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Izumi Lab. 15

If you or your colleagues still "dump" static data from line-of-business systems into a tool like Excel to manipulate, analyze, or present it; or if you have colleagues who re-key data from Office tools like Word and Excel into line-of-business systems for processing, read on:

I'm pretty sure I'm gonna get a tattoo on my ass shaped like Rainbow Dashes cutie mark and than I'm gonna cut out every piece of clothing I have into that sign so I can walk down the street with a cutie mark. I've had an idea. Coats matching the mane 6 and some extra ponies with the inside color the hair and the outside the ponies' coat color, with their cutie mark in the bottom left or right side on the back. With Rainbow Dash's, the elastic fabric that's on the end of the sleeves and on the waist of the coat can be rainbow colored, with the inside color matching her eyes. Oh and the zipper handle being something they enjoy, for example, Pinkie Pie's would be a cupcake, Twilight's a book, and Applejack's an apple. Sound good?

This application claims the benefit of Korean Application No. 98-54151, filed Dec. 10, 1998, in the Korean Patent Office, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference. 1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates to a fluid jetting apparatus and a process for manufacturing the same, and more particularly, to a fluid jetting apparatus for a print head which is employed in output apparatuses such as an ink-jet printer, a facsimile machine, etc. to jet fluid through a nozzle, and a manufacturing process thereof. 2. Description of the Related Art A print head is a part or a set of parts which are capable of converting output data into a visible form on a predetermined medium using a type of printer. Generally, such a print head for an ink jet printer, and the like, uses a fluid jetting apparatus which is capable of jetting the predetermined amount of fluid through a nozzle to an exterior of a fluid chamber holding the fluid by applying a physical force to the fluid chamber. According to methods for applying physical force to the fluid within the fluid chamber, the fluid jetting apparatus is roughly grouped into a piezoelectric system and a thermal system. The piezoelectric system pushes out the ink within the fluid chamber through a nozzle through an operation of a piezoelectric element which is mechanically expanded in accordance with a driving signal. The thermal system pushes the fluid through the nozzle by means of bubbles which are produced from the fluid within the fluid chamber by the heat generated by an exothermic body. Recently, also, a thermal compression system has been developed, which is an improved form of the thermal system. The thermal compression system is for jetting out the fluid by driving a membrane by instantly heating a vaporizing fluid which acts as a working fluid. FIG. 1 is a vertical sectional view of a fluid jetting apparatus according to a conventional thermal compression system. The fluid jetting apparatus of the thermal compression system includes a heat driving part 10, a membrane 20, and a nozzle part 30. A substrate 11 of the heat driving part 10 supports the heat driving part 10 and the whole structure that will be constructed later. An insulated layer 12 is diffused on the substrate 11. An electrode 14 is made of a conductive material for supplying an electric power to the heat driving part 10. An exothermic body 13 is made of a resistive material having a predetermined resistance for expanding a working fluid by converting electrical energy into heat energy. Working fluid chambers 16 and 17 contain the working fluid, to maintain a pressure of the working fluid which is heat expanded, are connected by a working fluid introducing passage 18, and are formed within a working fluid barrier 15. Further, the membrane 20 is a thin layer which is adhered to an upper portion of the working fluid barrier layer 15 and working; fluid chambers 16 and 17 to be moved upward and downward by the pressure of the expanded working fluid. The membrane 20 includes a polyimide coated layer 21 and a polyimide adhered layer 22. Jetting fluid chambers 37 and 38 are chambers which are formed to enclose the jetting fluid. When the pressure is transmitted to the jetting fluid through the membrane 20, the jetting fluid is jetted only through a nozzle 35 formed in a nozzle plate 34. Here, the jetting fluid is the fluid which is pushed out of the jetting fluid chambers 37 and 38 in response to the driving of the membrane 20, and is finally jetted to the exterior. A jetting fluid introducing passage 39 connects the jetting fluid chambers 37 and 38. The jetting fluid chambers 37 and 38 and the jetting fluid introducing passage 39 are formed in a jetting fluid barrier layer 36. The nozzle 35 is an orifice through which the jetting fluid held using the membrane 20 and the jetting fluid chambers 37 and 38 is emitted to the exterior. Another substrate 31 (see FIGS. 4A and 4B) of the nozzle part 30 is temporarily employed for constructing the nozzle part 30, and should be removed before the nozzle part 30 is assembled. FIG. 2 shows a process for manufacturing the fluid jetting apparatus according to a conventional roll method. As shown in FIG. 2, the nozzle plate 34 is transferred from a feeding reel 51 to a take-up reel 52. In the process of transferring the nozzle plate 34 from the feeding reel 51 to the take-up reel 52, a nozzle is formed in the nozzle plate 34 by laser processing equipment 53. After the nozzle is formed, air is jetted from an air blower 54 so as to eliminate extraneous substances attached to the nozzle plate 34. Next, an actuator chip 40, which is laminated on a substrate to the jetting fluid barrier, is bonded with the nozzle plate 34 by a tab bonder 55, and accordingly, the fluid jetting apparatus is completed. The completed fluid jetting apparatuses are wound around the take-up reel 52 to be preserved, and then sectioned in pieces in the manufacturing process for the print head. Accordingly, each piece of the fluid jetting apparatuses is supplied into the manufacturing line of a printer. The process for manufacturing the, fluid jetting apparatus according to the conventional thermal compression system will be described below with reference to the construction of the fluid jetting apparatus shown in FIG. 1. FIGS. 3A and 3B are views for showing a process for manufacturing the heat driving part and FIG. 3C is a view for showing a process for manufacturing the membrane on the heat driving part of the conventional fluid jetting apparatus. FIGS. 4A to 4C are views for showing the process for manufacturing the nozzle part. In order to manufacture the conventional fluid jetting apparatus, the heat driving part 10 and the nozzle part 30 should be manufactured separately. Here, the heat driving part 10 is completed as the separately-made membrane 20 is adhered to the working fluid barrier layer 15 of the heat driving part 10. After that, by reversing and adhering the separately-made nozzle part 30 to the membrane 20, the fluid jetting apparatus is completed. FIG. 3A shows a process for diffusing the insulated layer 12 on the substrate 11 of the heat driving part 10, and for forming an exothermic body 13 and an electrode 14 on the insulated layer 12 in turn. Referring to FIG. 3B, working fluid chambers 16 and 17 and a working fluid passage 18 are formed by performing an etching process of the working fluid barrier layer 15 through a predetermined mask patterning. More specifically, the heat driving part 10 is formed as the insulated layer 12, the exothermic body 13, the electrode 14, and the working fluid barrier layer 15 are sequentially laminated on the substrate 11 (which is a silicon substrate). In such a situation, the working fluid chambers 16 and 17 (which are filled with the working fluid to be expanded by heat, are formed on an etched portion of the working fluid barrier layer 15. The working fluid is introduced through the working fluid introducing passage 18. FIG. 3C shows a process for adhering the separately-made membrane 20 to the upper portion of the completed heat driving part 10. The membrane 20 is a thin diaphragm, which is to be driven toward the jetting fluid chamber 37 (see FIG. 1) by the working fluid which is heated by the exothermic body 13. FIG. 4A shows a process for manufacturing a nozzle 35 using the laser processing equipment 53 (shown in FIG. 2) after an insulated layer 32 and the nozzle plate 34 are sequentially formed on a substrate 31 of the nozzle part 30. FIG. 4B shows a process for forming the jetting fluid barrier layer 36 on the upper portion of the construction shown in FIG. 4A, and jetting fluid chambers 37 and 38 and the fluid introducing passage by an etching process through a predetermined mask patterning. FIG. 4C shows a process for exclusively separating the nozzle part 10 from the substrate 31 of the nozzle part 30. The nozzle part 30 includes the jetting fluid barrier layer 36 and the nozzle plate 34. On the etched portion of the jetting fluid barrier layer 36, the jetting fluid chambers 37 and 38 filled with the fluid to be jetted are formed. The jetting fluid such as an ink, or the like, is introduced through the jetting fluid introducing passage 39 (see FIG. 1) for introduction of the jetting fluid. The nozzle 35 is formed on the nozzle plate 34 to be interconnected with the jetting fluid chamber 37, so that the fluid is jetted through the nozzle 35. The nozzle part 30 is manufactured by the processes that are shown in FIGS. 4A to 4C. First, the nozzle plate 34 inclusive of the nozzle 35, is formed on the substrate 31 having the insulated layer 32 through an electroplating process. Next, the jetting fluid barrier layer 36 is laminated thereon, and the jetting fluid chambers 37 and 38 and the jetting fluid introducing passage 39 are formed through a lithographic process. Finally, as the insulated layer 32 and the substrate 31 are removed, the nozzle part 30 is completed. The completed nozzle part 30 is reversed, and then adhered to the membrane 20 of a membrane, heat driving part assembly which has been assembled beforehand. More specifically, the jetting fluid barrier 36 of the nozzle part 30 is adhered to the polyimide coated layer 21 of the membrane 20. The operation of the fluid jetting apparatus according to the thermal compression system will be described below with reference to the construction shown in FIG. 1. First, an electric power is supplied through the electrode 14, and an electric current flows through the exothermic body 13 connected to the electrode 14. Since the exothermic body 13 generates heat due to its resistance, the fluid within the working fluid chamber 16 is subjected to a resistance heating, and the fluid starts to vaporize when the temperature thereof exceeds a predetermined temperature. As the amount of the vaporized fluid increases, the vapor pressure accordingly increases. As a result, the membrane 20 is driven upward. More specifically, as the working fluid undergoes a thermal expansion, the membrane 20 is pushed upward in a direction indicated by the arrow in FIG. 1. As the membrane 20 is pushed upward, the fluid within the jetting fluid chamber 37 is jetted out toward an exterior through the nozzle 35. Then, when the supply of electric power is stopped, the resistance heating of the exothermic body 13 is no longer generated. Accordingly, the fluid within the working fluid chamber 16 is cooled to a liquid state, so that the volume thereof decreases and the membrane 20 recovers its original shape. Meanwhile, a conventional material of the nozzle plate 34 is mainly made of nickel, but the trend in using the material of a polyimide synthetic resin has increased recently. When the nozzle plate 34 is made of the polyimide synthetic resin, it is fed in a reel type. The fluid jetting apparatus is completed by the way a chip laminated from the silicon substrate to the jetting fluid barrier layer 36 is bonded on the nozzle plate 34 fed in the reel type. According to the conventional fluid jetting apparatus and its manufacturing process, however, since the heat driving part, the membrane, and the nozzle part have to be separately made before such are adhered to each other by three adhering processes, the productivity has been decreased. Further; since the adhesion between the heat driving part and the membrane, and between the membrane and, the nozzle part are often unreliable, the working fluid and the jetting fluid often leak, so that a fraction defective has been increased, and the reliability and quality of the fluid jetting apparatus has been deteriorated. The present invention has been made to overcome the above-described problems of the prior art, and accordingly it is an object of the present invention to provide a fluid jetting apparatus and a manufacturing process thereof capable of improving the reliability, quality and the productivity of the fluid jetting apparatus by sequentially laminating a heat driving part, a membrane, and a nozzle part to form the fluid jetting apparatus, instead of adhering the same to each other. Additional objects and advantages of the invention will be set forth in part in the description which follows and, in part, will be obvious from the description, or may be learned by practice of the invention. The above and other objects are accomplished by a method of manufacturing a fluid jetting apparatus according to the present invention, including: (1) forming a heat driving part having a sacrificial layer; (2) forming a membrane on the heat driving part which includes the sacrificial layer; (3) forming a nozzle part on the membrane; and (4) removing the sacrificial layer. The step (1) includes: (i) forming an electrode and an exothermic body on a substrate; (ii) laminating a working fluid barrier on the electrode and the exothermic body, and forming a working fluid chamber in the working fluid barrier; (iii) forming a protective layer on the working fluid barrier, the electrode, and the exothermic body; (iv) forming a sacrificial layer on the protective layer and within the working fluid chamber at the same height as the working fluid barrier. Further, the step (1) may otherwise include: (i) forming an electrode and an exothermic body on a substrate; (ii) forming a plane layer on the substrate at the same height as the electrode and the exothermic body combined; (iii) laminating a protective layer on the electrode and the plane layer; (iv) laminating the working fluid barrier on the protective layer, and forming a working fluid chamber in the working fluid barrier; and (v) forming the sacrificial layer on the protective layer and within an interior of the working fluid chamber at the same height as the working fluid barrier. The step (2) is performed through a spin coating process. The step (3) includes: (i) laminating a jetting fluid barrier on the membrane, and forming a jetting fluid chamber in the jetting fluid barrier; and (ii) laminating a nozzle plate on the jetting fluid barrier, and forming a nozzle in the nozzle plate. The nozzle plate is laminated through a process for laminating a dry film. The above and other objects of the present invention may further be achieved by providing a fluid jetting apparatus including a heat driving part which generates a driving force, a nozzle part having a jetting fluid chamber interconnected to an exterior of the fluid jetting apparatus through a nozzle, and a membrane which transmits the driving force generated from the heat driving part to the nozzle part, wherein the heat driving part comprises: an electrode and an exothermic body formed on a substrate; a plane layer formed on the substrate at the same height as the electrode and the exothermic body combined; a protective layer laminated on the plane layer; and a working fluid barrier laminated on the protective layer, and provided with the working fluid chamber for holding a working fluid which is expanded by the exothermic body to generate the driving force.

Event Description Professor Bill Lee, Former Director of the Centre for Nuclear Engineering, Imperial College London Speakers include: Dr Dan Poulter MP Tim Yeo, Chairman, New Nuclear Watch Europe (NNWE) Nick Butler, Energy Commentator, Financial Times Peter Atherton, Associate, Cornwall Energy New Nuclear Watch Europe (NNWE) invites you to attend our upcoming Parliamentary Briefing on The future of nuclear energy in Europe following Brexit, due to be held in the House of Commons, London, on the 14 March 2017 at 16.00. The event will focus on the opportunities and challenges facing the nuclear energy sector across Europe following Brexit. With the UK moving forward with a pipeline of new nuclear build projects, most recently with the CGN-EDF Hualong 1 application for GDA approval, this event will bring together leading policymakers, industry, academics and commentators to discuss how Europe can continue to be a global leader in nuclear energy development. NNWE intends to promote discussion on the need for a Pan-European, or EU+, policy framework when discussing new nuclear build. With Brexit likely to occur in 2019, and the recent announcement that the UK will be pulling out of the Euratom Treaty, NNWE envisages the development of an Organisation for Nuclear Cooperation and Development in Europe, to continue and further enhance nuclear cooperation. The latest EU PINC report highlights that 105GWe of new nuclear generation will be needed by 2050 – roughly 100 new reactors – to meet existing demand and climate change targets. However, only eighteen nuclear power plants are in development, planned, or proposed within the European Union itself. Whereas ninety-five reactors are planned throughout our EU neighbours – including Belarus, Russia, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine and now the UK. NNWE believes an organisation is needed to drive the future of nuclear energy development across Europe and help us reach the ambitious 2050 target. Agenda (subject to change) Time Description 16.00 Registration and light refreshments 16.15 Introduction Dr Dan Poulter MP Professor Bill Lee, Former Director of the Centre for Nuclear Engineering, Imperial College London NNWE was established at the end of 2014 under the chairmanship of Tim Yeo (former UK Member of Parliament and Chair of the House of Commons Energy and Climate Change Select Committee) and is an interest group which aims to ensure nuclear power is recognised as an important and desirable way for European governments to meet the long-term security needs of their countries.

Ever noticed how close “ribbit” and “rabbit” sounded? Well, if so, then you’re in good company! If not, carry on! This mischievousness reminds me of my childhood 🙂 Now lesseeeeeee, which one to share? It was summer and I was 10ish. The ice cream truck would drive slowly through our neighbourhood blaring Joplin’s “The Entertainer” in search of ice-cream-famished children begging parents to pay his exorbitant prices. Not to be outdone (since my parents would NEVER willingly get ripped off by said scam), I would call out from my second story window, “Waaait!! Ice-cream man!!”. Immediately, he’d slow down and stop of course, looking to and fro for his desperate customers. Meanwhile me and (I think it was my cousin) ducked from the window and snickered unceasingly. After realizing no one was coming, the ice-cream man would start up his truck and continue down the street. Not having moved 2 feet, I’d holler out again, “Waaaaait!! Ice-cream man!!” 🙂 Wash, rinse, repeat.

AMD hasn’t even officially announced its Ryzen 4000 processors yet, but Lenovo is already offering us a first glimpse at a laptop that will ship in April with the new chips. The Yoga Slim 7 is new and improved for 2020, and Lenovo is offering two versions of the 14-inch laptop with either AMD’s Ryzen 4000 series chips or Intel’s 10th Gen Core i7. The choice between Intel and AMD will undoubtedly come down to budget versus performance, as Lenovo is pricing the AMD version of this 14-inch laptop starting at just $849.99 compared to the starting price of the Intel version at $1,209.99. AMD hasn’t fully detailed its Ryzen 4000 processors just yet, so it’s unclear exactly what chip will power this Yoga Slim 7. We do know that the Ryzen 4000 series is based on 7nm process technology and AMD’s Zen 2 core architecture, though. The $360 gap does suggest that AMD either has a very budget-friendly option available to OEMs or Lenovo isn’t including Intel’s budget chips in the Yoga Slim 7. Whether you pick an AMD or Intel Yoga Slim 7, most of the other internals remain the same. There’s a 14-inch 1080p display, up to 16GB of RAM, and up to 1TB of SSD storage. Port selection is impressive, with two USB 3.1 ports, a single USB Type-C (Thunderbolt) port, an SD card reader, HDMI port, and the usual headphone jack. Where the two Intel and AMD options differ is Intel’s model includes Wi-Fi 6 support, and you can also pick a fabric variant of the laptop that includes the option of a 4K display and support for GeForce MX graphics. Lenovo is also offering a 15-inch model with optional GeForce GTX graphics support. Both the Intel and AMD versions of the Yoga Slim 7 will be available in April, with the AMD version starting at $849.99 and the Intel model priced starting at $1,209.99.

Tetsuya Nakashima Tetsuya Nakashima (中島哲也) (born 1959) is a Japanese film director. He was born in Fukuoka, attending high school in Chikushino. Nakashima was given the Best Director award at the 2005 Yokohama Film Festival for his film Kamikaze Girls. His 2010 film Confessions was selected as the Japanese entry for the Best Foreign Language Film at the 83rd Academy Awards and made the final shortlist in January 2011. He was originally slated to direct an adaptation of the hit manga Attack on Titan, but in December 2012 he left the project due to differences with the rest of the production team. Filmography Bakayaro! I'm Plenty Mad (1988) (segment 2) Happy-Go-Lucky (1997) Beautiful Sunday (1998) Kamikaze Girls (2004) Rolling Bomber Special (2005) Memories of Matsuko (2006) Paco and the Magical Picture Book (2008) Confessions (2010) The World of Kanako (2014) It Comes (2018) References External links Category:1959 births Category:Living people Category:Japanese film directors Category:People from Fukuoka Prefecture

Q: Corona sdk Get Sim Card Details I'm creating an Application using Corona sdk with Lua Language, can anyone help me with getting Sim Card details such as, mobile Number, pin no .. etc Thank you A: Corona provides system.getInfo() for getting device-specific information. I dont think you can find the mobile Number, but there is some info you can get. You can get more details in the docs You probably will find deviceID useful: On iOS, "deviceID" returns a "unique" id for the device. Per Apple's policies, on iOS 6 and later, "deviceID" returns a MD5 hash of the device's "identifierForVendor" (see below); on iOS 5 it returns a MD5 of a GUID (Globally Unique Identifier) that is unique for each app install. On Android, if your app uses the "android.permission.READ_PHONE_STATE" permission, the following will be returned: IMEI for GSM phones. MEID or ESN for CDMA phones. The operating system's unique ID for devices that are not phones. If your Android app does not use the "android.permission.READ_PHONE_STATE" permission, then the operating system's unique ID will be returned for all devices. Note that the operating system's unique ID may change after re-installing the operating system on the device.

1. Field of the Invention The invention relates generally to a device that attaches to a telephone for the purpose of lifting up the receiver end of a telephone handset (hook-switching). 2. Description of the Prior Art Many of the newest telephone systems that are coming out on the market have what is called electronic hook-switching. This is basically a button, that when pressed, will give a dial tone for a telephone headset. This is a very convenient option for people who use telephone headsets, but the problem still remains that there are literally millions of telephones on the market that do not have this option. Until now, the only option that people have had to alleviate this problem is to physically pick up the handset every time the telephone rings, and place the headset off to the side of the telephone base. This procedure is time and space consuming. Another method that is commonly used when getting a dial tone, is to balance the telephone handset just up and to the side of the telephone""s hook-switch. The major problem with this solution is that if accidently bumped or moved, the handset will fall back into place and one will hang up the line. The present invention overcomes the prior art practices by providing a mechanical handset lift for lifting the receiver end of a telephone handset off the hook-switch and pivoting the handset about the microphone end, but leaving the handset centrally positioned over and about the telephone body. The general purpose of the present invention is to provide a mechanical device for lifting the receiver end of a telephone handset off the telephone hook-switch to allow electrical operation of a remote handset receiver/mouthpiece while still leaving the handset placed over and about the telephone base unit. According to one object of the present invention, there is provided a vertically oriented base for mounting to the side of a telephone base. A moveable pivot shaft extends through an upper region of the vertically oriented base end, which includes a lift rod secured to one end of the pivot shaft and a lift rod lever handle secured to the opposite end of the pivot shaft. A stop shaft limits the over center travel of the lift rod lever handle and the lift rod to allow on hook or off hook positioning of a telephone handset receiver. According to an alternate embodiment of the present invention, there is provided a vertical base member with a lift rod and lift lever secured about the base member in positive locked alignment and also having rotational stops aligned on a surface of the vertical base member. One significant aspect and feature of the present invention is mechanical handset lift that will mechanically lift up the receiver end of a telephone handset off the hook-switch so that a dial tone may be obtained for the telephone headset in use. Another significant aspect and feature of the present invention is a mechanical handset lift which will lift the receiver end of a telephone handset off the hook-switch so as to allow a user to use either the telephone handset or a telephone headset. A further significant aspect and feature of the present invention is a mechanical handset lift which will lift the receiver end of a telephone handset off the hook-switch and which will result in the environment on a person""s desk being less cluttered due to the absence of a telephone handset lying off to the side of the telephone base while the telephone handset is in use. Yet another significant aspect and feature of the present invention is a mechanical handset lift that will mechanically lift up the receiver end of a telephone handset in such a manner that will greatly increase the chances of not accidentally hanging up the telephone while a telephone headset is in use. Another significant aspect and feature of the present invention is a lift rod and lift rod handle in positive angular engagement with each other about a base unit. Another significant aspect and feature of the present invention is stops which define rotational movement of the lift rod and lift rod handle with respect to the base of a telephone. Having thus described the embodiments of the present invention, it is the principal object hereof to provide a mechanical handset lift. The present invention relates to a mechanical handset lift device that will enable the telephone user to enable and disable the telephone""s hook-switch capabilities without the inconvenience of picking up the telephone and placing it on the desk. Currently, the only means to do this is by placing the telephone handset on and off the hook-switch. The problems that arrive from this method are 1) one has to physically pick up the handset every time the telephone rings, 2) one has to lay the handset on the desk (for many people this takes up just too much room), 3) if the telephone allows one to balance the handset off to the right side of the hook switch, one may bump the telephone, and accidentally hang up. The invention uses the handset""s own mold to accomplish the goal of hook-switching, and allows the handset to be used as well. The present invention also creates an environment where it is virtually impossible to accidently hand up the telephone. This is a very common problem when the telephone is balanced to the side of the hook-switch. It is an object of the present invention to provide a device that will enable a telephone handset operator to use both the telephone handset or headset conveniently, without the problems that are currently plaguing the telephone headset industry.

Seven rare rhinos spotted in Indonesian jungle August 9, 2012 in Biology / Ecology In this undated photo released by Leuser International Foundation, a Sumatran rhino roams at Gunung Leuser National Park in Aceh province, Indonesia. A conservationist from the foundation said Thursday, Aug. 9, 2012 that seven of the world's rarest rhinoceroses were photographed at the national park. It is the first sighting there in 26 years. (AP Photo/Leuser International Foundation) NO SALES Seven Sumatran rhinos have been captured on hidden cameras in an Indonesian national park where the critically endangered species was feared extinct, a conservationist said Thursday. The Sumatran rhino had not been sighted in the Mount Leuser National Park on the northern tip of Sumatra for 26 years, the project's team leader Tarmizi of the Leuser International Foundation said. "This discovery can allay doubts over the rhino's presence in the park," Tarmizi told AFP, adding he hoped the discovery would encourage more efforts to conserve the species. Images of the rhinos were captured by 28 infrared cameras set up between June 2011 and April this year and confirmed six female and one male rhino appearing in 1,000 photo frames. The Sumatran rhino population has dropped 50 percent over the past 20 years, and there are now believed to be fewer than 200 left in the world. The rhinos are commonly targeted by poachers and rampant illegal logging has destroyed much of their habitat.

Notice # 01-184 May 31, 2001 TO: All NYMEX Division Members and Member Firms FROM: Neal L. Wolkoff, Executive Vice President RE: Reminder on Use of Money Market Funds as Original Margin Deposits on the NYMEX Division DATE: May 31, 2001 =========================================================== This Notice is a reminder regarding certain rule changes and related policy guidelines that will go into effect on June 1, 2001 for the NYMEX Division. The rule changes going into effect on June 1, 2001 on the NYMEX Division allow shares of certain money market mutual funds to be acceptable for purposes of original margin deposits. Corresponding rule changes for the COMEX Division have also been approved by the NYMEX Board of Directors and filed with the CFTC; the changes for the COMEX Division will be implemented at a later date. Rule Amendments The amendments generally require that in order to be used for such purpose, a money market fund must be approved by the NYMEX Board and also must comply with CFTC Regulation ? 1.25. For purposes of original margin, the Exchange's Clearing House will value such money market fund shares at 95% of their market value. In addition, a Clearing Member's participation in any approved fund or any group of approved funds offered by the same issuer shall be limited to the greater of $250,000 or 25% of the Clearing Member's total original margin obligations. Finally, no more than 25% of the total assets of an approved money market mutual fund may be used to meet original margin obligations at the Exchange. Exchange Policy on Money Market Funds The NYMEX Board of Directors also recently adopted three additional guidelines that will be applicable to such funds. First, until further notice from the Exchange, the Board has determined to limit the number of money market funds available for this purpose to ten. Second, the Board will require that henceforth each fund applying for such status must have a minimum value of $5 billion. Finally, each fund further must provide for same day payment if notification is made by 3:00 p.m. on that day. If you have any questions concerning this change, please contact Bernard Purta, Senior Vice President, Regulatory Affairs and Operations, at (212) 299- 2380; Arthur McCoy, Vice President, Financial Surveillance Section, NYMEX Compliance Department, at (212) 299-2928; or Joseph Sanguedolce, Director, Financial Surveillance Section, NYMEX Compliance Department, at (212) 299-2855. AMENDMENTS TO NYMEX RULE 9.05 ("MARGINS") (Asterisks indicate additions; brackets indicate deletions.) Rule 9.05. MARGINS * * * * (E) Clearing Members may meet original margin calls by depositing: *(4) Shares in a money market mutual fund that complies with CFTC Regulation ?1.25 and that has been approved by the Board, subject to the following conditions: (i) for purposes of original margin, such shares will be valued at 95% of market value; (ii) a Clearing Member's participation in any approved fund or any group of approved funds offered by the same issuer shall be limited to the greater of $250,000 or 25% of the Clearing Member's total original margin obligations; (iii) no more than 25% of the total assets of an approved money market mutual fund may be used to meet original margin obligations at the Exchange.* [Shares of Brown Brothers Harriman & Co. Common Settlement Fund, valued at 95% of market value.] __________________________________________________ Please click on the link below to indicate you have received this email. "http://208.206.41.61/email/email_log.cfm?useremail=tana.jones@enron.com&refdoc=(01-184)" Note: If you click on the above line and nothing happens, please copy the text between the quotes, open your internet browser, paste it into the web site address and press Return.

Management of ventricular tachycardia in the ablation era: results of the European Heart Rhythm Association Survey. Patients with sustained ventricular tachycardia (VT) are at risk of sudden death. Treatment options for VT include antiarrhythmic drug therapy, insertion of an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator, and catheter ablation. Evidence on indications for VT ablation, timing, ablation strategies, and periprocedural management is sparse. The aim of this European Heart Rhythm Association (EHRA) survey was to evaluate clinical practice regarding management of VT among the European countries. An electronic questionnaire was sent to members of the EHRA Electrophysiology Research Network. Responses were received from 88 centres in 12 countries. The results have shown that management of VTs is very heterogeneous across the participating centres. Indications, periprocedural management, and ablation strategies vary substantially. This EP Wire survey has revealed that catheter ablation is the first-line therapy for the treatment of recurrent monomorphic stable VT in patients without structural heart disease as well as in patients with ischaemic cardiomyopathy and impaired left ventricular ejection fraction in the majority of centres. Furthermore, in patients with ischaemic cardiomyopathy and the first episode of monomorphic VT, most centres (62.0%) performed catheter ablation. On the contrary, in patients with non-ischaemic cardiomyopathy, amiodarone (41.4%) and catheter ablation (37.1%) are used in a very similar proportion. Ablation strategies, endpoints, and post-ablation antithrombotic management vary substantially among European centres.

Is there a ProductHunt without the “selection process”? - hoodoof i.e. a site that actually shows what's new, not just what ProductHunt thinks we should see is new? ====== ledil [http://www.produktfang.de](http://www.produktfang.de) I'm the author of produktfang. We aggregate new apps and show them on the front page ... there is no "community" that decides what should be shown or not like in producthunt. ------ getdavidhiggins [http://urli.st/](http://urli.st/) Lots of products can be found on URLIST. It's basically product hunt, except not sabotaged by trends and a karma system

Q: Scale down numbers with known max min to new max min in PHP Let's say I have this array of numbers: $arr = [100, 60, 30, 22, 1] and it's based off a 1 - 100 range. And I want it based of a 1 - 5 range. I have found this answer here: How to scale down a range of numbers with a known min and max value which details: Array.prototype.scaleBetween = function(scaledMin, scaledMax) { var max = Math.max.apply(Math, this); var min = Math.min.apply(Math, this); return this.map(num => (scaledMax-scaledMin)*(num-min)/(max-min)+scaledMin); } But I am not sure how I would translate that to PHP/Laravel. A: Not sure if this are the correct results, but it does what you described: $arr = [100, 60, 30, 22, 1]; function scale(array $array, float $min, float $max): array { $lowest = min($array); $highest = max($array); return array_map(function ($elem) use ($lowest, $highest, $min, $max) { return ($max - $min) * ($elem - $lowest) / ($highest - $lowest) + $min; }, $array); } echo json_encode(scale($arr, 1, 10)); // [10,6.363636363636363,3.6363636363636362,2.909090909090909,1]

Background ========== Polysaccharide-rich fungi and plants have been employed for centuries by cultures around the world for their dietary and medicinal benefits \[[@B1]-[@B5]\]. Often thought to merely support normal bowel function and blood glucose and lipid levels \[[@B6]-[@B8]\], certain polysaccharides have attracted growing scientific interest for their ability to exert marked effects on immune system function, inflammation and cancers \[[@B9]-[@B11]\]. Many of these chemically and structurally diverse, non- to poorly-digestible polysaccharides have been shown to beneficially affect one or more targeted cellular functions *in vitro*\[[@B11]-[@B16]\], but much of the *in vivo*literature consists of studies in which polysaccharides were injected \[[@B1],[@B2]\]. For clinicians and scientists interested in immunologic effects following dietary intake, the value of such studies is uncertain. Polysaccharides that elicit effects *in vitro*or by injection may be ineffective or have different effects when taken orally \[[@B17]\]. We thus decided to conduct a systematic review to evaluate the specific immunologic effects of dietary polysaccharide products on rodents and human subjects. Methods ======= Literature review ----------------- Studies were identified by conducting electronic searches of PubMed and Google Scholar from their inception to the end of October 2009. The reference lists of the selected articles were checked for additional studies that were not originally found in the search. Study selection and data extraction ----------------------------------- The following search terms were combined with the term polysaccharide: dietary AND immune, or oral AND immune, or dietary AND inflammation, or oral AND inflammation. When specific polysaccharides or polysaccharide-rich plants and fungi were identified, further searches were conducted using their names with the same search terms. Studies were selected based on the following inclusion criteria: 1\. Rodent or human studies 2\. The presence of test group and control group (using either placebo, crossover, sham, or normal care) 3\. Studies reporting statistically significant immunomodulatory effects 4\. English language 5\. Studies published up to October 2009. Two researchers (JER, EDN) reviewed the list of unique articles for studies that fit the inclusion criteria. Uncertainties over study inclusion were discussed between the researchers and resolved through consensus. Searches were then conducted to obtain specific polysaccharide product information: safety (using the search terms: toxicity, NOAEL, LD~50~), composition and structure, and disposition. Quality assessment ------------------ Each study was assessed as to whether or not it reported a significant outcome measure for the polysaccharide intervention group. Results ======= A total of 62 rodent publications (Tables [1](#T1){ref-type="table"}, [2](#T2){ref-type="table"} and [3](#T3){ref-type="table"}) and 15 human publications (Table [4](#T4){ref-type="table"}) were deemed appropriate for inclusion in this review. Available structural and compositional information for these immunomodulatory polysaccharides are provided in Table [5](#T5){ref-type="table"} and safety information is provided in Table [6](#T6){ref-type="table"}. The majority of animal studies explored models in which animals were injected or implanted with cancer cells or tumors, were healthy, or were exposed to carcinogens. Other studies investigated immunodeficient, exercise-stressed, aged animals, or animals exposed to inflammatory agents, viruses, bacterial pathogens, pathogenic protozoa, radiation or mutagens. Human studies assessed immunomodulatory effects in healthy subjects, or patients with cancers, seasonal allergic rhinitis or aphthous stomatitis. Because of the limited number of human studies, we included some promising open-label controlled trials. Human study durations ranged from four days to seven years; daily doses ranging from 100-5,400 mg were reported to be well-tolerated. ###### Immunomodulatory Glucan Extracts: Oral Animal Studies ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Source Extract Animal Dose/day Duration of study Treatment Effects Reference ------------------------------------- ---------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------ *Agaricus*\ α-1,6 and\ 8-week ♀ C3H/He mice (5/group) 100 mg/kg IG every 3 days 1 month Healthy animals ↑ \#s splenic T lymphocytes (Thy1.2, CD4+ and CD8+) \[[@B24]\] (*A. blazei*) *subrufescens* α-1,4 glucans Aqueous 7-9-week ♂ Balb/cByJ mice (40/group) 1 ml 0.45N, 0.6N, or 3N aqueous extract 2 months All doses ↑ serum IgG levels, CD3+ T cell populations and PML phagocytic activity \[[@B22]\] 7-9-week male Balb/cByJ mice (40/group) 1 ml 0.45N, 0.6N, or 3N aqueous extract 10 weeks IP injection of OVA at 4 weeks 0.6N and 3N ↑ levels of OVA-specific serum IgG 28 days post-immunization; all doses ↑ delayed-type hypersensitivity and TNF-α secreted from splenocytes at 10 weeks; 0.6N ↑ splenocyte proliferation at 10 weeks 5-6 -week ♀ BALB/cHsdOla mice (8/group × 2) One 200 μl extract day 1, orogastric intubation 1 week Injected IP fecal solution day 2 ↓ CFU in blood of mice with severe peritonitis & improved overall survival rate in all peritonitis groups \[[@B46]\] 6-week BALB/c nu/nu mice (7/group) 2.5 mg extract days 20-41, drinking water 41 days Injected SC Sp-2 myeloma cells day 1 ↓ tumor size & weight after 21 days treatment \[[@B65]\] Aqueous, acid treated 6-week ♀ C57BL/6 mice (10/group) 20, 100 or 500 μg/ml, drinking water 9 days Injected IP human ovarian cancer cells day 1 500 μg/ml ↓ tumor weight \[[@B66]\] 20, 100 or 500 μg/ml, drinking water 3 weeks Injected IV murine lung cancer (3LL) cells 100 & 500 μg/ml ↓ \#s metastatic tumors Aqueous, with 200 ng/day\ 6-week ♀ BALB/c mice (10/group) 200 ng days 5-21 3 weeks Injected Meth A tumor cells day 1 ↓ tumor size & weight \[[@B23]\] β-glucan 2 weeks Injected Meth A tumor cells ↑ cytotoxic T lymphocyte activity & spleen cell IFN-α protein 300 mg 5 days Healthy animals ↑ splenic NK cell activity *Avena*spp. β-glucans (particulate) 6-7 -week ♀ C57BL/6 mice (7/group) 3 mg every 48 h, days 1-3 1 month Oral *E. vermiformis*oocytes day 10 ↓ *E. vermiformis*fecal oocyte \#s; increased intestinal anti-merozoite IgA; ↓ \# of IL-4-secreting MLN cells \[[@B42]\] 3 mg on alternating days, days 1-10 22 days Injected IP *Eimeria vermiformis*day 10 ↓ *E. vermiformis*fecal oocyte \#s; ↑ anti-merozoite intestinal IgA \[[@B43]\] β-glucans (soluble) 4-week ♂ CD-1 mice (24/group) 0.6 mg/ml 68% β-glucan, drinking water 1 month Resting or exercise-stressed (days 8-10) animals administered HSV-1 IN\ ↓ morbidity in resting and exercise-stressed animals; ↓ mortality in exercise-stressed animals; pre-infection, ↑ Mø anti-viral resistance in resting and exercise-stressed animals \[[@B38]\] day 10 \~3.5 mg days\ Resting or exercise-stressed (days 5-10) animals administered HSV-1 IN\ Pre-infection, ↑ Mø antiviral resistance in resting animals \[[@B41]\] 1-10, drinking water day 10 4-week ♂ CD-1 mice (10/group) 0.6 mg/ml 68% β-glucan, drinking water 10 days Resting animals or animals exposed to a bout of fatiguing exercise days 8-10 or moderate exercise days 5-10, injected IP with thioglycollate on day 10 ↑ neutrophil mobilization in resting & moderately exercised animals; ↑ neutrophil respiratory burst activity in resting and fatiguing exercised animals \[[@B37]\] 4-week ♂ CD-1 mice (19-30/group) 0.8 mg/ml 50% β-glucan, days\ 1 month Resting or exercise-stressed (days 8-10) animals administered IN clodronate-filled liposomes to deplete Mø days 8 & 14 & infected IN with HSV-1 day 10 ↓ morbidity, mortality, symptom severity in exercise-stressed animals, without Mø depletion \[[@B40]\] 1-10, drinking water 4-week ♂ CD-1 mice (20/group) Resting or exercise-stressed (days 8-10) animals administered HSV-1 IN day 10 ↓ morbidity in exercise-stressed & resting animals; ↓ mortality in exercise-stressed animals \[[@B39]\] *Ganoderma lucidum* Aqueous 7-week ♂ CD-1 mice (26/group) 5% of diet 5 months Injected IM DMH once a week, weeks 1-10 ↓ aberrant crypt foci per colon, tumor size, cell proliferation, nuclear staining of β-catenin \[[@B69]\] 4-8-week BALB/c mice (10/group) 50, 100 or 200 mg/kg, oral 10 days Injected SD Sarcoma 180 cells ↓ of tumor weight was dose dependent: 27.7, 55.8, 66.7%, respectively \[[@B67]\] *Ganoderma lucidum*(mycelia) Aqueous 7-week ♂ F344/Du Crj rats (16/group) 1.25% or 2.5% of diet 6 months Injected SC AOM once a week, weeks2-5 Both doses ↓ colonic adenocarcinoma incidence; 2.5% ↓ total tumor incidence; both doses ↓ nuclear staining of β-catenin and cell proliferation \[[@B68]\] *Ganoderma tsugae* Aqueous 8-week ♀ BALB/cByJNarl mice (14/group) 0.2-0.4% of diet (young fungi); 0.33 or 0.66% of diet (mature fungi) 5 weeks Injected IP OVA days 7, 14, 21; aerosolized OVA twice during week 4 In splenocytes, both doses of both extracts ↑ IL-2 and IL-2/IL-4 ratios, 0.2% young extract and 0.66% mature extract ↓ IL-4; in Mø, 0.66% mature extract ↑ IL-1β, both doses of both extracts ↑ IL-6 \[[@B53]\] *Grifola frondosa* D fraction Mice: 1) ICR, 2) C3H/HeN, 3) CDF~1~(10/group) 1.5 mg every other day, beginning day 2 13 days Implanted SC: 1) Sarcoma-180, 2) MM-46 carcinoma, or 3) IMC carcinoma cells ↓ tumor weight & tumor growth rate: 1) 58%, 2) 64%, and 3) 75%, respectively \[[@B71]\] 5-week ♂ BALB/c mice (10/group) 2 mg,\ 45 days Injected in the back with 3-MCA, day 1 ↓ (62.5%) \# of animals with tumors; ↑ H~2~0~2~production by plasma Mø; ↑ cytotoxic T cell activity \[[@B72]\] days 15-30 *Hordeum vulgare* β-1,3;1,4 or β-1,3;1,6-D-glucans Athymic nu/nu mice\ 40 or 400 μg IG for 4 weeks 31 weeks Mice with human xenografts (SKMel28 melanoma, A431 epidermoid carcinoma, BT474 breast carcinoma, Daudi lymphoma, or LAN-1 neuroblastoma) ± mAb (R24, 528, Herceptin, Rituximab, or 3F8, respectively) therapy twice weekly 400 μg + mAb ↓ tumor growth & ↑ survival; higher MW ↓ tumor growth rate for both doses \[[@B75]\] (4-12/group) β-1,3;1,4-D-glucans Athymic BALB/c mice 4, 40, or 400 μg for 3-4 weeks 1 month Mice with neuroblastoma (NMB7, LAN-1, or SK-N-ER) xenografts, ± 3F8 mAb therapy twice weekly 40 and 400 μg doses + mAB ↓ tumor growth; 400 μg dose ↑ survival. Serum NK cells required for effects on tumor size \[[@B76]\] C57BL/6 WT and CR3-deficient mice (10/group) 0.4 mg for 3 weeks 100 days Injected SC RMA-S-MUC1 lymphoma cells day 1 ± IV 14.G2a or anti-MUC1 mAb every 3rd day ±mAB ↓ tumor diameter; ↑ survival \[[@B73]\] β-glucans ♀ Fox Chase ICR immune-deficient (SCID) mice (9/group) 400 μg days 1-29 50 days Mice with human (Daudi, EBV-BLCL, Hs445, or RPMI6666) lymphoma xenografts, ± Rituximab mAb therapy twice weekly +mAB ↓ tumor growth and ↑ survival \[[@B74]\] *Laminaria digitata* Laminarin ♂ ICR/HSD mice (3/group) 1 mg 1 day Healthy animals ↑ Mø expression of Dectin-1 in GALT cells; ↑ TLR2 expression in Peyer\'s patch dendritic cells \[[@B29]\] ♂ Wistar rats (7/group) 5% of diet days 1-4, 10% of diet days 5-25 26 days Injected IP *E. coli*LPS day 25 ↓ liver ALT, AST, and LDH enzyme levels; ↑ ED2-positive cells, .↓ peroxidase-positive cells in liver; ↓ serum monocytes, TNF-α, PGE2, NO~2~ \[[@B44]\] *Lentinula edodes* SME 6-week nude mice 0.1 ml water with10% SME/10 g body weight days 1-19, 33-50 50 days Injected SC prostate cancer (PC-3) cells day 1 ↓ tumor size \[[@B80]\] β-glucans ♀ 3- and 8-week BALB/c mice (15/group) 50, 100 or 250 μg 1-2 weeks Healthy animals 250 μg dose ↑ spleen cell IL-2 secretion \[[@B27]\] ♀ 3- and 8-week BALB/c mice (15/group) 50, 100 or 250 μg 1-2 weeks Injected murine mammary carcinoma (Ptas64) cells into mammary fat pads 2 weeks before treatment ↓ tumor weight Lentinan 6-week ♂ Wistar-Imamichi specific-pathogen free rats (10/group) 1 mg twice weekly 1-2 months Healthy animals ↑ T cell \#s, helper-cell \#s & helper/suppressor ratio, ↓ suppressor cell level at 4, but not 8 weeks \[[@B26]\] 5-6-week ♂\ 3 mg, days 1-7 3 weeks Injected SC K36 murine lymphoma cells day 7 ↓ tumor weight; ↑ tumor inhibition rate (94%) \[[@B82]\] pre-leukemic AKR mice (10/group) 5-6-week athymic mice (10/group) 5 weeks Injected SC colon cancer (LoVo and SW48, SW480 and SW620, or SW403 and SW1116) cells day 7 ↓ tumor weight, ↑ tumor inhibition rate (\>90%) ♂ AKR mice 3 mg 1 day Pre-leukemic mice ↑ serum IFN-α and TNF-α, peak at 4 h and then back to normal at 24 h; ↑ IL-2 and IL-1α, peak at 2 h and back to normal at 24 h; ↑ CD3+ T, CD4+ T, CD8+ T, B lymphocytes \[[@B81]\] *Phellinus linteus* Aqueous, alcohol-precipitated 6-7-week C57BL/6 mice (10-50/group) 200 mg/kg in drinking water 1 month Healthy animals ↑ production and secretion of IFN-γ by con A stimulated T cells \[[@B32]\] *Saccharomyces cerevisiae* Scleroglucan ♂ ICR/HSD mice (3/group) 1 mg one day before challenge (day 1) 6 days IV *Staphylococcus aureus*or *Candida albicans*day 2 ↑ long-term survival \[[@B29]\] β-1,3;1,6 glucans (particulate) 3 and 8-week ♀ BALB/c mice (15/group) 50, 100 or 250 μg 1-2 weeks Injected murine mammary carcinoma (Ptas64) cells into mammary fat pads 2 weeks before treatment ↓ tumor weight \[[@B27]\] β-1,3-glucan Healthy animals All 3 doses ↑ phagocytic activity of blood monocytes & neutrophils & ↑ spleen cell IL-2 secretion WT or CCD11b^-/-^C57BL/6 mice (2/group) 0.4 mg for 3 weeks 100 days Injected SC RMA-S-MUC1 lymphoma cells ± 14.G2a or anti-MUC1 mAb IV injection every 3^rd^day ↓ tumor diameter when included with mAb; ↑ survival with and without mAb \[[@B73]\] C57BL/6mice (4/group) 25 mg 1 week Healthy animals ↑ \# intestinal IELs; ↑ \# TCRαβ+, TCR γδ+, CD8+, CD4+, CD8αα+, CD8αβ+ T cells in IELs; ↑ IFN-γ mRNA expression in IELs and spleen \[[@B28]\] *Sclerotinia sclerotiorum* SSG 6-8-week specific pathogen-free ♂ CDF~1~mice (3/group) 40 or 80 mg/kg days 1-10 2 weeks Healthy animals 10 mg dose ↑ acid phosphatase activity of peritoneal Mø (day 14) \[[@B30]\] 40, 80 or 160 mg/kg days 2-6 35 days Implanted SC Metha A fibrosarcoma cells day 1 80 mg dose ↓ tumor weight 6-8-week specific pathogen-free ♂ CDF~1~mice (10/group) 40, 80 or 160 mg/kg days 2-11 Injected ID IMC carcinoma cells day 1 6-8-week specific-pathogen free ♂ mice of BDF1 and C57BL/6 mice (7/group) 0.5, 1, 2, or 4 mg days 1-10 2-3 weeks Injected IV Lewis lung carcinoma (3LL) cells 2 mg ↓ \# of 3LL surface lung nodules at 2 weeks \[[@B83]\] *Sclerotium rofsii* Glucan phosphate ♂ ICR/HSD mice (3/group) 1 mg 1 day Healthy animals ↑ systemic IL-6; ↑ Mø expression of Dectin-1 in GALT cells; ↑ TLR2 expression in dendritic cells from Peyer\'s patches \[[@B29]\] *Trametes*(*Coriolus*) *versicolor* PSP 6-8-week ♂ BALB/c mice (10/group) 35 μg days 5-29 in drinking water 29 days Implanted SC Sarcoma-180 cells day 1 ↓ tumor growth & vascular density \[[@B94]\] ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ###### Immunomodulatory Non-Glucan Extracts: Oral Animal Studies ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Extract Source Animal Oral dose/day Duration Treatment Significant effects Reference ---------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------- Fucoidans *Cladosiphon okamuranus Tokida* 8-week ♀ BALB/c mice, 10/group 0.05% w/w of diet 56 days DSS-induced UC ↓ disease activity index and myeloperoxidase activity; ↓ \# of B220-positive colonic B cells; ↓ colonic MLN IFN-γ and IL-6 and ↑ IL-10 and TGF-β; ↓ colonic IgG; ↓ colonic epithelial cell IL-6, TNF-α, and TLR4 mRNA expression \[[@B49]\] *Undaria pinnatifida* 5-week ♀ BALB/c mice (10-12/group) 5 mg, days 1-14 or 7-14 2 weeks Injected HSV into cornea day 7 ↓ facial herpetic lesions; ↑ survival, particularly in pre-treated animals \[[@B45]\] 10 mg 1 week Administered\ ↑ plasma NK cell activity 5-fluorouracil Injected SC HSV ↑ cytotoxic splenic T lymphocyte activity 0.1 or 0.5 mg 3 weeks Injected IP HSV Both doses ↑ serum neutralizing Ab titers, weeks 2 and 3 6-week ♂ ddY mice (5/group) 50, 100, 200 400 or\ 3 weeks Injected with Ehrlich carcinoma in back day 14 200-500 mg/kg ↓ tumor growth \[[@B116]\] 500 mg/kg\ days 1-28 6-week ♂ BALB/c mice (8/group) 40 mg/kg alternating days\ 19 days Injected IP Meth A fibrosarcoma day 1 ↓ tumor growth 7-19 Furanose (COLD-FX^®^) *Panax quinquefolium* Weanling ♂ SD rats (10/group) 450 or\ 1 week Healthy animals Both doses ↑ spleen Il-2 and IFN-γ production following ConA or LPS stimulation; ↓ proportion of total MLN and Peyer\'s patch CD3+ cells & activated T cells; high dose ↑ spleen cell IL-1β production following 48 h ConA stimulation. \[[@B33]\] 900 mg/kg in food Galacto-mannan (partially hydrolyzed guar gum) *Cyamopsis tetragonolobus* 10-week ♀ BALB/c mice,\ 5% of diet 3 weeks DSS-induced UC at beginning of\ ↓ disease activity index scores, ↓ colonic mucosal myeloperoxidase activity & lipid peroxidation; ↓ colonic TNF-α protein levels & mRNA expression up regulated by DSS exposure \[[@B50]\] 11-15/group week 3 Galacto-mannans\ 8-month- SD rats, 5/group 5% of diet 3 weeks Older animals ↓ serum IgG; ↑ MLN lymphocyte IgA, IgM and IgG production \[[@B36]\] (guar gum) Glucomannan (KS-2) *Lentinula edodes* DD1 mice (10-20/group) 140 mg/kg days\ 50 days Injected IP Ehrlich ascites tumor cells day 1 ↑ survival \[[@B84]\] 2-13 0.1, 1, 10, or 100 mg/kg dose days 2-13 100 days Injected Sarcoma-180 tumor cells\ 1, 10, and 100 mg/kg doses ↑ survival day 1 Heteroglycan (ATOM) *A. subrufescens* Mice (10/group): 1) 5-week ♂ Swiss/NIH; 6 week- ♀ DS mice; 3) 8-week ♀ BALB/c nude; 4) 5-week C3H/HcN 100 or\ 8 weeks Implanted SC 1) Sarcoma-180, 2) Shionogi carcinoma 42, 3) Meth A fibrosarcoma, or 4) Ehrlich ascites carcinoma cells Both doses ↓ Sarcoma-180 tumor size at 4 weeks & ↑ survival; 300 mg/kg ↑ peritoneal macrophage and C3-positive cells; 300 mg/kg ↓ Shionogi and Meth A tumor sizes at 4 weeks. Both doses ↑ survival of Ehrlich ascites mice \[[@B93]\] 300 mg/kg\ days 2-11 Heteroglycan (LBP~3p~) *Lycium barbarum* ♂ Kunming mice (10/group) 5, 10 or\ 10 days Injected SC Sarcoma-180 cells 5 & 10 mg/kg ↑ thymus index; all doses ↓ weight, ↓ lipid peroxidation in serum, liver and spleen & ↑ spleen lymphocyte proliferation, cytotoxic T cell activity, IL-2 mRNA \[[@B91]\] 20 mg/kg Heteroglycan (PNPS-1) *Pholiota nameko* SD rats (5/group) 100, 200 or 400 mg/kg days 1-8 8 days Implanted SC cotton pellets in scapular region\ ↓ granuloma growth positively correlated with dose: 11%, 18% and 44%, respectively \[[@B55]\] day 1 Heteroglycan (PG101) *Lentinus lepideus* 8-10-week ♀ BALB/c mice (3/group) 10 mg 24 days 6 Gy gamma irradiation ↑ colony forming cells, granulocyte CFUs/Mø, erythroid burst-forming units, and myeloid progenitor cells in bone marrow; induced proliferation of granulocyte progenitor cells in bone marrow; ↑ serum levels of GM-CSF, IL-6, IL-1β \[[@B92]\] Mixed poly-saccharides (Ambrotose^®^or Advanced Ambrotose^®^powders) *Aloe barbadensis*, *Larix*spp, and other plant poly-saccharides ♂ SD rats (10/group) 37.7 or 377 mg/kg Ambrotose^®^powder or 57.4 or 574 mg/kg Advanced Ambrotose^®^powder 2 weeks 5% DSS in drinking water beginning day 6 574 mg/kg Advanced Ambrotose powder ↓ DAI scores; 377 mg/kg Ambrotose complex & both doses Advanced Ambrotose powder ↑ colon length and ↓ blood monocyte count \[[@B52]\] Pectin *Pyrus pyrifolia* 6-8-week ♂ BALB/c mice (11/group) 100 μg\ 22 days Injected IP OVA day 7, provoked with OVA aerosol day 21 bronchial fluid:↓ IFN-γ & ↑ IL-5; splenic cells: ↑ IFN-γ, ↓ IL-5; normalized pulmonary histopathological changes; ↓ serum IgE \[[@B54]\] days 1-7 Pectins (bupleurum 2IIc) *Bupleurum falcatum* 6-8-week ♀ specific-pathogen-free C3H/HeJ mice 250 mg/kg 1 week Healthy animals ↑ spleen cell proliferation \[[@B35]\] Pectins (highly methoxylated) *Malus*spp. 8-month- SD rats (5/group) 5% of diet vs. cellulose control 3 weeks Older animals ↑ MLN lymphocyte IgA & IgG \[[@B36]\] Pectins Citrus spp. 5-week ♀ F344 rats (30/group) 15% of diet 34 weeks Injected SC AOM once a week, weeks 4-14 ↓ colon tumor incidence \[[@B86]\] *Malus*spp. 5-week ♀ BALB/c mice (6/group) 5% of diet 2 weeks Healthy animals ↑ fecal IgA and MLN CD4+/CD8+ T lymphocyte ratio & IL-2 & IFN-γ secretion by ConA-stimulated MLN lymphocytes \[[@B51]\] 5-week ♀ BALB/c mice (6/group) 5% of diet days 5-19 vs. cellulose control 19 days DSS-induced UC days 1-5 Significantly increased MLN lymphocytes IgA, and significantly decreased IgE; significantly decreased ConA-stimulated IL-4 and IL-10 4-week ♂ Donryu rats (20-21/group) 20% of diet 32 weeks Injected SC AOM once a week,\ ↓ colon tumor incidence \[[@B85]\] weeks 2-12 4-week ♂ Donryu rats (19-20/group) 10 or 20% of diet 32 weeks Injected SC AOM once a week,\ Both doses ↓ colon tumor incidence; 20% ↓ tumor occupied area & ↓ portal blood and distal colon PGE~2~ \[[@B90]\] weeks 2-12 Pectins (modified) Citrus spp. 2-4-month BALB/c mice (9-10/group) 0.8 or 1.6 mg/ml drinking water,\ 20 days Injected SC with 2 × 2 mm section of human colon-25 tumor on day 1 Both doses ↓ tumor size \[[@B87]\] days 8-20 NCR nu/nu mice (10/group) 1% (w/v) drinking water 16 weeks Orthotopically injected human breast carcinoma cells (MDA-MB-435) into mammary fat pad on day 7 ↓ tumor growth rate & volume at 7 weeks, lung metastases at 15 weeks, \# of blood vessels/tumor at 33 days post-injection \[[@B89]\] NCR nu/nu mice (10/group) 1% (w/v) drinking water 7 weeks Injected human colon carcinoma cells (LSLiL6) into cecum on day 7 ↓ tumor weights and metastases to the lymph nodes and liver SD rats (7-8/group) 0.01%, 0.1% or 1.0% wt/vol of drinking water, days 4-30 1 month Injected SC MAT-LyLu rat prostate cancer cells 0.1% and 1.0% ↓ lung metastases; 1.0% ↓ lymph node disease incidence \[[@B88]\] ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ###### Immunomodulatory Polysaccharide-Rich Plant Powders: Oral Animal Studies ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Source Animal Oral dose/day Duration Treatment Significant effects Reference ------------------------------------------------------ ----------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------- ----------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------ *Agaricus*(*A. blazei*) *subrufescens*(fruit bodies) 6-week ♂ C57BL/6, C3H/HeJ and BALB/c mice (3/group) 16, 32 or 64 mg 2 weeks Healthy animals 32 and 64 mg ↑ liver mononuclear cell cytotoxicity \[[@B25]\] *Grifola frondosa* 6-week ♀ ICR mice (10-15/group) 5% of diet 36 weeks Oral N-butyl-N\'-butanolnitrosamine daily for first 8 weeks ↓ \#s of animals with bladder tumors; ↓ tumor weight; ↑ peritoneal Mø chemotactic activity, splenic lymphocyte blastogenic response & cytotoxic activity \[[@B70]\] *Laminaria angustata* Weanling SD rats (58/group) 5% of diet 26 weeks IG DMBA, beginning of week 5 ↑ time to tumor development and ↓ \# of adenocarcinomas in adenocarcinoma-bearing animals \[[@B77]\] *Lentinula*(*Lentinus*) *edodes* 6-week ♀ ICR mice (10-17/group) 5% of diet 36 weeks Oral BBN daily for first 8 weeks ↓ \# of animals with bladder tumors; ↓ tumor weight; ↑ Mø chemotactic activity, splenic lymphocyte blastogenic response, cytotoxic activity \[[@B70]\] 7-8 -week ♂ Swiss mice (10/group) 1%, 5% or 10% of diet of 4 different lineages days 1-15 16 days Injected IP N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea day 15 All 3 doses of one lineage and the 5% dose of two other lineages ↓ \#s of micronucleated bone marrow polychromatic erythrocytes \[[@B79]\] *Lentinula edodes*(fruit bodies) 5-week ♀ ICR mice\ 10%, 20% or 30% of diet 25 days Injected IP Sarcoma-180 ascites All 3 doses ↓ Sarcoma-180 tumor weight \[[@B78]\] (14/group × 2) Mice: 1) CDF~1~; 2) C3H; 3) BALB/c; 4,5) C57BL/6N (9/group × 3) 20% of diet 25 days Injected SC 1) IMC carcinoma, 2) MM-46 carcinoma, 3) Meth-A fibrosarcoma, 4) B-16 melanoma, or 5) Lewis lung carcinoma cells ↓ growth of MM-46, B-16, Lewis lung, and IMC tumors; ↑ lifespan in Lewis lung and MM-46 animals ICR mice (14/group × 2) 20% of diet days 1-7, days 7-31 or days 14-31 31 days Injected IP Sarcoma-180 ascites ↓ tumor weight & growth when fed days 7-31 or 14-31 Mice: 1) CDF~1~; 2) C3 H (5/group × 4) 20% of diet 7-12 days Injected SC: 1) IMC carcinoma or 2) MM-46 carcinoma cells ↑ spreading rate of activated Mø ↑ phagocytic activity *Phellinus linteus* 4-week ♂ ICR mice (10/group) 2 mg 1 month Healthy animals ↓ serum & splenocyte IgE production; ↑ proportion of splenic CD4^+^T cells & splenocyte IFN-γ production \[[@B31]\] *Pleurotus ostreatus* 6-week ♀ ICR mice\ 5% of diet 36 weeks Oral BBN daily for first 8 weeks ↓ \#s of animals with bladder tumors; ↓ tumor weight; ↑ plasma Mø chemotactic activity, splenic lymphocyte blastogenic response, cytotoxic activity \[[@B70]\] (10-20/group) ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ###### Immunomodulatory Polysaccharide Products: Oral Human Studies ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Extract Source Study design Population N (experimental/control) Dose/day Dura-tion Significant effects Reference -------------------------------- ---------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------ Arabino-galactans *Larix occidentalis* Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled Healthy adults 8/15 4 g 6 weeks ↑ % CD8+ lymphocytes & blood lymphocyte proliferation \[[@B18]\] Arabino-galactans (ResistAid™) Healthy adults given pneumococcal vaccinations day 30 21/24 4.5 g 72 days ↑ plasma IgG subtypes \[[@B19]\] Fucoidans *Undaria pinnatifida*sporophylls Randomized, single-blind, placebo-controlled Healthy adults 25 (75% fucoidan, 6 (10% fucoidan)/6 3 g 12 days 75% fucoidan: ↓ \#s blood leukocytes, lymphocytes\' ↑ plasma stromal derived factor-1, IFN-γ, CD34+ cells; ↑ % CXCR4-expressing CD34+ cells \[[@B21]\] Furanose extract (Cold-FX^®^) *Panax quinque-folium* Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled Healthy older adults given influenza immunization at the end of week 4 22/21 400 mg 4 months During weeks 9-16, ↓ incidence of acute respiratory illness, symptom duration \[[@B20]\] Glucans *Agaricus subru-fescens* Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled Cervical, ovarian or endometrial cancer patients receiving 3 chemotherapy cycles 39/61 5.4 g (estimated) 6 weeks ↑ NK cell activity, ↓ chemotherapy side effects \[[@B64]\] Glucans\ Not identified Placebo-controlled Recurrent aphthous stomatitis patients 31/42 20 mg 20 days ↑ PBL lymphocyte proliferation,↓ Ulcer Severity Scores \[[@B48]\] (β-1,3;1,6) Glucans\ *S. cerevisiae* Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled Adults with seasonal allergic rhinitis 12/12 20 mg 12 weeks 30 minutes after nasal allergen provocation test, nasal lavage fluid: ↓ IL-4, IL-5, % eosinophils, ↑ IL-12 \[[@B47]\] (β-1,3;1-6) Glucans (PSK) *Trametes versicolor* Randomized, controlled Patients with curatively resected colorectal cancer receiving chemotherapy 221/227 200 mg 3-5 years ↑ disease-free survival and overall survival \[[@B56]\] Controlled Post-surgical colon cancer patients receiving chemotherapy 123/121 3 g for 4 weeks, alternating with 10 4-week courses of chemo-therapy 7 years ↑ survival from cancer deaths; no difference in disease-free or overall survival \[[@B57]\] Post-surgical colorectal cancer patients receiving chemotherapy 137/68 3 g daily 2 years ↑survival in stage III patients; ↓ recurrence in stage II & III patients \[[@B58]\] Post-surgical gastric cancer patients receiving chemotherapy 124/129 3 g for 4 weeks, alternating with 10 4-week courses of chemo-therapy 5-7 years ↑ 5-year disease-free survival rate, overall 5-year survival \[[@B59]\] Pre-surgical gastric or colorectal cancer patients 16 daily; 17 every other day/13 3 g daily or on alternate days before surgery \<14 days or 14-36 days ≥14 day treatment: ↑ peripheral blood NK cell activity, PBL cytotoxicity, proportion of PBL helper cells; ↓ proportion of PBL inducer cells; \<14 day treatment: ↑ PBL response to PSK and Con A, proportion of regional node lymphocyte suppressor cells \[[@B62]\] Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled Post-surgical stage III-IV colorectal cancer patients 56/55 3 g for 2 months, 2 g for 22 months, 1 g thereafter 8-10 years ↑ remission & survival rates \[[@B61]\] Controlled Post-surgical stage III gastric cancer patients receiving chemotherapy 32/21 3 g 1 year ↑ survival time \[[@B60]\] Glucans (PSP) *Trametes versicolor* Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled Conventionally-treated stage III-IV non-small cell lung cancer patients 34/34 3.06 g 1 month ↑ blood IgG & IgM, total leukocyte and neutrophil counts, % body fat; ↓ patient withdrawal due to disease progression \[[@B63]\] ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ###### Immunomodulatory Polysaccharide Products: Composition and Structure -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Source Category Features MW Monosaccharide composition Reference ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------- *Agaricus subrufescens*(*A. blazei*) Extract β-1,6-D-glucan 10,000 NA \[[@B66]\] *Agaricus subrufescens*(fruit body) Extract α-1,6- and α-1,4 glucans with β-1,6-glucopyranosyl backbone (629.2 mcg/mg polysaccharides, 43.5 mcg/mg protein) 170,000 glucose \[[@B24]\] α-1,4 glucans & β-1,6 glucans with β-1,3 side branches; α-1,6 glucans; β-1,6; 1-3 glucans, β-1,4 glucans; β-1,3 glucans; β-1,6; α-1,3 glucans; riboglucans, galactoglucomannans, β-1,2; β-1,3 glucomannans NA glucose, mannose, galactose, ribose \[[@B25],[@B117],[@B118]\] *Agaricus subrufescens*(mycelia) Extract (ATOM) β-1,6-D-glucan, protein complex, 5% protein 100,000-1,000,000 glucose, mannose, galactose, ribose \[[@B93]\] *Aloe barbadensis*(leaf gel) Whole tissue Dry weight: 10% polysaccharides; acemannan, aloemannan, aloeride, pectic acid, galactans, arabinans, glucomannans average 2,000,000 mannose, glucose, galactose, arabinose, xylose, rhamnose \[[@B119],[@B120]\] Extract (aloemannan) neutral partially acetylated glucomannan, mainly β-1,4-mannans \>200,000 mannose, glucose \[[@B121]\] Extract (aloeride) NA 4,000,000-7,000,000 37% glucose, 23.9% galactose, 19.5% mannose, 10.3% arabinose \[[@B122]\] Extract (acemannan) β-1,4 acetylated mannan 80,000 mannose \[[@B123]\] *Aloe barbadensis*, (leaf gel), *Larix*sp. (bark), *Anogeissus latifolia*(bark), *Astragalus gummifer*(stem), *Oryza sativa*(seed), *glucosamine* Extracts (Ambrotose^®^powder) β-1,4 acetylated mannan, arabinogalactans, polysaccharide gums, rice starch, 5.4% protein 57.3% ≥ 950,000; 26.4% \< 950,000 and ≥80,000; 16.3% ≤ 10,000 mannose, galactose, arabinose, glucose, galacturonic acid, rhamnose, xylose, fructose, fucose, glucosamine, galacturonic acid (unpublished data, Mannatech Incorporated) *Aloe barbadensis*(leaf gel), *Larix*sp. (bark), *Undaria pinnatifida*(frond), *Anogeissus latifolia*(bark), *Astragalus gummifer*(stem), *Oryza sativa*(seed), *glucosamine* Extracts (Advanced Ambrotose^®^powder) β-1,4 acetylated mannan, arabinogalactans, polysaccharide gums, fucoidans, rice starch, 6% protein, 1% fatty acids 13% = 1,686,667; 46% = 960,000 30% \<950,000 and ≥70,000; 11% ≤ 10,000 *Avena*spp. (seed endosperm) Extract β-1,3;1,4 particulate (1-3 μ) glucans 1,100,000 glucose \[[@B43]\] *Avena*spp. (seed) Extract β-1,4,1,3 particulate glucans (linear chains of β-D-glycopyranosyl units; 70% β 1-4 linked) 2,000,000 NA \[[@B41],[@B124]\] *Buplerum falcatum*(root) Extract (bupleuran 2IIc) 6 linked galactosyl chains with terminal glucuronic acid substituted to β-galactosyl chains NA galactose, glucuronic acid, rhamnose \[[@B35]\] Citrus spp. (fruit) Extract α-1,4-linked partially esterified D-anhydrogalacturonic acid units interrupted periodically with 1,2-rhamnose 70,000-100,000 galactose, galacturonic acid, arabinose, glucose, xylose, rhamnose \[[@B125]\] *Cladosiphon okamuranus*(frond) Extract α-1,3-fucopyranose sulfate 56,000 fucose:glucuronic acid (6.1:1.0) \[[@B126]\] *Cordyceps sinensis*(mycelia) Extract β-1,3-D-glucan with 1,6-branched chains NA NA \[[@B127]\] *Cyamopsis tetragonolobus*(seed) Extract (guar gum) Main chain of β-1,4-mannopyranosyl units with α-galactopyranosyl units 220,000 mannose, galactose \[[@B36],[@B128]\] Extract (partially-hydrolyzed guar gum) NA 20,000 mannose, galactose \[[@B50]\] *Flammulina velutipes* Extract NA NA glucose, mannose, galactose \[[@B117]\] *Flammulina velutipes*(fruit body) Extract β-1,3 glucan NA glucose \[[@B129]\] *Ganoderma lucidum* Whole tissue Linear β-1,3-glucans with varying degrees of\ 400,000-1,000,000 glucose, galactose, mannose, xylose, uronic acid \[[@B130]\] D-glucopyranosyl branching, β-glucan/protein complexes, heteropolysaccharides Extract NA 7,000-9,000 NA \[[@B67]\] *Ganoderma lucidum*(fruit body) Extract NA 7,000-9,000 NA β-linked heteroglycan peptide 513,000 fructose, galactose, glucose, rhamnose, xylose (3.167:\ \[[@B15]\] 0.556:6.89:0.549:3.61) *Ganoderma tsugae* Extract 55.6% carbohydrates (12.5% polysaccharides); 12% triterpenes, 1.7% sodium, 0.28% protein, 0% lipid NA NA \[[@B53]\] *Ginkgo biloba*(seed) Extract 89.7% polysaccharides NA glucose, fructose, galactose, rhamnose \[[@B131]\] *Grifola frondosa* Whole tissue β-1,3; 1, 6-glucans, α-glucans, mannoxyloglucans, xyloglucans, mannogalactofucans NA glucose, fucose, xylose, mannose, galactose \[[@B117]\] *Grifola frondosa*(fruit body) Extract\ β-1,6-glucan with β-1,3 branches, 30% protein NA glucose \[[@B132]\] (D fraction) Extract\ β-1,6-D-glucan with α-1,4 branches, 35% protein 550,000-558,000 glucose (X fraction) *Hordeum*spp. (seed) Extract β-1,3;1,4-and β-1,3;1,6-D-glucans 45,000-404,000 glucose \[[@B75]\] Primarily linear β-1,3;1,4- glucans NA glucose \[[@B124]\] *Laminaria*spp.\ Extract (laminarin) β-1,3;1-6 glucan 7,700 glucose \[[@B29]\] (frond) β-1,3 glucan with some β-1,6 branches and a small amount of protein 4,500-5,500 glucose \[[@B44]\] Extract Fucoidan NA NA \[[@B133]\] *Larix occidentalis*(bark) Extract β-1,3;1,6-D-galactans with arabinofuranosyl and arabinopyranosyl side chains 19,000-40,000 galactose:arabinose (6:1), uronic acid \[[@B128],[@B134]\] *Lentinula edodes* Extract (SME) β-1,3-glucans (4-5%), α-1,4-glucan (8-10%), protein (11-14%) NA glucose \[[@B80]\] Extract β-glucan 1,000 glucose \[[@B27]\] Whole tissue Linear β-1,3-glucans, β-1,4;1,6-glucans, heterogalactan NA glucose, galactose, mannose, fucose, xylose \[[@B135]\] Extract (lentinan) β-1,3-glucan with 2 β-1,6 glucopyranoside branchings for every 5 β-1,3-glucopyranoside linear linkages 500,000 glucose \[[@B136]\] *Lentinula edodes*(fruit body)\ Extract (lentinan) Neutral β-1,3-D glucan with two β-1,6 glucoside branches for every five β-1,3 units 400,000-800,000 glucose \[[@B137]\] *Lentinula edodes* Extract\ Peptide units and mannan connected by α-glycosidic bonds 60,000-90,000 mannose, glucose (KS-2) *Lentinula edodes*(mycelia or fruit body) Extract Triple helical β-1,3-D glucan with β-1,6 glucoside branches 1,000,000 glucose \[[@B3]\] *Lentinula edodes*(mycelia) Extract\ 44% sugars, 24.6% protein \~1,000,000 xylose, arabinose, glucose, galactose, mannose, fructose \[[@B3]\] (LEM) Extract (PG101) 72.4% polysaccharides, 26.2% protein, 1.4% hexosamine NA 55.6% glucose, 25.9% galactose, 18.5% mannose \[[@B138]\] *Lycium barbarum* Whole tissue α-1,4;1,6-D-glucans, lentinan, β-1,3;1,6 heteroglucans, heterogalactans, heteromannans, xyloglucans NA glucose, galactose, mannose, xylose \[[@B139]\] *Lycium barbarum*(fruit body) Extract\ 88.36% sugars, 7.63% protein 157,000 galactose, glucose, rhamnose, arabinose, mannose, xylose (molar ratio of 1:2.12:1.25:1.10:1.95:1.76) \[[@B91]\] (LBP~3p~) *Panax quinquefolium*(root) Extract Poly-furanosyl-pyranosyl saccharides NA arabinose, galactose, rhamnose, galacturonic acid, glucuronic acid \[[@B33]\] NA NA glucose, mannose, xylose \[[@B140]\] Extract\ 90% poly-furanosyl-pyranosyl-saccharides NA furanose \[[@B20]\] (Cold-fX^®^) *Phellinus linteus*(fruit body) Extract α- and β-linked 1,3 acidic proteoglycan with 1,6 branches 150,000 glucose, mannose, arabinose, xylose \[[@B141]\] *Phellinus linteus*(mycelia) Extract 83.2% polysaccharide (4.4% β-glucan), 6.4% protein, 0.1% fat NA glucose \[[@B142]\] *Pholiota nameko*(fruit body) Extract (PNPS-1) NA 114,000 mannose, glucose, galactose, arabinose, xylose (molar ratio of 1:8.4:13.6:29.6:6.2) \[[@B55]\] *Pleurotus ostreatus*(mycelia) Extract β-1,3;1,6-D-glucans 316,260 glucose \[[@B143]\] *Saccharomyces cerevisiae* Extract (WGP) Particulate β-1,3;1,6-D-glucan NA glucose \[[@B144]\] Extract β-glucans with β-1,6 branches with a β-1,3 regions NA glucose \[[@B124]\] Extract\ soluble β-1,3-D-glucan with β-1,3 side chains attached with β-1,6 linkages 20,000 glucose \[[@B145]\] (SBG) *Sclerotinia sclerotiorum*(mycelia) Extract\ β-1,3-D-glucan, \<1% protein (\>98% polysaccharide) NA glucose \[[@B83]\] (SSG) *Sclerotium rofsii* Extract (scleroglucan) β-1,3;1,6 glucan 1,000,000 glucose \[[@B29]\] *Trametes versicolor*(fruit body) Extract\ α-1,4, β-1,3 glucans, 10% peptides 100,000 glucose, arabinose, mannose, rhamnose \[[@B146]\] (PSP) *Trametes versicolor*(mycelia) Extract\ β-1,4;1,3;1,6-D-glucans, protein 94,000 glucose (74.6%), mannose (15.5%), xylose (4.8%), galactose (2.7%), fucose (2.4%) \[[@B137],[@B147]\] (PSK) *Undaria pinnatifida*(sporophyll) Extract Galactofucan sulfate 9,000 fucose:galactose 1.0:1.1 \[[@B148]\] Galactofucan sulfate 63,000 fucose:galactose:gluc-uronic acid (1.0:1.0:0.04) \[[@B149]\] β-1,3-galactofucan sulphate 38,000 fucose, galactose \[[@B150]\] Unidentified source Extract (modified citrus pectin) NA 10,000 galactose, rhamnose, uronic acid \[[@B125]\] Extract (highly methoxylated pectin) NA 200,000 NA \[[@B36]\] -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ###### Safety of Immunomodulatory Polysaccharide Products Following Oral Intake ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Category Source Test group Test Design Results Equivalent human dose\* Reference ------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------- ------------------------------------ Arabino-galactans *Argemone mexicana*(arabinogalactan protein) Pregnant rats Develop-mental toxicity 250, 500, or 1,00 mg/kg, gestational days 5-19 No developmental toxicity: NOAEL = 1 g/kg 68 g \[[@B151]\] ♀ and ♂ rats Fertility 250, 500, or 1,00 mg/kg, 1 month No effects on reproduction: NOAEL = 1 g/kg Fucoidans *Undaria pinnatifi*da Rats Subchronic toxicity 1.35 g/kg, 1 month No evidence of toxicity 91.8 g \[[@B152]\] Galacto-mannans *Cyamopsis tetragonolobus* Adolescent and adult ♂ rats Subchronic and chronic toxicity 8% of diet, 6-67 weeks No evidence of toxicity 8% of diet \[[@B153]\] Rats Acute toxicity One 7.06 g/kg dose: observed 2 weeks LD~50~= 7.06 g/kg 480 g \[[@B96]\] Subchronic and chronic toxicity 1, 2, 4, 7.5 or 15% of diet, 3 months All doses ↓ ♀ BW; 7.5-15% ↓ ♂ BW; 15% ↓ bone marrow cellularity; ↓ kidney and liver weights 1-15% of diet 19 adults with hypercholesterol-emia 18 g/day, 1 year Short-term gastric bloating/loose stools, in 8 subjects, resolved in 7-10 days; 2 withdrew because of diarrhea. No toxicity for 13 subjects completing study 18 g \[[@B154]\] 16 Type II diabetics 26.4-39.6 g/day, 6 months No effects on hematologic, hepatic, or renal function 39.9 g \[[@B155]\] 18 Type II diabetics 30 g/day, 4 months 30 g *Cyamopsis tetragonolobus*(partially hydrolyzed guar gum) Mice & rats Acute toxicity One 6 g/kg dose; observed\ LD~50~\> 6 g/kg \>408 g \[[@B156]\] 2 weeks Rats Subchronic toxicity 0.2, 1.0 or 5% of diet, 13 weeks No evidence of toxicity 5% of diet 0.5 or 2.5 g/kg, 1 month NOAEL \> 2.5 g/kg \>170 g \[[@B157]\] *S. typhimurium* Mutagenicity Ames test Not mutagenic NA Glucans *Agaricus subrufescens*(aqueous extract) Rats Subchronic toxicity 0.63, 1.25, 2.5 or 5% of diet, 3 months NOAEL = 5% of diet 5% of diet \[[@B158]\] 3 women with advanced cancers Case reports Specific identity of products, doses, and durations of intake unknown Severe hepatotoxicity; two patients died NA \[[@B97]\] *Agaricus subrufescens*(freeze dried powder) 24 normal adults and 24 adults with liver problems Subchronic toxicity 3 g, 4 months No evidence of toxicity 3 g \[[@B159]\] *Ganoderma lucidum*\ Elderly woman Case report 1 year *G. lucidum*(and another unidentified product, initiated one month previous) Elevated liver enzymes and liver tissue damage NA \[[@B98]\] (supplement) *Grifola frondosa*(powder) Rats Acute toxicity One 2 g/kg dose No evidence of toxicity 136 g \[[@B160]\] *Lentinula edodes*(powder) 10 adults Safety 4 g/day for 10 weeks; repeated\ 50% of subjects experienced blood eosinophilia, ↑ eosinophil granule proteins in serum and stool, ↑GI symptoms 4 g \[[@B99]\] 3-6 months later *Lentinula edodes*\ Nude mice Safety 10% of diet days 1-18, 33-50 No adverse events 10% of diet \[[@B80]\] (SME) 61 men with prostate cancer 0.1 g/kg, 6 months No adverse events 6.8 g *Lentinus lepideus*(PG101) Female mice Subchronic toxicity 0.5 g/kg, 24 days No evidence of toxicity 34 g \[[@B92]\] *Phellinus linteus*\ Rats Acute toxicity One 5 g/kg dose; observed\ LD~50~\> 5 g/kg 349 g \[[@B161]\] (crude extract) 2 weeks *Pleurotus ostreatus*(aqueous extract) Mice Acute toxicity One 3 g/kg dose; observed\ LD~50~\> 3 g/kg \>204.g \[[@B100]\] 1 day Subacute toxicity 319 mg/kg, 1 month Hemorrhages in intestine, liver, lung, kidney; inflammation and microabscesses in liver 21.7 g *Saccharomyces cerevisiae*(particulate glucan \[WGP\]) Rats Acute toxicity One 2 g/kg, observed 2 weeks LD~50~\> 2 g/kg \>136 g \[[@B144]\] Subchronic toxicity 2, 33.3 or 100 mg/kg, 3 months NOAEL = 100 mg/kg 6.80 g Heteroglycans *Trametes versicolor*\ Rats Subchronic toxicity 1.5, 3.0 or 6.0 mg/kg, 2 months No evidence of toxicity 408 mg \[[@B162]\] (PSP) Rats & monkeys Subchronic and chronic toxicity 100-200X equivalent human dose, 6 months No evidence of toxicity NA *Trametes versicolor*\ Humans with colon cancer Safety 3 g/day, up to 7 years No significant adverse events 3 g \[[@B57]\] (PSK) Humans with colorectal cancer 3 g/day, 2 years 3 g \[[@B58]\] Mannans *Aloe vera*gel Dogs Acute toxicity Fed one 32 g/kg; observed 2 weeks LD50 \> 32 g/kg \>2,176 g Bill Pine, personal communi-cation Rats One 21.5 g/kg; observed 2 weeks LD50 \> 10 g/kg \>680 g ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ \*150 lb adult A number of studies in healthy human adults demonstrated immune stimulating effects of oral polysaccharides. Arabinogalactans from *Larix occidentalis*(Western larch) were shown in RCTs to increase lymphocyte proliferation and the number of CD8+ lymphocytes \[[@B18]\] and to increase the IgG subtype response to pneumococcal vaccination \[[@B19]\]. A furanose extract from *Panax quiquefolium*(North American ginseng) was shown in an RCT of healthy older adults to decrease the incidence of acute respiratory illness and symptom duration \[[@B20]\]. Finally, an RCT of healthy adults consuming *Undaria pinnatifida*(wakame) fucoidans found both immune stimulating and suppressing effects, including increased stromal-derived factor-1, IFN-g, CD34+ cells and CXCR4-expressing CD34+ cells and decreased blood leukocytes and lymphocytes \[[@B21]\]. Studies in healthy animals showed a number of immune stimulating effects of various glucan products from *Agaricus subrufescens (A. blazei)*(aqueous extracts \[[@B22]\], aqueous extracts with standardized β-glucans \[[@B23]\], α-1,6 and α-1,4 glucans \[[@B24]\], and whole plant powders \[[@B25]\]); *Lentinula edodes*(shiitake) (lentinan \[[@B26]\] and β-glucans \[[@B27]\]); *Saccharomyces cerevisiae*(β-1,3-glucans \[[@B27],[@B28]\]); *Laminaria digitata*(laminarin \[[@B29]\]); *Sclerotium rofsii*(glucan phosphate \[[@B29]\]); *Sclerotinia sclerotiorum*(SSG \[[@B30]\]); and *Phellinus linteus*(powder \[[@B31]\] and aqueous, alcohol-precipitated extract \[[@B32]\]). A furanose extract from *P. quiquefolium*and pectins from *Buplerum falcatum*and *Malus*(apple) spp. have also been shown to enhance immune function in healthy young animals \[[@B33]-[@B35]\]. *Cyamopsis tetragonolobus*galactomannan (guar gum) or highly methoxylated pectin feeding exerted numerous stimulating effects on antibody production in older animals \[[@B36]\]. Evidence for the effectiveness of oral polysaccharides against infection and immune challenges has been mainly demonstrated in animals. Immune stimulating effects have been shown in resting and exercise-stressed animals with thioglycollate, clodronate, or HSV-1 injections fed *Avena*(oat) spp. soluble glucans \[[@B37]-[@B41]\]; animals injected with or fed *E. vermiformis*and fed *Avena*spp. particulate glucans \[[@B42],[@B43]\]; animals with *E. coli*injections fed *L. digitata*glucans (laminarin) \[[@B44]\]; animals with HSV injections fed *U. pinnatifida*fucoidans \[[@B45]\]; animals with *Staphylococcus aureus*or *Candida albicans*injections fed *S. cerevisiae*glucans (scleroglucan) \[[@B29]\]; and animals with fecal solution injections fed an aqueous extract of *A. subrufescens*(*A. blazei*Murrill) \[[@B46]\]. Additional controlled human and animal studies have shown anti-inflammatory and anti-allergy effects of some polysaccharide products. In an RCT of adults with seasonal allergic rhinitis, *S. cerevisiae*β-1,3;1-6 glucans decreased IL-4, IL-5 and percent eosinophils, and increased IL-12 in nasal fluid \[[@B47]\], while a placebo-controlled study of patients with recurrent aphthous stomatitis (canker sores) consuming β-1,3;1-6 glucans found increased lymphocyte proliferation and decreased Ulcer Severity Scores \[[@B48]\]. Animal models of inflammatory bowel disease have shown anti-inflammatory effects of *Cladosiphon okamuranus*Tokida fucoidans \[[@B49]\], *Cyamopsis tetragonolobus*galactomannans \[[@B50]\], *Malus*spp. pectins \[[@B51]\], and mixed polysaccharide supplements \[[@B52]\]. Animals challenged with ovalbumin have demonstrated anti-inflammatory/allergy effects of *A. subrufescens*aqueous extracts \[[@B22]\], an aqueous extract *of Ganoderma tsugae*\[[@B53]\], and *Pyrus pyrifolia*pectins \[[@B54]\]. Anti-inflammatory effects have also been seen in animals with cotton pellet implantations fed a *Pholiota nameko*heteroglycan (PNPS-1) \[[@B55]\]. *Trametes versicolor*glucans have demonstrated anti-cancer effects in humans. In two RCTs and five controlled trials, PSK from *T. versicolor*mycelia increased survival of advanced stage gastric, colon and colorectal cancer patients \[[@B56]-[@B62]\] with one study showing increased immune parameters (including blood NK cell activity, leukocyte cytotoxicity, proportion of helper cells and lymphocyte suppressor cells) \[[@B62]\]. An RCT of advanced stage lung cancer patients consuming PSP from *T. versicolor*fruit bodies found increased IgG and IgM antibodies and total leukocyte and neutrophil counts, along with a decrease in the number of patients withdrawing from the study due to disease progression \[[@B63]\]. An RCT of ovarian or endometrial cancer patients consuming *A. subrufescens*glucans showed increased NK cell activity and fewer chemotherapy side effects \[[@B64]\]. In numerous animal models of cancer, a wide range of polysaccharides have shown anti-tumorogenic effects. Glucan products sourced from *A. subrufescens*demonstrating anti-cancer activities in animal models include an aqueous extract \[[@B65]\], an aqueous, acid-treated extract \[[@B66]\], and an aqueous extract with standardized levels of β-glucans \[[@B23]\]. Anti-cancer effects have been reported following intake of aqueous extracts of *G. lucidum*\[[@B67]-[@B69]\]; the powder and D fraction of *G. frondosa*\[[@B70]-[@B72]\]; *Hordeum vulgare*β-glucans \[[@B73]-[@B76]\]; *Laminaria angustata*powder \[[@B77]\]; *Lentinula edodes products*(powders \[[@B70],[@B78],[@B79]\], SME \[[@B80]\], β-glucans \[[@B27]\], and lentinan \[[@B81],[@B82]\]); *Pleurotus ostreatus*powder \[[@B70]\], *Saccharomyces cerevisiae*particulate β-1,3;1,6 and β-1,3glucans\[[@B27],[@B73]\]; and a glucan from *Sclerotinia sclerotiorum*(SSG) \[[@B30],[@B83]\]. A glucomannan from *L. edodes*(KS-2) improved survival of animals with cancer cell injections \[[@B84]\]; apple and citrus pectins have exerted anti-cancer effects, including decreased tumor incidence \[[@B85]-[@B90]\]. Finally, heteroglycans from *Lycium barbarum*(LBP~3p~), *Lentinus lepidus*(PG101) and A. *subrufescens*(ATOM) demonstrated a number of immune stimulating effects in animal cancer models \[[@B91]-[@B93]\]. Interestingly, only one animal study has been performed using glucans from *T. versicolor*(PSP): animals with cancer cell implantations showed decreased tumor growth and vascular density \[[@B94]\]. Most polysaccharide products appear to be safe, based on NOAEL, acute and/or chronic toxicity testing in rodents (Table [6](#T6){ref-type="table"}). As would be expected, powders, extracts and products that have not been fully characterized pose the most concerns. Other than for aloe vera gel, which was shown in a small human trial to increase the plasma bioavailability of vitamins C and E \[[@B95]\], the impact of polysaccharide intake on the absorption of nutrients and medications is not known. While one rat toxicity study raised concerns when guar gum comprised 15% of the daily diet \[[@B96]\], the product was safe in humans studies when 18-39.6 g/day was consumed for up to a year (Table [4](#T4){ref-type="table"}). Product contamination may explain three case reports of hepatotoxicity and/or death following intake of an *A. subrufescens*aqueous extract \[[@B97]\]. Seven animal studies reporting positive immunologic effects of *A. subrufescens*extracts in healthy animals or animals with cancers found no evidence of toxicity (Tables [1](#T1){ref-type="table"} and [2](#T2){ref-type="table"}). In humans, six weeks of *A. subrufescens*glucans intake was safe for cancer patients, and four months of 3 g/day intake by 24 healthy adults and 24 adults with liver disease reported no evidence of toxicity (Table [4](#T4){ref-type="table"}). Another case report associated liver toxicity with *G. lucidum*intake, but the elderly subject also took an unidentified product a month previous to her admission for testing \[[@B98]\]. Three animal studies reported immunologic benefits and no adverse effects following intake of *G. lucidum*aqueous extracts; in one study intake was 5% of the diet for 5 months (Table [1](#T1){ref-type="table"}). While adverse effects were also reported in a study in which 10 adults consumed 4 g/day *L. edodes*powder for 10 weeks \[[@B99]\], immunologic animal studies reported no ill effects of either *L. edodes*powder (5 studies, up to 5% of the diet up to nine months) or extract (7 studies, up to 40 days intake) (Tables [1](#T1){ref-type="table"} and [3](#T3){ref-type="table"}). Finally, while intake of 319 mg/kg of an aqueous extract of *P. ostreatus*by mice for 1 month caused hemorrhages in multiple tissues \[[@B100]\], there was no reported toxicity when mice consumed the mushroom powder as 5% of their diet for nine months (Table [3](#T3){ref-type="table"}). While ≥1 gram/day of *T. versicolor*glucan products were safely consumed by cancer patients for up to 10 years, the long-term effects of ingestion of the other polysaccharide products discussed in this review is also not known. Discussion ========== The majority of studies that qualified for inclusion in this review employed models investigating immune stimulation; fewer explored anti-inflammatory effects. Animal studies reported immune system effects in the gut, spleen, bone marrow, liver, blood, thymus, lungs, and saliva; controlled human studies reported evidence of immune stimulation in the blood, anti-inflammatory effects in nasal lavage fluid and improved survival in cancer patients. The literature is highly heterogenous and is not sufficient to support broad structure/function generalizations. For the limited number of studies that investigated well-characterized, isolated products (primarily glucan products), effects can be unequivocally attributed to polysaccharides. Such associations are certainly more tenuous when considering product powders or products obtained by extraction methods designed to isolate polysaccharides, but without complete compositional analyses. Dietary polysaccharides are known to impact gut microbial ecology \[[@B101],[@B102]\], and advances in microbial ecology, immunology and metabolomics indicate that gut microbiota can impact host nutrition, immune modulation, resistance to pathogens, intestinal epithelial development and activity, and energy metabolism \[[@B103]-[@B107]\]. Other than fucoidans, the polysaccharides discussed in this review appear to be at least partially degraded by bacterial enzymes in the human digestive tract (Table [7](#T7){ref-type="table"}). Arabinogalactans, galactomannans, a glucan (laminarin), glucomannans, and mixed polysaccharide products (Ambrotose^®^products) have been shown to be metabolized by human colonic bacteria. Orally ingested fucoidans, glucans and mannans (or their fragments) have been detected in numerous tissues and organs throughout the body \[[@B73],[@B108],[@B109]\], (Carrington Laboratories, personal communication). We know of no study that has determined the specific identity of orally-ingested polysaccharide end products in animal or human tissues. ###### Fate of Immunomodulatory Polysaccharide Products Following Oral Intake -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Category Product Metabol-ized by human gut bacteria? Study type Fate\ References (method: tissues detected) ------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------- ------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------- Arabinogalactans *Larix*spp. yes *in vitro* NA \[[@B163]-[@B169]\] Fucoidans *Undaria pinnatifida* no *in vitro* Ab: human plasma \[[@B108],[@B170]\] Galactomannans *Cyamopsis tetragonolobus*(partially hydrolyzed guar gum) yes *in vivo* NA \[[@B171]\] *Cyamopsis tetragonolobus*(guar gum) yes *in vitro* NA \[[@B167]\] Glucans *Hordeum vulgare* NA *in vivo* Fluorescein-labeled: mouse Mø in the spleen, bone marrow, lymph nodes \[[@B73]\] *Laminaria digitata*(laminarin) yes *in vitro* NA \[[@B29],[@B170],[@B172]\] *Sclerotium rofsii*(scleroglucan) glucan phosphate, *Laminaria*spp. (laminarin) NA *in vivo* Alexa Fluor 488-labeled: mouse intestinal epithelial cells, plasma, GALT \[[@B29]\] *Saccharomyces cervisiae*(particulate) NA *in vivo* Fluorescein-labeled: mouse macrophage in the spleen, bone marrow, lymph nodes \[[@B73]\] *Trametes versicolor*\ NA *in vivo* ^14^C-labeled: rat and rabbit serum; mouse GI tract, bone marrow, salivary glands, liver, brain, spleen, pancreas \[[@B173]\] (PSK) Mannans *Aloe barbadensis*(aloemannan) yes *in vitro* FITC-labeled: mouse, GI tract \[[@B121],[@B174]\] *Aloe barbadensis*\ yes *in vitro* NA \[[@B163]\] (gel powder) *Aloe barbadensis*(acemannan) NA *in vivo* ^14^C-labeled: dog systemic, particularly liver, bone marrow, gut, kidney, thymus, spleen (Carrington Laboratories, personal communication) Mixed polysaccharide products Ambrotose complex^®^, Advanced Ambrotose^®^powder yes *in vitro* NA \[[@B163],[@B175]\] Pectins NA yes *in vitro* NA \[[@B165]-[@B167],[@B176]\] *Buplerum falcatum*(bupleuran 2IIc) NA *in vivo* Ab bound: mouse Peyer\'s patch, liver \[[@B109]\] -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- One can only speculate upon the mechanisms by which the polysaccharides discussed in this review influence immunologic function, particularly when one considers the exceedingly complex environment of the GI tract. It is possible that fragments of polysaccharides partially hydrolyzed by gut bacteria may either bind to gut epithelia and exert localized and/or systemic immune system effects, or be absorbed into the bloodstream, with the potential to exert systemic effects. Current studies investigating the link between the bioconversion of dietary polysaccharides, their bioavailability and their downstream effects on the host metabolism and physiology are utilizing metabolomic and metagenomic approaches that can detect and track diverse microbial metabolites from immunomodulatory polysaccharides \[[@B103]\]. These and other innovative approaches in the field of colonic fermentation are providing novel insights into gut microbial-human mutualism \[[@B110],[@B111]\], its impact on regulating human health and disease, and the importance of dietary modulation \[[@B112]-[@B115]\]. Additional RCTs of well-characterized products are needed to more completely understand the immunomodulatory effects and specific applications of oral polysaccharides. Such studies will need to better investigate the optimal timing and duration for polysaccharide ingestion. That is, should they be consumed continuously, before, at the time of, or after exposure to a pathogen or environmental insult? Only a few studies have actually investigated the impact of timing of polysaccharide intake to achieve optimal benefits. Daily feeding with some polysaccharides appears to result in tolerance (and diminished benefits); this has been demonstrated for some mushroom β-glucans \[[@B3],[@B26]\]. For those polysaccharides whose immunologic effects are dependent on their prebiotic activities, regular feeding would be presumed necessary. Conclusions =========== The dietary polysaccharides included in this review have been shown to elicit diverse immunomodulatory effects in animal tissues, including the blood, GI tract, and spleen. In controlled human trials, polysaccharide intake stimulated the immune system in the blood of healthy adults, dampened the allergic response to a respiratory inflammatory agent, and improved survival in cancer patients. Additional RCTs of well-characterized products are needed to more completely understand the immunomodulatory effects and specific applications of oral polysaccharides List of abbreviations ===================== ♀: female; ♂: male; Ab: antibody; AIDS: autoimmune deficiency syndrome; AOM: azoxymethane; BBN: N-butyl-N\'-butanolnitrosamine; BLCL: Burkitt\'s Lymphoma Cell Line; BW: body weight; CBC: complete blood count; CD: cluster of differentiation; CFU: colony forming unit; ConA: concanavalin A; CXCR: CXC chemokine receptor; DMBA: 7,12-dimethylbenz*(a)*anthracene; DMH: N-N\'-dimethylhydrazine; DMN: dimethylhydrazine; DSS: dextran sulfate sodium; EBV: Epstein-Barr virus; GALT: gut-associated lymphoid tissue; GI: gastrointestinal; H~2~0~2:~hydrogen peroxide; HSV: herpes simplex virus; ICR: imprinting control region; ID: intradermal; IEL: intraepithelial lymphocytes; IFN-λ: interferon gamma; IG: intragastric; IgA: immunoglobulin A; IgE: immunoglobulin E; IgG: immunoglobulin G; IgM: immunoglobulin M; IL: interleukin; IMC: invasive micropapillary carcinoma; IN: intranasally; IP: intraperitoneal; IV: intravenous; LPS: lipopolysaccharide; Mø: macrophage; mAb: monoclonal antibody; 3-MCA: methylcholanthrene; MLN: mesenteric lymph nodes; MM-46 carcinoma: mouse mammary carcinoma; MW: molecular weight; NK: natural killer; NOAEL: no observable adverse effect level; OVA: ovalbumin; PBL: peripheral blood leukocytes; PBMC: peripheral blood mononuclear cells; PHA: phytohaemagglutinin; PMA: phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate; PML: polymorphonuclear lymphocyte; RCT: randomized, controlled trial; RNA: ribonucleic acid; SC: subcutaneous; SD rats: Sprague Dawley; TCR: T cell receptor; TLR: toll like receptor; TNF-α: tumor necrosis factor alpha; UC: ulcerative colitis; WT: wild type. Competing interests =================== The authors are employees of the Research & Development Department at Mannatech, Incorporated, which sells two of the polysaccharide products (Ambrotose^®^powder and Advanced Ambrotose^®^powder) discussed in this review. Authors\' contributions ======================= JER and EDN conducted literature searches and wrote the manuscript. RAS provided technical guidance. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. Acknowledgements ================ The authors would like to thank Barbara K. Kinsey, Ward Moore and Mrs. Jennifer Aponte for their assistance with the preparation of this manuscript, and Dr. Azita Alavi and Mrs. Christy Duncan for their editorial assistance.

Long Beach Film Festival - Now Accepting Films & Screenplays From: Robin Duarte Subject: Long Beach Film Festival - Now Accepting Films & Screenplays Date: Fri, 19 Jul 2002 15:13:14 -0800 Filmmakers & Screenwriters (please forward to interested parties): The Long Beach Film Festival is now accepting screenplays and films (short, documentary & feature) in all formats. The winners' work will be reviewed by a committee of established production companies. This is a great way to get exposure and even discovered in Hollywood. The festival is being held onboard the renowned Queen Mary in Long Beach, California (30 miles from Hollywood). The dates of the festival are September 13 - 22, 2002. You can view an 8 x 10 flyer here: http://www.longbeachfilmfestival.com/poster.html A 20% discount has been set up for students and independent filmmakers. The discounted submission prices are as follows: ORIGINAL PRICE DISCOUNTED PRICE Short Film $45 $36 Feature Film $60 $48 Screenplay $50 $40 To take advantage of these discounted prices, simply include a printout of this email with the submission form and legibly write 'email discount' on the payment check. The submission forms can be found here: http://www.longbeachfilmfestival.com/entry.htm All submissions must be received by August 15th, 2002. We look forward to receiving your work. Robin Duarte http://www.longbeachfilmfestival.com

994 A.2d 1040 (2010) 202 N.J. 43 STATE v. McCARY. Supreme Court of New Jersey. May 19, 2010. Petition for Certification Denied.

JARRYD Hayne is the million dollar man fast mounting a case as the most influential to ever wear the sky blue. As NSW eye a series win under remarkably similar circumstances to the 2014 victory powered by Hayne, a host of money-ball figures reveal the true extent of Hayne’s impact on Origin. The Blues have claimed an impressive four of their last five games with Hayne in their line-up — either side of his NFL and Rugby Sevens jaunts. The Fox Sports Lab numbers alone don’t tell the tale of Hayne’s dominance in the interstate arena, where he has often been the opponent Queensland fear most throughout his career. By the time the 29-year-old hangs them up, we may well be hailing him as the greatest in New South Wales’ history. HURRICANE HAYNE With an astounding 125 tackle busts from 21 Origins at just under six a game, no player has caused the Maroons as many headaches as Hayne. The next best for tackle breaks by the Blues is legend Brad Fittler, whose 90 busts came from a NSW-record 31 Origins. At his current rate Hayne will move past Maroons mainstays Mal Meninga (128 busts from 32 games and Greg Inglis (132 busts from 30 Origins) by the end of this series. Jarryd Hayne makes a break in Game I. Source: News Corp Australia METRE EATER Hayne is also odds on to surpass Paul Gallen for the most running metres in NSW Origin history. He has currently racked up 3,137 metres at 149 a game, and sits just 169 behind Gallen’s gutbusting 3,306, whose 137 a match came up the middle. Queenslanders Petero Civoniceva (4065m), Inglis (3455m) and Meninga (3310m) all sit ahead of him, but even Civoniceva’s 123 metres a game trail well behind the Titans star. GAME BREAKER Hayne (10) is one try away from equalling Michael O’Connor as NSW’s all-time leading try scorer. He is also poised to break into the top five tryscorers across both states — a list currently headed by Greg Inglis (18) and rounded out by Darius Boyd, Billy Slater, Dale Shearer and O’Connor. Jarryd Hayne celebrates at full-time of Game I. Source: AAP Hayne is also just one linebreak behind the 21 Sharks champion Andrew Ettingshausen racked up from 27 games for NSW. The pair still trail all-time leader O’Connor, who made 26 linebreaks in 19 Origins during the late 80s and early 90s. RISING THROUGH THE RANKS Provided he takes the park for the rest of this series, Hayne will draw level with his own coach Laurie Daley and Eighth Immortal Andrew Johns on 23 Origin appearances. Only Fittler (31), Ettingshausen (27) and Gallen (24) have turned out more often for their state, and at 29 he could quite well surpass them all. Hayne has also played 1,679 minutes for NSW — fourth on the all-time list.

OH YOU'RE 3 MILES FROM THE NEAREST SUBSTATION HOPE YOU CAN MAKE IT THERE AND GET YOUR BELT OFF WITH IN 60 SECONDS 1,325 shares

Metrics and proxies for stringency of regulation of plant water status (iso/anisohydry): a global data set reveals coordination and trade-offs among water transport traits. Plants operate along a continuum of stringency of regulation of plant water potential from isohydry to anisohydry. However, most metrics and proxies of plant iso/anisohydric behavior have been developed from limited sets of site-specific experiments. Understanding the underlying mechanisms that determine species' operating ranges along this continuum, independent of site and growing conditions, remains challenging. We compiled a global database to assess the global patterns of metrics and proxies of plant iso/anisohydry and then explored some of the underlying functional traits and trade-offs associated with stringency of regulation that determines where species operate along the continuum. Our results showed that arid and semi-arid biomes were associated with greater anisohydry than more mesic biomes, and angiosperms showed marginally greater anisohydry than gymnosperms. Leaf water potential at the turgor loss point (Ψtlp) and wood density were the two most powerful proxies for ranking the degree of plant iso/anisohydry for a wide range of species and biomes. Both of these simple traits can be easily and rapidly determined, and therefore show promise for a priori mapping and understanding of the global distribution pattern of the degree of plant iso/anisohydry. Generally, the most anisohydric species had the most negative values of Ψtlp and highest wood density, greatest resistance to embolism, lowest hydraulic capacitance and lowest leaf-specific hydraulic conductivity of their branches. Wood density in particular appeared to be central to a coordinated series of traits, trade-offs and behaviors along a continuum of iso/anisohydry. Quantification of species' operating ranges along a continuum of iso/anisohydry and identification of associated trade-offs among functional traits may hold promise for mechanistic modeling of species-specific responses to the anticipated more frequent and severe droughts under global climate change scenarios.

Spain is the EU country where most people live in apartments Eurostat spends a good amount of money in producing statistics about almost any activity within the EC and offers very valuable information about the construction industry. This time it has produced an array of figures about where the European likes to live. I am not one for statistics I must confess, but as I have mentioned in many other articles we do obtain a lot of useful information especially for those of us involved in the construction industry. Spain tops the ranking According to the latest data from the European Statistical Office (Eurostat), Spain tops the ranking of countries in the European Union (EU) where the highest percentage of population lives in an apartment: 66.5% of Spaniards live in this type of building compared to 33.1% it does in a house. The figure is striking especially when compared with other neighbouring countries. In France, for example, the ratio is almost reversed: seven out of 10 French lives in a house for three out of 10 in apartments. The difference is even greater if we take the number of UK, the country with the highest percentage of population living in households: 84.7% versus 14.4% living in a flat (0.9% of those interviewed answered with another category called "other"). The closest country to Spain with apartments as the most widespread living accommodation is Latvia (65.1%), followed by Lithuania (58.4%) and Greece (56.9%), in that order. The result of the average of the EU countries also marks a clear dissimilarity with the Spanish context: six out of 10 Europeans live in a house opposite the remaining four does so in an apartment; more than 2.5 points of difference from the Spanish proportion. There are more home owners in Spain than in other European countries. Another interesting figure from Eurostat study on the conditions and characteristics of housing in the EU is about ownership, all data shown here are obtained from 2014. In this respect, nearly eight out of 10 Spaniards (78.8%) own the property in which they live, 8.7% more than the European average. For rent they are somewhat below the average: 21.2% versus 29.9% for the European Community. Why is the apartment so quintessential to the Spanish people and why are they so prone to this property regime? The reasons can be explained by three factors: the historical, economic and sociological. From inside the castle wall to the apartment block. Let’s start from the beginning. We have to roll back to the turbulent middle ages, when wars determined the pattern of urban settlements. The cities were walled, the ground was very limited and already at that time housing needed to be built in height. It was also the same in other countries, but in those countries wars did not last centuries as in Spain. More recently, we had the rural exodus: Farmers left the countryside and moved on to the city. In Spain this happened not long ago just in the decades of the 60’s to the 80’s. People migrated to cities and property developers sorted the problem out with a quick construction method: the block of flats. Today, vertical construction has been widely accepted because it is greener and more resource-efficient. Spain is an increasingly empty country where it is increasingly easy to build horizontally. Still remember that, despite everything, the Spaniards hardly see the good side of an ecological construction and tend to seek the villas from a prestigious point of view. Property developers take control. The role of the economy and the current situation of crisis arising from the bursting of the housing bubble, are some of the explanations that make almost seven out of 10 Spaniards to live in apartments. There has been a very uneven economy and there are the selected few who control the sale of development land. The property developer gets more economic benefit from building in height because they can make more profit. A conservative family orientated society. The Spanish idiosyncrasies explain the property ownership regime being most widespread among the Spanish people on one hand, and developments been built around the block of flats on the other. The Spaniards are very conservative and fear and loath financial investments. You only have to read recent news to see what happened to those who tried buying complicated financial products that they didn’t understand. In general people have always seen the brick as a solid long term investment, unlike financial products. They are also conservative in its family structure. There is less geographical mobility than other countries and historically people have bought a house because they did not anticipate moving for work reasons for a long time. Having said that, due to the current crisis there a good percentage of the working population ready to move anywhere, even abroad for a stable job position. This has impacted directly on the sale of properties, now the tendency has changed to rent. However, figures for rental in this country still far from European countries more oriented in that direction. As shown in Eurostat study, Germany with 52.5%, Austria with 57.2% and Denmark with 63.3%, are the countries where most people opt for the lease in detriment of an ownership regime.

Q: Disciplining: what to do when kid starts hiding his mischief? We try to set well-defined/predictable and not-to-harsh consequences for mischief of our 4.5-year-old: timeouts, taking away toys, refusing to play, skipping story-time, etc., but no physical punishment, long solitary timeouts or excessive shouting. Afterwards we usually talk about why the mischief was followed with a consequence. Sometimes, our child will freak out at the threat of such a discipline measure, that they beg one parent not to tell the other parent about the mischief, in hopes of skipping or lessening the measure of discipline he's threatened by. Think: "Ok, that's it, there's no story-time, you'll just go to sleep by yourself" "Please don't tell mommy, please, please " It seems that such a response is a direct result of our discipline measures. The child is starting to hide the mischief even when it could be hazardous or too minor to have consequences. We fear raising a child who will be afraid to tell their parents about any problems/mistakes/issues they are faced with, and would like to build a trusting relationship with them. Are there any well-known/established recommendations on how to approach disciplining a child, so that they do not develop this fear-of-consequence attitude that is beginning to appear in our child? A: I think this seems normal at this point. You're avoiding the major problem areas here by not having long lasting punishments. More than likely your child is simply embarrassed. She recognizes that she misbehaved, and doesn't want mommy to know she misbehaved, because it's embarrassing. A good way to approach this when it happens is to simply point out that it's not something with long term consequences. Get her to focus on improving her "next time" if she wants mommy's approval. If she says "don't tell mommy", you can redirect with "Well, if you want this not to happen when mommy does bedtime, how can we work on making better choices next time?", for example. Move her quietly off of 'embarrassment' to 'solution-oriented'. Realistically, every child will hide something, sometimes, whether from embarrassment or from punishment avoidance. Giving her a loving environment where you help her make better choices rather than having significant punishments is the best approach, and being understanding when she does hide things is also appropriate. Rather than punishing the 'not telling', as some do, I suggest when you do discover something that wasn't told, you talk to her about why she didn't tell you, and talk about the potential consequences of not telling you - not punishment, but what bad things could happen (she or someone else could get hurt, the house could be damaged, etc.), and lightly talk about things like trustworthiness (though if she really is embarrassed by this, it's something to tread lightly around, as that risks more problems I worry with a child who's perhaps not high in the self confidence area).

Cast metal bases as an economical alternative for the severely resorbed mandible. Resorption of the alveolar ridge is a common problem in edentulous patients and can compromise the stability and function of dentures. Resorption and its consequences can be minimized when strategically placed implants are used; however, this option is financially out of reach for many patients. The article discusses a more cost-effective alternative (metalbased dentures) for patients with ridge resorption. In certain environments, like a dental school, where patients are looking for solutions to their dental problems at a reasonable price, cast metal bases can be a feasible economical alternative for edentulous patients. Both cases presented here demonstrated a significant improvement in stability, phonation, and mastication.

There is a common refrain among some trans activists that male privilege either does not exist or is insignificant to trans women's experiences. There is a common refrain among some radical feminists, largely trans exclusionary radical feminists, that trans women never lose male privilege at all and that male socialisation during childhood and adolescence is unavoidable, too deeply ingrained, and therefore constitutes a significant difference between female assigned at birth women (hereafter referred to as FAAB or cisgender) and trans women which would either render trans women "not-women" or call for their exclusion from women's spaces. I reject both of these assertions as fundamentally flawed. Male privilege exists. It is real. Trans women may not have it during periods of female presentation, but this does not mean it does not exist during those periods of male presentation. To argue otherwise is absurd. One need not enjoy privilege or feel comfortable with privilege for privilege to exist. Nor is this experience of privilege insignificant. A trans woman's own experience should be evidence enough of its significance, for it is one of the many ways in which she is shoved into a gender which is not her own. A trans woman may fight male privilege's application to her person, but she cannot stop it from being offered initially, nor can she succeed at all times in preventing its application against her will. It is still privilege, even though it may sound like oppression, because it is one which as at an intersection of lacking cisgender privilege. That intersection does not erase the fact that it is still privilege. If she is presenting as male and she keeps her mouth shut, she can benefit from male privilege. And no doubt she has done so at some point in her life. In order to move the discourse forward, this is a fact that trans women, and especially so-called trans activists (who claim to speak for all of us) must understand and embrace as true. Otherwise there can be no place for trans activists (as separated from trans activism) in feminism. Is this lived experience of sometimes having or gaining from male privilege, but finding it painful, significantly and radically different from the experience of never having and never gaining from male privilege as experienced by cisgender women? In order to answer this meaningfully, we need to set our goalposts. Terms like "significantly" and "radically" are relative. If we lived in a world where our only basis for comparison was cis women and trans women, then yes, this lived experience of sometimes having or gaining from male privilege most certainly would be significantly and radically different. However, we do not live in such a world, and our goalposts need to compare both cis women's lived experiences and trans women's lived experiences to cis men's lived experiences (and trans men's lived experiences. Although not the topic of this article, trans men's experiences are often closer themselves to women's experiences in comparison to cis men's, as so many men's spaces consider trans men to be women, or at least, "non-men"). When we look at that comparison, we begin to see that we have more in common than we do not. Yet there is an objection to this assertion that cis women and trans women share more lived experiences than trans women share with cis men. What about male socialisation, the objector asks, isn't any period of time being socialised as a male automatically placing that individual in one category while those who were not are placed in another category? We can do that grammatically, in that we can construct a sentence whereby we create such categories, but it does not reflect reality. The lived experience of a trans woman, or a trans girl as is more often than not the case, is not the same as that of a cis man/boy. Cis boys do not cry themselves to sleep wishing they were girls. Cis boys do not start arguments with authority figures over being thought of and addressed as boys as some trans girls do. Cis boys do not worry that their "manly" gender performances will be revealed to be fraudulent because they're actually girls as other trans girls do. These experiences are experiences that clearly separate trans girls from cis boys, and therefore separate trans women from cis men. Fine, the objector says, I accept that trans women do not have the same socialisation or internalisation as cis men, but why is a trans woman's lived experiences closer to a cis woman's, why not place trans women's experiences in a third box? Excellent question. There are two major ways in which a trans woman's experiences are like a cis woman's experiences. The first is trans girls' internalisation and attention to patriarchal messages intended for girls and women. Feminist blogger Pheenobarbidoll (a cis woman of color) recently made this blog comment on Twisty Faster's "I Blame The Patriarchy": And when little children KNOW they are girls on the inside, and should be girls but something has gone wrong, do you not realize they internalize all the ways females are oppressed? They’re being given male privilege, all the while terrified that someone will discover they’re not boys and knowing that because of that they’re worthless. Knowing secretly they’re bad and at any point someone could find out just how bad they are...Hey you! A body part that doesn’t truly belong to you and shouldn’t even be there is the only reason you’re valuable! Yeah, that’s some privilege right there. That’s not damaging at all. The objector would like us to think that no socialisation ever meant for girls and women is ever internalised by trans girls/women. This just isn't so. It is, in fact, verifiably false when another trans exclusionary claim is that trans women support the gender binary (and therefore the patriarchy) by buying into this socialisation when they should soundly reject it. Trans women may, and in fact often do, support the gender binary in some ways (although their very existence undermines it), but who else internalises this socialisation and performs it? Not cis men, oh, they internalise messages about women, but they don't apply it to themselves. No, cis women do. This is a lived experience that cis women and trans women share in childhood and adolescence, and one which does not cease in adulthood. There is a reason why Hourou Musuko was chosen as the banner for both this article and Ask a Trans Woman. In my personal opinion, it is the best, most accurate take on growing up trans in Japan or other industrialised, so-called "developed" or "first world" nations, and it is useful in considering this topic. The entire focus of the comic by Shimura Takako (also known for her work on the adolescent Japanese lesbian experience in Aoi Hana) is the way in which its two trans characters, Nitori Shuichi and Takatsuki Yoshino, try to square their self-conceptualisations and internalisation of gender norms with the reactions of the authority figures and peers around them and their own bodily experiences in adolescence. It goes pretty deeply and graphically into the details of puberty and how both Nitori (nicknamed Nitorin) and Takatsuki view their bodies in terms of gendered messages. They go about first attempting to mitigate puberty (something which is typical of cis girls, trans girls, and trans boys, but is atypical of cis boys) and then attempting to deal as best they can without access to medical care and with non-supportive friends and family. Although Shimura is a cis woman herself, the care in which she has constructed her characters' narratives will surely resonate with many trans men and women. It soundly calls into question the assertions that "male" or "female" socialisation is all pervasive and absolute and that trans women are incapable of coming into a gender which was not "intended" to be theirs. Ask a Trans Woman Feel free to ask me anything. There are no stupid questions. If I feel something is inappropriate… Read more The second reason trans women have more in common with cis women than they do with cis men is that from the moment they in some way announce they are not men, they are treated as not men. Non-men. Unmen. Man is default, and trans women are immediately othered. This may take the form in childhood and adolescence as bullying, either verbal or physical. It may take the form of the microagressions used by family or authority figures. It may take the form during transitioning of references to trans women being "failed men" or "bad men" or "men in dresses." The most pervasive form it takes is the treatment of trans women as women. Even when discrimination ceases because a trans woman now "passes" and is read as cisgender, she still continues to suffer misogyny. She is subjected to cat-calling, she is subjected to sexual assault, she has the same issues with being believed if she reports that sexual assault, and God help her if she hasn't had SRS or her gender markers changed, because then she goes right back to adding on that previous treatment, she will still find herself earning less than a cis man, she will still find herself passed over for promotion, and this assumes, again, her gender history is not found out. She may spend childhood and adolescence struggling with male socialisation, and she may spend twenty to thirty years going in and out of male privilege, but after the point of transition, she will forever be treated as woman. All right, all right, says the objector. I get it! Trans women and cis women have more in common than I realised and trans women's experiences are closer to cis women's experiences than they are to cis men's. I further understand that trans women are women from the stand point of patriarchy! Indeed, that is the case, and if feminism works for the good of all women and trans women are women under patriarchy, then it behooves feminism to be trans inclusive. Our oppression is not the same, but it is still just slightly different flavors of the same old misogyny. When trans women are excluded from feminism, especially feminism which claims to be intersectional and recognise that all women's experiences are not identical but still exist in the same nebula of "woman," it undermines the very foundation of feminism and that is something which only benefits the patriarchy and is ultimately dangerous to us all. This article was originally published on Groupthink on April 15, 2013.

Pancreatic trauma: Management and literature review. Pancreatic injury is an uncommon event often difficult to diagnose at an early stage. After abdominal trauma, the surgeon must always be aware of the possibility of pancreatic trauma due to the complications associated with missed pancreatic injuries. Due to its retroperitoneal position, asociated organs and vascular injuries are almost always present, which along with frequent extra abdominal injuries explain the high morbidity and mortality. The aim of this study is to present a concise description of the incidence of these injuries, lesional mechanisms, recommended diagnostic methods, therapeutic indications including nonoperative management, endoscopy and surgery, and an analysis of pancreas-specific complications and mortality rates in these patients based on a 60-year review of the literature, encompassing 6,364 patients. Due to pancreatic retroperitoneal position, asociated organs and vascular injuries are almost always present, which along with frequent extraaabdominal injuries explain the high morbidity and mortality of these patients.

[Patterns of Candida esophagitis in cancer and AIDS patients: histopathological study of 23 patients]. Candida oesophagitis is a common concomitant disease in neutropenic cancer patients after chemotherapie as well as in HIV-patients. In order to characterize the features of oesophagitis in each population, we reviewed the medical history and pathology records of 23 patients (18 cancer-patients, 5 HIV-patients) with culture and autopsy-proven Candida oesophagitis. Histopathological patterns of morphology, invasion, angioinvasion and inflammation were evaluated. Virtually all patients, 17/18 cancer- and 5/5 HIV-patients, had a history of previous mucosal candidosis or candidemia. There was a significant difference histopathologically in depth of invasion of the Candida-organisms between cancer and HIV-patients. Only in HIV-patients organisms were observed within the muscularis propria and the adventitia (2/5 vs 0/18; p = 0.04). The frequency of angioinvasion (12/18 vs 3/5) was similar in both groups. Neutropenia (< 500/microliter) was present in 12 (68%) of 18 cancer patients vs 0/5 HIV-patients (p = 0.01). Correspondingly there was a significant higher PMN/MN ratio in the oesophageal inflammatory infiltrate in HIV-patients, reflecting chemotherapy-induced neutropenia in cancer patients (p = 0.02). Oesophageal candidosis in HIV-patients may be highly invasive despite the presence of neutrophils. These findings suggest an impaired inflammatory response of HIV-patients to invasive candidosis, leading to impaired mucosal host defence.

TMBA 166 (LBP142) – The Hiring Golden Triangle Happy Valentines Day from the fellas at The Lifestyle Business Podcast. Everybody’s back together this week to bring you some love. Ian has determined Tokyo to be his favorite Asian city and Dan has returned from some business (and pleasure) in the Philippines. Dan and Ian discuss hiring, when to use interns vs. VA’s vs. professionals and how this can have a profound impact on your business’ growth. They have also been getting an incredible amount of emails, reviews and feedback from everybody so the fellas take some time to answer your most pressing questions, concerns and confessions. To Hire or Not to Hire… How you can scientifically determine the best time to hire your first employee.

Kengo Ota is a Japanese football player for Grulla Morioka. Career After attending Osaka University of Health and Sport Sciences, Ota joined Grulla Morioka in January 2018. Club statistics Updated to 30 August 2018. References External links Profile at J. League Profile at Iwate Grulla Morioka Category:1995 births Category:Living people Category:Osaka University of Health and Sport Sciences alumni Category:Association football people from Kanagawa Prefecture Category:Japanese footballers Category:J3 League players Category:Iwate Grulla Morioka players Category:Association football defenders

Q: Multiple lock owners in SQL Server 2014 I've encountered a deadlock on SQL Server 2014, and created a deadlock report using extended events. Below is an excerpt from the report. What does it mean for objectlock(objid="554979041") to have multiple owners (namely, process14f3f2108 and processf32b5848 (twice)). I understand how a lock may have multiple waiters, but what does it mean to have multiple owners? I thought that a lock could only be owned by a single process, and that all other processes interested in the lock would have to wait for the lock. What am I missing? <deadlock> ... content deleted ... <resource-list> <keylock hobtid="72057633537982464" dbid="15" objectname="BasketHeader" indexname="UX_BasketHeader_BasketID_Account" id="lock2d9b59f80" mode="X" associatedObjectId="72057633537982464"> <owner-list> <owner id="process203dad848" mode="X" /> </owner-list> <waiter-list> <waiter id="process14f3f2108" mode="RangeS-U" requestType="wait" /> </waiter-list> </keylock> <objectlock lockPartition="0" objid="554979041" subresource="FULL" dbid="15" objectname="BasketItem" id="lock1e64cbc80" mode="IX" associatedObjectId="554979041"> <owner-list> <owner id="process14f3f2108" mode="IX" /> !!! OWNER 1 </owner-list> <waiter-list> <waiter id="processf32b5848" mode="X" requestType="convert" /> </waiter-list> </objectlock> <objectlock lockPartition="0" objid="554979041" subresource="FULL" dbid="15" objectname="BasketItem" id="lock1e64cbc80" mode="IX" associatedObjectId="554979041"> <owner-list> <owner id="processf32b5848" mode="IX" /> !!! OWNER 2 <owner id="processf32b5848" mode="X" requestType="convert" /> !!! OWNER 3 </owner-list> <waiter-list> <waiter id="process203dad848" mode="IX" requestType="wait" /> </waiter-list> </objectlock> </resource-list> </deadlock> A: The processes use and request different types of locks on the tables Exclusive (X) Shared (S) Intent exclusive (IX) Intent shared (IS) Shared with intent exclusive (SIX) And the compatability matrix looks like this: (X) (S) (IX) (IS) (SIX) (X) ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗ (S) ✗ ✓ ✗ ✓ ✗ (IX) ✗ ✗ ✓ ✓ ✗ (IS) ✗ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ (SIX) ✗ ✗ ✗ ✓ ✗ process203dad848 (A) has a X (exclusive) lock on the BasketHeader table and is requesting an IX (Intent Exclusive) lock on the BasketItem table process14f3f2108 (B) has an IX (Intent Exclusive) lock on BasketItem and is waiting to get a RangeS-U on BasketHeader. processf32b5848 (C) has an IX lock on BasketItem and is waiting for it to be turned into a X lock As you can see on the table above IX locks are compatible so seeing two of those on the BasketItem table is perfectly normal. The RangeS-U makes this interesting as range locks only happen when you are running transactions if you are using serializable isolation level Whats happening is that (A) holds an exclusive lock on BasketHeader and is waiting for an IntentExclusive lock on BasketItem. (B) is running in serializable isolation level and and is waiting for getting an exclusive Shared lock on BasketHeader and holds an IntentExclusive lock on BasketItem While (C) is Converting its IX lock to X lock. (B) who is running in serializable will not be able to continue unless it gets its RangeS-U on BasketHeader and will not yield for (C). (A) cannot continue until it can get its lock on BasketItem and there you have your deadlock

Guard youths from alcopops 9:55 AM, May 8, 2013 Written by Dylan Goodman OPINION Attending any high school means you hear a lot about what everyone is doing - from after-school activities to alcohol. One of the major problems are alcopops - alcoholic drinks marketed toward youths that are easy to mistake as juice, soda or energy drinks because of their packaging and taste. I attend Asheville High School and work with Youth Empowered Solutions, a youth advocacy group that focuses on everything from youth obesity to substance abuse. We've worked before on labeling alcopops with stickers that remind adults not to purchase the products for youths and help distinguish the ...

In cranes, cargo-handling machinery or construction machinery, such as excavators for example, hydraulic quick couplings are widely used for the purpose of coupling structural components which have to be separated or reset for a specific use of for transport. The structural components are in most cases connected mechanically by quick-change systems, the coupling of the power transmission lines, especially those with large cross sections, being associated with considerable expenditure in terms of energy and in terms of time. One object of the present application is to make available a hydraulic quick coupling which on the one hand reduces the expenditure of energy and time and on the other hand avoids contamination of the hydraulic fluid by using individual couplings free from leakage oil. According to the one embodiment, the object is achieved by a hydraulic quick coupling. The coupling includes two interacting quick-coupling parts which are arranged respectively on the structural components that are to be connected or separated. One quick-coupling part has at least one guide bolt which can engage in a centering bore of the quick-coupling part lying opposite it, each quick-coupling part being provided with coupling plugs or coupling sleeves for the connection of the hydraulic lines, and at least one quick-coupling part being arranged movably on one structural component in order to connect or separate the two quick-coupling parts. Preferred embodiments are set out in the dependent claims following on from the main claim. Accordingly, one quick-coupling part can preferably be arranged fixedly on one structural component, while the other quick-coupling part is arranged movably on the second structural component. Particularly advantageously, at least one of the quick-coupling parts is spring-mounted in a support frame. In this way, the coupling can be kept free from forces acting on the structural components. The quick-coupling part spring-mounted in the support frame can, together with said support frame, be mounted movably on the structural component. At least one lock can be provided via which the quick-coupling parts can be locked to one another in the coupled state. The lock can secure the at least one guide bolt driven into the corresponding at least one centering bore. The movable quick-coupling part can sit displaceably on a linear guide. As has already been mentioned, the support frame in which the quick-coupling part is spring-mounted can also be guided on this linear guide. The movable quick-coupling part is advantageously displaceable via a piston/cylinder arrangement. To lock the quick-coupling parts in the coupled state, it is also possible for the coupled position to be fixed, for example, by a permanent pressure load of the piston/cylinder arrangement or by suitable shut-off valves. Advantageously, the movable quick-coupling part spring-mounted in the support frame can be fixed in its opened position by a guide. The guide can comprise a guide means, for example, a guide bolt which engages in the coupling sleeve in the opened position of the quick-coupling part. In this position, the guide means, that is to say for example a guide bolt, permits guiding of the spring-mounted quick-coupling part in such a way that the forces acting on the latter can be taken up. When attaching the quick-coupling part, that is to say when moving it into the closed position, the quick-coupling part moves with its centering bore onto the guide bolt of the other quick-coupling part lying opposite it. In the coupled position, the guide means, that is to say for example the guide bolt, frees the corresponding coupling sleeve. The securing of the quick-coupling part is taken over by the guide bolt of the opposite quick-coupling part. To provide a possibility of also being able to couple structural components which are angled about their bolted point, at least one of the two quick-coupling parts is arranged on a pivotable support bracket. The support bracket can be pivoted by its own piston/cylinder arrangement. The quick-coupling part arranged on the support bracket can in addition be driven along the support bracket and moved to and fro along the lengthwise guide with another piston/cylinder arrangement. In this way, the quick-coupling parts can also be coupled in an angled position.

The claim was unusual enough that it led some Republicans to criticize the move. Senator Marco Rubio likened teaming with Russia on cybersecurity to "partnering with Assad on a 'Chemical Weapons Unit,'" while Senator John McCain joked on Face the Nation that Putin's assistance would be helpful "since he's doing the hacking." There's no mention of whether or not Putin was receptive to the idea. As it stands, there's a good chance that Congress and intelligence organizations would balk at the concept before it got off the ground. The concern isn't so much that it could happen as that it was even discussed in the first place -- even if you don't believe that Russia meddled in the US election, its fondness for state-sponsored hacking isn't exactly a well-kept secret. Update: Trump has since backpedaled, claiming that discussion of a cybersecurity unit "doesn't mean I think it can happen." If that's the case, then, why bring it up with the public? Putin & I discussed forming an impenetrable Cyber Security unit so that election hacking, & many other negative things, will be guarded.. — Donald J. Trump (@realDonaldTrump) July 9, 2017

Kevin Osborne, the baby's father, delivered his daughter, who weighed 6 pounds and 13 ounces. Crew members found Osborne holding the baby and contacted emergency personnel to meet the ferry on the other side of the river, VDOT spokeswoman Paula Miller said. The ferry's crew advised the nervous father to keep the baby on her mother's chest, and a pediatric nurse who was waiting in line for the ferry offered to accompany the group to the ambulance waiting on the Jamestown dock, VDOT stated.

Tony Abbott’s top business adviser, Maurice Newman, has lashed out at the UN response to the Ebola outbreak and labelled the world body a “refuge of anti-western authoritarians bent on achieving one-world government”. Newman, who is the chairman of the prime minister’s business advisory council, wrote an opinion piece for the Australian newspaper in which he said the UN’s “leanings are predominantly socialist and antipathetical to the future security and prosperity of the west”. “The philosophy of the UN is basically anti-capitalist,” he writes. “Countries that pay the most dues, mostly rich Anglo countries, are those to which the world body shows the greatest disdain.” Newman said the World Health Organisation, a branch of the UN, was led by “lofty protocols” but was ultimately “detached” from the real world. He blames this for the agency’s inability to contain the Ebola outbreak. Australia lobbied hard for a seat on the UN security council, which it will hold until December, but Newman criticised the position as costly and pointless. “It [the UN] eschews capitalism and subtly spreads the cause of socialism through treaties on everything from employment to climate change. Most important, it is directly accountable to no one and is an unworkable concept.” Newman has come under fire in the past for claiming that the world is unprepared for “global cooling” because of “warming propaganda”. In an August opinion piece, again for the Australian, Newman likened Australia’s climate change policies to “primitive civilisations offering up sacrifices to appease the gods”. Those comments prompted calls for Abbott to sack Newman, but the environment minister, Greg Hunt, defended the adviser saying he, like the government, supports the science behind climate change. In Tuesday’s opinion piece, Newman takes a swipe at the UN Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, saying its “lack of integrity and poor scientific credentials have been widely exposed”. “The IPCC is an advocacy group dedicated to wealth redistribution,” he writes. “Its links to Greenpeace and WWF [World Wildlife Fund] are deep. It panders to gender balance and regional representation, not scientific excellence.” Newman has chaired the advisory council since the group’s formation in September 2013, just days after the federal election. He was the head of the Australian Broadcasting Corporation and Australian Stock Exchange and chancellor of Macquarie University before his appointment. The council meets the prime minister three times a year to discuss the government’s economic policies.

/*####################################################### * Copyright (c) 2014 Jeff Martin * Copyright (c) 2015 Pedro Lafuente * Copyright (c) 2017-2019 Gregor Santner * * Licensed under the MIT license. * You can get a copy of the license text here: * https://opensource.org/licenses/MIT ###########################################################*/ package other.writeily.ui; import android.app.Dialog; import android.os.Bundle; import android.support.annotation.NonNull; import android.support.v4.app.DialogFragment; import android.support.v7.app.AlertDialog; import android.text.TextUtils; import net.gsantner.markor.R; import net.gsantner.markor.util.AppSettings; import java.io.Serializable; public class WrConfirmDialog extends DialogFragment { public static final String FRAGMENT_TAG = "WrConfirmDialog"; private static final String EXTRA_TITLE = "EXTRA_TITLE"; private static final String EXTRA_MESSAGE = "EXTRA_MESSAGE"; public static final String EXTRA_DATA = "EXTRA_DATA"; private Serializable _data; private ConfirmDialogCallback[] _callbacks; private String _summary; public static WrConfirmDialog newInstance(String title, String message, Serializable data, ConfirmDialogCallback... callbacks) { WrConfirmDialog confirmDialog = new WrConfirmDialog(); Bundle args = new Bundle(); args.putSerializable(EXTRA_DATA, data); args.putString(EXTRA_TITLE, title); args.putString(EXTRA_MESSAGE, message); confirmDialog.setArguments(args); confirmDialog.setCallbacks(callbacks); return confirmDialog; } public void setCallbacks(ConfirmDialogCallback[] callbacks) { _callbacks = callbacks; } @Override @NonNull public Dialog onCreateDialog(Bundle savedInstanceState) { String title = getArguments().getString(EXTRA_TITLE); String message = getArguments().getString(EXTRA_MESSAGE); _data = getArguments().getSerializable(EXTRA_DATA); AlertDialog.Builder dialogBuilder; boolean darkTheme = AppSettings.get().isDarkThemeEnabled(); dialogBuilder = new AlertDialog.Builder(getActivity(), darkTheme ? R.style.Theme_AppCompat_Dialog : R.style.Theme_AppCompat_Light_Dialog); dialogBuilder.setTitle(title); if (!TextUtils.isEmpty(message)) { dialogBuilder.setMessage(message); } dialogBuilder.setPositiveButton(getString(android.R.string.ok), (dialog, which) -> { if (_callbacks != null) { for (ConfirmDialogCallback cdc : _callbacks) { if (cdc != null) { cdc.onConfirmDialogAnswer(true, _data); } } } }); dialogBuilder.setNegativeButton(getString(R.string.cancel), (dialog, which) -> { dialog.dismiss(); for (ConfirmDialogCallback cdc : _callbacks) { cdc.onConfirmDialogAnswer(false, _data); } }); return dialogBuilder.show(); } public interface ConfirmDialogCallback { void onConfirmDialogAnswer(boolean confirmed, Serializable data); } }

Review Transcript: October is finally in full swing, giving us four (count them: FOUR) movies in one week, one of which is the latest in supernatural horror: Sinister. Truth be told, this is a pretty solid horror movie overall, and gives a fresh spin on the idea of “found footage” movies! It’s brought to us by the producer of Paranormal Activity and Insidious, but doesn’t suffer from some of the issues that both of these had. Paranormal Activity suffered from being regarded as either incredibly boring or weird and somewhat tense until everything comes to a head at the end. Insidious on the other hand, had a very strong and refreshingly scary feel to it that took a major nosedive in the third act. Sinister manages to maintain a consistent tone to its horror that builds over time…you know, like a proper movie should. It never quite reaches the heights of terror that either movie achieved when at their best, but is a strong effort that’s overall enjoyable. Of all the characters involved, the most intriguing is easily Ellison Oswalt, played by Ethan Hawke. He’s a true crime writer with a desire to write his best book ever, and the desire quickly turns to an obsession, as the last time he achieved fame was a decade ago with his first book. This obsession drives him to not only move to the same town where the grisly deaths of a family occurred, but into their house where they were murdered! Now it’s obvious that Sinister is a horror movie, but…the first act of the movie could very well be the first act of a crime thriller along the same lines as Red Dragon (a great movie that should be seen if you haven’t already). This provides the audience a good portrayal of the mental and physical toll that the story takes on Ellison, as well as the family dynamics and how his obsessions affect his wife and children. Although a successfully scary film, there are two issues that were hard for me to ignore. The first is that the actors playing Ellison’s children, Ashley and Trevor, were less than impressive. It’s no surprise for kid actors to not give great performances, but the daughter’s deadpan performance was incredibly distracting. Then again, my disappointment could be from comparing these kids to Pierce Gagnon, the kid from Looper. The second and most jarring issue is Sinister’s reliance upon loud music and sounds for many of its scares, like Insidious. Or as my friend the Film Phage put it: “LOUD NOISES!” Despite the annoyingly influential LOUD NOISES…*ahem*…despite the annoyingly influential loud noises and music however, these elements are used in a way that lead to an effectively creepy and unnerving movie. Sure it’s a manipulative tool, but a tool that is used really well. While Sinister may let down horror purists by relying too much on occasional jump-scares and way too many LOUD NOISES, it is a horror movie that most audiences will enjoy. It will legitimately scare, or at the very least creep out many viewers, while some might leave the theater terrified. I give Sinister: 8/10. I’m Papa Kenn, and I’ll see you next review. Fair Use: All copyrighted material used under Fair Use. If you are a copyright holder and believe your material has been used unfairly, please contact me at: PapaKennMedia@gmail.com

There is a philosophy that says that if something is unobservable -- unobservable in principle -- it is not part of Science...By that standard, most of the universe has no scientific reality -- it's just a figment of our imaginations. ~ Leonard Susskind,~

Q: Silverlight resource constructor always return to internal When I modify my resource file (.resx) add text or modify, the constructor of my resource always go to internal and after that, when I run my silverlight I have an error in my binding XAML. Is there a way to avoid this scenario? I need to go in the designer of my resource and put the constructor to public to solve the problem I use my resource like this in my xaml file <UserControl.Resources> <resources:LibraryItemDetailsView x:Key="LibraryItemDetailsViewResources"></resources:LibraryItemDetailsView> </UserControl.Resources> <TextBlock FontSize="12" FontWeight="Bold" Text="{Binding Path=FileSelectedText3, Source={StaticResource LibraryItemDetailsViewResources}}"></TextBlock> A: Another way to do this without code changes is as below. Worked well for me. http://guysmithferrier.com/post/2010/09/PublicResourceCodeGenerator-now-works-with-Visual-Studio-2010.aspx A: You can create a public class that exposes the resources through a property: public class StringsWrapper { private static LibraryItemDetailsView _view = null; public LibraryItemDetailsView View { get { if (_view == null) { _view = new LibraryItemDetailsView(); } return _view; } } } Then in your XAML you can access your resource: <UserControl.Resources> <StringsWrapper x:Key="LibraryItemDetailsViewResources"></StringsWrapper> </UserControl.Resources> <TextBlock FontSize="12" FontWeight="Bold" Text="{Binding Path=View.FileSelectedText3, Source={StaticResource LibraryItemDetailsViewResources}}"></TextBlock> This way the resx constructor can be internal!

MARVIN T. BURTON, JR. Defendant Below, Appellant, v. STATE OF DELAWARE, Plaintiff Below, Appellee. No. 335, 2008 Supreme Court of Delaware. Submitted: January 28, 2009. Decided: March 4, 2009. Before STEELE, Chief Justice, JACOBS and RIDGELY, Justices. ORDER JACK B. JACOBS, Justice. This 4th day of March 2009, upon consideration of the briefs of the parties and the record in this case, it appears to the Court that: 1. Marvin Burton, the defendant below, appeals from the denial by the Superior Court of a Rule 61 motion for post-conviction relief. On appeal, Burton argues that the trial court erroneously denied that motion which was based, in part, on a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel. Given the serious nature of the charges, the fact that Burton's Rule 61 motion was filed pro se, and that the alleged new evidence has not yet been considered by the Superior Court, we remand for further proceedings limited to Burton's ineffective assistance of counsel claim. 2. Burton was arrested on October 6, 2004, and indicted on October 25, 2004 on charges of First Degree Rape, Second Degree Rape and Second Degree Unlawful Sexual Contact. Burton's daughter, the alleged victim, who was eleven years old at the relevant times, claimed that on at least three occasions Burton had sexually abused and raped her. All three incidents allegedly occurred while the victim was staying at Burton's parents' house in 2004, with the two most serious incidents allegedly occurring in August 2004. Trial began on August 8, 2005. On August 11, 2005 Burton was convicted on all charges. 3. Because of prior convictions for Third Degree Burglary and Third Degree Unlawful Sexual Intercourse, the State moved to declare Burton an habitual offender under 11 Del. C. § 4214.[1] On October 28, 2005, the Superior Court declared Burton an habitual offender and sentenced him to life in prison for each of the two Rape charges, plus two additional years imprisonment for the Unlawful Sexual Contact charge. The Superior Court also imposed special conditions, including a no contact order and sex offender registration. 4. After sentencing, defense counsel filed a notice of appeal on Burton's behalf and a motion to withdraw pursuant to Supreme Court Rule 26(c). The State filed a motion to affirm. After reviewing the record, this Court determined that Burton's appeal was "wholly without merit and devoid of any arguably appealable issue" and granted the motion to affirm.[2] 5. On August 16, 2007 Burton moved pro se for post-conviction relief, raising multiple claims including ineffective assistance of counsel.[3] Burton alleged that his trial counsel was incompetent, failed to interview and subpoena key defense witnesses, and did not allow Burton to testify. On September 4, 2007, trial counsel filed a sworn letter memorandum responding to that motion. Trial counsel explained that he did not mislead Burton or refuse to allow him to testify. Rather, he advised Burton not to take the stand for the strategic purpose of avoiding cross-examination on Burton's prior convictions. After receiving that advice, Burton agreed and chose not to testify. Trial counsel further explained that he did, in fact, contact most of the witnesses Burton claimed were not interviewed or subpoenaed, and found that those witnesses either could not provide the testimony Burton claimed, or that they had no information helpful to Burton's defense. 6. On June 3, 2008, the Superior Court denied Burton's motion without a hearing, finding that Burton's arguments were all without merit.[4] On June 30, Burton filed a notice of appeal, pro se, and on August 14, appellate counsel entered an appearance on his behalf. 7. Although Burton advanced numerous claims of error in his motion for post-conviction relief, on appeal he advances only one—that the Superior Court erred by denying his claim of ineffective assistance of counsel. Moreover, Burton limits that claim to the contention that trial counsel was ineffective by failing to contact, properly interview and subpoena material witnesses, and also by refusing to allow Burton to testify at trial.[5] 8. The State has moved to strike certain affidavits and information included in Burton's appendix that were not part of the record on appeal. These affidavits include: (i) a statement by Marvin Burton, Sr. "that he was not contacted, interviewed or subpoenaed concerning the fact that the alleged victim . . . did not live in our residence from late July through September 2004"; and (ii) a statement by Stacie Brittingham (Burton's sister) that she was not interviewed before the day of trial concerning her testimony, and that the alleged victim did not live in her parent's residence from late July through September 2004 and that that issue was not raised in questioning during her testimony at trial. Also included was a statement by Eric Morris that (i) "he was not contacted, interviewed or called as a witness concerning the fact that the alleged victim . . . did not live at Marvin Burton, Sr. and Vivian Burton's residence from late July through September 2004;" and that (ii) "I would also have testified that [the alleged victim] lived with me approximately 3 weeks during the end of July and August 2004 and she stayed with other individuals until the month of September 2004. . . ." 9. As a general matter, the record on appeal may not be supplemented by affidavits relating facts and circumstances that were not fairly presented to the trial court,[6] and we will not consider such supplemental affidavits. For new evidence to be considered, a party should file a motion to remand to the trial court to determine the facts in light of their new evidence.[7] Here, however, Burton moved for post-conviction relief pro se, without the evidence having been considered by the Superior Court. In such circumstances, some leeway should be granted if, in the interests of justice, the new evidence ought to be considered.[8] For that purpose a remand is appropriate. NOW, THEREFORE, IT IS ORDERED that this matter is remanded to the Superior Court for further proceedings limited to the ineffective assistance of counsel claim. Jurisdiction is not retained. NOTES [1] See generally 11 Del. C. § 4214 (providing for sentencing as an habitual criminal). [2] Burton v. State, 907 A.2d 145, 2006 WL 2434914, at *1 (Del. 2006) (Table). [3] Burton claimed that: (1) the indictment was illegal; (2) a Batson violation had occurred; (3) a juror had misled the Superior Court during voir dire; (4) a juror drank alcohol during the trial; (5) Burton was not allowed to testify; (6) Burton was not allowed to call witnesses; (7) prosecutorial misconduct occurred; (8) his sentence was illegal; (9) his trial counsel was ineffective; and (10) his trial counsel failed to interview and call material witnesses. See State v. Burton, 2008 WL 2359717 (Del. Super. Ct. June 3, 2008). [4] See State v. Burton, 2008 WL 2359717, at *1-6. [5] "Appellant's counsel has reviewed all of the allegations set forth in the Rule 61 Motion and is limiting argument in this opening brief to the fact that [trial counsel] was ineffective by failing to contact, properly interview and subpoena material witnesses for the disputed allegations made by the alleged victim as well as allowing the Appellant to testify during his trial." [6] Sup. Ct. R. 8; Merritt v. State, 219 A.2d 258, 260 (Del. 1966); Draper v. State, 146 A.2d 796, 800 (Del. 1958); see also Gateley v. Gateley, 832 A.2d 1251, 2003 WL 22282584, at *2 n.7 (Del. Oct. 1, 2003) (Table) (declining to review documents presented for the first time on appeal). [7] Compare Merritt, 219 A.2d at 260 (remanding the case with authority and instructions to ascertain the facts) with Draper, 146 A.2d at 800 (refusing to consider new evidence on appeal). [8] See Yancey v. Nat'l Trust Co., Ltd., 712 A.2d 476, 1998 WL 309819 (Del. May 19, 1998) (Table) (Del. 1998) (noting that some degree of leniency should be granted for pro se appeals); see also In re Estate of Hall, 882 A.2d 761, 2005 WL 2473791 (Del. Aug. 26, 2005) (Table) (noting that we allow pro se litigants some leeway).

1953 Kent State Golden Flashes football team The 1953 Kent State Golden Flashes football team was an American football team that represented Kent State University in the Mid-American Conference (MAC) during the 1953 college football season. In their eighth season under head coach Trevor J. Rees, the Golden Flashes compiled a 7–2 record (3–1 against MAC opponents), finished in a tie for third place in the MAC, and outscored all opponents by a combined total of 250 to 103. The team's statistical leaders included Lou Mariano with 816 rushing yards, Don Burke with 577 passing yards, and Gino Gioia with 84 receiving yards. Fullback Jim Cullom and offensive tackle Al Kilgore were selected as first-team All-MAC players. References Kent State Category:Kent State Golden Flashes football seasons Kent State football

Training in youth-friendly service provision improves nurses' competency level in the Great Lakes Region. This survey investigates whether relevant training and availability of guidelines improve self-reported competencies of nurses in the provision of youth-friendly sexual and reproductive health services in South-Kivu Province in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Burundi, and Rwanda. A quantitative baseline survey was conducted among nurses in randomly selected health facilities. Nurses providing youth-friendly sexual and reproductive health services were asked to self-rate their competencies with regards to technical knowledge, clinical, and communication skills. In South-Kivu, Burundi, and Rwanda, 135, 131, and 99 nurses were interviewed, respectively. Overall differences of service and guideline availability and self-rated competencies can be observed between the three countries. In two countries, more than one in five nurses considered themselves to be only somewhat or not confident to counsel young people. Nurses from Rwanda showed the highest level of competencies followed by Burundi and South-Kivu. Lack of training in youth-friendly health services or family planning showed significant associations with reporting feeling somehow or not competent. The lack of training, supervision, and guidelines expressed by the nurses is of great concern. Competency-based training in youth-friendly health services is an important approach in improving nurses' competency level.

Oh, Boo-Hoo, Hillary But Hillary’s is not the caricatured, bitchy, ball-breaking toughness that their enemies like to attribute to her. She has almost always been much more thoughtful than they granted. It is more like a kind of military rigor: reading the landscape, seeing the obstacles, recognizing which ones are malevolent or malign, and taking expedient action accordingly. Whatever, Skippy. We know better and socialists/communists have you all afoul. Like this: LikeLoading... Related This entry was posted on June 4, 2007 at 2:03 am and is filed under Character. You can follow any responses to this entry through the RSS 2.0 feed. You can leave a response, or trackback from your own site. 4 Responses to “Oh, Boo-Hoo, Hillary” Where is the G-damn f**king flag? I want the G-damn f**king flag up every f**king morning at f**king sunrise.” (From the book “Inside The White House” by Ronald Kessler, p. 244 – Hillary to the staff at the Arkansas Governor’s mansion on Labor Day, 1991) “You sold out, you mother f**ker! You sold out!” From the book “Inside” by Joseph Califano, p. 213 – Hillary yelling at Democrat lawyer. “It’s been said, and I think it’s accurate, that my husband was obsessed by terrorism in general and al-qaida in particular.” (Hillary telling a post-9/11 world what a ‘great’ commander in chief her husband was; Dateline, NBC 4/16/2004.) “I have to admit that a good deal of what my husband and I have learned [about Islam] has come from our daughter.” (TruthInMedia.org 8/8/1999 – Hillary at a White House function, proudly tells some Muslim groups she is gaining a greater appreciation of Islam because Chelsea was then taking a class on the “religion of peace”) “F**k off! It’s enough that I have to see you shit-kickers every day, I’m not going to talk to you too!! Just do your G*damn job and keep your mouth shut.” (From the book “American Evita” by Christopher Anderson, p. 90 – Hillary to her State Trooper bodyguards after one of them greeted her with “Good morning.” “You f**king idiot.” (From the book “Crossfire” p. 84 – Hillary to a State Trooper who was driving her to an event.) “If you want to remain on this detail, get your f**king ass over here and grab those bags!” (From the book “The First Partner” p. 259 – Hillary to a Secret Service Agent who was reluctant to carry her luggage because he wanted to keep his hands free in case of an incident.) “Get f**ked! Get the f**k out of my way!!! Get out of my face!!!” (From the book “Hillary’s Scheme” p. 89 – Hillary’s various comments to her Secret Service detail agents.) “Stay the f**k back, stay the f**k away from me! Don’t come within ten yards of me, or else! Just f**king do as I say, Okay!!!?” (From the book “Unlimited Access”, by Clinton FBI Agent in Charge, Gary Aldrige, p. 139 – Hillary screaming at her Secret Service detail.) Hillary represents “What’s wrong with America….always blaming someone for his or her perceptions and actions , rather than assuming responsibility” and the scaring part is, Americans have supported the Clintons. She has been and is,… a total fraud WILLING TO SAY ANYTHING TO GET ELECTED. She is about as ‘warm’ as a cold blooded rattlesnake.

Habituellement si discret à Saint-Denis, Tariq Ramadan n'aura jamais fait autant parler de lui dans la ville cette semaine. Lundi soir, sa présence à un débat sur les violences faites aux femmes, avait été perçue comme une « provocation » par la mairie PCF, qui organisait la soirée. L'islamologue est mis en examen pour deux viols (qu'il conteste), dont l'un « sur personne vulnérable ». Ce vendredi, c'est le centre Tawhid, qui gère la principale mosquée de la ville, qui a révélé qu'il avait entamé des démarches pour que Tariq Ramadan « quitte les locaux » qu'il occupe sur son domaine, rue de la Boulangerie. Mais la direction assure que sa décision n'est pas liée à la situation du théologien suisse, dont les deux mises en examen ont été maintenues par la justice le 14 mars. « Nous sommes en plein réaménagement des locaux et nous avons décidé de récupérer ce bien car nous en avons besoin pour notre communauté qui s'agrandit », explique Abdelakim Kerboua, président de l'association gérant la mosquée. Il occupe un pavillon à côté du lieu de culte Depuis une vingtaine d'années, l'islamologue occupe ce pavillon attenant au lieu de culte, où il dispose d'un bureau pour son association « Horizons » en rez-de-chaussée, et d'un appartement à l'étage. « Tariq Ramadan était d'abord locataire puis, lorsque notre SCI (société civile immobilière) a acheté la mosquée, le centre lui a permis de rester dans les locaux », rappelle Abdelakim Kerboua. Un « prêt à usage » a officiellement été conclu le 1er octobre 2013. Tariq Ramadan ne verse donc plus aucun loyer. « Mais aujourd'hui, le pavillon est fissuré. Il doit être rénové, poursuit le président. Notre idée serait de pouvoir, éventuellement, le mettre à disposition de notre imam. » Des travaux plus larges de mise aux normes de la mosquée doivent débuter afin de créer de nouvelles issues de secours. Elle est actuellement fermée après le passage d'une commission de sécurité. Depuis le 1 er février, les fidèles prient tous les vendredis au gymnase Bacquet, prêté par la ville. « C'est un pion qui nous embête » Sur place, plusieurs membres du centre tenaient à préciser que les affaires touchant Tariq Ramadan « ne (les) regardent pas. » « Ses activités n'ont rien à voir avec les nôtres, insiste l'un d'eux. Les deux associations ont des activités à 100 % indépendantes. Tariq Ramadan n'est pas souvent ici. Il ne prie pas à la mosquée, il ne donne pas de conférence pour nous. » Certains, toutefois, admettent que des fidèles craignaient d'être assimilés aux ennuis judiciaires de l'islamologue. « À titre personnel, s'il est mis en examen, je pense qu'il était mieux lui demander de partir pour éviter les amalgames. C'est une question éthique », reconnaît un membre du bureau. Newsletter Seine-Saint-Denis Chaque matin, l'actualité de votre département vue par Le Parisien Chaque matin, l'actualité de votre département vue par Le Parisien Votre adresse mail est collectée par Le Parisien pour vous permettre de recevoir nos actualités et offres commerciales. En savoir plus « Certains, comme moi, le disent à voix basse : Tariq Ramadan est un pion qui nous embête, souffle un fidèle. Pour moi, il est pour quelque chose dans la fermeture actuelle… » Plus loin en ville, Taoufik, 31 ans, défendait lui l'islamologue. « Il n'a pas été jugé. Il n'a pas été condamné. Il a donc le droit de continuer à travailler. » Une lettre notifiée par huissier Il y a un mois, le centre a entamé une démarche amiable pour demander à Tariq Ramadan de quitter les lieux : « Il n'a pas été d'accord, poursuit un responsable. Alors on a décidé de passer par la voie officielle en lui envoyant une lettre notifiée par huissier, il y a une quinzaine de jours. » L'intéressé n'a pu être joint. La ligne téléphonique de son association est certes toujours active, mais d'après le centre Tawhid, les locaux n'ont pas été ouverts depuis une perquisition ayant eu lieu « à l'automne. »

Fidel Antonio Vargas Fidel Antonio Vargas (born 28 July 1992) is a Cuban canoeist who won a silver medal in the K-2 200 m event at the 2015 Pan American Games, together with Reiner Torres. He competed in the individual 200 m at the 2016 Summer Olympics, but failed to reach the final. References Category:1992 births Category:Living people Category:Cuban male canoeists Category:Olympic canoeists of Cuba Category:Canoeists at the 2016 Summer Olympics Category:Place of birth missing (living people) Category:Pan American Games medalists in canoeing Category:Pan American Games silver medalists for Cuba Category:Canoeists at the 2015 Pan American Games

Given the potential pharmacological and physiological diversity arising from heterodimerization of opioid receptors, an important challenge in opioid research is the development of selective tools for the investigation of such phenotypic opioid receptors. Selective pharmacological tools that can span the divide between cultured cells and in vivo systems would clarify the functional roles and localization of heterodimeric opioid receptors in experimental animals. Thus, the broad, long-term objectives of this research are to develop ligands with selectivity for heterodimeric opioid receptors as tools to study the functional roles of physically associated opioid receptors in the central nervous system. The long-term goal is to use the information obtained from such studies to develop superior analgesics that are devoid of tolerance and dependence. [unreadable] [unreadable] The specific aims of the present application include the synthesis and biological evaluation of ligands that are selective for opioid receptor heterodimers. Based on reports of heterodimeric opioid receptors in cultured cells and on the large body of literature that implicates interaction between mu and kappa opioid receptors and mu and NK1, CCK2, ORL1, and CB1 receptors in vivo, a total of ten series of compounds will be synthesized. Eight of the proposed series are bivalent ligands that will include mu and kappa opioid pharmacophores or a mu agonist pharmacophore combined with NK1, CCK2, ORL1, or CB1 antagonist pharmacophores. The pharmacophores in each of these bivalent series will be linked to each other through spacers containing 12-22 atoms. The antagonist non-opioid pharmacophores were selected because interaction between mu opioid receptors and the above receptors have been reported to modulate antinociception, tolerance and/or dependence. The corresponding series of monovalent ligands with matching spacers and matching pharmacophores will be synthesized as controls. There will be 11 compounds in each of these 16 series. The remaining two series will be structurally related to 6'-GNTI which has been reported to produce analgesia in mice by selectively targeting spinal delta-kappa opioid receptor heterodimers. Because analgesia of 6'-GNTI is mediated spinally, such compounds should not possess the supraspinal side-effects generally associated with clinically employed analgesics. As a second approach to development of spinally-selective analgesics, the Pl/s library of ~1000 opiates will undergo Flexstation screening on cultured cells containing coexpressed and singly expressed delta and kappa opioid receptors. Target compounds and screening hits will be tested in cultured cells and in behavioral tests in mice that include evaluation of tolerance and physical dependence. [unreadable] [unreadable] [unreadable]

2/(x/2). Suppose -5*r + 4*h + 43 = -187, -h + q = 0. Is 35 a factor of r? False Let r be ((-32)/(-20))/(2/5). Suppose -4*a = 3*m + 33, 0 = 3*a - r*a - 3*m - 6. Is 2/(-1)*a/1 a multiple of 16? False Suppose 4*b + 3*k = 8019, -392*b + 3*k - 4011 = -394*b. Is 12 a factor of b? True Suppose -5*g = -4*z + 117, g - 6*g - 3*z = 131. Suppose 22*u - 2*m + 10 = 20*u, u = -3*m + 3. Let f = u - g. Is f a multiple of 22? True Let v = 0 - 6. Suppose -426 = 5*s - 2*w, 2*w + 171 = -2*s + 3*w. Let n = v - s. Is n a multiple of 26? True Let z be 4/(-12) - (-22)/(-6). Let j(n) = 4*n**2 + 5*n + 1. Let m be j(z). Suppose -95 = -5*a + m. Is 26 a factor of a? False Suppose -2*j + 3*t - t = 2, -2*t - 4 = -5*j. Let d(w) = 0*w**3 + 6*w**2 + 0*w**3 + 6*w - 22*w**j + w**3. Does 17 divide d(16)? False Let b(i) = i**2 - 4*i + 3. Let k be b(3). Suppose -648 = -w + 2*w + 3*c, k = -2*w + 4*c - 1316. Is (-4)/10 - w/10 a multiple of 23? False Suppose 4*b - 3*b = 5*g - 2042, b - 814 = -2*g. Is 34 a factor of g? True Let x(k) = -100*k**3 + 10*k**2 + 9*k - 1. Does 10 divide x(-1)? True Let j(h) = 9*h + 28. Is j(4) a multiple of 64? True Let z = -3510 + 5478. Is 93 a factor of z? False Let t(k) = 4*k**2 + 5*k - 153. Is 18 a factor of t(-17)? True Let d be ((-6)/(-4))/(5/60). Let b = 21 - d. Does 25 divide 18/7*7*b? False Let w(p) = -218*p + 116. Does 52 divide w(-4)? True Let c(g) = -6*g + 24. Let n be c(8). Is 2/2 - n - 3 - 1 a multiple of 5? False Let w(t) be the third derivative of -13*t**4/24 + 19*t**3/6 - 6*t**2. Let k be w(-15). Suppose -218 - k = -4*a. Is a a multiple of 18? True Let c be 10*(-4)/8*176/(-10). Let k = -71 + c. Is k even? False Suppose -9*i + 140 = i. Suppose 0 = 5*j - 2*x - 3*x - 185, j = -4*x + 22. Let n = j - i. Is n a multiple of 5? True Let c = 1189 - -603. Does 14 divide c? True Let z = 90 + 211. Suppose y + 4*y = -4*b - 287, 3*b - z = 5*y. Let i = 105 + y. Is i a multiple of 24? False Let m = 12 + -7. Suppose 41 + 47 = 2*r + 4*i, -3*r + m*i = -77. Is r a multiple of 11? False Suppose 6*q - 10*q + 2508 = 0. Suppose 4*o = q + 317. Is 48 a factor of o? False Let w = 5 + -11. Let a(j) = j**2 + j. Let y be a(-6). Let h = w + y. Does 24 divide h? True Is (-3)/(-6) + 22673/158 a multiple of 18? True Is (-1 - -4)/(1*33/1804) a multiple of 4? True Let i(l) = -10*l - 2. Let j(x) = 10*x + 1. Let c(k) = 4*i(k) + 5*j(k). Let r = 160 - 157. Is 7 a factor of c(r)? False Let v(r) = 4*r**3 + 3*r**2 + 17. Is 5 a factor of v(5)? False Suppose 3*c + 25 = 34. Suppose -3*b = b + 3*f - 665, 4*f = -c*b + 490. Is 22 a factor of b? False Suppose 0 = 179*u - 182*u + 414. Is u even? True Suppose -73*c - 756 = -79*c. Is 7 a factor of c? True Let w = -34 + 46. Is w/(-27)*-123 + (-1)/(-3) a multiple of 11? True Suppose -4*w - 4*t - 420 = w, -2*t = 3*w + 254. Let q = -26 - w. Is 11 a factor of q? False Suppose 12*h = 16*h - 3740. Is h a multiple of 10? False Let t = -343 - -525. Is t a multiple of 14? True Suppose -z + 0 + 3 = 0. Does 11 divide ((-51)/z + -1)*(-5)/2? False Let z be (-1)/10 + 38538/180. Let s = z + -114. Does 10 divide s? True Suppose -111*n + 3*x - 1809 = -112*n, -n + 4*x + 1788 = 0. Does 83 divide n? False Let f be 2*(-3)/(-24) - (-13)/(-4). Does 10 divide 5 - f - -1*2? True Suppose 245 = 2*h + 77. Suppose -2 = 2*y - 3*p + 54, -p = 4*y + h. Is ((-10)/(-10))/((-2)/y) a multiple of 11? True Does 14 divide 4/((-12)/3) - (-1054 + 3)? True Suppose 0 = 55*g - 61*g + 1272. Is g a multiple of 3? False Let u = 27 + 7. Let c = u + -9. Suppose 47 + c = 2*f. Is 23 a factor of f? False Let h = 93 - 72. Let s be 2/(-2 - -1) + 4. Suppose f + h = s*f. Is 15 a factor of f? False Let c(d) = -7*d**3 + 7*d**2 - 4*d + 8. Let v(k) = k**3. Let x(o) = -c(o) - 6*v(o). Is 20 a factor of x(7)? True Let r = 16 + -12. Suppose -c - 3*c + 49 = 3*u, r*c - 31 = 3*u. Let f = c - -26. Is f a multiple of 12? True Suppose -5*c + 0*c - 15 = 0. Let k = c - -28. Let q = k + 7. Does 23 divide q? False Let a(v) = -v**2 + 6*v + 22. Let r be a(10). Is 196 - (r/7 + (-12)/(-21)) a multiple of 22? True Let q(k) = k. Let b be q(4). Suppose -3*h - 2*j = -4*h + 231, -b*h + 3*j = -949. Is h a multiple of 28? False Suppose 5*x - 4*b - 8 = 0, -4*x = -3*b + 7*b - 28. Suppose 12 = x*z - 60. Is 9 a factor of z? True Let s be (-2)/5 + 874/10. Suppose -60 = -7*j + s. Does 21 divide j? True Suppose 2 = 2*j - 10. Let y = 26 - j. Is y a multiple of 13? False Is 972 + 4 - -6 - -10 a multiple of 32? True Let g(t) = t**3 - 5*t**2 + 5*t - 3. Let q be g(4). Let m be q/(-2*1/(-6)). Does 14 divide (-1)/(129/(-42) + m)? True Let z(a) = 4*a**2 + 4*a - 3. Let s be z(-7). Let t = s - 19. Is 15 a factor of t? False Let h be 0 - -4 - (-2)/1. Suppose -h = 4*k - 2*k. Does 11 divide (423/(-3))/(-3) + k? True Let r be -2 - (2 + -2 + (-4 - 44)). Let l = r - 6. Is l a multiple of 5? True Suppose 31*k + 1200 = 36*k. Is k a multiple of 12? True Suppose -t + m = -5*t + 5961, 0 = 4*t + 3*m - 5963. Does 10 divide t? True Let f(r) = -132*r + 96. Is f(-2) a multiple of 53? False Suppose -5*c + 3161 = 161. Is c a multiple of 57? False Let k(p) be the second derivative of p**5/20 + p**4/12 + p**3/6 + 30*p**2 - 4*p. Let o be k(0). Suppose o = 3*u + 2*u. Is u a multiple of 9? False Let m = -138 + 143. Let k = m - -9. Is 2 a factor of k? True Let q = 125 + 115. Is 30 a factor of q? True Suppose -91*o = -10*o - 2187. Is o a multiple of 17? False Let l be (6/15)/(7/1890). Let w be (-2)/(-4) + 238/(-4). Let o = w + l. Is o a multiple of 15? False Let b = 72 - 255. Is ((-2)/(-3))/((-2)/b) a multiple of 17? False Let d(k) be the second derivative of k**5/24 - 5*k**4/12 - k**3 + 8*k. Let m(c) be the second derivative of d(c). Is 5 a factor of m(8)? True Suppose 0 = -2*o - 3*o - 5*f + 1660, -2*o + 652 = -4*f. Is o a multiple of 33? True Suppose -7 = h - 5*k, 4*k = -5*h + 9*k + 25. Does 6 divide (632/(-12))/(-2) + h/(-6)? False Let z = -1551 - -2225. Let u = 78 - 81. Does 17 divide z/10 + u/(-5)? True Let y(s) be the first derivative of 49*s**2/2 + 7*s + 2. Does 7 divide y(1)? True Let h(o) = o**2 - 21*o + 27. Suppose 14 - 110 = -4*t. Is 25 a factor of h(t)? False Let u be -81 + -2*(-1)/(-2). Let i(a) = 5*a + 12. Let q be i(-11). Let r = q - u. Is r a multiple of 14? False Let n(h) = 2*h**2 + 2*h - 1. Suppose -8*y + 4*y = -24. Let q = -8 + y. Is n(q) a multiple of 2? False Let r = 60 - 107. Let s = 167 + r. Is 12 a factor of s? True Does 19 divide 1/(-2) + (-2548)/(-8)? False Suppose 0*l = -5*l. Suppose -5*q = l, 2*w + 0*q - q - 58 = 0. Is 6 a factor of w/3 - 2/(-6)? False Suppose -n = -6*n. Suppose n = 3*o - 7*o + 108. Suppose -38 - o = -5*r. Does 3 divide r? False Suppose -19*o = -54*o + 22750. Does 65 divide o? True Suppose -l - 3 + 4 = 0. Let z(c) be the second derivative of 4*c**5/5 - c**3/2 + c**2 + 53*c. Is 15 a factor of z(l)? True Let t = 68 + -65. Suppose j - 104 = 4*l, 0 = t*j + 5*l - l - 376. Does 9 divide j? False Let q = -27 - 18. Let o = 29 - q. Suppose 3*p - p = o. Does 15 divide p? False Let u(l) = -l + 360. Does 18 divide u(0)? True Let c = 1276 + -1133. Is c a multiple of 14? False Suppose -105*b + 47*b = -11020. Is b even? True Let z be 387/6*14/21. Let j = 13 + z. Is j a multiple of 8? True Let b be ((-22)/(-33))/((-2)/33). Does 6 divide b/2*-6 + 0/3? False Let b(c) = c + 204. Is 3 a factor of b(48)? True Let v be 89 + (-7)/(105/(-6))*5. Let r = 134 - v. Is r a multiple of 29? False Suppose -5*v - 120 = 3*v. Suppose 5*d = -5*p + 4*d + 128, 4*d = -p + 37. Let k = v + p. Is k a multiple of 2? True Let z be (-1016)/12 + 1/(-3). Let t = 55 + z. Let s = 21 - t. Is s a multiple of 10? False Let p = -227 - -375. Is p a multiple of 17? False Let b = -15 + 14. Let t(u) = -15*u**2 - u - 2. Let p be t(b). Let j = 27 + p. Is j a multiple of 8? False Let v(i) = -i**3 + 3*i**2 - 4. Let h be v(4). Let g = 1 - h. Is 5 a factor of g? False Let a(b) = 62*b**2 - 2*b. Does 8 divide a(-1)? True Let f(k) = 6*k**2 - 2*k - 4. Let d be f(-3). Suppose 4*s + w - d = -w, -3*s + 3*w = -42. Suppose -4*v + 126 = -s. Is 10 a factor of v? False Let f be (1 - 0)/(3 + -2). Does 14 divide (f*-1)/((-9)/126)? True Let b(i) = 2*i**3 + 3*i - 7. Let j be 8/3 - (-13)/39. Is b(j) a multiple of 28? True Let x = 119 + 247. Is 65 a factor of x? False Let j = -1257 + 1800. Does 48 divi

Q: How to check if file exist when downloading from FTP I'm downloading from FTP server and I don't know exactly how to check if file already exist. What I want to do is that I retrieve filname from FTP server and then compare it with all files in folder. If file already exists then it compares next FTP filename with all files in folder and so on. I already did comparison and it's working if all files from folder have same name as files on FTP server but if I add some older file then it downloads all files once again and I don't want that. Here is my scratch code: String[] names = client.listNames(); File folder = new File("c:\\test\\RTR_ZIP\\"); String[] filename = folder.list(); for (;i<names.length;i++) { name = names[i]; exists=false; if (name.contains(".zip")) { if (filename.length == 0) { new_file = new FileOutputStream("C:\\test\\RTR_ZIP\\" + name); client.retrieveFile(name, new_file); j++; exists=true; } else { for (;k<filename.length;k++) { name = names[i]; i++; name1=filename[k]; // CHECK IF FILE EXISTS if (!name.equals(name1)) { new_file = new FileOutputStream("C:\\test\\RTR_ZIP\\" + name); client.retrieveFile(name, new_file); j++; exists=true; } } }//else }//if contains .zip }//for Thanks in advance. A: If your ftp server supports XCRC command it could be possible to compare checksum (CRC32) of local and remote file. You could iterate all files in the folder and compare its crc with local one. import java.io.File; import java.io.IOException; import java.net.SocketException; import java.util.Scanner; import org.apache.commons.io.FileUtils; import org.apache.commons.net.ftp.FTPClient; public class DownloadFile { private FTPClient client = new FTPClient(); public void connect() throws SocketException, IOException { client.connect("127.0.0.1"); client.login("user", "password"); } public boolean hasXCRCSupport() throws IOException { client.sendCommand("feat"); String response = client.getReplyString(); Scanner scanner = new Scanner(response); while(scanner.hasNextLine()) { String line = scanner.nextLine(); if(line.contains("XCRC")) { return true; } } return false; } public boolean isSameFile() throws IOException { if(hasXCRCSupport()) { File file = new File("D:/test.txt"); String localCRC = Integer.toHexString((int) FileUtils.checksumCRC32(file)).toUpperCase(); client.sendCommand("XCRC /test.txt"); String response = client.getReplyString().trim(); System.out.println(response); if(response.endsWith(localCRC)) { return true; } } return false; } public void logout() throws IOException { client.logout(); } public static void main(String[] args) throws SocketException, IOException { DownloadFile downloadFile = new DownloadFile(); downloadFile.connect(); if(downloadFile.isSameFile()) { System.out.println("remote file is same as local"); } downloadFile.logout(); } }

Germany and China are finding out the hard way that switching to renewables isn’t as simple as building more wind turbines and solar panels. The Guardian reports that leaked plans from the German federal network agency, which manages the country’s power grid, describe how it is planning to cut back its ambitions for wind power in the north of the country because the grid can’t handle it. Wind turbines have been going up rapidly in the north, with the intention of supplying energy to engineering hubs in the south. But recently the government has had to pay wind power providers to reduce their generation because its energy grid is at full capacity. The leaked papers suggest that Germany will halve its wind turbine expansion plans as a result. A similar story is playing out in China. According to a BBC report, the country has built so many coal-fired power plants, which are slow to turn on and off, that it has to turn its wind turbines off for as much as 15 percent of the time because its grid can’t always handle both being online concurrently. It’s not the first time that China’s renewables eyes have proven bigger than its grid belly, either: it’s been adding solar power installations so fast that it can’t make use of as much as 50 percent of the energy being generated in some provinces. This is a problem that’s likely to rear its head again and again. India and Australia are both under increasing pressure to build out their grid infrastructure to support renewables. The most impressive example of wind power adoption in the U.S. has played out in, of all places, Texas. It’s only been made possible by a gigantic transmission system that was built to take electricity from the desolate northwest portion of the state to the big cities in the southeast. But it cost $7 billion—a price that could be prohibitive in other regions. In this, there is a lesson. Swift adoption of renewables is laudable—but only if it’s done in such a way that the resulting energy can be used. (Read more: BBC, The Guardian, “China’s Solar Binge Is Turning Into a Hangover,” “The One and Only Texas Wind Boom,” “Renewables Are Booming—but Buyer Beware”)

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Risk factors for conversion to laparotomy during laparoscopic management of an ectopic pregnancy. To identify risk factors for conversion to laparotomy during laparoscopic management of ectopic pregnancy. A retrospective chart review of patients who underwent laparoscopy for treatment of ectopic pregnancy, during a 32-month period (6/1999-2/2002), at the University of Miami Jackson Memorial Hospital. We identified 229 patients; 201 had a successful laparoscopy (non-converted group) and 28 who were converted to laparotomy (converted group). Variables analyzed between the two groups were demographic data, patient-related risk factors available to the surgeon prior to the surgery (previous laparotomy, previous laparoscopy, history of PID, history of endometriosis, diameter of ectopic pregnancy as measured by ultrasound, amount of free fluid on ultrasound, BMI), and surgeons' experience. Out of the 229 laparoscopies, 28 were converted to laparotomy (12.2%). The rate of conversion was significantly higher for less experienced compared to experienced surgeon (OR = 6.1, 95% CI = 2.35-15.88). Significantly more women had a BMI > 30 kg/m2 in the converted group compared to the non-converted group (42% vs. 14%; OR = 4.28, 95% CI = 1.7-10.75) and the converted group had significantly higher rate of large free fluid reported on ultrasound compared to the non-converted group (21.42% vs. 7.46%; OR = 3.38, 95% CI = 1.04-10.61). Less experienced surgeon, BMI > 30 kg/m2, and large amount of free fluid on ultrasound increase the risk of conversion to laparotomy during laparoscopic management of ectopic pregnancy.

ChatSua ChatSua () is a Thai film based on a work by "Orawun" (lyu Sresawek). It was premièred on June 18, 1958, at Sala Chalermkrung Royal Theatre and Sala Chalermbure Royal Theatre. The film was directed by Prateb Gomonpis. It is a sequel to the 1956 film PraiKuarng. The film was the screen debut of Mitr Chaibancha, as Wai Sukda, and stars Rewadee Sewilai, Win Wunchai, Narmkern bunnuk, Praphasee Satornkid, Naiyana TanomSub, Usanee Isaranun, NoppaMad Sirisopon, Punga Suttirin, Porn Paroch, Pramin Jarujarit, Sail Poonsai, Sompong pongmitr, Sukon Kueawleam and Lortok. The film has grossed over 800,000 baht. The critical response was mostly favourable. References Category:Thai films Category:1958 films

On Thursday, the National Association of Theatre Owners (NATO) released a report showing that movie-ticket sales had decreased by about 12 cents. This time last year, the average ticket price was $9.38; now, it’s $9.26. At the same time, box office numbers have also decreased; this year’s Q2 box office stands at $3.22 billion, compared to last year’s $3.34 billion. That’s despite the strength of the quarter’s biggest releases, including Aladdin, Avengers: Endgame, Captain Marvel, and Toy Story 4. In other words: Even that Disney deluge wasn’t enough to pull this quarter higher. So, what does this all mean for the summer box office? Analysts, at least, aren’t panicking; these numbers are par for the course in the business, they say. “We had a very down June,” said Shawn Robbins, chief analyst for BoxOffice Media. “We’re also comparing it against a record year last year”—when hits like Black Panther and Deadpool 2 drove sales higher than ever before. “It makes it hard to live up to that expectation.” Plus, the summer of 2019 isn’t over yet. The calendar still holds a few future films that could kick numbers into high gear. “I think it’s looking up from here on,” Robbins said. “It always felt like the back half of the summer was going to have the stronger slate, with Spider-Man: Far From Home and Lion King and Hobbs & Shaw coming out.” Thus far, Spider-Man has grossed $864 million worldwide, and is close to outpacing 2017’s Spider-Man: Homecoming ($880 million). The Lion King remake, out on Friday, is tracking at around $400 million worldwide in its opening weekend, while Hobbs & Shaw, a Fast and Furious spin-off, could electrify the August box office. Stepping away from franchises, there’s also Quentin Tarantino’s Once Upon a Time…in Hollywood, which could earn up to $50 million in its domestic opening weekend and pick up worldwide steam from there. As the summer moves into fall, It: Chapter Two will be there to rake in the millions. “All the people raising the red flag, it’s completely misguided. When the box office is down, everyone gets bummed out, [but] then it comes back,” agreed Paul Dergarabedian, senior media analyst for Comscore. “To me, it’s one of the most cyclical businesses out there.” The decrease in ticket prices can be attributed to a number of factors, including theater promotions, discounts, and theatrical subscription services like AMC Stubs A-List. “That’s not much of a movement of the needle,” Dergarabedian said of the 12-cent decrease. “We’re not talking about a huge change.” Lower ticket prices are also worth celebrating, he noted. “It’s good news for consumers,” he said, pointing out that price-sensitive moviegoers will have a new incentive to go to the theater—so long as the films there are high-quality enough to compete with the offerings of streamers like Netflix, which pose the biggest threat to the theatrical experience as we know it. These days, though, even Netflix is feeling the squeeze of the content bubble. On Wednesday, the streamer reported that it had lost 126,000 paid subscribers in the U.S. during its second quarter, and had fallen short of its new subscriber estimation: 2.7 million subscribers this quarter, versus 5.5 million in the first quarter. The platform has also made headlines for losing streaming rights to hit sitcoms Friends and The Office.

Q: Conditional formatting: making cells colorful is it possible to do the following: loc1 <- c("Aa", "Aa", "aa", "Aa") loc2 <- c("aa", "aa", "aa", "AA") loc3 <- c("aa", "Aa", "aa", "aa") gen <- data.frame(loc1, loc2, loc3) loc1g <- c(0.01, 0.5, 1, 0.75) loc2g <- c(0.2, 0.1, 0.2, 0.6) loc3g <- c(0.8, 0.8, 0.55, 1) pval <- data.frame(loc1g, loc2g, loc3g) I want to print to a file to gen dataframe such way that is conditionally formatted by the pval dataframe. Means than (row1, col1) of gen color depends upon pvale (row1, col1). The following are color coding: 0 to 0.3 is "red" text color 0.31 to 0.7 is "yellow" > 0.7 is "red" gen[1,1] will be "Aa" printed in red text color and so on.... appreciated your help. EDITS: I am more interested in printing not plotting in graph. If I can save output as MS excel and open in MSEXCEL it would be great. I can also be other types of text editors format that can read color coded text. As my orginal data matrix should be of a dimension of 1000 x 1000 or even more. I would like to quicky know unlying p-value for each gen categories. A: Sounds like you want to mimic Excel. Here are a couple examples: x = 1:ncol(pval) y = 1:nrow(pval) # Colored backgrounds dev.new(width=4, height=4) image(x, y, t(as.matrix(pval)), col = c('red', 'yellow', 'red'), breaks = c(0, 0.3, 0.7, 1), xaxt='n', yaxt='n', ylim=c(max(y)+0.5, min(y)-0.5), xlab='', ylab='') centers = expand.grid(y, x) text(centers[,2], centers[,1], unlist(gen)) # Colored text dev.new(width=4, height=4) image(x,y, matrix(0, length(x), length(y)), col='white', xaxt='n', yaxt='n', ylim=c(max(y)+0.5, min(y)-0.5), xlab='', ylab='') pvals = unlist(pval) cols = rep('red', length(pvals)) cols[pvals>0.3 & pvals<=0.7] = 'yellow' text(centers[,2], centers[,1], unlist(gen), col=cols) grid(length(x),length(y)) A: Giving a POC-like answer which is using an ugly loop and not the most beatiful design: Loading eg. the xlxs package to be able to write to Excel 2007 format: library(xlsx) Let us create a workbook and a sheet (see the manual!): wb <- createWorkbook() sheet <- createSheet(wb, "demo") Define some styles to use in the spreadsheet: red <- createCellStyle(wb, fillBackgroundColor="tomato", fillForegroundColor="yellow", fillPattern="BIG_SPOTS") yellow <- createCellStyle(wb, fillBackgroundColor="yellow", fillForegroundColor="tomato", fillPattern="BRICKS1") And the ugly loop which is pasting each cell to the spreadsheet with appropriate format: for (i in 1:nrow(pval)) { rows <- createRow(sheet, rowIndex=i) for (j in 1:ncol(pval)) { cell.1 <- createCell(rows, colIndex=j)[[1,1]] setCellValue(cell.1, gen[i,j]) if ((pval[i,j] < 0.3) | (pval[i,j] > 0.7)) { setCellStyle(cell.1, red) } else { setCellStyle(cell.1, yellow) } } } Saving the Excel file: saveWorkbook(wb, '/tmp/demo.xls') Result: demo.xls Alternative solution with package ascii: ascii.data.frame() can export data frames to a bunch of formats with the ability of adding some formatting. E.g. exporting to pandoc, first define the styles of each cells to an array with the same dimensions as pval: style <- matrix('d', dim(pval)[1], dim(pval)[2]) style[pval < 0.3 | pval > 0.7] <- 's' Set the desired output: options(asciiType = "pandoc") And export the data frame: > ascii(gen, style=cbind('h', style)) **loc1** **loc2** **loc3** --- ---------- ---------- ---------- 1 Aa **aa** **aa** 2 **Aa** **aa** Aa 3 **aa** aa **aa** 4 **Aa** **AA** **aa** --- ---------- ---------- ---------- With ascii::Report you could easily convert it it pdf, odt or html. Just try it :) Small demo with HTML output: result r <- Report$new() r$add(section("Demo")) r$add(ascii(gen, style=cbind('h', style))) options(asciiType = "pandoc") r$backend <- "pandoc" r$format <- "html" r$create() And odt output: result r$format <- "odt" r$create()

Immunohistochemical study of delta and mu opioid receptors on synaptic glomeruli with substance P-positive central terminals in chicken dorsal horn. In an attempt to clarify the mechanism underlying the regulation of the release of substance P (SP) from the central axon terminals of the synaptic glomeruli in lamina II of the dorsal horn, we examined the expression patterns of delta and mu opioid receptors (DOR and MOR) in relation to those of enkephalin (ENK) and SP in the synaptic glomeruli. DOR, MOR, ENK and SP immunoreactivities in lamina II of the dorsal horn in the chicken were examined by confocal laser scanning and electron microscopies. DOR immunoreactivity was localized in both SP-positive central terminals and peripheral elements, while MOR immunoreactivity was only localized in the peripheral elements of the synaptic glomeruli. Both of the peripheral DOR- and MOR-immunoreactive elements were shown to be vesicle-containing dendrites by electron microscopy. Dual immunohistochemistry indicated that DOR, MOR and ENK immunoreactivities were located in distinct peripheral elements. On the basis of present results, the possible roles of DOR and MOR in the regulation of the release of SP from the central axon terminals in the synaptic glomeruli are discussed.

Sand Ridge State Forest Sand Ridge State Forest is a conservation area located in the U.S. state of Illinois. Containing , it is the largest state forest in Illinois. It is located in northern Mason County. The nearest town is Manito, Illinois and the nearest numbered highway is U.S. Highway 136. It is located on a low bluff, or "sand ridge", overlooking the Illinois River, hence the name. The sand ridge is believed to be an artifact of the post-glacial Kankakee Torrent. The Sand Ridge State Forest largely dates back to 1939, when the state of Illinois purchased parcels of submarginal sandy farmland for conservation purposes. The Civilian Conservation Corps planted pine trees on much of the land. Today, the state forest contains of dryland oak-hickory woodlands, of pine woodlands, and of open fields and sand prairies. Endemic species include the prickly pear cactus, Opuntia, more familiar to Mexicans and residents of the U.S. Southwest. The Sand Ridge State Forest contains the Clear Lake Site, an archeological site listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Current status In the 2010s, Sand Ridge is managed by the Illinois Department of Natural Resources (IDNR) as open space for active recreational purposes, especially whitetail deer hunting. Revis Hill Prairie, also located within Mason County, is operated by IDNR as a disjunct area of Sand Ridge State Forest. In early 2012, Sand Ridge State Forest lost about to a fire caused by a man burning brush in high winds which sparked the trees. External links Illinois DNR Sand Ridge State Forest site Category:1939 establishments in Illinois Category:Civilian Conservation Corps in Illinois Category:Illinois River Category:Illinois state forests Category:Protected areas established in 1939 Category:Protected areas of Mason County, Illinois

C-Track E-Filing The Supreme Court of Nevada Appellate Case Management System C-Track, the browser based CMS for Appellate Courts Case Search Participant Search

Q: unable to display array result I got the following array. now I get the single records but when is their array records then it doesn't work. I tried with OR condition but it doesn't work. $this->db->get_where('genre',array('genre_id'=>$row['genre_id']))->row()->name; //I get Follwoing Records Array( [0] => Array ( [movie_id] => 7 [title] => Raaz [genre_id] => 8 // it display the name [actors] => [] [trailer_url] => https://drive.google.com/ ) [1] => Array ( [movie_id] => 8 [title] => Tribute [genre_id] => ["2","5","20"] // it doesn't display the name [actors] => [] [trailer_url] => https://drive.google.com/ ) I tried the following code $this->db->get_where('genre',array('genre_id'=>$row['genre_id']))->row()->name; above code works for 0 index but it doesn't work 1 index array A: You can use where_in but you can't use it with get_where, you need to use alternate here instead of get_where: Example: You can alternate here like: $this->db->select('name'); $this->db->from('genre'); if(is_array($row['genre_id'])){ // if result is in array $this->db->where_in('genre_id',$row['genre_id']); } else{ // for single record. $this->db->where('genre_id',$row['genre_id']); } $query = $this->db->get(); print_r($query->result_array()); // will generate result in an array Edit: After debugging, you are getting this value ["2","5","20"] as a string, so you can modify this code: $genreID = intval($row['genre_id']); // if($genreID > 0){ $this->db->where('genre_id',$row['genre_id']); } else{ $genreID = json_decode($row['genre_id'],true); $this->db->where_in('genre_id',$genreID); } CI Query Builder

The overall goal of this project is to determine the role of bone marrow (BM) stem/progenitor cells in regulating fibrocyte homeostasis in the mammalian inner ear. It is well established that specific subpopulations of inner ear fibrocytes are actively involved in the generation of electrochemical gradients essential to normal auditory function. Injury to or loss of these cells resulting from ototoxins, noise-trauma, genetic defects and aging is associated with a range of hearing and balance disorders. These highly specialized fibrocytes undergo continuous replacement throughout life and their turnover rate has been shown to increase with injury and decrease with age. However, it is not known whether this self renewal is mediated by a resident population of adult stem/progenitor cells or through some other mechanism. New data provided here document that cells derived from BM have the capacity to engraft and differentiate towards ion transport fibrocyte phenotypes in the mouse inner ear. These data also suggest that BM may provide a continuous source of stem/progenitor cells for fibrocyte turnover in the inner ear but this remains unproven. Three Specific Aims are designed to address these important issues. Aim 1 will evaluate the relative ability of two highly purified populations of BM stem/progenitor cells to engraft and differentiate into fibrocytes in the normal inner ear. Aim 2 will investigate the potential of BM stem/progenitor cells to replace fibrocytes or other inner ear cell types damaged by chemical injury, genetic mutations or aging. Aim 3 seeks to develop and optimize procedures for the direct introduction of BM stem/progenitor cells into the inner ear. The experimental design incorporates mouse BM transplantation and parabiosis models employing donor cells that express high levels of EGFP, allowing their tracking with immunological and histochemical procedures. Given the increasing evidence that defects or injuries to inner ear fibrocytes are associated with a wide range of hearing and balance disorders, it is important to obtain further knowledge about the derivation of these cells and the mechanisms mediating their turnover and replacement in both the normal, traumatized and aging inner ear. Such knowledge will be essential in the design of therapeutic strategies for the treatment of inner ear disorders associated with injury or destruction of specialized populations of inner ear fibrocytes. [unreadable] [unreadable] [unreadable]

Work It Work It But it was Melissa Fleis' royal-blue cowl-neck frock that earned her the win. Rightfully so. "I want to do away with typical 'office clothes,'" Fleis says, echoing a popular sentiment among so many busy ladies. "Working women today are looking for that edge in life and the workplace. I want to help them achieve it." Fleis, however, who had yet to win a challenge in the season, was shocked to have landed on top. Alex Wynne in top by Raul Osorio and skirt by Sonjia Williams; Lacee Teel in the winning dress by Melissa Fleis.

An exploration of patient safety culture in Kuwait hospitals: a qualitative study of healthcare professionals' perspectives. Patient safety culture (PSC) represents a key component of the quality of care offered by healthcare professionals. Therefore, it is crucial to understand the factors that influence the implementation of a safe culture. This study explored the knowledge and attitudes of healthcare professionals in Kuwait towards the factors that might affect the PSC. A qualitative study using semi-structured interviews with healthcare professionals was conducted between February and June 2018 at two major hospitals in Kuwait. Both hospitals had been accredited and have been applying the safety programmes recommended by the Kuwaiti Ministry of Health. Participants were purposively selected where 20 healthcare professionals were interviewed. The interviewees comprised of six physicians, six clinical pharmacists, six nurses and two members of the patient safety committee. Inclusion criteria involved healthcare professionals who had more than 1-year clinical experience, have interest in patient safety and had a good level of English. Interviews were audio-recorded and transcribed verbatim. Thematic analysis of the interview transcripts was conducted to identify the emergent themes. Thematic analysis of the interviews yielded three major themes related to 'management', 'regulations and policies' and 'healthcare professionals'. Management issues included managerial support, resources, safety environment and staff training. Regulations and policies highlighted issues related to policies and procedures and incident reporting system. Healthcare professionals' theme covered factors related to knowledge, communication and teamwork among healthcare professionals. This study gave insight into how healthcare professionals perceive the current PSC in Kuwait. Despite their positive attitudes and knowledge towards patient safety, various barriers were reported that hinder optimal PSC. These barriers were related to support, staffing, resources and response to error.

Q: What is the advantage of using a digital signature over simple asymmetric encryption? If you're sending me a message, you can: a) Encrypt the message using your private key, and I can decrypt is using your public key. b) You can create a digital signature of your message, and then send the signature along with the un-encrypted message. My two questions are: 1) I read somewhere that in the (a) scenario, if your encrypted message is tampered with en route, I won't be able to decrypt it using your public key. Is this the case? I thought I'd be able to apply your public key to any message, tampered-with or not, and if it's been tampered with, the message might just be gibberish or something. 2) What is the advantage of (b) over (a)? Given that the encrypted message in (a) and the digital signature in (b) are both encrypted using the same private key, in what way is the security provided by (b) better? A: These misconceptions come from people trying to explain digital signatures to the layperson. Once someone understands the concept of asymmetric encryption, a common way to explain signatures is "encryption with private key", but in reality there is no such thing (for a very technical explanation, see here). You're far better off thinking of asymmetric encryption and digital signatures as two entirely separate things. You've come across some of the many problems with this explanation. If someone did try to send you a message "encrypted" with their private key and it was tampered with, you are correct that you would be able to "decrypt" it, but it would be gibberish. In practice though, messages are too long to be encrypted or signed directly with asymmetric cryptography. When encrypting, a symmetric key is usually generated and used to encrypt the data, then that key is encrypted asymmetrically with the recipient's public key. Likewise, when signing, the message is first passed through a digest algorithm (cryptographic hash) to remove any structure in the data and to output a small digest that is then signed with the private key. Even if you only have a very short message to sign though, you must still pass it through a hash, otherwise an attacker may be able to forge signatures on random messages algebraically related to yours. Since correct signing requires some sort of hashing to be used, the signature obviously can't be reversed to the original message, so the message also has to be sent separately to the recipient (consequently your (a) scenario isn't even possible). Often, messages are signed with the sender's private key, then encrypted with a random symmetric key, which itself is then encrypted with the recipient's public key.

Mr. Trump’s softer tone toward Russia enables him to prop up the Russian leader in the eyes of the world, and, perhaps more important, in the eyes of his own people. This may indeed make him a more reliable partner in resolving the thorny problems of Iran and Syria. But in the end, what is this really about? It is long past time for the media and Eastern intelligentsia to accept the results of the November election, not blame it on Russian interference, and perhaps look to their own arrogance and snobbery. ALEXANDER GOLDSTEIN, BROOKLYN To the Editor: President Trump has always lived his life on the edge. Since he won the presidency, his supporters have always cut him slack and turned a blind eye to his personality quirks and untoward remarks. The idea was to let Trump be Trump. But this time, he has crossed the Rubicon. He has passed the point of no return. PHIL SERPICO KEW GARDENS, QUEENS To the Editor: Re “Mr. Trump Parrots Russia’s Leader” (editorial, July 17): I cannot for the life of me understand why anyone is surprised, much less gobsmacked, as your editorial puts it, at President Trump’s behavior in his press conference with Vladimir Putin. Mr. Trump is nothing if not consistent and predictable. His focus is winning and losing; his main goal is “Trump wins.” With such a worldview, it is impossible for him to ever admit that he might have had Russia’s help in the biggest win of his life. Mr. Putin’s denial of Russian interference reassures the president that he is first and foremost a winner. Sadly, for Mr. Trump that matters more than anything or anyone else. ANNE-MARIE HISLOP, CHICAGO To the Editor: Here’s something that doesn’t make sense. Let’s say we give President Trump the benefit of the doubt and accept that he sincerely doesn’t believe that the Russians interfered in our election. Why then has he not said something like the following? “I really don’t believe that the Russians did this, but I encourage our intelligence people to continue looking into the matter and find out who did. Further, the most important thing is to make sure that no such meddling occurs in the future. I am therefore setting up a commission to see how we can ensure that all future elections are secure from criminal interference. After all, fair elections are the keystone of our democracy.”

Introduction ============ Phytogenic feed additives (PFA) have attracted a lot of attention in recent years. When used in diets, these substances exhibit antioxidative properties and antimicrobial activity, improve nutrient absorption, and could ultimately improve animal performance ([@bib26]; [@bib30]; [@bib37]). PFA are less toxic, have fewer side effects, and are residue-free compared with synthetic feed additives, and are thought to be ideal feed additives in animal production ([@bib25]). Therefore, many phytogenic compounds have been recommended for use as feed additives. Fenugreek (*Trigonella foenum-graecum* L) belongs to the Leguminosae family and is cultivated predominantly in India, West Asia, the Mediterranean, North Africa, and Canada ([@bib29]). The seeds are generally used for condiments in various food preparations, are regarded to have great nutritive value and restorative properties, and have been used in folk medicine for centuries for their hypoglycemic, anthelmintic, antibacterial, antiinflammatory, antipyretic, and antimicrobial properties ([@bib49]; [@bib7]; [@bib50]). The major active components of fenugreek seeds are 4-hydroxyisoleucine, trigonelline, galactomannan with flavonoids, carotenoids, coumarins, and saponins, which confer pharmacological activity and beneficial effects ([@bib46]; [@bib7]). Recently, the modes of PFA action in vivo, including aromatic plants, plant extracts, their single active components, or their blended additives, have been investigated in several studies ([@bib54]; [@bib6]; [@bib37]; [@bib38]). However, in laying hens, a comparatively small number of studies have investigated the effects of fenugreek seed on production performance and egg quality. Therefore, in this study, an attempt was made to evaluate the fenugreek seed as natural growth promoter in laying hen diets. The evaluation included biochemical changes in egg production, egg quality, blood profiles, cecal microflora, and excreta noxious gas emission. Materials and Methods ===================== Ethical Considerations ---------------------- The experimental protocols describing the management and care of animals were reviewed and approved by the Animal Care and Use Committee of Dankook University. Experimental Design, Animals, and Housing ----------------------------------------- A total of 384, 26-week-old (Hyline-brown) laying hens were used in this 6-week trial. Laying hens were randomly assigned to one of three treatments with eight replicates (16 hens/replicate). The experimental treatments were: control, basal diet (FSE 0%); fenugreek seed extract (FSE) 0.05%, basal diet + 0.05% FSE; FSE 0.1%, basal diet + 0.1% FSE. The FSE used in our study was Nutrifen^®^ (Emerald Seed Products Ltd., Avonlea, Canada), which contains ≥ 15.0 mg/g saponin. Nutrifen^®^ was composed of 3584 kcal/kg ME, 10.4% moisture, 28.0% CP, 9.9% crude fiber, 10.4% crude fat, and 4.6% crude ash. It also contained macrominerals as follows; 0.34% calcium, 0.28% sulfur, 0.74% phosphorus, 0.26% magnesium, 36.2 mg/kg zinc, 21.4 mg/kg manganese, and 36.2 mg/kg iron. Laying hens were provided ad libitum access to water and feed. All the diets were formulated in mash form to meet or exceed the [@bib36] nutrition requirement ([Table 1](#T1){ref-type="table"}). Treatment additives were included in the diet by replacing the same amount of corn. Laying hens were allowed to adjust to the environment for 5 days prior to beginning the feeding trial, during which they were fed a basal diet. They were raised in an ambient-regulated house, in which the temperature was maintained below 23°C and the light regime was set on a 16:8-light: dark cycle throughout the entire experiment. Birds were individually reared in adjacent steel cages fitted with a nipple drinker, feeder, and an egg collecting plate. ###### Formula and chemical composition of basal diet (as-fed basis) Item (%) -------------------------------------------------------- ------------- Ingredients   Corn 50.40   Soybean meal (CP 46%) 18.70   Wheat grain 10.00   Corn gluten meal   2.00   Wheat bran   5.00   Animal fat   4.40   Limestone   7.50   Dicalcium phosphate (P 18%)   1.40   Salt   0.30   [dl]{.smallcaps}-Met (50%)   0.10   Vitamin premix[^1^](#tf1){ref-type="table-fn"}   0.10   Trace mineral premix[^2^](#tf2){ref-type="table-fn"}   0.10   Total 100 Calculated values   ME (kcal/kg) 2,904         CP (%) 15.02   Lys (%)   0.78   Met + Cys (%)   0.65   Ca (%)   3.25   P (%)   0.61 Provided per kilogram of premix: 125,000 IU vitamin A; 2,500 IU vitamin D~3~; 10 mg vitamin E; 2 mg vitamin K~3~; 1 mg vitamin B~1~; 5 mg vitamin B~2~; 1 mg vitamin B~6~; 15 mg vitamin B~12~; 500 mg folic acid; 35,000 mg niacin; 10,000 mg Ca-Pantothenate and 50 mg biotin. Provided per Kg of diet: 8 mg Mn (as MnO~2~); 60 mg Zn (as ZnSO~4~); 5mg Cu (as CuSO~4~·5H~2~O); 40mg Fe (as FeSO~4~·7H~2~O); 0.3 mg Co (as CoSO~4~·5H~2~O); 1.5 mg I (as KI), and 0.15 mg Se (as Na~2~SeO~3~·5H~2~O). Laying Production, Performance, and Egg Quality ----------------------------------------------- The hen-day egg production and egg weights were recorded daily, while feed consumption was measured weekly. The feed conversion ratio was calculated as the feed consumption per hen divided by egg weight per day per hen. For each treatment, 40 normal eggs (five eggs/cage) were collected randomly at 32 weeks and used to determine the egg quality. Eggshell color scores were determined using an eggshell color fan on a 1--15 scale (1=light to 15=dark brown) by a single trained evaluator. Haugh units, albumen height, and yolk color were determined, using an egg multi tester (Touhoku Rhythm Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan). Eggshell breaking strength was evaluated, using an Eggshell force gauge, model II (Robotmation Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan), and eggshell thickness was measured, using a dial pipe gauge (Ozaki Mfg. Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan). Blood Profile ------------- At the end of the experiment, 16 laying hens were randomly selected from each treatment (two hens/replication) and blood samples were taken from the jugular vein by a sterilized syringe with needle. Then, the samples were transferred to either a vacuum or K3EDTA vacuum tube (Becton Dickinson Vacutainer Systems, FranklinLakes, NJ, USA). The blood samples were centrifuged at 2000×g at 4°C for 15 min to separate the serum. High-density lipoprotein (HDL), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and total cholesterol, and immunoglobulin G (IgG) concentrations in the serum were then analyzed using an automatic biochemistry blood analyzer (HITACHI747, Tokyo, Japan). Whole blood samples from the K~3~EDTA vacuum tube were analyzed immediately to determine the white blood cells (WBC), red blood cells (RBC), and lymphocyte concentrations using an automatic blood analyzer (ADVIA 120, Bayer, Tarrytown, NY, USA). Cecal Microflora ---------------- At the end of the experiment, samples of cecal contents were collected from 16 laying hens randomly selected from each treatment, then placed on ice for transportation to the laboratory, where analyses were immediately performed using the method described by [@bib51]. One-gram of pooled cecal content sample was diluted 1:9 (wt/vol) with phosphate buffer saline solution (PBS; 0.1M, pH 7.0). Then, 10-fold serial dilutions (10^−3^ to 10^−6^) of cecal content samples were generated with PBS and placed onto Mac-Conkey (Difco Laboratories, Detroit, MI, USA) and *Lactobacillus*-Rogosa agar plates (Difco Laboratories) to isolate the *Escherichia coli* and *Lactobacillus*, respectively. The *Lactobacillus*-Rogosa and MacConkey agar plates were then incubated for 24 h at 37°C under anaerobic and aerobic conditions, respectively. After incubation, *Lactobacillus* and *E. coli* colonies were counted immediately using a colony counter, and are reported as colony-forming units (CFU) log~10~ per g. Excreta Noxious Gas Emission ---------------------------- Fresh excreta from laying hens were collected from eight cages per treatment to determine excreta noxious gas emission according to the method described by [@bib11]. Excreta samples (300 g) were stored in 2-L plastic boxes. The samples were allowed to ferment for 1 day at room temperature (28°C). After the fermentation period, the gases that formed were determined using a Gastec (model GV-100) gas sampling pump (Gastec Corp., Gastec detector tube No. 3L and 3La for ammonia; No. 4LL and 4LK for hydrogen sulfide; No. 70 and 70L for total mercaptan, Gastec Corp, detector tube, Ayase, Japan) from approximately 5 cm above the excreta samples. Statistical Analysis -------------------- Data were statistically analyzed via ANOVA using the GLM procedure of SAS (SAS Inst. Inc., Cary, NC) for a randomized complete block design. The linear and quadratic effects of FSE among treatments were analyzed using a contrast statement. The mean values and standard error of means (SEM) were reported. Probability values less than 0.05 were considered significant. Results ======= Egg Production Performance -------------------------- Laying hens fed diets supplemented with FSE during weeks 27--32 showed significant differences in egg weight compared with those fed the control treatment, as dietary FSE increased from 0.05 to 0.1% (linear, *P*=0.012). However, throughout the experimental period, there was no significant difference in egg production, feed intake, and feed conversion in laying hens fed different levels of FSE in their diet ([Table 2](#T2){ref-type="table"}). ###### The effects of dietary fenugreek seed extract (FSE) on productivity in laying hens[^1^](#tf3){ref-type="table-fn"} FSE, % SEM[^2^](#tf4){ref-type="table-fn"} *P*-value ---------------------- -------- ------------------------------------- ----------- ------ ------- ------- Egg production, % 96.0 97.9 96.5 1.21 0.677 0.115 Egg weight, g 63.1 64.2 66.4 0.89 0.012 0.642 Feed intake, g 115 115 117 1.93 0.659 0.698 Feed conversion, g:g 1.833 1.797 1.757 0.02 0.052 0.952 Each treatment mean represents 8 replicates (16 hens/replicate). Standard error of mean Egg Quality ----------- Eggshell breaking strength and eggshell thickness were found to be increased in the FSE groups compared with the control group (linear *P*\<0.05). As the dietary levels of FSE increased, a linear increase in the intensity of yolk color was observed (*P*=0.001). There was no significant difference in eggshell color, Haugh units, or albumen height of laying hens fed different levels of FSE in their diet ([Table 3](#T3){ref-type="table"}). ###### The effects of dietary fenugreekseed extract (FSE) on egg quality in laying hens[^1^](#tf5){ref-type="table-fn"} FSE, % SEM[^2^](#tf6){ref-type="table-fn"} *P*-value -------------------------------------- -------- ------------------------------------- ----------- ------ ------- ------- Eggshell color 11.25 11.35 11.3 0.19 0.855 0.752 Eggshell breaking strength, kg/cm^2^ 4.390 4.483 4.661 0.06 0.012 0.588 Eggshell thickness, mm^−2^ 35.41 36.36 36.73 0.43 0.038 0.304 Haugh unit 82.52 83.03 82.62 1.41 0.959 0.788 Albumen height, mm 7.55 7.84 7.68 0.19 0.635 0.355 Yolk color 7.0 7.1 7.8 0.14 0.001 0.091 Each treatment mean represents 40 replicates (5 eggs/replicate). Standard error of mean Blood Profiles -------------- Serum levels of HDL-cholesterol were elevated in the FSE treatment group compared with the control group (linear, *P*=0.017). The total cholesterol concentration decreased as dietary FSE increased in laying hens compared with laying hens fed the control diet (linear, *P*=0.042). However, serum LDL-cholesterol and IgG levels were not affected by the addition of FSE. Furthermore, FSE treatment had no significant effect on WBC, RBC, or lymphocytes ([Table 4](#T4){ref-type="table"}). ###### The effect of dietary fenugreekseed extract (FSE) on blood profiles in laying hens[^1^](#tf7){ref-type="table-fn"} FSE, % SEM[^2^](#tf8){ref-type="table-fn"} *P*-value ------------------------------- -------- ------------------------------------- ----------- -------- ------- ------- White blood cells, 10^3^/*µl* 27.0 27.3 31.5 3.92 0.365 0.636 Red blood cells, 10^6^/*µl* 2.3 2.6 2.3 0.15 0.906 0.141 Lymphocyte, % 70.4 60.7 66.2 9.92 0.745 0.495 HDL-cholesterol, mg/dL 33 41 44 2.05 0.017 0.503 LDL-cholesterol, mg/dL 63 62 61 6.24 0.848 0.987 Total cholesterol, mg/dL 222 172 184 11.14 0.042 0.067 Immunoglobulin G, mg/dL 446 469 452 106.45 0.968 0.883 Each treatment mean represents 16 replicates (2 hens/replicate). Standard error of mean Cecal Microflora ---------------- FSE supplementation linearly increased *Lactobacillus* numbers in the cecum, compared with the control treatment (*P*=0.012). Cecal *E. coli* decreased quadratically as dietary FSE increased (*P*=0.010) ([Table 5](#T5){ref-type="table"}). ###### The effects of dietary fenugreekseed extract (FSE) on cecal microbiota in laying hens[^1^](#tf9){ref-type="table-fn"} FSE, % SEM[^2^](#tf10){ref-type="table-fn"} *P*-value -------------------------------- -------- -------------------------------------- ----------- ------ ------- ------- *Lactobacillus*, log~10~ cfu/g 6.98 7.33 7.42 0.10 0.012 0.298 *E. coil*, log~10~ cfu/g 6.57 6.14 6.37 0.08 0.151 0.010 Each treatment mean represents 16 replicates (2 hens/replicate). Standard error of mean Excreta Noxious Gas Emissions ----------------------------- Excreta ammonia emissions were decreased as dietary FSE supplementation increased (linear, *P*=0.020). However, FSE supplementation did not affect total mercaptan and hydrogen sulfide emissions, compared with the control treatment ([Table 6](#T6){ref-type="table"}). ###### The effects of dietary fenugreekseed extract (FSE) on excreta gas emission in laying hens[^1^](#tf11){ref-type="table-fn"} FSE, % SEM[^2^](#tf12){ref-type="table-fn"} *P*-value ----------------------- -------- -------------------------------------- ----------- ------ ------- ------- Total mercaptan, ppm 1.4 0.9 1.0 0.17 0.058 0.134 Ammonia, ppm 48 33 30 4.40 0.020 0.277 Hydrogen sulfide, ppm 2.4 2.4 2.4 0.07 0.987 0.892 Each treatment mean represents 8 replicates (16 hens/replicate). Standard error of mean Discussion ========== Laying performance of the FSE-treated groups did not significantly differ over 27--32 weeks in our study. PFA has been investigated in numerous studies on poultry with varying responses, depending upon the plant species, disease challenges, and different environmental conditions used. Results have also varied depending on the specific plant-derived compound used, or stress type ([@bib15]; [@bib22]; [@bib10]; [@bib12]). Several studies have reported that dietary supplementation with extracts of some plants increased egg production, feed conversion ratio, and egg weight in laying hens ([@bib48]; [@bib35]; [@bib41]). Recent reports have also suggested an improvement in the early growth performance of broilers and pigs, when supplemented with FSE ([@bib28]; [@bib39]). In contrast, previous studies have shown that neither PFA nor FSE exhibited significant effects on feed intake, feed efficiency, and/or egg production of laying hens ([@bib8]; [@bib16]; [@bib3]). Growth responses of broilers, or the egg production performance of laying hens supplemented with PFA remain controversial, and the mechanism of FSE action on poultry performance has not yet been clearly established. Our finding suggests that FSE had no direct beneficial effect on egg production, feed intake, or feed conversion. However, a significant improvement in egg weight, eggshell strength, and eggshell thickness was observed when FSE was included in the diet. The results of our study were similar to those reported recently by [@bib19], who showed significant effects on the eggshell thickness, eggshell weight, and specific gravity between control and fenugreek powder groups. [@bib40] reported that fenugreek seeds in the diet may enhance nutrient absorption due to greater villus height and crypt depth, thereby improving intestinal health. Similarly, [@bib5] found that the apparent ileal digestibility of crude ash, calcium, and phosphorus increased linearly with increasing dose of PFA in the diet. Moreover, fenugreek seeds naturally contain high levels of minerals, including calcium, iron, and zinc ([@bib27]). The beneficial effect on egg weight, eggshell breaking strength, and eggshell thickness might be attributable to favorable alterations in the intestinal environment and function, which may have increased intestinal calcium absorption. Therefore, FSE may help calcium utilization for egg-shell formation, although no significant differences were observed in egg production performance between the FSE groups and the control. In our study, the addition of FSE increased the intensity of the yolk color. Fenugreek seeds are also widely used as a spice and food colorant in food preparations because of their light yellow-brown color ([@bib13]). An increase in the intensity of yolk color is likely to be due to the action of the yellow color agent present in FSE on the yolk following the addition of FSE. Thus, FSE could be supplied as a component of pigment in the diets in order to influence egg yolk yellowness. Serum lipid metabolites in relation to PFA and their extracts have been extensively studied. The addition of PFA could affect serum triglyceride and cholesterol concentrations and effectively prevent the progress of hypercholesterolemia and cholesterol accumulation in the liver induced by a high cholesterol diet in rats ([@bib20]). PFA also significantly decreased blood lipid fractions and increased high-density lipoprotein in poultry ([@bib1]). Results obtained in the present study show that FSE increases serum HDL-cholesterol, and decreases total cholesterol, regardless of LDL-cholesterol levels. Some studies have indicated that fenugreek seeds have hypocholesterolemic activity, which may reduce the risk of heart disease ([@bib42]; [@bib31]). Saponins, which are a major active constituent of the fenugreek seeds, have beneficial effects on blood cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations in rats, rabbits, and humans ([@bib34]; [@bib43]; [@bib2]). Additionally, non-starch polysaccharides, which provide the major soluble fiber content in fenugreek seeds, include galactomannan ([@bib9]), which has been reported to reduce blood lipids ([@bib53]; [@bib44]). The presence of these compounds in particular could increase the viscosity of the digested food and decrease serum total cholesterol levels by inhibiting bile salt reabsorption in the small intestine ([@bib32]). Therefore, the decreased concentration of blood lipid metabolites observed in the present study due to the inclusion of dietary FSE may be related to the saponins or galactomannan fiber content in FSE. Several PFAs have long been recognized for their antimicrobial actions against major pathogens including coccidium and fungi ([@bib21]; [@bib52]). An in vitro study by [@bib18] found that carvacrol and thymol inhibited the growth of *E. coli, Clostridium perfringens*, and *Salmonella* strains. [@bib24] reported that in vitro, essential oils including basil, lemon balm, marjoram, oregano, rosemary, sage, and thyme, strongly inhibited the growth of *B. cereus, P. aeruginosa, E. coli*, and *L. monocytogenes*. In an in vivo study, [@bib23] demonstrated that the herb extracts were largely associated with reduced cecal *Bacteroides* spp., enterococci, and *E. coli* numbers, but increased numbers of bifidobacteria and lactobacilli, relative to the control and antibiotic groups in chickens. In addition, [@bib55] noted that a fenugreek diet caused higher *Lactobacillus* and *Clostridium* concentrations and lower *Escherichia, Hafnia*, and *Shigella* concentrations in the small intestine of piglets. Many investigators have reported an antibacterial effect of fenugreek seeds ([@bib14]; [@bib4]; [@bib33]). Such an effect seems to be related to the presence of certain molecular compounds, usually in the form of secondary metabolites, such as flavonoids, saponins, and phenolic compounds ([@bib14]). In our study, laying hens fed the FSE diets had a higher population of cecal *Lactobacillus* and a lower population of *E. coli*. Therefore, decreased cecal *E. coli* counts in laying hens fed dietary FSE may be explained by the antibacterial activity of FSE against different pathogenic bacteria. These effects of FSE on cecal microflora have led to a reduction in ammonia gas emission in laying hen excreta. In other words, a positive effect of FSE is exerted by suppressing harmful cecal *E. coli*, and favoring beneficial *Lactobacillus*, which may be reflected in the ammonia gas emissions of the excreta. This result is in line with the reports of [@bib47] and [@bib45], who determined that supplemental PFA decreased noxious gas emission, including ammonia concentrations, in pigs and laying hens. Furthermore, decreased levels of excreta ammonia gas found in the FSE groups may be associated with intestinal pH. [@bib17] observed that supplementation of quail diets with PFA (thyme and black seed essential oils) significantly decreased intestinal pH. Similarly, [@bib55] indicated that fenugreek seed reduced the pH in the cecum and colon of piglets, due to an increase in the number of lactate-producing bacteria or their relevant metabolic activity. Therefore, the decrease in ammonia gas emission observed in excreta following the addition of FSE to laying hen diets is thought to be induced by the maintenance of beneficial microbiota or a reduction in intestinal pH. In conclusion, based on these findings, FSEs are a valuable natural feed additive for laying hens, particularly with regard to egg weight, egg quality, serum cholesterol, cecal lactobacilli number and excreta ammonia gas emission.

// Copyright 2004-present Facebook. All Rights Reserved. #include "SamplingProfilerJniMethod.h" #include <JavaScriptCore/JSProfilerPrivate.h> #include <jschelpers/JSCHelpers.h> #include <jni.h> #include <string> using namespace facebook::jni; namespace facebook { namespace react { /* static */ jni::local_ref<SamplingProfilerJniMethod::jhybriddata> SamplingProfilerJniMethod::initHybrid(jni::alias_ref<jclass>, jlong javaScriptContext) { return makeCxxInstance(javaScriptContext); } /* static */ void SamplingProfilerJniMethod::registerNatives() { registerHybrid( {makeNativeMethod("initHybrid", SamplingProfilerJniMethod::initHybrid), makeNativeMethod("poke", SamplingProfilerJniMethod::poke)}); } SamplingProfilerJniMethod::SamplingProfilerJniMethod(jlong javaScriptContext) { context_ = reinterpret_cast<JSGlobalContextRef>(javaScriptContext); } void SamplingProfilerJniMethod::poke( jni::alias_ref<JSPackagerClientResponder::javaobject> responder) { if (!JSC_JSSamplingProfilerEnabled(context_)) { responder->error("The JSSamplingProfiler is disabled. See this " "https://fburl.com/u4lw7xeq for some help"); return; } JSValueRef jsResult = JSC_JSPokeSamplingProfiler(context_); if (JSC_JSValueGetType(context_, jsResult) == kJSTypeNull) { responder->respond("started"); } else { JSStringRef resultStrRef = JSValueToStringCopy(context_, jsResult, nullptr); size_t length = JSStringGetLength(resultStrRef); char buffer[length + 1]; JSStringGetUTF8CString(resultStrRef, buffer, length + 1); JSStringRelease(resultStrRef); responder->respond(buffer); } } } }

We now require registration to download high resolution fan art. Please take a few seconds to register absolutely free! Click here now. (Registering will also let you tell this artist how much you enjoy their work in the comments below.) Here's the picture I made. Ducky edited it and made the lines cleaner so it'd look better than before. It's a heartless!!! A sad one. Isn't it cute?

UK Commission concludes international patent laws hinder access to medicines in developing countries. On 12 September 2002, the UK Commission on Intellectual Property Rights, an independent body established in May 2001 by the British government, released its report analyzing the impact of international agreements on patents. The report, Integrating Intellectual Property Rights and Developmental Policy, makes 55 recommendations "aimed at aligning [intellectual property] protection with the goal of reducing poverty".

First published in Haaretz Only a couple of weeks into the current wave of violence, now widely referred to as the "third intifada," came the first attack by a woman: On September 22 Hadeel al-Hashlamon, a 19 year old, attempted to stab an Israeli soldier at a checkpoint in the West Bank. Stereotypically, women have traditionally been seen as the victims of violence, whether domestic or political. However, the historical record makes it clear that women have not just been the passive victims of terrorism, but also have played an active role. In Muslim history, although women took part in battles at the time of the Prophet Mohammed, their participation was gradually restricted, as women's roles became consigned to the private sphere. Due to their proportionally greater prominence, Palestinian women have historically been seen by academics and the media as among some of the most liberated women in Arab society. Women make good terrorists. They offer a strategic advantage in conducting terrorist attacks; as women do not conform to traditional security profiles, they typically arouse less suspicion, and their actions often garner more international media attention. While the First Intifada saw both Palestinian men and women take part in violence against Israel, the Second Intifada was more male dominated. Women were excluded from many aspects of the public and political spheres of the movement. While women did participant and initiate attacks during the Second Intifada, it was rarer, and the violence was mostly carried out and dominated by men and male-controlled organizations. While Palestinian organizations, especially religious organizations like Hamas and the Palestinian Islamic Jihad, were in the past reluctant to use women in terrorism, they began to change their tune in the early 2000's. Hamas' spiritual leader, Sheikh Ahmed Yassin (assassinated by Israel in 2004) went through a significant change in approach and rhetoric regarding the role women could play in attacks. In 2000 Sheikh Yassin stated that women's participation in martyrdom was problematic. However, by 2002, he noted that women, just like men, were drawn to jihad. This current wave of terrorism has seen women playing a more prominent role in the violence rather than being relegated to secondary one. According to the IDF, since mid-September 2015, approximately 54 stabbing, shooting and vehicular attacks have occurred; of these attacks, women have been responsible for carrying out nine attacks, or approximately 16.6% of the terrorist attacks. For example, on October 11, Israa Jaabis, 31, carried out a vehicular bombing in the West Bank; this was the first attack of its kind in this wave of terrorism. Other attacks by women include the October 7 stabbing in the Old City of Jerusalem, the October 12 stabbing at Ammunition Hill, the October 17 stabbing in Hebron, and the most recent October 25 attempted stabbing in Hebron. What could account for Palestinian women's more active participation in this round of violence? One factor could be the type of attacks that are taking place. While the Second Intifada was characterized by suicide attacks, this wave of terrorism has been marked by “low intensity” knife, shooting and vehicular attacks. There are two main differences between suicide bombings and low intensity attacks. First, suicide bombings are only perpetrated by organizations, as they require immense planning, knowledge and materials to carry out. On the other hand, stabbings, shootings and vehicular attacks can be carried out by individuals, as they require little to no planning. This could explain why individual women can and have carried out low intensity stabbings and vehicular attacks without the permission or support of an organization. Second, suicide bombings raise issue with female modesty, as a suicide attack can result in the exposing of female body parts, as well as the mixing of the attacker's body parts with those of victims, which is a point of contention under Islamic law. Conversely, when carrying out a stabbing or vehicular attack, while a woman may come in contact with the men she attacks, her body is not likely to mix with that of men, as well as she is less likely to be exposed after carrying out the attack. In addition to carrying out terrorist attacks, Palestinian women have been active in both the protests and the rhetoric that Israel and others believe has fueled this wave of violence. The rhetoric of these attacks has spread like wildfire through social media, using both videos and cartoons to disperse the message. Women have been depicted as active perpetrators of violence, as seen in one image by Algerian caricaturist Akrem Boutora entitled "The Awakening", widely disseminated by Palestinian activists across social media networks. The image depicts a woman in a hijab stabbing a pig with a Star of David on its forehead, an illusion to Quranic verses which refer to Jews as the sons of pigs and apes. Numerous quotes regarding the necessity and actuality of women's participation can be seen in jihadi forums and on Twitter. Most of the quotes reference male complacency and women's participation. This can be seen in tweets such as: "Women of Palestine protect Al-Aqsa Mosque while our nation's men are sound asleep". Women's participation in the attacks and protests are sometimes aimed at fueling and shaming men into participation. For example, the Palestinian women's group Al-Murābiṭat, charters weekly buses to the Al-Aqsa Mosque in Jerusalem, where according to their own Facebook page they seek to protect the Temple Mount from the "herds of settler pigs". Made up mostly of middle age and elderly women, the group has ties to the Northern Branch of the Islamic Movement, and uses provocative rhetoric aimed at a more forceful confrontation with Israel, such as by shaming Palestinian men to take up the defense of Muslim women and the Al-Aqsa Mosque. The group prides itself on provoking conflict with Israeli security forces, as well as increasing the attention to their cause through their actions. In an interview of the family of Ishaq Badran, who carried out a stabbing attack in Jerusalem on October 10, we can see the convergence of the triggers for female participation as well as the concerns for modesty and the escalating effect of social media. In an interview with his family on NPR on October 13, his father claimed Badran was “pushed” to taking action after hearing on social media that a female terrorist's head scarf had been forcibly removed by Israelis after she carried out her attack. This wave of violence has not only seen women as active participants, but pro-active participants in terrorism. As the terrorist attacks continue, women will continue to play an active role in carrying out attacks, as well as mobilizing public support for further violence.

Q: Free Software for Partition Manager Free Software for the Partition Manager on Windows XP/vista? A: Try GParted Live. You can create a Boot CD and use that to work with partitions. A: Windows Vista now has a built in partition manager. You can access it like this: Go to Control Panel / Administrative Tools / Computer Management. Then go down to Storage / Disk Management. That brings up your drives. Now you can just select a partition within a drive. Right click it and you'll have options to Shrink, Extend or Delete it. The former two show a popup detailing what size you'd like. More info here. A: Easeus Partition Master is an excellent tool, and the Home version is free! It has a bunch of useful features. I've been using it for a little while, and still cannot believe they give it away for free. You should definitely try it out.

--- abstract: 'We analytically derive the upper bound on the overall efficiency of single-photon generation based on cavity quantum electrodynamics (QED), where cavity internal loss is treated explicitly. The internal loss leads to a tradeoff relation between the internal generation efficiency and the escape efficiency, which results in a fundamental limit on the overall efficiency. The corresponding lower bound on the failure probability is expressed only with an “internal cooperativity," introduced here as the cooperativity parameter with respect to the cavity internal loss rate. The lower bound is obtained by optimizing the cavity external loss rate, which can be experimentally controlled by designing or tuning the transmissivity of the output coupler. The model used here is general enough to treat various cavity-QED effects, such as the Purcell effect, on-resonant or off-resonant cavity-enhanced Raman scattering, and vacuum-stimulated Raman adiabatic passage. A repumping process, where the atom is reused after its decay to the initial ground state, is also discussed.' author: - 'Hayato Goto,$^1$ Shota Mizukami,$^2$ Yuuki Tokunaga,$^3$ and Takao Aoki$^2$' title: 'Fundamental Limit on the Efficiency of Single-Photon Generation Based on Cavity Quantum Electrodynamics' --- *Introduction*. Single-photon sources are a key component for photonic quantum information processing and quantum networking [@Kimble2008a]. Single-photon sources based on cavity quantum electrodynamics (QED) [@Eisaman2011a; @Rempe2015a; @Kuhn2010a; @Law1997a; @Vasilev2010a; @Maurer2004a; @Barros2009a; @Kuhn1999a; @Duan2003a] are particularly promising, because they enable deterministic emission into a single mode, which is desirable for low-loss and scalable implementations. Many single-photon generation schemes have been proposed and studied using various cavity-QED effects, such as the Purcell effect [@Eisaman2011a; @Rempe2015a; @Kuhn2010a], on-resonant [@Kuhn2010a; @Law1997a; @Vasilev2010a] or off-resonant [@Maurer2004a; @Barros2009a] cavity-enhanced Raman scattering, and vacuum-stimulated Raman adiabatic passage (vSTIRAP) [@Eisaman2011a; @Rempe2015a; @Kuhn2010a; @Vasilev2010a; @Kuhn1999a; @Duan2003a; @Maurer2004a]. The overall efficiency of single-photon generation based on cavity QED is composed of two factors: the internal generation efficiency $\eta_{\mathrm{in}}$ (probability that a photon is generated inside the cavity) and the escape efficiency $\eta_{\mathrm{esc}}$ (probability that a generated photon is extracted to a desired external mode). The upper bounds on $\eta_{\mathrm{in}}$, based on the cooperativity parameter $C$ [@Rempe2015a], have been derived for some of the above schemes [@Rempe2015a; @Kuhn2010a; @Law1997a; @Vasilev2010a]. $C$ is inversely proportional to the total cavity loss rate, $\kappa=\kappa_{\mathrm{ex}}+\kappa_{\mathrm{in}}$, where $\kappa_{\mathrm{ex}}$ and $\kappa_{\mathrm{in}}$ are the external and internal loss rates, respectively [@comment-loss]. Note that $\kappa_{\mathrm{ex}}$ can be experimentally controlled by designing or tuning the transmissivity of the output coupler. Thus, $\eta_{\mathrm{in}}$ is maximized by setting $\kappa_{\mathrm{ex}}$ to a small value so that $\kappa \approx \kappa_{\mathrm{in}}$. However, a low $\kappa_{\mathrm{ex}}$ results in a low escape efficiency $\eta_{\mathrm{esc}}=\kappa_{\mathrm{ex}}/\kappa$, which limits the channelling of the generated photons into the desired mode. There is therefore a *tradeoff* relation between $\eta_{\mathrm{in}}$ and $\eta_{\mathrm{esc}}$ with respect to $\kappa_{\mathrm{ex}}$, and $\kappa_{\mathrm{ex}}$ should be optimized to maximize the overall efficiency. This tradeoff relation has not been examined in previous studies, where the internal loss rate $\kappa_{\mathrm{in}}$ has not been treated explicitly. Additionally, previous studies on the photon-generation efficiency have not taken account of a repumping process, where the atom decays to the initial ground state via spontaneous emission and is “reused" for cavity-photon generation [@Barros2009a]. In this paper, we analytically derive the upper bound on the overall efficiency of single-photon generation based on cavity QED, by taking into account both the cavity internal loss and the repumping process. We use the model shown in Fig. \[fig-system\], which is able to describe most of the previously proposed generation schemes, with or without the repumping process, in a unified and generalized manner. In particular, we show that the lower bound on the failure probability for single-photon generation, $P_F$, for the case of no repumping, is given by [@comment-on-Goto; @Goto2008a; @Goto2010a] $$\begin{aligned} P_F \ge \frac{2}{\displaystyle 1+\sqrt{1+2C_{\mathrm{in}}}} \approx \sqrt{\frac{2}{C_{\mathrm{in}}}}, \label{eq-PF}\end{aligned}$$ where we have introduced the “internal cooperativity," $$\begin{aligned} C_{\mathrm{in}}= \frac{g^2}{2\kappa_{\mathrm{in}} \gamma }, \label{eq-Cin}\end{aligned}$$ as the cooperativity parameter with respect to $\kappa_{\mathrm{in}}$ instead of $\kappa$ for the standard definition, $C=g^2/(2\kappa \gamma )$ [@Rempe2015a]. The approximation in Eq. (\[eq-PF\]) holds when $C_{\mathrm{in}} \gg 1$. The lower bound on $P_F$ in Eq. (\[eq-PF\]) is obtained when $\kappa_{\mathrm{ex}}$ is set to its optimal value, $$\begin{aligned} \kappa_{\mathrm{ex}}^{\mathrm{opt}} \equiv \kappa_{\mathrm{in}} \sqrt{1+2C_{\mathrm{in}}}, \label{eq-optimal-kex}\end{aligned}$$ and is simply expressed as $2\kappa_{\mathrm{in}}/\kappa^{\mathrm{opt}}$, where $\kappa^{\mathrm{opt}} \equiv \kappa_{\mathrm{in}} + \kappa_{\mathrm{ex}}^{\mathrm{opt}}$ [@comment-kex]. Note that the experimental values of $(g,\gamma,\kappa_{\mathrm{in}})$ determine which regime the system should be in: the Purcell regime ($\kappa \gg g \gg \gamma$), the strong-coupling regime ( $g \gg (\kappa, \gamma)$), or the intermediate regime ($\kappa \approx g \gg \gamma$). The remainder of this paper is organized as follows. First, we show that the present model is applicable to various cavity-QED single-photon generation schemes. Next, we provide the basic equations for the present analysis. Using these equations, we analytically derive an upper bound on the success probability, $P_S=1-P_F$, of single-photon generation. From here, we optimize $\kappa_{\mathrm{ex}}$ and derive Ineq. (\[eq-PF\]). We then briefly discuss the condition for typical optical cavity-QED systems. Finally, the conclusion and outlook are presented. *Model*. As shown in Fig. \[fig-system\], we consider a cavity QED system with a $\Lambda$-type three-level atom in a one-sided cavity. The atom is initially prepared in $|u\rangle$. The $|u\rangle$-$|e\rangle$ transition is driven with an external classical field, while the $|g\rangle$-$|e\rangle$ transition is coupled to the cavity. This system is general enough to describe most of the cavity QED single-photon generation schemes. For instance, by first exciting the atom to $|e\rangle$ with a resonant $\pi$ pulse (with time-dependent $\Omega$), or fast adiabatic passage (with time-dependent $\Delta_u$), the atom is able to decay to $|g\rangle$ with a decay rate enhanced by the Purcell effect [@Purcell1946a], generating a single photon. Here, the Purcell regime is assumed. [@Rempe2015a; @Kuhn2010a; @Eisaman2011a]. Another example is where the atom is weakly excited with small $\Omega$ and a cavity photon is generated by cavity-enhanced Raman scattering. Here, $\kappa \gg g$ is assumed in the on-resonant case ($\Delta_e=\Delta_u=0$) [@Kuhn2010a; @Law1997a; @Vasilev2010a], while $\Delta_e \gg g$ is assumed in the off-resonant case ($\Delta_u=0$) [@Barros2009a; @Maurer2004a]. A third example is based on vSTIRAP [@Rempe2015a; @Eisaman2011a; @Kuhn2010a; @Vasilev2010a; @Kuhn1999a; @Duan2003a; @Maurer2004a], where $\Omega$ is gradually increased, and where the strong-coupling regime \[$g \gg (\kappa, \gamma)$\] and small detunings ($|\Delta_e|, |\Delta_u| \ll g$) are assumed. *Basic equations*. The starting point of our study is the following master equation describing the cavity-QED system: $$\begin{aligned} \dot{\rho} =& \mathcal{L} \rho, ~ \mathcal{L} =\mathcal{L}_{\mathcal{H}} + \mathcal{J}_u + \mathcal{J}_g + \mathcal{J}_o + \mathcal{J}_{\mathrm{ex}} + \mathcal{J}_{\mathrm{in}}, \label{eq-master} \\ \mathcal{L}_{\mathcal{H}} \rho =& -\frac{i}{\hbar} \left( \mathcal{H} \rho - \rho \mathcal{H}^{\dagger} \right),~ \mathcal{H}=H -i\hbar \left( \gamma \sigma_{e,e} + \kappa a^{\dagger} a \right), \nonumber \\ H =& \hbar \Delta_e \sigma_{e,e} + \hbar \Delta_u \sigma_{u,u} \nonumber \\ &+ i\hbar \Omega (\sigma_{e,u} - \sigma_{u,e} ) + i\hbar g (a \sigma_{e,g} - a^{\dagger} \sigma_{g,e} ), \label{eq-Hamiltonian} \\ \mathcal{J}_{u} \rho =& 2 \gamma r_u \sigma_{u,e} \rho \sigma_{e,u},~ \mathcal{J}_{g} \rho = 2 \gamma r_g \sigma_{g,e} \rho \sigma_{e,g}, \nonumber \\ \mathcal{J}_{o} \rho =& 2 \gamma r_o \sigma_{o,e} \rho \sigma_{e,o},~ \mathcal{J}_{\mathrm{ex}} \rho = 2 \kappa_{\mathrm{ex}} a \rho a^{\dagger},~ \mathcal{J}_{\mathrm{in}} \rho = 2 \kappa_{\mathrm{in}} a \rho a^{\dagger}, \nonumber\end{aligned}$$ where $\rho$ is the density operator describing the state of the system; the dot denotes differentiation with respect to time; $H$ is the Hamiltonian for the cavity-QED system; $a$ and $a^{\dagger}$ are respectively the annihilation and creation operators for cavity photons; $|o\rangle$ is, if it exists, a ground state other than $|u\rangle$ and $|g\rangle$; $r_u$, $r_g$, and ${r_o=1-r_u-r_g}$ are respectively the branching ratios for spontaneous emission from $|e\rangle$ to $|u\rangle$, $|g\rangle$, and $|o\rangle$; and $\sigma_{j,l}=|j\rangle \langle l|$ ($j,l=u, g, e, o$) are atomic operators. In the present work, we assume no pure dephasing [@comment-dephasing]. The transitions corresponding to the terms in Eqs. (\[eq-master\]) and (\[eq-Hamiltonian\]) are depicted in Fig. \[fig-transition\], where the second ket vectors denote cavity photon number states. Once the state of the system becomes $|g\rangle |0\rangle$ or $|o\rangle |0\rangle$ by quantum jumps, the time evolution stops. Among the quantum jumps, $\mathcal{J}_{\mathrm{ex}}$ corresponds to the success case where a cavity photon is emitted into the external mode, and the others result in failure of emission. Taking this fact into account, we obtain the following formal solution of the master equation [@Carmichael]: $$\begin{aligned} \rho_c (t) =& \mathcal{V}_{\mathcal{H}}(t,0) \rho_0 + \int_0^t \! dt' \mathcal{J}_{\mathrm{ex}} \mathcal{V}_{\mathcal{H}} (t',0) \rho_0 \nonumber \\ &+ \int_0^t \! dt' \mathcal{V}_c (t,t') \mathcal{J}_u \mathcal{V}_{\mathcal{H}} (t',0) \rho_0, \label{eq-rho-c}\end{aligned}$$ where $\rho_c$ denotes the density operator conditioned on no quantum jumps of $\mathcal{J}_g$, $\mathcal{J}_o$, and $\mathcal{J}_{\mathrm{in}}$, $\rho_0 = |u\rangle |0\rangle \langle u| \langle 0|$ is the initial density operator, and $\mathcal{V}_{\mathcal{H}}$ and $\mathcal{V}_c$ are the quantum dynamical semigroups defined as follows: $$\begin{aligned} \frac{d}{dt} \mathcal{V}_{\mathcal{H}}(t,t') = \mathcal{L}_{\mathcal{H}}(t) \mathcal{V}_{\mathcal{H}}(t,t'),~ \frac{d}{dt} \mathcal{V}_c(t,t') = \mathcal{L}_c(t) \mathcal{V}_c(t,t'), \nonumber\end{aligned}$$ where $\mathcal{L}_c =\mathcal{L}_{\mathcal{H}} + \mathcal{J}_u + \mathcal{J}_{\mathrm{ex}}$ is the Liouville operator for the conditioned time evolution. Note that $\rho_c(t) = \mathcal{V}_c(t,0) \rho_0$. The trace of $\rho_c$ decreases from unity for ${t>0}$. This decrease corresponds to the failure probability due to $\mathcal{J}_g$, $\mathcal{J}_o$, and $\mathcal{J}_{\mathrm{in}}$ [@Carmichael; @Plenio1998a]. Note that $\rho_{\mathcal{H}}(t)=\mathcal{V}_{\mathcal{H}}(t,0) \rho_0$ can be expressed with a state vector as follows: $$\begin{aligned} \rho_{\mathcal{H}}(t)= |\psi (t) \rangle \langle \psi (t)|,~ i\hbar |\dot{\psi} \rangle = \mathcal{H} |\psi \rangle,~ |\psi (0) \rangle = |u \rangle |0 \rangle. \nonumber\end{aligned}$$ Setting $|\psi \rangle = \alpha_u |u \rangle |0 \rangle + \alpha_e |e \rangle |0 \rangle + \alpha_g |g \rangle |1 \rangle$, the non-Hermitian Schrödinger equation is given by $$\begin{aligned} & \dot{\alpha_u}= -i\Delta_u \alpha_u -\Omega \alpha_e, \label{eq-alpha-u} \\ & \dot{\alpha_e}= -(\gamma + i \Delta_e) \alpha_e + \Omega \alpha_u + g \alpha_g, \label{eq-alpha-e} \\ & \dot{\alpha_g}= -\kappa \alpha_g - g \alpha_e. \label{eq-alpha-g}\end{aligned}$$ Using the state vector and the amplitudes, Eq. (\[eq-rho-c\]) becomes $$\begin{aligned} \rho_c (t) =& |\psi (t) \rangle \langle \psi (t)| + 2 \kappa_{\mathrm{ex}} \int_0^t \! dt' |\alpha_g (t')|^2 |g \rangle |0 \rangle \langle g| \langle 0| \nonumber \\ &+ 2 \gamma r_u \int_0^t \! dt' |\alpha_e (t')|^2 \mathcal{V}_c (t,t') \rho_0. \label{eq-rho-c-2}\end{aligned}$$ *Upper bound on success probability*. A successful photon generation and extraction event is defined by the condition that the final atom-cavity state is $|g\rangle|0\rangle$, and that the quantum jump $\mathcal{J}_{\mathrm{ex}}$ has occurred. The success probability, $P_S$, of the single-photon generation is therefore formulated by $P_S = \langle g| \langle 0| \rho_c(T) |g \rangle |0 \rangle$ for a sufficiently long time $T$. Using Eq. (\[eq-rho-c-2\]), we obtain $$\begin{aligned} P_S =& 2 \kappa_{\mathrm{ex}} \int_0^T \! dt |\alpha_g (t)|^2 \nonumber \\ &+ 2 \gamma r_u \int_0^T \! dt |\alpha_e (t)|^2 \langle g| \langle 0| \mathcal{V}_c (T,t) \rho_0 |g \rangle |0 \rangle. \label{eq-PS-formula}\end{aligned}$$ Here we assume the following inequality: $$\begin{aligned} \langle g| \langle 0| \mathcal{V}_c (T,t) \rho_0 |g \rangle |0 \rangle \le \langle g| \langle 0| \mathcal{V}_c (T,0) \rho_0 |g \rangle |0 \rangle = P_S. \label{eq-Vc}\end{aligned}$$ This assumption is natural because $\mathcal{V}_c (t,t')$ should be designed to maximize $P_S$ [@comment-Vc]. Thus we obtain $$\begin{aligned} P_S \le \frac{2 \kappa_{\mathrm{ex}} I_g} {\displaystyle 1-2 \gamma r_u I_e}, \label{eq-PS-inequality}\end{aligned}$$ where ${I_g = \int_0^T \! dt |\alpha_g (t)|^2}$ and ${I_e = \int_0^T \! dt |\alpha_e (t)|^2}$. The two integrals, $I_g$ and $I_e$, can be evaluated as follows. First, we have $$\begin{aligned} \frac{d}{dt} \langle \psi |\psi \rangle = -2\gamma |\alpha_e|^2 - 2\kappa |\alpha_g|^2 ~\Rightarrow~ 2\gamma I_e + 2\kappa I_g \approx 1, \label{eq-norm}\end{aligned}$$ where ${\langle \psi (0)|\psi (0) \rangle =1}$ and ${\langle \psi (T)|\psi (T) \rangle \approx 0}$ have been used assuming a sufficiently long time $T$. Next, using Eq. (\[eq-alpha-g\]), we obtain $$\begin{aligned} & I_e = \int_0^T \! dt \frac{|\dot{\alpha_g}(t) + \kappa \alpha_g (t)|^2}{g^2} \nonumber \\ &= \int_0^T \! dt \frac{|\dot{\alpha_g}(t)|^2 + \kappa^2 |\alpha_g (t)|^2}{g^2} + \frac{\kappa}{g^2} \left[ |\alpha_g(T)|^2 - |\alpha_g(0)|^2 \right] \nonumber \\ &\approx \frac{I'_g}{g^2} +\frac{\kappa^2}{g^2} I_g, \label{eq-Ie}\end{aligned}$$ where we have used ${|\alpha_g(0)|^2=0}$ and ${|\alpha_g(T)|^2\approx 0}$ and have set ${I'_g = \int_0^T \! dt |\dot{\alpha}_g (t)|^2}$. Using Eqs. (\[eq-norm\]) and (\[eq-Ie\]), we obtain $$\begin{aligned} I_g &= \frac{C}{\kappa (1+2C)} \left( 1- \frac{I'_g}{\kappa C} \right), \label{eq-Ig-result} \\ I_e &= \frac{1}{2\gamma} \left[ 1- \frac{2C}{1+2C} \left( 1- \frac{I'_g}{\kappa C} \right) \right]. \label{eq-Ie-result}\end{aligned}$$ Substituting Eqs. (\[eq-Ig-result\]) and (\[eq-Ie-result\]) into Ineq. (\[eq-PS-inequality\]), the upper bound on $P_S$ is finally obtained as follows: $$\begin{aligned} P_S &\le \frac{\kappa_{\mathrm{ex}}}{\kappa} \frac{2C}{1+2C} \frac{\displaystyle 1-\frac{I'_g}{\kappa C}} {\displaystyle 1-r_u + r_u \frac{2C}{1+2C} \left( 1-\frac{I'_g}{\kappa C} \right)} \nonumber \\ &\le \left( 1- \frac{\kappa_{\mathrm{in}}}{\kappa} \right) \left( 1- \frac{1}{1+2C} \right) \sum_{n=0}^{\infty} \left( \frac{r_u}{1+2C} \right)^n, \label{eq-PS}\end{aligned}$$ where we have used $0\le 1 - I'_g/(\kappa C) \le 1$ [@comment-Ig]. The equality approximately holds when the system varies slowly and the following condition holds: $$\begin{aligned} \frac{1}{\kappa} \int_0^T \! dt |\dot{\alpha_g}(t)|^2 \ll C.\end{aligned}$$ The upper bound on the success probability given by Ineq. (\[eq-PS\]) is a unified and generalized version of previous results [@Kuhn2010a; @Law1997a; @Vasilev2010a; @comment-storage; @Gorshkov2007a; @Dilley2012a], which did not treat explicitly internal loss, detunings, or repumping. The upper bound has a simple physical meaning. The first factor is the escape efficiency $\eta_{\mathrm{esc}}$. The product of the second and third factors is the internal generation efficiency $\eta_{\mathrm{in}}$. Each term of the third factor represents the probability that the decay from $|e \rangle$ to $|u \rangle$ occurs $n$ times. Note that $\eta_{\mathrm{in}}$ is increased by the repumping process. So far, the photons generated by repumping after decay to $|u\rangle$ are counted, as in some experiments [@Barros2009a]. However, such photons may have time delays or different pulse shapes from photons generated without repumping, and are therefore not useful for some applications, such as photonic qubits. If the photons generated by repumping are not counted, we should consider the state conditioned further on no quantum jump of $\mathcal{J}_u$. In this case, the upper bound on the success probability is obtained by modifying Ineq. (\[eq-PS\]) with $r_u=0$. The contribution of the repumping to $P_S$, denoted by $P_{\mathrm{rep}}$, is given by the second term in the right-hand side of Eq. (\[eq-PS-formula\]). Using Eqs. (\[eq-Ie-result\]) and (\[eq-PS\]), we can derive an upper bound on $P_{\mathrm{rep}}$ as follows: $$\begin{aligned} P_{\mathrm{rep}} \le 2\gamma r_u I_e P_S &\le \frac{\kappa_{\mathrm{ex}}}{\kappa} \frac{2C}{1+2C} \sum_{n=1}^{\infty} \left( \frac{r_u}{1+2C} \right)^n \nonumber \\ &= \frac{\kappa_{\mathrm{ex}}}{\kappa} \frac{2C}{1+2C} \frac{r_u}{1+2C-r_u}. \label{eq-Prepump}\end{aligned}$$ Thus, the contribution of the repumping is negligible when $C \gg 1$ or when $r_u \ll 1$. *Fundamental limit on single-photon generation based on cavity QED*. The reciprocal of the upper bound on $P_S$ is simplified as $$\begin{aligned} \left( 1 + \frac{\kappa_{\mathrm{in}}}{\kappa_{\mathrm{ex}}} \right) \left[ 1 + \frac{1-r_u}{2C_{\mathrm{in}}} \left( 1 + \frac{\kappa_{\mathrm{ex}}}{\kappa_{\mathrm{in}}} \right) \right].\end{aligned}$$ This can be easily minimized with respect to $\kappa_{\mathrm{ex}}$, which results in the following lower bound on $P_F$: $$\begin{aligned} P_F \ge \frac{2}{\displaystyle 1+\sqrt{1+2C_{\mathrm{in}}/(1-r_u)}}, \label{eq-PF-ru}\end{aligned}$$ where the lower bound is obtained when $\kappa_{\mathrm{ex}}$ is set to $$\begin{aligned} \kappa_{\mathrm{ex}}^{\mathrm{opt}} \equiv \kappa_{\mathrm{in}} \sqrt{1+2C_{\mathrm{in}}/(1-r_u)}. \label{eq-optimal-kex-ru}\end{aligned}$$ In the case of no repumping, Eqs. (\[eq-PF-ru\]) and (\[eq-optimal-kex-ru\]) are modified by $r_u=0$. This leads to Ineq. (\[eq-PF\]) and Eq. (\[eq-optimal-kex\]). The approximate lower bound in Ineq. (\[eq-PF\]) can be derived more directly from Ineq. (\[eq-PS\]) (${r_u=0}$) using the arithmetic-geometric mean inequality as follows: $$\begin{aligned} P_F \ge \frac{\kappa_{\mathrm{in}}}{\kappa} + \frac{1}{2C+1} -\frac{\kappa_{\mathrm{in}}}{\kappa} \frac{1}{2C+1} \approx \frac{\kappa_{\mathrm{in}}}{\kappa} + \frac{\kappa \gamma}{g^2} \ge \sqrt{\frac{2}{C_{\mathrm{in}}}}, \nonumber\end{aligned}$$ where ${\kappa_{\mathrm{in}} \ll \kappa}$ and ${C \gg 1}$ have been assumed. Note that $\kappa$ is cancelled out by multiplying the two terms [@comment-arithmetic-geometric]. *Typical optical cavity-QED systems*. In optical cavity-QED systems where a single atom or ion is coupled to a single cavity mode [@Law1997a; @Vasilev2010a; @Barros2009a; @Maurer2004a; @Kuhn1999a; @Duan2003a], the cavity-QED parameters are expressed as follows [@Rempe2015a]: $$\begin{aligned} g &= \sqrt{\frac{\mu_{g,e}^2 \omega_{g,e}}{2\epsilon_0 \hbar A_{\mathrm{eff}} L}}, \label{eq-g} \\ \kappa_{\mathrm{in}} &= \frac{c}{2L} \alpha_{\mathrm{loss}}, \label{eq-kappa-in} \\ r_g \gamma &= \frac{\mu_{g,e}^2 \omega_{g,e}^3}{6 \pi \epsilon_0 \hbar c^3}, \label{eq-gamma}\end{aligned}$$ where $\epsilon_0$ is the permittivity of vacuum, $c$ is the speed of light in vacuum, $\mu_{g,e}$ and $\omega_{g,e}$ are the dipole moment and frequency of the $|g\rangle$-$|e\rangle$ transition, respectively, $L$ is the cavity length, $A_{\mathrm{eff}}$ is the effective cross-section area of the cavity mode at the atomic position, and $\alpha_{\mathrm{loss}}$ is the one-round-trip cavity internal loss. Substituting Eqs. (\[eq-g\])–(\[eq-gamma\]) into the definition of $C_{\mathrm{in}}$, we obtain $$\begin{aligned} \frac{2C_{\mathrm{in}}}{1-r_u} &= \frac{1}{\alpha_{\mathrm{loss}}} \frac{1}{r_A} \frac{r_g}{1-r_u} \le \frac{1}{\alpha_{\mathrm{loss}}} \frac{1}{r_A}, \label{eq-Cin-formula}\end{aligned}$$ where $\lambda = 2\pi c/\omega_{g,e}$ is the wavelength corresponding to $\omega_{g,e}$, $r_A=A_{\mathrm{eff}}/\sigma$ is the ratio of the cavity-mode area to the atomic absorption cross section ${\sigma = 3\lambda^2/(2\pi)}$, and the inequality comes from $r_g/(1-r_u) \le 1$. (The equality holds when ${r_o=0}$.) Note that the cavity length $L$ and the dipole moment $\mu_{g,e}$ are cancelled out. From Ineq. (\[eq-PF-ru\]), it turns out that the single-photon generation efficiency is limited only by the one-round-trip internal loss, ${\alpha_{\mathrm{loss}}}$, and the area ratio, $r_A$, even when counting photons generated by repumping. *Conclusion and outlook*. By analytically solving the master equation for a general cavity-QED model, we have derived an upper bound on the success probability of single-photon generation based on cavity QED in a unified way. We have taken cavity internal loss into account, which results in a tradeoff relation between the internal generation efficiency and the escape efficiency with respect to the cavity external loss rate $\kappa_{\mathrm{ex}}$. By optimizing $\kappa_{\mathrm{ex}}$, we have derived a lower bound on the failure probability. The lower bound is inversely proportional to the square root of the internal cooperativity $C_{\mathrm{in}}$. This gives the fundamental limit of single-photon generation efficiency based on cavity QED. The optimal value of $\kappa_{\mathrm{ex}}$ has also been given explicitly. The repumping process, where the atom decays to the initial ground state via spontaneous emission and is reused for cavity-photon generation has also been taken into account. For typical optical cavity-QED systems, the lower bound is determined only by the one-round-trip internal loss and the ratio between the cavity-mode area and the atomic absorption cross section. This result holds even when the photons generated by repumping are counted. The lower bound is achieved in the limit that the variation of the system is sufficiently slow. When the short generation time is desirable, optimization of the control parameters will be necessary. This problem is left for future work. Acknowledgments {#acknowledgments .unnumbered} =============== The authors thank Kazuki Koshino, Donald White and Samuel Ruddell for their useful comments. This work was supported by JST CREST Grant Number JPMJCR1771, Japan. [19]{} H. J. Kimble, Nature **453**, 1023 (2008). M. D. Eisaman, J. Fan, A. Migdall, and S. V. Polyakov, Rev. Sci. Instrum. **82**, 071101 (2011), and references therein. A. Reiserer and G. Rempe, Rev. Mod. Phys. **87**, 1379 (2015). A. Kuhn and D. Ljunggren, Contemp. Phys. **51**, 289 (2010). C. K. Law and H. J. Kimble, J. Mod. Opt. **44**, 2067 (1997). G. S. Vasilev, D. Ljunggren, and A. Kuhn, New J. Phys. **12**, 063024 (2010). H. G. Barros, A. Stute, T. E. Northup, C. Russo, P. O, Schmidt, and R. Blatt, New J. Phys. **11**, 103004 (2009). C. Maurer, C. Becher, C. Russo, J. Eschner, and R. Blatt, New J. Phys. **6**, 94 (2004). A. Kuhn, M. Hennrich, T. Bondo, and G. Rempe, Appl. Phys. B **69**, 373 (1999). L.-M. Duan, A. Kuzmich, and H. J. Kimble, Phys. Rev. A **67**, 032305 (2003). The external loss is due to the extraction of cavity photons to the desired external mode via transmission of the mirror, while the internal loss is due to undesirable scattering and absorption inside the cavity. It is notable that similar lower bounds on failure probabilities, inversely proportional to $\sqrt{C_{\mathrm{in}}}$, have been derived for quantum gate operations based on cavity QED [@Goto2008a; @Goto2010a]. This fact implies that $C_{\mathrm{in}}$ should be regarded as a figure of merit of cavity-QED systems for quantum applications. In Refs. [@Goto2008a; @Goto2010a], the critical atom number [@Rempe2015a], which is the inverse of the cooperativity, was used instead of the internal cooperativity. Note that in Ref. [@Goto2008a], $\kappa$ should be interpreted as $\kappa_{\mathrm{in}}$ because in this case the external field is unnecessary and we can set $\kappa_{\mathrm{ex}}=0$. H. Goto and K. Ichimura, Phys. Rev. A **77**, 013816 (2008). H. Goto and K. Ichimura, Phys. Rev. A **82**, 032311 (2010). Interestingly, this optimal value of $\kappa_{\mathrm{ex}}$ is exactly the same as that for a quantum gate operation in Ref. [@Goto2010a]. E. M. Purcell, Phys. Rev. **69**, 681 (1946). Pure dephasing may degrade single-photon efficiency, and therefore not affect the upper bound on the efficiency. In typical optical cavity-QED systems where a single atom or ion is coupled to a single cavity mode [@Law1997a; @Vasilev2010a; @Barros2009a; @Maurer2004a; @Kuhn1999a; @Duan2003a], pure dephasing is actually negligible. H. J. Carmichael, in *An Open Systems Approach to Quantum Optics*, edited by W. Beiglböck, Lecture Notes in Physics Vol. m18, (Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1993). M. B. Plenio and P. L. Knight, Rev. Mod. Phys. **70**, 101 (1998). If $\langle g| \langle 0| \mathcal{V}_c (T,t) \rho_0 |g \rangle |0 \rangle > \langle g| \langle 0| \mathcal{V}_c (T,0) \rho_0 |g \rangle |0 \rangle$, then we should use $\mathcal{V}_c (T,t)$ for the single-photon generation, instead of $\mathcal{V}_c (T,0)$. Note that $I'_g \ge 0$ by definition and $1 - I'_g/(\kappa C) \ge 0$ because $I_g \ge 0$, by definition, in Eq. (\[eq-Ig-result\]). Interestingly, it is known that photon storage with cavity-QED systems without internal loss also has a similar upper bound, $2C/(2C+1)$, on the success probability [@Gorshkov2007a; @Dilley2012a]. This, together with the results for quantum gate operations [@Goto2008a; @Goto2010a], implies the universality of the upper bound. A. V. Gorshkov, A. André, M. D. Lukin, and A. S. S[ø]{}rensen, Phys. Rev. A **76**, 033804 (2007). J. Dilley, P. Nisbet-Jones, B. W. Shore, and A. Kuhn, Phys. Rev. A **85**, 023834 (2012). A similar technique has been applied to the derivation of an upper bound on the success probability of a quantum gate operation based on cavity QED [@Goto2008a].

Q: Pod spec lint fail validation: no known class method for selector I'm trying to create a pod, my framework is building fine and I have no problem using it projects, but when I am trying to convert it into a pod and run pod spec lint to validate it it fails, and gives me the following error: - ERROR | [iOS] xcodebuild: SimpleCameraFramework/SimpleCameraFramework/AVCaptureSession+Safe.m:28:67: error: no known class method for selector 'safeCastFromObject:' In this file I have no compiler error, I have exposed the category in the umbrella header, so I really don't see where the problem is... Any idea? A: I found out the problem, for some reason the pod doesn't work with the precompiled header, if I remove it and import the .h file directly in AVCaptureSession+Safe, it works...

Cryopreserved (frozen) Donor vials are available to individual Client(s)/Recipient(s), within the United States and Worldwide to achieve Assisted Reproduction. BioGenetics Corporation was established in 1980 to become the first commercial sperm bank in the United States located in New Jersey. BioGenetics respects the current medical standards and ethics set forth by the: American Society for Reproductive Medicine (ASRM) American Society of Andrology (ASA) The American Association of Tissue Banks (AATB) The American Urological Association (AUA) and all related scientific associations as well as regulatory government agencies that may impact Reproductive Cell and Tissue Banking. BioGenetics is FDA Registered BioGenetics is licensed by The New Jersey State Department of Health as a Laboratory under CLIA The New York State Department of Health as a Reproductive Cell & Tissue Bank BioGenetics Corporation operates under the direction of Albert Anouna, President and CEO. Mr. Anouna holds a B.Sc. and is certified as a High Complexity Laboratory Director (HCLD). Mr. Anouna is a member of the following professional and scientific organizations: American Society for Reproductive Medicine (ASRM) American Association of Tissue Banks (AATB) American Society of Andrology (ASA) American Association for Clinical Chemists (AACC) American Association of Bioanalysts (AAB) International Society for Environmental and Biological Repositories (ISBER) International Society for Cellular Therapy (ISCT) The BioGenetics Corporation staff includes a Medical Director, a consulting Pathologist, Geneticist, an Embryologist, several Phlebotomists, Medical Technologists, Laboratory Technicians as well as Administrative support personnel.

The New York Giants haven’t been as active in free agency as they were in 2016 and much of that is due to their limited salary cap space. They are still looking, however, and they are reportedly interested in offensive lineman D.J. Fluker. Art Stapleton of the Record tweeted Friday afternoon that the Giants “have expressed interest” in Fluker, who was released by the Los Angeles Chargers earlier this week. Hearing #Giants have expressed interest in G/T D.J. Fluker. That's the kind of move they're looking at up front, and it'd be a good one. — Art Stapleton (@art_stapleton) March 10, 2017 ESPN’s Jordan Raanan reported that the Giants have a visit scheduled with Fluker but they aren’t the only team that is interested. OL D.J. Fluker has visit scheduled with Giants, per source. The Patriots also have strong interest in the former Chargers first-round pick. — Jordan Raanan (@JordanRaanan) March 10, 2017 The Giants weren’t able to compete in the market for the bigger name offensive tackles but that doesn’t mean they haven’t been looking. Without a whole lot of cap space, Fluker becomes an intriguing option. Fluker carries much appeal for a handful of reasons. He is still just 25 years old and the former first-round draft pick has the versatility to play both offensive tackle and guard, which are two positions the Giants are looking to upgrade. Giants Wire’s own Jeff Shull had this to say about the 2013 first-round pick: While Fluker has not developed into an elite-level tackle, he has been average to above average at times. His highest grade on Pro Football Focus came in 2014, when he registered a 77 overall grade. This is not only an improvement over both current options at right guard and right tackle, but he could come at a discount compared to Okung or Andrew Whitworth. He also offers versatility in that he has started at guard and tackle for the Chargers. The Giants didn’t have the cap space to go after guys like Andrew Whitworth or Kevin Zeitler but they are still looking add depth and competition to the offensive line.

Manhattan Airport Foundation The Manhattan Airport Foundation is a parody advocacy organization lobbying, as part of a hoax, for the development of an international airport replacing Central Park between 59th Street and 110th Street in Manhattan. The Foundation claims to have been founded in 2006 and that it is composed of members of civic, environmental and community groups as well as elected officials and city and state agencies. The Foundation states that their proposed 'Manhattan International Airport' would be the largest public works project to be undertaken in New York since the creation of Central Park. Once built, the Airport would provide a much needed international air hub offering vital transportation access to individuals living and working in the center of Manhattan. See also Aviation in the New York metropolitan area References External links The Manhattan Airport Foundation website Curbed Monogocoro Gothamist Treehugger U.S. News & World Report Category:Hoaxes in the United States Category:Parodies Category:Central Park

Q: How to measure g using a metre stick and a ball Can I measure the value of g using only a metre stick and a ball? I am not supposed to use a stopwatch and that has been the problem. NOTE: I do not know if a solution exists or not. A: No you can't. You can see this because you are only given things that can define a units of length and mass (the meterstick and the ball), so you need something that can define the unit of time. If there was another process, nongravitational, with which you could define a unit of time, then you can find g relative to this unit of time, but absent such a thing, you can only define the unit of time by dropping something or measuring something oscillate in gravity, and then you are stuck.

Cardiotoxicity among adult survivors suffered from childhood malignancies. Late cardiotoxicity following treatment of malignancy diseases has been long established. Cancer therapeutics-related cardiac dysfunction (CTRCD), acute arrhythmias, pericardial disease, valvopathies and early atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease (CVD), are the clinical presentations of cardiotoxicity. Although these clinical modalities can affect adults treated for malignancies, they are more common to present in the pediatric survivors as improvement of prognosis, nowadays exists. Studies have shown that CVD can present earlier than thirty years, post treatment. If adding on this the early and late effect of cardiotoxicity on the developing in childhood cardiovascular system, we are then faced with a new Risk Factor (RF) for CVD. Anthracyclines and its derivatives have served for over fifty years as the road model of studding early, mid and late term cardiotoxicity. Today a vast number of chemical agents are used, many of them with very good results in treating the existing malignancies. Unfortunate, little or even less are known on their potential mechanism of derived cardiotoxicity when used by their own or combined with others and/or radiotherapy (RT). The 2013 existing guidelines by ACC/AHA on surveillance of the cardiovascular health of oncology survivors, are mostly addressing early cardiac adverse effects and CTRCD. Little is mentioned about the development of early CVD, its subclinical diagnosis, prevention and the need of early intervention before clinical events are present. The aim of this paper is to review the exist knowledge and practice on this condition with growing numbers of survivors facing the risk of early atherosclerotic CVD.

Stone flaming Stone flaming or thermaling is the application of high temperature to the surface of stone to make it look like natural weathering. The sudden application of a torch to the surface of stone causes the surface layer to expand and flake off, exposing rough stone. Flaming works well on granite, because granite is made up of minerals with differing heat expansion rates. Process After removing a rock from a quarry, the rock is sliced into multiple flat slabs using a diamond gang saw. The saw leaves flat surfaces with circular marks. Flaming is done by wetting, and then running an oxygen-acetylene or oxygen-propane torch over the surface. As seen in both photos, the torch is usually kept at a 45 degree angle to the stone. Alternatives Alternative techniques for creating a rough surface on sawed stone include: bush hammering sandblasting hydrofinishing See also References External links Stone surfaces, photos of various surface treatments Palowy Stone, photos of stone flaming Understanding Flagstone: Sawcut, Thermaled, and Chiseled Edges Photos of hydrofinishing Category:Stonemasonry

Lucknow, Nov 7: Ayodhya Deepostav 2018, an event organised to mark Diwali celebrations in Ayodhya town - has entered Guinness Book of World Records on Tuesday. A Guinness certificate was issued to UP government's tourism department and Dr Ram Manohar Lohia (RML) Avadh University, Faizabad, on Tuesday evening when over three lakh clay lamps were illuminated at Ram Ki Paidi on Chhoti Diwali as part of Deepotsava. Faizabad district will now be known as Ayodhya The event also witnessed some important announcements. Uttar Pradesh Chief Minister Yogi Adityanath said that Faizabad district will now be known as Ayodhya. "Ayodhya is a symbol of our pride. Ayodhya's identity is with Lord Ram. From today, Faizabad district's name will be Ayodhya," he said. Three lakh Diyas on banks of river Sarayu The mega Deepostav 2018 celebrations which began today with an aim to set a world record, entered the Guinness Book of Record for lighting as many as 3,01,152 earthen lamps, on the bank of River Sarayu. More than three lakh ‘diyas' or ‘earthen lamps' were lit on both sides of the banks of River Saryu. 30-feet statue of Lord Ram A massive 30-feet statue of Lord Ram was also installed on the banks of Saryu, along with that of Lord Hanuman, for Diwali celebrations in the city. Ayodhya Deepotsav 2018 The Deepotsav is an initiative by the Tourism and Cultural Department of Uttar Pradesh to celebrate Lord Rama's victory over Ravana and return to His kingdom in Ayodhya. We use cookies to ensure that we give you the best experience on our website. This includes cookies from third party social media websites and ad networks. Such third party cookies may track your use on Oneindia sites for better rendering. Our partners use cookies to ensure we show you advertising that is relevant to you. If you continue without changing your settings, we'll assume that you are happy to receive all cookies on Oneindia website. However, you can change your cookie settings at any time. Learn more

Web analytics is a fire extinguisher. Your website is on fire and you're burning cash. Instalogic can Help! Pay Per Click Advertising Company Calgary Calgary PPC Launching a new business? Looking to generate more? Pay Per Click advertising is an excellent way of driving business your way almost immediately. As the internet evolves, it is taking a larger role in our daily lives. With every passing day, we find ourselves spending more and more time in front of a computer screen. Advertisers are constantly looking for new ways to reach their potential clients. More and more of them are finding online advertising as a good tool of reaching their goals. Pay Per Click is an online advertising tool designed so advertisers can target their potential clients while those are using the search engine to find what they need. The system works by providing the advertisers with a set of tools designed to help them create their advertising campaign. The ads are displayed on a designated area called "sponsored links" in the search engine pages; those areas usually occupy the top and right side of your screen while on the search engine. Compared with conventional advertising, Pay Per Click (PPC) is very effective targeting specific audiences, unlike many other advertising channels, it also provide a reliable way of measuring advertising effectiveness. By using Pay Per Click advertising, one can target clients based on specific keywords, and keyword combinations used to perform searches online. The leading search engines with a Pay Per Click advertising program include: Google, Yahoo and MSN. Click to Enlarge Target Your Audience More Accurately Traditional advertising is designed for maximum exposure while hoping to get a response from a portion of the audience who the advertising is relevant for. With Pay Per Click, the advertiser targets it's specific audience based on keywords and keyword combinations. The advertiser's ads will only be displayed to people who searched for keywords selected by the advertiser. E.g. a pizzeria owner serving the Calgary area can set his Pay Per Click campaign so his ads will only be displayed for users searching for "Pizza" or/and "Calgary pizza". His ads will be viewed only by individuals searching for those exact terms and no one else. Traditional advertising can not offer that type of accurate targeting. Measure Your Success by Pay Per Click Advertising Service Pay Per Click advertisers can see exactly which keywords sent visitors to their site. Knowing which keywords are working for them and which are not can not only help them tweak their advertising, it can also provide them with valuable information that can help them adjust their business strategy and maybe consider offering new services based on market trends. Traditional advertising does not come close. Target Your Clients Based On Geographical Location Why advertise to a large audience when you can target your clients based on their location. Select multiple locations and change your setting at any time to test the response from new locations. Click to Enlarge Stop & Go, In Real Time In addition to setting their campaign ads to run at specific time slots, PPC advertisers can also pause and resume their campaign in real time. Other Pay Per Click benefits including real time and scheduled reporting, modifying campaign budget in real time and more.

Follow Us Timberwood Park, San Antonio, Texas Nestled in the foothills of the Texas Hill Country in San Antonio, Timberwood Park offers its residents the kind of views and peaceful calm that only nature can provide. Upon easily accessing this North-Central community from Blanco, Borgfeld, and Canyon Golf roads, its easy to see why this 2,200 acre custom home development is the ideal location. Commuting, shopping, and medical services are just around the corner with Loop 1604 just 5 short miles away, and Hwy 281 less than three. The private 30-acre park with lake, pool, clubhouse, weight room, pavilion, playground, picnic and barbecue area, par 3 golf course, green belts and unobstructed views round off this perfect place to call home. Local Agents Dan Kubinski They told me, "Dan write a Bio!".... Now who wants to talk about themselves? Well here goes: I remember being about 4 or 5 and sitting on a bench in front of a store with my older sister Karen. Picture a towheaded kid wearing one of his 4 older brothers stained, hand-me down red and white stripped shirts, with a hole over the belly button area, sporting worn cut-off shorts and a tattered pair of J.C. Penny tennis shoes, with convenient air holes for my toes to stick out. Shabby would be too kind of a word. My Sis tells it this way: Danny, you said, " Sis, someday I'm gonna be able to buy my own clothes, not hand me downs!" That was followed up with, "I'm gonna be rich Sis.... You just watch!" Its all vague now but she swears by it. Somehow, someway, I ended up doing something that I have a passion for and now over 40 years later, that passion still resides where the little determined boy once ruled my thoughts. I have been blessed with more than I ever deserved. I am rich in spirit, health and family. God has been good to that little boy from long ago, enabling me to do something I love. I am amazed and thankful every day. Fast forward a few years and envision a teenage boy in El Paso who is intent on buying 4 acres of land in Chaparral, New Mexico, on a note for $14,000. I told my family it was going to be worth much more soon. They thought I was crazy and had no business buying some land. My friends were making payments on their used Chevy Camero's, Monte Carlo's, Ford Pinto's or even 4 x 4 Ford pickup trucks, I wanted to invest in buying land. I knew it was going to go up in value soon. It did, I resold it for $19,000 just 5 months later. I was hooked and I think I even bought a new pair of shoes! That was a start of many transactions. Now, after helping over 7000 families buy or sell homes across Texas, that fire still burns deep inside me. I always have had a feeling that everything will work out! It really does when you think about it. For some reason optimism followed me like the wind, always there whispering that I could do it. You see, just as that little kid of long ago or that teenage boy full of dreams believed anything was possible, I still think I'm going to win. From those early days till now, I have been privileged and honored to have had a chance to help so many people with their real estate buying or selling needs. We have a super talented and dedicated staff to help people and without them, and of course, Tracy my wife, it would not be possible to have closed over 500 million dollars of sales in the past few years. We keep things simple. We offer, "Over the Top," service to our clients and that has been a recipe for success for us. We are truly a full service real estate office. We now even have been entrusted with government contracts from HUD, the US Marshals office, the US Attorney Generals office as well as close ties with hedge fund groups. As our client, you will receive the best we have to offer in personal service, knowledge of the current real estate market statistics, upcoming trends, home values, and expert negotiation skills. We also guide you through every step of the home buying/selling process so you will never feel alone. When you hire us, we come to work for you and will bring along years of experience and sage advice. To quote one of my favorite speakers, Zig Zieglar, "You will get everything you want in life as long as you help everyone get what they want!' Thanks for reading this and taking a look at what we are about. I thank God for what he has done for me. Dan Jonathan De La Garza No Agent Found Pilar Gonzalez No Agent Found Geoffrey Myane My family has been involved in real estate as investors, agents, renters, and advisors since before I was born. I have followed up in every role, trained by winners in the industry and successfulexperience. I do real estate because of only one reason – I truly enjoy it. I enjoy my clients getting the deal that makes them happy, and I enjoy giving fifteen percent of every commission to a nonprofit of their choice here in San Antonio to help our great city become even better. I work to find and sell properties through both traditional and contemporary options available in today’s world – online websites, MLS, mailed flyers, open houses, social media, youtube, community social events that I host, and more. Real estate is less work and more passion for me, so my phone and computer is always on and busy. No matter what you’re looking for, allow me to help you in any way I can – even if it’s just a call for advice. Rechelle Glendenning Rechelle Glendenning is an accomplished realtor and has been in real estate now for five years, one year with Crowned Eagle Realty. She has an insiders knowledge of the San Antonio area-commercial and residential market. If buying, selling or just dreaming, she places the utmost attention to service and detail. She represents buyers and sellers in any price range.

def extractStartlingSurprisesAtEveryStep(item): vol, chp, frag, postfix = extractVolChapterFragmentPostfix(item['title']) if not (chp or vol or frag) or 'preview' in item['title'].lower(): return None if 'bu bu jing xin' in item['tags']: return buildReleaseMessageWithType(item, 'Bu Bu Jing Xin', vol, chp, frag=frag, postfix=postfix) return False

'use strict'; var dbm; var type; var seed; /** * We receive the dbmigrate dependency from dbmigrate initially. * This enables us to not have to rely on NODE_PATH. */ exports.setup = function (options, seedLink) { dbm = options.dbmigrate; type = dbm.dataType; seed = seedLink; }; exports.up = function (db) { return Promise.all([ db.runSql('UPDATE office SET name = \'Office of Brazil and Southern Cone (WHA/BSC)\' where name=\'Office of Brail and Southern Cone (WHA/BSC)\''), db.runSql('UPDATE office SET name = \'U.S. Embassy La Paz\' where name=\'U.S. Embassy LaPaz\''), ]); }; exports.down = function (db) { return Promise.all([ db.runSql('UPDATE office SET name = \'Office of Brail and Southern Cone (WHA/BSC)\' where name=\'Office of Brazil and Southern Cone (WHA/BSC)\''), db.runSql('UPDATE office SET name = \'U.S. Embassy LaPaz\' where name=\'U.S. Embassy La Paz\''), ]); };

The invention relates to a discharge lamp having an oval sectional shape, and more particularly to a circular fluorescent lamp. Research and studies for developing a circular fluorescent lamp having a non-circular sectional started many years ago for the purpose of increasing the illuminance of the lamp on a plane beneath its installed position, as disclosed in Japanese Patent Publications Nos. 50-32785 (1975) and 51-11876 (1976). Also, Japanese Utility Model Publication No. 37-22455 (1962) proposes a straight fluorescent lamp in which the ratio between the larger and smaller tube diameters is selected to be 4:3 or 4:2, and the thickness of its phosphor film is made non-uniform, so as to improve its illuminance in a specific direction relative to its installation. Although a discharge tube having an oval sectional shape has been proposed for years and is well known in the art, as disclosed in the prior art publications, the mechanical strength of the discharge tube decreases inevitably due its oval sectional shape. However, no proposal has been made hitherto for solving the problem of an undesirable decrease in the mechanical strength of such a discharge tube.

Immune dysregulation in primary immune thrombocytopenia patients. To explore the immunological abnormalities in patients with primary immune thrombocytopenia (ITP), and analyze its relationship with treatment. Proportion of different immune cell subsets were detected in the peripheral blood of 124 ITP patients at different time points and 45 normal controls by flow cytometry. The treatments included glucocorticoids, intravenous IgG as first-line treatment and second-line drugs. Elevated CD4/CD8 ratio and decreased the proportion of NK and CD4 + CD25 + CD127low regulatory T cells (Tregs) were found in pre-treated ITP patients than healthy controls. The newly diagnosed group had a significantly higher CD4/CD8 ratio than the relapsed group, but no differences in the proportion of B cells, NK cells and Tregs. No relationships were found between the curative effect and the pre-treated cell subsets within both the effective and ineffective groups. Furthermore, compared with the ineffective group, the effective group had higher Tregs and lower CD4/CD8 ratio post-treatment, but no significant differences in NK and B cells. ITP patients presented with a high CD4/CD8 ratio and low levels of Tregs and NK cells, suggesting that immune deregulation was involved in the pathogenesis of ITP. The pre-treated immune status of ITP patients may not be related to the curative effect. Tregs significantly increased in the effective group post-treatment, highlighting that the mechanism of restoring Tregs may be involved in the treatment of ITP. However, whether or not the targeted regulation of Tregs is an effective treatment for ITP still requires further studies.

Effects of exhaustive exercise on biochemical characteristics of sarcoplasmic reticulum from rat soleus muscle. This study examined the effects of acute high-intensity and moderate-intensity exercise on Ca2+-stimulated adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) activity and the Ca2+ and ATP dependence of Ca2+-ATPase of the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) in the soleus muscle. The rats were run on 10% grade at 50 m min(-1) or 25 m min(-1) until fatigued (avg. time to exhaustion 2.8 and 87.7 min, respectively). The catalytic activities of SR Ca2+-ATPase were significantly depressed immediately after both types of exercise. Kinetic analyses demonstrated that the Ca2+ affinity of Ca2+-ATPase was elevated by both types of exercise adopted in the present investigation whereas the increase in the ATP affinity was brought about by only high-intensity exercise. These results suggest that exhaustive exercise may induce in slow-twitch muscle fibre the environmental changes, which adversely affect SR Ca2+-ATPase activity and can overcome the positive influence arising from the increase in the Ca2+ and/or ATP affinities of SR Ca2+-ATPase.

Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans in adult periodontitis. I. Topographic distribution before and after treatment. The aim of this investigation was to study the topographic distribution of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans in patients with adult periodontitis before and after mechanical periodontal treatment (repeated oral hygiene instructions, systematic deep scaling, and root planing). In 10 A. actinomycetemcomitans-positive patients, subgingival microbial samples were obtained from the mesial and distal aspect of every tooth (38 to 56 sites per patient, 479 sites in total) before and one month after treatment. The samples were cultured on TSBV agar. A. actinomycetemcomitans was identified based on phenotypical and serological criteria. A. actinomycetemcomitans was present in 40% of the samples taken before and in 23% of the samples taken after treatment. Before treatment, the frequency of A. actinomycetemcomitans-positive samples per patient was wide spread and ranged from 7 to 90%. After treatment, two patterns of A. actinomycetemcomitans distribution could be recognized: the majority of the patients showed only a limited percentage of positive samples and yielded less than 10(5) A. actinomycetemcomitans. In three subjects, however, relatively high numbers of positive sites were still present, and many of these positive sites showed high A. actinomycetemcomitans counts. Logistic multiple regression showed the presence of A. actinomycetemcomitans before treatment depended strongly on the individual and was significantly associated with probing depth (P < 0.001) and bleeding upon sampling (P = 0.07). The highest chance of detecting A. actinomycetemcomitans existed in deep pockets which bled upon sampling. After treatment, there was a strong individual influence and an influence of probing depth (P < 0.001). The highest chance of detecting A. actinomycetemcomitans existed in residual pockets in the range of 5 mm.

Like many others I've been creating a simple PHP/XML CMS with a wonderful tutorial on this site. Essentially it's a 'latest news' page. The stories display on the web page with the most recent item created at the top, but I want to be able to 're-shuffle' the stories based on a number I add to an XML node.I'm sure there must be a way with PHP to order the results based on a number in one of the nodes? For example: In the above example, because it has been given the rank '1', I would like it to display first on the web page no matter when it was created. Other stories with higher numbers would appear below it. Does that make sense?! Here is the php code that extracts the info and displays it on the web page:

Effects of fetal respiratory movements on the short-term fractal properties of heart rate variability. We evaluated the effect of fetal respiratory movements (RM) on the heart rate (HR) fractal dynamics.Abdominal ECG recordings were collected from low-middle-risk pregnant woman at rest. Mean gestational age was 34.8 ± 3.7 weeks. Ultrasound images were simultaneously acquired determining if RM were exhibited by fetuses. 13 pairs of HR series were compared. Each pair included 5 min of data from the same fetus either during the manifestation of RM or when there was no persistent indication of them. Detrended fluctuation analysis was applied to these series for obtaining the scaling exponent α1. HR series were also assessed using the conventional parameters RMSSD and HF power.The main findings of this contribution were the lack of significant changes in the scaling exponent α1 of fetal HR fluctuations as a result of RM. By contrast, HF power and RMSSD did show significant changes associated with the manifestation of fetal RM (p < 0.001 and p < 0.05, respectively). Yet the scaling exponent was the only parameter showing a significant relationship with the particular frequency of fetal RM (r s = 0.6, p < 0.03). Given the invariability of α1 regarding the manifestation of fetal RM, we consider that the HR short-term fractal properties are convenient for assessing the cardiovascular prenatal regulation.

Q: Integration between circle and ellipse I need to evaluate an integral over the $D=\{x^2+y^2 >1; \frac{x^2}{a^2}+\frac{y^2}{b^2}<1\}$, but I can't find the limits of integration simply by changing to polar coordinates. Thanks A: In polar coordinates, the region can be represented by a whole $2\pi$ turn of $\theta$. For the radius, it is a function of instant $\theta$ values. $\int_0^{2\pi} \int_1^{U(\theta)} F(r,\theta)*r*dr*d\theta$ where $r = U(\theta)$ can be found as follows: Suppose that a point on the ellipse has angle $\theta$, then we have $\frac{r^2cos^2(\theta)}{a^2} + \frac{r^2sin^2(\theta)}{b^2} = 1$ $\implies r^2(\frac{cos^2(\theta)}{a^2} + \frac{sin^2(\theta)}{b^2}) = 1$ $\implies r^2 = \frac{a^2b^2}{b^2cos^2(\theta) + a^2sin^2(\theta)}$ $\implies r = U(\theta) = \sqrt{\frac{a^2b^2}{b^2cos^2(\theta) + a^2sin^2(\theta)}}$

Updated to correct an editorial error in the element named in the deck. The largest industrial application of olefin metathesis today is the synthesis of propylene from ethylene and butenes^[@ref1]^ employing WO~3~ on SiO~2~, a relatively long-lived and regenerable catalyst that operates at 350--400 °C. It is widely proposed that high temperatures are required because the percentage of metal sites actually involved in the metathesis reaction is extremely low, or the reaction that generates alkylidenes is not a high yield reaction, or both. A recent paper by Copéret, Mashima, and co-workers^[@ref2]^ tackles head-on the question concerning how in WO~3~/SiO~2~ catalysts the alkylidene is formed from an olefin alone. Hundreds of papers have attempted to answer this question, although one has to admit that there may not be a single answer for all supported oxide catalysts or all olefins. Copéret and Mashima employ Me~4~BTDP to reduce four-coordinate (SurfO)~2~WO~2~ sites on silica in the absence of olefins to give 2,3,5,6-tetramethylpyrazine, hexamethyldisiloxane, and M(IV) sites ([eq [1](#eq1){ref-type="disp-formula"}](#eq1){ref-type="disp-formula"}). Analogously, five-coordinate (SurfO)~4~WO sites are also reduced to (SurfO)~4~W(IV) sites. When the purple solid containing a high percentage of W(IV) sites produced in this manner is then exposed to *cis*-4-nonene and heated to 70 °C, 1000 equiv of the alkene are metathesized in 6 h. When instead ethylene is added to the purple solid, solid-state NMR studies reveal that propene is formed along with unsubstituted square pyramidal metallacyclobutane and metallacyclopentane complexes. A variety of experiments led the authors to conclude that above 70 °C, metathesis activity can be ascribed to a relatively efficient contraction of a metallacyclopentane ring to a metallacyclobutane ring, from which loss of propylene generates an initial methylidene complex (eq 2). Ultimately, rearrangement of a metallacyclobutane complex to an olefin results in reduction to W(IV) and reformation of a metallacyclopentane and subsequently another methylidene. It is not yet known whether only TBP (SurfO)~2~W(O)(C~4~H~8~) sites undergo this "ring-contraction" to give a methylidene. "Ring-contraction" was discovered in the process of exploring reactions between tantalum(III) olefin complexes and terminal olefins to give two dimers of the terminal olefins, not metathesis products. This reaction turned out to be a good model for nonmetathetical steps in alkylidene/metallacycle chemistry of Mo and W.^[@ref3],[@ref4]^ It was recognized at the time that "the MC~4~ to MC~3~ ring contraction is a straightforward and reasonable way of forming an alkylidene ligand from olefins---assuming that some MC~3~ complexes which form in this manner will cleave to give metathesis-type products instead of rearranging."^[@ref3]^ Although unsubstituted d^0^ metallacyclopentane (MC~4~) complexes of Mo and W (especially) have been observed as the end products of a decomposition "cascade" in the presence of ethylene,^[@ref5],[@ref6]^ there is little hard evidence in homogeneous systems that alkylidenes arise from M(IV) olefin complexes^[@ref7]^ through ring-contraction of metallacyclopentanes in homogeneous metathesis reactions at 22 °C. Virtually the only exception in Mo-based or W-based olefin metathesis systems is the catalytic homologation of vinyltributylstannane to allyltributylstannane in the presence of ethylene,^[@ref8]^ which can so far only be explained through a ring-contraction mechanism. An alternative to ring-contraction as a mechanism of forming an alkylidene is a mechanism in which an allyl hydride is formed through allylic CH activation in an olefin. Allyl hydrides are intermediates in rearrangement of a metallacyclobutane to an olefin and consequent reduction of a d^0^ complex to a d^2^ olefin complex with loss of metathesis activity, so formation (to some degree) of a metallacyclobutane from an alkenyl hydride also seems feasible. The work by Copéret and Mashima may revolutionize the synthesis and use of inexpensive supported metathesis catalysts for hydrocarbons on an industrial scale by allowing the use of much lower temperatures than currently employed. It also may open up opportunities for regenerating catalysts in flow systems. However, it remains to be seen to what extent functional groups are tolerated as metathesis substrates or whether C=C bond isomerization^[@ref7]^ becomes a complication at the temperatures employed. Finally, it also must be noted that the level of selectivity found in homogeneous catalysts today^[@ref9]^ may be difficult to match in a heterogeneous catalyst since the latter are unlikely to contain true (100%) "single sites" that can be tuned with the high level of molecular precision as soluble catalysts.

Q: Execute HTTP Post automatically I have a free script and I would like to ask if it's possible to replace or automate the search function. For example every hour. Right now I have to press the search button to find new proxies but I want to search automatically and update them in my database, maybe using a cron job. if(isset($_POST['search'])) { // hit search button $script_start = $pb->microtime_float(); ob_flush(); flush(); $proxylisttype = $pb->returnProxyList($_REQUEST['listtype']); // make sure request vars are clean $sitestoscour = $pb->returnSitesScour($_REQUEST); // make sure request vars are clean $finallist = $pb->returnFinalList($sitestoscour); $finallist = $pb->arrayUnique($finallist); // eliminate the dupes before moving on if(AUTO_BAN == 1) { // remove banned proxies $finallist = $pb->autoBan($finallist); } $script_end = $pb->microtime_float(); // stop the timer } A: You can either do it with curl from a php script or command line (or wget). That way you can set the $_POST: $ch = curl_init(); curl_setopt($ch,CURLOPT_URL, "http://yoururl.com'"); curl_setopt($ch,CURLOPT_POST, true); curl_setopt($ch,CURLOPT_POSTFIELDS, "search=your_query"); $result = curl_exec($ch); curl_close($ch); Then make that script run every hour by setting up a cron job. You could also do it with wget: wget --post-date="search=query" http://yoururl.com

Follow me on Thursday, 29 March 2012 This is a card I made for my friend Eileen who's birthday it is today.....Happy Birthday Eileen...I just love this S.U. Elements of Style stamp set. Coloured with Copic pens and I have 3D some of the flowers.Card, papers and the embossing folder are all from Stampin Up...just added a touch of glittered lace and a few pearls. Saturday, 24 March 2012 This is an image from the Oh La La CD Carnival of Colours which has some beautiful images and is lovely to use especially when you need a quick card.For part of the background I have stamped an S.U. script background a onto old olive card. Leaf branch is also from S.U.....faux brads added. Wednesday, 21 March 2012 The challenge over at Penny Black this week is 'This, That and the Other (Anything goes). Haven't had time to craft since Friday as we have been baby sitting but managed to produce this card for the challenge.Stamped image is called 'Sweet surprise' and coloured with Copics.Backing paper is from my stash but I know the yellow paper is from Papermania.Sentiment is Personal Impressions stamp... Sunday, 18 March 2012 Firstly Happy Mothers Day to every mum out there in blogland....I hope you are all being thoroughly spoilt today. This is also my mid month post for St Lukes charity card challenge and our challenge was Spring into Spring.My stamp is an old one and although is wood mounted does not have a name on it....this stamp really needed to be 3D to make the tulips stand out...image was embossed with copper and then painted with some Daler-Rowney Pearlescent Liquid Acrylic paints which I have had since the year dot!Corner dies are from Cuttlebug... sentiment is stampin up. You still have time to make your Spring into Spring creation...and we are hoping we might top 100 entires this month...so come on crafters help us reach our target.Have a lovely day..... Saturday, 17 March 2012 She's a wonderful daughter and a fantastic mum. Martin her husband is taking her away for a couple of days and we are looking after the children, we are having a family meal today which will be lovely... Friday, 16 March 2012 I love these sets where you get stamps and dies together although I have just used the die cuts on this Die-Namics set, its does save you having to cut out the images! I have used a tiny stamp from the set on the background behind the tea pot. Backing papers is S.U.....just added a little bit of lace for the tablecloth and made some faux brads.Hope you all have a great week end whatever you do.. AnneI've just noticed the word tea is upside down..so had better change that!! Thursday, 15 March 2012 I've been playing with my S.U. Fresh Vintage stamp set.Stamped the main image using old olive and also stamped the larger flower stamp using real red and 3D the flower head. Mounted onto Nesties. For the background I used S.U. designer paper which matches the stamp set and one of the S.U. embossing folders. I used 2 of the small butterflies from the S.U. Butterfly Sizzlet die.We have thick fog again here in Somerset and it quite cold so think today could be a crafting day....well who needs an excuse to craft!! Wednesday, 14 March 2012 Ok I know its the same image as yesterdays post but haven't got another card to post today so thought you might like to see the Baby Boy version of yesterdays card.Image is from Sugar Nellie called 'Bambino'....coloured with Copic pens...backing papers are all from S.U., sentiment from LOTV.....S.U> eyelet punch. Embellishments from my stash. Think my daughter will happy with the baby cards.Its our club night tonight and we stamping onto candles with Michelle and doing a parchment project with Janet....hopefully if I remember I will take my camera tonight and take some photo's. Tuesday, 13 March 2012 Two posts in one morning!!! I've finished the first baby card for my daughter and I've used this lovely image from Sugar Nellie called 'Bambino'.....coloured with copic and mounted onto Nesties. Again I have used some gathered ribbon around the edge. Backing papers are from S.U. The little silver flowers are buttons which I have had for ages. S.U. eyelet border punch and of course a few pearls.... Right off to make a the baby boys card now...which I will post tomorrow!! Another 'quickie' LOTV card for you this morning using the die cuts....love these two little chaps... Papers are from K and Co Hopscotch pad...MS border punch and Su star punch...Off to make a couple of baby cards for my daughter, her friend is having a C.Section next week and of course they don't know what sex the baby is so need to make one of each.... Monday, 12 March 2012 I am still plodding on with my 60 card order...nearly there now just Wedding and a few mens cards to do...This is one of my 'quickie' cards using one of the lovely LOTV die cut images which I have added more colour to. For some reason the colours haven't colour come out very well...I used Copics next time I will use pencils and hopefully that will be better...Anyway back to the card...backing paper is from S.U. so is the cardstock, Nestiies die, E.K. Success scallop border punch, sentiment is from Craftwork Cards...Thanks for popping by... Sunday, 11 March 2012 Another great challenge this week from Chrissie and Mandi over at Less is Moreits One Layer and the subject is Script.I've used two stamps, one script one if from Hero Arts called Manuscript Background and the lady is a Rubber Stampede stamp and is just called 'Woman in a Hat'. I stamped the lady first then masked her before popping the script stamp over the top.The weather here in Somerset is a bit foggy and overcast so an ideal day to spend in the craft room!Enjoy your Sunday... Saturday, 10 March 2012 Our challenge over at the Penny Black Saturday challenge this week is 'The Young Ones'.... This is one of my cards that I made for my big order so thought you would fit this challenge has you cant get any Younger than a baby!Colours with Copic pens. mounted onto circles with a touch of pink lace around. Backing paper is from Craft Creations, embossing folder used is from S.U.Sentiment is an Art Impressions one...Think my scanner is giving up the ghost as it wont copy very well so will have to get my camera charged up! Thursday, 8 March 2012 This weeks challenge over at Less is More is Colours and the colours we have been given to use are Neutrals...Mandy and Chrissie have given us some lovely inspirational cards... I have used the Stampin UP Triple Treat Flower which I bought a while ago..stamped the flower in Black and Soft Suede. Backing papers are also from S.U. and so is the border punch and the sentiment, Just added a little black ribbon across the centre. Wednesday, 7 March 2012 I have been lucky enough to receive this lovely award from Pauline over at Craft Obsession so thank you Pauline very much.So, to accept this award there are a few rules:Thank the giver and link back to the blogger who gave it to you.Reveal your five blogger picks and let them know by leaving a comment on their blog.Copy and paste the award on your blog.Hope that those you honour forward it to their favorite bloggers.Here are just 5 ladies who visit on a regular basis, and provide a lot of inspiration when the old mojo is lacking but I could add a lot more to my list.... Sunday, 4 March 2012 Penny Blacks challenge this week is CASE-IT and this is my take on the challenge.I've used my Butterfly Kitty stamp and coloured it with Copic Pens.Flower punch is one of the Nellie Snellen ones, Senitment and punched label is from Stampin Up.My lovely friend Val and her husband come to visit on Friday and we always have a bit of a 'show and tell' of our crafty things we have done and Val very kindly let me use one of her new Go Kreate dies which was a scallop circle which just about went through my Bigshot..so thank you Val.Easel cards aren't the easiest of cards to photograph thats why I dont put many on my blog!! Thursday, 1 March 2012 Where did February go to?? Its the 1st of the month and that means another challenge over at St Lukes Charity card challenge and this month our challenge is Spring into Spring...anything to do with Spring....flowers, animals, fresh Spring colours so lets see what you can come up with.The stamp I have used is an old PSX Clematis stamp, coloured with Prismacolor pencils, backing paper is from Stampin Up the Trellis punch us a Martha Stewart one, leaves punched are from the SU bird punch.We have two great giveaways this month so if you enter a card you could win this lovely set of Waltzing Mouse stamps and a great magazine Paper Crafts for lots of inspiration: Pop over the the St Lukes Challenge blog and see what the other members of the DT have come up with for this challenge.....wouldn't it be great if we would reach 100 entries this month, so come crafters show us what you can do. Follow this blog with bloglovin Followers Translation Follow by Email About Me My name is Anne I have been a crafter for many years but making cards for 18 years. My friend Karen and I started a Craft Club in a little village in Somerset 11 years ago.I have the best hubby in the world', 2 lovely daughters and 4 beautiful grandchildren, who could ask for more?

The Bauer Memorial Path provides a short route through residential and commercial areas of Machesney Park, a northern suburb of Rockford. The trail begins at the Harlem Community Center and travels in... The Busse Woods Trail system is located within Ned Brown Forest Preserve, a 3,700-acre property in the northwestern suburbs of Chicago. There are 11.2 miles of paved trails for cyclists, equestrians... The Cal-Sag Trail (or, Calumet-Sag Trail) is currently under active construction. As of early 2018, it has a competed section of about 13 miles, stretching from near its western terminus at the John... Illinois’ Centennial Trail runs through parts of three suburban counties from Willow Springs Road to Romeo Road/135th Street southwest of Chicago. The trail occupies a thin strip of land between the... The Chain O' Lakes Bike Path is a paved trail that runs between E. Grand Avenue in Fox Lake and Grant Woods Forest Preserve to the east. The trail parallels the railroad track and Rollins Road/CR 31,... The Charles Street Community Path offers a neighborhood route through southeastern Rockford, connecting residents to CherryVale Mall on its eastern end. On its western end, Alpine Park is just north... The Commonwealth Edison Bikeway is a short paved trail that occupies an overhead electric utility corridor owned by Commonwealth Edison, the local utility company—hence the trail's name. While lacking... The DeKalb-Sycamore Trail—also known as the Peace Road Trail—parallels the eastern side of Peace Road from DeKalb to Sycamore in northern Illinois. Along the way, you'll pass a mixture of residential... The Deer Grove Trail is one of several great Chicagoland trails located in properties of the Forest Preserve of Cook County. Deer Grove is the oldest of all the Cook County preserves. It's comprised... The Duck Lake Nature Area Trail follows the southern side of Lake Como between Lake Geneva and Como, Wisconsin, not far from the Illinois state line. The trail is more rustic than most rail-trails and... The East Northbrook Trail is a 1-mile route through a wooded corridor adjacent to an out-of-service rail corridor in the Village of Northbrook. The trail provides access to residential neighborhoods,... The the Fox River Trail (FRT) was built on stretches of three former railroads: Chicago, Aurora & Elgin; Aurora, Elgin, & Fox River Electric; and Chicago & North Western. Today, it hosts a multitude... About an hour northwest of Chicago, the beautiful Grant Woods Forest Preserve spans more than 1,000 acres, offering an outdoor respite of prairie, woodlands and marshes. The crushed limestone pathway... The eastern segment of the Great Western Trail in Illinois follows 12 miles of an abandoned railway corridor through DuPage County, between Villa Park and West Chicago. There are plans to extend the... The western segment of the Great Western Trail in Illinois follows 17 miles of a former railway corridor through DeKalb and Kane counties, between LeRoy Oakes Forest Preserve and the town of Sycamore.... The Harlem Township Bike Path lies not far from the Rock River in western Machesney Park in the Rockford metropolitan area. The trail consists of a lower (southwest) and an upper (northeast) loop in... The Hononegah Recreation Path begins near the State Route 2 bridge over the Rock River in Rockton, a small town about 4 miles south of the Illinois–Wisconsin border. The paved trail follows Hononegah... The John Husar I&M Canal Trail is the northernmost trail developed on the Illinois & Michigan Canal National Heritage Corridor. The Illinois & Michigan Canal provided the final link in the water route... The Joliet Junction Trail is a paved path that travels north–south through the west side of Joliet. It occupies an abandoned Elgin, Joliet and Eastern Railway corridor that in its last years was known... The KR Trail is a new addition to Kenosha County’s growing bike-ped network. The trail picks up where the Kenosha County Bike Trail leaves off, in Petrifying Springs Park. From the northwest corner of... The Kishwaukee Riverfront Path winds nearly 7 miles through downtown Belvidere, east of Rockford in northern Illinois. As its name implies, the paved scenic trail follows the waterway for most of its... The Kishwaukee-Kiwanis Trail winds through the northern Illinois town of DeKalb, coursing along a river, through woodlands, among open spaces through parks and through suburban back yards. The trail... The Kuhn Road Trail starts on Lies Road, at Glenbard North High School and continues south along Kuhn Road, past single-family homes and Friendship Park. The trail officially ends at Barbara O'Rahilly... The 13.5-mile Lake Michigan Pathway keeps you in close touch with the sixth-largest freshwater lake in the world as it links rail-trails north and south of the port city of Racine. Along the way, the... Although a relatively short trail, the Leland Path provides an important connection between the Hononegah Recreation Path and the Stone Bridge Trail. The pleasant, tree-dotted pathway travels through... The Millennium Trail currently spans just over 30 miles in two disconnected segments, but there are plans to extend it to 35 miles and connect it to the Des Plaines River Trail. The trail goes through... The North Branch Riverwalk is a 0.6 mile biking and walking trail located on Chicago's northside along the North Branch of the Chicago River, nestled between Gordon Tech High School and Lane Tech High... The North Branch Trail follows the North Branch of the Chicago River over 20 miles through Cook County. The trail was originally a dirt path often used for horseback riding; though it’s now paved, an... The North Shore Bike Path runs for nearly 8 miles between Lake Bluff and Mundelein, paralleling State Route 176 for the path's entire length. The trail is one of dozens in the Chicagoland area, all of... The North Shore Channel Trail extends from the junction of Green Bay Road and McCormick Boulevard in northern Evanston to the junction of Lawrence Avenue and Francisco Avenue in Chicago. All but the... Racine’s southeastern neighborhoods are home to the North Shore Trail, which extends south to the Racine–Kenosha county line. Because Racine County standardized its signs several years ago, you won't... The Orland Park Bikeway provides a great connector across the Chicago suburb of Orland Park. On its southern end, the trail begins at W. 159th Street and winds its way through Centennial Park, which... Stretching from Afton to Janesville, the northern section of the Peace Trail offers a paved, tree-shaded route paralleling the Rock River and an active rail line. At its northern end, the trail merges... The Pelishek-Tiffany Nature Trail runs for 6 miles along an abandoned railroad corridor, between the towns of Allens Grove and Clinton. The trail is open to snowmobiles, cyclists, horseback riders and... The Perryville Path runs nearly 7 miles, connecting the communities of Loves Park and Rockford, not far from the northern border of Illinois. A pleasant place to begin your journey is Rock Cut State... The Pike River Pathway is a short trail on both sides of the reconstructed Pike River in the Village of Mount Pleasant. The path is convenient to several neighborhoods in the community. Birds, frogs... The Prairie Point Trail is a scenic neighborhood route that connects twice to the longer Grove Road Trail. While never far from houses, the trail offers surprising scenery, including a stretch along a... Prospect Heights has very few sidewalks, so biking, inline skating or walking are moved to the streets or in the parks. Don't underestimate the Prospect Heights Bike Path which is over four miles of... The Puri Path is a paved route in Rock Cut State Park, a beautiful outdoor destination of more than 3,000 acres for the city of Rockford. The path runs through the heavily wooded northeast corner of... The 4.4-mile River Bend Trail is so named for the loop of Fox River along which it follows on its eastern end. It's here that you can connect to the scenic Fox River Trail to travel 43 miles along the... The Robert McClory Bike Path runs the length of Lake County, knitting together a string of communities on the north shore of Chicago all the way to the Wisconsin border. In 1997, the trail was named... The paved Rock River Recreation Trail winds throughout downtown Rockford and environs, following the east bank of the Rock River through Shorewood Park and Martin Memorial Park. Officially, the trail... The Rock Valley College Path is a paved route looping around and through its namesake campus in Rockford. At its southern end, it connects to the Spring Brook Road bike lanes that continue east to the... An excellent example of land use in greater Chicago, the entire Skokie Valley Trail corridor is a rail-with-trail, paralleled by double tracks that sit about 40 feet to the west of the trail surface.... The Southern Dupage County Regional Trail connects multiple of the larger forest preserves in Dupage county together. Starting near the intersection of 75th st and Ogden Ave in Aurora, the trail runs... The Stearns Road Bike Path is a dedicated sidepath traveling from Hanover Park to the Bartlett, in the Chicago suburbs. The asphalt path sits on the north side of Greenbrook Boulevard/ Stearns Road,... Built on a former rail bed dating back to the 1850s, the Stone Bridge Trail provides a crushed limestone pathway through rural countryside. A highlight of the trail is passage on Stone Bridge over the... The Struckman Boulevard Path is just over a mile long, stretching between Bartlett Road and State Route 59, (although the path narrows from the end of Sunset Park up to the end on SR 59). That said,... The Tall Grass Greenway Trail is a trail that runs along the right of way for ComEd powerlines. The trail goes mainly through neighborhoods in south Naperville, and meets up with the south branch of... In just a few short miles, the Wauponsee Glacial Trail leaves the urban confines of Joliet to bask in open farmland and reclaimed tallgrass prairie where the bison roam again. Named for a glacial lake... Recent Trail Reviews Kinstone Recreational Path Side trail that leads to others It seems to me this should have been called the Hononegah Trail given it passes through the forest preserve and etches the road with the same name. Anyways, the far east part of this path stems off of the Old Bridge Trail which is a great place to bike. When you come off that trail and onto the Kinstone, you go through a small forested area before heading up a hill that starts you along Hononegah Rd. The trail is asphalt/cement and is in pretty good shape. As mentioned, it goes through the front section of the Hononegah FP where they have a bathroom, picnic tables and a water pump all near the trail. The trail ends just east of downtown Rockton but another path picks up that takes you past the Rock River and the downtown area. There aren't many bells and whistles along this short path but it is a nice continuation to other trails in the area. Stone Bridge Trail Continue the Long Prairie Trail A month or so ago I rode the full length of the Long Prairie Trail. When I reached the Ronald Olson FP I realized that the trail continued as the Stone Bridge Trail. Having liked the Long Prairie Trail I marked the path for a future visit. That didn't take long, I was back a month later and ready to tackle the Stone Bridge and four other paths in the area with my son. The Stone Bridge Trail is a very well kept limestone trail that only spans about 6 miles. Although short it features areas where you are in a gorge, then on a steep hill. In the middle you can get a history lesson by demounting and walking down the hill at the Stone Bridge site. At the base of the hill you can see the preserved site and read about its historic value. At the northern base of the trail you can see where the train track line continues north. I sincerely hope they turn this into more biking trail that heads into Wisconsin. Waterfall Glen great ride We rode the main trail and explored a few trails leading off the main trail on our mountain bikes. The only complaint is the lack of water. We are going back in a couple of days to do two loops and try more side trails. We will bring a cooler with our supplies Pecatonica Prairie Trail On the decline I've used this trail for years. The past couple have seen serious decline in the trail's condition. It once was nicely and evenly packed with crushed gravel as recent as three years ago, but now most of it has been overtaken by grass and heavy rains have washed out parts of it. It's still passable on mountain bikes and fat tire bikes, but that's about it. I'm not sure why it has stopped being maintained but at the current rate, in another year or two nature will take it back completely. Fermilab Trail Good ride, Kirk Road is a mess We came thru off of Batavia Rd and was an easy no traffic ride. Easy loop back to Prairie Path Trail. Headed north on Kirk and is under construction and west side bike trail is terrible going up to Faybian Pkwy. Fox River Trail (IL) Oswego to Algonquin and back We’ve spent many hours on this trail since we started riding a tandem two and a half years ago. We live close the Virgil Gilman trail in Sugar Grove and have spent most of our time on the southern half of the Fox River trail north and south of its junction with the Gilman Trail. The Fox River Trail also connects with the Illinois Prairie Path and its spurs as you venture north of Aurora through Elgin. Six weeks or so ago we decided that we would try to ride the entire length of the trail and back. We spent the last couple of weeks on the northern section of the trail making sure that we knew our way through the northern half which has a few sections that go around short breaks in the paved trail such as north of State Street in South Elgin and heading south into South Elgin where the trail meets Raymond Street, there is also a junction to the Elgin spur of the Prairie Path. If you cross Raymond Street, you’ll be on the Prairie Path which you can use to go around South Elgin. To stay on the Fox River Trail, do not cross Raymond – go around the corner to the right. Each of these practice runs also included the hilliest section of the trail between South Elgin and Batavia. Tandems are crazy fast downhill due to the mass and aerodynamics but riding up long hills takes a special kind of love! Yes, the trail can be busy around the towns; especially on weekends. The same reasons we are attracted to this trail also brings out the people walking and families. We thought doing our end to end ride would be better on a Friday but there were a surprising number of folks enjoying the beautiful day with us. We’re just patient with passing and give a thank you as we go by. More so than some other trails, there are many surface crossings so this trail will not boost your average speed, but we find these limitations to be a reasonable trade-off for this well-maintained trail. The ride yesterday was generally incident free and went according to plan and was our longest ride to date on the tandem. We started out with a rear derailleur skipping issue which was very annoying (you shift more on a tandem than a single) but a quick adjustment at our first rest stop and all was well. The only other issue was a bridge replacement over Poplar Creek just north of South Elgin. Last Sunday there was no sign of construction, but we approached yesterday to find the trail closed. We checked it out to find that the old bridge had been removed but the new one was not yet installed. Fortunately, we found an unofficial detour and continued. Southbound, there was a sign that indicated the trail would be closed through the end of the month. Cal-Sag Trail Beautiful trail, no street crossings!! Loved exploring this trail today! A bit hillier than Prairie or Salt Creek but nice rolling up and down both ways. We easily found Sag Quaries with Google Maps off of 83 and jumped right on. Couldn't believe no street crossings all the way to Nicks BBQ at the end of the trail! We stopped for lunch than headed back. Nice 24 miles! Loved the Lake Katherine area and the low traffic on this trail! We'll do it again in the fall as the foliage will be beautiful! Danada and Herrick Lake Regional Trail Herrick Lake - A Little Gem in Western DuPage County I am embarrassed to admit that I have lived in the area for 20+ years and have driven by this little gem more times than I can remember. It is gorgeous!! I took my bike and was amazed at the number of trails and how large the area is. I went on a weekday afternoon so while many people were there walking their dogs or just enjoying the solitude, it never felt crowded. There were many stretches where I was completely alone and had the trail to myself. The parking lot of the Herrick Road entrance can accommodate many cars. It's a great oasis in the Western suburbs and I can't wait to go back!! Prairie Trail (IL) Awesome Path! August 7th. Almost a perfect summer day and definitely perfect for a ride. Did a 30 mile round tripper from just south of Wisconsin line to south of McHenry and back. Condition of trail for that portion was about the best I've ever seen on any trail. Highly recommend parking at the trailhead for the Hebron Trail off Keystone Road at the north end of the trail. Hebron Trail will then take you straight east to hook up with Prairie Trail where you can begin and head south. No problems, well maintained all the way. Passes through several small, medium sized towns on this stretch with McHenry being the biggest. Plenty of access to services, food, water if you need it. Plan is to continue from McHenry on down south for my next leg of this trail. Can't wait to see what's ahead. Baumann Park Recreation Path Very Nice Fox River Trail (IL) Best sights of any bike trail! This bike trail has the best sights of any! In Batavia you have the huge windmill, Fabyan Japanese gardens, and trolley museum. Pretty wildflowers as you go through Saint Charles and pass Camp Kane. The train museum in St Charles is neat as well as the collection of signals with the Woodcliff sign, then once you get to Elgin you can see a little castle off the path, Pratt's castle! I don't think any other path has as cool sights as this one.

Q: Default context menu for RichTextEdit? There doesn't seem to be a default context menu (with copy, paste, etc.) for the RichTextEdit control in WinForms? I try right-clicking inside the RichTextEdit and nothing happens? A: Correct. The RTE control doesn't have a default context menu. But you can assign it your own.

Control of neonatal pulmonary vascular and airway resistance remains poorly understood. Recently, two additional intrapulmonary control systems, pulmonary neuroendocrine cells (PNEC) and the pulmonary peptidergic innervation (PPI), have been described, which may influence pulmonary vascular and airway tone in the neonate. PNEC are granulated cells that line the airways of fetal, neonatal, and adult lungs. They are particularly numerous in the neonatal period and contain peptides (bombesin, calcitonin, leu-enkephalin) and amines (serotonin) known to affect smooth muscle tone in other organ systems. The PPI, composed of fibers containing substance-P and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), have been described in association with pulmonary airways and vessels of all sizes. Both these peptides are known to profoundly influence smooth muscle tone in other organ systems. Limited indirect anatomic and physiologic evidence has suggested a role for both systems in altering intrapulmonary smooth muscle tone, particularly in neonates; however, basic knowledge of both systems is extremely limited. The aim of this research program is to provide some of the fundamental knowledge necessary to assess the role of both these systems in influencing neonatal pulmonary vascular and airway tone under normal and pathologic conditions. This aim will be accomplished in the following fashion: (1) Determination of the development and distribution of PNEC and PPI within the lung using immunohistochemical techniques. (2) Determination of the anatomic distribution and number of receptors for the above peptides and amines, and their relationship to receptors for the presently characterized intrapulmonary control mechanisms (adrenergic and cholinergic innervation) using redioautography. (3) Determination of pathologic alterations in the structure and distribution of PNEC, PPI, and adrenergic, cholinergic, and peptidergic receptors in (a) experimental asthma and (b) acute and chronic neonatal cardiopulmonary disease where alterations in vascular and airway tone are either known to play a significant role (hyaline membrane disease, bronchopulmonary dysplasia, congenital heart disease) or may play a significant role (sudden infant death syndrome, cystic fibrosis). Should these two systems, pulmonary neuroendocrine cells and the pulmonary peptidergic innervation, influence neonatal vascular and airway tone; understanding their normal function and their alterations in common neonatal cardiopulmonary pathologic states may lead to novel therapies for a number of currently untreatable, or poorly treatabale, neonatal cardiopulmonary diseases.

# Copyright 2016 The Chromium Authors. All rights reserved. # Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style license that can be # found in the LICENSE file. mojom = "//url/mojo/url.mojom" public_headers = [ "//url/gurl.h" ] traits_headers = [ "//url/mojo/url_gurl_struct_traits.h" ] deps = [ "//url", ] type_mappings = [ "url.mojom.Url=GURL" ]

As the wet shaving world continues to grow and flourish, new artisans begin to jump on the scene: artisans who not only realize the benefit of traditional wet shaving, but spend careful time and research dedicated to providing products that help us to slow down, smell the roses, and enjoy a well-crafted shave. Since this oftentimes becomes a hobby and - for many - a community, we thought it’d be fun to engage with some of our recent artisans and ask them a few questions so you can get to know them better, and buy with confidence! Cooper & French: Minnesota-based artisans Richard and Stephanie have been making leaps and bounds on the wet shaving subreddit communities as of late, with a great selection of slick shaving soaps and comforting aftershave balms, all at a great pricepoint! 1. How did you get into wet shaving? I was very unhappy with using canned foam and cartridge razors, both in terms of performance and cost for a long time. 20 years ago I had become so frustrated that I grew a full beard. Eight or nine years ago I flirted with a straight razor, but fell victim to my own ignorance and soon gave it up. Three years ago I made another run at it with similar results; on a whim I googled safety razors and soon fell down the proverbial rabbit hole of wet shaving. 2. What is your hardware (brush/razor/blade) of choice? I have nine safety razors in my medicine cabinet! My Gillette Super Speed Red Tip and Slim get the most love. I still use the same 24mm synthetic brush I bought new three years ago. I have a large stack of sample blades thanks to a very generous Secret Santa last year, which has afforded me opportunities to try many blades. I find the Gillette Silver Blue razor blade consistently gives a great shave in a variety of razors. 3. What are your favorite pastimes and/or hobbies? I collect and refurbish antique woodworking tools (time and motivation permitting). A finely tuned 100 year old hand plane is a thing of beauty to use. 4. Are there any influences or interesting backgrounds on any scents of yours? My very first scent, Fresh Start, is my own essential oil creation. Born of the materials I had on hand and a half baked idea. It didn't really turn out how I had imagined it would. I very nearly tossed out the samples I had blended. It was my wife who prompted me to try it in a test batch. The scent is somewhat polarizing, I have found. Some people love it, others think it's too medicinal. Coming Soon! Phoenix Artisan Accoutrements: Arizona-based artisans known as Phoenix Artisan Accoutrements - or PAA, for short - have created an incredibly vast array of shaving products, from vegan shaving soaps, aftershave balms/splashes, and razors, to pomades and facial serums. Also, they’re the brains behind our extensively-tested shaving soaps and aftershaves! 1. How did you get into wet shaving? I grew up watching my dad traditional shave. When he realized I was interested in what he was doing he pulled a step stool up to the sink, gave me a razor, sans blade, lathered me up and away we went! I wrote a father's day article about this very thing a few years back for the sharpologist for those interested: https://sharpologist.com/2013/06/a-fathers-day-gift.html 2. What was your job prior to producing wet shaving products? I owned a design business in Costa Rica...Oddly enough the concept of creating my own products came to me while jobless and living in a hammock at the edge of a rain forest. But I have always dabbled. I took a couple soapmaking classes in college and actually created my first perfume at age 9, in between building bombs with my chemistry set. (truth) 3. The pith and captain’s hats have become a staple addition in many of your appearances. Is there any cool/fun background on this hat? Well, being Douglas Smythe is a somewhat whimsical affair. That said, one needs somewhat whimsical accessories. I grew up in Buzzards Bay, Massachusetts, a very nautical place, so I expect the original influence stems from there. However, visually I think it's absurd to dress as a sea captain and live/work in the desert. The label for CaD is a fine example of such an absurd moment. I like visual conundrums. The "Safari" hat or Pith hat, just so happens to be my hot weather hat of choice here in Arizona. I find the design far more functional than the traditional cowboy or 10 gallon hat. I soak the hat all night in my sink, actually weighing it down with a full scuttle. before I leave the house the next day i grab the hat, shake it off and plop it on my head. A soaked pith hat is evaporative cooling at its finest! Seriously, the Brits got it right with this design, I think everyone should own one! A pith hat is a lot like a vintage razor, form and function that demands respect. lol 4. If you could only wear one cologne/fragrance of yours for the rest of your life, what would it be and why? Oh that is like one of those desert island questions...which I hate, lol. Last thing i'm going to be thinking about on a desert island is grooming! But I digress, hmmmmm I don't even have a favorite color! I find it limiting to pick favorites and I think that is obvious with the amount of different scents we offer at Phoenix Shaving! A lot of mine and Fran's moods/eccentricities are reflected in our business I think it's fair to say. I will say, when I finally nailed AL Fin, I felt like I finally made it, like I truly had something to offer the perfuming world. The name comes from the Spanish for "At Last", which is somewhat reminiscent of Archimedes "Eureka" moment, now that i think of it, minus the running around town naked part. Sam, otherwise known as u/RocTraitor! RocTraitor is a widely-known and well-respected straight razor restoration guru on various wet shaving subreddits. He brings vintage classics back to life at budget friendly costs and ready for a shave that’s fit for a king! 1. How did you get into wet shaving, and what intrigued you to begin honing and overall restoring straight razors? I've always wanted to get into wet shaving. I started out with a Sensor 2 that a mentor gave me - I really didn't know anything about wet shaving or cared too much until about 8 years ago, when a girlfriend gave me a DE with some blades and said she remembered her father using it, and thought I would appreciate it. Then I started looking into "old style shaving" which we all know is wet shaving -- Just went along with it for a while, then I discovered Reddit and the community there about this particular subject and started looking in SR's. I was searching on eBay and other sources for a SR to try and they were expensive to me at the time to "just try". During this time I was reading about restoring straights and I thought to myself, "Well that doesn't look so bad, I can do that for sure" and just picked up pieces here and there, talked to a few people for guidance and the rest is history. I haven't stopped since that point. I think it was about 5 years ago. 2. If you could only use one straight razor (gasp) for the rest of your life, what would it be? It would definitely be a C.V. Heljestrand MK33 7/8 or thereabouts - nothing shaves like it. A close second would be a 13/16 extra hollow Geneva that I have, it's absolutely smooth and a dream to shave with. 3. What insight(s) can you tell us as someone who doesn't have the ability to hear, or what benefits/upsides have you experienced by not having the ability to hear? As for not being able to hear - I don't know if I've gotten any benefits from it besides 100% peace and quiet while working haha! I think though, the only disadvantage really is the ability to communicate with others easily in person or over the phone with certain things, but I think in the long run it really doesn't have any impact in this particular area with wet shaving or the restoring aspect of things. Really it comes down to how much you are willing to work with/through any issues that someone may have (in my case it's my deafness) and not letting it impede you in what you want to do. Noble Otter: Also a fellow wet shaving redditor, Noble Otter has come out with a unique range of soaps and aftershaves, taking an interesting approach to the standard “barbershop” scent, and a benchmark fragrance “Flying Hide” consisting of dry leather and dark tobacco. 1. How did you get into wet shaving? My wife got me a wet shaving kit for Christmas several years back. I have no idea where the kit came from but it was a pretty bad kit haha, but I absolutely fell in love with that method of shaving. Not only because it was a better shave but because it made me slow down for a little bit and appreciate a small thing. In today's society we rush around too much and don’t appreciate high quality things like we used to. 2. Being relatively "new to the scene" are there any other artisan/manufacturers' recipes from which you've drawn inspiration for your soaps? I am a huge fan of Barrister & Mann. I am always trying to improve myself in the perfumery realm and Will at B&M is a big inspiration. 3. What is your favorite fragrance (soap, aftershave, cologne or even something unrelated)? This is a tough question because its always changing! Soap wise right now it’s "Laureato" by Abbate Y La Mantia. But my favorite scent is the natural smell of the forest. As a lover of nature and backpacking, it just makes me relax. 4. If you could be any TV Show or movie character, who would it be and why? You know... I never know how to answer these questions. I guess if I had to pick it would be Peter Pan in the movie 'Hook'. A man who loves his family and after awhile gains his sense of spirit. As with all things in wet shaving, it's all about choices and diversity. "Different strokes for different folks" as they say. Someone may like bay rum, others swat it away with a vengeance. Some may prefer aftershave balms, while still others dare not partake of any post shave routine apart from the classic aftershave splash. These preferences, in addition to artisans' unique, personal upbringings and eccentricities can lead to some radically different products for us to enjoy! Hope you all enjoyed, and please leave a comment if there are any other artisans you'd like us to interview. As always, shave on!

The Jerusalem Post cnxps.cmd.push(function () { cnxps({ playerId: '36af7c51-0caf-4741-9824-2c941fc6c17b' }).render('4c4d856e0e6f4e3d808bbc1715e132f6'); }); Post. He’s only 17 years old, but the Israeli hacker known as “0xOmer” has already made headlines after publishing hundreds of Saudi credit card numbers in retaliation against Arab hackers, claiming to be Saudis, who published tens of thousands of Israeli credit card details on the Internet last week.“This is just the beginning,” 0xOmer toldWednesday.“We have over 300 Saudi credit card numbers in our possession... and the personal details of over 10,000 people in Saudi Arabia, including full names, e-mails and addresses. If they publish one more little detail on Israel, we will attack in full force and publish all of the credit card details.”On Wednesday night, the Saudi hacker released what he said were 200 more Israeli credit card numbers, and called other anti-Israel online activists to step up web attacks.Responding to the development, 0xOmer said he would release thousands of personal information accounts belonging to Saudis.“They want force? No problem,” he wrote. “We have a further 300,000 working Saudi credit card numbers. We are seriously considering whether we should publicize them.”The hacker provided a glimpse into how a developing cyber-war is being fought.Last week, Israeli credit card companies and the Bank of Israel scrambled to cancel credit card numbers compromised by the actions of the anti-Israel hacker. Now, Saudi banks will have to take the same steps to protect their customers.“I belong to a group of hackers named Israel Defenders,” 0xOmer said. The team, he added, is made up of four members who function like an organized cell with a clear division of labor.“My role is to find and exploit security breaches at the highest levels,” he told theAnother member of the team, code-named “7ukk1,” is in charge of defacing websites and handling foreign media relations; according to 0xOmer, he is an IDF soldier serving in Military Intelligence.A third member specializes in breaking into servers. The fourth member helps 0xOmer identify security gaps.“It’s very easy to be a hacker. It’s a matter of studying for two to three months and you can master the field,” he said. “The only difficulty is in finding Arab websites because they’re in a different language.”But such websites have already been found in the form of a Saudi shopping website, where security breaches were identified.The hackers are interested only in sending a warning to anti-Israel hackers at this stage, and stopped short of providing credit card information that can be used to make fraudulent purchases, 0xOmer added.“I didn’t publicize the three-digit number on the back of the card [necessary for online shopping],” he explained. But if hostile Internet activists continue attacking Israeli targets, Israel Defenders will publish hundreds of credit card numbers, along with the three-digit code.The four youths are taking up what they say is a deterrence posture in an online world that is increasingly being used as a battle arena.The arena is dominated almost exclusively by the young.“Many want to know how old I am, and some think I’m an adult. The right answer is that I’m 17,” 0xOmer said.On his Twitter account he posted a link to a media report on the Israeli hacking group, adding, “Israeli pride!” He also directed expletives at “0xOmar,” the hacker who exposed the Israeli credit card numbers.

Rajki Rajki is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Bielsk Podlaski, within Bielsk County, Podlaskie Voivodeship, in north-eastern Poland. It lies approximately south of Bielsk Podlaski and south of the regional capital Białystok. See also Béla Rajki, Hungarian swimming coach and water polo coach References Rajki

‘Well, this is weird, isn’t it?” says Damon Albarn. Six days ago, he was in Mexico City, playing with Gorillaz. Now, he and his bandmates in the Good, the Bad & the Queen are in Kent, taking turns to explain their second album in a fake American diner adjacent to the Maidstone studio where they will be performing on Later … with Jools Holland. The seats are regulation red leatherette, and there are pictures on the wall of Stevie Wonder circa 1980’s Hotter Than July, a Ford truck and a Route 66 sign. And under glaring lights, as he picks at a vegetarian dinner in a polystyrene box, Albarn is talking about things that feel as if they have no place here at all: English folk myths; the north of England’s coastal resorts; his family’s background in Lincolnshire, Nottinghamshire and Yorkshire – and, more than anything, Brexit. Harking back almost 25 years, he describes the new album as “the next instalment of Parklife. Like Parklife is a world, this is another world. Not entirely the real world, but not entirely far off it.” Merrie Land comes nearly 12 years after its predecessor. Like that record, this one was created by Albarn, former Clash bassist Paul Simonon, the trailblazing Nigerian drummer Tony Allen and guitarist/keyboard player Simon Tong (late of the Verve). After that, the similarities end. As if to illustrate the kind of openness and diversity that Albarn thinks Brexit might imperil, the new album has a broader musical palette. Not for nothing has Simonon described Merrie Land as a work of “modern English folk music with a bit of rub-a-dub in it”. “This time around, people can dance,” says Allen, a youthful 78, with the easy confidence that comes from having made breathtakingly original music since the 1960s. “Even without getting up, they can still have their body moving to the music. Everything is in there. With the first record, people asked me: ‘Tony Allen – what the fuck are you doing on this album? We don’t hear you.’ This time around, nobody’s going to ask me that. They can hear me on every track.” Brexit is wrong. Jacob Rees-Mogg and people in Blackpool should never be together The biggest shift, though, is in the album’s theme. The first record portrayed the murky, bohemian parts of Albarn and Simonon’s west London home turf. To evoke the contorted confusion of Brexit, Merrie Land widens its focus beyond the capital and has an even sharper sense of place. There are moments when Albarn suspends his usual fondness for dealing in mood and texture, rather than lyrical specifics, and clearly speaks his mind. The title track is a perfect example, featuring more pointedly political lyrics than Albarn has ever previously written. One of its most plainspoken passages questions the strange alliance between a swathe of working-class Brexit voters and the privately educated opportunists who style themselves as their leaders: “You were the ones who work together / Put the money in the pockets / Of the few and their fortunes / Who crowd the school benches / And jeer at us all because they don’t care about us / They are graceless and you shouldn’t be with them.” Watch the video for Merrie Land He doesn’t understand why so many people apparently are with “them”. “That’s what I’m really upset about,” he says. “But because my family come from the north, and I grew up in Essex in the 80s, I can feel a great affinity with [Brexit voters] as well. “But this” – he means Brexit – “is wrong. Jacob Rees-Mogg and people in Blackpool should never be together. Unless Jacob Rees-Mogg is prepared to go to Blackpool on a Saturday night and have a fucking great time.” The referendum result arrived a few hours before Albarn and the Orchestra of Syrian Musicians were set to perform at Glastonbury 2016. “We had this great performance ready and none of the Syrians could really understand why a lot of us were so upset and shocked,” he says. “If I’d had any idea that we were going to act as a people in the way that we have – prior and post – I would definitely have come back a lot earlier, if you know what I mean. As a person who loves their country, I would have expressed a very strong opinion. In public.” Does he regret not having done that? “Well, I had no idea. I don’t know if I should tell you this. It’s too political …” He mentions Ian Birrell, the journalist who briefly worked as David Cameron’s speechwriter. He and Albarn co-founded Africa Express, an organisation that aims to break down cultural barriers by bringing together musicians from different countries. “He texted Cameron on Thursday [the day of the vote], just at the airport before we were flying to Bristol, to say: ‘What do you think is going to happen?’ And the text came back: ‘It’s going to be fine.’ “So I would imagine there were quite a few people who were surprised. It was very strange. Strange times. And from that point onwards, I’ve been thinking about how to express how I feel about it all.” I wanted to begin to understand how this abyss had opened up in the centre of our culture Some of Merrie Land’s key songs began to cohere in Blackpool, where 67.5% of voters backed Brexit. “The day after the referendum, I realised I was … guilty, in the sense of having looked in different directions,” Albarn explains. “I’ve played the big towns in England, which is what you get drawn into. But I wanted to begin to understand how this abyss had opened up in the centre of our culture. And Blackpool, maybe from the time I’d been there with Blur, just fascinated me. It was partly about memory: those pictures of everyone dressed beautifully, hanging out on the sand. And the modern Blackpool. The hedonism. The families who look after the piers and are still trying to make a go of it. The tower, which is sturdy and magnificent. You also get into the anti-fracking campaign in the countryside not that far away. It’s just a whole musical terrain.” Albarn, Simonon and Tong spent a week there working on new material in January 2017. The album was going to focus on Blackpool, but its scope widened when Albarn began an on-off odyssey around the country, fitted in between two years of touring with Gorillaz. “I was observing,” he says. “Watching, listening. Just taking it all in, like a fine wine,” he laughs. “I went to St Albans. I went to Banbury, Oxford and Luton. Liverpool, Southend. I just walked around – had a cup of tea somewhere, or went to a pub. I wasn’t interviewing people: I was on these quiet, meditative pilgrimages to towns I’d never been to, to learn more about where I came from.” The music they wrote suggests no end of ghosts: off-key pub pianos, bass recorders, an abundance of old-school organ that instantly evokes the British seaside. A song called Lady Boston has the most vivid sense of place, pushing the record out of England and into Wales. It was inspired by Albarn’s visit to Penrhyn castle, near Bangor, a Victorian stately home built using the inherited proceeds from slavery in Jamaica. The band returned there to record the finished song, which has a Welsh-language refrain sung by the Penrhyn male voice choir: “Dwi wrth dy gefn”, which roughly translates as, “I’ve got your back.” “It has a sense of, ‘We rely on each other’,” says Albarn. “We live on this stroppy little island, and we need to talk to each other. But have we not just spent the last couple of years going round in circles? As Danny Dyer said, it’s a mad riddle. Or you could say it’s an Anglo-Saxistentialist crisis.” What does he mean? “I was looking through stuff not that long ago, and I found a front page of the Sun from the Britpop era. I’d written on a bit of it in Biro when I was doing Parklife: ‘Anglo-Saxistentalism’. I thought: ‘That’s weird – that’s what I’m talking about now.’ In the most crass form, we say we want our country back. But you need to know what your country is before you want it back. And part of that is understanding who we are. We’re Vikings. We’re Anglo-Saxons. We’re French, Belgian, Nigerian, Caribbean, Ghanian, Somalian, Pakistani. To say, ‘We’re just this’ seems ridiculous to me. That’s all. That’s my biggest problem with [Brexit]: don’t limit yourself, guys. I don’t think we can afford to have that attitude. We need to be very outward-looking.” He returns to Blackpool, or somewhere like it. “That’s why we have all those piers. That’s a kind of metaphor for trying to reach out into the world.” The Good, the Bad & the Queen in London, 2018. Photograph: David Levene/Guardian For Simonon, Brexit fits awkwardly with his family background, which lies variously in the Belgian city of Liège, Nice and Whitby – and lots of the popular instincts that fed into the referendum result sit at odds with the band with which he cut his teeth. In the Clash documentary Westway to the World, made 18 years ago, Joe Strummer offered a boiled-down version of what they stood for: “We weren’t little Englanders. At least we had the suss to embrace what we were presented with: the world in all its weird varieties.” “That was a while ago, wasn’t it?” says Simonon, with a grim laugh. “People have grown up – or forgotten. I said to somebody recently: ‘If it wasn’t for the refugees, or immigrants, or people coming over here to work by invitation, there’d be a strong element of the Clash that wouldn’t have existed.’ This album is called Merrie Land, which kind of alludes to people’s nostalgic, sentimental vision of how England used to be. And it never really existed.” So, as the hour of Brexit approaches, what should we do? When I ask Albarn how he feels about a second referendum, he says that “the question wasn’t right in the first place. It should have been: ‘Who are we, and who do we want to become?’ We’ve started to have that conversation. It’s complicated, but there are no easy answers.” He says he will vote Labour at the next election, “but it doesn’t mean I agree with everything they stand for. I’d vote to keep the maximum dialogue possible with our neighbours.” And a little later, he offers this: “On certain days, I just feel like going on to Parliament Square with a handmade placard saying: ‘What are you doing?’ Cos I don’t know what they’re doing. I don’t know why they think this is such a good idea – for the England that I love, and why this is going to be a good thing for us as a culture. It’s King Arthur stuff, really,” he says, and he mimes pulling on a large object. “The placard from the stone! Oh dear …” The key thing is that, in the midst of endless Brexit cacophony, he knows he has something vital to contribute, and if it sits outside the binary language of politics, that’s half the point. “I want to add another voice,” Albarn says. “And I’m going to do it with my music.” He pauses for emphasis. “And with this band.” • Merrie Land is released on Studio 13 on 16 November

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