The Role of Safety Culture in Influencing Provider Perceptions of Patient Safety. 
To determine how provider perceptions of safety culture influence their involvement in patient safety practices.  Health-care providers were surveyed in 2 tertiary hospitals located in Atlantic Canada, composed of 4 units in total.  The partial least squares (PLS) approach to structural equation modeling was used to analyze the data.  Latent variables provider PLS model encompassed the hypothesized relationships between provider characteristics, safety culture, perceptions of patient safety practices, and actual performance of patient safety practices, using the Health Belief Model (HBM) as a guide.  Data analysis was conducted using SmartPLS.  A total of 113 health-care providers completed a survey out of an eligible 318, representing a response rate of 35.5%.  The final PLS model showed acceptable internal consistency with all four latent variables having a composite reliability score above the recommended 0.70 cutoff value (safety culture = 0.86, threat = 0.76, expectations = 0.83, PS practices = 0.75).  Discriminant validity was established, and all path coefficients were found to be significant at the α = 0.05 level using nonparametric bootstrapping.  The survey results show that safety culture accounted for 34% of the variance in perceptions of threat and 42% of the variance in expectations.  This research supports the role that safety culture plays in the promotion and maintenance of patient safety activities for health-care providers.  As such, it is recommended that the introduction of new patient safety strategies follow a thorough exploration of an organization's safety culture.