Cellular automata simulation of osteoblast growth on microfibrous-carbon-based scaffolds. 
The objective of this study was to investigate the use of three fibrous carbon materials (T300, P25, and P120) for bone repair and develop and validate theoretical and computational methods in which bone tissue regeneration and repair could be accurately predicted.  T300 was prepared from polyacrylonitrile precursor while P25 and P120 fibers were prepared from pitch, both common fiber precursors.  Results showed that osteoblast growth on carbon scaffolds was enhanced with increased crystallinity, surface roughness, and material orientation.  For unidirectional scaffolds at 120 h, there was 33% difference in cell growth between T300 and P25 fibers and 64% difference between P25 and P120 fibers.  Moreover, for multidirectional fibers at 120 h, there was 35% difference in cell growth between T300 and P25 fibers and 43% difference between P25 and P120 fibers.  Results showed that material alignment was integral to promoting cell growth with multidirectional scaffolds having the capacity for greater growth over unidirectional scaffolds.  At 120 h there was 24% increase in cell growth between unidirectional alignment and multidirectional alignment on high-crystalline carbon fibers.  Ultimately, data indicated that carbon scaffolds exhibited excellent bioactivity and may be tuned to stimulate unique reactions.  Additionally, numerical and computational simulations provided evidence that corroborated experimental data with simulations.  Results illustrated the capability of cellular automata models for assessing osteoblast cell response to biomaterials.