Minor physical anomalies in schizophrenic patients and normal controls. 
The aim of the study is to investigate the rate and topographical pattern of minor physical anomalies in schizophrenic patients and normal subjects and determine their value in predicting the patient-control status.  Seventy-six schizophrenic inpatients (43 men, 33 women) and 82 normal control subjects (42 men, 40 women) were examined for minor physical anomalies on the Waldrop scale.  Schizophrenics showed a higher rate for almost all examined anomalies, the differences reaching statistical significance for six of them: fine electric hair, epicanthus, high/steepled palate, tongue with smooth/rough spots, third toe the second, and big gap between I and II toes.  They have significantly higher values for 5 out of 6 body regions and for the total anomalies score.  Anomalies in schizophrenics show higher prevalence in the craniofacial complex than the periphery, but the periphery is also considerably stigmatized.  Seven anomalies distinguish patients from controls, classifying correctly 81.6% of the patients and 82.9% of the controls.  Some anomalies show an almost equal rate in the schizophrenics and the controls, while the rate of others is more than 10 times greater in the patients (odds ratios range: 1.0 to 10.9).  Viewed within the multifactorial-polygenic threshold model of liability to a disease, minor physical anomalies might reflect a type of neurodevelopmental risk factor, which by interaction with other genetic or environmental factors could result in passing a threshold and producing symptoms of the disorder, at least in one subpopulation of schizophrenics.