estimate was not calculated." 

**Results** section, sub-section **Pfs48/45, Seroprevalence**, **Paragraph 1**:

"A total of 9 studies carried out over 13 study sites measured immune responses to Pfs48/45.  The range of seroprevalence estimates reported was 0% from Stone et al.\'s study sites in Burkina Faso (20) to 64% reported by Paul et al.  from their study in the Makoni district in Zimbabwe (43).  As with Pfs230, there was significant heterogeneity between the studies, *I*^2^ =96% (95% CI: 95--97%), and hence no pooled estimate was calculated (**Figure 3**)." 

Additionally, there were errors in [Table 2](#T2){ref-type="table"} and [Table 3](#T3){ref-type="table"}, regarding the values for the **No.  of Studies (No.  of Sites)** under the variable **Antigen**.  For [Table 2](#T2){ref-type="table"}, the numbers were switched around for gametocyte extract and recombinant protein and hence the numbers for **Gametocyte extract** read "7 (12)" instead of "3 (3)" and under the variable **Recombinant protein** read "3 (3)" instead of "7 (12)."  For [Table 3](#T3){ref-type="table"} one study was missing from the count hence the value for the No.  of Studies (No.  of Sites) under the variable **Recombinant protein** read "5 (10)" instead of "6 (10)."  The corrected [Tables 2](#T2){ref-type="table"} and [3](#T3){ref-type="table"} appear in this article. 

The authors apologize for these errors and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way.  The original article has been updated. 

[^1]: Edited and reviewed by: Ian Marriott, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, United States

[^2]: This article was submitted to Microbial Immunology, a section of the journal Frontiers in Immunology
