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] | Quando se fala em financiamento climático no Brasil, muito se comenta sobre investimentos estrangeiros, especialmente em relação ao que vai para florestas. Mas e se te dissessem que a maior parte do financiamento para o clima no país vem dos nossos próprios cofres, vai para a agropecuária e são recursos privados direcionados por políticas públicas?Essa é a foto revelada por um amplo levantamento, ao qual a Folha teve acesso com exclusividade. O estudo foi feito por pesquisadoras da CPI (Climate Policy Initiativ) da PUC-Rio.O levantamento leva em conta as finanças climáticas relacionados ao uso da terra. O foco nessa área não é gratuito. A maior fatia das emissões brasileiras (70%) de gases-estufa é proveniente de desmatamento (em especial da Amazônia) e de atividade agropecuária.A pesquisa mostra que, de 2015 a 2020, o financiamento climático ligado ao uso da terra ficou, em média, em R$ 25,1 bilhões anuais. Houve um salto do primeiro ano para 2020, porém, saindo de cerca de R$ 22 bilhões para R$ 36,5 bilhões.O crédito rural é parte da explicação para a concentração de dinheiro no setor agropecuário. Segundo o levantamento, que será divulgado nesta segunda-feira (18), cerca de dois terços do financiamento climático doméstico brasileiro —o equivalente R$ 15,9 bilhões anuais— são provenientes de recursos privados.O motivo disso é que instituições financeiras são obrigadas a direcionar verbas para o crédito rural."Não é que os agentes privados no Brasil estão voluntariamente destinando recursos. Temos uma política enorme de crédito rural", diz Priscila Souza, gerente sênior de avaliação de política pública do CPI/PUC-Rio, citando os mais de R$ 400 bilhões do último Plano Safra.Souza explica que parte dos recursos do Plano Safra vem diretamente do Tesouro, mas que outra grande parcela é derivada de direcionamento obrigatório de contas-correntes e poupanças de bancos.Segundo o estudo, do total do financiamento observado, 95% (R$ 23,8 bilhões por ano) vêm de fontes domésticas.Com isso, as pesquisadoras observaram que o setor agrícola foi o que abocanhou a maior parte do financiamento climático para uso da terra, na casa de pouco mais de R$ 15 bilhões por ano, ou 60% dos fluxos financeiros observados de 2015 a 2020. A pecuária, por sua vez, ficou com R$ 2 bi ao ano, e a bioenergia e os combustíveis com R$ 1,3 bi. Outros R$ 6,3 bilhões, ou 25%, foram para o setor de florestas.Ao falar de florestas e financiamento climático, muitos no Brasil já o associarão diretamente ao Fundo Amazônia.Dentro dos 5% de financiamento que vêm de fontes internacionais, o que é equivalente a cerca de R$ 1,3 bilhões ao ano, a maior parte tem origem em governos internacionais, seguida de perto por fundos climáticos, que dependem de doações.Nesse contexto, o Fundo Amazônia, que foi paralisado no governo Bolsonaro e retomado na gestão de Lula, é o maior fundo climático canalizador de recursos. Foram, em média, R$ 183 milhões direcionados por ano para projetos —cerca de 0,7% do financiamento climático total para uso da terra no país de 2015 a 2020. Mais De toda forma, o estudo observou que a principal fonte de recursos para o setor de florestas é o próprio orçamento público. Mas há um problema. Apesar da centralidade da questão das florestas para a ação climática nacional —afinal, sem controle do desmatamento, o país não será capaz de cumprir seus compromissos junto ao Acordo de Paris—, o financiamento médio anual para esse setor encolheu no período analisado."Esse assunto perde importância em termos do orçamento público dentro do governo ao longo do período [analisado]", afirma Joana Chiavari, diretora de pesquisa do CPI/PUC-Rio.Chiavari cita que tal financiamento, em parte, vai para orçamentos do Ibama, ICMBio e Funai, órgãos nacionais ligados diretamente ao combate ao desmatamento e à proteção de povos indígenas.Segundo a pesquisadora, o estudo ajuda a mostrar um ecossistema de financiamento bastante complexo no país, com grande diversidade de atores.Esse cenário fragmentado, dizem as autoras, exigiu um esforço de busca de diversas fontes de dados e de sistematização de critérios para conseguir enxergar o caminho do dinheiro, das suas fontes até o seu alinhamento final, ou não, com objetivos de mitigação e adaptação climáticos.Vale mencionar que, assim como apontam relatórios internacionais, no Brasil, uma fatia menor das verbas é direcionada para esforços de adaptação, ou seja, para ações que adequam o país às mudanças climática, como a construção de infraestrutura mais resistente a chuvas extremas. São somente 19% ao ano na categoria (há ainda fluxos que mesclam a mitigação de gases-estufa com medidas de adaptação, representando outros 13%).Em meio às diversas fontes, as pesquisadoras também observaram uma série de obstáculos, especialmente relacionados à transparência."Não há clareza e transparência em diversas bases de dados. Não há uma padronização", afirma Souza. "É preciso que haja uma preocupação de que se aumente a transparência e a contabilização do que efetivamente está sendo empregado e com que finalidade."Há alguns pontos, contudo, em que o país já evoluiu, como no crédito rural. As pesquisadoras destacam a suspensão de crédito para áreas embargadas na Amazônia. No atual Plano Safra, houve a expansão desse cancelamento para casos de embargo em qualquer bioma. O BNDES (Banco Nacional de Desenvolvimento Econômico e Social) também passou a frear crédito para propriedades com alertas de desmatamento."Se você começa a pensar, você fala: ‘pô, mas a política pública estava dando subsídio para quem estava atuando em área embargada?’, ressalta Souza.Para Chiavari, esses passos são fundamentais para, além de não favorecer atividades ilegais, ampliar a possibilidade de atração de financiamento internacional. | ambiente |
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] | O gelo marítimo que cerca a Antártida alcançou nível bem inferior a qualquer medição prévia existente, segundo dados de satélite. Isso está causando alarme em cientistas que viam a região como resistente ao aquecimento global."(Os níveis) estão muito distantes de tudo o que já vimos, é quase de arrepiar", diz Walter Meier, que monitora gelo marítimo no Centro de Dados de Neve e Gelo dos EUA.A instabilidade na Antártida pode ter amplas consequências, segundo especialistas no ecossistema polar.O enorme bloco de gelo antártico ajuda a regular a temperatura do planeta, já que a superfície branca reflete a energia do sol de volta à atmosfera e resfria a água abaixo e ao redor.Com a redução desse bloco de gelo, a Antártida pode se transformar de "geladeira da Terra" em "aquecedor" do planeta.O gelo que flutua na superfície do oceano Antártico hoje mede menos de 17 milhões de quilômetros quadrados. Isso é 1,5 milhão a menos de gelo marítimo do que a média histórica do mês de setembro, e bem inferior aos níveis mais baixos mensurados no período de inverno na região.Meier não está otimista de que essa perda será recuperada significativamente.Cientistas ainda tentam identificar todos os fatores que levam às baixas recordes, mas estudar tendências na Antártida sempre foi um desafio.Em um ano em que vários recordes de alta de temperatura terrestre e oceânica foram quebrados, cientistas insistem em que é preciso prestar atenção ao que acontece no polo Sul do planeta."Vemos o quanto é (uma região) vulnerável", diz Robbie Mallet, da Universidade de Manitoba e que está atualmente baseado na península antártica.Ele diz que o gelo marítimo fino observado neste ano dificultou ainda mais os trabalhos de campo. "Há o risco de que (o gelo) se rompa e flutue pelo mar conosco por cima", Mallet explica.O gelo marítimo se forma durante o inverno antártico (de março a outubro), antes de derreter em grande parte durante o verão, e pertence a um sistema interconectado que também engloba icebergs, gelo terrestre e enormes plataformas de gelo —que são extensões flutuantes próximas à costa.O gelo marítimo age como uma camada protetora que previne o aquecimento excessivo do oceano.Caroline Holmes, do projeto British Antarctic Survey, explica que o impacto do encolhimento dessa camada pode se tornar evidente na transição para o verão —quando pode potencialmente ocorrer um derretimento ininterrupto.O motivo é que, à medida que mais gelo marítimo desaparece, áreas escuras do oceano serão expostas, absorvendo calor do sol em vez de refeti-lo. Isso fará com que mais calor seja incorporado à água, o que por sua vez provocará mais derretimento de gelo.É esse ciclo que pode adicionar ainda mais calor ao planeta, interrompendo o papel típico da Antártida de reguladora de temperaturas globais."Será que estamos acordando o gigante da Antártida?", questiona o professor Martin Siegert, especialista glacial da Universidade de Exeter (Reino Unido). Seria, segundo ele, "um desastre absoluto" para o mundo.Desde os anos 1990, a perda de gelo terrestre na Antártida já contribuiu para um aumento de 7,2 mm nos níveis dos mares. E mesmo pequenos incrementos produzem enormes tempestades que podem varrer comunidades costeiras. Ou seja, o derretimento do gelo marítimo pode, em tese, ser catastrófico para milhões de pessoas ao redor do mundo.Por ser um continente cercado de água, a Antártida tem um clima e sistema próprios. Até 2016, o gelo da região estava, na verdade, aumentando durante os meses de inverno.No entanto, uma onda de calor extremo atingiu o continente em março de 2022, deixando as temperaturas na casa de -10°C quando elas deveriam estar por volta de -50°C.Nos últimos sete anos, o gelo marítimo baixou a níveis mínimos recordes, incluindo em fevereiro de 2023.Alguns cientistas acham que isso sinaliza uma mudança fundamental no continente —inclusive nas características que mantinham essa região isolada.Ao mesmo tempo, esse isolamento também faz com que haja poucas informações históricas sobre a Antártida, chamada por Mallet de "o Velho-Oeste" da ciência.Por exemplo, os cientistas conhecem a extensão do gelo marítimo, mas não sua grossura. Desvendar esse tipo de informação poderá ser crucial para preparar modelos climáticos da região.Na base científica de Rothera, Mallet está usando instrumentos de radar para estudar a grossura do gelo e compreender melhor as razões por trás do encolhimento dessa camada. E o calor recorde registrado neste ano provavelmente é um dos fatores, já que dificulta que a água congele por ali.Pode ter havido também mudanças em correntes oceânicas e nos ventos que moldam a temperatura na Antártida.Além disso, o fenômeno natural El Niño é outro possível fator envolvido.De qualquer modo, Mallet diz que existem "muitas, muitas razões para se preocupar"."É potencialmente um sinal muito alarmante de mudanças no clima da Antártida que não ocorreram nos últimos 40 anos. E que só estão emergindo agora." | ambiente |
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] | Projetos de preservação de florestas tropicais não servem para compensar emissões de carbono e uma abordagem diferente deveria ser aplicada para, de fato, proteger ecossistemas críticos para o planeta, como a Amazônia e a Bacia do Congo, aponta pesquisa da Universidade da Califórnia em Berkeley financiada pela ONG Carbon Market Watch.O estudo, divulgado em reportagem publicada na sexta-feira (15) pelo jornal britânico The Guardian, baseou-se na análise de créditos de carbono em florestas tropicais certificados pela Verra, operadora do principal padrão internacional nesse mercado, e concluiu que os impactos ambientais alardeados são exagerados e os resultados, "questionáveis" do ponto de vista climático.Alguns projetos, inclusive, não ofereceriam garantias de segurança a comunidades locais vulneráveis.Por esses motivos, os pesquisadores argumentam que os créditos de carbono não são instrumentos adequados para a compensação das emissões de carbono por parte de empresas.O projeto avaliou critérios de qualidade do sistema de créditos de carbono da Verra, entre eles a durabilidade e a contabilidade de carbono florestal, bem como as salvaguardas para as comunidades locais.A maioria dos créditos, segundo o estudo, não teve impacto positivo sobre o clima, além de subestimar o risco de deslocamento do desmatamento para outras áreas. A fiscalização do cumprimento das regras da empresa para a geração de créditos de carbono também seria deficiente. Alguns projetos teriam até mesmo provocado o deslocamento de comunidades vulneráveis ou as feito perder território.O mercado de carbono é incensado por entusiastas da medida como uma solução viável para conter as mudanças climáticas e a destruição da biodiversidade. Empresas alegam poder neutralizar assim suas emissões, pagando pelo sequestro de carbono em florestas em outros lugares do mundo ou evitando o desmatamento em regiões ameaçadas —essas, frequentemente, localizadas em países em desenvolvimento no Sul Global.Especialista em políticas públicas da Carbon Market Watch, que financiou o estudo, Inigo Wyburd afirma que "falta credibilidade" e "confiabilidade" aos projetos em análise."Empresas estão compensando suas emissões de forma barata comprando créditos de carbono de baixa qualidade ligados a projetos de proteção de florestas no Sul Global", criticou Wyburd em pronunciamento publicado no site da ONG. Segundo ele, "só 1 em cada 13 créditos de carbono representa uma redução real de emissões", o que torna a medida inócua.Os parâmetros duvidosos de qualidade, segundo a entidade, têm a ver com "metodologias elásticas". "Por exemplo, a pesquisa mostrou que as metodologias usadas para estimar o nível de desmatamento que se espera que ocorra na ausência de um projeto de conservação podem levar a resultados que variam em mais de 1.400% entre as maiores e as menores estimativas. Uma margem dessas oferece um potencial enorme a donos de projetos para explorar a flexibilidade e manipular o sistema."O estudo argumenta ainda que não é possível compensar emissões de carbono decorrentes da exploração de combustíveis fósseis que levaram milhares de anos para se formar com a captura de carbono por florestas, já que isso demandaria o sequestro e armazenamento de gases por centenas de séculos, milênios até —um papel que florestas sob risco iminente de desmatamento não podem cumprir. Mais A Verra reagiu ao estudo afirmando que os problemas apontados pelos pesquisadores, assim como as recomendações, devem ser contemplados na nova metodologia para geração de créditos de carbono, em estudo há dois anos, e a ser publicada nas próximas semanas.Os pesquisadores recomendam a governos e empresas que foquem em prevenir as causas do desmatamento —citando as demandas por alimentos, combustíveis e outras commodities por parte de países industrializados e em ritmo acelerado de crescimento.Os autores do estudo citam como bom exemplo a lei antidesmatamento da União Europeia, que prevê uma cadeia de fornecimento livre de desmatamento.Também defendem que, em vez de destinar dinheiro à aquisição de créditos de carbono, esses recursos estarão mais bem investidos em projetos de conservação de florestas tocados por comunidades tradicionais e indígenas."O foco deveria ser botar dinheiro no lugar certo, em vez de comprar o máximo de créditos possível", argumenta Gilles Dufrasne, da Carbon Market Watch.O estudo sugere ainda o alívio das dívidas de países em desenvolvimento, para livrá-los da pressão comercial predatória que destrói ecossistemas cruciais para o clima, e o financiamento justo para proteção climática, bem como a redução da dependência de combustíveis fósseis. | ambiente |
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] | Durante quase duas décadas, o Carbrook Golf Club, perto de Brisbane, na Austrália, teve o maior perigo aquático: um lago cheio de tubarões-touro.Tudo começou em 1996, quando fortes enchentes varreram seis jovens tubarões-touro de um rio próximo para um lago de 20 hectares perto do buraco 14 do campo de golfe. Quando as águas baixaram, os tubarões ficaram presos, rodeados por colinas gramadas e golfistas curiosos.Os tubarões passaram 17 anos no lago, sustentando-se com seu grande estoque de peixes e com as ocasionais guloseimas de carne fornecidas pela equipe do clube. Um tubarão foi pescado ilegalmente, enquanto os outros desapareceram em inundações subsequentes.Os tubarões, segundo um novo estudo, são mais que um mero acaso ao longo do campo esportivo. Numa pesquisa publicada no mês passado na revista Marine and Fisheries Science, Peter Gausmann, cientista de tubarões e professor na Universidade Ruhr Bochum, na Alemanha, disse que os membros do clube cartilaginoso de Carbrook demonstram que os tubarões-touro podem viver indefinidamente em ambientes aquáticos de baixa salinidade.Os tubarões-touro podem ser encontrados em águas costeiras quentes em todo o mundo. Esses tubarões robustos podem atingir de 3 a 4 metros de comprimento e pesar mais de 250 quilos. São uma das poucas espécies de tubarões capazes de tolerar uma ampla gama de salinidades, característica que lhes permite aventurar-se em habitats de água doce e salobra, como rios, estuários e lagoas.Infelizmente, essa adaptabilidade impressionante muitas vezes coloca os tubarões em estreita proximidade com os seres humanos, uma das muitas razões pelas quais os tubarões-touro são responsáveis por dezenas de ataques fatais documentados a seres humanos.Se a maioria dos tubarões entrasse num ambiente de água doce, seus níveis internos de sal seriam diluídos e eles morreriam. Mas os tubarões-touro têm rins e glândulas retais especialmente adaptados que trabalham juntos para reciclar e reter o sal em seus corpos. Mais Os habitats de água doce e salobra proporcionam aos jovens tubarões-touro um lugar para crescerem sem a ameaça de predação por tubarões maiores. Depois de atingirem a maturidade, porém, os tubarões-touro geralmente se dirigem para o mar, onde há presas maiores e mais oportunidades de reprodução. O fato de a população de tubarões de Carbrook não ter crescido durante o tempo que passou no campo de golfe ofereceu mais provas de que a espécie prefere procriar em ambientes mais salgados.Embora os cientistas saibam há muito tempo que os tubarões-touro têm meios para se deslocar entre ambientes de água doce e salgada, ninguém sabe se estes tubarões poderiam passar a vida inteira em água doce.A pesquisa sugere que os tubarões-touro podem viver cerca de 30 anos, e o grupo de Carbrook sobreviveu no lago do campo de golfe por 17. Isto sugere que "não há limite máximo" para o tempo que eles podem passar em ambientes de baixa salinidade, disse Vincent Raoult, pesquisador de pós-doutorado na Universidade Deakin, na Austrália, que não participou do novo estudo."Acho que muitas pessoas ficariam assustadas ao saber que poderia haver tubarões-touro no lago local, mas o fato é que é incrível que existam animais capazes de fazer isso", disse Raoult.Embora a ideia de compartilhar um lago com tubarões-touro possa ser assustadora para alguns, os golfistas adoraram a oportunidade, disse Scott Wagstaff, gerente geral do Carbrook Golf Club."Todos os sócios daqui adoram os tubarões", disse Wagstaff.Receba no seu email uma seleção semanal com o que de mais importante aconteceu no mundo; aberta para não assinantes.Carregando...Quando os tubarões ainda estavam no clube, ele e outros funcionários jogavam pedaços de carne na água e ficavam espantados com a maneira como os tubarões devoravam a comida com suas terríveis mandíbulas. "Eu os vi pular completamente para fora da água e girar ao mergulhar. Foi muito legal", disse Wagstaff.Inundações extremas como as que levaram tubarões para dentro e para fora do Carbrook Golf Club estão se tornando mais comuns, e mais tubarões-touro podem acabar abandonados em lagos e lagoas. Embora seja altamente improvável que você encontre um tubarão-touro em sua piscina local, Gausmann recomenda evitar reservatórios d'água recentemente afetados por inundações."Você nunca deve tomar banho em reservatórios de água estagnados que já tiveram ligação com o mar. Nunca se sabe se tubarões vivem lá", disse ele, embora as pessoas nas áreas urbanas não precisem se preocupar, pois as águas das enchentes urbanas são muitas vezes tóxicas demais para sustentar a vida marinha.E há outra lição a se tirar, já que avistamentos de tubarões e ataques ocasionais a nadadores humanos provocam reações de medo em alguns lugares."Se este artigo mostrou alguma coisa, é que é possível viver lado a lado com tubarões", disse Leonardo Guida, cientista de tubarões da Sociedade Australiana de Conservação Marinha.Tradução de Luiz Roberto M. Gonçalves | ambiente |
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] | Cerca de mil drones iluminaram o céu de Manhattan, Nova York, na noite desta sexta-feira (15), em ato em defesa da Amazônia.O show de luzes foi realizado por ativistas em defesa do meio ambiente durante uma apresentação do DJ brasileiro Alok, dias antes do programado discurso do presidente Lula (PT) durante a 78ª Assembleia-Geral da ONU.Os equipamentos sobrevoaram a ilha sincronizados e formaram figuras de animais da fauna amazônica, como o boto-cor-de-rosa e a onça pintada. Ainda uma árvore, o mapa do Brasil e um globo de luzes vermelhas– representando o fogo– com os dizeres "Amazônia queima, o mundo queima" foram avistados.Os drones também formaram palavras a palavra "proteja-me" e "save the Amazon, save the life" —na tradução, salve a Amazônia, salve a vida.Já trilha sonora do show foi composta pela música "Shiva Vaishu", produção de Alok que tem inspiração indígena.O ato foi realizado pela organização Avaaz, que atua em âmbito internacional se envolvendo nas principais pautas ambientais em discussão. No X —o antigo Twitter—, a entidade publicou que "mais magia está por vir".A apresentação acontece dois dias depois do governo do estado do Amazonas decretar situação de emergência ambiental em cidades ao sul do território e na região metropolitana de Manaus.Nos 12 primeiros dias de setembro, o estado registrou 77% da quantidade de incêndios contabilizados durante todo o mês de agosto. Foram 4.127 entre 1 e 12 de setembro, número que coloca o estado na liderança nos registros de incêndio, seguido por Pará (3.500) e Mato Grosso (1.954). Os dados são do Inpe (Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais).O Amazonas vive ainda uma severa seca nos rios.Por tradição, os presidentes brasileiros abrem os discursos da assembleia. Lula subirá a tribuna na próxima terça-feira (19). O presidente embarcou na sexta-feira com destino a Cuba, onde fez parada antes de seguir para Nova York. | ambiente |
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] | O Brasil irá, oficialmente, comunicar à UNFCCC (sigla em inglês para Convenção-Quadro das Nações Unidas sobre Mudança do Clima) a anulação da "pedalada" climática instituída pelo ex-presidente Jair Bolsonaro (PL) na meta climática do país.Em reunião na quinta-feira (14), o Comitê Interministerial sobre Mudança do Clima aprovou por unanimidade a correção da mais recente meta do Brasil —que recebe o nome de NDC (Contribuição Nacionalmente Determinada)— e o retorno ao nível de ambição climática de 2015.A aprovação foi feita pouco antes da Assembleia-Geral da ONU, que começa na próxima semana, em Nova York. O presidente Lula (PT) fará o discurso de abertura do evento, na terça (19). Marina Silva, ministra do Meio Ambiente e Mudança do Clima, também participará da viagem.É pela NDC que os países comunicam seus compromissos de cortes nas emissões de gases-estufa e, consequentemente, sua participação no Acordo de Paris, assinado em 2015.O Brasil tinha setembro como mês limite para comunicar a atualização em sua meta. Apesar da correção da "pedalada", não haverá, pelo menos neste primeiro momento, um aumento da ambição climática, ou seja, a oficialização do objetivo de um corte mais profundo nas emissões.A correção da meta climática consta na resolução 5 aprovada pelo comitê e disponibilizada no site do Ministério do Desenvolvimento, Indústria, Comércio e Serviços. O texto aponta que o Ministério das Relações Exteriores deverá comunicar à UNFCCC a retomada da meta de 2015.A Folha apurou que o texto da resolução 5 divulgado inicialmente era diferente. Ele apontava que um grupo técnico temporário teria prazo de 45 dias para "corrigir as metas de redução de emissões para os anos de 2025 e 2030 das Contribuições Nacionalmente Determinadas (NDCs), alteradas pelo governo anterior".Os 45 dias, porém, ultrapassariam o prazo-limite (25 de setembro) dado pela UNFCCC para que os países comuniquem a atualização de suas metas.Ainda segundo o texto inicial, os trabalhos de tal grupo ficariam a cargo do Ministério das Relações Exteriores e da Secretaria Nacional de Mudança do Clima.A "pedalada" climática do governo Bolsonaro foi apresentada no fim de 2020 por Ricardo Salles, então ministro do Meio Ambiente, reforçada em anúncio na COP26 (conferência sobre clima da ONU realizada na Escócia em 2021) e enviada oficialmente à UNFCCC em abril de 2022.A meta previa a redução, em 2025, de 37% dos gases de efeito estufa, em comparação com as emissões brasileiras de 2005, e a diminuição, em 2030, de 50% dos gases, também em comparação com o ano de 2005.Numericamente, os 50% de corte para 2030 apresentados pelo então ministro do Meio Ambiente, Joaquim Leite, no documento à UNFCCC pareciam superiores ao compromisso anterior brasileiro, que era de 43%. O problema é que a base de comparação de 2005 foi alterada. Devido à evolução na metodologia para computar emissões, os dados de 2005 aumentaram.Por isso, mesmo declarando que o país estava aumentando sua ambição, ao subir o percentual de corte para 50%, na verdade, a meta climática depositada por Bolsonaro na UNFCCC levava o país a poder emitir mais em 2030 do que permitia o compromisso inicial brasileiro junto ao Acordo de Paris.Na primeira meta nacional, o país emitiria, em 2025, 1,32 gigatoneladas de gás carbônico equivalente (unidade de medida que soma os gases que causam o aquecimento global) e, em 2030, cerca de 1,208 gigatoneladas.Em comparação, na meta de Bolsonaro, o Brasil em 2030 estaria emitindo 1,281 gigatoneladas de CO2e (leia gás carbônico equivalente), segundo análises feitas pelo Observatório do Clima e pelo projeto Política por Inteiro, do Instituto Talanoa.De acordo com relatório de 2022 do Pnuma (Programa das Nações Unidas para o Meio Ambiente), Brasil e México eram os países que tinham retrocedido em seus compromissos climáticos desde a vigência do Acordo de Paris.Para Natalie Unterstell, presidente do Instituto Talanoa, a correção da meta climática não é "mais do que a obrigação" e precisa ser só um começo para cortes mais ambiciosos."Vale lembrar que o Acordo de Paris fala de progressividade. Tinha que, a partir de 2020, reforçar a ambição e a gente ainda não fez isso", afirma. "Então essa é a necessidade agora: revisar toda a NDC e fazer isso com alta legitimidade, ou seja, consultando a sociedade, envolvendo os governos subnacionais também."Em nota, o Instituto Talanoa afirmou que as metas não devem ser "decididas em gabinetes sob portas fechadas".Stela Herschmann, especialista em política climática do Observatório do Clima (rede de organizações socioambientais), também afirma que é preciso avançar na meta do Brasil."Finalmente corrigimos a pedalada climática, e o Brasil deixa de ser um país que viola o Acordo de Paris, mas não podemos perder de vista que estamos vivendo uma emergência climática. O mundo tem pressa para conseguir manter a meta de 1,5°C viva, e o Brasil está apenas voltando à sua promessa de 2015″, diz.Nesta quinta-feira, além da correção da meta brasileira, o comitê determinou o início do processo de revisão da NDC, que todos os países signatários do Acordo de Paris devem concluir em 2025.Chamada de Plano Clima, essa revisão prevê processos participativos para a construção de oito planos de mitigação e 14 planos de adaptação. Segundo o Ministério do Meio Ambiente, a ideia é inverter o processo usual, construindo primeiro a política climática do país e, a partir dela, comunicar a nova meta à ONU.O primeiro balanço oficial do Acordo de Paris, divulgado na última sexta-feira (8), aponta que os países precisam aumentar seus esforços, porque o planeta, pelo ritmo atual, não caminha para limitar o aquecimento ao preferível 1,5°C ou a 2°C.Levando em conta os anúncios na última conferência climática, a humanidade está rumo a um aumento de 2,4°C a 2,6°C na temperatura média global em relação aos níveis anteriores à Revolução Industrial.O texto final deste primeiro relatório será debatido com os países na próxima conferência climática, a COP28, no fim deste ano em Dubai, nos Emirados Árabes.A correção da meta climática do Brasil já havia sido prometida por Lula. Em junho, o presidente reafirmou o compromisso de fazer as "devidas correções na contribuição brasileira ao Acordo de Paris".Também em junho, foi encerrado o prazo na Justiça Federal para um acordo entre o Estado brasileiro e jovens ativistas climáticos que processavam o país pela "pedalada" na NDC. Essa ação, aberta pelos movimentos Engajamundo e Fridays for Future, foi iniciada em 2021, durante o governo Bolsonaro, e herdada pela gestão petista.Colaborou Ana Carolina Amaral, de São Paulo. | ambiente |
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] | No povoado de Várzea do Mulato, a rede móvel de telefonia não chega e a conexão com internet é via rádio. Em uma das poucas casas na rua de chão de barro vermelho, um jovem subverte a lógica de trabalho local. Darlei Pereira da Silva, 27, é desenvolvedor de sistema Android. De sua cadeira gamer no escritório montado em um dos cômodos de casa, ele cria aplicativos para celulares de todo o país.O jovem, que cresceu na comunidade onde a maioria da população é trabalhadora rural, a 20 km do centro de Senhor do Bonfim (BA), conta que não imaginava que um dia atuaria no mercado de aplicativos. "Eu não me interessava por tecnologia porque, na verdade, eu nem sabia que existia esse universo."Silva foi o primeiro de casa a concluir o ensino médio e ingressar na faculdade. "Aqui a gente vive numa bolha. Na região, poucas pessoas fizeram faculdade. Se você não tem oportunidade, consegue criar uma pela educação", afirma.O incentivo maior veio da mãe. A lavradora Jucilene Alves da Silva, 51, que não teve a oportunidade de estudar e nunca saiu do sertão da Bahia, se orgulha de ver o filho cruzando fronteiras."As coisas eram difíceis demais, mas eu fiz de tudo por eles. Eu sempre dizia que não aprendi, mas meus filhos, com fé em Deus, iam aprender, porque só quem tem estudos alcança alguma coisa", conta ela.Foi no curso de geografia da Univasf (Universidade Federal do Vale do São Francisco) que o jovem começou a ver as oportunidades do mundo tecnológico. Em uma das longas conversas de uma viagem de carro de mais 2.400 km com destino ao Paraguai, onde apresentou um trabalho sobre geoprocessamento de campo em 2018, surgiu a ideia do primeiro aplicativo.A partir dali, criou um guia online da reserva ambiental Maria Maria, que fica em Saúde (BA), onde estagiou.Silva começou a criar aplicativos sem cursos nem orientações diretas: elaborava as ideias e fazia as programações seguindo tutoriais na internet, mesmo com o obstáculo do idioma, já que a maior parte desses conteúdos está disponível em inglês.O sucesso do primeiro experimento entre professores da universidade e também em escolas da região motivou o jovem a trocar de área. Após concluir a licenciatura, começou engenharia da computação na mesma universidade.Seu primeiro lançamento que foi parar na loja de aplicativos do sistema operacional Android foi "Conheça os Biomas". O app educacional conta as principais características de cada bioma brasileiro, como área espacial, clima, fauna e flora.Silva diz receber muito retorno de professores que usam a ferramenta em sala de aula. Por isso, considera esse o seu maior sucesso, com mais de 5.000 downloads.Com os aplicativos educativos, Silva já conquistou outros reconhecimentos na área. Em 2021, uma ideia sua foi selecionada no concurso Campus Mobile, realizado na USP (Universidade de São Paulo) em parceria com o Instituto Claro.Na competição, o baiano criou o "Mobbilizy Game", que explica de forma lúdica a prevenção de doenças para crianças e adolescentes. O trabalho ficou em primeiro lugar da categoria.Um dos desafios dos jogos é combater o mosquito Aedes aegypti, tampando caixas d’água. Outro é pegar álcool em gel e matar o coronavírus. O diferencial da criação de Silva está na contextualização com sua região. Em estética de quadrinhos, o game se passa na cidade virtual de Bonfinópolis e tem o típico sertanejo como personagem.Silva aponta na tela do celular os desenhos de plantas nativas do sertão, como umbuzeiro e cajueiro. A inspiração para adaptar o conteúdo à realidade local vem dos estudos sobre Paulo Freire (1921-1997) que realizou durante a licenciatura. Ele mesmo desenhou à mão toda vegetação da região e a transferiu para o jogo."Além dos jogos, é preciso trazer a identidade aqui da região porque ajuda o aluno a relacionar com o cotidiano dele", explica.Como prêmio, Silva viajou para os Estados Unidos e conheceu o Vale do Silício. As mudanças na rotina ficaram evidentes. Foi selecionado para estágios de empresas multinacionais e, hoje, trabalha em regime de home office para uma empresa do Sudeste.A faculdade também mudou, para conciliar com a rotina de trabalho. Agora, cursa análise de desenvolvimento e sistemas em uma instituição particular por EAD.O investimento pessoal em aplicativos educativos continua, mesmo trabalhando no setor corporativo. Em agosto, lança um novo jogo, focado no aprendizado da matemática."Quero ajudar de alguma forma na educação, mesmo sabendo que não vai ter tanta rentabilidade", afirma.Entre os planos do jovem, está morar no Canadá, mas diz que depois pretende voltar para a região onde cresceu. "Quero ter uma experiência diferente, mas aqui sempre vai ser minha âncora".O exemplo de Silva é inspiração para outros jovens da região. As dúvidas chegam pelas redes sociais, estudantes de diversas cidades curiosos para saber como é trabalhar com tecnologia e como começar no setor. Em casa, a irmã mais nova seguiu os passos dele, trocou a engenharia agrícola pelo curso de análise de desenvolvimento de sistemas."De pouquinho em pouquinho, a gente vai convencendo o pessoal. Se a educação me ajudou a chegar onde estou, eu tenho de contribuir para os que estão por vir", diz. | ambiente |
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] | Os sistemas de suporte à vida na Terra enfrentam riscos e incertezas maiores do que nunca, e a maioria dos principais limites de segurança já foram ultrapassados como resultado de intervenções humanas em todo o planeta, apontou estudo científico divulgado nesta quarta-feira (13).Em uma espécie de "check-up de saúde" do planeta publicado na revista Science Advances, uma equipe internacional de 29 especialistas concluiu que a Terra atualmente está "bem fora do espaço operacional seguro para a humanidade" devido à atividade humana.O estudo, que amplia um relatório de 2015, afirma que o mundo já ultrapassou 6 das 9 "fronteiras planetárias" —limites seguros para a vida humana em áreas como a integridade da biosfera, mudanças climáticas e a utilização e disponibilidade de água doce.Ao todo, afirma o estudo, 8 das 9 fronteiras estão sob pressão maior do que a verificada na avaliação de 2015, aumentando o risco de mudanças dramáticas nas condições de vida da Terra. A camada de ozônio é o único dos quesitos a melhorar."Não sabemos se podemos prosperar sob grandes e dramáticas alterações das nossas condições", disse a principal autora do estudo, Katherine Richardson, da Universidade de Copenhague.Os autores afirmam que cruzar as fronteiras não representa um ponto de inflexão no qual a civilização humana simplesmente entrará em colapso, mas pode trazer mudanças irreversíveis nos sistemas de suporte à vida na Terra."Podemos pensar na Terra como um corpo humano e nos limites planetários como a pressão sanguínea. Acima de 120/80 [na medição da pressão sanguínea] não necessariamente indica um ataque cardíaco, mas aumenta o risco", disse Richardson.Os cientistas soaram o alarme sobre o aumento do desmatamento, o consumo excessivo de plantas como combustível, a proliferação de produtos como o plástico, organismos geneticamente modificados e produtos químicos sintéticos. Mais Dos nove limites avaliados, apenas a acidificação dos oceanos, a destruição da camada de ozônio e a poluição atmosférica —principalmente com partículas semelhantes à fuligem— foram consideradas ainda dentro de limites seguros. O teto da acidificação dos oceanos, no entanto, está perto de ser ultrapassado.A concentração atmosférica de dióxido de carbono, o principal gás causador do efeito estufa, aumentou para cerca de 417 ppm (partes por milhão), significativamente superior ao nível seguro de 350 ppm.Estima-se também que a atual taxa de extinção de espécies seja pelo menos dezenas de vezes mais rápida do que a taxa média dos últimos 10 milhões de anos, o que significa que o planeta já ultrapassou a fronteira segura para a diversidade genética."Na minha carreira nunca me baseei em tantas evidências como hoje", disse Johan Rockström, coautor do estudo e diretor do Instituto Potsdam para Pesquisa de Impacto Climático. | ambiente |
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] | Um novo PPCerrado (Plano de Ação para Prevenção e Controle do Desmatamento no Cerrado) entrou em consulta pública nesta quarta-feira (13). A consulta permanecerá ativa até 12 de outubro no site Participa + Brasil. O anúncio ocorre após meses com elevados índices de desmatamento no bioma.O plano, que diz respeito ao período de 2023 a 2027, contará com uma comissão interministerial, presidida pela Casa Civil e secretariada pelo Ministério do Meio Ambiente e Mudança do Clima. É responsabilidade da comissão a "coordenação de ações para a redução dos índices de desmatamento".O documento em consulta relembra a importância do entes estaduais no combate ao desmatamento no bioma. Isso é relevante considerando que o desmate no cerrado ocorre especialmente em áreas privadas —diferentemente da Amazônia—, o que, segundo as autoridades, dificulta a ação federal no enfrentamento da devastação.O PPCerrado aponta que, em 2022, cerca de 81% do desmatamento ocorreu em áreas particulares.O Código Florestal determina que as propriedades privadas localizadas no cerrado devem manter em pé (estrutura conhecida como reserva legal) de 20% a 35% (em áreas de cerrado localizadas na Amazônia Legal) da vegetação natural. Na Amazônia, esse percentual salta para 80%.Durante a apresentação do plano, em sessão da Comissão de Meio Ambiente e Desenvolvimento Sustentável da Câmara dos Deputados, André Lima, secretário extraordinário de controle do desmatamento, reafirmou a necessidade do trabalho com os estados. Lima destacou a necessidade de observar autorizações de supressão vegetal aparentemente legais.Esteve presente também na sessão a ministra Marina Silva, do Meio Ambiente e Mudança do Clima."Não se tem uma bala de prata. Não é só conter desmatamento. São ações múltiplas que se cruzam e se retroalimentam positivamente ou negativamente", disse Marina. "O cerrado tem função estratégica, é a caixa d'água do Brasil."Como já havia feito anteriormente, Marina questionou qual seria o embasamento científico para que as reservas legais no cerrado fossem de somente 20% a 35%. A ministra, porém, não defendeu uma mudança no Código Florestal sobre o tema —"abrir essa caixa de Pandora de novo, Deus que me defenda"—, mas, sim, uma alteração nas atividades no bioma."Não queremos maquiagem em relação aos problemas. Fazer política pública com base em evidência é assumir o que diz a ciência. Ter coragem de mostrar os dados. Porque os dados, quando são mostrados, eles criam aquilo que se chama constrangimento ético para empresas, para governos, para todo mundo", afirmou a ministra. "O esforço que estamos fazendo é de fazer esse alinhamento político e ético para proteger o cerrado." Mais Segundo o plano, a maior parte das autorizações estaduais para supressão vegetal —para fazer qualquer desmate, proprietários precisam informar autoridades e ter uma autorização— não está disponível no sistema federal, "o que dificulta o controle do desmatamento ilegal tanto pelos órgãos federais quanto pelo setor financeiro e pelas cadeias produtivas".O documento aponta que, a partir dos dados disponíveis, pode-se estimar que pelo menos metade da devastação no cerrado tem algum tipo de ilegalidade.Ainda de acordo com o plano, entre as causas da derrubada de vegetação no cerrado estão desmate ilegal vinculado a cadeias produtivas —há forte presença de soja, por exemplo, e pecuária no bioma—, baixo nível de reconhecimento dos territórios coletivos e unidades de conservação, expansão agrícola, especulação fundiária, gestão hídrica ineficaz e manejo inadequado do fogo.O impacto da ilegalidade no campo, contufo, precisa ser melhor entendido. "Atualmente, o governo brasileiro não possui dados oficiais consolidados sobre o nível de conformidade da produção agropecuária à legislação ambiental vigente", aponta o documento."Porém, diferentes estudos realizados pela Academia e pela sociedade civil apresentam indícios de que uma parcela significativa da produção é vinculada a desmatamento ilegal pelo descumprimento das exigências de conservação da vegetação nativa dentro do imóvel."Um estudo publicado, em 2020, na revista Science, mostrou que o desmate ilegal na Amazônia e no cerrado pode estar contaminando cerca de 20% da soja e pelo menos 17% da carne exportadas para a UE (União Europeia). Tal pesquisa, inclusive, é citada no PPCerrado.O Matopiba (Maranhão, Tocantins, Piauí e Bahia), região onde há forte desmatamento, e interesse agropecuário e especulativo, também recebe foco no plano. Concentram-se nessa região desmatamentos contínuos superiores a cem hectares, um quadro que tem predominado nos últimos quatro anos, aponta o documento. Mais "O que indica investimentos de capital significativos para compra e supressão de vegetação de grandes áreas anualmente", diz o texto.O documento também lembra a extinção do PPCerrado no governo Jair Bolsonaro (PL) e o abandono de "ações específicas para o cerrado nos anos que se seguiram".Também presente no lançamento, o secretário-executivo do Ministério do Meio Ambiente, João Paulo Capobianco, disse que objetivo do projeto não é apenas o fim do desmatamento ilegal, mas de toda forma de devastação. "Meta de desmatamento zero até 2030. Não é desmatamento zero ilegal na Amazônia. É desmatamento zero em todo o Brasil", afirmou Capobianco, em referência aos outros biomas nacionais."Tem outros [planos] na boca do forno", afirmou também Marina Silva. | ambiente |
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] | Mais de 200 grupos da sociedade civil apresentaram aos Emirados Árabes Unidos, anfitriões da cúpula climática COP28 deste ano, e a todos os governos participantes uma série de demandas relativas ao histórico de direitos humanos do país do Golfo.Os Emirados Árabes, um centro comercial e turístico do Golfo, grande produtor de petróleo e aliado dos Estados Unidos, não permitem a existência de partidos políticos e mostram pouca tolerância com a dissidência. Os meios de comunicação estatais e locais são rigorosamente controlados e a liberdade de expressão é restrita.A carta assinada por grupos locais, regionais e globais, como a Anistia Internacional, faz sete exigências, incluindo apelos para a revogação de leis que, segundo o grupo, criminalizam indivíduos LGBTQ; libertação de "prisioneiros de consciência", incluindo aqueles detidos após cumprirem suas penas; pagamento de indenizações a trabalhadores imigrantes que ajudaram a construir as instalações da COP e não espionar os delegados da cúpula.Os Emirados Árabes rejeitaram as alegações dos grupos e emitiram uma declaração dizendo que o país saúda o diálogo construtivo e que todos os visitantes da COP28 serão autorizados a "se reunir pacificamente para que as suas vozes sejam ouvidas em áreas designadas"."Os Emirados Árabes são uma das nações mais tolerantes e diversas e o direito à liberdade contra a discriminação é protegido pela Constituição", afirmou o comunicado.A cúpula climática organizada pela ONU acontece anualmente, com alternância dos países anfitriões entre os Estados membros. Neste ano, o evento ocorrerá de 30 de novembro e 12 de dezembro em Dubai e será liderado pelo sultão Ahmed al-Jaber —uma escolha controversa, já que seu país é membro da Opep (Organização dos Países Exportadores de Petróleo) e um grande exportador de petróleo. Mais Embora os Emirados Árabes tenham prometido permitir protestos pacíficos, algumas ONGs afirmam que não participarão da cúpula por medo de restrições às suas liberdades ou mesmo de prisão, enquanto outras apelam a um boicote."Como é possível ter negociações climáticas globais em um país onde críticos e ativistas pacíficos estão atrás das grades?", disse Sunjeev Bery, diretor executivo da organização de campanha climática e de direitos humanos Freedom Forward, que coordenou a carta e é um dos 218 signatários.Os Emirados Árabes Unidos já disseram anteriormente que as alegações de detenções arbitrárias são falsas e infundadas. | ambiente |
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] | A Polícia Federal e o Ministério da Justiça trabalham para inaugurar até o fim do ano, em Manaus, o Centro de Cooperação da Polícia Internacional para combater crimes ambientais e o narcotráfico na Amazônia, uma unidade financiada pelo Brasil que vai reunir polícias dos oito países que compõem a região amazônica e também poderá receber agentes dos Estados Unidos e da Europa.A criação do centro, inspirado em experiência que a corporação lançou em eventos esportivos realizados no país como a Copa do Mundo e a Olimpíada, foi um compromisso firmado por autoridades dos países que participaram da Cúpula da Amazônia, em Belém, tendo sido anunciada pelo presidente Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva no dia 8 de agosto.Em entrevista à Reuters, o diretor de Cooperação Internacional da PF, delegado Valdecy Urquiza, anunciou que a intenção é inaugurar o centro até dezembro. Ele detalhou que o governo brasileiro vai custear 100% da estrutura do centro, assim como a vinda de policiais estrangeiros ao país.A instalação do local custará R$ 9 milhões, e o orçamento anual para custeio será de R$ 7 milhões, segundo o delegado. Os valores serão financiados pela PF e pelo Ministério da Justiça, com o apoio do BNDES (Banco Nacional de Desenvolvimento Econômico e Social), gestor do Fundo da Amazônia, segundo o dirigente da PF e outra fonte a par das tratativas.O diretor da Amazônia e Meio Ambiente da PF, delegado Humberto Freire, disse à Reuters que na terça-feira foi lançado o edital de chamamento público para se alugar um prédio na capital de Amazonas para abrigar a unidade especializada.Para o delegado Urquiza, o centro garantirá uma atuação coordenada de polícias dos países amazônicas de forma coordenada e com "resultados muito mais eficientes" para combater uma série de crimes, como desmatamento e contrabando de ouro, minérios, madeira e animais silvestres, além da presença do tráfico de drogas na região."A gente visualiza um impacto muito forte nas organizações criminosas que praticam esse tipo de delito na região. Espera-se uma redução significativa dos delitos ambientais naquela região e também uma atuação que envolva toda a região amazônica e não só isoladamente alguns países".Freire afirmou ainda que um dos focos de atuação da unidade será ajudar no combate aos fenômenos recentes do "narco-desmatamento": criminosos envolvidos com o narcotráfico que estão se dedicando ao garimpo ilegal e à retirada de madeira, entre outros delitos na região. Mais "Há uma preocupação, sim, de a gente identificar todas as formas de criminalidade na região, seus responsáveis e suas interações", destacou.Além do Brasil, vão fazer parte do centro representantes das polícias de Bolívia, Colômbia, Equador, Guiana, Peru, Suriname e Venezuela. O diretor da Amazônia da PF disse que será feito um convite para também participar do centro a Guiana Francesa, região ultramarina da França na costa nordeste da América do Sul que também compõe o bioma amazônico. Durante a cúpula em Belém, o presidente francês, Emmanuel Macron, anunciou que o país quer aderir à Organização do Tratado de Cooperação Amazônica (OTCA).Organismos policiais como a Interpol, Europol e Ameripol também vão ser convidados a integrar o centro, segundo Freire.Por ora, a expectativa é que pelo menos 30 policiais brasileiros e de países da região fiquem destacados exclusivamente para atuar no centro, com um coordenador vinculado diretamente às diretorias de Cooperação Internacional e da Amazônia e Meio Ambiente da PF. Essas duas diretorias são vinculadas diretamente à cúpula da corporação em Brasília.Atualmente a cooperação entre os países da região para proteger a Amazônia é feita por meio de adidos policias e contatos diretos entre investigadores. Mais Freire detalhou que o centro terá três eixos principais de atuação: intercâmbio de expertise, com compartilhamento de técnicas investigativas; troca de informações de inteligência; e também cooperação jurídica para agilizar o compartilhamento formal de provas de crimes entre os participantes do centro."Não queremos deixar o crime migrar, então a gente não quer só fortalecer a atividade policial na Amazônia legal brasileira empurrando essa problemática para países vizinhos", disse."Por isso, estamos buscando trazer todos para que a gente tenha um trabalho uniforme, um fluxo de informação permanente para sufocar o crime em todas as regiões da Amazônia internacional no mesmo patamar", destacou.A criação da unidade de segurança na Amazônia é mais uma iniciativa do governo do presidente Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva para tentar ampliar a repressão e punição para quem pratica crimes contra o meio ambiente na região.A agenda ambiental é prioridade do governo Lula após quatro anos de críticas internas e externas à gestão do antecessor Jair Bolsonaro por omissão e até estímulo a delitos por garimpeiros e fazendeiros no bioma.Logo no início do ano a PF criou a Diretoria da Amazônia e do Meio Ambiente, além de o governo ter adotado uma série de iniciativas para voltar a empoderar e aparelhar outros órgãos de fiscalização ambiental, como Ibama e ICMBio.Segundo o delegado Urquiza, a unidade poderá até servir como ponto de apoio para que países europeus e da América do Norte —os principais destinos das mercadorias e produtos ilegais da Amazônia— possam vir ajudar em atividades de repressão e identificação da cadeia de produção desses itens. Mais "Uma questão que o centro pretende é aos poucos agregar também policiais dos países destinos das mercadorias extraídas ilegalmente da Amazônia. Por quê? Enquanto houver um mercado consumidor para esse material ilegal, haverá pressão para esse tipo de delito aqui na região", disse o delegado.Para o delegado Freire, o momento é oportuno para criação do centro e obviamente a liderança do Brasil é importante por deter quase 65% da Amazônia."É indubitável que essa liderança do processo pelo Brasil traz um estímulo e uma adesão mais forte dos países da região e também de outros países que estão vendo que a questão climática, a possibilidade de um ponto de não-retorno", afirmou."É essencial que a gente adote novas matrizes econômicas para que a gente possa reverter a tendência que infelizmente a gente viveu nos últimos quatro anos de aumento do desmatamento em números péssimos". | ambiente |
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] | O Tribunal Regional Federal da 1ª Região (TRF1) negou recurso da mineradora canadense Belo Sun e manteve decisão que determinou que o licenciamento ambiental de projeto da companhia no rio Xingu, no Pará, deve ser conduzido pelo órgão federal Ibama, disse em nota, nesta quarta-feira (13), o MPF (Ministério Público Federal).A decisão unânime da 6ª Turma do TRF1 manteve os efeitos de sentença de 2018, em que a primeira instância da Justiça Federal em Altamira (PA) atendeu pedido do MPF e suspendeu licenças ambientais estaduais para a mineradora.Para o MPF, a federalização é necessária pelos impactos em terras indígenas e no rio Xingu, além da previsão de sobreposição de impactos do empreendimento com os da construção da usina hidrelétrica Belo Monte, na Volta Grande do Xingu. Nos três casos, segundo o órgão, trata-se da preservação de bens protegidos pela União.Em nota, o CEO da Belo Sun, Peter Tagliamonte, agradeceu ao TRF1 por esclarecer os papéis e responsabilidades de cada órgão e por ter mantido a validade do processo de licenciamento existente, que havia sido conduzido pelo órgão ambiental estadual do Pará, a Semas.Dessa forma, a companhia não será obrigada a reenviar seus pedidos de licenças ao Ibama, que deverá prosseguir com a análise dos documentos como parte do seu processo de licenciamento."A Belo Sun está preparada para trabalhar com o Ibama em seu processo de licenciamento, bem como com o município local, comunidades e grupos indígenas", disse Tagliamonte, em nota."Esperamos estabelecer um relacionamento construtivo e transparente com o Ibama e trabalhar com a agência para colocar o Projeto Volta Grande em produção para o benefício de todas as partes interessadas."Na nota, o MPF afirmou que a canadense havia defendido em seu recurso o licenciamento pela via estadual, argumentando que o empreendimento estaria localizado fora de terras indígenas. Mais Em contrapartida, o órgão pontuou que não basta apenas considerar a localização do empreendimento, mas, sim, o impacto causado por ele, e que o tema já foi discutido outras vezes no próprio TRF1."Ficou assentado que, se a obra não se situa no perímetro de terra indígena, mas a impacta, o licenciamento é federal", afirmaram em nota os procuradores regionais da República Ana Padilha de Oliveira e Felício Pontes Júnior.Para o MPF, o projeto de Belo Sun apresenta riscos de colapso socioambiental completo da região da Volta Grande do Xingu.A região já foi palco de amplos debates no campo ambiental, ao receber a hidrelétrica de Belo Monte. Mais Para prosseguir o licenciamento, o MPF afirmou que o Ibama deverá reavaliar as licenças já concedidas, de modo a garantir a regularidade do processo, podendo solicitar novos documentos, estudos ou esclarecimentos, além de verificar a relação do empreendimento minerário com os impactos já produzidos na região pela usina Belo Monte.O empreendimento da Belo Sun, destacou o órgão, "prevê aterros sanitários, barragens de rejeitos e modificações consideráveis no curso do rio, cuja vazão já foi afetada significativamente pela usina Belo Monte"."Além dessas mudanças, os rejeitos resultantes da mineração do ouro têm o potencial de contaminar as águas do rio, causando a morte de peixes e até, possivelmente, extinção de espécies, impactando o ecossistema e os modos de vida de quem depende dele, o que foi levado em consideração pelo desembargador federal Jamil Oliveira, relator do caso", disse o MPF.Receba no seu email as notícias sobre o cenário jurídico e conteúdos exclusivos: análise, dicas e eventos; exclusiva para assinantes.Carregando... | ambiente |
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] | Ao mesmo tempo em que a pandemia atingia o Brasil, crescia o interesse pela agricultura urbana e periurbana (no perímetro das cidades). Apesar do avanço no número de municípios que adotam essa prática, mais sustentável por manter a produção perto dos centros de consumo, ela ainda é restrita.Essas conclusões estão em levantamento realizado pelo Pnuma (Programa das Nações Unidas para o Meio Ambiente) em conjunto com a FGVces (Centro de Estudos em Sustentabilidade da Fundação Getulio Vargas). O trabalho buscou fazer um panorama da situação nacional desse tipo de agricultura.Os dados serão apresentados na manhã desta quarta-feira (13) em um evento em Brasília com a participação de Marina Silva, ministra do Meio Ambiente e Mudança do Clima, Wellington Dias, ministro do Desenvolvimento Social, e Paulo Teixeira, ministro do Desenvolvimento Agrário e Agricultura Familiar.Também nesta quarta foi publicado no Diário Oficial da União um decreto que institui o Programa Nacional de Agricultura Urbana e Periurbana.A partir de um formulário destinado a gestores municipais, o levantamento buscou entender qual era a situação da agricultura urbana em cada local. O projeto faz parte do TeebAgrifood (sigla em inglês para A Economia do Ecossistema e da Biodiversidade para Agricultura e Alimentos), financiado pelo EUPI (Instrumento de Parcerias da União Europeia).O número de respostas não foi elevado. Somente 67 prefeituras responderam o questionário, sendo 7 delas capitais (Belo Horizonte, Brasília, Fortaleza, Manaus, Recife, Rio de Janeiro e São Paulo).Uma fatia considerável (mais de 60%) das respostas obtidas veio de cidades do Sudeste e Sul, o que é um reflexo da organização e da situação da agricultura urbana no Brasil, segundo Jay van Amstel, especialista em sistemas alimentares do programa TeebAgrifood/Pnuma."Já esperávamos que na região Sul e Sudeste houvesse mais respostas, por essa agenda já ter já um histórico nessas regiões e um certo pioneirismo", diz Amstel, que cita Belo Horizonte, como uma prefeitura pioneira na área, além de outras cidades com programas já chegando a 30 anos de existência.O apelo desse tipo de agricultura pode ser correlacionado, em parte, com a concentração populacional encontrada nas regiões Sudeste e Sul, nota ainda o pesquisador. "Hoje temos milhões de brasileiros em situação de insegurança alimentar severa. Grande parte desse contingente está localizado nas periferias das grandes cidades", explica.De toda forma, 29% das 67 cidades que responderam ao questionário começaram a dar os primeiros passos, com ações e programas de fomente a esse tipo de agricultura, de 2020 a 2022, ou seja, durante a pandemia.Amstel associa isso à percepção da necessidade de se ter produção de alimentos mais próximo aos centros consumidores.Na crise causada pela Covid-19, os níveis de desemprego foram a patamares elevados e o preço de alimentos disparou, o que levou a ainda mais preocupação com a questão do acesso à alimentação. Outro ponto que teria mostrado a importância da proximidade, avalia o especialista, foram as greves e as ameaças de greve de caminhoneiros.Desastres ambientais também podem despertar a percepção sobre o assunto. "O caso do Rio de Janeiro é clássico. Quando acontecem deslizamentos em Petrópolis ou Teresópolis, o Rio de Janeiro fica uma, duas, três semanas sem verdura", diz Amstel. "É um acúmulo de situações. Mas a pandemia gerou essa terceira onda de agendas [ligadas a esse tipo de agricultura]."A crise climática também é um fator que conta ao se falar da preocupação com uma maior proximidade entre produção e consumo, afinal, o transporte —em geral, rodoviário— de alimentos pelo Brasil tem um preço no orçamento de emissões de carbono.Os dados mostram que ainda há muito campo pela frente. Somente 33% das cidades têm leis municipais relacionadas à agricultura urbana e periurbana. Além disso, 28% têm o tema como parte do planejamento urbano, em instrumentos como o Plano Diretor.Basicamente, sem um marco regulador sobre o tema, projetos que tentam começar a fazer agricultura urbana podem acabar com a iniciativa de plantação literalmente derrubada em seguida. "Isso acontece em muitas cidades: é proibido você cultivar um terreno ocioso ou um terreno público", diz Amstel, que cita o Distrito Federal como um local onde isso costumava acontecer antes de haver legislação específica.Terrenos públicos ociosos, por sinal, são os locais mais citados (76%) pelos gestores públicos (29 municipalidades responderam a essa questão) como aptos para a agricultura urbana e periurbana.A maior parte dos municípios relatou possuir hortas pedagógicas e escolares, e quase metade (49%) citou horas comunitárias em espaços públicos. Há ainda uma predominância (em 77% das cidades) do manejo agroecológico ou orgânico.Nesse contexto, uma possível tendência de "gourmetização" da agricultura e de produtos mais caros é uma preocupação, reconhece Amstel. Ele afirma, porém, que os municípios têm focado esforços na conexão entre esse tipo de agricultura e a população em situação de vulnerabilidade."Existe essa preocupação em deselitizar o consumo de produtos frescos e saudáveis", afirma.O especialista cita o caso do programa Hortas Cariocas, focado em comunidades no Rio de Janeiro. Nas áreas mais pobres, metade da produção é destinada à venda e outra metade é doada para famílias em situação de vulnerabilidade ou para instituições como escolas e abrigos.A ideia do relatório, segundo Amstel, é ajudar o governo federal a perceber as necessidades dos municípios que investem em agricultura urbana, especialmente em um momento em que a gestão federal declara como bandeira o combate à fome e à insegurança alimentar.No evento desta quarta, será anunciado o edital "Compostagem e Agricultura Urbana e Periurbana", de R$ 7 milhões para incentivar iniciativas na área. | ambiente |
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] | Pelo menos 177 ativistas ambientais foram assassinados em 2022 em todo o globo. É como se, a cada dois dias, uma pessoa ligada à defesa do meio ambiente e do uso coletivo dos recursos naturais tivesse sido morta por causa da sua atuação.O levantamento é da Global Witness, ONG fundada no Reino Unido que monitora o cenário de ativismo ambiental desde 2012. Segundo seu mais recente relatório, publicado nesta terça-feira (12), 1.910 crimes do tipo foram registrados no mundo na última década.Em 2022, a Colômbia liderou o ranking como país mais violento para ativistas. Foram 60 assassinatos, o dobro do contabilizado no ano anterior. A maior parte das vítimas é formada por indígenas, membros de comunidades afrodescendentes e pequenos agricultores, aponta o relatório.O Brasil aparece em segundo lugar, com 34 ataques letais. O número, por outro lado, é maior que o registrado em 2021, quando 26 defensores ambientais foram assassinados. No país, uma das principais fontes de dados é a Comissão Pastoral da Terra (CPT), vinculada à Conferência Nacional dos Bispos do Brasil (CNBB), que anualmente publica um relatório sobre conflitos no campo."Nos últimos quatro anos, vivemos um governo federal que desmontou as agências de proteção ambiental e dos povos indígenas. Várias frases do ex-presidente Jair Bolsonaro incentivavam invasão e garimpo ilegal nas Terras Indígenas" aponta, em entrevista à DW, Gabriella Bianchini, consultora sênior da ONG no Brasil.No México, que ocupou a primeira colocação do ranking em 2021, o total de mortes caiu de 54 para 31. Mas isso não significa que a violência tenha dado trégua naquele país, destaca a Global Witness."A situação geral permaneceu terrível para as defensoras e defensores da terra e do meio ambiente, e os ataques não letais —incluindo intimidação, ameaças, deslocamento forçado, assédio e criminalização— seguem prejudicando seriamente o trabalho dessas pessoas", diz o documento.O quadro grave na América Latina foi destaque: a região foi palco de 88% do total de assassinatos. Dos 18 países que aparecem no relatório com casos documentados, 11 são latino-americanos."A piora na crise climática e a procura cada vez maior por commodities agrícolas, combustíveis e minerais intensifica a pressão sobre o meio ambiente —e sobre aqueles que arriscam suas vidas para defendê-lo", diz o documento. Mais Segundo o levantamento, em 2022 a Colômbia ultrapassou o Brasil no número de ativistas mortos na última década, com 382 casos ante os 376 registros de brasileiros. Até então, a liderança era do Brasil, historicamente o país onde mais ativistas foram assassinados desde 2012."O Brasil é um dos países que mais mata essas pessoas, defensores da floresta e do meio ambiente. É um país com números absurdos de mortes", ressalta Bianchini.Como em outras partes do globo, muitas mortes registradas no Brasil permanecem sem solução. É o caso do assassinato de uma família inteira em São Félix do Xingu (PA). Em janeiro de 2022, a ambientalista Marcia Nunes Lisboa foi atingida por disparos ao lado do marido, o trabalhador rural José Gomes, e da filha, Joene Nunes Lisboa, de 18 anos. Até hoje, as investigações do crime não tiveram um desfecho.Em Boa Vista (RR), os autores dos disparos que mataram Ana Yanomami Xexana seguem desconhecidos. A indígena estava num acampamento provisório na cidade quando foi atingida na cabeça por dois homens que passaram no local de bicicleta. Ela deixou um bebê."A impunidade é um enorme problema e está impedindo de forma muito grave que os ataques aos defensores parem. Muitas vezes, com sorte, tudo o que conseguimos saber é o nome da pessoa que disparou a arma de fogo. Os mandantes intelectuais raramente são conhecidos, assim como suas motivações", aponta Laura Furones, uma das autoras do levantamento.Por conta das ameaças que recebe, Maria Leusa Munduruku muitas vezes teve que deixar o seu território às pressas. Ela denuncia há anos a extração ilegal de ouro na Terra Indigena Munduruku (PA) e já teve a casa incendiada por criminosos."Estamos exigindo do Estado que proteja os defensores. Eu não sou a única pessoa ameaçada no território. Nós estamos pedindo que os invasores sejam retirados com urgência, o que não aconteceu até agora", criticou Maria Leusa durante conversa com jornalistas, citando ainda a crise causada por garimpo na TI Yanomami, nos estados de Roraima e Amazonas, e Kayapó, no Pará.Para os autores do relatório, é complexo estabelecer ligações claras entre os assassinatos registrados e setores econômicos específicos. Dos 177 crimes de 2022, pelo menos dez têm suas causas ligadas a interesses da indústria do agronegócio —metade desses ocorreram no México.A mineração foi associada a oito casos monitorados pela Global Witness. Outros setores que estariam por trás das mortes são o madeireiro (4), construção de estradas e infraestrutura (2), hidrelétrica (2), caça (2).Mais de um terço das pessoas assassinadas eram indígenas (36%). Pequenos agricultores (22%) e afrodescendentes (7%) também estão entre as maiores vítimas da violência. Em 2022, autoridades estaduais, manifestantes, guardas florestais, advogados e jornalistas —como Dom Phillips, morto ao lado do indigenista Bruno Pereira no Vale do Javari— também foram alvos de ataques letais."O assassinato é a ofensa mais grave. Mas há diversos outros atentados não letais, como tentativa de silenciamento, de criminalização, ameaças e outros tipos de violência física, sexual, assédio. Tudo isso envolto pelo conflito de terra", comenta Bianchini sobre o trabalho.É a primeira vez que o relatório destaca mortes registradas na região da floresta amazônica: 1 em cada 5 assassinatos contabilizados em 2022 aconteceu no bioma."O Brasil vai sediar a Conferência do Clima em Belém em 2025. Sabemos de todos os problemas do estado do Pará e da região amazônica no Brasil. Há necessidade de pressionar o novo governo", pontua Bianchini.Embora tenha havido uma mudança de discurso e de prática com a chegada do novo governo federal, presidido por Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva, há muito o quer feito, argumenta a pesquisadora."Devemos proteger as pessoas que protegem o meio ambiente. Elas não estão defendendo suas casas, suas vidas, seu próprio território, apenas. Estão defendendo o ambiente que é importante para a sobrevivência de todo o planeta", justifica. | ambiente |
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] | Líderes de alguns pequenos Estados insulares recorreram nesta segunda-feira (11) ao TIDM (Tribunal Internacional do Direito do Mar), com sede em Hamburgo, na Alemanha, para pedir a proteção dos oceanos ante a catastrófica mudança climática que ameaça a existência de países inteiros.Os nove Estados insulares pedem a este tribunal, criado com base na Convenção das Nações Unidas sobre o Direito do Mar (UNCLOS, na sigla em inglês), que determine se as emissões de CO2 absorvidas pelos oceanos podem ser consideradas poluição e, em caso afirmativo, quais obrigações os países têm para evitá-las."Chegou a hora de falar em termos de obrigações juridicamente vinculantes, em vez de promessas vazias que não são cumpridas", afirmou o primeiro-ministro de Antígua e Barbuda, Gaston Browne, dirigindo-se ao tribunal.Os ecossistemas oceânicos produzem metade do oxigênio respirado pelos humanos e limitam o aquecimento global, absorvendo grande parte do CO2 das atividades humanas. Mas o aumento das emissões pode aquecer e acidificar as águas marinhas, prejudicando a vida marinha.A UNCLOS define poluição como a introdução, por humanos, de "substâncias ou energia no ambiente marinho" que podem prejudicar a vida marinha. O texto não cita as emissões de CO2 como um poluente específico, mas os demandantes sustentam que cumprem os requisitos."Estamos discutindo medidas que [os Estados] devem tomar em virtude da lei, não da boa vontade política", disse Catherine Amirfar, assessora jurídica do conjunto de Estados, à imprensa.As pequenas ilhas estão especialmente expostas ao impacto do aquecimento global e da elevação do nível do mar, que poderá submergir países inteiros. Mais Segundo o observatório europeu Copernicus, a temperatura da superfície dos oceanos alcançou um recorde de 21°C em agosto, após meses de aquecimento histórico.Bahamas, Tuvalu, Niue, Palau, Vanuatu, São Cristóvão e Névis, Santa Lúcia e São Vicente e Granadinas também aderiram à petição ao TIDM. | ambiente |
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] | Em entrevista coletiva após encerramento da cúpula do G20, o presidente Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva (PT) defendeu o direito do Brasil de pesquisar a viabilidade da exploração de petróleo e gás na margem equatorial, área na região Norte do país."O Brasil não vai deixar de pesquisar a margem equatorial", disse, e acrescentou que o país vai fazer o que entende ser seu "interesse soberano"."Se encontrar a riqueza que se pressupõe que esteja lá, aí é uma decisão de Estado se vamos explorar ou não." A declaração contrasta com a defesa que Lula faz em foros internacionais, inclusive no G20, da redução do uso de combustíveis fósseis e investimento em fontes renováveis.A exploração na margem equatorial é alvo de disputa entre as áreas ambiental e energética do governo. A bacia da Foz do Amazonas é considerada pelo setor de petróleo parte da solução para renovar as reservas brasileiras com o início do declínio da produção do pré-sal na próxima década.A AGU (Advocacia Geral da União) e o Ministério de Minas e Energia já se pronunciaram a favor do avanço das prospecções no chamado bloco 59, a pedido da Petrobras. No entanto, há oposição do Ministério do Meio Ambiente, que teme os impactos da atividade. A ministra Marina Silva é uma das principais críticas da possibilidade de exploração de petróleo na região.Na mesma entrevista, Lula pregou o uso de combustíveis renováveis como maneira de combate às mudanças climáticas, apesar da insistência no direito do Brasil de explorar petróleo na margem equatorial.O mandatário brasileiro celebrou o lançamento da Aliança Global de Biocombustíveis, capitaneada por Brasil, Índia e Estados unidos. "Finalmente o mundo está se dando conta de que biocombustíveis podem resolver o problema de emissões de poluentes e derivados de petróleo", disse. "Podemos ensinar aos outros países como produzir (etanol) para podermos despoluir o planeta com combustível limpo." Mais Lula comemorou o fato de o G20 ter conseguido chegar a um comunicado conjunto, apesar das divergências entre os países por causa da guerra da Ucrânia. "Essa guerra já está cansando a humanidade, cansando os refugiados russos e ucranianos, e as vítimas não vamos trazer novo", disse.O principal entrave do documento era a insistência dos países ricos de incluir uma condenação enérgica à agressão russa contra a Ucrânia. Com o recuo dos países do G7, o documento trouxe um rechaço à guerra, mas sem nomear a Rússia.O governo brasileiro defende que Rússia e Ucrânia sentem-se para negociar a paz, enquanto europeus e americanos acreditam que Moscou deve antes cumprir precondições como a devolução de territórios ocupados.Segundo Lula, que celebrou a ação do Brasil na mediação do documento do G20, ele está sendo bem-sucedido na missão de recolocar o país na geopolítica internacional. "O Brasil fazia falta nas discussões políticas deste mundo", disse. "O Celso [Amorim, assessor internacional da Presidência], com 60 anos de Itamaraty, e o Mauro [Vieira, chanceler] nunca viram o mundo tão necessitado do Brasil como agora." | ambiente |
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] | Em discurso na abertura da Cúpula do G20, em Déli, o presidente Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva voltou a cobrar que os países ricos cumpram suas promessas de recursos para mitigação dos efeitos das mudanças climáticas e ressaltou a necessidade de promover o desenvolvimento ao mesmo tempo em que se protege o meio ambiente."Desde a COP de Copenhague, os países ricos deveriam prover US$ 100 bilhões em financiamento climático novo e adicional aos países em desenvolvimento. Essa promessa nunca foi cumprida", disse o presidente brasileiro, após fazer gestos para o anfitrião indiano e os russos, mencionando a missão da Índia que pousou na Lua na semana passada e o astronauta russo Yuri Gagárin."Recursos não faltam. Ano passado, o mundo gastou US$ 2,24 trilhões em armas. Essa montanha de dinheiro poderia estar sendo canalizada para o desenvolvimento sustentável e a ação climática."Lula chegou ao evento acompanhado pela primeira-dama, Janja Lula da Silva —uma das únicas primeiras-damas a comparecer.O governo brasileiro resiste à tendência de países ricos de concentrar o financiamento em países muito pobres ou ilhas que sofrem de forma mais aguda as mudanças climáticas. Eles querem que parte desses recursos seja direcionados a países emergentes e de renda média, como o Brasil. Também insistem para que os recursos não se restrinjam a ação de mitigação do aquecimento global, mas, também, para medidas de estímulo ao desenvolvimento."Queremos chegar na COP30, em 2025 [em Belém], com uma agenda climática equilibrada entre mitigação, adaptação, perdas e danos e financiamento, assegurando a sustentabilidade do planeta e a dignidade das pessoas."Em sua fala, Lula também listou avanços na política ambiental, como a redução de 48% no desmatamento em relação ao mesmo período do ano passado.E disse que o Brasil, na presidência do G20, irá propor uma força tarefa para mobilização global contra a mudança do clima.No discurso de abertura, o premiê indiano, Narendra Modi, anunciou que a União Africana será membro do G20. A entrada da UA tinha apoio do Brasil, que também criticava o peso excessivo de países europeus no grupo.Na cúpula, os únicos discursos transmitidos serão os do primeiro-ministro indiano. Na cidade, em todo quarteirão há um outdoor ou placa com foto de Modi e lemas de seu governo —a oposição indiana acusa o líder do partido BJP de usar o G20 para fazer campanha eleitoral. O país terá eleições gerais no ano que vem. | ambiente |
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] | Chefes de Estado de toda a África concluíram na quarta-feira (6) uma cúpula climática inaugural em Nairóbi, capital do Quênia, emitindo uma declaração que pede uma reestruturação urgente da forma como as nações mais ricas se relacionam com o continente.A declaração salientou inúmeras vezes que, em vez de ser uma vítima infeliz, a África está preparada para a liderança em matéria de energia limpa e gestão ambiental.Mas para que isso aconteça, afirma o comunicado, os países industrializados do mundo, que são em grande parte responsáveis pela poluição que está causando as mudanças climáticas, devem primeiro desbloquear o acesso à sua riqueza através de investimentos, em vez de relegar suas contribuições à ajuda quando ocorrem catástrofes.Essa falta de financiamento é um dos maiores problemas que dividem as nações ricas e pobres, à medida que o mundo luta para reduzir as emissões de dióxido de carbono. Será um dos principais pontos de discórdia na COP28, cúpula climática global da ONU que terá início em 30 de novembro em Dubai, nos Emirados Árabes Unidos. A reunião histórica em Nairóbi foi, em parte, um esforço dos países mais pobres para amplificar seu argumento.No evento, os investidores anunciaram que cerca de US$ 23 bilhões serão destinados a projetos que incluem microrredes solares, mercados de carbono e reflorestamento. Mas não ficou claro quanto desse dinheiro representa compromissos, não intenções.O presidente queniano, William Ruto, que atuou como anfitrião e mestre de cerimônias da cúpula, disse que a África tem 60% do potencial mundial de energia renovável e quase um terço dos minerais cruciais para eletrificar indústrias atualmente dependentes de combustíveis fósseis, que aquecem o planeta. Entretanto, 600 milhões de pessoas na África têm pouco ou nenhum acesso à eletricidade."Devemos ser verdes rapidamente, antes de nos industrializar, e não o contrário", disse Ruto.As instituições multinacionais de crédito há muito consideram vários países africanos arriscados demais para investimentos em infraestruturas como as energias renováveis, devido a preocupações com a má gestão econômica e o elevado peso da dívida, juntamente com questões como a corrupção e os conflitos.O documento, denominado Declaração de Nairóbi, afirma que servirá de "base para a posição comum da África" antes das conversações sobre o clima em Dubai, no final deste ano.A cúpula atraiu dezenas de milhares de delegados de todo o mundo ao centro comercial da África Oriental. Seus eventos, que ocorreram no Centro Internacional de Convenções Kenyatta, o edifício mais emblemático do centro de Nairóbi, um arranha-céus afro-modernista construído na década de 1970, davam a sensação de uma feira comercial, exceto que o público principal eram bancos, empresas de private equity, instituições filantrópicas e governos doadores.Pedia-se a esses potenciais investidores, especialmente aos ocidentais, que colocassem seu dinheiro onde dizem.Apesar das promessas feitas no passado de investir mais de US$ 100 bilhões em financiamento relacionado ao clima nos países menos desenvolvidos, o mundo rico ficou muito aquém dessas metas, ao mesmo tempo que investiu bilhões de dólares em energias renováveis em seus próprios países."Uma injustiça arde no coração da crise climática, e sua chama está queimando esperanças e possibilidades aqui na África", disse o secretário-geral da ONU, António Guterres, que foi um dos muitos dignitários internacionais presentes.A tensão subjacente à cúpula ficou clara em diversos discursos nos quais os líderes africanos lamentaram a falta de urgência no cumprimento das promessas de financiamento.Os Emirados Árabes Unidos, um dos principais produtores de petróleo do mundo e anfitrião da conferência anual da ONU sobre o clima este ano, assumiram alguns dos maiores compromissos, incluindo US$ 4,5 bilhões para energia limpa e US$ 450 milhões em créditos de carbono, embora as letras miúdas destes últimos indiquem que era uma "carta de intenções não vinculatória". Os EAU procuram reformular-se como uma superpotência de energia renovável.Alguns países africanos dependem há muito tempo de energias renováveis para a maior parte da sua produção de energia. No Quênia, disse Ruto, mais de 90% da eletricidade são renováveis, em grande parte provenientes de fontes geotérmicas no Grande Vale do Rift.Mas fora dos corredores do centro de convenções os quenianos faziam perguntas mais difíceis sobre a quem a conferência e seus objetivos elevados realmente serviam."A discussão energética mascara a nossa crise econômica", disse Mordecai Ogada, autor e uma importante voz queniana em questões ambientais."Sim, obtemos a maior parte da nossa eletricidade de fontes renováveis. Mas pagamos a empresas estrangeiras para gerar essa energia de forma exorbitante em moeda estrangeira", disse ele. "A produção ficou cara, o que impulsiona a inflação. No que diz respeito à vida dos quenianos, a fonte de energia é completamente imaterial."A moeda do Quênia perdeu cerca de um terço do seu valor face ao dólar nos últimos dois anos, e Ruto aumentou os impostos sobre o gás e sobre as pequenas empresas, o que aprofundou a crise do custo de vida. Mais de 8 em cada 10 quenianos vivem com menos de US$ 5 por dia, segundo o Banco Mundial.No centro do pedido dos participantes ao mundo estava o financiamento "concessional" –essencialmente, empréstimos a taxas de juros abaixo do mercado e com prazos de reembolso mais brandos.Enormes quantidades de financiamento concessional poderão, num futuro próximo, provir do Banco Mundial e do FMI (Fundo Monetário Internacional), entre outros grandes credores, se estes cumprirem as reformas prometidas no modo como avaliam o risco e incorporam considerações climáticas na estruturação de seus empréstimos."Há oito meses, ainda houve um debate no conselho do Banco Mundial sobre se os investimentos climáticos eram uma troca pelo desenvolvimento econômico", disse um alto funcionário do Tesouro dos EUA que participou da cúpula, falando sob a condição de anonimato, segundo o protocolo do Departamento do Tesouro.O responsável disse que quase US$ 50 bilhões em financiamento que poderiam ser destinados ao financiamento concessional dos Estados Unidos através de bancos multilaterais de desenvolvimento aguardavam a aprovação do Congresso. O presidente Joe Biden disse que deseja que o Congresso reserve mais de US$ 11 bilhões para ajuda climática, mas conseguiu apenas US$ 1 bilhão no último orçamento. | ambiente |
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] | Começa agora o trabalho que deve culminar na COP30, conferência de clima da ONU a ser realizada em Belém, sob presidência brasileira, no final de 2025. Lá os países terão a última chance de apresentar metas competentes para combater a crise do clima.O diagnóstico que dá início ao processo de revisão das metas do Acordo de Paris foi publicado nesta sexta-feira (8) pela Convenção do Clima da ONU, com o relatório técnico do Global Stocktake (balanço global).O documento reforça a necessidade da implementação das metas já no curto prazo, com a redução de 43% das emissões de gases-estufa até 2030. É o que evitaria um aquecimento global superior a 1,5°C e pouparia desastres como o desaparecimento de países-ilha.Para além do roteiro de revisão das metas, traçado ainda na assinatura do Acordo de Paris, em 2015, há outro elemento fundamental para o combate às mudanças climáticas: a liderança política.Após quatro anos de um governo antiambiental que transformou o desmatamento da Amazônia em crise diplomática, a eleição de Lula atraiu holofotes do mundo todo por se traduzir em uma esperança de protagonismo global na área climática.Desde então, a diplomacia brasileira já costura apoios internacionais para mobilizar a revisão das metas definidas por cada país no acordo climático. O trabalho até a COP30 soma as articulações no bloco dos Brics, nos países florestais (que Lula reuniu em agosto em Belém) e no G20 (que será presidido pelo Brasil no próximo ano).Ao se adiantar na liderança climática, o Brasil deve mobilizar a disposição dos países para apresentar uma revisão ambiciosa —ou apenas competente— das metas nacionais de clima do Acordo de Paris. Cada país tem até o início de 2025 para enviar à ONU sua lição de casa, cujo resultado será conhecido na COP30 e deve determinar se teremos chances de contornar o abismo climático.Assim como Lula, Joe Biden também usou a agenda climática para recuperar o protagonismo internacional do seu país ao tomar posse após o negacionista climático Donald Trump. Ali, Biden assumiu para si o então principal tabu do acordo climático: o compromisso com a limitação do aquecimento em até 1,5°C.Agora, com a crise climática agravada, o tabu é mais delicado. Além de atestar que os compromissos climáticos atuais levam o mundo a um cenário de aquecimento global médio de até 2,6°C, o relatório divulgado nesta sexta traz uma recomendação-chave para evitar o agravamento da crise: o fim dos investimentos em combustíveis fósseis.Ao longo de 40 páginas, o relatório menciona sete vezes a necessidade de eliminar todos os combustíveis fósseis sem compensações de emissões. A linguagem é mais forte do que a negociada pelos países em 2021, quando o termo "eliminar" foi trocado de última hora pelo verbo "reduzir" em relação ao investimento em fósseis.A assertividade da recomendação pode ir de encontro com a aparente disposição dos países de legitimar a continuidade da queima de carvão, petróleo e gás.Na esteira da retomada dos investimentos europeus em fósseis, o setor se fortalece com o ganho de representação na própria presidência da COP28, que será conduzida pelo chefe da petroleira Adnoc, Sultan Ahmed al-Jaber.Não é de se estranhar que o contra-ataque do setor fóssil ganhe agressividade justamente em um momento crucial para o clima e a política global. O lobby da economia fóssil busca ganhar uma sobrevida, quando a ciência climática e os governantes já entendem que a transição energética na direção das renováveis é certa e urgente. Mais Além de defender, no plano nacional, a pesquisa para exploração de petróleo na margem equatorial da Amazônia, o governo Lula evitou que qualquer compromisso com o fim dos combustíveis fósseis aparecesse no texto assinado pelos líderes dos países amazônicos na Cúpula da Amazônia, em agosto.O contundente discurso do presidente colombiano, Gustavo Petro, no evento deu pistas da disposição de outros líderes globais para criticar e desmascarar publicamente os governantes que maquiarem de verde seus compromissos convencionais —o chamado "greenwashing". Em recado a Lula, Petro chamou o discurso da transição energética de "negacionismo de esquerda".Caso abrace o setor de petróleo e gás, a liderança brasileira corre o risco de sair da cena política global muito antes dos fósseis, com a credibilidade ameaçada e a liderança questionada.Por outro lado, se liderar pelo exemplo e conseguir renovar as ambições dos países na direção de metas climáticas competentes, o Brasil tem nas mãos a chance de realizar a promessa da potência ambiental, apontando os alicerces de um novo rumo: o do desenvolvimento resiliente ao clima. | ambiente |
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] | Enquanto a Amazônia, em agosto, teve uma expressiva redução de 66% no desmatamento, em relação ao mesmo mês do ano passado, o cerrado segue em uma linha de crescimento de derrubada de vegetação nativa, dessa vez, com um leve aumento de 2% em comparação a agosto passado, o que foi suficiente, porém, para alcançar o segundo maior valor da média histórica para o mês.No caso amazônico, foram registrados 563,09 km² de desmatamento no último mês, a menor taxa para agosto desde 2019, que foi o primeiro ano do governo Jair Bolsonaro (PL) e o mês de agosto recordista de desmatamento, segundo a série histórica recente. Em agosto de 2022, a taxa ficou em 1661,02 km².Já no cerrado, a derrubada foi de 462,72 km² de mata, contra 451,81 km² em agosto do ano passado.Os dados são provenientes do programa Deter, do Inpe (Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais), atualizados nesta sexta-feira (8). Apesar de o Deter ter como função principal o auxílio a ações de combate ao desmatamento, suas informações podem ser utilizadas para verificar as tendências de desmatamento. A série histórica recente do Deter tem início em 2015 para a Amazônia e 2018 para o cerrado.A Amazônia vem registrando quedas de desmatamento consecutivas desde abril. Os dados positivos para o bioma no último agosto foram adiantados durante um evento no Palácio do Planalto para comemorar o Dia da Amazônia, na terça (5), com a presença do presidente Lula (PT). Na mesma ocasião, o presidente anunciou a demarcação de duas terras indígenas, ambas na Amazônia e um novo programa que prevê repasse de até R$ 600 milhões do Fundo Amazônia a municípios para ações de combate ao desmatamento.Sob Bolsonaro, o nível de desmatamento na Amazônia vinha sendo crítico. Mesmo com a destruição crescente, o ex-presidente Bolsonaro, aliados e apoiadores minimizavam a situação. O governo anterior também acabou com o PPCDAm (Plano de Ação para Prevenção e Controle do Desmatamento na Amazônia), programa que tinha tido importância central para redução da destruição da floresta em anos anteriores.Um novo PPCDAm já foi anunciado pelo governo Lula.Além do desmatamento, as queimadas também tiveram queda expressiva em relação a agosto do ano passado. Foram detectados 17.373 focos de calor no bioma no mês passado; em agosto de 2022 foram 33.116, o que significa uma redução de 47%.Ao mesmo tempo, porém, o cerrado vive uma situação um tanto diferente da vista na Amazônia. Desde o início do ano, os dados de devastação do cerrado têm, em sua maioria, sido tão elevados quanto ou maiores do que os vistos nos últimos anos no bioma. Cinco meses (fevereiro, abril, maio, julho e agosto) superaram o desmate dos mesmos meses do ano passado. Maio, especificamente, teve registro de mais de 1.300 km² de desmatamento, quase o dobro do visto no mesmo mês do ano anterior e agosto bateu recorde.Apesar do crescimento no desmate, as queimadas de agosto tiveram uma redução considerável em comparação ao mesmo mês do ano anterior. No mês passado, foram registrados 6.850 focos de calor no cerrado; em agosto do ano passado, foram 10.567. Uma redução de 35%.Vale destacar que o Código Florestal de 2012 aponta diferentes cenários para os dois biomas. Propriedades privadas no cerrado, bioma que concentra intensa atividade agropecuária, podem desmatar —após autorização pelos órgãos ambientais competentes— áreas maiores do que o permitido na Amazônia.Enquanto na Amazônia as propriedades devem conservar em pé (o que é chamado de reserva legal) 80% da área das propriedades privadas, para o cerrado esse valor é de 20% ou de 35% (caso de áreas de cerrado localizadas na Amazônia Legal).O Ministério do Meio Ambiente e Mudança do Clima tem feito reuniões com os estados que compõem o cerrado em busca de construção de propostas para a redução no desmatamento. O ministério também prevê o lançamento do PPCerrado (Plano de Ação para Prevenção e Controle do Desmatamento no Cerrado) em outubro.Recentemente, ao falar sobre o assunto, Marina Silva, ministra do Meio Ambiente e Mudança do Clima, disse que a situação no cerrado é complexa e levantou uma possibilidade de mudança de legislação para o bioma."No caso do cerrado, há quase que uma acomodação, porque pode explorar [por lei] 80% [da floresta]. Então a ciência precisa dizer qual a base de sustentação e a base de suporte [da exploração] do bioma", disse Marina. | ambiente |
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] | O Ibama (Instituto Brasileiro do Meio Ambiente e dos Recursos Naturais Renováveis) usou uma declaração da empresa que explora gás em uma região preservada da Amazônia para se retirar de processos de licenciamento do empreendimento.A Eneva, responsável por exploração de gás no chamado Campo Azulão, em Silves (AM) e Itapiranga (AM), preencheu um documento autodeclaratório e afirmou que os projetos não impactam terras indígenas.O Ibama acatou o que foi afirmado pela empresa e disse, em documentos da área técnica, não ter competência para o licenciamento.As manifestações do órgão federal ocorreram em junho deste ano, o primeiro do atual mandato de Lula (PT). As licenças vêm sendo concedidas pelo Ipaam (Instituto de Proteção Ambiental do Amazonas), órgão vinculado ao governo estadual.Tanto a Funai (Fundação Nacional dos Povos Indígenas) quanto o MPI (Ministério dos Povos Indígenas) pediram, em ofícios enviados à Eneva e ao Ipaam em agosto, a suspensão dos processos de licenciamento dos projetos de gás e petróleo na região, que fica a menos de 300 km de Manaus. Os órgãos apontaram impactos a indígenas.As comunidades tradicionais foram ignoradas no curso do licenciamento e da execução dos projetos, conforme a Funai. O MPI relatou "clima de aflição e incerteza nas aldeias e nas comunidades, inclusive com o acirramento de conflitos na região, sobretudo em razão do avanço do licenciamento".O Ibama disse, em nota após a publicação da reportagem, que fez avaliação da competência para o licenciamento e que concluiu não se tratar de empreendimento de competência federal. Não há enquadramento em lei de 2011 e em decreto de 2015, conforme o órgão.Em nota, a Eneva afirmou que não existem terras indígenas homologadas ou em estudo na área de influência do empreendimento. Os chamados estudos de componente indígena são exigidos por lei conforme o tipo de projeto. No caso do Complexo do Azulão, devem ser levados em conta territórios a pelo menos 10 km de distância, conforme a empresa."As áreas indígenas mais próximas do empreendimento, conforme as informações oficiais divulgadas no site da própria Funai, estão a mais de 30 km de distância", cita a nota.Ao definir os limites dos blocos exploratórios de óleo e gás, a ANP (Agência Nacional do Petróleo, Gás Natural e Biocombustíveis) fez consultas sobre áreas indígenas, segundo a Eneva. "Só depois de confirmada a inexistência é que os blocos foram licitados pela agência."A competência para a licença é do Ipaam, afirmou a empresa. No caso da termelétrica, um acordo de cooperação técnica entre Ibama e Ipaam delegou competência ao órgão estadual, segundo a Eneva.Indígenas muras, mundurukus e gaviões, de sete aldeias, foram ignorados na execução dos projetos de gás, conforme documento do MPI. São cerca de 190 famílias.Mesmo assim, Eneva e Ipaam agendaram para os últimos dias 2 e 3 audiências públicas relacionadas ao licenciamento da Usina Termelétrica Azulão, um dos empreendimentos do grupo."O licenciamento do projeto termelétrico tem na realização das audiências públicas passos importantes e imprescindíveis de debate com a sociedade civil", disse a empresa.O MPF (Ministério Público Federal) no Amazonas expediu recomendação de suspensão das audiências. Foi ignorado, e as audiências foram realizadas em Silves e Itapiranga.MPF e Funai pediram a interrupção do processo de licenciamento até que seja realizado o estudo de componente indígena, necessário quando um empreendimento impacta comunidades tradicionais."O Ibama só vem levando em conta relatórios de GTs [grupos técnicos da Funai para processos de demarcação] já publicados ou áreas já demarcadas. Mas a Constituição Federal não diz isso. Os territórios são indígenas independentemente de demarcação", disse à Folha o procurador da República Fernando Merloto Soave, um dos responsáveis pela recomendação a Eneva e Ipaam.O Censo de 2022 do IBGE (Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística) mostrou a existência de 1.066 indígenas em Silves, cita a recomendação. "A maioria está em aldeias, não na cidade", afirmou Merloto.Os muras da região de Autazes (AM), onde outro empreendimento sem licenciamento pelo Ibama –um projeto de exploração de potássio– impacta comunidades indígenas, estão no local há 200 anos, disse o procurador."Se tem impacto em terra indígena, a competência para o licenciamento é do Ibama. Não se deve olhar para o mapa e levar em conta somente o que está demarcado", afirmou o integrante do MPF.O formulário que a Eneva preencheu diz respeito à FCA (Ficha de Caracterização de Atividade). Os empreendimentos são "produção e escoamento de hidrocarbonetos do Campo de Azulão/AM". Estão incluídos gasodutos, oleoduto e pontos de produção, conforme o documento.O processo era sobre uma consulta relacionada à competência para o licenciamento, que já é tocada na esfera estadual.Sobre terras indígenas, unidades de conservação e territórios quilombolas, o Ibama registrou: "Nenhum alvo potencial foi declarado pelo empreendedor para esse tema". Conforme a FCA, os empreendimentos impactam áreas urbanas e áreas de reprodução de tartarugas e aves."A análise da não sobreposição da área do empreendimento com terras indígenas foi realizada utilizando as bases disponibilizadas pela Funai", afirmou a área de licenciamento do Ibama em 6 de junho. "Com base nos dados e informações apresentados, conclui-se não se tratar de licenciamento ambiental de competência do Ibama."A exploração de gás já é feita pela Eneva, empresa que tem BTG Pactual, Cambuhy Investimentos, Dynamo, Atmos e Partners Alpha em sua estrutura societária. O insumo é levado para uma termelétrica em Roraima que é responsável por 50% da geração de energia elétrica no estado, segundo a empresa.No caso da licença prévia concedida pelo Ipaam para exploração de potássio na Amazônia, a Justiça Federal no Amazonas decidiu pela anulação do ato. A decisão é de 25 de agosto e estabelece que a competência para o licenciamento é do Ibama, em razão do impacto a terras indígenas.A empresa responsável é a Potássio do Brasil, subsidiária do banco canadense Forbes & Manhattan. O empreendimento afirmou que só se manifestará nos autos do processo. | ambiente |
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] | O governo de Joe Biden anunciou nesta quarta-feira (6) a proibição de novas explorações de petróleo e gás em uma vasta região do norte do Alasca onde vivem comunidades indígenas e espécies animais icônicas, cinco meses depois de aprovar um projeto de petróleo na mesma região.A nova medida atinge 4 milhões de hectares, área comparável à da Dinamarca, na Reserva Nacional de Petróleo do Alasca (NPR-A, sigla em inglês), um espaço vital para ursos, renas e aves migratórias."O Alasca é lar de algumas das maravilhas mais incríveis dos Estados Unidos e de áreas culturalmente significativas", disse Biden.O Departamento do Interior, responsável pelas terras federais, acrescentou que anulou sete licenças de exploração concedidas durante o governo de Donald Trump em outra área protegida do norte do Alasca, no Refúgio de Vida Selvagem do Ártico.A decisão foi tomada após uma aprovação polêmica do governo, neste ano, de um projeto da gigante do petróleo ConocoPhillips na mesma região. O chamado Projeto Willow foi autorizado pelo governo Trump e endossado por Biden.Alguns veem no anúncio desta quarta-feira uma tentativa do governo de se refazer das críticas recebidas após a aprovação do projeto da ConocoPhilipps, reduzido a três zonas de perfuração, em vez das cinco pedidas pela empresa, e com níveis de emissão de CO2 que alarmaram os ambientalistas.O plano anunciado nesta quarta também proíbe perfurações em uma área de mais de 1 milhão de hectares do mar de Beaufort, situado ao norte da costa setentrional do Alasca.Biden prometeu em sua campanha presidencial que congelaria as licenças de exploração de petróleo, promessa que não cumpriu.A NPR-A foi criada pelo presidente Warren Harding, em 1923, e constitui a maior região de terras públicas dos Estados Unidos. | ambiente |
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] | O Amazonas registrou em apenas cinco dias de setembro quase metade (47,7%) do total de focos de calor de todo o mês de agosto, de acordo com dados do Inpe (Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais). O maior estado em extensão territorial, considerado o mais preservado da Amazônia, é responsável por 32,3% (2.616) de todos os registros de incêndio no país neste início de mês.A aceleração nos focos de calor ocorre num período de seca dos rios e altas temperaturas e preocupa secretários municipais de meio ambiente ouvidos pela Folha, que relatam falta de estrutura e apoio adequados dos governos estadual e federal para lidar com o risco de o problema agravar.No ano passado, o estado teve o seu pior setembro (8.659 focos) na série histórica de registros de queimadas do Inpe, iniciada em 1998. O estado avançou no ranking dos focos de calor durante o governo Bolsonaro (PL) e no primeiro mandato do bolsonarista Wilson Lima (União Brasil).A fumaça gerada pelos incêndios atingiu nos últimos dias as áreas rurais e urbanas de cidades da região metropolitana de Manaus, do arco do desmatamento no sul do estado, do entorno da BR-319 e do alto e médio Solimões.A água para combate ao fogo vem dos próprios rios e lagos e, em geral, é carregada em carros-pipas ou caminhões improvisados com tanques, segundo a secretária de Meio Ambiente de Maués (AM), Jane Crespo, que coordena o Fórum de Secretários de Meio Ambiente do Estado do Amazonas. A preocupação é que a vazante prejudique o combate aos incêndios."Com a vazante, vamos ficando sem água. Como vamos apagar fogo? Precisamos agir o quanto antes, mas não temos condições de fazer só. Precisamos de apoio para que o nosso destino não seja igual ao do Pantanal, em Mato Grosso", diz Crespo.A secretária conta que os registros de queimadas aumentaram a partir de julho. "Desde julho, a gente está nessa agonia. Aqui em Maués e em outras cidades, até terras indígenas estão com registros de incêndios. Os municípios não têm corpo de bombeiros, poucos contam com equipes do Ibama no Amazonas", afirma."Para brigadistas, temos todos os anos um acordo com o governo do estado: os municípios entram com alimentação e alojamento e o governo com a mão de obra. Mas este ano não teve recurso e até agora estamos sem respostas." Mais Procurada, a Secretaria de Estado do Meio Ambiente do Amazonas não respondeu aos pedidos para comentar as ações contra incêndios até a conclusão da reportagem.Rodrigo Agostinho, presidente do Ibama, afirma à Folha que o órgão ambiental federal "através do [programa] PrevFogo, acompanha cada um dos focos de calor"."No entorno de algumas cidades, têm sido verificadas muitas queimadas urbanas e que não são de responsabilidade do Ibama. Esse ano aumentamos em 17% o número de brigadistas e estamos trabalhando para que possamos combater com mais eficiência esse problema", diz."Estamos em diálogo com as autoridades do estado para agir rapidamente e controlar o fogo nos locais sob nossa responsabilidade", completa ele, que cita que, em agosto, houve redução de 50% dos focos de calor, provavelmente associada à queda do desmatamento.Há cerca de 20 dias, o governo do Amazonas anunciou corte de 25% nos gastos do estado e justificou o ato como previsão de baixa arrecadação nos próximos meses.Na última semana, inclusive na terça (5), o Dia da Amazônia, a fumaça e o calor pressionaram quem vive em Manaus, que concentra mais da metade da população do estado. Da cidade é possível ver focos de incêndios nos municípios do entorno e fumaça de manhã e de noite.O secretário municipal de Meio Ambiente de São Paulo de Olivença, Apolônio Müller, estima que, se a região dele, o oeste do Amazonas, fosse tão vulnerável a incêndios quanto o sul do estado, a crise teria proporções graves."O Solimões está seco. Aqui e em Benjamin Constant há locais isolados. Se tivesse o mesmo foco de incêndio daí [sul do Amazonas e Manaus], era mais complicado ainda porque secam rios, igarapés, lagos e a distância até a água fica maior", diz.Ele conta que, em Codajás, no Médio Solimões, uma lancha de transporte de passageiros se acidentou em razão da baixa visibilidade no rio provocada pela fumaça. Não houve registro de feridos.O receio de que a visibilidade criasse riscos ao transporte escolar nas áreas rurais, feito por lanchas, e o cuidado com a saúde das crianças provocaram a suspensão das aulas no município de Careiro Castanho, na região metropolitana de Manaus, e um dos que estão no entorno da BR-319.Segundo o secretário municipal de Meio Ambiente de Careiro Castanho, Ronaldo de Souza Santos, casas foram atingidas pelo fogo na zona rural e metade dos bens foi salvo. Ele deu a entrevista em deslocamento para mais um dos pontos de incêndio.Lindolfo Mendonça, técnico da Defesa Civil do munícipio, relata mais de 400 focos de incêndio nas últimas semanas e parte deles ao longo da BR-319. Ele conta que o fogo atinge também animais silvestres, que são encontrados queimados e mortos como tatus, cobras e pássaros com seus ninhos."O Careiro hoje está em chamas. Todos os distritos atingidos por essa queimada. Estamos pedindo socorro do estado", afirma.Em Novo Aripuanã, no sul do Amazonas, o secretário de Meio Ambiente, Valdemir Pavão Filho, diz que é a primeira vez que a fumaça das queimadas invade a área urbana da cidade. Segundo o Inpe, o município amazonense é o segundo com maior foco de queimadas em setembro: foram 321 registros em seis dias."Em Novo Aripuanã, nunca tinha ocorrido de o céu ficar coberto de fumaça. Nós estamos combatendo os focos de incêndio no nosso município, mas as queimadas que nos atingem também vêm de longe. Somos próximos de Apuí, que tem muita queimada", relata.A fumaça também chegou à área urbana do município de Manacapuru, na região metropolitana de Manaus."Sexta-feira, dia 1°, a fumaça invadiu a cidade. Muita gente teve falta de ar e foi parar no hospital", relata o secretário municipal de Saúde de Manacapuru, Marcelo Andrade de Albuquerque.De acordo com ele, é mais fácil contornar focos de calor na área urbana devido à quantidade de pessoas para atuar. Na sua visão, a solução para o problema é aumentar o rigor com autuações e até prisões."É crime. Vamos ter que ser mais rigorosos para evitar mais incêndios. Tem ramal [de estrada] em que levamos três dias para conter o fogo", diz. | ambiente |
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] | Dois brasileiros estão entre os 13 ganhadores de uma premiação da Unesco (sigla em inglês para Organização das Nações Unidas para a Educação, a Ciência e a Cultura) destinada a jovens pesquisadores que desenvolvem trabalhos em áreas protegidas conhecidas como reservas da biosfera.Um dos projetos vencedores é voltado a políticas públicas para áreas verdes e o outro, à reintrodução na natureza das ararinhas-azuis (Cyanopsitta spixii). Cada pesquisador recebe US$ 5.000 (quase R$ 25 mil na cotação atual) do Prêmio MAB para Jovens Cientistas, para dar continuidade aos trabalhos.Um dos campeões é Danilo Sato, pesquisador da Cátedra Otavio Frias Filho de Estudos em Comunicação, Democracia e Diversidade, vinculada ao IEA (Instituto de Estudos Avançados) da USP (Universidade de São Paulo). Seu projeto é desenvolvido na Reserva da Biosfera do Cinturão Verde de São Paulo.A outra ganhadora do Brasil é a pesquisadora Ariane Ferreira, que tem como base a Reserva da Biosfera da Caatinga.As reservas da biosfera fazem parte no Brasil do SNUC (Sistema Nacional de Unidades de Conservação), mas sua origem está no programa O Homem e a Biosfera, da Unesco. Além do papel de conservação, esses locais funcionam como "lugares de aprendizado para o desenvolvimento sustentável", como define a entidade.Segundo a Unesco, há 738 reservas da biosfera espalhadas por 134 países.Uma dessas é a do Cinturão Verde de São Paulo, que, como o nome diz, "abraça" a capital paulista. Ela ocupa uma área superior a 2 milhões de hectares e passa por 78 municípios, chegando à divisa de Minas Gerais. A reserva adentra parte do litoral paulista, em sobreposição a outras unidades de conservação e terras indígenas.Em meio à concentração urbana, ela tem papel importante na regulação climática da região e também na questão hídrica, segundo análise recente dos serviços ecossistêmicos da área. A reserva concentra produção de 88,6% do volume de água e 100% dos reservatórios responsáveis pelo abastecimento da Região Metropolitana de São Paulo.Apesar da relevância da reserva, é comum que até mesmo os moradores da região nunca tenham ouvido falar dessa área de conservação e pesquisa. Sato afirma que o desconhecimento das reservas da biosfera não é exclusividade brasileira.No projeto em que trabalha, o pesquisador faz uma comparação entre a reserva no território paulista e a Reserva da Biosfera de Wienerwald, na Áustria.O objetivo do projeto é verificar o impacto da reserva da biosfera no desenvolvimento sustentável, na formação de políticas públicas e no uso do solo. Um dos pontos avaliados são as pressões de desmatamento sobre a área de conservação.A questão central, no entanto, é como aplicar a ideia de desenvolvimento sustentável em áreas que parecem muito distantes do ideal de sustentabilidade."Viena não é tão conflituosa, mas São Paulo é bastante. Como a gente pensa conservação e desenvolvimento sustentável para a região metropolitana? Dá até para perguntarmos: podemos pensar que a região metropolitana de São Paulo pode ser sustentável de alguma forma?", questiona Sato, que conta que a premiação em dinheiro o ajudará a finalizar o trabalho com uma ida para Viena.Já a pesquisa de Ariane Ferreira se concentra em uma ave que, possivelmente, você já conheceu —ao menos em uma tela de cinema ou TV, como na animação "Rio" (2011), protagonizada por uma ararinha-azul.A bióloga, porém, convive de perto com esses animais em Curaçá, na Bahia. Em 2022, diversas ararinhas-azuis criadas em cativeiro foram soltas no município, em uma tentativa de reintrodução na natureza dessa espécie, que, em 2000, foi considerada extinta em ambiente natural.Ferreira coordena a equipe que monitora a vida das aves reintroduzidas na caatinga. Para ela, diz, o valor do prêmio ajudará na continuidade desse acompanhamento."Consideramos que a reintrodução foi realmente um sucesso", conta Ferreira, pouco mais de um ano após a soltura das primeiras ararinhas em Curaçá.Foram soltas oito ararinhas na estação seca e outras 12 na estação chuvosa. Aparentemente, o período seco foi o mais adequado para a prática, afirma Ferreira, porque "as aves ficam muito mais unidas, coesas"."É muito importante elas estarem em grupos, porque enquanto uma está comendo, a outra está cuidando, vigiando", explica.Atualmente, 12 ararinhas-azuis são acompanhadas pelo projeto, realizado com esforços de mais de uma década do ICMBio (Instituto Chico Mendes de Conservação da Biodiversidade) e da ONG alemã ACTP (Association for the Conservation of Threatend Parrots).A décima terceira ararinha que integrava o estudo, por se perder frequentemente e ter que ser resgatada nesses episódios, precisou voltar a viver em cativeiro, para ser preparada para uma próxima soltura.Em geral, as ararinhas não ganham nomes, conta Ferreira, mas as que dão mais trabalho acabam roubando atenção e, assim, terminam apelidadas pelos participantes do projeto. O costume em Curaçá é chamar as fujonas pelo nome de quem conseguiu avistar a fuga.Tem a Bizé, por exemplo. E a Liete, que, por ter sido a primeira experiência de fuga dos pesquisadores, numa escapada que quase a levou para outro estado, acabou criando um vínculo de carinho maior. "E também porque ela é muito esperta", reconhece Ferreira. | ambiente |
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] | O agricultor Pepe Gilabert já enfrenta a realidade de um futuro árido. O solo dos seus olivais tem consistência de sal, e este ano ele só deve colher 30% de seu volume normal de azeitonas.No passado, suas plantações de oliveiras eram irrigadas unicamente com reservas de água subterrânea, mas essas reservas estão tão reduzidas que os agricultores de sua área da Andaluzia, na Espanha, hoje estão tendo que regar suas árvores com água encanada.A seca forte e precoce deste ano significa que eles agora estão recebendo apenas metade da água de que necessitam. "É uma espiral diabólica", disse Gilabert.A seca e os incêndios que se alastraram pelo sul da Europa neste verão são os sinais mais evidentes de um problema complexo e arraigado de escassez de água que está se agravando com o avanço da mudança climática. "Nenhum país da Europa pode se considerar a salvo", disse Xavier Leflaive, que dirige a equipe hídrica na diretoria ambiental da OCDE (Organização para Cooperação e Desenvolvimento Econômico).O número e a intensidade das estiagens vêm aumentando fortemente na UE (União Europeia), com as áreas e pessoas atingidas subindo quase 20% entre 1976 e 2006, segundo a Organização Meteorológica Mundial. A ONG World Resources Institute (WRI) previu em 2020 que a demanda global por água doce vai superar a oferta disponível em 56% até 2030 —uma diferença superior aos 40% previstos em 2009 pela consultoria McKinsey.As tensões alcançaram tal ponto na França e Espanha que explodiram entre agricultores, os maiores consumidores de água do continente, e grupos ambientais. Parece provável que a situação se agrave ainda mais nos próximos anos devido a um misto de políticas públicas falhas, interesses arraigados e mudança climática acelerada.Habituados de longa data a ter invernos frios e níveis altos e constantes de chuva, os responsáveis pelas políticas públicas europeias geralmente não se preocuparam muito com o abastecimento de água."A maioria dos regimes hídricos da Europa ainda são os que vigoravam nos tempos de abundância. Precisam ser reformados agora para refletir a escassez", disse Leflaive. "São reformas muito complexas e que encerram dificuldades políticas, mas a meu ver são imprescindíveis."O impacto desse déficit de água é agudo para o setor agrícola. Mas também vai atingir os consumidores e outras indústrias, incluindo a produção energética, já que é preciso água para resfriar usinas elétricas nucleares e para gerar energia hidrelétrica. Mais E o problema não se limita aos países mais secos da Europa. Um misto de regulamentações locais, tubulações com vazamentos e condições meteorológicas extremas vem convertendo mesmo as partes mais úmidas da Europa, como Polônia ou Alemanha, em áreas de "estresse hídrico". A Bélgica, país conhecido por seu tempo nublado, é o que sofre mais estresse hídrico na Europa, devido à sua alta densidade demográfica e infraestrutura deficiente, segundo índice do WRI publicado este mês.Para Gilabert, em sua fazenda na Andaluzia, é simples: sem água, "não ganhamos dinheiro".A Europa está esquentando mais rapidamente que qualquer outro continente. Mas essa realidade vem sendo agravada por outras questões. A água produzida pelo degelo da neve dos Alpes, crucial para as reservas de água do continente, vem diminuindo. Para agravar o problema, os solos ressecados não retêm água suficiente das chuvas, e isso está causando a diminuição das reservas de água subterrânea."A dificuldade que enfrentamos é que o nível da água subterrânea está abaixando, porque ela é a fonte mais facilmente disponível. Nós a estamos usando muito mais rapidamente do que ela está sendo reposta", disse Geoff Townsend, da empresa de serviços de água Ecolab.Apesar das preocupações com a escassez de água, a distribuição é tratada com tanta displicência na UE que em média 25% da água potável é perdida em vazamentos em tubulações, segundo o órgão do setor EurEau. Mais Segundo dados do EurEau, Bulgária, Romênia e Itália lideram a lista dos países com mais vazamentos. Em Roma, por exemplo, 42% da água é perdida em uma rede de abastecimento de água que mais parece uma peneira e que em alguns bairros data do Império Romano. A terra seca e endurecida pode levar tubulações a se romper ou torcer, agravando os vazamentos.No Reino Unido, um quinto da água fornecida é perdida todos os anos. As empresas de água Thames Water e Northumbrian Water disseram no ano passado que a onda de calor recorde do verão, com temperaturas que chegaram a 40°C, seguida pelo inverno frio, provocaram um aumento grande nos rompimentos de tubulações.Mas críticos dizem que os problemas ligados ao clima foram exacerbados pelo subinvestimento crônico em infraestrutura por parte das empresas de serviços públicos. Para executivos do setor de água, vazamentos significam um desperdício não apenas de água, mas também de dinheiro. Apesar disso, identificar e eliminar vazamentos é difícil."Esses vazamentos todos são o que chamamos de ‘água que não gera renda’. Temos que produzir água potável. Isso encerra um custo. Você coloca água nos canos, e, se ela não chegar às torneiras, não recebe tarifas sobre ela", comentou Danis Bonvillain, diretor de assuntos da UE do grupo de água e esgotos Veolia. Mais Mas Leflaive, da OCDE, disse que consertar cada vazamento não faz sentido financeiro e que uma taxa de mais ou menos 10% de perda de água é vista como o melhor cenário. "Para fazer mais que isso será preciso um investimento muito grande e provavelmente não valerá a pena."Como o abastecimento de água geralmente é administrado por uma colcha de retalhos de companhias locais e autoridades municipais, isso dificulta a ação de responsáveis por políticas públicas ao nível nacional ou da UE. Em toda a UE, mais de 78 mil empresas de dimensões diversas trabalham com a distribuição, reutilização e tratamento de água.Marc Bierkens, professor de hidrologia na Universidade de Utrecht, na Holanda, disse que praticamente não há países que incentivem esforços para conservar água. A região de Flandres, na Bélgica, é uma das exceções; as residências pagam uma tarifa básica que aumenta se elas consomem um volume maior.Tradicionalmente, as tarifas de água eram relativamente baixas para as famílias europeias, comparadas ao custo das contas de energia. Isso limita o dinheiro do qual dispõem as empresas para realizar reparos vitais. Na Irlanda, não há tarifa alguma para o consumo doméstico básico.Receba no seu email uma seleção semanal com o que de mais importante aconteceu no mundo; aberta para não assinantes.Carregando...Segundo a OCDE, todos os países da UE exceto a Alemanha precisam aumentar seus gastos anuais com água em mais de 25% para cumprir com as regras da UE sobre água potável e águas residuais. Diante disso, é provável que as contas de água aumentem."É sabido que o preço pago pela água não reflete o custo real da extração, transporte, uso e poluição", disse Cate Lamb, diretora global de segurança hídrica da CDP, que ajuda empresas e autoridades a monitorar seu impacto ambiental.O órgão industrial Water Europe recomenda que se dê ênfase maior aos tipos de água usados para finalidades diferentes, como água reciclada para uso industrial e agrícola, enquanto a água das chuvas é preservada para beber. Segundo a entidade, o custo da inação "excederá em cinco vezes o investimento necessário" da indústria para enfrentar antecipadamente os riscos de escassez de água.Mas o problema vai além da necessidade de água para beber, cozinhar, lavar e cultivar plantações. As tecnologias limpas —imprescindíveis para os esforços da Europa para abandonar os combustíveis fósseis— também requerem água.A Comissão de Transições Energéticas, uma coalizão da indústria, diz que a água para a geração elétrica, eletrólise de hidrogênio, resfriamento de usinas elétricas nucleares e captura de carbono pode chegar a 58 bilhões de metros cúbicos por ano até 2050 —aproximadamente o dobro da água potável hoje consumida na Europa.A extração de minerais críticos para a produção de veículos elétricos e turbinas eólicas pode elevar essa cifra em mais 4 bilhões ou 5 bilhões de metros cúbicos por ano, segundo o relatório da entidade. Mais Soma-se a isso uma rede sempre crescente de centros de dados, que consomem grande volume de água para seus sistemas de esfriamento e umidificação, ao lado da demanda por manufatura de semicondutores high-tech, que necessitam de água tratada "ultrapura" para a lavagem dos chips. O centro de dados Saint-Ghislain, do Google na Bélgica, consumiu 270,6 milhões de galões de água em 2022, o suficiente para encher 408 piscinas olímpicas.Indústrias como a alimentícia e têxtil, que requerem grandes volumes de água para processos como a higienização de verduras ou o fixamento de corantes, também estão em risco. Mauro Scalia, diretor de negócios sustentáveis da entidade da indústria têxtil Euratex, disse que soluções para tratar água para que possa ser reutilizada não são simples nem baratas."O problema está ficando cada vez maior", disse James Leten, gerente sênior de programas no Instituto Internacional de Água de Estocolmo. "A principal pergunta é como nos adaptarmos a isso de maneira democrática."Hector Llorente, que produz trigo em uma cooperativa em León, na Espanha, pode ter uma solução. Ele usa três aplicativos diferentes, incluindo o Climate FieldView, que monitoram as condições das plantações e os níveis de umidade em tempo real, usando satélites, além do fornecimento de água do reservatório local. Com isso, conseguiu reduzir seu consumo de água pela metade e ao mesmo tempo triplicar sua produção.Llorente também reduziu o escoamento de fertilizantes, que pode poluir as fontes de água. "A água é ouro em pó, por isso a estamos utilizando com prudência", ele disse, acrescentando que mais agricultores locais estão se interessando pela tecnologia.Mas Johannes Cullmann, diretor de clima e água na Organização Meteorológica Mundial, disse que não há um número suficiente de agricultores na Europa incentivados a adotar a gestão hídrica pró-ativa, porque, quando são atingidos por estiagens, os governos tendem a socorrê-los com abastecimento de água emergencial ou compensação pela perda de safras.Alguma coisa já está começando a ser feita sobre as políticas públicas. As regras lideradas pela UE sobre reutilização de água entraram em vigor em junho, e Bruxelas exigiu que os países membros tracem planos de gestão de secas.O presidente francês Emmanuel Macron definiu a meta de até 2030 reutilizar 10% das águas servidas, caracterizando-a como parte de um novo plano de "sobriedade hídrica". O Reino Unido estuda exigir rótulos obrigatórios de eficiência hídrica em vasos sanitários e máquinas de lavar roupa novos.Mas Towsend, do Ecolab, diz que os políticos não estão agindo com rapidez suficiente. O que é crucial, para ele, será colher dados sobre como e onde falta água. "Uma crise começa muito antes de faltar água nas torneiras", disse.Tradução de Clara Allain | ambiente |
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] | A África tem uma uma "oportunidade sem precedentes" de desenvolvimento ao participar da luta contra a mudança climática, mas precisa de grandes investimentos internacionais, disse nesta segunda-feira (4) o presidente do Quênia, William Ruto, ao inaugurar cúpula do continente sobre o tema.Esta primeira cúpula africana dá início aos quatro meses mais intensos do ano para as negociações internacionais sobre o clima, que se seguirão com a cúpula da ONU (COP28), em Dubai, em novembro e dezembro, na qual é esperada uma batalha sobre o fim dos combustíveis fósseis.Por três dias, o presidente receberá na capital do Quênia líderes e dirigentes da África e de outros lugares, entre eles, o secretário-geral da ONU, António Guterres, para buscar uma visão africana comum sobre desenvolvimento e clima.O objetivo é ambicioso para um continente com 1,4 bilhão de pessoas em 54 países, política e economicamente diverso."A grande questão é a oportunidade incomparável que a ação climática representa para a África", disse William Ruto no discurso de abertura do evento. "Durante muito tempo, apenas analisamos este tema. É hora de começar", afirmou."A África é fundamental para acelerar a descarbonização da economia mundial. Não somos apenas um continente rico em recursos. Somos uma potência com potencial inexplorado, ansiosa para participar e competir de forma justa nos mercados mundiais", disse.Centenas de pessoas se reuniram perto da sede da conferência, para a qual estão credenciados 30 mil participantes, segundo o governo queniano, para denunciar sua "agenda profundamente corrupta" centrada nos interesses dos países ricos."Exigimos o fim do capitalismo climático", disse Don Clive Ochieng, um manifestante, enquanto outros carregavam cartazes exigindo "menos conversa e mais ação climática"."O mundo deve nos ver para além do 'status' de vítimas ou de pessoas vulneráveis à crise climática", afirmou a jovem ativista ugandesa Vanessa Nakate à AFP.Embora a África contribua com apenas entre 2% e 3% das emissões mundiais de gases de efeito estufa, o continente sofre desproporcionalmente os efeitos da mudança climática, com secas e enchentes cada vez mais intensas, conforme dados da ONU.Os países africanos também são afetados pelo crescente peso de sua dívida e pela falta de financiamento. Apesar de seu potencial em recursos naturais, apenas 3% dos investimentos globais em transição energética chegam ao continente.Hoje metade da população africana não tem acesso à eletricidade, o que representa "uma injustiça", criticou o chefe da Agência Internacional de Energia, Fatih Birol.Ele alertou ainda para o possível freio na luta contra a mudança climática que as tensões geopolíticas entre Estados Unidos e China podem representar.Segundo Ruto, a África tem potencial para ser totalmente autossuficiente em energia, graças aos recursos renováveis."Devemos garantir que o financiamento climático esteja mais disponível e acessível a todos os países em desenvolvimento, incluindo os da África", disseram Ruto, o presidente da COP28, Sultan Al-Jaber, e o chefe da Comissão da União Africana, Moussa Faki Mahamat, em uma declaração conjunta nesta segunda-feira.Em escala mundial, os países ricos ainda não cumpriram seu compromisso de fornecer US$ 100 bilhões por ano (R$ 493 bilhões na cotação atual) em financiamento climático aos países mais pobres.Um sucesso na cúpula de Nairóbi pode dar impulso a várias reuniões internacionais importantes antes da COP28, como, em setembro, a cúpula do G20 na Índia e a Assembleia-Geral das Nações Unidas e, depois, em outubro, a reunião anual do Banco Mundial e do FMI (Fundo Monetário Internacional).Segundo cálculos do FMI, para limitar o aquecimento global a 1,5°C em relação à era pré-industrial —medida prevista pelo Acordo de Paris—, o investimento deve atingir US$ 2 bilhões (R$ 9,8 bilhões na cotação atual) por ano nestes países em uma década. | ambiente |
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] | As espécies invasoras que destroem plantações, devastam florestas, disseminam doenças e alteram os ecossistemas estão aumentando cada vez mais rápido em todo o mundo, e a humanidade não tem conseguido contê-las, alertou nesta segunda-feira (4) um órgão científico internacional.Essa situação está custando mais de US$ 400 bilhões de dólares (R$ 1,972 trilhão na cotação atual) ao ano em perdas e danos, o equivalente ao PIB da Dinamarca ou da Tailândia, um número provavelmente subestimado, indica a Plataforma Intergovernamental sobre Biodiversidade e Serviços Ecossistêmicos (IPBES, na sigla em inglês), apoiada pela ONU.As espécies invasoras vão desde a aguapé, planta aquática que sufoca o lago Vitória, na África, a ratos e cobras-marrons que exterminam espécies de aves no Pacífico, até mosquitos vetores de zika, febre amarela e dengue para novas regiões.Existem 37 mil espécies exóticas no mundo, das quais pouco menos de 10% podem ser consideradas invasoras e daninhas devido aos efeitos negativos ou mesmo irremediáveis nos ecossistemas e na qualidade de vida na Terra, segundo o relatório.O desenvolvimento econômico, o crescimento populacional e a mudança climática "aumentarão a frequência e a extensão das invasões biológicas e os impactos das espécies exóticas invasoras", afirma o documento, e apenas 17% dos países têm leis ou regulamentos para combater esse ataque.Seja por acidente ou propositalmente, quando espécies não nativas acabam no outro lado do mundo a responsabilidade é sempre dos humanos, destacam os cientistas.A propagação mostra que a rápida expansão da atividade humana alterou radicalmente os sistemas naturais e conduziu a Terra a uma nova época geológica, o Antropoceno, dizem também os especialistas.Na África, a aguapé, que chegou a cobrir 90% do lago Vitória, paralisando o transporte e sufocando a vida aquática, foi introduzida pelas autoridades coloniais belgas em Ruanda como uma flor ornamental. Na década de 1980, alcançou o rio Kagera.Outro caso é o de Everglades, na Flórida (Estados Unidos), repleto de descendentes de antigos animais de estimação e plantas domésticas, desde pítons birmanesas de cinco metros até samambaias trepadeiras do Velho Continente. Mais Colonos ingleses levaram coelhos para a Nova Zelândia no século 19 para caçar e comer. Quando os animais começaram a se multiplicar, importaram arminhos, um pequeno carnívoro, para reduzir o seu número. Porém, os arminhos decidiram atacar aves endêmicas, como o kiwi ou o tarambola caolho ("ngutuparore", em maori), que foram rapidamente dizimadas.No entanto, em muitos casos, a chegada de espécies invasoras é um acidente, como no mar Mediterrâneo, cheio de peixes e plantas não nativas, como peixes-leão e algas apelidadas de "assassinas", vindas do mar Vermelho através do canal de Suez.Em grande parte devido aos grandes volumes de comércio, a Europa e a América do Norte têm as maiores concentrações mundiais de espécies invasoras, definidas como aquelas que não são nativas, causam danos e aparecem devido à atividade humana, indica o relatório do IPBES. | ambiente |
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] | "A economia é baseada no mundo natural e, portanto, se não houver água, solo, madeira, animais, de onde virá a economia?", questiona o ambientalista e pacifista indiano Satish Kumar, 87, fundador do Schumacher College, uma renomada faculdade de sustentabilidade com sede no Reino Unido."A economia é um meio para um fim, e o fim é o bem-estar humano e o bem-estar planetário. Mas não temos isso", diz o educador, para quem a economia praticada no mundo atual se distanciou tanto de seu sentido original (eco, do grego "oikos", é lar ou local de morada, e "oikonomia" é sua administração) que deveria se chamar "dinheironomia".Crítico dos meios de produção em massa, Satish nomeou sua escola em homenagem ao amigo e economista britânico, nascido na Alemanha, E.F. Schumacher (1911-1977), autor do livro "Small is Beautiful" e para quem a economia é uma subárea da ecologia. As ideias de Schumacher inspiraram movimentos como o "fair trade" (compra justa, em inglês) e "buy local", de incentivo à compra de produtos locais.Depois de receber mais de 500 brasileiros no campus do sudoeste da Inglaterra, em 2014 uma unidade da Schumacher College foi aberta no Brasil.Satish diz que a humanidade hoje vive uma fantasiosa separação entre ser humano e natureza. Para ele, a incompreensão dessa interdependência está na raiz da atual crise climática."O homem escravizou a natureza, como se ela não tivesse vida e pudesse ser explorada infinitamente", diz. "Enxergamos a natureza como algo separado de nós, algo inferior. Só que nós também somos natureza."O ambientalista, que se tornou monge jainista aos nove anos, defende a redução do crescimento econômico, da produção e do consumo excessivos. Propõe o que chama de "simplicidade elegante", um modo de vida de baixo impacto, com foco no "ser" e não no "ter", que dá título a um de seus poucos livros lançados no Brasil pela editora Palas Athena.No auge da Guerra Fria, Satish iniciou uma marcha pela paz, inspirada nas ideias de Mahatma Gandhi. Partiu da Índia, sem dinheiro, e atravessou 13 mil quilômetros e três continentes a pé e de barco ao longo de dois anos e meio para encontrar líderes das potências nucleares da época em Moscou, Paris, Londres e Washington.Sua filosofia é objeto do documentário "Teaching Nature", de Lucas Barragan, que estreia agora no Brasil na plataforma Aquarius, a mesma que lançará em abril o filme "Amor Radical", do brasileiro Julio Hey, sobre a jornada de vida do ativista indiano. Satish vem em 2024 ao Brasil para o lançamento e uma série de conferências e encontros.Satish avalia que o Brasil deve priorizar o combate à fome e a proteção de seus biomas e povos indígenas. "O Brasil não deve destruir suas florestas para exportar alimentos para a China."Leia, a seguir, trechos da entrevista concedida à Folha.Sua escola homenageia um economista que considerava a economia como subárea da ecologia. Por quê? Porque a economia, sem a natureza, não é economia, e não pode sobreviver. Schumacher disse que a economia é um meio para um fim, e o fim é o bem-estar humano e o bem-estar planetário, mantendo a natureza íntegra, sem poluição, sem desperdício, sem emissões excessivas de carbono. Schumacher disse que a economia está a serviço das pessoas e do planeta, não as pessoas e o planeta a serviço da economia.O sr. defende uma educação integral e prática. Como esse modelo serve aos desafios do mundo contemporâneo? Nossa educação convencional, criada durante a Revolução Industrial, está obsoleta. Ela pensa que os jovens não têm corpo nem coração nem mãos nem pernas, e só ensina a cabeça, e apenas metade dela. Todos temos dois hemisférios do cérebro. O esquerdo é o hemisfério racional. O direito é o hemisfério da imaginação, da arte, do relacionamento, da compaixão. Nossa educação tem gastado bilhões apenas educando a metade esquerda do cérebro. Isso é trágico.A educação não deve ser apenas para empregos, deve ser para a vida. A maioria dos empregos é muito destrutiva. Eles poluem, desperdiçam e só enxergam a natureza como recurso para a economia. Então, precisamos de uma revolução na educação para torná-la centrada na natureza, na vida e na Terra. O livro da natureza é o maior livro que temos, e as crianças têm que experimentar isso: não pode vir dos livros nem da internet, mas da experiência.Emergências climáticas têm se intensificado, graças, segundo o sr., a uma guerra dos humanos contra a natureza. O que é essa guerra? A guerra com a natureza é tratá-la como se ela não tivesse vida e pudesse ser explorada infinitamente. Escravizamos a natureza, a vemos como algo separado de nós, algo inferior. Só que nós também somos natureza. Mais Qual é o papel da pandemia de Covid nessa guerra contra a natureza? Acredito que a razão pela qual tivemos uma pandemia é porque estamos invadindo e destruindo a natureza selvagem. Os animais selvagens e os vírus selvagens entram na cadeia alimentar, e temos a Covid. Que, portanto, foi produzida pelo homem, pela expansão da agricultura e da monocultura. A natureza não gosta de monocultura, ela prefere a biodiversidade.Para evitar futuras pandemias, precisamos reduzir nosso impacto no meio ambiente e nosso consumo de carne e ter uma agricultura orgânica, mais humana e em menor escala.Convenções climáticas tentam engajar países na contenção da temperatura mundial ao crescimento de 1,5ºC. Há motivo para otimismo? É uma coisa boa que a ONU, governos e empresas estejam focando as mudanças climáticas. Mas estão fazendo isso de maneira errada. Em vez de reduzir sua pegada no planeta, querem encontrar soluções tecnológicas. E não se pode resolver o problema com a mesma ideia que causou o problema em primeiro lugar.Essa ideia de crescimento econômico ilimitado não é possível, mas é o foco de todos os países e empresas. O crescimento se tornou um deus ou uma religião. Não existe crescimento econômico infinito em um planeta finito. Precisamos de crescimento no bem-estar, nas relações humanas, na saúde, na arte. Não temos isso. Temos cada vez mais pessoas doentes, física e mentalmente. Isso não é bem-estar. Nossos oceanos estão cheios de plástico, nossos rios estão cheios de esgoto, nosso solo está cheio de produtos químicos e fertilizantes venenosos.O sr. prega a simplicidade elegante como parte da solução desse impasse. O que é isso? Significa que precisamos ter uma vida simples para que os outros possam viver de forma simples. Hoje, uma parte muito rica da sociedade está gastando muito dinheiro em tudo. A sociedade de consumo é o motor do crescimento econômico e, portanto, promove o consumismo.A indústria publicitária cria desejos por coisas que você nunca soube que precisava comprar e está semeando fome e inadequação, medo e complexo de inferioridade, falta de confiança em si mesmo e ganância. Por que ter tanto se só se pode usar um vestido ou um relógio por vez? Temos dinheiro, temos carros, temos casas, mas não temos tempo.Se você vive de forma simples, consome menos recursos da natureza. Temos que lembrar que menos é mais: ser mais e ter menos. A simplicidade elegante é boa para a natureza, para a sociedade e para você mesma. Mais O Brasil foi particularmente afetado nos anos de pandemia, tanto do ponto de vista humano quanto ambiental. Depois de ter sido liderança no campo ambiental, qual é o lugar do Brasil hoje neste debate? No momento, vocês têm um bom presidente e também têm uma ótima ministra do Meio Ambiente, Marina Silva —ela é maravilhosa. O Brasil é um país muito afortunado, pois possui uma grande extensão de terra e menor população em comparação com a Índia e a China. Portanto, pode se dar ao luxo de ter mais florestas e proteger a Amazônia, plantar mais árvores e ter alimentos perenes. Por que o Brasil deveria destruir sua floresta e seu ambiente para produzir alimentos para a China, os Estados Unidos ou outros países? Especialmente enquanto há brasileiros passando fome.Ninguém deve passar fome. Todas as outras coisas são secundárias. A produção de alimentos de boa qualidade deve ser prioridade. E, para isso, a agricultura deve ser valorizada. No momento, cultivar alimentos é visto como um trabalho árduo de pessoas sem educação, pobres e atrasadas.O Brasil deveria levar mais pessoas para o campo, onde estarão mais saudáveis, em contato com a natureza. Os agricultores são o futuro do Brasil porque o alimento é fundamental e vem primeiro. Se os agricultores estiverem em baixa, o Brasil estará em baixa. Se os agricultores estiverem em alta, o Brasil estará em alta. Mais E qual é o lugar da Índia, uma das potências do mundo multipolar, e um dos maiores consumidores de carvão do mundo? A Índia está copiando o sistema ocidental de produção industrial, consumismo e crescimento econômico e se esqueceu de sua cultura. Embora o novo governo [do nacionalista Narendra Modi] exalte que somos hindus, ele deixou de lado as tradições e os valores hindus. O governo é hindu apenas no nome —adotou um chauvinismo hindu. Os valores hindus são simplicidade, não violência, harmonia com a natureza, igualdade. O país acabou de pousar na Lua enquanto crianças estão com fome nas ruas e pessoas vivem em favelas. Não me orgulho disso.Satish Kumar, 87, nasceu no Rajastão, estado da Índia que faz fronteira com o Paquistão. Aos nove anos, tornou-se monge jainista (religião do século 6º a.C.). Aos 18, integrou movimentos pela reforma agrária na Índia, e, em 1962, iniciou uma marcha pela paz que atravessou três continentes em dois anos e meio de caminhada. Mudou-se para o Reino Unido nos anos 1970, onde fundou a revista Ressurgence & Ecological, referência no campo do ambientalismo, da qual hoje é editor emérito. Em 1991, fundou o Schumacher College, centro de estudos de sustentabilidade que se tornou referência global no assunto. Publicou dez livros, dos quais foram lançados no Brasil "Simplicidade Elegante" e "Solo, Alma, Sociedade", ambos pela editora Palas Athena, e "Bússola Espiritual" (ed. Pensamento). | ambiente |
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] | Em um vale de artemísias cheio de turbinas eólicas e painéis solares em Utah, no oeste dos Estados Unidos, Tim Latimer olhava para um dispositivo muito diferente que, na sua visão, poderia ser igualmente poderoso no combate à mudança climática —talvez até mais.Era uma plataforma de perfuração, transplantada dos campos de petróleo da Dakota do Norte. Mas o zumbido suave da plataforma não estava à procura de combustíveis fósseis. Estava perfurando para obter calor.A empresa de Latimer, Fervo Energy, participa de um esforço ambicioso para liberar grande quantidade de energia geotérmica do interior quente da Terra, uma fonte de energia renovável que poderia ajudar a substituir os combustíveis fósseis que aquecem perigosamente o planeta."Existe um recurso virtualmente ilimitado lá embaixo, se conseguirmos acessá-lo", disse Latimer. "A geotérmica não ocupa muito terreno, não produz emissões, pode complementar as energias eólica e solar. Todo mundo que vê isso fica obcecado."As usinas geotérmicas tradicionais, que existem há décadas, funcionam aproveitando reservatórios naturais de água quente no subsolo para alimentar turbinas que podem gerar eletricidade 24 horas por dia. No entanto, poucos locais têm as condições adequadas, e por isso a energia geotérmica produz apenas 0,4% da eletricidade dos EUA.Mas há rochas quentes e secas abaixo da superfície de todo o planeta. E, ao utilizar técnicas avançadas de perfuração desenvolvidas pela indústria de petróleo e gás, alguns especialistas pensam que é possível explorar esse estoque maior de calor e criar energia geotérmica em quase qualquer lugar.O potencial é enorme: o Departamento de Energia avalia que haja energia suficiente nessas rochas para abastecer cinco vezes o país inteiro, e lançou uma grande iniciativa para desenvolver tecnologias para captar o calor. Dezenas de empresas geotérmicas apresentaram ideias.A Fervo está usando técnicas de "fracking" (fraturamento) —semelhantes às usadas para petróleo e gás— para abrir rochas secas e quentes e injetar água nas fraturas, criando reservatórios geotérmicos artificiais.A Eavor, startup canadense, está construindo grandes radiadores subterrâneos com métodos de perfuração pioneiros nas areias betuminosas de Alberta (centro do Canadá).Outras sonham em utilizar plasma ou ondas de energia para perfurar ainda mais fundo e atingir temperaturas "superaquecidas", que poderiam abastecer de forma limpa milhares de centrais elétricas alimentadas a carvão, substituindo o carvão por vapor.Ainda assim, surgem obstáculos à expansão geotérmica. Os investidores estão cautelosos com os custos e os riscos de novos projetos geotérmicos. Alguns se preocupam com o uso da água ou com os terremotos causados pela perfuração. A permissão é difícil, e a geotérmica recebe menos apoio federal do que outras tecnologias.Ainda assim, o interesse crescente pela energia geotérmica é impulsionado pelo fato de os Estados Unidos terem se tornado extraordinariamente bons em perfuração desde a década de 2000.Inovações como a perfuração horizontal e a detecção magnética levaram a produção de petróleo e gás a níveis recordes, para grande consternação dos ambientalistas. Mas essas inovações podem ser adaptadas para a energia geotérmica, onde a perfuração pode representar metade do custo dos projetos."Todo mundo sabe da queda nos custos da energia eólica e solar", disse Cindy Taff, que trabalhou na Shell durante 36 anos antes de ingressar na startup geotérmica Sage Geosystems, em Houston (Texas). "Mas também vimos quedas acentuadas nos custos da perfuração de petróleo e gás durante a revolução do xisto. Se conseguirmos levar isso para a energia geotérmica, o crescimento poderá ser enorme."Perto da cidade de Milford, em Utah, fica a usina geotérmica Blundell, cercada por poços de lama fervente, bocas de vapor sibilantes e as ruínas esqueléticas de um resort de fontes termais. Construída em 1984, a usina de 38 megawatts produz eletricidade suficiente para cerca de 31 mil residências.A usina de Blundell depende do vulcanismo antigo e de peculiaridades da geologia: logo abaixo da superfície estão rochas quentes e naturalmente porosas que permitem que as águas subterrâneas se infiltrem e aqueçam o suficiente para criar vapor, que gera eletricidade. Mais Mas tais condições são raras. Em grande parte da região, a rocha quente subterrânea é granito duro, e a água não flui facilmente.A cinco quilômetros a leste, duas equipes estão tentando explorar aquele granito quente. Uma delas é a da Utah Forge, um esforço de pesquisa de US$ 220 milhões financiado pelo Departamento de Energia. A outra é da Fervo, startup com sede em Houston.Ambas usam métodos semelhantes: primeiro, perfuram dois poços em forma de um "L" gigante, estendendo-se por milhares de metros até o granito quente, antes de se curvar e estender por milhares de metros horizontalmente.Em seguida, usam o "fracking", que envolve explosivos controlados e fluidos de alta pressão, para criar uma série de fissuras entre os dois poços. Finalmente, injetam água em um poço e esperam que ela migre pelas rachaduras, aqueça a mais de 150°C e saia pelo outro poço.Isso é chamada geotérmica aprimorada, pela qual se têm lutado com dificuldades da engenharia desde a década de 1970.Mas, em julho, a Forge anunciou que tinha enviado água com sucesso entre dois poços. Duas semanas depois, a Fervo anunciou seu próprio avanço: um teste de 30 dias em Nevada descobriu que o processo poderia produzir calor suficiente para gerar eletricidade.A Fervo está agora perfurando poços para sua primeira usina comercial de 400 megawatts em Utah, perto das instalações da Forge."São conquistas importantes, num período de tempo menor do que esperávamos", disse Lauren Boyd, chefe do Gabinete de Tecnologias Geotérmicas do Departamento de Energia, que estima que a energia geotérmica poderá fornecer 12% da eletricidade dos EUA até 2050 se a tecnologia for aprimorada.Latimer pareceu menos surpreso. Antes de fundar a Fervo, em 2017, trabalhou como engenheiro de perfuração na BHP, empresa de petróleo e gás. Lá convenceu-se de que as tentativas anteriores de aprimoramento da energia geotérmica falharam porque não aproveitaram as vantagens das inovações do petróleo e do gás, como a perfuração horizontal ou os sensores de fibra óptica.A Fervo não inventou muitas das ferramentas que utiliza. Em Utah, a perfuração é conduzida pela Helmerich & Payne, uma grande empreiteira de petróleo e gás que desenvolveu uma plataforma de alta tecnologia com software e sensores que permitem aos operadores direcionar com precisão as brocas para o subsolo. Sessenta por cento dos funcionários da Fervo vieram do setor de petróleo e gás."Se tivéssemos que inventar essas coisas nós mesmos, levaríamos anos ou décadas", disse Latimer. "Nossa grande conclusão foi que as pessoas da área geotérmica simplesmente não conversavam o suficiente com as do setor de petróleo e gás."A parte difícil agora é tornar acessível a energia geotérmica aprimorada. O Departamento de Energia quer que os custos caiam para US$ 45 por megawatt-hora para implantação generalizada. Os custos da Fervo são "muito mais elevados", disse Latimer, embora acredite que perfurações repetidas possam reduzi-los.A pesquisa na Forge pode ajudar. Perfurações mais profundas e mais quentes podem tornar os projetos mais econômicos, já que mais calor significa mais energia. Mas os equipamentos existentes de petróleo e gás não foram projetados para temperaturas acima de 180°C, então a Forge está testando novas ferramentas em rochas mais quentes."Ninguém mais está disposto a correr os riscos que podemos correr", disse Joseph Moore, geólogo da Universidade de Utah que lidera a Forge.A geotérmica aprimorada enfrenta outros desafios, advertiu Moore. A geologia subterrânea é complexa, e é difícil criar fraturas que mantenham o calor e não percam muita água com o tempo.Os perfuradores não devem provocar terremotos, um problema que perturbou os projetos geotérmicos na Coreia do Sul e na Suíça. A Forge monitora de perto suas instalações em Utah em busca de atividades sísmicas, e não encontrou nada preocupante.A permissão é difícil. Embora a energia geotérmica aperfeiçoada possa, em teoria, funcionar em qualquer lugar, os melhores recursos estão em terras federais, onde as revisões regulamentares levam anos, e é muitas vezes mais fácil obter permissão para perfuração de petróleo e gás devido às isenções obtidas pelas empresas de combustíveis fósseis.Ainda assim, o interesse está aumentando. A Califórnia se debate com déficits de eletricidade e recentemente teve de prolongar a vida útil de três antigas e poluentes centrais a gás.Os reguladores ordenaram que as concessionárias adicionassem mil megawatts de eletricidade de fontes limpas que possam funcionar a qualquer hora para impedir as flutuações no fornecimento de energia eólica e solar. Um fornecedor de eletricidade, a Clean Power Alliance, concordou em comprar 33 megawatts da usina da Fervo em Utah."Se conseguirmos encontrá-la, teremos um grande apetite por energia geotérmica", disse Ted Bardacke, CEO da Clean Power Alliance. "Estamos adicionando mais energia solar todos os anos para uso diurno e temos um enorme acúmulo de baterias para transferir a energia para a noite. Mas o que fazemos à noite? É aí que a geotérmica pode realmente ajudar."Tradução de Luiz Roberto M. Gonçalves | ambiente |
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] | Dentro do padrão bipolar que contamina qualquer discussão no Brasil, a posição de Iván Duque, presidente da Colômbia de 2018 a 2022, é atípica. Liberal na economia e eleito pelo Centro Democrático, partido que se autointitula de centro, mas é considerado de direita, Duque se estabeleceu na cena internacional pregando o "desmatamento zero" como caminho para deter as mudanças climáticas."Eu estou convencido que defesa do meio ambiente não tem ideologia. Quem ainda não vê a crise climática, para mim, é negacionista", afirma ele.Para Duque, apesar de o Brasil concentrar 60% da Amazônia, a defesa do imenso território da floresta só será possível quando houver uma força multinacional integrada por países da região para combater todas as formas de crimes ambientais, que hoje se entrelaçam com o narcotráfico. Além da Colômbia, também tem áreas com esse bioma Bolívia, Equador, Guiana, Peru, Venezuela e Suriname.Duque foi o palestrante que encerrou a Conferência Internacional Amazônia e Novas Economias, promovida em Belém, capital do Pará, pelo Ibram (Instituto Brasileiro de Mineração). Na sequência, conversou com a Folha. Leia a seguir os principais trechos de sua entrevista.Para o sr., que conhece bem a Amazônia, qual seria a principal riqueza dessa região no século 21? Ela faz com que o Brasil seja a grande superpotência mundial da biodiversidade e da conservação ambiental. Tenho a clareza de que ela torna o Brasil determinante na luta contra o aquecimento global. Sem a proteção, a preservação e a recomposição da Amazônia, o mundo não vai alcançar as metas do Acordo de Paris e, muito menos, atingir a neutralidade nas emissões.Por isso, é prioritário que a agenda de conservação e reconstituição da floresta seja global. Se o desmatamento não for interrompido, a Amazônia pode deixar de atuar como um muro de contenção das mudanças climáticas e vai ser emissora de gases de efeito estufa.Acho que o número mais contundente que eu posso apresentar para dimensionar o desafio é que nos últimos 40 anos a área de floresta encolheu o equivalente a uma França e uma Alemanha juntas.O sr. mencionou na sua palestra que a Amazônia é vítima de um conflito entre desenvolvimento econômico e preservação...É mais que isso. Estão na região comunidades muito pobres e vulneráveis que nos remetem ao dilema entre destruição e conservação. Cito destruição porque muitas dessas comunidades são persuadidas ou obrigadas a atuarem em atividades paralelas, garimpo ilegal, cultivos ilícitos, tráfico de drogas.Como mostrar a elas que podem viver muito melhor na economia da conservação se resistirem à tentação dos ganhos com a economia ilegal? Eu acredito que a resposta está nas finanças verdes. Os créditos de carbono, os serviços ambientais ou ecossistêmicos são alternativas para dissuadir essas comunidades. Mais Mas, neste caso, é necessária a presença e forte atuação do Estado. O sr. vê alguma ação contundente do governo brasileiro?Há uma realidade que não podemos ocultar. Estamos vendo a perda constante de floresta não apenas no Brasil, mas nos oitos países onde encontramos o bioma amazônico. Para salvar o planeta, não há outra alternativas que o desmatamento zero —e só teremos desmatamento zero se a gente combinar cenoura e garrote, como dizemos na Colômbia.Cenoura para investimentos na economia da preservação. Garrote contundente contra a criminalidade.É preciso atualizar a legislação. Em muitos desses países, delitos ambientais não têm pena de prisão. Precisa haver uma coordenação para que leis tenham efeito conjunto, até porque esses países são fronteiriços. O garimpo ilegal se entrelaça com o narcotráfico atravessando as fronteiras. Essa nova economia depende do império da lei. Mais Como seria essa ação conjunta mais eficiente?A força pública precisa atuar com mais densidade no bioma amazônico. Mas força pública não é a única solução. É preciso fortalecer ações de inteligência. Um exemplo é o uso de satélites em tempo real para identificar transporte ilegal de produtos da floresta ou desmatamentos pontuais. Fazer testes químicos constantes nos rios, para monitorar substâncias nocivas como o mercúrio.Mas, como temos crimes transnacionais, eu defendo uma governança amazônica. O tratado de cooperação assinado em 1978 é muito interessante, bonito, contou com muitos anúncios e declarações, mas precisamos de um pacto que transforme da região amazônica numa prioridade para os oito governantes da região.No sentido prático, essa prioridade requer uma espécie de força multinacional enfrentando o crime organizado na região.Como defender e integrar as comunidades indígenas?Essa é uma questão importante e afeta especialmente o Brasil, porque ele concentra a maior população indígena do bioma. São cerca de 600 mil indígenas.Eles precisam ser reconhecidos como protetores e guardiões do bioma —e remunerados por isso. Se fala muito sobre projetos de economia verde, mas o dinheiro não chega para eles. Eles precisam, de verdade, serem parte desses projetos. Mais Durante o seu governo, por dois anos, 2019 e 2020, a Colômbia foi apontada como líder no assassinato de ambientalistas. O que ocorreu naquele momento?Primeiro, eu quero dizer que rechaço qualquer tipo de assassinato, contra qualquer corrente. Quem utilizou aquelas tragédias para me atacar politicamente, agora se cala, porque líderes sociais continuam sendo assassinados na Colômbia.Isso é muito triste, porque eles estão entre as vítimas do narcotráfico, e também do garimpo ilegal, do contrabando de madeira, do tráfico de espécies nativas.Foi por isso que particularmente lutei contra os cartéis de drogas e seus cabeças, e conseguimos prender um dos maiores assassinos de líderes sociais, Otoniel [Dairo Antonio Úsuga, líder do Clã do Golfo, capturado na Colômbia em 2021 e, neste ano,] condenado nos Estados Unidos a 45 anos. Me preocupa que hoje o governo da Colômbia seja permissivo com o crime organizado. Mais Quando o sr. foi presidente, viabilizou a legalização da exportação de flor da maconha. Neste momento, o Supremo Tribunal Federal do Brasil julga a descriminalização do porte de maconha para consumo próprio. Qual a sua posição sobre a maconha? Nós atuamos pela Cannabis medicinal. Para que essa planta tenha os efeitos medicinais requeridos precisa passar por um intenso processo industrial. Ou seja, depende de altos investimentos por ser um processo farmacêutico. Não é algo que qualquer um faça no jardim de sua casa.Fizemos uma legislação para a exportação da flor seca, e isso também depende de investimentos, porque a flor precisa passar por processos químicos. Fizemos apostas em um setor farmacêutico.Agora, no que se refere ao consumo recreativo da maconha, eu sou contra. Não é sectarismo, mas eu acredito que é preciso considerar a realidade. Quando o adolescente de uma família vulnerável cai nas drogas, é a ruína para essa família. Se o jovem é de classe média ou alta, pode buscar a reabilitação.Na sua apresentação, o sr. falou que a discussão ambiental não é de direita ou de esquerda, mas aqui no Brasil ela ficou dividida pelo espectro político. O que sr. diria aos conservadores que se opõem à preservação ambiental e alegam que não existe mudança climática?Muita gente me qualifica como de extrema direita para me atacar, mas eu sou de extremo centro, e sou ambientalista de consciência e de coração. Eu estou convencido que defesa do meio ambiente não tem ideologia. Quem ainda não vê a crise climática, para mim, é negacionista.O governo anterior, de Jair Bolsonaro, era de direita, e o atual, de Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva, é de esquerda. Qual o paralelo que o sr. faz sobre as duas gestões na área ambiental? Eu tenho uma visão que pode ser controversa. O governo Bolsonaro assinou o Pacto de Leticia [acordo de cooperação para ações para proteção da Amazônia]. Trabalhei com a ministra da Agricultura Tereza Cristina na estratégia para a agricultura de baixo carbono, e com o Ministério do Meio Ambiente em ações de proteção de corais e da floresta. Então, eu seria um mentiroso se não reconhecesse que trabalhei muito bem com o governo Bolsonaro.O governo do presidente Lula tem um discurso ainda mais forte e celebro essa posição, porque precisamos muito do Brasil na defesa da Amazônia.Iván Duque, 47Advogado e ex-senador, foi presidente da Colômbia de 2018 a 2022. Foi porta-voz do "não" no plebiscito sobre os Acordos de Paz no país. Com posições liberais na economia, foi eleito pelo Centro Democrático, partido que se define como de centro, mas é considerado de direita.A repórter viajou a convite do Ibram (Instituto Brasileiro de Mineração). | ambiente |
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] | Os países da União Europeia estão se preparando para pressionar por um acordo global sobre a eliminação gradual dos combustíveis fósseis na cúpula climática COP28 das Nações Unidas, que começa em novembro, segundo um documento preliminar da posição de negociação do bloco europeu.Diplomatas dos 27 Estados-membros do bloco estão elaborando sua posição para a cúpula em Dubai, onde cerca de 200 países tentarão fortalecer os esforços para controlar as mudanças climáticas."A mudança em direção a uma economia neutra para o clima exigirá a eliminação global dos (incessantes) combustíveis fósseis e um pico em seu consumo já no curto prazo", disse um esboço da posição de negociação da União Europeia.Os países nunca concordaram antes nas negociações climáticas da ONU em parar gradualmente de queimar todos os combustíveis fósseis emissores de CO2, apesar de essa ser a principal causa da mudança climática."Incessante" refere-se aos combustíveis fósseis queimados sem o uso de tecnologias para capturar as emissões de CO2 resultantes. A palavra estava entre parênteses no texto preliminar, indicando que os países ainda não concordaram em incluí-la ou não.Os diplomatas da União Europeia esperam que um acordo possa ser fechado na COP28, mas preveem encontrar resistência das economias que dependem da renda obtida com a venda de petróleo e gás.O documento, que ainda está sendo negociado e pode sofrer alterações antes de ser finalizado em outubro, afirma que o setor de energia deve ser amplamente livre de combustíveis fósseis "bem antes de 2050" porque já existem fontes de energia econômicas e livres de CO2.Uma proposta para eliminar gradualmente os combustíveis fósseis emissores de CO2 recebeu o apoio de mais de 80 países na cúpula climática da ONU do ano passado, a COP27, mas a Arábia Saudita e outras nações ricas em petróleo e gás se opuseram. Mais | ambiente |
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] | O governo da Islândia autorizou a retomada da caça às baleias nesta sexta-feira (1º), sob condições estritas, depois de tê-la suspendido por mais de dois meses em nome do bem-estar dos animais."A caça às baleias pode ser retomada amanhã", anunciou o Ministério da Agricultura e Pesca nesta quinta (31).A decisão foi muito mal recebida pelos grupos de defesa dos direitos dos animais que esperavam o fim dessa prática, após a suspensão da caça decidida no final de junho."Essa decisão é devastadora e inexplicável", afirmou a Humane Society International em um comunicado."A proteção das baleias é uma necessidade crítica, e esta decisão é uma oportunidade frustrada de pôr fim a esses massacres no mar", acrescentou.No final de junho, o governo havia decidido suspender a caça, após a publicação de um relatório solicitado pelo governo que concluiu que a prática não estava em conformidade com a lei islandesa sobre o bem-estar animal.Elaborado por veterinários, o documento constatou que a morte dos cetáceos era demasiado lenta. Em vídeos divulgados recentemente, é possível ver a agonia de uma baleia caçada no ano passado, que durou cinco horas.Para justificar a nova autorização, o Ministério da Agricultura e Pesca considerou, em um comunicado, que há base para "alterar os métodos de caça, que levem a menos irregularidades e, portanto, a uma melhora do ponto de vista do bem-estar animal".Atualmente apenas a empresa Hvalur tem licença de pesca de baleias na Islândia. "[Ela] deve respeitar a regulamentação imposta hoje pelo governo", afirmaram as autoridades. Mais Essa regulamentação "prevê exigências mais fortes em termos de equipamentos e de métodos de caça e de vigilância reforçada", acrescentou.A licença da Hvalur expira em 2023. A empresa já anunciou que esta temporada será a última, devido à baixa rentabilidade da pesca.A companhia ainda não reagiu à decisão do governo, embora, segundo a imprensa local, seus barcos tenham saído ao mar esta semana para localizar cetáceos, em antecipação à nova medida do Executivo.As cotas anuais autorizam a captura de 209 baleias-comuns e 217 baleias-de-minke. Nos últimos anos, as capturas têm sido muito inferiores, devido à menor procura por carne de baleia.Islândia, Noruega e Japão são os últimos três países do mundo a autorizarem a caça desses animais. | ambiente |
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] | Os cientistas têm alertado para o impacto da mudança climática em furacões como Idalia, que se fortaleceu rapidamente no Golfo do México antes de tocar a terra na Flórida na quarta-feira (30).Leia abaixo o que se sabe sobre os efeitos da crise climática nestes fenômenos naturais.Em maio, a Administração Oceânica e Atmosférica Nacional dos Estados Unidos (Noaa, na sigla em inglês) antecipou uma temporada de furacões no Atlântico "quase normal".Essa previsão baseou-se em grande parte na existência do fenômeno meteorológico El Niño, que contém a formação de furacões ao aumentar a circulação vertical do vento, o que provoca a descida do ar frio.A entrada desse ar "seco e menos energético" no coração de um ciclone tropical "impede que ele se fortaleça", disse à AFP Allison Wing, cientista da Universidade Estadual da Flórida.Mas, em agosto, a agência ajustou as suas previsões para cima, anunciando que a temporada seria "acima do normal" com base nas condições oceânicas e atmosféricas. Explicou que "temperaturas recordes na superfície do Atlântico" provavelmente compensariam os efeitos do El Niño para os furacões."Em termos de previsões sazonais, é um ano complicado porque temos estes dois fatores contraditórios", acrescentou Wing. Mais Em 24 de julho, uma boia no extremo sul da Flórida registrou uma temperatura de 38,4°C, mais próxima à de uma banheira de hidromassagem do que à de um oceano, um possível recorde mundial."A água quente, tanto na superfície do oceano quanto nas profundezas, atua como um combustível que intensifica as tempestades tropicais e os furacões", disse Michael Mann, climatologista da Universidade da Pensilvânia. "Isso permite que eles fiquem mais fortes mais rapidamente e alcancem maior potência de pico."Os furacões requerem uma série de condições para se formarem, mas, quando isso acontece, o calor dos oceanos permite que gerem ventos mais fortes e marés mais altas."Poderíamos dizer que a mudança climática é um jogo de dados", acrescentou Wing. "Cenários muito diferentes ainda são possíveis para cada tempestade, mas a probabilidade de uma tempestade muito intensa é maior."A mudança climática também pode aumentar a quantidade de chuva que os furacões trazem, segundo Andrew Kruczkiewicz, pesquisador do Instituto de Investigação sobre Clima e Sociedade da Universidade Columbia."Quanto mais quente for a atmosfera, maior será a capacidade de absorção de água", o que pode significar mais chuvas, disse o especialista.As pessoas que fugiram para o interior para escapar de um furacão também poderão enfrentar condições extremas, acrescentou.As chuvas durante o furacão Ian, em setembro de 2022, aumentaram pelo menos 10% devido à mudança climática, segundo pesquisas recentes. Mais Além da intensidade das tempestades, suas temporadas parecem cada vez mais longas.Segundo Mann, o período em que as temperaturas da superfície oceânica favorecem a formação de tempestades tropicais começa mais cedo e termina mais tarde. Esse parece ser o caso tanto no Atlântico quanto no Golfo de Bengala, na Ásia.Muitas pesquisas indicam que a mudança climática torna os furacões mais perigosos, mas o efeito sobre a frequência é mais incerto e são necessários novos estudos para a sua compreensão. | ambiente |
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] | O Ibama (Instituto Brasileiro do Meio Ambiente e dos Recursos Naturais Renováveis) embargou 15 áreas, por desmatamento ilegal de floresta amazônica, dentro da Terra Indígena Kawahiva do Rio Pardo, no noroeste de Mato Grosso. No território vivem indígenas em isolamento voluntário, com presença atestada pela Funai (Fundação Nacional dos Povos Indígenas) há mais de 20 anos.É nesse território que uma das maiores empresas do agronegócio brasileiro —a usina de álcool e açúcar Coprodia (Cooperativa Agrícola de Produtores de Cana de Campo Novo do Parecis)— tenta garantir a posse de duas fazendas, como a Folha mostrou em reportagem publicada nesta quarta-feira (30). Para isso, a defesa da empresa afirma que não existem indígenas na região.A Funai interditou a área pela primeira vez em 2001, diante da constatação da existência de kawahivas no território. Em 2007, o órgão concluiu um relatório de perícia, atestando a presença dos indígenas, e publicou portaria com restrição de uso da área. Em 2016, o Ministério da Justiça declarou que o território é de posse dos indígenas. A demarcação definitiva ainda não ocorreu.Os atos administrativos do governo federal foram insuficientes para barrar a exploração ilegal da floresta dentro da terra indígena. Além disso, há desmatamento e grilagem acelerados no entorno do território.Um levantamento feito pelo ISA (Instituto Socioambiental), com base em coordenadas geográficas informadas em bancos de dados públicos, mostra a existência de 15 áreas embargadas pelo Ibama na Terra Indígena Kawahiva do Rio Pardo, que fica na região de Colniza (MT), divisa com o Amazonas.As áreas estão parcial ou integralmente no território, e somam 10,2 mil hectares, o equivalente a 64 áreas do tamanho do parque Ibirapuera, em São Paulo. Os embargos ocorreram entre 2008 e 2023, ou seja, após os atos da Funai de reconhecimento da existência dos kawahivas e de restrição de uso do espaço.Uma das áreas embargadas, em 2009, é da Coprodia. O Ibama embargou 155,4 hectares das fazendas Cafezal 1 e Cedral —a primeira está dentro da terra indígena. O motivo foi desmatamento ilegal.A cooperativa, que fica em Campo Novo do Parecis (MT), tenta na Justiça Federal em Mato Grosso garantir a posse de fazendas dentro da terra indígena. Para isso, a estratégia é afirmar que não existem indígenas isolados no território.Advogado da Coprodia, Francisco Faiad disse que houve exploração de madeira "muitos anos atrás, há dez ou 15 anos". Ele afirmou desconhecer notificação sobre embargo de área pelo Ibama."Fizemos duas perícias, e não há nenhum vestígio de posse indígena. Está na Justiça Federal um pedido para que a área da Coprodia seja retirada dessa demarcação entre aspas", disse Faiad. "As perícias não constataram nem indígenas e nem vestígios."No levantamento feito pelo ISA, as maiores áreas embargadas estão associadas a Hilton Saporski, com desmatamento de 4.500 hectares, e a Floresta Viva Exploração de Madeira, com 2.600 hectares.No primeiro caso, houve danificação de vegetação amazônica dentro da terra indígena e dentro da resex (reserva extrativista) Guariba-Roosevelt, colada no território, conforme descrito nos dados públicos sobre o embargo.No caso da madeireira, não há um detalhamento maior sobre a incidência do embargo. A informação que consta é que o auto foi "baixado – defesa deferida".A reportagem não conseguiu contato com Saporski, desde esta quarta-feira (30), nos telefones informados no auto do embargo e em cadastro de empresa em seu nome.Também não conseguiu contato, desde a quarta-feira, nos números associados à Floresta Viva, que aparece como suspensa na Receita Federal, nem com os sócios que constam na Receita, Janete Riva e a José Geraldo Riva Júnior. Eles são parentes do ex-presidente da Assembleia Legislativa de Mato Grosso José Geraldo Riva. Mais O Ibama embargou ainda uma área associada a Joaquim Walter Pereira Pinto. A área destruída foi de 227 hectares, dos quais 8,3 hectares estão na Terra Indígena Kawahiva do Rio Pardo, segundo o órgão ambiental."O caso relatado não corresponde com a verdade. O imóvel rural não pertence a Joaquim Pinto", disse a advogada dele, Liana Sagin, por mensagem. "Fizemos a defesa administrativa negando a autoria e aguardamos confiantes a análise dos documentos."No levantamento feito pelo ISA, a maior quantidade de embargos —quatro— é de áreas atribuídas a Guilherme Dischier. Segundo a base de dados, os embargos ocorreram por desmatamento e por impedimento de regeneração da mata nativa. As áreas envolvidas somam mais de cem hectares.A reportagem não conseguiu contato com Dischier.Um relatório da Opan (Operação Amazônia Nativa) aponta a existência de 47 imóveis rurais declarados no sistema do CAR (Cadastro Ambiental Rural) e com sobreposição à área da terra Kawahiva do Rio Pardo. A área desses imóveis é de 127 mil hectares, um terço da área da terra indígena, que tem 411,8 mil hectares."Os kawahivas isolados do Pardo vivem da coleta, da pesca e da caça, nesta ordem de importância", afirmou a Funai na perícia de 2007. "Em função do estado de fuga permanente a que estão submetidos, os kawahivas atingiram um alto grau de especialização em se deslocarem por todo aquele território, semeando estrategicamente dezenas de acampamentos."Diferentes povos indígenas se denominam kawahivas. Em 1913, conforme o relatório técnico da Funai, houve contato de três subgrupos pelo marechal Cândido Rondon, militar e sertanista brasileiro. O etnólogo e antropólogo francês Lévi-Strauss permaneceu por duas semanas com um pequeno grupo kawahiva, 25 anos depois de Rondon, segundo o documento."Os dados de que dispomos até agora nos levam a considerar que o grupo local Kawahiva do Rio Pardo é composto por, pelo menos, duas famílias extensas e cuja população total deve situar-se entre um mínimo de 19 e um máximo de 26 pessoas", apontou a Funai em 2007. | ambiente |
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] | Imagens de satélite compiladas e analisadas pela plataforma MapBiomas apontam que o desmatamento no Brasil acelerou após a aprovação do Código Florestal, que aconteceu em 2012.De acordo com os dados da organização, divulgados nesta quinta-feira (31), o país perdeu 5,8 milhões hectares de vegetação nativa de 2008 a 2012. Nos cinco anos seguintes, essa área subiu para 8 milhões hectares e depois, de 2018 a 2022, para 12,8 milhões hectares."O código, no mínimo, não ajudou a gente a aumentar a proteção", diz Tasso Azevedo, coordenador geral do MapBiomas.Em 2012, o texto foi alvo de disputa entre ambientalistas e ruralistas no Congresso. A redação final que acabou aprovada trouxe uma série de derrotas para a área ambiental, como o dispositivo que anistiou o desmatamento ilegal em diversos casos.Desde então, essa anistia vem sendo constantemente ampliada por projetos de lei do Congresso, impulsionados pela bancada ruralista. Azevedo argumenta que é essa possibilidade que explica o efeito reverso da lei —ou seja, ao invés de proteger o meio ambiente, ela possibilitou a ampliação do desmatamento, ele aponta."O Código Florestal tem esse problema de origem. Ele abriu uma porteira para uma possibilidade que não estava no radar de ninguém. Nunca a gente teve uma lei ambiental andando para trás, sempre para frente, acrescentando proteção. O código é um marco, porque foi a primeira vez que uma lei ambiental andou para trás", afirma. Mais O engenheiro florestal traça um paralelo com o marco temporal de terras indígenas, em discussão no Supremo Tribunal Federal e também em disputa no Congresso. Atualmente, explica Azevedo, a demarcação dos territórios só pode avançar —isto é, não há como uma área já protegida o deixar de ser.Se o marco temporal for aprovado, no entanto, há possibilidade de que grileiros e desmatadores atuem em territórios indígenas na expectativa de que essas infrações ambientais sejam perdoadas."O código foi o momento em que mudou a relação de forças [entre ambientalistas e ruralistas]. Basicamente, hoje a gente passa o tempo se defendendo de potenciais mudanças legislativas que vão para pior. Antes a gente passava o tempo defendendo mudanças para melhor", conclui, sobre a atuação no Congresso.Os dados do MapBiomas mostram ainda que os anos anteriores à aprovação do código registraram uma forte diminuição no desmatamento.De 1993 a 1997, foram 16,4 milhões hectares de floresta nativa perdida, 13,3 milhões de 1998 a 2002 e 18,4 milhões de 2003 a 2007. Nos cinco anos pré-código, foram menos de 6 milhões hectares de desmate.O MapBiomas consolidou dados de imagens de satélite das últimas quase quatro décadas. Segundo os resultados obtidos, foram 96 milhões de hectares (960 mil km2) de vegetação nativa perdida de 1985 a 2022, o que equivale a 2,5 vezes a área da Alemanha.No período, a Amazônia e o cerrado tiveram 52 milhões de hectares (520 mil km2) de mata nativa convertidos para uso humano, o que equivale ao tamanho da França.Do que resta de vegetação nativa no Brasil, 19% estão dentro de territórios indígenas, que, por sua vez, representam 13% da área do país. | ambiente |
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] | O enviado climático dos Estados Unidos, John Kerry, tem se reunido com líderes globais da indústria de petróleo e gás para pedir que eles apresentem planos concretos para impulsionar as energias renováveis e reduzir as emissões de gases do efeito estufa até 2030 na próxima cúpula climática da ONU.Os especialistas e ativistas climáticos estão preocupados que a COP28, que será realizada nos Emirados Árabes Unidos dentro de três meses, se torne uma "COP do petróleo", com a indústria tendo um papel desproporcional nas discussões para o enfrentamento das mudanças climáticas.Kerry disse ao Financial Times que acredita ser vital que a indústria do petróleo e do gás se envolva nas negociações climáticas da ONU e seja responsabilizada por seu envolvimento no aquecimento global."Temos que colocar a indústria de combustíveis fósseis na mesa. Temos de trazê-los para este esforço, e eles têm de se juntar a nós sendo responsáveis", disse ele numa entrevista, acrescentando que as metas da indústria estabelecidas para 2050 não são suficientes e é necessário um compromisso para atingir emissões líquidas zero de carbono.Kerry disse que pediu aos executivos do petróleo e do gás que apresentem planos na COP28 para reduzir suas emissões diretas e as emissões derivadas da energia que compram, conhecidas como emissões de escopos 1 e 2, até 2030.Ele também pediu que definam compromissos de alocação de capital para energias renováveis até 2030, bem como um padrão para tecnologia de captura, utilização e armazenamento de carbono, que visa capturar as emissões de CO₂. Isto garantiria que "estamos realmente reduzindo as emissões, não simplesmente prolongando esse processo", disse ele."A questão é: pode-se colocá-lo em escala? Podemos fazer com que este processo funcione bem e seja grande o suficiente para permanecermos na curva [do Acordo] de Paris [para um aumento de temperatura de 1,5°C]? Isso tem que chegar a zero até 2050, ou melhor. E acho que essa é a principal questão agora."A liderança dos Emirados na COP28 está organizando uma aliança comandada por empresas de petróleo e gás que estabeleceria uma meta de atingir zero líquido nas emissões de escopos 1 e 2 até 2050, conforme relatado anteriormente pelo FT.O ex-secretário de Estado dos EUA também disse que conversou nos últimos dias com o ministro da Energia da Arábia Saudita, príncipe Abdulaziz bin Salman, e que se reunirá em breve com o executivo-chefe da Saudi Aramco.Isto surge na sequência de discussões com outros líderes de empresas de petróleo e gás, incluindo Bernard Looney, da BP, sobre os planos para as alterações climáticas, à medida que recuam dos planos anteriores de reduzir a quantidade de petróleo e gás produzida até 2030.Nas mais recentes reuniões do G20 sobre energia e clima, os ministros das maiores economias do mundo não conseguiram chegar a acordo sobre as metas para reduzir as emissões perigosas, tendo a Arábia Saudita e a China sido identificadas por negociadores de outros países por obstruírem qualquer progresso.A Arábia Saudita é o maior fornecedor de petróleo da China e foi convidada na semana passada a aderir ao bloco expandido de mercados emergentes dos Brics. Os Estados Unidos reiniciaram recentemente as discussões sobre o clima com a China, mas o cenário internacional abalado, incluindo tensões sobre Taiwan e comércio, impediu o progresso. Mais Embora os EUA continuem a ser o maior produtor mundial de petróleo e gás, Kerry enfatizou sua rápida mudança para as energias renováveis por meio de legislação emblemática que oferece US$ 369 bilhões em subsídios para tecnologia e manufatura verdes.Ele disse que isso desencadeou uma onda de investimentos nos EUA que não poderá ser desfeita por qualquer futuro governo republicano, apesar de a maioria dos pré-candidatos presidenciais do partido não terem reconhecido as mudanças climáticas."Nenhum político pode desfazer o que está acontecendo agora", disse Kerry. "Por quê? Porque o mercado tomou sua decisão. Vocês acham que esses CEOs vão reconstruir fábricas que produzem [o motor de] combustão interna? Não.""O setor privado vai fazer isso porque há dinheiro a ser ganho, muito dinheiro. Essa é a nova revolução industrial", acrescentou.Sobre a decisão do Reino Unido de conceder centenas de novas licenças de petróleo e gás no Mar do Norte com uma estratégia declarada do governo Rishi de "maximizar" a produção, Kerry disse: "Essa não é a nossa política"."Não vamos fazer a ‘última gota’", acrescentou. "Estamos tentando fazer a transição."Tradução de Luiz Roberto M. Gonçalves | ambiente |
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] | Uma usina de álcool e açúcar que figura em lista das maiores empresas do agronegócio brasileiro busca garantir a posse de fazendas dentro de um território onde vivem indígenas isolados, no noroeste de Mato Grosso. Para isso, a empresa tenta apagar a existência dos indígenas. Essa existência é atestada pela Funai (Fundação Nacional dos Povos Indígenas) há mais de 20 anos.A Coprodia (Cooperativa Agrícola de Produtores de Cana de Campo Novo do Parecis), que diz produzir 180 milhões de litros de etanol e 2,7 milhões de sacas de açúcar por ano, reivindica na Justiça Federal o direito de explorar duas fazendas na Terra Indígena Kawahiva do Rio Pardo, na região de Colniza (MT), na divisa com Amazonas.Documentos sobre as propriedades, registros do Ibama (Instituto Brasileiro do Meio Ambiente e dos Recursos Naturais Renováveis) e relatórios sobre a ocupação da área mostram que a Coprodia tem propriedades rurais dentro da terra indígena.A informação foi confirmada à Folha pelo advogado da cooperativa, Francisco Faiad."Fizemos duas perícias, e não há nenhum vestígio de posse indígena. Está na Justiça Federal um pedido para que a área da Coprodia seja retirada dessa demarcação entre aspas", disse Faiad. "As perícias não constataram nem indígenas e nem vestígios."A primeira interdição da área foi feita em 2001 pela Funai, diante da constatação da existência de kawahivas que optam pelo isolamento na região. Expedições feitas até 2006 constataram 45 acampamentos provisórios dos indígenas.Em 2007, a Funai validou as conclusões de relatório antropológico que atestou a existência e presença dos indígenas em isolamento. No mesmo ano, o órgão determinou restrição de uso da área até a demarcação definitiva. O ingresso só é autorizado para integrantes da Funai."Os kawahivas isolados do Pardo vivem da coleta, da pesca e da caça, nesta ordem de importância", citou a perícia. "Em função do estado de fuga permanente a que estão submetidos, os kawahivas atingiram um alto grau de especialização em se deslocarem por todo aquele território, semeando estrategicamente dezenas de acampamentos."Diferentes povos indígenas se denominam kawahivas. Em 1913, conforme o relatório técnico da Funai, houve contato de três subgrupos pelo marechal Cândido Rondon, militar e sertanista brasileiro. O etnólogo e antropólogo francês Lévi-Strauss permaneceu por duas semanas com um pequeno grupo kawahiva, 25 anos depois de Rondon, segundo o documento."Os dados de que dispomos até agora nos levam a considerar que o grupo local Kawahiva do Rio Pardo é composto por, pelo menos, duas famílias extensas e cuja população total deve situar-se entre um mínimo de 19 e um máximo de 26 pessoas", apontou a Funai em 2007.Em 2016, o Ministério da Justiça declarou o território de 411,8 mil hectares –quase o triplo da área da cidade de São Paulo– como de posse permanente dos indígenas. Até hoje, não houve homologação definitiva da terra indígena, uma atribuição do presidente da República, o que vem alimentando conflitos, desmatamento e grilagem nas bordas do território.Mesmo com identificação de indígenas isolados, confecção de relatório técnico sobre a existência de grupos kawahivas e portaria de restrição de uso da área, a Coprodia teve uma área embargada pelo Ibama por desmatamento irregular.O embargo ocorreu em 2009, e envolveu um pedaço da Fazenda Cafezal I, conforme dados públicos sobre o embargo. A pedido da reportagem, o ISA (Instituto Socioambiental) cruzou as coordenadas geográficas informadas com as da terra indígena e constatou que a fazenda está dentro do território tradicional.O Simex (Sistema de Monitoramento da Exploração Madeireira), que usa imagens de satélite para mapear locais com esse tipo de atividade, detectou exploração dentro do território em 2021. A análise é feita pelas organizações Imazon, Imaflora, Idesam e ICV (Instituto Centro de Vida).Segundo o advogado da Coprodia, a exploração de madeira se deu "muitos anos atrás, há 10 ou 15 anos". Faiad disse desconhecer notificação sobre embargo de área pelo Ibama.A cooperativa diz em seu site colaborar com a preservação da floresta amazônica. "Desde dezembro de 2006, a Coprodia mantém uma área de 17 mil hectares de reserva de floresta amazônica nativa em Colniza, contribuindo para a preservação ambiental desse importante patrimônio da biodiversidade para as gerações futuras."Num ranking feito pela Forbes no Brasil sobre as maiores empresas do agronegócio em 2022, a usina aparece na posição número 89. A receita do grupo, conforme o ranking, foi superior a R$ 1 bilhão.Segundo análise feita pela Funai, os títulos que estão na origem das posses de áreas na terra indígena são "todos eles títulos precários e concedidos nesta condição pelo Instituto de Terras de Mato Grosso".A área virou um oásis de floresta em meio a uma ocupação acelerada em seu entorno."Atualmente, a Terra Indígena Kawahiva do Rio Pardo está cercada por grileiros e madeireiros que se instalaram no Amazonas e em Mato Grosso, no que pode se considerar um verdadeiro ‘abraço da morte’", afirmou o OPI (Observatório dos Direitos Humanos dos Povos Indígenas Isolados e de Recente Contato) em uma nota técnica divulgada em maio deste ano.Houve um aumento expressivo do desmatamento em reservas extrativistas vizinhas, e uma estrada ilegal aberta por grileiros e madeireiros –que passa a menos de 3 km da terra indígena– tem servido de rota para invasores que "ameaçam a existência dos isolados", segundo o OPI.O Ministério da Justiça autorizou o uso da Força Nacional de Segurança Pública na região em 2021 e 2022, diante dos conflitos e invasões.O indigenista da Opan (Operação Amazônia Nativa) Elias Bigio, ex-coordenador geral da área de indígenas isolados da Funai, afirma que houve saída de ocupantes da área em 2017, além de embargos de madeireiras. Mas a pressão prossegue, tanto na Justiça quanto nas imediações do território. "Há um ponto de acesso pela reserva extrativista, e é por ali que ocorrem invasões."Casos como o da Terra Indígena Kawahiva do Rio Pardo poderão ter o rumo decidido a partir da votação sobre o marco temporal no STF (Supremo Tribunal Federal), cujo julgamento está previsto para ser retomado nesta quarta (30).O marco temporal é defendido por ruralistas e proprietários de áreas como a da Coprodia. Pela tese, têm direito à demarcação indígenas que estavam na área no momento da promulgação da Constituição, em outubro de 1988. A tese limita as demarcações, por ignorar os históricos de conflitos, expulsões e deslocamentos de grupos indígenas.Os ministros Edson Fachin e Alexandre de Moraes votaram contra o marco temporal. Nunes Marques votou a favor. | ambiente |
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] | Um nota técnica lançada nesta terça-feira (29) por ISA (Instituto Socioambiental) e OC (Observatório do Clima) alerta para a desestruturação do licenciamento ambiental caso seja aprovado como está o PL (projeto de lei) 2.159, de 2021.As ONGs consideram que a redação atual é "uma proposta de 'Lei da Não Licença Ambiental', que coloca em risco a proteção do meio ambiente, os direitos socioambientais consagrados pela Carta de 1988 e a saúde pública".O texto foi aprovado na Câmara dos Deputados em 2021 e aguarda votação nas comissões de Meio Ambiente e Agricultura do Senado.A motivação para a publicação da nota foi o lançamento do Novo PAC (Programa de Aceleração do Crescimento). O programa do governo Lula (PT) engloba um conjunto de políticas focadas em infraestrutura e medidas institucionais para a expansão de investimentos públicos e privados —entre elas, o "aperfeiçoamento do ambiente regulatório e do licenciamento ambiental"."No PAC, o item [número] um dos pontos que são colocados é a questão da revisão da legislação do licenciamento", diz Maurício Guetta, consultor jurídico do ISA."A ideia do Executivo é viabilizar a aprovação de uma lei e estão ocorrendo reuniões internas do Executivo e reuniões com os dois relatores [do PL]", afirma Suely Araújo, especialista sênior em políticas públicas do Observatório do Clima. São relatores os senadores Tereza Cristina (PP-MS), ex-ministra da Agricultura do governo Jair Bolsonaro, e Confúcio Moura (MDB-TO).Procurada, a Casa Civil respondeu, após a publicação da reportagem, que "as estratégias do governo federal [no Novo PAC] relacionam-se ao aperfeiçoamento de normas e capacidades operacionais do Ibama e demais órgãos licenciadores de forma ampla (formação técnica, sistemas de informação, equipamentos etc)"."Elas não se relacionam diretamente à aprovação do PL 2.159/2021 que, cabe repisar, não teve origem no Executivo", diz.A Casa Civil afirma ainda que busca "maior segurança jurídica e maior previsibilidade" na legislação ambiental e que tem realizado "amplo debate com representantes de diversos setores da sociedade e com os senadores". "Há um entendimento geral sobre a necessidade de uma lei que oriente a aplicação do licenciamento no país, mas consideramos que o atual PL ainda apresenta questões que precisam ser melhor discutidas."Para Araújo, "a ideia da nota técnica é mostrar que temos caminhos que podem, no mínimo, minorar os problemas da lei e enfrentar os pontos mais polêmicos".A nota afirma que, se o texto for aprovado pelo Senado e transformado em lei como está, "gerará sua imediata judicialização, tanto por ação direta de inconstitucionalidade, como por ações locais contra empreendimentos".O texto lista pontos considerados problemáticos, como a dispensa da licença ambiental para a maior parte dos casos.Nesta quarta-feira (30), em audiência na Comissão de Minas e Energia da Câmara dos Deputados sobre a exploração de petróleo na bacia da Foz do Amazonas, a ministra do Meio Ambiente e Mudança do Clima, Marina Silva, disse que eventuais medidas legislativas para alterar o licenciamento ambiental devem vir para aperfeiçoar o mecanismo, não para flexibilizá-lo.Um dos tópicos destacados é a adoção do "autolicenciamento", que tem o nome técnico de LAC (licença por adesão e compromisso), para certos empreendimentos e atividades. A LAC já é usada em alguns estados.Nessa modalidade, a licença é emitida automaticamente mediante autodeclaração da empresa, sem requerer estudos de impacto ambiental e sem qualquer análise pelo órgão licenciador. O monitoramento é feito por amostragem.O texto do PL é pouco específico, dizendo apenas que a regra se aplica caso a obra não cause "significativa degradação do meio ambiente", as características da região sejam conhecidas e que não haja supressão de vegetação nativa."Pode-se afirmar que, se o PL nº 2.159/2021 for aprovado, 85,6% dos processos de licenciamento ambiental de atividades minerárias e suas barragens de rejeitos em Minas Gerais, que hoje são licenciadas mediante análise prévia do órgão ambiental, passarão a ser objeto de licenciamento por adesão e compromisso", diz a nota.A proposta das ONGs torna o texto mais restritivo, dizendo, por exemplo, que a LAC só se aplicaria a empreendimentos qualificados como de pequeno potencial de impacto ambiental e de baixo risco, além de não poder ser aplicada em unidades de conservação.Outro ponto abordado é a limitação nas condicionantes para a concessão da licença —ou seja, o tipo de requisito ou compensação que deve ser cumprido pelo empreendedor para que a atividade seja realizada."As condicionantes ambientais são o coração do licenciamento. São aquelas medidas que são adotadas para prevenir, mitigar ou compensar impactos. O que está previsto em relação às condicionantes é uma limitação absurda", opina Guetta.O texto do PL lista uma série de situações em que as condicionantes seriam limitadas, dizendo, inclusive, que elas "não podem obrigar o empreendedor a manter ou a operar serviços de responsabilidade do poder público".Ele explica que esse tipo de entendimento poderia ser aplicado, entre outro casos, ao combate ao desmatamento ilegal gerado como consequência de uma obra ou atividade econômica. Como esse tipo de ação é uma política pública, pelo projeto de lei o empreendedor não seria obrigado a adotar nenhuma medida para preveni-lo. Mais Um terceiro aspecto citado na nota das ONGs são os casos em que o licenciamento é dispensado. O projeto de lei delega a estados e municípios a definição de em quais casos o licenciamento seria exigido e lista diversos casos em que haveria isenção da licença, qualquer que seja o porte da obra.As entidades pedem que o texto seja modificado para incluir uma relação mínima, aplicada a todo o país, de empreendimentos que precisam de licença ambiental. Isso porque, defendem, a ausência dela implicaria em regras muito distintas entre estados e municípios.No PL, entre os casos em que está prevista a dispensa estão "serviços e obras direcionados à manutenção e ao melhoramento da infraestrutura em instalações preexistentes".Aí poderia se enquadrar, por exemplo, o asfaltamento da BR-319, que liga Porto Velho a Manaus, já que a rodovia já foi pavimentada anteriormente. A obra é alvo de críticas de ambientalistas, que veem um potencial explosão no desmatamento na região, a mais preservada da Amazônia.As entidades propõem restringir os casos de dispensa de licenciamento a quatro: atividades militares, obras de impacto insignificante, intervenções emergenciais e para prevenir danos ambientais ou risco à vida.O documento ainda trata de outros pontos, como a isenção a atividades de agricultura e pecuária extensiva, a renovação autodeclaratória da licença e ameaças a unidades de conservação e terras indígenas e quilombolas (especialmente aquelas ainda em processo de homologação e titulação)."O texto diz que apenas terras indígenas homologadas serão consideradas existentes e a gente tem 32% de terras indígenas ainda pendentes, em processo de demarcação. Para quilombolas, apenas titulados seriam avaliados, quando 92% dos territórios quilombolas ainda estão em processo de reconhecimento", pontua o consultor jurídico do ISA. Mais | ambiente |
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] | Estima-se que até 10 mil filhotes de pinguim-imperador tenham morrido de maneira catastrófica na Antártida no fim de 2022.O bloco de gelo marinho sob estes filhotes derreteu e se rompeu antes que eles pudessem desenvolver penas impermeáveis, necessárias para que a espécie consiga nadar no mar.As aves provavelmente morreram afogadas ou congeladas.Registrado por satélites, o evento ocorreu no oeste do continente, em uma área de frente para o Mar de Bellingshausen.Peter Fretwell, do instituto de pesquisa British Antarctic Survey (BAS), diz que as mortes em massa foram um prenúncio do que está por vir.A previsão é de que mais de 90% das colônias de pinguins-imperadores estarão extintas até ao final do século, à medida que o gelo marinho sazonal do continente antártico encolhe em um planeta cada vez mais quente."Os pinguins-imperadores dependem do gelo marinho para o seu ciclo reprodutivo, que forma a plataforma estável que eles usam para criar os seus filhotes. Mas se esse bloco de gelo não for tão extenso como deveria ser ou se quebrar mais rapidamente, estas aves estarão em risco", diz o cientista à BBC."Há esperança: podemos reduzir as nossas emissões de carbono que causam o aquecimento. Se não o fizermos, vamos levar essas belas e icônicas aves à beira da extinção."Fretwell e seus colegas registraram a morte na revista científica Communications Earth & Environment.Os cientistas rastrearam cinco colônias na região do Mar de Bellingshausen - Ilha Rothschild, Verdi Inlet, Ilha Smyley, Península Bryan e Pfrogner Point.Por meio de satélites, eles conseguiram observar a atividade dos pinguins a partir dos excrementos que eles deixam no gelo marinho.A marca de coloração marrom é visível até mesmo do espaço.As aves adultas mergulham no gelo marinho por volta de março, à medida que o inverno no Hemisfério Sul se aproxima. Eles copulam, põem ovos, chocam esses ovos e depois alimentam seus filhotes durante os meses seguintes, até chegar a hora de os filhotes seguirem em frente por conta própria.Isso acontece normalmente por volta de dezembro/janeiro, quando as novas aves se dirigem para o oceano.Mas a equipe de cientistas observou como o gelo marinho sob as colônias de pinguins-imperadores se fragmentou em novembro, antes de milhares de filhotes terem tido tempo de trocar as penas pelas necessárias para nadar.Como resultado, quatro das colônias sofreram fracasso reprodutivo total. Apenas a que fica mais ao norte, na Ilha Rothschild, teve algum sucesso.O gelo marinho do verão antártico tem sofrido uma queda acentuada desde 2016, com a área total de água congelada em todo o continente diminuindo para novos recordes mínimos.Os dois piores anos em termos absolutos ocorreram nas duas últimas temporadas de verão, em 2021/22 e em 2022/23, quando o mar de Bellingshausen ficou quase completamente desprovido de cobertura de gelo.Além disso, a lentidão na formação de blocos de gelo nos últimos meses significa que as colônias provavelmente não gerarão bebês por pelo menos mais um ano.A extensão máxima do gelo marinho no inverno, normalmente atingida em setembro, vai ficar muito abaixo de onde normalmente estaria.Fretwell e seus colegas disseram que os pinguins-imperadores estão sentindo os impactos desta mudança em seu habitat.Entre 2018 e 2022, cerca de um terço das mais de 60 colônias conhecidas de pinguins-imperadores foram afetadas de alguma forma pela diminuição da extensão do gelo marinho - seja pela formação de gelo no final da temporada ou pela quebra mais cedo.No outro extremo do planeta, no Ártico, o gelo marinho está em declínio constante há décadas. A Antártica, em contraste, parecia mais robusta. Até 2016, sua área vinha se tornando um pouco mais extensa ano após ano.Caroline Holmes, especialista em gelo marinho da Antártida, liga as causas do atual declínio à água oceânica extraordinariamente quente em todo o continente e a um padrão particular de ventos que, no caso do mar de Bellingshausen, empurrou o gelo de volta para a costa, dificultando a sua propagação."O que estamos vendo agora é muito diferente do que observamos anteriormente. Esperávamos mudanças, mas não tantas, nem tão rapidamente", diz ela à BBC."Estudos no Ártico sugeriram que, se pudéssemos reverter o aquecimento climático de alguma forma, o gelo marinho no polo norte se recuperaria. Se isso também se aplica à Antártida, ainda não sabemos. Mas rudo leva a crer que isso também se aplicaria à Antártica: se esfriar o suficiente, o gelo marinho se reformará."Atualmente, os pinguins-imperadores são classificados como "quase ameaçados" pela International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), uma organização que cria as listas dos animais mais ameaçados da Terra.Uma proposta foi feita para elevar os pinguins-imperadores à categoria mais urgente de "vulneráveis" devido ao perigo que o aquecimento global representa para seu ciclo de vida.Este texto foi publicado originalmente aqui. | ambiente |
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] | Os incêndios de alta intensidade que atingiram o Pantanal em 2020 queimaram uma área de 44.998 quilômetros quadrados (km2), o que corresponde a pouco mais de 30% do território do bioma na porção brasileira (com cerca de 150 mil km2, no total). O cálculo é de uma nova pesquisa publicada na revista científica Fire. O trabalho mostra uma região devastada bem maior do que as estimadas em levantamentos anteriores, que variaram de 14.307 km2 a 36.017 km2.Liderado por cientistas do Inpe (Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais), o estudo demonstra que o modelo construído com base em imagens de satélite da missão Sentinel-2 apresentou vantagens em relação a produtos operacionais disponíveis para o Pantanal, sendo capaz de refinar as estimativas de áreas queimadas em escala regional.De acordo com o trabalho, a metodologia com o Sentinel-2 alcançou uma precisão em torno de 96%, podendo ajudar a melhorar a estimativa de gases e aerossóis associados à queima de biomassa.A conclusão reforça a necessidade de desenvolver abordagens para melhorar os dados sobre os impactos do fogo em regiões criticamente sensíveis às mudanças climáticas, como o bioma em questão, permitindo avaliar a influência desses incêndios nos ecossistemas e na biodiversidade. A importância aumenta em meio aos alertas derivados da previsão de um forte fenômeno El Niño neste ano, que pode levar a parte norte do Pantanal e seu entorno na bacia do Alto do Paraguai a ficar mais seca e suscetível ao fogo."Os resultados da pesquisa não indicam que um modelo ou produto é pior ou melhor do que o outro. Temos variações metodológicas e, por isso, há divergências de estimativas. Mas as imagens provenientes do sensor MSI a bordo dos satélites Sentinel-2 apresentam dois pontos positivos: as resoluções espacial —com uma imagem de dez metros, trazendo um detalhamento muito maior das áreas queimadas— e temporal, que é muito importante para esse tipo de estudo. Isso porque, enquanto alguns sensores, como os da série Landsat, levam até 16 dias para registrar uma área, ele reduz esse tempo para cinco dias", afirma a engenheira florestal Andeise Cerqueira Dutra, doutoranda na Divisão de Observação da Terra e Geoinformática (DIOTG-Inpe) sob a orientação do pesquisador Yosio Edemir Shimabukuro.Uma das autoras do estudo juntamente com Shimabukuro, Dutra recebe apoio da FAPESP por meio de dois projetos. Mais Para o pesquisador da DIOTG-Inpe Guilherme Augusto Verola Mataveli, que também assina o artigo, é importante aprimorar esse tipo de análise e obter estimativas em escala regional não só para refinar a quantificação de áreas devastadas como também para calcular emissões de gases de efeito estufa, com impacto direto nas mudanças climáticas."A crise do fogo no Pantanal em 2020 foi ocasionada por um evento de seca extrema, que tende a ser cada vez mais frequente não só na região, mas em outras partes do Brasil. Ter mais conhecimento sobre o impacto dessas crises climáticas no bioma e sua biodiversidade será cada vez mais importante para tomar decisões ligadas a planos de manejo e programas de mitigação dos efeitos do fogo", explica Mataveli, que desenvolve estudos apoiados pela Fapesp, parte no âmbito do Programa Fapespde Pesquisa em Mudanças Climáticas Globais (PFPMCG)."Buscar meios para aprimorar esses produtos e gerar dados mais acurados tem grande importância para a sociedade. Um exemplo é o projeto-piloto lançado este ano, no Pantanal, que também utiliza dados de sensoriamento remoto para identificar áreas afetadas pelo fogo e estimar o acúmulo de material combustível, por exemplo. Além disso, os gestores de órgãos de meio ambiente e os brigadistas podem usar esses resultados para manejo integrado do fogo, definindo locais prioritários e ações de combate e controle de incêndios", complementa Dutra.Maior área úmida tropical do mundo, o Pantanal fica sazonalmente inundado, com a estação seca geralmente variando de julho a outubro (setembro é o mês considerado como o pico de incêndios na região).Hotspot de biodiversidade, o bioma registrou em 2019 uma mudança nos padrões de chuva —modulados pela monção de verão da América do Sul—, sofrendo com uma seca prolongada em 2020, ano em que a precipitação na porção brasileira foi a menor desde a década de 1980. Ficou 26% abaixo da média de 1982-2020. Entre as consequências dessa seca significativa houve o registro de uma superfície alagada 34% menor do que a média. Mais Além disso, do total de áreas queimadas, 35% foram atingidas pela primeira vez. Pesquisas realizadas depois da crise constataram que o fogo matou cerca de 16 milhões de animais de pequeno porte (com menos de dois quilos) e outros 944 mil de maior porte.Já as onças-pintadas (Panthera onca), o maior felino das Américas, foram muito afetadas —os focos de incêndio consumiram o correspondente a 80% da área de vida desses animais, atingindo 45% deles (cerca de 740 indivíduos) no bioma, que abriga a segunda maior população da espécie no mundo.Outra consequência foi o aumento de casos de problemas respiratórios na população dos estados de Mato Grosso e Mato Grosso do Sul, com mais internações, como mostrou levantamento da Fiocruz. No pós-incêndio, o custo estimado da restauração chegou a cerca de US$ 123 milhões.Os pesquisadores utilizaram imagens do Sentinel-2 para fazer as estimativas de áreas queimadas na porção brasileira do Pantanal em 2020 e compararam com as derivadas dos produtos baseados no sensor MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer, na sigla em inglês) e nos sensores a bordo dos satélites da série Landsat.Os resultados baseados no MODIS (MCD64A1 e Fire_cci) estimaram a área atingida em 35.837 km2 e 36.017 km2, respectivamente. Já os baseados em Landsat (MapBiomas Fogo e GABAM) ficaram em 23.372 km2 e 14.307 km2.Visualmente, os mapas apresentam padrão de distribuição espacial semelhante, mas a estimativa derivada do Sentinel foi capaz de detectar um número maior de incêndios menores do que as outras, especialmente no leste do Pantanal. "O modelo que desenvolvemos está disponível para quem tiver interesse, assim como os dados coletados na validação. Acreditamos que eles podem ajudar em outros projetos, em trabalhos futuros", diz Mataveli.E Dutra complementa: "Com a previsão de secas cada vez mais frequentes, há uma tendência de termos mais episódios de incêndios. Por isso, acreditamos que mais colaborações vão existir, mais dados estarão disponíveis. Esperamos também que mais dados de campo estejam acessíveis, principalmente para cientistas que trabalham com sensoriamento remoto para gerar produtos mais acurados".Entre janeiro e 23 de agosto deste ano, o Pantanal registrou 381 focos de fogo, segundo dados do Inpe — no mesmo período de 2020 haviam sido 8.127 focos, o maior número desde 1998 para o bioma. Neste ano, incêndios florestais têm se intensificado em meio às ondas de calor, deixando mortos e destruindo vilas na Europa e nos Estados Unidos.O artigo Assessment of Burned Areas during the Pantanal Fire Crisis in 2020 Using Sentinel-2 Images pode ser lido aqui (em inglês). | ambiente |
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] | Todas as crianças têm direito a um meio ambiente limpo e saudável, afirmou pela primeira vez, nesta segunda-feira (28), um comitê da ONU, em um contexto de multiplicação dos processos dos jovens contra as autoridades por problemas climáticos.O Comitê das Nações Unidas para os Direitos da Criança, composto por 18 especialistas independentes, publicou uma análise de um importante tratado internacional e destacou que este garante aos menores o direito a um meio ambiente saudável.Isso significa que os países têm a obrigação de lutar contra problemas, como poluição e mudança climática."Os Estados têm que garantir um meio ambiente limpo, saudável e duradouro para respeitar, proteger e cumprir os direitos das crianças", afirmou o comitê."A degradação ambiental, incluindo as consequências da crise climática, prejudica o benefício destes direitos", continuou.Essa análise surge duas semanas depois de uma juíza de Montana, nos Estados Unidos, ter decidido a favor dos jovens que acusaram o seu estado de violar seu direito constitucional a um "meio ambiente limpo e saudável", ao colaborar com a indústria das energias fósseis.Na Colômbia, a Justiça decidiu a favor dos jovens que processaram o governo para denunciar o desmatamento. A Alemanha registrou processos semelhantes.O documento que o comitê acaba de publicar pode ser uma ferramenta poderosa para os jovens em busca de justiça climática, disse sua presidente, Ann Skelton, à AFP, destacando sua importância jurídica. Mais "As crianças podem usar esta ferramenta para encorajar os Estados a fazerem o que precisa ser feito e responsabilizá-los perante os tribunais", acrescentou.Para o comitê da ONU, "a dimensão e o alcance da tripla crise planetária —a urgência climática, o colapso da biodiversidade e a poluição onipresente— constituem uma ameaça urgente e sistêmica aos direitos das crianças em escala mundial".Os especialistas publicaram suas conclusões após consultarem governos, a sociedade civil e milhares de crianças. Mais de 16 mil crianças de 121 países participaram. | ambiente |
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] | Às 3h30, no entorno do mercado Ver-O-Peso, em Belém, dezenas de pescadores ainda estão ávidos por vender suas mercadorias. "Vendo por R$ 10 o quilo, vai querer?", indaga um deles.A "pechincha" da vez é o cação ou tubarão. Diferentemente de outros peixes ali expostos, esses têm as cabeças e barbatanas decepadas. "Esse aí é conhecido como filhote de tubarão", diz o vendedor. "Carne é boa para fazer moqueca", continua.Uma análise de sequenciamento genético do peixe em oferta revela que ele é da espécie conhecida como cação-azeiteiro ou cação-mole (Carcharhinus porosus), considerada criticamente em perigo na Avaliação do Risco de Extinção da Fauna do ICMBio (Instituto Chico Mendes de Biodiversidade).O consumo de cação no Brasil é alto. Foram cerca de 17 mil toneladas em 2021 e 13 mil em 2022, considerando apenas as importações (não há dados oficiais sobre a pesca no país). Mas a população desconhece que essa pesca envolve práticas ilegais e ameaça os animais. Do ponto de vista comercial, são os chamados subprodutos ou partes do pescado que atraem maior interesse.As barbatanas, ou seja, as nadadeiras do animal, são valiosas no mercado global, principalmente no asiático, com preços que chegam a US$ 1.000 o quilo (cerca de R$ 4.790). Do outro lado do mundo, elas são usadas no preparo de sopas e também na medicina tradicional."A pesca de tubarão ocorre principalmente pelo chamado ‘bycatch’, que é você mirar em um tipo de pesca e acabar pegando outros animais", explica Alberto Akama, ictiólogo (estudioso de peixes) e pesquisador do Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi.É dessa forma incidental que o Brasil autoriza a pesca de tubarão, mas, em situações em que a espécie capturada é ameaçada de extinção, a atividade passa a ser proibida. Assim, se um navio que está autorizado, por exemplo, a pescar atum acabar pegando um tubarão de espécie listada como vulnerável, ele precisa soltar o animal. Na prática, porém, uma vez capturados, os tubarões ameaçados acabam não sendo devolvidos ao mar, mostram apreensões de órgãos de fiscalização e também estudos que identificam as espécies vendidas.A Folha, durante visita ao Ver-o-Peso em maio, coletou 11 amostras de pescados comercializados como cação ou similares. Dessas, 9 eram de espécies criticamente em perigo, apontou análise feita em laboratório a pedido da reportagem.Para evitar punições e maximizar lucros, as embarcações muitas vezes trazem esses peixes à costa já sem a cabeça —o que dificulta a identificação da espécie— e sem as barbatanas —o que sugere que essa parte valiosa já foi direcionada ao mercado externo.Essa "limpeza" também é irregular. Portaria do Ministério do Meio Ambiente e Ministério da Pesca, de 2012, exige que os animais sejam desembarcados com todas as suas partes. O documento proíbe ainda o "finning", que consiste na retirada das nadadeiras de raias e tubarões e no descarte do restante do corpo, que tem menor valor comercial.O aumento na ocorrência de apreensões, na esteira da intensificação das medidas de fiscalização, revela que a procura por esses animais está em alta.Em junho deste ano, uma ação em conjunto da Polícia Federal e do Ibama apreendeu mais de 28 toneladas de barbatanas de tubarão em Santa Catarina.E, em julho, a Segup (Secretaria de Segurança Pública e Defesa Social) do Pará encontrou cerca de R$ 400 mil em pescado irregular, além de mais de 50 kg de barbatanas de tubarão avaliadas em R$ 239 mil. A pasta afirma ter investido em 84 novas embarcações nos últimos quatro anos para a fiscalização de crimes ambientais.De acordo com as autoridades, as mercadorias tinha como destino a Ásia.Além do cação, a reportagem identificou no Ver-O-Peso, o maior mercado da Amazônia, indivíduos de tubarão-martelo (do gênero Sphyrna) e Carcharhinus leucas, espécies consideradas, respectivamente, como criticamente ameaçada e vulnerável.Como as informações sobre espécies que ocorrem na costa do Brasil e o estado de preservação delas são escassas (só há dados para 31 das 62 espécies avaliadas pelo ICMBio), muitos tubarões e raias ameaçados de extinção podem estar sofrendo com a pesca ilegal."Cerca de 60% das espécies de tubarões e raias recifais hoje estão ameaçadas de extinção, então a gente vê mesmo um cenário bem ameaçador", afirma a bióloga Luiza Baruch, que concluiu recentemente a sua dissertação de mestrado sobre o conhecimento etnobiológico (que alia dados de comunidades locais com biologia) sobre um tipo de raia, o peixe-serra ou espadarte (Pristis pristis e Pristis pectinata), na costa do Pará.Os tubarões e raias são chamados em conjunto de elasmobrânquios. A maioria das espécies é vivípara (os filhotes nascem diretamente do útero) e demora a atingir a maturidade sexual. Mais Como são predadores de topo de cadeia, sua presença é fundamental para manter o equilíbrio dos ecossistemas, mas as populações em todo o mundo estão em declínio. "Com as capturas recentes, eles não têm chance de se reproduzir", explica Baruch.O Ibama afirma que tem atuado para prevenir o comércio ilegal de tubarões e raias no país. Já o ICMBio diz que realiza fiscalizações nas UCs (unidades de conservação) marinhas, mas que "a maioria dos ilícitos ambientais ocorre nos oceanos fora dos limites e jurisdição das UCs".Responsável pela administração do mercado Ver-O-Peso, a Prefeitura de Belém disse que cabe ao governo estadual a fiscalização sobre o que é vendido no local. A Secretaria de Segurança Pública e Defesa do Pará disse que tem investido no combate e fiscalização de crimes ambientais.O Ministério da Pesca e Aquicultura, também procurado, diz que está atualizando as normas vigentes para coibir a pesca ilegal, não reportada e não declarada.Casos como o do peixe-serra, classificado como criticamente ameaçado, mostram os riscos da comercialização ilegal. Um levantamento feito pela bióloga Patrícia Charvet, da Universidade Federal do Ceará, e colegas identificou um declínio de cerca de 87% da população.Baruch, que também estuda o peixe-serra, conta que se acredita que ele possa estar restrito atualmente à costa norte do Brasil, entre o Amapá e o Maranhão, enquanto, no passado, era encontrado em todo o litoral. "Mas, mesmo com restrição [de pesca], está cada vez mais raro ver o animal", destaca.O rostro —serra ou katana— dessa espécie é altamente cobiçado, vendido por cerca de R$ 5.000, enquanto os dentes isolados chegam a R$ 50 a R$ 100 cada um. A peça é considerada um amuleto no mercado asiático, enquanto os dentes isolados são usados como esporas em rinhas de galo.É possível encontrar na internet vídeos de pescadores atacando a golpes de machadinha peixes-serra ainda vivos, para remover a serra."Aqui na região norte do país temos a maior biodiversidade em termos de peixes. Infelizmente, em termos de fiscalização, ainda há um vácuo, faltam informações das espécies e pesquisadores. A Amazônia Legal inteira tem menos doutores do que a USP [Universidade de São Paulo]", lamenta Akama.A educação ambiental também tem papel fundamental na reversão desse quadro. Nas resex (reservas extrativistas) da região, os pescadores são orientados a reconhecer e a ajudar na proteção das espécies ameaçadas. Em geral, porém, ainda evitam falar sobre os avistamentos."Podemos criar uma área protegida, mas se a comunidade não entender a importância daquela região para determinado animal, quais orientações ela deve ter e o que isso implica, não vai fazer nenhuma diferença em termos de conservação", conclui Charvet.Fontes: ICMBio, Ibama, Ministério da Pesca e Aquicultura e Sea Shepherd BrasilA reportagem foi realizada com o apoio da Earth Journalism Network. | ambiente |
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] | Pouco antes das 7h de um domingo, o movimento em frente à zona portuária de Bragança, na região costeira do Pará, era praticamente inexistente. Poucas pessoas andavam pelas ruas do entorno do mercado municipal, com exceção das já estavam ali desde a noite anterior, bebendo e dançando música vinda dos alto-falantes de um carro estacionado.No cais, uma única embarcação era lavada por funcionários depois do descarregamento de mercadoria na noite anterior.Por volta das 8h, um barco atracou com mais ou menos uma dúzia de pessoas, que começaram a tirar do porão da frota o pescado. Dezenas de peixes, todos eles com a barriga cortada e sem as vísceras, chegavam ainda frescos.Bem em frente, em uma bifurcação entre a avenida principal e uma rua que leva à igreja matriz, uma fachada de loja dizia: "Compra-se grude". Grude é como é chamada a bexiga natatória dos peixes, cujo nome remete ao seu uso na fabricação de cola e como fixador para cosméticos. O produto é igualmente usado na China por supostas propriedades medicinais, nunca comprovadas cientificamente, à mesma maneira das barbatanas de tubarão. A demanda da Ásia gera um mercado milionário no Norte do Brasil.Apesar de a exploração da bexiga não ser proibida, irregularidades podem permear essa prática, desde a pesca por embarcações ilegais até a captura de espécies ameaçadas. Mais "A pesca nesta região se divide em duas: a artesanal de menor escala, que é mais de subsistência ou para venda dos pescadores da região, e a industrial ou de larga escala, que visa principalmente o grude, que tem um preço muito alto no mercado internacional", explica Bianca Bentes, pesquisadora da UFPA (Universidade Federal do Pará)."A bexiga [natatória] era muito usada como clarificante na indústria de vinhos, depois virou cola e agora tem esse uso como colágeno na medicina e indústria de cosméticos", conta também.A pesca industrial e a sobrepesca afetam as comunidades de pescadores artesanais, uma vez que causam escassez de peixes para a subsistência e desequilíbrios ecológicos. "A pesca vem tudo do Norte [do país, na costa do Amapá] , e aí eles matam lá e depois não tem mais aqui para nós", relata o pescador Adiel Miranda, 63, morador de Ajuruteua, no município de Bragança.A cadeia do grude também pode envolver infrações sanitárias, tanto na hora da retirada quanto de manipulação do produto, que é vendido seco ou fresco. Recentemente, a Segup (Secretaria de Segurança Pública e Defesa) do Pará apreendeu mais de 90 kg de grude na baía do Marajó, avaliados em R$ 252 mil (ou R$ 2.800 o kg), segundo agentes da Polícia Federal."É uma loucura. O pessoal compra isso aí que nem droga", relatou um pescador que estava no cais naquela manhã e que pediu para não ser identificado. Ele contou que a retirada da bexiga é feita nas próprias embarcações, ainda em alto-mar. "Eles tiram e já vem seca. É enviada para o pessoal de fora do país."Entre as principais espécies de interesse econômico estão a pescada-amarela (Cynoscion acoupa) e a gurijuba (Sciades parkeri), esta última protegida. "Mas com a depleção destes estoques por causa da pressão pesqueira, muitas embarcações agora estão buscando outras espécies para retirada do produto, como a pescada-gó (Macrodon ancylodon)", explica Bentes.Na literatura científica, há dados sobre o processo de retirada, produção e comercialização do grude em toda a costa norte do país, a mais produtiva no setor pesqueiro.Muitos pescadores são explorados pelos donos das embarcações, que fornecem o material de pesca e o combustível, mas os obrigam a repassar grande parte da venda ou os próprios produtos, o que gera, em alguns casos, uma dívida constante com os patrões."Quem ganha mesmo é o ‘marreteiro’, o pescador ganha pouco, porque a gente tem que sair às vezes em dois ou três, passa oito dias no mar, e aí se fizer R$ 200 e repartir em três não sobra nada. Ele não, tem os R$ 200 só para ele", relata Miranda. Mais Questionado sobre legislações de proteção às espécies brasileiras e combate à sobrepesca, o Ibama reforçou que não há hoje proibição à exploração da bexiga natatória do pescado, mas que o órgão atua na fiscalização das embarcações irregulares.O MPA (Ministério da Pesca e Aquicultura) disse, em nota, que não há embarcações estrangeiras atuando na costa brasileira do país de maneira regulamentada, isto é, legal.A pasta afirmou também que "trabalha com diversas comissões e grupos internacionais" e "vem atualizando as normas de ordenamento vigentes de forma a coibir a pesca ilegal, não declarada e não reportada".Já a Segup destacou que "nos últimos quatro anos investiu em 84 novas embarcações, destinadas para os municípios que têm área de rio, a fim de fazer a fiscalização de crimes ambientais". | ambiente |
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] | Ficar ao ar livre usando camisas de manga curta não é exatamente o que se espera de uma jornada rumo às vizinhanças do polo Norte, mas foi o que acabou acontecendo, em alguns momentos, com a primeira expedição oficial de pesquisadores brasileiros ao Ártico.As condições muito mais amenas do que o esperado atrapalharam a coleta de amostras do grupo —e são mais um indício das transformações profundas trazidas pela emergência climática ao arquipélago norueguês de Svalbard (palco da expedição) e à região ártica como um todo."Conversando com os moradores da vila de Longyearbyen, onde nós ficamos, eles confirmaram que essas condições estão se tornando cada vez mais comuns", conta Paulo Câmara, pesquisador da UnB (Universidade de Brasília) e integrante do grupo brasileiro que passou nove dias em Svalbard durante o último mês de julho.A equipe inclui ainda pesquisadores da UFMG (Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais) e da Universidade Católica de Brasília.Segundo Micheline Carvalho Silva, colega de Câmara na UnB e na expedição, o cenário atual mostrou um grande contraste com o aspecto do arquipélago em 2016, quando ela esteve ali pela primeira vez — mesmo considerando que, em ambas as vezes, a visita ocorreu durante o verão do Ártico."As montanhas estavam com muito menos gelo do que da primeira vez. Antes, os sapatos que a gente usava ficavam molhados o tempo todo, enquanto desta vez o clima estava superseco", compara. "Em 2016 choveu todos os dias; desta vez, nada de chuva", complementa Câmara. "As temperaturas chegavam aos 10°C, e isso a 800 milhas [1.280 km] do polo Norte."A equipe brasileira, que recebeu apoio logístico das Forças Armadas e inclui especialistas em vegetais, fungos e biologia molecular, tinha entre seus objetivos investigar as conexões de longa distância entre a biodiversidade do Ártico e da Antártida (região na qual a pesquisa nacional já tem uma tradição de décadas).O calor inesperado atrapalhou esse objetivo ao dificultar o acesso dos cientistas às geleiras de Svalbard, que recuaram bastante por conta das temperaturas relativamente elevadas. Mais "A nossa ideia era obter amostras desse gelo para sequenciar [grosso modo, fazer a leitura do DNA] o material genético dos organismos que estão presentes nesse gelo", explica Carvalho Silva. No entanto, essa abordagem, conhecida como metagenômica, terá de ficar para uma próxima oportunidade."Estamos pensando em voltar em fevereiro. É o fim do inverno, o que facilita o acesso às condições típicas do Ártico. Não adiantaria ir no auge do inverno porque não há luz natural e ocorrem nevascas, entre outros problemas logísticos", explica ela."A geleira onde queríamos chegar, e que estava muito mais longe do que o esperado, está recuando dez metros por ano", destaca Câmara.Carvalho Silva diz que também chama a atenção a intensificação do turismo na região, com a chegada frequente de navios carregando milhares de passageiros —e os impactos ambientais que isso pode acabar trazendo. | ambiente |
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] | Os subsídios globais aos combustíveis fósseis atingiram um total recorde de US$ 7 trilhões em 2022, enquanto os governos corriam para proteger os consumidores do aumento de preços da energia desencadeado pela invasão da Ucrânia pela Rússia, estima o FMI (Fundo Monetário Internacional).O estudo do FMI afirma que os subsídios ao carvão, petróleo e gás natural em 2022 foram equivalentes a 7,1% do PIB (produto interno bruto) global. Isso representou mais do que os governos gastaram em educação e dois terços dos gastos em saúde.O número elevado apresentado pelo FMI inclui os chamados subsídios implícitos, que são resultado da cobrança insuficiente dos governos pelos custos ambientais da queima de combustíveis fósseis. Esses custos incluem a poluição do ar e o aquecimento global, afirmou o FMI.A maior parte dos subsídios globais contabilizados no estudo se inclui nessa categoria, disseram os autores, que preveem que o valor cresça à medida que os países em desenvolvimento aumentem seu consumo de combustíveis fósseis.O relatório do FMI chega num momento em que o mundo atinge as temperaturas médias mensais globais mais altas já registradas. O aumento das temperaturas globais de pelo menos 1,1°C durante a era industrial é causado principalmente pela queima de combustíveis fósseis, como concluíram os cientistas.Os subsídios "explícitos" —definidos como consumidores que pagam menos do que os custos de fornecimento de combustíveis fósseis— triplicaram desde a avaliação anterior do FMI, em 2020, de US$ 500 milhões para US$ 1,5 bilhão em 2022.Isso se compara às estimativas mais recentes do grupo de estudos do Instituto Internacional para o Desenvolvimento Sustentável (IISD, na sigla em inglês), divulgadas esta semana, de que os subsídios das economias do G20 se situavam em US$ 1,4 trilhão, incluindo investimentos de empresas estatais e empréstimos de instituições financeiras públicas. Um relatório de pesquisa independente no início deste ano estimou o valor em US$ 1,8 trilhão.Contudo, o relatório do FMI concluiu que o aumento dos subsídios explícitos se deveu a medidas temporárias de apoio dos governos e esperava-se que diminuíssem.A Ásia Oriental e a região do Pacífico representaram quase metade do subsídio total global. A China foi o maior subsidiador de combustíveis fósseis, seguida por Estados Unidos, Rússia, União Europeia e Índia.Os líderes do G20 concordaram em eliminar gradualmente os subsídios ineficientes aos combustíveis fósseis em 2009, antes de se comprometerem a acelerar esses esforços na conferência climática COP26 da ONU, em Glasgow, em 2021.Mas o aumento acentuado do custo de vida e a crise energética levaram os governos a intervir desde então com limites máximos para os preços da energia e subsídios aos combustíveis.Os líderes mundiais decepcionaram os especialistas e ativistas climáticos na preparação para a conferência COP28 da ONU deste ano, que se realizará em Dubai, nos Emirados Árabes Unidos. Lá, os negociadores farão um "balanço global" do progresso dos países que se comprometeram a reduzir as emissões sob o Acordo de Paris de 2015.As emissões precisam ser reduzidas em 43% até 2030 para ficarem dentro do limite de aquecimento de 1,5°C, para além do qual os cientistas preveem mudanças irreversíveis no planeta. Em vez disso, porém, elas continuam aumentando anualmente. Mais Em maio, os líderes do grupo G7 de economias avançadas não conseguiram estabelecer um prazo para a eliminação progressiva da utilização do carvão sem que as emissões fossem capturadas. No contexto da invasão russa em grande escala da Ucrânia, o G7 afirmou que "o investimento com apoio público no setor de gás pode ser apropriado como uma resposta temporária" à crise energética resultante.Nas negociações climáticas do G20 no mês passado, vários negociadores disseram ao Financial Times que a China e a Arábia Saudita tinham impedido qualquer progresso nas negociações, recusando-se a discutir questões cruciais como as metas de emissões de gases do efeito estufa.Este ano foi o terceiro mais quente já registrado e poderá ultrapassar 2016 como o mais quente da história moderna, segundo o Programa de Observação da Terra da União Europeia.Ondas de calor simultâneas e inundações recorde afetaram grandes partes dos Estados Unidos, da Europa e da Ásia em julho, e cientistas alertaram que esses extremos climáticos ficarão mais frequentes e intensos a cada fração de grau de aquecimento. Mais Tradução de Luiz Roberto M. Gonçalves | ambiente |
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] | Líderes ambientais de 185 países se reuniram nesta quinta-feira (24) em Vancouver, no Canadá, para adotar um fundo multibilionário para apoiar a conservação global. A ONU (Organização das Nações Unidas) destacou que as contribuições são necessárias para ajudar a proteger 30% das terras e áreas costeiras até 2030.A reunião ocorre oito meses após os governos terem concordado com o Quadro Global de Biodiversidade Kunming-Montreal –que alguns chamaram de Acordo de Paris para a Natureza, em referência ao histórico pacto da ONU de 2015 para combater as mudanças climáticas.Uma das 23 metas é ajudar a mobilizar os setores público e privado para canalizar US$ 200 bilhões por ano (cerca de R$ 977 bilhões) para iniciativas de conservação até 2030. O objetivo é que os países desenvolvidos contribuam com pelo menos US$ 20 bilhões (R$ 97 bilhões) todos os anos até 2025."Começamos bem", disse David Cooper, secretário-executivo interino da Convenção das Nações Unidas sobre Diversidade Biológica. "Pedimos agora mais compromissos por parte dos países e de outras fontes para que os primeiros projetos no âmbito do novo fundo possam ser lançados no próximo ano." Mais Até agora, o fundo ficou abaixo dos US$ 200 milhões necessários para se tornar totalmente operacional até dezembro, conforme exigido pelo Banco Mundial como administrador. O Canadá disse nesta quinta-feira que investirá 200 milhões de dólares canadenses (US$ 147 milhões) e o Reino Unido afirmou que contribuirá com 10 milhões de libras (US$ 13 milhões).O fundo lançado na quinta-feira é gerido no âmbito do Fundo Global para o Ambiente (GEF, na sigla em inglês), um mecanismo estabelecido no âmbito da Convenção das Nações Unidas sobre a Diversidade Biológica e da Convenção-Quadro das Nações Unidas sobre Mudanças Climáticas, que forneceu mais de US$ 23 bilhões a milhares de projetos nos últimos 30 anos.Os países menos desenvolvidos e os pequenos estados insulares terão prioridade e receberão mais de um terço dos fundos, com uma meta de até 20% destinados a projetos liderados por povos indígenas e comunidades locais, afirmou o GEF num comunicado. | ambiente |
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] | Até ao final do século, estima-se que mais de um bilhão de vacas do planeta possam sofrer de estresse térmico se o aquecimento global continuar inabalável, ameaçando a sua fertilidade, produção de leite e vidas.Quase oito em cada dez vacas em todo o planeta já apresentam temperaturas corporais excessivamente altas, taxas de respiração aceleradas, cabeças abaixadas e respiração ofegantes —sintomas associados ao estresse térmico severo.Em climas tropicais, 20% dos bovinos apresentam esses sintomas durante todo o ano. É previsto que estes números aumentem se a pecuária continuar a se expandir nas bacias da Amazônia e do Congo, onde as temperaturas estão em vias de subir mais rapidamente do que a média global, de acordo com uma pesquisa publicada na quinta-feira (24), na Environmental Research Letters.Se as emissões de gases com efeito estufa que provocam o aquecimento climático continuarem subindo, o estudo prevê que o estresse térmico se tornará um problema durante todo o ano no Brasil, no sul de África, no norte da Índia, no norte da Austrália e na América Central até 2100."Um determinante muito importante de quantas vacas estão expostas a este calor são as decisões sobre a mudança no uso da terra", disse a principal autora do estudo, Michelle North, da Universidade de KwaZulu-Natal, na África do Sul."O desmatamento das florestas tropicais para a expansão da pecuária não é um futuro de desenvolvimento viável, porque agrava as alterações climáticas e irá expor mais centenas de milhões de cabeças de gado a um grave estresse térmico", acrescentou.O estudo concluiu que, no pior cenário, a criação de gado quase duplicará na Ásia e na América Latina e aumentará mais de quatro vezes na África.As projeções dos cientistas indicam que as vias de desenvolvimento que aumentam o número de gado na Índia e expandem a produção de gado na Bacia do Congo e na Amazônia peruana e brasileira poderão expor mais de 537 milhões de cabeças de gado a condições de estresse térmico até 2090, em comparação com o número de bovinos de 2010.Se os gases com efeito estufa forem suficientemente controlados —principalmente através da redução da utilização de combustíveis fósseis e da limitação da expansão da pecuária— o número de vacas que sofrem poderá ser reduzido para metade na Ásia e em quatro quintos em África.Os pecuaristas comerciais podem perder muito dinheiro com o estresse térmico. Somente nos Estados Unidos, o problema já custa até US$ 1,7 bilhões de dólares anualmente. Mas estes criadores geralmente têm seguros, boas relações com os bancos e a capacidade de recorrer a empréstimos para os ajudar a recuperar de perdas relacionadas com o calor, disse North. Mais No entanto, quando o calor ou outras catástrofes climáticas atingem os pequenos agricultores, "podem fazer com que estes percam literalmente os seus meios de subsistência, mesmo que as perdas líquidas possam parecer 'insignificantes'", detalha ela.Michelle North e a sua equipe descobriram que a oferta global de leite poderá ser reduzida em 11 milhões de toneladas por ano até 2050, num cenário de elevadas emissões de gases com efeito estufa. Se as emissões forem reduzidas de forma agressiva, quase metade dessa quantidade ainda seria perdida, principalmente na Ásia e em África, onde a oferta de leite já é baixa.No curto prazo, para reduzir as consequências das vacas superaquecidas, os pesquisadores sugerem o fornecimento de acesso à sombra e ventiladores, além da alimentação ser oferecida no início do dia.(Com AFP) | ambiente |
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] | O projeto que regulamenta o mercado de crédito de carbono no Brasil passou a prever o direito de indígenas, quilombolas e comunidades extrativistas participarem da geração e comercialização desses créditos, por meio de projetos desenvolvidos em seus territórios. Para isso, deverão existir cláusulas contratuais que garantam indenizações a essas populações em caso de danos.A proposta em tramitação no Senado é uma versão negociada entre o governo Lula (PT), que prepara a regulamentação do mercado, e o Legislativo, onde já tramitavam projetos de lei sobre essa regulação.A inclusão de um capítulo específico sobre mercado voluntário e comunidades tradicionais torna o projeto "singular no mundo", segundo Rafael Dubeux, assessor especial do Ministério da Fazenda e coordenador dessa agenda dentro da pasta."É uma garantia de que o ganho não seja para quem está fazendo grandes negócios com o carbono, mas para quem está lá no local fazendo a preservação da floresta", disse à Folha. "O projeto estabelece parâmetros e regras, para que exista consentimento livre, prévio e informado das comunidades e para que seja garantida a repartição de benefícios."O texto que concilia diversos pontos em discussão, entre eles a geração de créditos de carbono em comunidades tradicionais, ganhou uma versão mais ampla na última segunda-feira (21), quando foi concluído um parecer na Comissão de Meio Ambiente do Senado.A relatora do projeto de lei nº 412, de 2022, é a senadora Leila Barros (PDT-DF). O substitutivo mais recente será votado pela Comissão de Meio Ambiente em caráter terminativo. A equipe do ministro Fernando Haddad (Fazenda) participou da elaboração do projeto que será votado no Senado.O projeto original não fazia menção à geração de crédito de carbono em territórios tradicionais. Na Comissão de Assuntos Econômicos do Senado, o texto passou a mencionar remunerações a essas comunidades. Depois, a partir da costura com o governo, o substitutivo ganhou uma seção específica sobre "créditos de carbono em áreas tradicionalmente ocupadas".Povos indígenas, quilombolas e trabalhadores de reservas extrativistas têm direito à comercialização de créditos de carbono gerados nos territórios que ocupam, por meio de suas entidades representativas, conforme o texto elaborado. Isso depende, porém, de determinadas condições.Uma delas é a inclusão de cláusula contratual com previsão de indenização a povos tradicionais por "danos coletivos, materiais e imateriais, decorrentes de projetos de geração de créditos de carbono".Também deve haver consulta às comunidades com base no que prevê a convenção número 169 da OIT (Organização Internacional do Trabalho). O Brasil é signatário da convenção, que estabelece a necessidade de consulta a povos tradicionais, há 20 anos.Outra condição é a definição de regra para "repartição justa e equitativa" dos recursos gerados pela comercialização dos créditos. Os depósitos devem ser feitos em conta específica, com regras a serem estabelecidas por uma segunda regulamentação. Deve haver ainda apoio a atividades sustentáveis e gestão territorial. Mais Indígenas e outras populações tradicionais não devem custear o processo de consulta —os gastos devem ser bancados pelas empresas interessadas.O substitutivo prevê que o desenvolvimento de projetos fique vinculado a acompanhamento e anuência prévia dos órgãos públicos responsáveis pela gestão das áreas.A busca por uma definição de regras mínimas para o mercado de crédito de carbono em territórios tradicionais ocorre em meio a uma ofensiva de empresas em diversas comunidades, mesmo sem regulamentação do setor.Em nota técnica divulgada em julho, o MPF (Ministério Público Federal) e o Ministério Público do Pará afirmaram que o mercado de crédito de carbono altera o modo de vida de comunidades tradicionais, com propostas "ilusórias", e que os contratos precisam de "necessária intervenção estatal". Há um crescente assédio de empresas por contratos, segundo o MPF.A geração de créditos de carbono nesses territórios ocorreria a partir de atividades que evitem desmatamento e degradação da floresta. O instrumento que permite isso é o REDD+, desenvolvido no âmbito da Convenção da ONU sobre Mudança do Clima.Um crédito de carbono equivale a uma tonelada de CO2 que deixa de ser emitida para a atmosfera em razão do desmatamento que foi evitado. Créditos são gerados e vendidos a empresas que precisam compensar suas próprias emissões de gases de efeito estufa. | ambiente |
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] | O ministro de Minas e Energia, Alexandre Silveira, defendeu nesta quinta-feira (24) a criação de uma mesa de conciliação entre órgão governamentais sobre o avanço na exploração de petróleo na Foz do Amazonas, conforme proposto pela Advocacia-Geral da União (AGU).A defesa ocorreu após a ministra do Meio Ambiente, Marina Silva, ter afirmado na véspera no Congresso que "não existe conciliação para questões técnicas", ao citar uma negativa do Ibama para a exploração de petróleo na região da Foz do Amazonas, que integra a Margem Equatorial, região com alto potencial petrolífero."Queremos acreditar no diálogo, acho que foi em um primeiro momento a manifestação da ministra, essa mesa tem sim que existir, até porque, quando qualquer ministro de Estado puder autonomamente, isoladamente, dizer que não dialoga mais, tem qualquer coisa errada, deixou de ser governo, para ser uma decisão individual", disse Silveira, em uma entrevista a TV BandNews.A AGU propôs a mesa de conciliação nesta semana após rebater em um parecer um dos principais argumentos do Ibama para ter negado em maio uma licença para a Petrobras perfurar um poço na Bacia da Foz do Rio Amazonas, onde há enormes desafios socioambientais.Em declarações públicas em Brasília, Marina se mostrou contrária à mesa de conciliação."Não posso botar numa rodada de conciliação a Anvisa por decisão política para decidir se aquele remédio é tóxico ou não é tóxico. A mesma coisa são os processos técnicos de licenciamento o Ibama", disse a ministra.Em resposta à declaração de Marina, Silveira disse ainda nesta quinta-feira que "tem convergência" com a fala da ministra e que as "decisões devem ser técnicas... e estão sendo técnicas"."Cabe ao Ibama agora, tecnicamente, avançar... no processo de licenciamento", afirmou o ministro.Em seu parecer, a AGU afirmou que uma AAAS (Avaliação Ambiental de Área Sedimentar) não é indispensável e tampouco pode obstar a realização de licenciamento ambiental de empreendimentos de exploração e produção de petróleo e gás no Brasil.O Ibama, em sua decisão de maio, havia amarrado uma futura decisão sobre qualquer exploração na região à realização de uma AAAS, um estudo que abrange toda a região de possível exploração a ser tocado pelos Ministérios do Meio Ambiente e de Minas e Energia, que mede os impactos socioambientais.Para a AGU, no entanto, a viabilidade ambiental de um empreendimento deve ser atestada no próprio licenciamento, e não por meio de uma AAAS. O entendimento, segundo o órgão, foi reconhecido em manifestações de áreas jurídicas de órgãos federais ligados ao assunto, e também foi encampado pelo STF (Supremo Tribunal Federal) em julgamentos recentes."Eu quero acreditar... no bom senso, na conciliação, acho que a AGU é um órgão extremamente habilitado para se fazer mediação", afirmou o ministro.Também na véspera, o Ministério do Meio Ambiente disse em nota que a negativa do Ibama para o avanço da exploração na região havia ocorrido em razão de "inconsistências nas informações prestadas pela empresa" e não pela ausência de uma AAAS.Com a mediação, a AGU afirmou que busca a resolução consensual dos demais pontos divergentes relativos ao caso, incluindo os levantados pelo Ibama na negativa do licenciamento sobre os impactos de sobrevoos para as comunidades indígenas e o plano de proteção à fauna.A Petrobras afirmou em nota também nesta semana que está "totalmente disposta" a colaborar com o processo de conciliação encaminhado pela AGU. | ambiente |
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] | A sobrevivência dos pinguins-imperadores pode estar seriamente ameaçada, de acordo com um estudo que constatou uma mortalidade catastrófica de filhotes em várias colônias na Antártida em 2022, como resultado do degelo precoce causado pelas mudanças climáticas.Das cinco colônias observadas na região do mar de Bellingshausen, no oeste da Antártida, quatro sofreram perda de 100% dos filhotes. Eles morreram afogados ou de frio quando o gelo cedeu debaixo deles.Eles ainda não estavam maduros o suficiente para lidar com as duras condições climáticas da região, explicam os pesquisadores no estudo publicado nesta quinta-feira (24) na revista Communications: Earth & Environment, do grupo Nature."Este é o primeiro grande fracasso reprodutivo de pinguins-imperadores em várias colônias ao mesmo tempo, devido ao derretimento do gelo marinho, e é provavelmente um sinal do que está por vir", disse à AFP o principal autor do estudo, Peter Fretwell, pesquisador do British Antarctic Survey."Já tínhamos previsto isto há algum tempo, mas ver acontecer de fato é assustador", lamentou.Durante a primavera do ano passado no hemisfério sul, o gelo marinho da Antártida, formado pelo congelamento da água salgada do oceano, atingiu taxas de derretimento recorde, antes de cair em fevereiro para o seu nível mais baixo desde que as medições por satélite começaram, há 45 anos.Esse degelo precoce ocorreu no meio da temporada de reprodução da espécie, por si só já complexa e frágil.Essas aves marinhas se reproduzem no inverno, a partir de junho, quando as temperaturas são mais rigorosas. Os ovos eclodem em setembro, antes da chegada da primavera, e os filhotes atingem sua autonomia por volta de janeiro-fevereiro. Mais A população de pinguins-imperadores, também conhecidos como Aptenodytes forsteri, consistia em cerca de 250 mil casais reprodutores, todos na Antártida, de acordo com um estudo de 2020.As colônias do mar de Bellingshausen representam menos de 5% desse total. "Mas, globalmente, 30% de todas as colônias foram afetadas pelo degelo no ano passado, e por isso houve muitos filhotes que não sobreviveram", alerta Fretwell.Todos os anos, a partir de março, os adultos embarcam em uma viagem de até mais de cem quilômetros para chegar aos locais de reprodução no gelo, que são sempre os mesmos.As fêmeas põem um único ovo e o deixam aos cuidados do macho enquanto saem em busca de alimento, chegando a percorrer várias centenas de quilômetros.Os machos mantêm os ovos aquecidos, equilibrados sobre suas patas e cobertos por dobras da pele que formam uma bolsa incubadora. Tudo isso sem se mover, nem comer, enquanto aguardam o retorno das fêmeas. Mais Esse ritual imutável, retratado no documentário francês "A Marcha dos Pinguins" (2005), sofre os efeitos do aquecimento global.Apesar da sua capacidade de procurar locais de reprodução alternativos, os recordes de degelo desde 2016 ameaçam exceder as capacidades de adaptação da espécie, acreditam os cientistas.O pinguim-imperador foi recentemente listado como espécie em risco de extinção pela autoridade de proteção da fauna nos Estados Unidos.Além do risco para seus locais de reprodução, o pinguim-imperador também sofre com a acidificação dos oceanos, outro efeito do aquecimento global, que ameaça certos crustáceos dos quais se alimenta.O British Antarctic Survey estima que, no ritmo atual das mudanças climáticas, praticamente toda esta espécie poderá ter desaparecido ao final do século. | ambiente |
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] | O Ibama (Instituto Brasileiro do Meio Ambiente e dos Recursos Renováveis) suspendeu a emissão de novas autorizações de caça para controlar javalis devido a mudanças no decreto de armas.Anteriormente, a caça com arma de fogo era permitida a caçadores registrados no Exército e com aprovação do Ibama. Com a nova norma, a caça só é permitida em casos essenciais para proteger plantações e rebanhos e a autorização cabe somente ao Exército.A medida foi anunciada pelo Ibama na sexta-feira (18). Nesta quarta-feira (23), o órgão informou, em nota, que aqueles que já possuíam autorizações de caça emitidas pelo Simaf (Sistema de Informação de Manejo de Fauna) antes de 21 de julho de 2023 ainda podem caçar até a validade da autorização.O Exército disse, por nota, que está se adaptando às novas regras determinadas pelo decreto. "A DFPC [Diretoria de Fiscalização de Produtos Controlados] expedirá em breve um informativo detalhando procedimentos", afirmou.A caça de javalis se tornou uma preocupação recente do governo Lula (PT). O número de cidades com abate do animal aumentou significativamente durante o governo de Jair Bolsonaro (PL), passando de 698 municípios em 2017 para 2.010 em 2022. Mais Especialistas alegam que algumas pessoas estão usando a caça de manejo como desculpa para praticar caça esportiva, que é ilegal no Brasil.A caça de manejo é permitida para controlar a população de javalis e javaporcos, considerados invasores que podem causar danos às plantações. Há no Brasil 558.204 caçadores com registros ativos no Exército, sendo que há 33.543 com autorização para caçar pelo Ibama.Além dos caçadores registrados, outras pessoas poderiam receber autorização do Ibama para caçar, mas nesses casos, não é permitido o uso de armas de fogo. Em vez disso, são usadas armas brancas ou armadilhas. Mais A Sociedade Rural Brasileira expressou preocupação com a suspensão das autorizações de caça de espécies exóticas, como o javali.A entidade destaca os danos ambientais e econômicos causados pela presença desses animais e alerta também para os riscos sanitários que os javalis representam para a pecuária nacional, especialmente com a retirada da vacinação contra a febre aftosa em andamento no país. | ambiente |
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] | Em algum momento na história da Terra, um tubarão perdeu um dente, que foi parar numa planície submarina a centenas de metros de profundidade. Ao longo de milhões de anos, minerais se acumularam ao redor dele e deram origem a um tipo de rocha que está no centro de uma disputa global: a mineração do fundo do mar.A profundidades de 800 a 6.000 metros, estão reservas de cobre, cobalto, níquel, zinco, prata, ouro e terras raras —críticos para a produção de diferentes tecnologias, de painéis solares a baterias de carros elétricos.Enquanto empresas defendem que esses minerais são necessários para a transição para uma economia de baixo carbono, ambientalistas, pesquisadores e comunidades tradicionais dizem que abrir essa nova fronteira exploratória pode ter um impacto irreversível na biodiversidade e no aquecimento do planeta.No fundo do mar, esses materiais existem em diferentes formações: nódulos polimetálicos (as rochas formadas a partir de, entre outras coisas, dentes de tubarões), sulfetos polimetálicos (depósitos de compostos de enxofre e outros metais que se formam em torno de fontes hidrotermais) e crostas de montanhas submarinas ricas em cobalto.Embora essas reservas já fossem conhecidas, só recentemente a tecnologia e o interesse comercial avançaram o suficiente para que a mineração seja financeiramente viável. Porém, mesmo com pesquisas sendo realizadas há décadas, ainda se sabe muito pouco sobre as regiões abissais. Como os minerais estão principalmente em águas internacionais, a extração depende da decisão de um órgão vinculado à ONU, a Autoridade Internacional dos Fundos Marinhos (ISA, na sigla em inglês).O colegiado se reuniu em julho para discutir se a atividade deveria ser autorizada. O movimento foi impulsionado por uma pequena nação do Pacífico, Nauru.A ilha de 12 mil habitantes acionou, em 2021, uma cláusula que previa que se um código regulatório não fosse aprovado pela ISA em dois anos, seria possível entrar com pedidos de extração dos minérios quaisquer que fossem as regras em vigor.Com o prazo final se esgotando neste ano, as 168 nações que fazem parte da assembleia da ISA, além de ONGs e instituições de pesquisa, tentaram chegar a um acordo. Ao final de três semanas de debates, a entidade deixou a decisão para o futuro e o tópico vai ser retomado em 2024.O pedido de Nauru foi motivado por uma subsidiária local da empresa canadense TMC (The Metals Company). Apesar de não ainda ter autorização para mineração do fundo do mar, a companhia afirma em seu site estar desenvolvendo "a maior fonte estimada do mundo de metais necessários para veículos elétricos e energia de baixo carbono"."Os países industrializados sabem que, para a transição energética, a demanda por metais raros vai aumentar nos próximos anos", afirma Juliano Araújo, diretor do Instituto Arayara, ONG brasileira que atua como observadora na ISA."Nós estamos falando de trilhões de dólares que estão nessas reservas internacionais. O que se tem é uma nova corrida pelas últimas fronteiras exploratórias do planeta", resume.A mineração do fundo do mar também é defendida por nações como China, Noruega, México e Reino Unido. Do outro lado, uma aliança de 21 países pede que seja adotada uma moratória ou uma pausa preventiva nas deliberações até que os impactos da prática sejam melhor conhecidos.O Brasil se uniu à iniciativa, ao lado de Costa Rica, Chile, França (que quer um banimento total), Espanha e outras nações. A posição brasileira é de que deveria ser adotada uma pausa de ao menos dez anos.Integrantes do governo brasileiro que acompanharam o tema relataram que a posição foi adotada porque não há condições científicas para garantir que esse tipo de exploração não afetaria o meio ambiente e a biodiversidade."Até então, nunca tinha-se falado na possibilidade de uma moratória", diz o oceanógrafo Enrico Marone, porta-voz da frente de oceanos do Greenpeace Brasil. A ONG considerou positivo o resultado do encontro, uma vez que não foi dado o sinal verde à mineração.Seja qual for o tipo de formação geológica, para extrair os minérios do fundo do mar são necessárias ao menos duas estruturas: uma submersa, para coletar os materiais, e um navio na superfície, onde eles são recebidos, processados e de onde os rejeitos são jogados de volta no oceano.No caso dos nódulos polimetálicos —principais alvos da atividade—, milhares de rochas, do tamanho aproximado de batatas, ficam agrupadas sobre a areia em planícies abissais. A coleta precisa ser feita com veículos, como tratores submarinos.Essas reservas estão principalmente no leste do Pacífico, entre 4.000 e 6.000 metros de profundidade.Outro tipo de formação fica próximo aos limites de placas tectônicas e ocorre à profundidade de 1.000 a 4.000 metros. Os depósitos de sulfetos estão em áreas de atividade vulcânica submarina e são criados pela deposição dos minerais que saem de fendas vulcânicas (como gêiseres submarinos).O terceiro tipo de reserva ocorre entre 800 e 2.500 metros de profundidade, em montanhas submarinas localizadas principalmente no oeste do Pacífico. As crostas dessas formações são ricas em minerais cobiçados, como cobalto.Nesses dois últimos casos, a exploração envolve quebrar o solo marinho para poder extrair os minérios.Como os processos minerários que já acontecem em terra firme, a mineração do fundo do mar também é uma atividade de alto impacto, que envolve perturbação sonora, movimentação de sedimento e produção de grandes volumes de resíduos. Isso tudo em um ambiente único e muito antigo.O mar profundo (com profundidade de mais de 200 metros) é o maior bioma da Terra. Ele representa 90% do ambiente marinho e desempenha um papel vital na regulação planetária, absorvendo e armazenando grandes quantidades de dióxido de carbono jogados na atmosfera, principalmente pelas atividades humanas.Além disso, as partes mais profundas dos oceanos têm pouca ocorrência de luz, temperaturas baixas e altíssima pressão. Os seres que conseguem viver nesses ecossistemas são adaptados a condições singulares."As espécies de mar profundo são importantes resultados da evolução em um ambiente extremo", diz Paulo Sumida, diretor do Instituto Oceanográfico da USP (Universidade de São Paulo). "Em ambientes extremos, a natureza produz mecanismos especiais de sobrevivência que podem ser utilizados pelo homem em processos industriais, medicinais." Mais Um estudo publicado em maio descreveu mais de 5.000 espécies vivendo no fundo do mar da Zona Clarion-Clipperton, uma área do Pacífico rica em minerais entre o Havaí e o México que é um dos principais alvos dos pedidos de testes para mineração. A maioria dos animais descobertos eram desconhecidos até então."É sabido que as plumas de sedimento que serão levantadas em decorrência da mineração podem ser extremamente tóxicas. Em áreas hidrotermais, onde se quer extrair metais, sabe-se ainda que pode haver muito material radioativo", conta Sumida, acrescentando que as atividades de mineração certamente causarão a morte de inúmeras espécies."O maior problema é que estas espécies possuem ciclos de vida diferentes da maioria das espécies de águas rasas", diz ele. Isso porque os seres destas regiões vivem muito, se reproduzem tarde e têm poucos filhotes, o que faz com que a recuperação em tais áreas seja extremamente lenta, podendo levar décadas a séculos.Um exemplo de quão lentos e sensíveis são os processos nessas regiões são cicatrizes deixadas por dragas e outros tipos de maquinário que foram usados em testes nas décadas de 1970 e 1980. Imagens registradas pelo grupo de pesquisa europeu JPI Oceans mostram o rastro dos equipamentos ainda visível no substrato marinho, mesmo 37 anos depois.Para Julio Nery, diretor de sustentabilidade do Ibram (Instituto Brasileiro de Mineração), ainda que os riscos tenham de ser considerados, é importante buscar o potencial minerário no fundo do mar."Se você vai fazer alguma intervenção na terra, ela pode ser tão danosa quanto no fundo do mar. Não há essa distinção. O que cabe a nós, engenheiros, é fazer isso de uma forma que o impacto seja o mínimo possível e que tenha uma forma de reabilitar a área depois", opina.Além dos riscos para a biodiversidade, há também a preocupação de que a mineração no fundo do mar altere o ciclo do carbono. Os oceanos são a maior reserva de carbono do planeta e esse papel regulador é essencial para a manutenção do clima."Uma interferência catastrófica no ecossistema profundo pode afetar a reciclagem e o enterramento do carbono, fazendo com que este possa voltar à atmosfera, resultando em maiores quantidades de gases de efeito estufa e, consequentemente, maior aquecimento global", explica o diretor do Instituto Oceanográfico da USP. | ambiente |
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] | O governo Lula (PT) prepara o lançamento de um pacote de atos em comemoração ao Dia da Amazônia, em 5 de setembro.O plano, por ora, é que o presidente anuncie a demarcação de terras indígenas, medidas para acelerar o processo para que terras da União na Amazônia Legal se tornem áreas de proteção ambiental, além de ampliar a regularização fundiária na região, cujo objetivo é conter grilagem e desmatamento.Pelo menos cinco ministérios estão envolvidos nas discussões. A Casa Civil, que coordena as principais prioridades do petista, ainda vai analisar as sugestões de cada ministro. Por isso, os detalhes serão decididos nos próximos dias.Há ainda o plano de Lula fazer um grande evento no Palácio do Planalto para apresentar o pacote e comemorar o dia em homenagem à maior floresta tropical do mundo.Lula quer enfatizar que, sob seu comando, o Brasil deu uma guinada na política ambiental e no tratamento dado à Amazônia. Segundo integrantes do Palácio do Planalto, o objetivo é mostrar a sustentabilidade como uma marca petista e fazer um contraponto ao ex-presidente Jair Bolsonaro (PL).Um exemplo é que, em 2020, no Dia da Amazônia, Bolsonaro apenas postou um vídeo em que aparece ao lado do ex-ministro do Meio Ambiente, Ricardo Salles (PL-SP) —criticado por ambientalistas.No vídeo, Salles destacava um programa pedido por Bolsonaro e que se chamava Adote um Parque. "Para quem quer ajudar de verdade, nas 132 unidades de conservação, ponha a mão no bolso e saia do campo de discurso", disse o ex-ministro à época.No primeiro ano de governo, Bolsonaro se limitou a lançar uma campanha publicitária dizendo que reafirmava de forma soberana as suas ações de proteção. O material foi vetado pela CNN na Europa devido ao teor político, principalmente por causa da menção a soberania.Lula está em viagem pela África, mas retornará ao Palácio do Planalto na próxima semana, quando os ministérios já querem ter mais detalhes dos anúncios.A proposta mais avançada de Lula para o Dia da Amazônia é anunciar a demarcação de duas terras indígenas: Rio Gregório, em Tarauacá (AC), e Acapuri de Cima, em Fonte Boa (AM). Elas fazem parte de uma lista de oito territórios que aguardam apenas a assinatura do presidente. Mais O governo caminhava para anunciar a demarcação dessas duas terras no início do mês, em Belém, durante a Cúpula da Amazônia. A data também marcava o Dia Internacional dos Povos Indígenas.Mas o entorno de Lula avaliou que, por se tratar de um evento internacional, não caberia ao presidente usar a cerimônia para atos relacionados a questões internas no país. Por isso, suspendeu a medida. Agora, a ideia é que as demarcações sejam assinadas no Dia da Amazônia.O Ministério dos Povos Indígenas tenta articular com a pasta da Justiça para que avancem os processos para a demarcação de outras terras indígenas no país. A equipe de Sônia Guajajara (Povos Indígenas) já apresentou uma lista de dez territórios para que seja publicada a portaria declaratória, mas a decisão caberá à Casa Civil e, em última instância, ao presidente.Já o Ministério do Meio Ambiente e o Ministério do Desenvolvimento Agrário preparam medidas mais claras para a regularização fundiária na Amazônia Legal e também para acelerar o processo para florestas públicas federais (portanto, terras da União) serem declaradas áreas com restrição de uso do solo para preservar recursos naturais e, depois, se tornarem unidades de conservação.A estratégia passa por revigorar a Câmara Técnica de Destinação, que é formada por diferentes órgãos federais com alguma atribuição fundiária.No fim de 2019, Bolsonaro assinou uma medida provisória que tratava de regularização fundiária. O Congresso rejeitou a proposta. Uma nota técnica preparada pelo MPF (Ministério Público Federal) apontou que o texto estendia a grileiros de grandes áreas públicas benefícios previstos para assentados de baixa renda em programas de reforma agrária. Mais O governo Lula quer melhorar as regras da Câmara Técnica, pois entende que, dessa forma, será mais rápida a criação de unidades de conservação, a identificação de quem cometeu irregularidades e a preservação da região.A Câmara, originalmente, é uma instância que fica encarregada de receber consultas sobre a melhor finalidade de terras públicas não destinadas, por meio de diálogo com outras instâncias —como Incra e órgãos ambientais.A ideia do governo é retomar essa finalidade, esvaziada por Bolsonaro, além de dar ao órgão poder deliberativo sobre a destinação (atualmente, ele faz apenas o encaminhamento). Além disso, o plano é acrescentar outros ministérios e órgãos em seu corpo técnico e inserir expressamente nas diretrizes que a destinação de terras públicas deve priorizar, por exemplo, economia familiar, terras indígenas, territórios quilombolas, áreas de preservação ambiental e a reforma agrária.O Ministério do Meio Ambiente também prepara a entrega de novas UCs (Unidades de Conservação) e estuda outras medidas para apresentar no dia, em decisões que dependem também da Casa Civil. | ambiente |
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] | Numa noite recente de verão no centro de Paris, algumas pessoas foram a um bar brasileiro da moda onde a música era bossa nova, passaram por fregueses tomando caipirinhas e subiram uma escada de madeira nos fundos. Foram dar em uma salinha com uma mesa sobre a qual estavam dispostos grandes cartões impressos com gráficos explicando a ciência por trás da mudança climática.Um rapaz os recebeu dizendo "sejam bem-vindos. Vamos nos divertir."Nas três horas seguintes, o grupo usou os cartões para recriar a cadeia do aquecimento global, tentando entender fenômenos como forçamento radiativo e acidificação oceânica. Depois disso discutiram sobre a possibilidade de limitar viagens aéreas, que consomem muita energia, e o desenvolvimento de energia nuclear.O grupo estava participando do "Climate Fresk", workshop organizado por uma ONG do mesmo nome que ensina os aspectos básicos do aquecimento global e destaca possíveis soluções. Os workshops viraram uma alternativa descolada para uma noite fora; mais de 1 milhão de pessoas já participaram deles na França.Os workshops Climate Fresk, cujo nome vem do cartaz que os participantes criam com os cartões, estão ganhando popularidade no momento em que a Europa enfrenta verões mais quentes ligados à mudança climática.Desde que os Climate Fresks começaram, em 2018, eles vêm ganhando adesão crescente entre o público e organizações privadas que querem incentivar as pessoas a entrar em ação a favor do ambiente. A França se comprometeu a reduzir suas emissões de carbono e cortar resíduos drasticamente. Grandes universidades, empresas e até mesmo alguns departamentos governamentais estão enviando cada vez mais estudantes, trabalhadores e funcionários públicos para os workshops.Os workshops já estão chegando a outros países. Foram traduzidos para cerca de 50 línguas, e mais ou menos 200 mil pessoas fora da França já participaram, incluindo nos Estados Unidos.Alguns ativistas verdes e peritos ambientais criticam os workshops por não ir longe o suficiente e não questionar as decisões políticas e econômicas que aceleram a mudança climática.Cédric Ringenbach, criador do Climate Fresk, disse que o workshop enfoca a ciência por trás da mudança climática e deixa que os participantes formem suas próprias opiniões."Não é o cartaz que vai desafiar o paradigma político-econômico", ele disse, "são os próprios participantes que chegam a essas conclusões. Nós estamos aqui para abrir o caminho."O workshop é baseado em relatórios do Painel Intergovernamental sobre Mudanças Climáticas (IPCC), um organismo da ONU. Ele utiliza 42 cartões que representam as diversas etapas da mudança climática, desde o uso de combustíveis fósseis até o derretimento de geleiras. Com a ajuda de um facilitador, os participantes devem dispor os cartões sobre uma grande folha de papel de modo a representar as causas e consequências da mudança climática."Não é fácil", disse Ariane Prin, que participou do workshop no bar brasileiro, olhando para um cartão sobre gases estufa pouco conhecidos que aquecem o planeta.Em volta dela, participantes debatiam o processo de disrupção do ciclo da água, com preocupação estampada em seus rostos enquanto posicionavam cartões que mostravam imagens desoladoras de enchentes e secas. Eles desenharam setas entre os cartões para ilustrar as ligações entre desmatamento e emissões de dióxido de carbono. Intitularam seu cartaz "O Mapa da Consciência"."Diante deste mapa, nós nos sentimos tão pequenos", falou Prin. "Mas também nos sentimos empoderados, porque já aprendemos muito."A popularidade dos workshops Climate Fresk ecoa um interesse crescente na França em compreender as alterações ambientais que afetam o país, quer sejam os incêndios descontrolados no sul ou a elevação do nível do mar que está provocando a erosão das praias na Normandia. O livro mais vendido na França no ano passado foi uma HQ sobre a crise climática, "Le Monde Sans Fin" (o mundo sem fim), que vendeu mais de 500 mil exemplares.Vários participantes disseram que o workshop os levou a entrar em ação, fazendo coisas como reduzir seu consumo de carne, uma fonte importante de emissões de gases estufa, e fazer lobby junto a seus empregadores para que instituam práticas mais ecológicas.O workshop Climate Fresk cresceu tão rapidamente também graças à sua relativa facilidade e acessibilidade: os gabaritos para a produção dos cartões estão disponíveis gratuitamente online, e a formação para tornar-se facilitador leva apenas algumas horas.O interesse pelos workshops tem sido tão grande que eles agora fazem parte dos cursos introdutórios de várias universidades francesas de elite e são promovidos em grandes empresas como o banco BNP Paribas. O governo francês estuda a possibilidade de incluir o workshop em um plano para, até o final de 2024, ensinar os 25 mil funcionários públicos de mais alto nível do país sobre a transição verde.Claire Landais, secretária-geral do governo, disse que ensinar seus colegas funcionários do governo sobre a questão climática é de importância maior porque serão eles que vão colocar as políticas climáticas em prática. Ela passou por um treinamento inicial no ano passado que incluiu o Climate Fresk, que ela descreveu como um workshop "muito fértil e denso".Ringenbach disse que seu objetivo é "alcançar o triângulo vencedor" —cidadãos, empresários e políticos—para ganhar impulso suficiente para acelerar a luta contra a mudança climática.Críticos alertam que o workshop pode ser usado por empresas para fazer "greenwashing" –ou seja, como uma maneira fácil de alegar que se preocupam com a mudança climática, sem na realidade fazer muita coisa para lidar com ela.O BNP Paribas, por exemplo, se gaba de já ter usado o workshop para treinar milhares de funcionários, mas, segundo relatório de 2022 de organizações não governamentais, ainda é um dos maiores financiadores mundiais de projetos de combustíveis fósseis."O Climate Fresk virou uma maneira um pouco simplista de abordar essas questões ambientais", disse Eric Guilyardi, climatologista e presidente da organização ligada à ONU Escritório para a Educação Climática, que promove a educação climática em escolas pelo mundo afora."É como dizer ‘ok, tenho consciência do problema, já fiz minha parte’", ele explicou.Stéphane Lambert, responsável pelo desenvolvimento do Climate Fresk no BNP Paribas, disse que as acusações são infundadas, argumentando que o workshop ajudou os planos do governo para se afastar dos combustíveis fósseis. O BNP Paribas disse em maio que até 2030 vai reduzir em 80% seu financiamento da exploração e produção de petróleo.Quando o workshop no bar brasileiro em Paris chegou ao fim, os participantes se reuniram para uma foto. Posicionaram-se atrás de seu cartaz colorido coberto de desenhos que expressam esperança e medo: florestas verdejantes e casas inundadas, mares repletos de peixes e um tornado."Devemos sorrir?", perguntou Prin. "Ou chorar?" | ambiente |
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] | O Tribunal de Justiça do Estado de São Paulo declarou inconstitucional uma lei municipal que extinguiu a Resex (reserva extrativista) Baía dos Castelhanos, em Ilhabela, no litoral norte de São Paulo. A prefeitura afirma que vai recorrer.Segundo o Ministério Público Federal, o efeito da decisão quanto à inconstitucionalidade é imediato, ainda que o município recorra.A resex de Castelhanos foi criada por decreto municipal em dezembro de 2020, pela então prefeita Maria das Graças dos Santos (PSD).A reserva extrativista abrange uma área de quase 1 milhão de m2 distribuídos em uma faixa de 25 km de extensão da costa, entre a Ponta da Cabeçuda e a Ponta da Pirassununga, na baía de Castelhanos.O objetivo era criar um unidade de conservação de uso sustentável para benefício das comunidades tradicionais caiçaras e exploração do turismo ecológico.O decreto que criou a resex foi revogado em 16 de agosto do ano passado por um projeto de lei de autoria do prefeito Toninho Colucci (PL), aprovado por 7 votos a 2.O projeto foi protocolado, lido e votado no mesmo dia, contrariando o trâmite normal, segundo o vereador Raul Cordeiro (PSD), um dos dois que votaram contra a proposta.Outro ponto polêmico é o fato de a família do prefeito ser proprietária de uma grande área em Castelhanos. Collucci defende, porém, que isso não interfere em suas decisões sobre a resex."Meu sogro é proprietário da antiga Fazenda Castelhanos, onde sua família plantou banana e cana para produzir cachaça, mas não existe interesse em promover investimentos na área que tem um grande valor sentimental", afirma.Receba no seu email a seleção diária das principais notícias jurídicas; aberta para não assinantes.Carregando...Já na visão de Cordeiro, o projeto de lei prezou por prejudicar a comunidade caiçara. "Não teria e não teve como a comunidade, naquele dia [da votação], se articular para deixar Castelhanos em direção até a Câmara para se manifestar contra a aprovação do projeto", disse Cordeiro."Levariam de três a quatro horas para deixarem a comunidade e chegar na Câmara. Agiram rápido para impedir qualquer reação por parte da população da ilha."O vereador afirma que, uma vez que se trata de um projeto que mexeria com a comunidade tradicional caiçara da baía de Castelhanos, onde centenas de pessoas vivem nas praias Vermelha, Mansa, além da própria Castelhanos, a proposta deveria ser amplamente discutida, até mesmo, em audiências públicas. Mais O presidente da Câmara, Alessandro Vieira (PL), disse que havia conflito, no momento da votação, entre os próprios moradores da comunidade. Eles teriam procurado a Casa, segundo Vieira, para pedir a revogação, "razão pela qual entendemos que a medida era necessária e urgente". "Entretanto, reconhecemos os argumentos e respeitamos integralmente a decisão do Judiciário", afirmou.Segundo o MPF, a criação da resex tem sido de grande importância para as comunidades tradicionais.Em nota, a Procuradoria afirmou que a criação da Resex permitiu tanto a regularização fundiária de parte do território da comunidade caiçara quanto o reforço da proteção ambiental a um patrimônio ecológico muito importante.Com isso, evitou-se a privatização da área, com a ocupação por particulares que poderia colocar em risco o modo de vida dos caiçaras, e o avanço de atividades que acarretariam degradação da restinga e de manguezais. O MPF investiga supostas denúncias de vendas de áreas pertencentes à União na baía de Castelhanos, mas, por enquanto, nada foi comprovado.O órgão alerta que vendas de terrenos no interior da resex não têm qualquer validade para efeito de propriedade. Bens da União não são comercializáveis e só podem ser utilizados por particulares mediante autorização expressa da SPU (Secretaria de Patrimônio da União). No caso da resex, pessoas com essas autorizações foram notificadas pela SPU para desocupação da área em prol da finalidade pública da reserva.A Prefeitura de Ilhabela vai recorrer da decisão, segundo nota, "dadas as falhas insanáveis que comprometem o ato de criação da resex, como a falta de autorização e homologação pela Secretaria de Patrimônio da União, ou seja, é uma reserva feita em cima de área de Marinha, sem anuência da União para isso".Outra falha na criação da Resex, na avaliação da prefeitura, "é falta de definição da responsabilidade de cada ente federativo". "Na eventualidade de desapropriação das áreas tituladas de propriedade de particular, não foi definido no ato de criação qual ente —município, estado ou União— se responsabilizaria pela indenização", diz a administração.Toninho Colucci diz que são "mentirosas" as alegações do promotor Tadeu Badaró que fundamentaram a ação que tornou inconstitucional a revogação da resex."A resex foi criada por decreto. A revogação foi através de um projeto de lei aprovado pelos vereadores, que representam a coletividade de Ilhabela. Vereador representa a população. Anulamos o decreto para colocar a resex em discussão dentro do Plano Diretor de Ilhabela. É um assunto que deve ser debatido com toda a coletividade", afirmou. | ambiente |
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] | Uma girafa rara, sem manchas, nasceu no Brights Zoo, na cidade norte-americana de Limestone, no estado do Tennessee.A fêmea tem a cor marrom. O nascimento de girafas com essa característica é considerado raro.O nascimento no dia 31 de julho chamou atenção de publicações em vários países e nas redes sociais.Luan Henrique Morais, biólogo e mestre em conservação da fauna, do Zoológico de São Paulo, a aparência rara é fruto de uma alteração genética. "Casos assim, nas girafas, são muito raros. Quando o animal nasce com algum problema, sem mancha, como o tigre branco que é a mesma espécie do tigre laranja, ou a onça preta que é a mesma espécie da onça-pintada, isso são alterações nos genes dos animais que levam a essa mudança no padrão de cor", explica.Segundo o biólogo, as padronagens dos animais têm uma função."Cada girafa tem um padrão de mancha que a gente consegue diferenciar um animal do outro, como também as zebras, os tigres. Elas têm a função também de proteção. As manchas ajudam o animal a se esconder na floresta, no habitat onde vivem. No caso de uma zebra, por exemplo, ajuda a confundir a visão dos leões", diz.O zoológico abriu votação na internet para escolher o nome da girafa. São quatro opções com seus respectivos significados:A votação, que tem recebido participações de pessoas de várias partes do mundo, segue até o dia 4 de setembro, quando os votos serão contabilizados e o nome será anunciado.O zoo aproveitou a grande atenção gerada pelo nascimento do animal para pedir que as pessoas se envolvam em atividades de conservação das girafas."Se você gostaria de se envolver em ajudar girafas na natureza, visite Save Giraffes Now, quanto mais de nós apoiarmos essas organizações que trabalham na natureza, melhor. Queremos garantir que as gerações futuras tenham a oportunidade de ver esses animais maravilhosos no futuro", divulgou o zoo nas redes sociais. | ambiente |
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] | Meses de clima quente e seco criaram as condições para a onda de incêndios florestais recorde deste ano no Canadá, o que levou cientistas a apontarem o dedo para as mudanças climáticas.Um estudo extenso, publicado nesta terça-feira (22), agora apoia essa afirmação, ao demonstrar que temporadas de incêndios desta intensidade são pelo menos sete vezes mais propensas de ocorrer como resultado da queima de combustíveis fósseis.O estudo, realizado pelo grupo de colaboração acadêmica World Weather Attribution, também descobriu que, ao longo do ano, condições propícias para a ocorrência de incêndios foram 50 vezes mais intensas devido ao aquecimento global."Enquanto continuarmos a aquecer o planeta, este tipo de evento vai se tornar cada vez mais frequente e mais intenso", disse à AFP Clair Barnes, estatística ambiental do Imperial College de Londres e principal autora do estudo.O Canadá sofre com a onda de incêndios mais devastadora já registrada, resultante de uma alta recorde de temperaturas, baixa umidade e derretimento precoce da neve. Cerca de 15,3 milhões de hectares foram queimados, uma área maior que a Grécia, e mais que o dobro do recorde anterior, registrado em 1989.Cerca de 200 mil pessoas foram evacuadas, ao menos quatro morreram e a fumaça das florestas queimadas resultou na disseminação da perigosa poluição do ar para grande parte do Canadá até o sul dos Estados Unidos, levando a picos de buscas por serviços de emergência e inclusive ao fechamento de escolas.Até o fim de julho, os incêndios florestais tinham emitido diretamente mais de um bilhão de toneladas de dióxido de carbono (CO2) na atmosfera, assim como metano e óxido nitroso, que tiveram um efeito estufa combinado equivalente adicional de 110 milhões de toneladas de CO2, segundo uma pesquisa recente. Mais No estudo atual, os cientistas analisaram a província de Quebec, no leste do Canadá, observando zonas com clima e vegetação similares. A região registrou um número excepcionalmente alto de incêndios em maio e junho, quando os recordes de temperatura foram superados em 0,8°C.Como os incêndios florestais são muito complexos e não provocados exclusivamente pelo clima, os cientistas se concentraram em condições favoráveis ao fogo, usando uma métrica denominada Índice Climático de Incêndio Florestal (Fire Weather Index, FWI, em inglês).O índice combina temperatura, velocidade do vento, umidade e precipitação. A equipe de pesquisa compilou esses dados de janeiro a julho para produzir uma medida da severidade do risco meteorológico de incêndio para toda a temporada.Enquanto os incêndios no Quebec foram sem precedentes, análises dos registros climáticos recentes indicaram que as condições sazonais que causam o fogo não são mais excepcionais, ocorrendo uma vez a cada 25 anos. Isto significa que agora eles têm 4% de riscos de ocorrer a cada ano.Para entender a contribuição do aquecimento global provocado pelo homem, os pesquisadores usaram simulações de modelos de computador para comparar o clima como é hoje, após cerca de 1,2°C de aquecimento global desde o fim dos anos 1800, ao clima do passado.Essa análise demonstrou que as mudanças climáticas fizeram com que temporadas com esta severidade se tornassem ao menos sete vezes mais propensas de ocorrer em comparação com a era pré-industrial. Barnes reforçou, no entanto, que esta é uma estimativa tímida, uma vez que os cientistas preferem ser conservadores devido à incerteza estatística.Yan Boulanger, ecologista no Serviço Florestal Canadense, e segundo autor do estudo, disse à AFP que o impacto cumulativo das circunstâncias favoráveis ao incêndio foram decisivas. "Estes incêndios ficaram tão grandes porque estas condições climáticas propensas ao incêndio duraram demais."A equipe também identificou a extensão de dias em que essas condições climáticas propensas aos incêndios atingiram seu auge, e descobriu que essas condições de pico foram mais de duas vezes mais propensas de ocorrer do que no passado devido às mudanças climáticas.Se o mundo continuar a queimar combustíveis fósseis a taxas elevadas, a probabilidade e a intensidade da ocorrência de condições climáticas propensas a incêndios severos só irá aumentar, reforça o estudo.Os incêndios põem em risco o setor de silvicultura, alerta Boulanger, que se questiona se os esforços para regeneração da vegetação conseguirão acompanhar as perdas.As comunidades mais afetadas pelo fogo são remotas e têm recursos relativamente limitados: 75% dos evacuados em julho eram integrantes de povos indígenas."Esta severidade crescente de eventos extremos e a probabilidade de ocorrência de eventos extremos não vão parar até que alcancemos a emissão zero e paremos de emitir gases-estufa adicionais na atmosfera", disse Barnes, acrescentando que "não é tarde demais" para pressionar os líderes políticos a mudar o curso.O World Weather Attribution é um grupo de colaboração internacional que realizou até agora mais de 50 estudos sobre eventos climáticos extremos, com resultados revistos posteriormente por pares em publicações especializadas. | ambiente |
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] | O presidente Lula (PT) afirmou nesta terça-feira (22) que o Brasil não pode aceitar o que chamou de "neocolonialismo verde que impõe barreiras comerciais e medidas discriminatórias, sob o pretexto de proteger o meio ambiente".A fala do presidente ocorreu num fórum empresarial que ocorre no âmbito da cúpula do Brics (bloco formado por Brasil, Rússia, Índia, China e África do Sul).Embora não tenha apontado a quem se referia, o governo brasileiro é tradicionalmente crítico a determinadas políticas adotadas por países europeus que, na visão do Brasil, usam o discurso ambiental para justificar medidas protecionistas.Lula já havia usado termo "neocolonialismo verde" no início de agosto.Em seu discurso em Joanesburgo nesta terça, Lula também destacou o potencial brasileiro de gerar energia de fontes renováveis."Também daremos prioridade à geração de energia solar, eólica, biomassa, etanol e biodiesel. É enorme o nosso potencial de produção de hidrogênio verde", disse.Lula tem criticado as exigências da União Europeia para acordo comercial com o Mercosul. Em julho, em Bruxelas, o presidente afirmou que o documento adicional que o bloco europeu entregou em março é agressivo e que "não vai ceder".O documento europeu prevê sanções econômicas ao Brasil caso o país não cumpra metas ambientais. | ambiente |
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] | A AGU (Advocacia-Geral da União) concluiu um parecer jurídico que abre caminho para que o governo do presidente Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva (PT) avance com os estudos e a consequente exploração de petróleo na região da Foz do Amazonas.O parecer, que havia sido solicitado pelo ministro de Minas e Energia, Alexandre Silveira, oferece mais um argumento ao governo ao defender que a chamada AAAS (avaliação ambiental de área sedimentar) não é indispensável e não pode sustar a realização de licenciamento para empreendimentos de exploração de combustíveis no país.A necessidade dessa avaliação foi um dos pontos indicados pelo Ibama ao recusar pedido da Petrobras para iniciar os estudos de prospecção na região da Foz do Amazonas, em maio deste ano.Em nota divulgada na noite desta terça, o Ministério do Meio Ambiente disse considerar a AAAS um importante instrumento técnico de planejamento econômico e ambiental, mas que o Ibama não indeferiu a licença para exploração do bloco em decorrência da ausência da AAAS."O indeferimento da licença ocorreu em razão de inconsistências nas informações prestadas pela empresa", disse a pasta.Em nota, a AGU defende que há precedentes no STF (Supremo Tribunal Federal), em julgamentos recentes, que dão sustentação ao entendimento de que a viabilidade ambiental deva ser atestada apenas no licenciamento, não por meio de estudos de caráter estratégico, como a AAAS.O ministério de Jorge Messias encaminhou ainda um pedido de abertura de processo administrativo de conciliação entre os órgãos envolvidos no assunto.O tema será debatido na Câmara de Mediação e de Conciliação da Administração Pública Federal (CCAF), unidade da AGU e da CGU (Controladoria-Geral da União)."Suas mediações têm obtido bons resultados, inclusive em casos de conflitos ambientais que extrapolaram o âmbito meramente jurídico, abrangendo o domínio de conhecimento técnico especializado", diz ainda a nota do ministério.Receba no seu email a seleção diária das principais notícias jurídicas; aberta para não assinantes.Carregando...Nos próximos dias, segundo a AGU, a Câmara vai convidar os consultores jurídicos e representantes das altas cúpulas do Ministério das Minas e Energia e do Ministério do Meio Ambiente para discutir o tema e avaliar a viabilidade de conciliação. Se for o caso, a CCAF aceita o caso e emite parecer abrindo o processo de resolução de conflito.A possibilidade de exploração de petróleo na Foz do Amazonas divide o governo. De um lado está a ala política e desenvolvimentista do governo, que vem argumentando que é necessário realizar estudos para identificar a existência do combustível na região, a viabilidade da eventual exploração e que tudo isso poderia ser feito com segurança, para evitar riscos ambientais.Do outro, se coloca a área ambiental, liderada pela ministra do Meio Ambiente, Marina Silva.A decisão final sobre a perfuração da Foz do Amazonas cabe ao Ibama, que já analisa um novo pedido da Petrobras. O parecer da AGU, no entanto, deve aumentar a pressão sobre o órgão ambiental. Mais Por outro lado, na última sexta-feira (18), o MPF (Ministério Público Federal) pediu que o Ibama negue a nova tentativa da Petrobras para obter licença para perfuração do bloco 59. A Promotoria afirma que adotará "medidas judiciais cabíveis" caso a recomendação não seja atendida.O MPF fixou prazo de dez dias úteis, a partir da sexta-feira, para que o Ibama informe sobre o acatamento ou não da recomendação.Para Suely Araújo, especialista sênior em políticas públicas do Observatório do Clima e ex-presidente do Ibama, o parecer da AGU evidencia que "estão transformando uma decisão técnica numa decisão política"."Remeter aspectos técnicos da licença para conciliação na AGU é esvaziar as atribuições do Ibama. Inaceitável", diz. "O Ibama não afirmou que a AAAS era obrigatória e que por isso estava rejeitando a licença. Afirmou que o estudo regionalizado é muito importante tecnicamente para que se possa decidir sobre empreendimentos na Foz."Lula já sinalizou ser favorável à realização de estudos para detectar se há petróleo na região. No início de agosto, durante entrevista a rádios da Amazônia, afirmou que quer "continuar sonhando" com a exploração de petróleo na região."Nós tínhamos a Petrobras com uma plataforma preparada para fazer pesquisa nessa região. Houve um estudo do Ibama que dizia que não era possível, mas esse estudo do Ibama não é definitivo, porque eles apontam falhas técnicas que a Petrobras tem o direito de corrigir. Estamos discutindo isso", afirmou o presidente na entrevista.O Ibama afirma que a região da bacia da Foz do Amazonas é de extrema sensibilidade socioambiental por abrigar unidades de conservação, terras indígenas, mangues e grande biodiversidade marinha.Segundo o órgão, a área abriga espécies ameaçadas de extinção, como boto-cinza, boto-vermelho, cachalote, baleia-fin, peixe-boi-marinho, peixe-boi-amazônico e tracajá.O poço que a Petrobras tenta licenciar foi adquirido na 11ª rodada de licitações da ANP (Agência Nacional do Petróleo), em 2013. Ele fica a 179 km da costa do Amapá.O processo de licenciamento ambiental do bloco FZA-M-59 foi iniciado em 4 de abril de 2014, a pedido da BP Energy do Brasil, empresa originalmente responsável pelo projeto. Em dezembro de 2020, os direitos de exploração de petróleo no bloco foram transferidos para a Petrobras.Essa foi a segunda negativa para atividades de perfuração na região —em 2018, o Ibama negou a emissão de licença para cinco blocos sob controle da empresa Total. Mais | ambiente |
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] | Neste verão, a Europa mais uma vez enfrenta temperaturas escaldantes, e incêndios ardem em vários pontos do continente, da Grécia à Espanha. Entenda abaixo como as mudanças climáticas causam esses eventos na região.A mudança climática torna as ondas de calor mais quentes e mais frequentes. Esse é o caso da maioria das regiões terrestres, como atesta o grupo global de cientistas climáticos das Nações Unidas, o chamado IPCC (Painel Intergovernamental sobre as Mudanças Climáticas).Desde o tempo pré-industrial, as emissões de gases-estufa geradas por atividades humanas já levaram a temperatura do planeta a subir cerca de 1,2°C. Essa temperatura de base mais quente faz com que se chegue a temperaturas mais altas durante eventos de calor extremo.Cada onda de calor que está sendo sentida hoje tem sido mais quente e mais frequente devido à mudança climática, reforça Friederike Otto, climatologista do Imperial College de Londres que coordena o grupo de pesquisadores World Weather Attribution.Mas outras questões também afetam as ondas de calor. Na Europa, a circulação atmosférica é um fator importante.Para descobrir exatamente o quanto a mudança climática afeta uma onda de calor específica, cientistas realizam os chamados estudos de atribuição. Mais de 400 estudos desse tipo foram conduzidos desde 2004 sobre eventos climáticos extremos, incluindo ondas de calor, inundações e secas, calculando até onde a mudança climática exerceu um papel em cada evento.Os estudos envolvem simular o clima moderno centenas de vezes e compará-lo com simulações de um clima sem emissões de gases-estufa causadas pelo homem.Por exemplo, cientistas do World Weather Attribution determinaram que uma onda de calor que quebrou recordes no oeste da Europa em junho de 2019 teve probabilidade cem vezes maior de ocorrer agora na França e Holanda do que seria o caso se os humanos não tivessem modificado o clima. Mais Em média, em terra, extremos de calor que sem influência humana sobre o clima teriam ocorrido uma vez a cada dez anos hoje são três vezes mais frequentes, segundo a climatologista Sonia Seneviratne, do Instituto Federal de Tecnologia de Zurique.A temperatura só vai parar de subir se os humanos pararem de lançar gases-estufa na atmosfera. Enquanto isso não acontecer, as ondas de calor devem se agravar. Se a mudança climática não for combatida, os extremos de calor podem se intensificar de modo ainda mais perigoso.Pelo Acordo de Paris, de 2015, os países assumiram o compromisso de reduzir suas emissões com rapidez suficiente para limitar o aquecimento do planeta a no máximo 2°C acima dos níveis pré-industriais e visar não passar de 1,5°C, de modo a evitar os impactos mais perigosos. As políticas sendo seguidas hoje não vão, porém, reduzir as emissões em tempo hábil para que qualquer das duas metas seja alcançada.Uma onda de calor que ocorresse uma vez por década na era pré-industrial ocorreria 4,1 vezes por década com 1,5°C de aquecimento e 5,6 vezes com 2°C, diz o IPCC.Deixarmos que o aquecimento passe de 1,5°C "significará que a maioria dos anos no futuro serão afetados por extremos de calor", disse Seneviratne. Mais A mudança climática aumenta as condições de calor e seca que ajudam incêndios a se espalharem em menos tempo, durarem mais e serem mais intensos.No Mediterrâneo, isso vem contribuindo para fazer a estação dos incêndios começar mais cedo e devastar áreas maiores. Incêndios que estão ardendo na ilha de Rhodes, na Grécia, desde meados de julho, exigiram a evacuação de 20 mil pessoas quando o fogo chegou a resorts turísticos e vilas litorâneas no sudeste da ilha.O calor também suga a umidade da vegetação, convertendo-a em combustível seco que ajuda os incêndios a se propagar.Condições do tempo mais secas e quentes tornam os incêndios muito mais perigosos, diz Mark Parrington, cientista sênior do Serviço de Monitoramento Atmosférico Copernicus.Sem a mudança climática induzida pelo homem, os eventos climáticos extremos vistos em várias partes do mundo neste verão teriam sido extremamente raros, segundo estudo da World Weather Attribution.O trabalho concluiu que a mudança climática induzida pelo homem desempenhou um papel absolutamente dominante nas ondas de calor extremas que se abateram sobre a América do Norte, Europa e China em julho. Mais O manejo florestal e as fontes de ignição também são fatores importantes para os incêndios. Na Europa, segundo dados da União Europeia, mais de nove em cada dez incêndios são ateados por atividades humanas, como incêndios criminosos, churrasqueiras descartáveis, linhas elétricas ou vidro espalhado pelo chão.Vários países, incluindo a Espanha, enfrentam o desafio do encolhimento da população rural devido ao êxodo dos habitantes para as cidades, reduzindo a força de trabalho disponível para limpar vegetação rasteira e evitar o acúmulo de combustível para incêndios florestais.Algumas ações podem ajudar a evitar incêndios graves, como atear queimadas controladas que imitem os incêndios de baixa intensidade dos ciclos naturais do ecossistema ou abrir clareiras em florestas para evitar que incêndios se espalhem rapidamente por áreas extensas.Mas há um consenso entre os cientistas de que, sem uma redução forte das emissões de gases-estufa que causam a mudança climática, as ondas de calor, os incêndios, inundações e secas vão se agravar muito.Dentro de uma ou duas décadas, quando as pessoas olharem para trás, para a estação atual de incêndios, ela provavelmente parecerá amena em comparação com o que elas estarão vivenciando, disse Victor Resco de Dios, professor de engenharia florestal na Universidade Lleida, na Espanha.Tradução de Clara Allain | ambiente |
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] | Poucos dias de calor extremo podem ser suficientes para colocar milhões de pessoas em insegurança alimentar, privando-as de seus ganhos financeiros diários, advertiu um estudo publicado nesta segunda-feira (21).A pesquisa, publicada na revista Nature Human Behaviour, mostra que as consequências das altas temperaturas podem ser imediatas para os trabalhadores mais pobres."Se fizer calor hoje, a insegurança alimentar pode chegar em poucos dias, porque as pessoas não podem trabalhar, não ganham dinheiro e, portanto, não têm os meios para comprar o que comer", explicou à AFP a autora principal do estudo, Carolin Kroeger, da Universidade de Oxford.A pesquisa demonstra, por exemplo, que uma semana de temperaturas extremas na Índia implica em oito milhões de pessoas a mais enfrentando insegurança alimentar aguda.Desta forma, a mesma onda de calor pode provocar fome para milhões de pessoas, segundo resultados da análise em 150 países, sobretudo em zonas tropicais e subtropicais.As pessoas cujos pagamentos são por peça ou por rendimento são as mais vulneráveis.O estudo cita o exemplo das mulheres de Bengala Ocidental (Índia) cujo salário depende de quantos tijolos por dia elas transportaram. Quando as temperaturas alcançam seus níveis máximos, podem perder até 50% de suas receitas. Mais "Os maiores efeitos ocorrem nos países de renda baixa, com mais empregos agrícolas e vulneráveis", aponta Carolin Kroeger.Em 2021, 470 bilhões de horas de trabalho foram perdidas —o equivalente a quase uma semana e meia de trabalho por pessoa em todo o mundo— devido ao calor extremo.Kroeger destaca que "os minisseguros e uma melhora nos direitos trabalhistas" poderiam melhorar essa situação.Os pesquisadores também descobriram que o aumento das temperaturas afeta o nível dos nutrientes essenciais em muitas das plantações de alimentos.Segundo o IPCC (grupo intergovernamental de especialistas em mudança climática), da ONU, centenas de milhões de pessoas sofrerão pelo menos 30 dias de calor mortal todos os anos até 2080. | ambiente |
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] | Não havia praticamente nada exceto floresta havia quilômetros, mas então os indigenistas encontraram: um abrigo improvisado e uma fogueira ainda não totalmente apagada. Havia dois conjuntos de pegadas, dois facões e dois lugares para pendurar redes."Ele estava aqui agorinha mesmo", disse um dos indigenistas, Jair Candor, agachado embaixo do abrigo, enquanto seu companheiro fazia fotos. Era junho. Candor passara 35 anos procurando um homem que não queria ser encontrado —e, desta vez, não o encontrou por muito pouco.Esse homem, Tamandua Piripkura, passou a vida inteira fugindo. Não de autoridades ou de inimigos —embora não falte quem gostaria de vê-lo morto—, mas da modernidade.Tamandua é um dos últimos três sobreviventes conhecidos dos piripkura, subgrupo de um povo indígena maior e que no passado ocupou uma área grande da floresta. Ele sempre viveu isolado nas profundezas da floresta amazônica. Acredita-se que tenha cerca de 50 anos.Seu parceiro no isolamento foi por muito tempo seu tio Pakyi. Os dois percorriam a floresta, nus e descalços, levando pouco mais que facões e um farolete. A terceira sobrevivente, uma mulher chamada Rita, deixou a Terra Piripkura por volta de 1985 e se casou com um homem de outra tribo.Mas recentemente, Pakyi, mais velho e enfraquecido, começou a viver perto de um posto da Funai (Fundação Nacional dos Povos Indígenas) na floresta, dedicado à proteção dos dois homens. Ao mesmo tempo, Tamandua, que é visto como a melhor e possivelmente única chance de sobrevivência do povo piripkura, desapareceu.Os dois homens estão no epicentro de uma questão maior com a qual o Brasil se debate há anos e que encerra consequências profundas para o futuro da Amazônia e dos povos indígenas que vivem ali há muito tempo.Quem tem o direito à floresta? Os fazendeiros e madeireiros que têm títulos de posse da terra ou dois indígenas cujos antepassados já estavam aqui antes de o Brasil ter um governo?Depois que Candor encontrou Pakyi e Tamandua pela primeira vez, em 1989 —em uma árvore, buscando mel—, o Brasil na prática tomou o partido das madeireiras. Nas duas décadas seguintes o governo não fez nada, e a floresta foi retalhada por serrarias.Em 2007, Candor voltou a topar com os dois homens. O governo, então sob uma administração de esquerda e influenciado pela mudança nas atitudes em torno da preservação da Amazônia, reverteu sua posição. O Brasil protegeu 2.500 km2 de floresta (uma área duas vezes maior que a de Los Angeles) apenas para Pakyi e Tamandua.As proteções enfureceram as pessoas que tinham a posse da terra. Décadas antes o governo vendera a maior parte do território a colonos por valores ínfimos, dentro de um esforço para incentivar brasileiros a explorar a floresta e expandir a economia nacional. As pessoas que herdaram ou compraram esses títulos agora estão contestando a proteção, para voltar a desmatar a área e criar gado.A luta é encabeçada pelos Penço, família que opera as maiores minas de calcário do Estado e é dona de quase metade da área protegida piripkura. Os Penço argumentam que Pakyi e Tamandua não precisam de tanta terra e que o governo está violando seus direitos em um esforço velado para impedir a extração de madeira."Esses dois índios são vítimas que estão sendo utilizadas para fomentar uma pauta ambientalista", disse Francisco Penço, porta-voz da família, em visita recente à floresta com seu advogado –que os deixou com os sapatos sociais enlameados.Durante séculos, povos indígenas foram vistos como obstáculos ao progresso e foram massacrados mundo afora. Mas, nas últimas décadas, pressões crescentes têm forçado governos a proteger terras indígenas. Mais No Brasil, essas reservas se tornaram um dos pilares dos esforços para conservar a floresta amazônica. Hoje, 14% da nação —uma área que equivale aproximadamente à superfície somada de França e Espanha— é formada por territórios indígenas.Mas esses territórios continuaram sob ameaça constante de invasores, e quase 800 indígenas foram mortos desde 2019. Após anos de genocídio e derrubada da floresta, muitas tribos estão reduzidas a apenas algumas dezenas de pessoas.Mas nenhuma tribo conhecida no Brasil é menor que a dos piripkura, segundo especialistas. E agora as proteções deles correm risco.Após 15 anos de adiamentos, o governo pretende concluir no início de 2024 um estudo para determinar se os piripkura merecem uma reserva permanente —ou se fazem jus a qualquer proteção que seja.Os Penço e outros adversários argumentam que a área protegida deve diminuir significativamente ou ser eliminada por completo, em parte porque Pakyi agora vive perto do posto da Funai.Com isso, provar que Tamandua está vivo tornou-se crucial para a manutenção das proteções.Assim, em junho, Candor, que tem 63 anos, é grisalho e barbado, conduziu sua picape enlameada por cinco horas na floresta, percorrendo uma estrada de terra aberta pelos Penço para extrair madeira. Estava indo ao posto da Funai para procurar por Tamandua, que não via havia cerca de dois anos.Pouco depois de ele chegar, uma figura apareceu diante da porta de tela do posto: um indígena coberto de urucum. Era Pakyi.Cautelosamente, em um primeiro momento, Pakyi entrou e olhou os recém-chegados: agentes do governo e jornalistas do New York Times. Mas não demorou a baixar a guarda, sorrindo, apertando mãos e puxando barbas. Ele começara a usar roupas, vendo que outras pessoas o faziam. Sua camiseta manchada estava de trás para frente, exibindo sobre seu peito a frase: "nenhum de nós é tão bom quanto todos nós juntos".Ele se mostrou muito disposto a reencenar caçadas passadas, mas ignorou ou se recusou a responder perguntas sobre sua família e seu sobrinho.Um dia depois, porém, Pakyi se acomodou sobre uma tora de madeira e começou a falar. Com a ajuda de um tradutor, disse que Tamandua está na floresta e não quer ser encontrado.Uma das últimas vezes que Tamandua foi visto, em 2017, ele e Pakyi foram até o posto da Funai com um pedido simples: acendam nosso farolete.Menos de um século atrás, os piripkura viviam em uma aldeia com mais de cem pessoas —possivelmente muito mais, acreditam antropólogos. Dispunham de tecnologia semelhante à de seus vizinhos: fogo, armas, cerâmicas, plantações.Não está claro como os piripkura passaram de uma aldeia para apenas três indivíduos. Antropólogos montaram os pedaços da história baseados em grande medida nos relatos da terceira sobrevivente, Rita, que seria irmã de Pakyi. Rita disse que seus familiares lhe contaram que as coisas mudaram com a chegada dos brancos.Na década de 1940, o governo estava distribuindo terras na Amazônia a preços irrisórios. "Borracha para a vitória!" dizia um cartaz do governo brasileiro em 1943, convocando homens a se tornarem seringueiros em apoio ao esforço de guerra dos aliados.Muitos colonos massacraram indígenas. O governo brasileiro reconheceu que durante a ditadura militar, de 1964 a 1985, pelo menos 8.300 indígenas foram assassinados.Parentes de Rita, que tem cerca de 60 anos, lhe contaram que uma aldeia piripkura foi dizimada em um massacre. Homens desmembraram corpos, mutilaram genitálias e deixaram vítimas empaladas em trocos de árvores, disse Rita a funcionários do governo.Quanto Rita e Pakyi eram crianças, restavam apenas dez a 15 membros de seu grupo. Como uma das poucas mulheres, Rita era altamente cobiçada. Ela teve dois filhos com um homem de outra tribo, e quando ele morreu após uma infecção, Pakyi e o pai dela quiseram se casar com ela. "Vocês estão loucos?", ela falou em uma entrevista. "Eu me casar com meu pai?"Então chegou o momento que dividiu a família definitivamente: Pakyi matou os dois filhos de Rita.Primeiro ele matou seu filho mais velho, que tinha 4 ou 5 anos, porque ele estava chorando, segundo Rita e um relatório do governo de 2012. Pakyi teria cortado o couro cabeludo do menino e sepultado seu corpo. Mais tarde ele levou a filha bebê de Rita para a floresta e a deixou ali. Segundo Candor, Pakyi nunca falou sobre isso, e o governo nunca investigou os crimes.Rita fugiu, correndo horas até chegar a uma fazenda de gado, a Fazenda Mudança, onde sabia que homens brancos viviam. A fazenda pertencia aos Penço."Acho surpreendente quando dizem que fazendeiros querem matar índios", comentou Penço. "Nós protegemos Rita quando ela precisou escapar."A Fazenda Mudança foi o fim do isolamento de Rita. De 1983 a 1985 ela trabalhou na fazenda, onde começou a usar roupas e a falar português. Segundo relatório de um antropólogo, ela foi maltratada e espancada com um cabo de vassoura.Em 1985, ela fugiu novamente e acabou encontrando os indigenistas que estavam procurando sua tribo. Rita mostrou a eles onde sua família havia vivido, mas quando eles chegaram ao local, as casas estavam abandonadas.Em 1989, ela participou de outra expedição, desta vez com Candor. No segundo dia, depois de visitar a sepultura do filho de Rita, eles atravessaram um pântano, com água até a altura do peito, para chegar a uma ilha.Ali eles viram Pakyi e Tamandua procurando mel. Pakyi fugiu. Tamandua estava numa árvore e não teve como fugir. "Ele começou a tremer", contou Candor. "E só pediu para a gente não matá-lo."Pakyi e Tamandua acabaram levando Rita e Candor para o abrigo deles. O grupo passou duas semanas junto, e Candor fez a mesma pergunta a Pakyi e Tamandua inúmeras vezes: onde estavam os outros?"Falaram que eles tinham morrido. Então, em outros momentos, diziam que eles estavam ali fora em algum lugar", disse Candor. "Mas nunca disseram onde, por que e nem o que aconteceu."A família Penço vinha extraindo madeira da região havia anos, boa parte dela destinada aos Estados Unidos para ser usada em pisos. As proteções promulgadas em 2008 suspenderam esse negócio abruptamente.O patriarca da família, Celso Penço, comprara lotes de floresta do governo a preços baixos, décadas antes. Quando morreu, em 2016, ele deixou 2.000 km2 de terra amazônica a sete herdeiros —uma herança com metade da área de Long Island, Nova York. Dois terços da terra ficava dentro da zona protegida piripkura.Francisco Penço, filho de Celso, disse que, depois de ter distribuído a terra, o governo agora estava mudando as regras do jogo. Para ele, se o governo quer que a terra fique para os piripkura, deveria pagar os proprietários. Ele calcula que sua família deveria receber algo entre US$ 45 milhões e US$ 70 milhões (cerca de R$ 223 milhões a R$ 347 milhões).Penço também questionou se os indígenas são realmente isolados, destacando que em vários momentos a medicina moderna os manteve vivos.Em um caso, em 2018, Candor e um colega carregaram Tamandua para fora da floresta porque ele não conseguia andar. No hospital, médicos descobriram um coágulo sanguíneo em seu cérebro.Pakyi e Tamandua há décadas praticamente não têm contato humano algum a não ser um com o outro. Segundo antropólogos, eles acreditam que a tecnologia moderna vem de uma divindade que vive acima das nuvens, sendo trazida por pessoas brancas em aviões. Agora eles estavam em um voo comercial para São Paulo, onde Tamandua seria submetido a uma cirurgia cerebral. No aeroporto, tentaram urinar ao ar livre. No avião, Pakyi agarrou os seios de uma mulher.Eles passaram 45 dias em São Paulo, dormindo em redes que o hospital pendurou para eles. "O tempo todo ficavam pedindo para ir embora", contou Cleiton Gabriel da Silva, o agente federal que os acompanhou. "A cidade os deixou traumatizados."A experiência foi especialmente difícil para Tamandua. "Abriram a cabeça dele, lhe davam injeções o tempo todo, o sedavam", disse o agente. "Ele não entendia que isso era feito para salvar sua vida."Pouco após o retorno de São Paulo, Pakyi começou a ficar perto do posto da Funai. Ele cozinha pequenas aves que os funcionários capturam para ele e tenta jogar futebol, batendo na bola com as mãos. A relação entre ele e Rita ainda é tensa, mas ele dorme à noite com uma coruja empalhada que ela lhe deu.Mas Tamandua desapareceu.Por isso, em junho Candor retornou ao posto, agora acompanhado pelo New York Times. Ali encontrou o abrigo com os dois conjuntos de pegadas, a apenas 30 minutos de caminhada de distância na floresta.Para ele, foi uma prova de que Tamandua continua vivo —uma descoberta que pode se mostrar crucial para as proteções.Mesmo assim, a criação de uma reserva indígena piripkura pode salvar esta parte da floresta, mas talvez não salve os piripkura.Muitos anos atrás Candor levou Pakyi e Tamandua para a aldeia de outro grupo indígena que falava uma língua semelhante. Candor esperava inspirá-los.Antropólogos considerariam qualquer filho dos dois homens mais uma geração piripkura. Candor não pensa que Pakyi, com sua idade e seu temperamento, vá ter filhos. Mas acredita que Tamandua poderia."Se houvesse sinal de interesse entre ele e uma das moças dali, com certeza", falou o indigenista. Mas as mulheres da aldeia estavam mais interessadas em seus smartphones."Envolvidas com tecnologia, elas não vão querer vir para esta vida aqui, perambulando pela floresta", disse Candor.Quanto a Rita, boa parte da mata onde sua família viveu no passado foi derrubada, assim como a área sagrada onde as mulheres de seu povo davam à luz, incluindo ela própria.Ela disse que se fosse para mais um piripkura nascer, isso ficaria por conta de uma pessoa: Tamandua."Precisamos encontrá-lo", ela disse.Tradução de Clara Allain | ambiente |
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] | Há regiões do Brasil em que a tendência de temperaturas máximas já está até 3°C acima do que era registrado na década de 1960, aponta uma análise do Inpe (Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais) divulgada nesta semana.O trabalho compara a tendência de temperaturas máximas registrada na década de 1960 com a tendência de máximas no período 2010-2020.Regiões do Norte e Nordeste apresentam uma concentração elevada de áreas com significativo crescimento da tendência de temperatura máxima.Tal concentração ressoa outros estudos sobre os possíveis impactos da crise climática no Brasil. Por exemplo, uma pesquisa publicada em 2021 na revista Communications Earth & Environment (do grupo Nature) apontava que a crise do clima somada ao desmatamento da Amazônia poderia levar milhões de brasileiros ao estresse térmico, especialmente na região Norte.Em 2022, novamente a Communications Earth & Environment publicou um estudo que mostrava que áreas tropicais e subtropicais, o Brasil entre elas, podem vivenciar temperaturas consideradas "perigosas" para a saúde humana pela maior parte do ano, com o avanço da crise do clima no século 21.Por fim, recentemente, a partir de simulações em computador, a Nasa traçou como o planeta ficará com um aumento de 2°C na média da temperatura terrestre —em comparação à média de temperatura do período pré-industrial (1850-1900).Entre as regiões mais afetadas do mundo aparecem o Norte e o Centro-Oeste brasileiros, com possibilidade de diminuições de chuva, perda da umidade relativa do ar e avanço do chamado "fire weather" (basicamente, risco de grandes incêndios).A diferença é que tais estudos olham para o futuro, ressalta Lincoln Alves, climatologista do Inpe. "Não estamos falando de futuro [na análise], estamos falando de presente. As projeções já estão se confirmando antes do que era projetado", diz o pesquisador sobre o relatório que liderou.Partes do Centro-Oeste, inclusive porções do Pantanal, constam no mapa criado pelo Inpe como áreas que tiveram aumento considerável na tendência de temperaturas máximas.Vale lembrar que, nos últimos anos, o Pantanal, a maior planície alagável do mundo, vem enfrentando secas e incêndios devastadores. O bioma também perdeu uma fatia enorme de sua superfície d'água, segundo dados do MapBiomas Água.O Acordo de Paris aponta que o mundo deve buscar limitar o aumento de temperatura média global a 2°C, em comparação à média de temperatura do período pré-industrial, mas, preferencialmente, ficando o aumento limitado a até 1,5°C. Atualmente, no mundo, a temperatura já aumentou 1,1°C.Pode parecer quase nada, mas esses poucos graus Celsius de temperatura fazem uma grande diferença. O mês passado foi o julho mais quente já registrado na história.E, segundo Alves, para várias regiões do Brasil, conforme a análise feita, o limite de 1,5°C pode já ter ficado para trás. O climatologista destaca que esse tipo de análise é importante para se pensar em medidas de adaptação para diferentes regiões do Brasil.De toda forma, vale destacar que não é só a mudança climática global que explica os dados observados na análise do Inpe. O contexto regional também influencia, como processos de urbanização —que se intensificaram na segunda metade do século 20—, e mudança do uso do solo, ou seja, desmatamento, que, além de ser a maior fonte de emissões de gases-estufa do país, impacta o comportamento climático local.O aumento de temperatura decorrente, inequivocamente, da atividade humana —especialmente as emissões de gases-estufa—, não termina em si mesmo. Há diversos problemas sociais, de saúde, ambientais e econômicos envolvidos.O calor pode, por exemplo, levar ao aumento da mortalidade entre os mais vulneráveis, como crianças, idosos e pessoas com certas debilidades de saúde. Mortes em ondas de calor, inclusive, já são parte do presente.O calor mais intenso pode ainda colocar em risco os sistemas de saúde, com pacientes sofrendo com o estresse térmico e possíveis problemas de infraestrutura relacionados às temperaturas elevadas.Em junho deste ano, regiões da Índia viveram situação do tipo, com elevado número de mortes ocorrendo e sendo conectados a altíssimas temperaturas, que ultrapassaram os 40°C e com a umidade do ar acima de 50%. Ao mesmo tempo, as autoridades disseram que investigariam as mortes, mas não fizeram conexão direta com o calor massacrante.Doenças infecciosas como malária, zika, dengue e chikungunya também podem ganhar mais campo e tempo de ação com um planeta mais quente.Deve-se levar em conta, ainda, os impactos na força de trabalho e na economia. Um estudo recente, por exemplo, aponta que, já na próxima década, um fracasso global em reduzir emissões poderá resultar em um rebaixamento em notas de crédito soberano, o que pode levar ao aumento de custos da dívida em dezenas de países. | ambiente |
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] | As palavras foram surpreendentemente prescientes: por causa da mudança climática, a exuberante e verdejante Maui, no Havaí, estava enfrentando incêndios florestais de "frequência, intensidade e força destrutiva aumentadas".Elas constavam de um processo movido em 2020 pelo condado de Maui que pedia indenização da Exxon, Chevron e outras gigantes do petróleo e gás, acusando-as de um "esforço coordenado e multifacetado para ocultar e negar seu próprio conhecimento" de que a queima de combustíveis fósseis aqueceria o planeta a extremos perigosos.Agora, depois que incêndios florestais provocados por condições ligadas à mudança climática devastaram a ilha havaiana, o processo ganha um peso renovado.Os incêndios em Maui "são evidências claras e concretas de algo que de outra forma poderia parecer abstrato", que poderão "fortalecer muito" o caso de Maui, disse Naomi Oreskes, professora de história da ciência em Harvard que escreveu sobre desinformação sobre mudanças climáticas.Mas, ela alertou, "durante décadas, a indústria de combustíveis fósseis trabalhou para minar a compreensão científica da mudança climática e seus efeitos nocivos. Uma maneira de fazer isso, repetidamente, é questionar a ligação entre a mudança climática em geral e consequências danosas específicas".Ryan Meyers, vice-presidente sênior e conselheiro geral do Instituto Americano do Petróleo, um grupo de lobby da indústria, classificou os incêndios florestais de Maui como uma tragédia, mas enfatizou que sua causa imediata ainda está sob investigação.Ele chamou o litígio movido por Maui como parte de uma "campanha coordenada para abrir processos sem mérito contra a nossa indústria" e "nada mais que uma distração de questões importantes e um enorme desperdício de recursos dos contribuintes".Maui está entre mais de duas dúzias de estados e municípios, incluindo Honolulu, que fica a cerca de 160 quilômetros de Maui, que estão processando as empresas de combustíveis fósseis por danos climáticos.Esta semana, um grupo de jovens do estado de Montana ganhou um processo histórico depois que um juiz decidiu que a falha do estado em considerar a mudança climática ao aprovar projetos de combustíveis fósseis era inconstitucional.Embora ações como a movida por Maui tenham sido adiadas por questões processuais, os incêndios podem ser uma parte importante do pedido de indenização do condado se o caso for a julgamento, disseram juristas. Os argumentos de Maui também devem ressoar com um júri local."Aqui no Havaí, as pessoas estão em modo de recuperação de desastres, e o arco mais longo de um processo necessariamente tem que ficar em segundo plano", disse Richard Wallsgrove, professor de direito e consultor do Programa de Direito Ambiental da Universidade do Havaí em Manoa."Mas também está claro que o que está em jogo nesses casos, e todos os casos de litígio climático que estão sendo abertos no Havaí e em outros lugares, é visto ali mesmo nos incêndios florestais de Maui." Mais Os cientistas são cada vez mais capazes de atribuir desastres específicos, como clima extremo ou incêndios florestais, ao aquecimento global e até mesmo vincular eventos a produtores de combustíveis fósseis.Embora essa atribuição possa levar tempo, os cientistas apontaram o declínio da precipitação média no Havaí, bem como a seca, os ventos muito fortes e outras condições ligadas à mudança climática como fatores que alimentaram o incêndio em Maui.Ao mesmo tempo, pesquisadores acadêmicos e do Congresso, grupos ambientais, jornalistas e advogados relataram como as empresas de petróleo e gás, apesar de saberem há décadas que a queima de combustíveis fósseis aqueceria perigosamente o planeta, têm trabalhado para minimizar ou negar esse conhecimento.A indústria de combustíveis fósseis tentou mover o caso de Maui e outros casos climáticos para a Justiça federal, onde esperava melhores resultados. Mas a Suprema Corte dos Estados Unidos decidiu no ano passado que eles deveriam permanecer nas cortes estaduais.A indústria também argumentou que as reivindicações dos queixosos se relacionam a uma questão global e equivalem a uma demanda por uma regulamentação mais rigorosa das emissões de combustíveis fósseis, ambas as quais estão além do alcance de qualquer tribunal. "A política climática é para o Congresso debater e decidir, não para o sistema judicial", disse Meyers, do grupo setorial do petróleo. Mais Em uma audiência da Suprema Corte estadual na quinta-feira (17) no processo movido por Honolulu, as empresas petrolíferas repetiram muitos desses argumentos e instaram os juízes a rejeitar as reivindicações.A sessão foi aberta com um minuto de silêncio pelos que morreram no incêndio de Maui."Este caso apresenta questões importantes", disse o advogado Theodore Boutros Jr., que representa as empresas de petróleo, "sobre se os demandantes podem invocar a lei estadual para apresentar ações de responsabilidade civil para tratar de lesões que alegam serem causadas pelas emissões globais de gases de efeito estufa"."Nós respeitosamente declaramos que a resposta é não", disse ele. Na verdade, os demandantes estavam "procurando impor indenizações com base nas ações de milhões e bilhões de pessoas em todo o mundo", acrescentou.Victor M. Sher, representando Maui, rejeitou a ideia de que as corporações multinacionais estejam isentas das leis locais.De acordo com a lei dos EUA, que atribui aos estados a autoridade básica de proteger seus cidadãos, "tanto atores de fora do estado quanto até internacionais que causam danos dentro de estados individuais podem ser responsabilizados pela lei de responsabilidade civil daquele estado", disse ele.Em sua queixa de 2020, Maui disse que as empresas de petróleo buscavam "desacreditar o crescente corpo de evidências científicas publicamente disponíveis e criar persistentemente dúvidas" na mente do público. As empresas "promovem e lucram com um aumento maciço" na produção e uso de carvão, petróleo e gás natural, todos impulsionando o aquecimento global, afirmou.No caso da Exxon, o condado apontou as quantias substanciais que a empresa gastou em anúncios de rádio, televisão e outdoors no Havaí nos últimos 25 anos para comercializar seus produtos de petróleo e gás."Esses anúncios não continham nenhum aviso" sobre os riscos climáticos da queima de combustíveis fósseis, acusa Maui. Esses anúncios também continham declarações falsas ou enganosas "ofuscando a conexão entre os produtos de combustível fóssil da Exxon e as mudanças climáticas", e representavam erroneamente a Exxon e seus produtos como ecologicamente corretos, disse a denúncia.A Exxon se recusou a comentar.Em sua denúncia, o condado de Maui disse que sofreu e continuará a sofrer graves danos e perdas, incluindo impactos diretos na saúde pública, diminuição da receita tributária do turismo e aumento dos custos de adaptação a um clima mais quente."Os incêndios florestais estão se tornando mais frequentes, intensos e destrutivos no condado", diz a denúncia. "A 'temporada' de incêndios do condado agora ocorre o ano todo, em vez de apenas alguns meses por ano." | ambiente |
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] | A orca Lolita, que passou cinco décadas no Miami Seaquarium e deu origem a uma longa batalha de ativistas pela sua libertação, morreu nesta sexta-feira (18), anunciou o aquário da cidade da Flórida nas redes sociais.O cetáceo não passava bem havia dois dias e estava sendo tratado por uma equipe do aquário. "Apesar de ter recebido o melhor atendimento médico possível, ela morreu na tarde de hoje, do que se acredita ter sido um problema renal", publicou o Miami Seaquarium na rede social X, antigo Twitter.O condado de Miami-Dade havia anunciado em março planos para transportar a orca de volta ao oceano, na costa do estado de Washington, nos próximos dois anos. Lolita, que media cerca de seis metros e pesava 3,1 toneladas, foi capturada em 1970 naquela região, quando tinha cerca de quatro anos. O Miami Seaquarium a comprou logo depois.A baleia se tornou rapidamente a principal atração do local, onde tinha seu próprio espetáculo. Ativistas que defendem os direitos dos animais criticavam há anos as condições de seu cativeiro no aquário, onde ela vivia em um tanque pouco profundo, de 24 metros de comprimento por 10 metros de largura.No ano passado, a orca deixou de se apresentar ao público devido a problemas de saúde. | ambiente |
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] | Moradores de Poços de Caldas, município da região sul de Minas Gerais, a 450 quilômetros de Belo Horizonte, tentam interromper projeto de revitalização da prefeitura que já derrubou 242 árvores de grande porte em uma das principais avenidas da cidade.Ativistas chegaram a discutir com funcionários municipais encarregados dos cortes, se colocaram à frente de máquinas utilizadas para derrubar as árvores e, nesta quinta-feira (17), conseguiram decisão na Justiça impedindo que a supressão prossiga.A prefeitura afirma que vai recorrer da decisão e seguir com o plano, que prevê, conforme o município, o plantio de novas árvores e instalação de bancos. Ainda segundo a administração municipal, as árvores cortadas apresentavam risco à população por sinais de apodrecimento.Segundo contas do movimento Poços com Árvores e do próprio município, o total de árvores no local antes do início da derrubada era de 350. A prefeitura diz, no entanto, que nem todas as 108 árvores restantes serão arrancadas.Os cortes ocorrem na avenida João Pinheiro, na margem direita do ribeirão Poços, ao lado do qual passa a avenida. Segundo Mário Carvão, representante do grupo Poços com Árvores, o que soa estranho é o fato de as árvores da margem esquerda, que também somam 350, também não terem sido consideradas condenadas pela prefeitura."Estão cortando só de um lado. As do outro lado não têm nada", diz Carvão.A prefeitura afirma que laudos foram emitidos e que há autorização da Secretaria Municipal de Meio Ambiente para os cortes que estão sendo feitos.A derrubada das árvores começou em março. O representante do movimento Poços com Árvores diz que, inicialmente, ambientalistas vinham conseguindo evitar os cortes com protestos no local, que incluíam se colocar à frente das máquinas.Receba no seu email reportagens, previsão do tempo e programação cultural de MG; aberta para não assinantes.Carregando...Até então as supressões ocorriam nas manhãs de domingo, porém, segundo Carvão, a prefeitura passou a realizar o serviço nas manhãs de dias de semana, o que atrapalhou a mobilização dos moradores.A decisão favorável à suspensão dos cortes foi tomada pelo juiz Carlos Alberto Pereira da Silva, da 4ª Vara Cível da Comarca de Poços de Caldas. O magistrado determinou multa de R$ 100 mil por árvore cortada no caso de a decisão ser descumprida.A decisão tem como autora a ONG Planeta Solidário, que atua em parceria com o grupo Poços com Árvores.Na decisão, o juiz afirma que a suspensão dos cortes merece ocorrer ao menos até que se realizem estudos efetivos que comprovem a necessidade de supressão das árvores, pois a medida é irreversível e pode causar danos irreparáveis ao meio ambiente e à coletividade. | ambiente |
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] | O MPF (Ministério Público Federal) pediu nesta sexta-feira (18) que o Ibama negue o pedido de reconsideração da Petrobras de conceder uma licença ambiental à petroleira para perfurar a bacia da Foz do Amazonas, no Amapá, e afirmou que adotará "medidas judiciais cabíveis" caso a recomendação não seja atendida.O presidente do órgão ambiental, Rodrigo Agostinho, já havia indeferido este ano o pedido de licença ambiental realizado pela Petrobras, alegando que a companhia não atendeu aos requisitos necessários para seguir adiante com as atividades, mas a empresa disse que iria recorrer da decisão.A recomendação do MPF reforça o conteúdo de um documento enviado pelo órgão público que abordava "inconsistências" do pedido de licença da Petrobras, incluindo "premissas equivocadas apresentadas pela empresa, que distorcem ou reduzem as manifestações do Ibama em pareceres anteriores".Também foi destacada a falta de manifestação da Petrobras sobre aspectos "cruciais" para o indeferimento da licença para a operação na bacia, disse o MPF.Receba no seu email a seleção diária das principais notícias jurídicas; aberta para não assinantes.Carregando...A bacia da Foz do Amazonas é parte da margem equatorial brasileira, uma ampla área do litoral que vai do Rio Grande do Norte ao Amapá e inclui ainda as bacias Pará-Maranhão, Barreirinhas, Ceará e Potiguar, cada região com características distintas.Toda a região é vista como uma nova fronteira exploratória de petróleo, com grande potencial para descobertas de petróleo, mas com enormes desafios socioambientais. Mais O MPF fixou prazo de dez dias úteis para que o Ibama informe sobre o acatamento ou não da recomendação e disse que encaminhou os documentos acerca das providências adotadas no caso."O Ibama também foi advertido que o desatendimento do que foi recomendado importará na adoção das medidas judiciais cabíveis, para os fins de corrigir as ilegalidades constatadas e promover as respectivas responsabilidades que venham a ser configuradas", disse o órgão público em nota.A Petrobras não respondeu de imediato ao pedido de comentário da Reuters. | ambiente |
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] | Mudanças feitas no Conama (Conselho Nacional do Meio Ambiente) sob a gestão de Ricardo Salles (PL-SP), então ministro do Meio Ambiente de Jair Bolsonaro (PL) —marcado pela fala de "ir passando a boiada"—, foram derrubadas nesta semana. O órgão diz buscar dar mais transparência e participação da sociedade no processo de decisão.A procura por uma reestruturação do Conama já teve os primeiros passos no início do governo Lula (PT). O atual presidente publicou, em fevereiro, um decreto que aumentava o número de membros no conselho para 114.Em 2019, Bolsonaro havia podado o órgão. As cadeiras foram de 96 para 23, das quais só quatro eram para entidades civis, o que concentrou poder no Executivo.Em maio deste ano, o STF (Supremo Tribunal Federal) decidiu que o decreto em questão de Bolsonaro era inconstitucional. A relatora do processo, ministra Rosa Weber, que já havia suspendido a eficácia do decreto em decisão liminar, apontou, em seu voto, a ameaça ao direito de participação da sociedade civil em políticas ambientais.Apesar de tal redução de cadeiras ter sido um dos principais pontos de destaque, o governo Bolsonaro também fez outras modificações relevantes no funcionamento do Conama. E foram essas as mudanças atacadas pelo conselho na reunião que ocorreu na última quarta-feira (16).Foram aprovadas a alteração do já citado regimento interno do Conama e modificações no processo de cadastro das entidades ambientalistas.O regimento, em linhas gerais, voltou ao estado anterior ao do período Bolsonaro/Salles, mas com algumas novidades.Entre elas, estão as câmaras técnicas: passa a haver cinco no lugar das duas (Câmara de Biodiversidade, Áreas Protegidas, Florestas e Educação Ambiental; e de Controle e Qualidade Ambiental e Gestão Territorial) que existiam sob Bolsonaro. No regimento anterior a Bolsonaro, eram sete, além de uma Câmara Especial Recursal.A nova composição de câmaras seguirá o seguinte formato: Biodiversidade, Áreas Protegidas, Florestas, Educação Ambiental e Bem-Estar Animal; Controle Ambiental e Gestão Territorial; Qualidade Ambiental; Justiça Climática; e Assuntos Jurídicos.A concentração de temas em poucas câmaras, anteriormente, muitas vezes dificultava a evolução das discussões, segundo Rafael Giovanelli, especialista em políticas públicas do WWF-Brasil.Giovanelli cita a Câmara de Assuntos Jurídicos como um exemplo das mudanças feitas. Segundo o especialista, no governo Bolsonaro, sem essa esfera, as análises jurídicas acabavam restritas à consultoria jurídica prestada pelo Executivo federal.A partir de agora, haverá uma análise colegiada dos aspectos jurídicos das resoluções tratadas no conselho. "Há muito mais controle entre as partes para fazer uma análise o mais imparcial o possível", diz.Há ainda a preocupação, no novo regulamento, da compatibilidade das resoluções do conselho com os acordos internacionais dos quais o Brasil é signatário.Outra diferença é a volta da possibilidade de realização de consulta pública, algo que tinha sido derrubado no período anterior. O novo regimento aponta que as contribuições provenientes da consulta deverão ser sistematizadas em até 30 dias para, em seguida, tal documentação ser enviada à câmara técnica para deliberação.De acordo com Giovanelli, a nova forma de consulta pública não deverá ser meramente uma formalidade. "Ela deverá ser considerada", diz o especialista. "Para tentar tornar o processo participativo mais efetivo."Giovanelli diz que o regimento deve continuar a ser analisado e revisado até março de 2024, em busca de melhorias.Outra mudança diz respeito ao sorteio, implementado pela gestão Bolsonaro, de organizações sociais para serem membros do Conama. O governo anterior havia acabado com as eleições para escolha de representantes de sociedade civil no órgão. No lugar disso, passaram a sortear quatro vagas com mandatos de um ano (antes disso, eram dois anos).Além disso, havia necessidade de recadastramentos anuais por parte das organizações.O regimento recém-aprovado restabelece a eleição —ponto que já constava no decreto de Lula. Também foi derrubada a necessidade do recadastramento anual (instituída já sob a gestão de Joaquim Leite na pasta do Meio Ambiente, em dezembro de 2021), o que, segundo Giovanelli, era custoso especialmente para organizações menores.Mesmo com as mudanças, a questão da paridade continua em aberto. O decreto recente de Lula destinou 22 cadeiras para a sociedade civil, o que, apesar do aumento bruto, ainda deixa o governo federal proporcionalmente com maior poder no conselho. Há um grupo assessor que está discutindo o ponto e, em breve, pode haver uma nova proposta.Para entrar em vigor, o regimento ainda precisa ser publicado no Diário Oficial da União.Até a última reunião do Conama, o estado de Goiás era o único sem resolução do conselho para definição de estágios sucessionais da mata atlântica —conceito que engloba a vegetação primária, aquela que nunca foi desmatada, e secundária, onde já houve desmatamento, mas está ocorrendo recuperação.A falta dessa definição para Goiás, feita nesta quarta, poderia dificultar a aplicação da Lei da Mata Atlântica no estado. Segundo a lei, de 2006, o Conama tem o dever de definir critérios para os tipos de vegetação e as fases de regeneração. | ambiente |
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] | O aposentado José Maria da Silva, 64, varre todos os dias a casa onde vive, em Volta Redonda (a 100 km do Rio de Janeiro), porque um pó preto fino insistentemente aparece sobre os móveis e o chão. O material sai da CSN (Companhia Siderúrgica Nacional) e invade as residências dos bairros ao redor da usina.José Maria trabalhou durante 24 anos na CSN e se aposentou como técnico químico. Hoje participa de movimentos contra a poluição do ar no município onde mora há 60 anos."Quando eu cheguei em Volta Redonda, vindo de Minas Gerais, olhei para as chaminés e pensei que este seria o lugar em que viraria gente. Ao longo da vida, naturalizei toda a fumaça que estava no ar."O pó preto sai da siderúrgica no processo da produção de aço. Estudos apontam que a poluição atmosférica da cidade pode estar ligada a internações por doenças respiratórias.Siderúrgica mais antiga do Brasil, a CSN, inaugurada em 1941 como estatal, começou a produzir aço em 1946, em Volta Redonda. A companhia ficou marcada por conflitos de funcionários com o Exército durante uma greve em novembro de 1988. Três trabalhadores foram mortos quando as tropas tentam entrar na usina. Em 1993, a CSN foi leiloada.A emissão do pó é admitida pela companhia e está no radar do Ministério do Meio Ambiente, que estuda abrir diálogo com a CSN e o governo estadual do Rio de Janeiro para cobrar uma solução.Vereadores do sul fluminense se reuniram com a ministra Marina Silva no início de agosto, em Brasília. Os políticos esperam que ela faça uma visita à cidade até o final do ano, para que veja de perto a circulação do material.A CSN, em nota, afirma que a circulação do pó é "mais comum nesta época do ano nas cidades industriais, em razão do tempo seco", e que está investindo R$ 700 milhões em equipamentos e filtros, para diminuir a poeira, e também no incremento da limpeza nas vias da usina. Mais O Inea (Instituto Estadual do Ambiente), responsável pela fiscalização da poluição, afirma em nota que "avalia sistematicamente a qualidade do ar no município de Volta Redonda" e que multou a CSN em R$ 1 milhão por conta do pó preto. A siderúrgica assinou um TAC (Termo de Ajustamento de Conduta) segundo o qual se compromete a reduzir a poluição até setembro de 2024.Ainda de acordo com o Inea, uma estação de medição de concentração de gases e materiais particulares foi instalada no município.Patrícia Alves Carneiro, do departamento de química da UFF (Universidade Federal Fluminense), afirma que o pó que circula em Volta Redonda contém óxido de ferro, misturado a outros componentes. Moradores já fizeram testes: reuniram o pó sobre um papel e conseguiram mover o material aproximando um ímã."O efeito do campo magnético traz a evidência do ferro. Chama atenção porque, se está saindo material particulado de dimensões maiores, pode estar saindo o de dimensões menores, invisível aos olhos", avalia Carneiro.Existem diferentes tipos de partículas em suspensão no ar: as chamadas MP10, que têm um tamanho de 10 micrômetros (um micrômetro equivale à milésima parte de um milímetro), e as MP2,5, com um tamanho menor de 2,5 micrômetros. As mais finas, ressalta a pesquisadora, podem ser mais perigosas por serem mais respiráveis."Artigos da década de 1980 já mostravam que o material particulado carrega com ele outras substâncias químicas e orgânicas, como hidrocarbonetos policíclicos", diz. Os HPAs (hidrocarbonetos policíclicos aromáticos) são definidos pelo governo federal como contaminantes."Há HPAs cancerígenos, outros mutagênicos", explica a pesquisadora. Mais O psicólogo Alexandre Fonseca, 32, é um dos coordenadores do Movimento Sul Fluminense Contra a Poluição, que fez um ato em julho pela situação de Volta Redonda."A poluição gera desde os pequenos inconvenientes, como o material particulado que fica nas casas, nos carros, nas ruas, até os maiores, como a saúde. Em Volta Redonda, está normalizado o fato de não conseguirmos respirar. Todo mundo tem algum problema respiratório em alguma medida, seja alergia, bronquite, ou asma", diz.Um estudo publicado em 2020 na Revista Brasileira de Ciências Ambientais associa a poluição atmosférica em Volta Redonda com internações por doenças respiratórias. A pesquisa cruzou dados dos sistemas de saúde com informações sobre emissão de partículas no ambiente."Os poluentes tinham relação com a internação. Quando aumentava o nível de poluição, observava-se quantidade maior de pessoas que davam entrada em hospitais com problemas respiratórios", afirma Marcelo Moreno, tecnologista em saúde pública da Fiocruz (Fundação Oswaldo Cruz)."Dos 5.235 casos de internação por problemas respiratórios, 6% tinham relação com a poluição do ar. É uma associação significativa", conta. Mais Helena Guerra, diretora de sustentabilidade da CSN, admite problemas de poluição na usina, mas nega a associação com doenças respiratórias."O pó, ao contrário do que se alardeia, não é possível de ser respirado pela granularidade dele. Ele é uma partícula que cai, suja as casas, mas não há correlação real com problema respiratório. A qualidade do ar de Volta Redonda é boa, o incômodo do pó será resolvido", afirma.Moradores também reclamam das informações sobre a qualidade do ar disponibilizadas nos equipamentos instalados nas ruas da cidade. A empresa que presta o serviço é contratada da CSN. Os dados, segundo a siderúrgica, são enviados ao Inea.O vereador Raone Ferreira (PSB), que foi à Brasília discutir o tema no início do mês, pede fiscalização independente."Defendemos que haja um monitoramento independente, feito pelo poder público municipal e em diálogo com o governo federal. O Inea, historicamente, tem sido leniente com a poluição da ar", afirma Ferreira.Também procurada pela reportagem, a Prefeitura de Volta Redonda detalhou as medidas anunciadas pela CSN e disse que mantém vistorias constantes ao interior da usina. A administração disse ainda que a secretaria de Saúde está em "vigilância constante em todos os aspectos". | ambiente |
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] | A vítima foi encontrada em um trecho de praia perto da cidade portuária de Odessa, no sul da Ucrânia, no início deste verão. A causa da morte é desconhecida.Uma chuva leve caía sobre o campo aberto onde a autópsia seria realizada, observada por agentes da polícia, representantes da promotoria pública local e testemunhas civis.A carcaça estendida na praia era de uma toninha-comum. As toninhas vêm encalhando em grande número nas praias do Mar Negro."Golfinhos não são apenas animais simpáticos", disse Pawel Goldin, 44, doutor em zoologia especializado em populações de mamíferos marinhos no Centro Científico Ucraniano de Ecologia do Mar, falando antes da autópsia. "São animais fundamentais para o ecossistema marinho. Se os golfinhos estão em condição ruim, o ecossistema inteiro está."E os golfinhos no mar Negro estão tendo problemas.Autoridades ucranianas dizem que a situação dos golfinhos revela o custo muito pesado que a guerra da Rússia está cobrando da vida marinha e do ambiente de modo mais amplo. E isso é algo que elas querem documentar para levar a questão à Justiça.Quatro atos específicos são reconhecidos como crimes internacionais: genocídio, crimes contra a humanidade, agressão e crimes de guerra. A Ucrânia que acrescentar um quinto, o ecocídio, e está montando seu argumento contra a Rússia. A autópsia da toninha fez parte desse esforço."Estamos traçando a estratégia para processar os culpados por crimes de guerra ambientais e ecocídio", disse Maksym Popov, assessor do Procurador-Geral da Ucrânia que trabalha especificamente com questões ambientais. "Esse crime ainda não é reconhecido como crime de guerra." Mais As pessoas frequentemente tratam toninhas e golfinhos como se fossem o mesmo animal, mas são animais diferentes, e ambos estão ameaçados.Em um sinal da importância que a Ucrânia está atribuindo à questão, o presidente Volodimir Zelenski incluiu a "proteção imediata do meio ambiente" no plano de paz em dez pontos que a Ucrânia espera que sirva de base às negociações para encerrar a guerra.O ministro ucraniano da Proteção Ambiental e dos Recursos Naturais, Ruslan Strilets, disse em entrevista que investigadores ambientais coletaram dados referentes a mais de 900 casos de golfinhos mortos. Os números incluem os animais encontrados nas praias da Ucrânia e também da Turquia e Bulgária, que também fazem fronteira com o mar Negro.Segundo Strilets, dez corpos golfinhos foram encontrados apenas em uma semana de julho e estão sendo estudados para determinar a causa das mortes."Este é um novo desafio para tempos de guerra", ele disse. "Não podemos perder informação sobre crimes ambientais."A destruição da barragem de Kakhovka, que fez trilhões de galões de água poluída descer pelo rio Dnieper e chegar até o mar Negro, foi o golpe mais grave ao ambiente em uma guerra que já era ecologicamente catastrófica. Mas, mesmo antes disso, golfinhos já estavam morrendo em ritmo alarmante.Os navios de guerra russos que ameaçam a costa sul da Ucrânia no mar Negro fazem uso constante de sinais acústicos de sonar que, segundo cientistas, podem atrapalhar o senso de direção dos golfinhos, que utilizam seu próprio sonar natural para ecolocalização.Explosões, lançamentos de foguetes e caças russos voando em baixa altitude aumentam ainda mais a cacofonia que está traumatizando os golfinhos, disse Goldin. Ele ressalvou, porém, que ainda é cedo para atribuir a mortandade de golfinhos a uma causa isolada. Mais Minas marítimas que se espalham nas águas costeiras representam obstáculos novos e letais. Poluentes de explosivos e vazamentos de combustíveis, ao lado de destroços de vários tipos ligados à guerra, prejudicaram grandes trechos da Reserva da Biosfera do Mar Negro —a maior área de proteção ambiental da Ucrânia, classificada como "zona úmida de importância internacional".E os danos ambientais causados pelas consequências amplas da explosão da barragem ainda estão sendo estudados intensivamente.Goldin disse que a água da enchente criada pela destruição da barragem contém metais pesados, pesticidas e nutrientes —em especial nitrogênio e fósforo—que haviam se acumulado nos sedimentos atrás da barragem. Esses nutrientes desencadearam a proliferação maciça de algas, que podem se tornar tóxicas.Um grande estudo da população de cetáceos do mar Negro feito em 2019 concluiu que havia cerca de 200 mil toninhas, 120 mil golfinhos comuns e entre 20 mil e 40 mil golfinhos-roazes, disse Goldin.Alguns ambientalistas especulam que mais de 50 mil golfinhos do mar Negro podem ter morrido apenas no primeiro ano da guerra, mas os cientistas que participam dos exames forenses são mais cautelosos.Goldin disse que ainda não é possível estimar o número de golfinhos mortos em decorrência direta da guerra, e a Ucrânia está trabalhando com parceiros internacionais para chegar a um entendimento melhor do que está acontecendo.De acordo com Strilets, a Ucrânia tem tido que criar novas metodologias para documentar os danos ao meio ambiente. O mar Negro é uma zona de batalha, grandes trechos da costa ucraniana estão sob ocupação russa, e muitas áreas são perigosas demais para ser visitadas, devido aos combates intensos.Mas uma coisa é documentar um golfinho morto que encalhou na praia. Entender por que o animal morreu é uma questão muito mais complexa."O diagnóstico é o resultado de todos os passos dessa pesquisa", disse Goldin.Após cada autópsia, a Ucrânia envia amostras a peritos das universidades de Pádua, na Itália, e Hannover, na Alemanha, para análises posteriores.O trabalho levará tempo, segundo Goldin. E o verdadeiro número de animais mortos só será conhecido após a guerra, quando for possível realizar um levantamento em grande escala da vida marinha no mar Negro.Mesmo assim, cada golfinho morto que os cientistas documentam e estudam oferece pistas importantes.A toninha dissecada recentemente havia morrido algumas semanas antes, dias após a destruição da barragem. Devido à escassez de recursos na Ucrânia, a carcaça teve que ser congelada até que fosse possível realizar uma autópsia segundo os protocolos de uma investigação tanto científica quanto criminal."Este é um indivíduo muito pequeno", disse Goldin quando sua equipe colocou a toninha sobre uma mesa para descongelar. O odor forte era difícil de suportar quando eles dissecaram o animal, apesar de o trabalho ter sido realizado ao ar livre.Depois de concluída a autópsia, Goldin disse que um fato surpreendente foi que o estômago da toninha estava cheio e que ela ingerira pelo menos cinco espécies de peixes recentemente."O fato de esse animal ter ingerido tanto alimento mostra que ele estava preparado para a vida", disse Goldin. "É intrigante e aumenta o mistério do porquê de sua morte."Tradução de Clara Allain. | ambiente |
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] | Simulações computacionais feitas por pesquisadores da Nasa traçaram um dos retratos mais detalhados até agora do que acontecerá com a Terra caso o temido aumento de 2°C na temperatura global seja alcançado nas próximas décadas.Segundo a pesquisa, isso pode acontecer já a partir de 2040 caso as ações de combate à emergência climática não se tornem muito mais eficazes do que estão sendo hoje. E o resultado, embora variável de região para região do planeta, será a presença de muitos impactos concomitantes sobre o clima, que irão além do simples aumento da temperatura.Uma das más notícias é que, nesse cenário, o Norte e o Centro-Oeste do Brasil estão entre as regiões mais afetadas.O trabalho, assinado por Taejin Park, Ramakrishna Nemani e Ian Brosnan, do Centro de Pesquisas Ames, na Califórnia, acaba de sair no periódico especializado Earth’s Future. Embora não faltem simulações de computador que usam o clima atual e do passado (junto com a trajetória das emissões de gases do efeito estufa) para prever o que acontecerá no futuro, um dos diferenciais do novo estudo foi "aumentar a resolução" da futurologia, por assim dizer.Acontece que muitos dos modelos climáticos mais utilizados hoje têm uma resolução que divide o planeta em quadrados com cerca de 200 km de lado. Já o trabalho publicado agora por Park e seus colegas consegue examinar o que aconteceria em quadrados com 25 km de lado.Segundo os pesquisadores, isso permite estimar de forma consideravelmente mais realista os efeitos da crise climática numa escala regional, mostrando como eles podem ser heterogêneos e, ao mesmo tempo, muito sérios.Além da variável óbvia num cenário de aquecimento global —ou seja, a elevação da temperatura—, os pesquisadores do centro da Nasa analisaram fatores como a intensidade de secas, as chuvas e a velocidade dos eventos. Essas variáveis podem ser combinadas para avaliar o risco do que os especialistas chamam de "fire weather" (literalmente, "tempo de fogo", ou seja, a probabilidade de que aconteçam grandes incêndios).Além da probabilidade de que o aumento da temperatura média global chegue a 2°C (acima da que prevalecia antes da Revolução Industrial) entre os anos de 2041 e 2044, o levantamento indica que o grosso dos problemas climáticos combinados atingirá, em geral, países mais próximos dos trópicos, exacerbando vulnerabilidades que já estão presentes hoje.A única exceção é o aumento da temperatura em números absolutos, já que regiões muito frias, como o Ártico, também são as que estão esquentando mais rapidamente nas últimas décadas.Por outro lado, as regiões Norte e Centro-Oeste do Brasil estão entre as mais afetadas por uma possível diminuição das chuvas, pela perda da umidade relativa do ar e pelo avanço do chamado "fire weather".Vale lembrar que, mesmo se não houvesse a mudança climática global, o avanço do desmatamento nessas regiões também traria efeitos similares, já que a cobertura florestal, principalmente na Amazônia, tende a "semear" chuva, graças a partículas emitidas pelas árvores em torno das quais as nuvens de chuva tendem a se condensar.De acordo com os pesquisadores da Nasa, os modelos matemáticos por trás do estudo ficarão disponíveis publicamente para que especialistas e governos possam avaliar os riscos que suas regiões enfrentam. | ambiente |
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] | Um novo estudo aponta que o 1% mais rico da população dos Estados Unidos foi responsável por 15% a 17% das emissões de carbono totais do país em 2019. A pesquisa mostra ainda que o 0,1% mais rico tinha, em média, emissões até 1.700 vezes maiores do que os 10% mais pobres naquele ano.As conclusões foram publicadas nesta quinta-feira (17) no periódico científico PLOS Climate e mostram a ligação da renda, especialmente vinda de investimentos, com os gases de efeito estufa emitidos para gerar essa receita.Pesquisadores da Universidade de Massachusetts Amherst analisaram 30 anos de dados, de 1990 a 2019. Eles usaram como base registros de mais de 2,8 bilhões de transferências financeiras intersetoriais, acompanhando o fluxo de carbono e a receita, além de dados demográficos e de renda detalhados de mais de cinco milhões de americanos.A equipe descobriu que mais de 40% das emissões dos EUA são atribuíveis aos fluxos de renda dos 10% mais ricos e que, em geral, as famílias brancas (e sem ascendência hispânica) têm emissões de 1,3 a 1,7 vez maior do que outros grupos, como negros e hispânicos brancos. As emissões tendem a aumentar com a idade, atingindo o pico na faixa etária de 45 a 54 anos e caindo em seguida.Os resultados ilustram como a desigualdade está atrelada à mudança climática, mostrando uma grande desconexão entre quem enfrenta os piores impactos dos eventos extremos e aqueles que colhem os benefícios econômicos que impulsionam as emissões.Para dimensionar mais facilmente essa disparidade, o líder do estudo, Jared Starr, cientista especializado em sustentabilidade, faz uma analogia."Os americanos mais pobres geram menos de 2 toneladas de carbono (tCO₂e) por ano. Se medirmos essa poluição, seria da altura de uma casa média. Então, a poluição de carbono criada pelo 1% mais rico (600 tCO₂e) seria igual à altura de 5 edifícios do Empire State empilhados", ilustra ele, citando o arranha-céu que é cartão-postal de Nova York."Mas, se olharmos mais de perto, apenas para o 0,1% mais rico, sua poluição anual de carbono (2.670 tCO₂e) seria mais alta que o monte Everest, a montanha mais alta da Terra".Mais de 130 mil famílias fazem parte deste último grupo, chamado pelos pesquisadores de "super emissores".No caso dos super emissores, os cientistas descobriram que mais da metade das suas emissões estava atrelada à receita vinda de investimentos. Esse grupo está mais concentrado nas áreas de finanças, imóveis e seguros, manufatura e mineração."Até hoje, ninguém tinha analisado a responsabilidade [pela emissão de] carbono com base em quanto carbono é necessário para gerar renda. Então, acho que essa é uma nova maneira de olhar para esse tema e oferece novos insights de políticas que talvez devêssemos considerar para além dos impostos baseados no consumo", explica Starr.Ele aponta que taxar o carbono na etapa do consumo —criar um imposto extra sobre combustíveis fósseis, como gasolina e diesel, por exemplo— impacta desproporcionalmente os mais pobres. Isso porque aqueles que têm uma renda maior poupam ou reinvestem a maior parte do que ganham e conseguem absorver esses custos extras, enquanto os mais pobres não dispõem dessas reservas. Mais "Os impostos de carbono baseados no consumo tendem a ser regressivos, pois os grupos mais pobres gastam muito de sua renda apenas para atender às suas necessidades básicas, enquanto os grupos ricos podem economizar muito de sua renda e comprar coisas como ações, que não são tributadas em um sistema de taxação focada no consumidor."Por isso, o pesquisador propõe que sejam elaboradas políticas públicas que atinjam justamente aqueles que lucram com investimentos —e contribuem muito mais para as emissões que causam o aquecimento global. Uma opção seria criar um imposto sobre essas aplicações e as receitas geradas por elas."Se você for atrás de ativos, se pensar em tributar acionistas e ações, parte do valor dessas ações vem de emissões que ocorreram no passado. Então, eu acho que essa é também uma maneira mais equitativa de fazer isso e contabiliza emissões passadas de uma forma que um imposto só com base na renda, por exemplo, não faz", sugere ele.O cientista aponta que o sistema econômico é desenhado de forma que as empresas não criam produtos e serviços para as pessoas, mas sim para gerar valor para os acionistas."[Produtos e serviços] são meramente o resultado disso", afirma. "Assim, na verdade, essas emissões estão ocorrendo para criar riqueza para os acionistas."Ele aponta ainda que o estudo não individualiza o portfólio de investimentos de cada família, porque seria algo impraticável, mas se baseia na média da economia americana, que é fortemente ligada ao carbono —o país é o maior emissor histórico do mundo e, atualmente, o segundo anual, perdendo apenas para a China.A esses dados foi aplicado um algoritmo de randomização que permite adicionar o fator de variabilidade, considerando que algumas carteiras de investimentos são mais poluentes do que outras."[O estudo] reflete o fato de que a economia dos Estados Unidos ainda depende fortemente de combustíveis fósseis para criar riqueza para as pessoas", afirma Starr.Na série histórica, o estudo mostra ainda que enquanto os 99% mais pobres tiveram aumento na renda, suas emissões absolutas caíram. Já para o 1% mais rico, o crescimento da renda resultou em emissões absolutas estáveis ou crescentes.Segundo o artigo, essas tendências mostram que, apesar da queda nas emissões médias nacionais e do aumento da renda para todos os grupos, o crescimento desigual da renda criou uma significativa e crescente disparidade de emissões entre as famílias de renda extremamente alta e o restante da sociedade americana. | ambiente |
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] | Em um julgamento histórico no estado de Montana, nos Estados Unidos, a chamada Lei de Política Ambiental foi considerada inconstitucional por não considerar os impactos climáticos de projetos de combustíveis fósseis, estabelecendo um precedente importante para casos semelhantes em todo o país.A ação tramitou por três anos nos tribunais e foi movida por 16 jovens, que descreveram, cada um, os impactos da mudança climática em suas vidas. Eles alegavam que a lei ambiental viola seus direitos constitucionais a um ambiente limpo e saudável."Esta decisão judicial é um passo em direção à justiça climática", afirmou Delta Merner, cientista líder do Science Hub for Climate Litigation, grupo que promove o litígio climático, em comunicado na segunda-feira (14). "Sinto-me muito encorajada ao ver uma juíza defendendo os direitos constitucionais das pessoas a um ambiente saudável.""Independentemente de serem governos, empresas de combustíveis fósseis ou grupos comerciais do setor, responsabilizar os poluidores e seus facilitadores é uma peça fundamental para uma ação climática significativa. O caso em Montana é um sinal claro de que buscar justiça climática por meio dos tribunais é uma estratégia viável e poderosa", acrescentou.A sentença nos EUA lembra um caso bem-sucedido movido por jovens contra o governo alemão, relacionado a uma lei climática que, segundo eles, era tão inadequada que ameaçava os direitos fundamentais das próximas gerações. Em abril de 2021, o Tribunal Constitucional Alemão determinou que o governo federal deveria melhorar suas metas de redução de emissões.Dois anos depois, o governo alemão está sendo mais uma vez levado aos tribunais por não ter cumprido suas metas climáticas.O caso de Montana foi o mais recente litígio climático contra governos, mas o mecanismo também é usado para responsabilizar empresas por ações e omissões que contribuem para a mudança climática. Em 2021, a gigante do petróleo Shell perdeu um processo e foi condenada a reduzir drasticamente suas emissões até 2030, como um "dever de cuidado" a fim de proteger as gerações futuras.Foi a primeira vez que uma empresa privada foi responsabilizada por violações de direitos humanos por motivos climáticos, disse Paul Benson, advogado da ONG ambiental ClientEarth, à DW na época."Com cada precedente positivo estabelecido, expandimos nosso conjunto de ferramentas legais para promover mudanças sistêmicas", afirmou.Os EUA, por sua vez, que são o maior emissor mundial de gases de efeito estufa da história, têm leis de direitos humanos fracas, o que justifica o fato de o caso de Montana ser o primeiro do tipo a ser julgado, afirmou Delta Merner antes da decisão. Segundo a cientista, os tribunais americanos costumam acatar as legislaturas em questões de política climática e energética.O resultado em Montana, portanto, abre caminho para que jovens ativistas climáticos consigam reverter políticas energéticas que apoiem explicitamente os combustíveis fósseis.Recentemente, outro caso climático movido por jovens contra o governo, conhecido como Juliana versus Estados Unidos, há muito aguardado, recebeu luz verde para ir a julgamento.A autora principal do processo em Montana, Rikki Held, hoje com 22 anos, foi criada em um rancho de sua família no noroeste do estado americano, em uma região que também possui enormes reservas de carvão extraído para geração de energia com alto teor de carbono.Em seu depoimento, Held falou sobre incêndios florestais em meio a temperaturas de até 43,3°C que queimaram linhas elétricas e deixaram sua fazenda sem energia por um mês, impossibilitando que água fosse bombeada para o gado."Essa é a minha vida", disse ela com lágrimas nos olhos. "Minha casa está lá e isso afeta o meu bem-estar, o da minha família e o da minha comunidade."Outros 11 jovens autores do processo fizeram referência ao derretimento das geleiras e à fumaça dos incêndios florestais, ao mencionar os impactos mentais e físicos da crise climática.Steve Running, membro de uma equipe de pesquisa climática que venceu o Prêmio Nobel da Paz em 2007, disse ao tribunal que "não há dúvidas" de que a mudança climática está aumentando os incêndios florestais e reduzindo a queda de neve em Montana.O depoimento dele foi um exemplo da chamada atribuição climática, ciência que busca determinar a influência das emissões em eventos climáticos extremos —e que vem sendo cada vez mais usada em litígios climáticos."Nenhum furacão é 100% causado pela mudança climática, mas é afetado por ela de muitas maneiras diferentes", observou Merner, que fornece atribuição climática em processos ambientais. "A ciência da atribuição pode nos ajudar a realmente determinar o papel da mudança climática nesses diferentes eventos."Além disso, os cientistas do clima são capazes de quantificar a atribuição com muito mais clareza à medida que o peso do consenso científico sobre a mudança climática aumenta.A atribuição climática, inclusive, tem sido fundamental no histórico processo ambiental contra a gigante alemã de energia RWE, movido pelo agricultor peruano Saúl Luciano Lliuya.A empresa, considerada a maior emissora individual de gases poluentes da Europa, está sendo acusada de contribuir para a mudança climática, que causa o degelo de glaciares na cordilheira dos Andes. Lliuya afirma que, como consequência, o nível das águas de um lago glacial situado perto de sua cidade está subindo, o que ameaça o vilarejo —e também seus direitos.A acusação afirma que as emissões produzidas pelas usinas de carvão da RWE contribuem para 0,47% da mudança climática global. A ação reivindica, portanto, que a empresa financie 0,47% das medidas necessárias para proteger o vilarejo de Lliyua. Se a companhia for condenada, isso abrirá caminho para outros processos contra empresas por seu papel específico nas mudanças climáticas, afirma Merner.Segundo a cientista, que se baseia em um estudo da Universidade de Oxford, os advogados da RWE estão tendo dificuldade para "abrir brechas" no caso, porque sabem que "a ciência é muito forte".O caso ainda está em andamento, mas, assim como a ação em Montana, esse tipo de litígio geralmente tem resultado positivo em tribunais superiores, afirma Kate Higham, coordenadora do projeto Climate Change Laws of the World, do Grantham Research Institute na LSE (London School of Economics), no Reino Unido."Quando esses casos chegam às cortes supremas, especialmente quando se trata de argumentos baseados em direitos humanos ou constitucionais, eles geralmente são bem-sucedidos", disse à DW.Embora processos climáticos baseados em direitos humanos sejam raros nos EUA, as fortes leis de proteção ao consumidor servem de base para dezenas de processos movidos contra empresas de combustíveis fósseis acusadas de desinformação climática, de acordo com uma pesquisa do Center for Climate Integrity em Washington.No estado americano do Oregon, por exemplo, está em andamento um processo de US$ 52 bilhões em nome do condado de Multnomah contra grandes empresas de energia, incluindo Exxon Mobil, Shell e Chevron. No centro da ação está uma onda de calor extremo que atingiu a América do Norte em 2021 e matou centenas de pessoas.A World Weather Attribution, que reúne pesquisadores de atribuição climática sediados no Reino Unido, escreveu que as temperaturas extremas registradas no noroeste do Pacífico naquele verão teriam sido "praticamente impossíveis sem a mudança climática causada pelo homem".A ação se baseia na "enorme quantidade de desinformação" usada para sustentar o modelo de negócios das empresas de combustíveis fósseis, disse o advogado Jeffrey B. Simon, que lidera o caso.Também conhecidas como litígio de "lavagem climática", as queixas contra desinformação e a chamada lavagem verde ("greenwashing") vêm aumentando, segundo um relatório do Grantham Research Institute. Cerca de 26 processos de lavagem climática foram registrados globalmente em 2022, em comparação com nove em 2020, afirmou o relatório.Por outro lado, na Austrália, outro caso climático histórico vencido por jovens com base em direitos humanos em 2021 foi anulado um ano depois pela suprema corte do país.Já na Alemanha, em 2022, os tribunais regionais rejeitaram todos os processos climáticos contra montadoras do país."A lei está disponível para todos", disse Alice Garton, diretora de estratégia jurídica global da Foundation for International Law for the Environment, na Holanda, durante uma sessão sobre litígio climático no Fórum Econômico Mundial de 2023. Segundo ela, à medida que o número de processos cresce, também aumenta a reação."Os valores nos quais a sociedade se baseia também estão mudando, e os cidadãos estão se tornando muito mais conscientes da seriedade do problema e de quem é o maior responsável", disse Garton. "Isso também se refletirá nas decisões judiciais." | ambiente |
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] | O presidente da Petrobras, Jean Paul Prates, afirmou que a comercialização do petróleo da margem equatorial, onde fica a bacia da Foz do Amazonas, só deve ocorrer pelo menos cinco anos após uma possível autorização do Ibama (Instituto Brasileiro do Meio Ambiente e dos Recursos Naturais Renováveis).Prates ressaltou também que o tempo pode ser maior, uma vez que, ainda que a perfuração seja aprovada, é necessário, primeiro, confirmar a existência de óleo no local e, depois, ver se sua exploração é economicamente viável —só então seria construída uma plataforma para a operação."Licenciou esse poço, furou o poço... Não quer dizer que vai começar a produzir amanhã", afirmou durante sessão na Comissão de Infraestrutura do Senado.Caso seja confirmada a viabilidade da exploração, então a Petrobras precisa pedir para a ANP (Agência Nacional de Petróleo) a renovação de sua autorização para comercializar o produto e, a partir daí, montar sua estação, o que dura cerca de três anos, ainda segundo Prates."Então estamos falando aqui de pelo menos cinco a oito anos para ter o primeiro óleo nessa área, se a gente receber a licença ainda neste ano, ou no início do ano que vem", concluiu.Assim, se as previsões de Prates se concretizarem, a comercialização do petróleo extraído nesta nova fronteira exploratória começaria entre 2028 e 2031 —justamente ao final da década que é considerada crucial para cortar drasticamente emissões de gases-estuda a tempo de frear os piores impactos das mudanças climáticas.Segundo Prates, a intenção é que a margem equatorial —nome dado ao litoral norte do Brasil, onde fica o bloco 59, foco do pedido de perfuração negado pelo Ibama em maio deste ano— seja uma nova fronteira de produção de energia fóssil e também eólica, com estruturas em alto-mar."Essas duas coisas vão caminhar em paralelo", disse. "[Antes dessa região], a bacia de Campos recebeu investimento prioritário. A margem equatorial parece que estava esperando a transição energética chegar. Nós vamos desenvolver o Amapá com vento e com petróleo", completou. Mais A exploração de petróleo na Foz do Amazonas tornou-se um ponto de polêmica e disputa dentro do governo de Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva (PT). A questão coloca de um lado a ministra do Meio Ambiente, Marina Silva, e de outro, o ministro das Minas e Energia, Alexandre Silveira, e o núcleo político.O próprio Lula tem indicado uma posição favorável à realização de estudos para detectar se há petróleo na região.Em maio, o presidente do Ibama, Rodrigo Agostinho, acompanhou parecer técnico do órgão e negou o pedido feito pela Petrobras para perfurar a bacia da Foz do Amazonas. A decisão foi tomada após o Ibama demonstrar preocupação com as atividades da petroleira em uma região de vulnerabilidade socioambiental.Ao indeferir a licença, o Ibama apontou eventuais impactos sobre comunidades indígenas, devido ao sobrevoo de aeronaves entre o aeródromo de Oiapoque (AP) e a localização do bloco FZA-M-59, além do tempo de resposta e atendimento a fauna que seria atingida por óleo, em caso de vazamento.O ponto central da negativa, no entanto, foi a necessidade de realização de estudos de caráter estratégico. O órgão ambiental entende que é necessária a apresentação de uma AAAS (Avaliação Ambiental de Área Sedimentar), tipo de relatório mais amplo sobre o impacto na região a ser explorada previsto na legislação brasileira desde 2012.O Ministério das Minas e Energia então encaminhou ofício à AGU (Advocacia-Geral da União) com um pedido de análise jurídica. A pasta argumenta que foi respeitado todo o processo legal durante o processo licitatório dos campos de exploração, em 2013.Interlocutores na AGU apontam que o parecer deve se amparar em uma decisão proferida pelo STF (Supremo Tribunal Federal) que julgou, em um caso diferente, que não seria necessário o estudo de impacto regional para áreas que já foram leiloadas.A decisão final caberá exclusivamente ao Ibama, que já analisa um novo pedido da Petrobras para o bloco 59, com adequações, entre outros pontos, no tempo de atendimento à fauna em caso de acidente.O parecer da AGU, no entanto, pode aumentar a pressão sobre o órgão, já que traria novos argumentos para setores do governo Lula que pressionam pela liberação. | ambiente |
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] | Enquanto chefes de Estado de países amazônicos reunidos pelo presidente Lula (PT) pedem mais recursos para a proteção das florestas, o presidente do BID (Banco Interamericano de Desenvolvimento), Ilan Goldfajn, aponta uma limitação das doações por parte dos países desenvolvidos e a necessidade de outra estratégia, a cargo dos bancos: multiplicar os recursos."Sair dos bilhões para os trilhões" é imperativo, diz Goldfajn em entrevista à Folha, concedida em meio a uma série de anúncios de novas parcerias do BID com governos e bancos durante a Cúpula da Amazônia, que aconteceu na última semana em Belém.Goldfajn admite a dificuldade de se acompanhar os desdobramentos das iniciativas anunciadas em grandes conferências. Para ele, falta coordenação —algo que o BID se propõe a fazer ao unir atores regionais na implementação dos projetos, por meio do programa guarda-chuva Amazônia Sempre.Nesta entrevista, ele cita inovações financeiras, como a conversão de dívidas por investimentos na natureza e a possibilidade de serem criados títulos amazônicos, e também conta o que falta para uma reforma dos bancos de desenvolvimento. Uma das tensões que precisa ser resolvida no curto prazo, avalia, é a concorrência de orçamento entre questões sociais e climáticas."Se você investe em clima, menos pessoas vão ser deslocadas [por catástrofes], então isso combate a pobreza. Mas, no curto prazo, se você vir o orçamento do Banco Mundial, pela primeira vez teve mais dinheiro para o clima do que para o social, então tem essa tensão", afirma.Governos contam com doações, como é o caso do Fundo Amazônia, para financiar a conservação das florestas. Como o banco, através de empréstimos, pode ajudar a combater o desmatamento? O combate ao desmatamento está ligado a ações para desenvolver toda a região. Então, por exemplo, quando você financia a agricultura familiar, ele [o agricultor] não desmata e trabalha com isso.A gente tem o programa de desenvolvimento sustentável do Acre, onde você financia desenvolvimento da bioeconomia e manejo florestal de 140 mil hectares, por grandes produtores locais, da comunidade. No Pará, a gente tem o [programa] Descarboniza Pará, com o apoio ao pequeno agricultor, com a estruturação do estado para monitorar e combater o desmatamento.A maneira da qual a gente vê o combate ao desmatamento é um fortalecimento institucional. No caso da Amazônia, é o fortalecimento dos estados.E esses programas funcionam como empréstimos, garantidos pela União? Sim, nesses dois casos, sim. Também há assistência técnica e orçamento não reembolsável, que é relevante para lugares onde você que precisa dar os recursos, porque não há condição de o recurso voltar.Como o sr. vê o papel dessa modalidade de financiamento para clima? A gente está calculando as necessidades [globais] para as questões de clima e social. Primeiro falaram em US$ 1 trilhão, agora já subiu para US$ 2,5 trilhões, porque acho que colocaram o social também.Os empréstimos que a gente tem juntos, se a gente somar tudo, dá [na casa dos] bilhões. De US$ 200 bilhões para US$ 2,5 [trilhões], olha a diferença.E se você falar "grants" [doações], direto, não reembolsável, é [da casa dos] milhões. Outra magnitude, completamente diferente. Agora, se você quer chegar dos bilhões para os trilhões, você precisa usar o dinheiro não reembolsável de forma inteligente.O dinheiro do BID é dinheiro dos governos. A gente pode pegar o capital direto e dar o dinheiro. Mas aí você não multiplica os recursos. Você não vai dos bilhões para os trilhões. E o mundo está nessa: precisamos de trilhões. Mais Então o sr. discorda da avaliação de que a proteção florestal demanda recursos não reembolsáveis?Eu discordo da tese de que seja só isso. Eu acho que precisa dos dois. A gente precisa sair dessa avaliação sobre o que a gente gostaria. Todos nós gostaríamos de dinheiro não reembolsável.Para mim, seria mais fácil, só repassaria, faria ainda mais o bem do que eu faço hoje. Até brinco que ao mudar do Banco Central, do FMI [Fundo Monetário Internacional], eu mudei para o lado do bem.Agora, o BID se coloca no mundo da implementação, para tornar discursos e resoluções [em projetos] com pé no chão. E aí não adianta dizer "vou te dar bilhões não reembolsáveis" porque os governos não têm esse dinheiro. Acabei de ter [reuniões] bilaterais e ouvi: "Olha, tenho guerra na Ucrânia, desculpa, mas não tenho [dinheiro]".Agora, você pode fazer um uso inteligente dos recursos, dando incentivos. Tem indicadores? Tem metas? Então vamos fazer o seguinte: se atingir a meta, vamos reduzir o custo do empréstimo, o chamado "step down". É um uso inteligente dos recursos, você consegue transformar bilhões em trilhões.Durante a Cúpula da Amazônia, o BID anunciou uma série de iniciativas, como o programa Amazônia Sempre e a Green Coalition, mas conferências internacionais sempre geram anúncios que depois se perdem e ficam sem acompanhamento. O que foi anunciado aqui é uma ideia ou um projeto já com orçamento e prazos? Tenho a mesma sensação: está faltando foco, está faltando organizar. Por isso a gente criou um programa guarda-chuva, que é o Amazônia Sempre, para organizar a falta de coordenação. Porque tem Fundo Amazônia, tem iniciativa na Colômbia, tem fulano que fez isso. As pessoas fazem. Sai um pouquinho aqui e ali, mas não tem foco.No Amazônia Sempre, vamos focar em alguns pontos: 1) combate a desmatamento e promoção da agricultura; 2) cuidar das cidades; 3) infraestrutura; e 4) pessoas, comunidades indígenas, sociedade civil. E vamos olhar os exemplos: internet para todos funcionou em tal lugar, vamos fazer. A gente quer sentar com todo mundo e organizar.O prefeito de Belém [Edmilson Rodrigues, do PSOL], por exemplo, falou que precisa de um escritório [de projetos] para ajudar com a burocracia, porque vai sediar a COP30 [Conferência do Clima da ONU]. Eu falei: é a coisa típica que o BID pode ajudar. Estamos conversando, pensando em ajudar. Mais Na Cúpula do Novo Pacto do Financiamento, no último junho, na França, ficou claro que países de diferentes blocos concordam com a necessidade de reforma dos bancos de desenvolvimento para atender aos desafios sociais e climáticos. Que reforma precisa acontecer?O que acho que podemos dizer em que estamos todos alinhados é: vamos todos pensar —bancos multilaterais, governos e agências de classificação de risco— como aumentar os recursos para o clima e o social.Tem que ser os dois, social e clima, mas às vezes o dinheiro concorre no curto prazo. Concordo que está junto: se você investe em clima, menos pessoas vão ser deslocadas [por catástrofes], combate pobreza.Mas, no curto prazo, se você vir o orçamento do Banco Mundial, pela primeira vez teve mais dinheiro para o clima do que para o social, então tem essa tensão. Todo mundo tem que pensar em uma forma conjunta de resolver isso…Significa que ninguém sabe a resposta?Acho que as pessoas não sabem ainda como arrumar os recursos. Tem várias ideias.Nós estamos pensando em instrumentos financeiros, como títulos amazônicos. Uma novidade: um título regional —quando, em geral, os títulos são de cada país— ligado a indicadores de sustentabilidade. São os governos emitindo títulos especificamente para os recursos daqui. É uma coisa que queremos trazer para a conversa para atrair recursos. É uma das dimensões do Amazônia Sempre.Funcionaria como um "green bond" (título verde)?Vai na linha do "green bond", que você capta recurso para um objetivo. Aqui o objetivo é [conservar] a Amazônia, só que aqui o objetivo é de um conjunto de países. A gente tem que trazer evidências, para ter credibilidade, atrair investidores e ir de bilhões para trilhões.Que outras inovações estão sendo gestadas?Existe toda uma ideia de trocar dívidas arriscadas dos países por dívida boa. E a diferença entre um título arriscado e um novo libera dinheiro.Quem faz a mágica de trocar esses títulos somos nós. Nós damos a garantia daquele negócio, o setor público dá o seguro do risco político, do risco de garantias. E a diferença entre o título arriscado e o título bom foi, no Equador, por exemplo, de US$ 1 bilhão, para usar em Galápagos [para conservação do arquipélago].Todo mundo adorou a ideia, a gente está recebendo muitos pedidos de conversão de dívida. É um uso de dois problemas para uma solução. Nós temos muita dívida no mundo e temos o problema do clima. Junta os dois para dar uma solução.Hoje já existe uma percepção de que o risco climático se converte em risco financeiro? Acho que sim, já entrou na pauta dos bancos centrais. Os bancos entendem que virou risco financeiro.Se você emprestou para uma região que inundou, ninguém vai conseguir te pagar. E com a vontade das pessoas de investir em ESG [investimentos com critérios socioambientais e de governança], existe um papel do regulador de não permitir o "greenwashing", de dizer o que é verde e o que não é verde.Uma das propostas da OTCA [Organização do Tratado da Cooperação Amazônica] é criar um mecanismo financeiro próprio para implementar projetos na região. Como o BID vê essa possibilidade? Entendemos que a OTCA é o braço político dos governos, e o BID é o braço econômico e implementador. A gente acha que é a gente que está fazendo isso.A gente é da região, é o banco mais relevante da América Latina e tem a prioridade de fazer projetos regionais. Quem pode pensar na região é quem tem mandato para isso, somos nós.Ilan Goldfajn, 57Ex-diretor do Banco Central (2016-2019) e do departamento do hemisfério ocidental do FMI (Fundo Monetário Internacional), o economista foi eleito presidente do BID (Banco Interamericano de Desenvolvimento) em 2022. Nasceu em Israel e se mudou aos 13 anos para o Brasil com a família. É formado em economia pela UFRJ (Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro) e doutor pelo MIT (Instituto de Tecnologia de Massachusetts).A jornalista viajou a convite da ONG Avaaz. | ambiente |
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] | Uma empresa estatal dos Emirados Árabes Unidos contratou uma equipe de lobistas para defender a posição do país que sediará a COP28, a cúpula do clima da ONU neste ano, após críticas de ambientalistas e políticos.A empresa de relações-públicas First International Resources (FIR) receberá um adiantamento mensal de 100 mil libras (R$ 630 mil) durante seis meses para fortalecer a reputação dos Emirados Árabes Unidos entre o "público ocidental", segundo uma cópia de seu contrato registrado no Departamento de Justiça dos EUA sob as regras de lobby para agentes estrangeiros, que foi publicado pelo departamento este mês.A empresa foi contratada pela Masdar, companhia estatal de energia renovável dos Emirados Árabes Unidos, segundo o documento. A Masdar é comandada pelo presidente designado da COP28, Sultan al-Jaber, que também é chefe da companhia petrolífera emiradense.O objetivo da First International é "vacinar" a COP28 e Jaber contra "qualquer crítica potencial" e angariar apoio de "indivíduos politicamente influentes", diz o contrato. A empresa é especializada em comunicações de crise, segundo seu site.Além de atuar como uma "caixa de ressonância pessoal" para Jaber, a consultoria responderá e desviará as reportagens negativas na imprensa. O contrato foi relatado pela primeira vez pelo jornal The Washington Post.Espera-se que quase 200 países e até 80 mil pessoas participem da COP28 em Dubai em novembro, quando os políticos globais tentarão chegar a um acordo sobre os esforços para combater as mudanças climáticas.A nomeação de Jaber como presidente da COP28 "gerou uma reação previsível dos Verdes no Ocidente", disse o contrato da First International. Em maio, mais de cem políticos ocidentais pediram que os Emirados Árabes Unidos retirassem Jaber do cargo.Mas Jaber, um engenheiro que a liderança de Abu Dhabi considera um de seus tecnocratas mais eficazes, recebeu apoio constante de outros, incluindo o enviado climático dos Estados Unidos, John Kerry, e da União Europeia.No mês passado, Jaber disse esperar que a COP28 tenha como objetivo chegar a um acordo para triplicar a capacidade de energia renovável até 2030 e reformar o financiamento climático —plano que foi amplamente bem recebido por políticos e alguns proeminentes ativistas climáticos. Mas os ambientalistas o criticaram, dizendo que não vai longe o suficiente no combate às mudanças climáticas.Os Emirados Árabes Unidos também foram criticados por seu papel como produtor de combustíveis fósseis e por preocupações com seu histórico de direitos humanos. Mais Segundo o contrato, a agência FIR fará uma pesquisa com o público em geral e audiências "de elite" nos Estados Unidos, França, Alemanha, Reino Unido, Espanha e três outros países. Ela usará os resultados para gerar uma "campanha educacional proativa" e influenciar os eleitos.A firma tentará recrutar "indivíduos e grupos politicamente influentes" para "reforçar ainda mais a imagem e os interesses gerais da COP28". O contrato listava o Fórum Econômico Mundial, o Fundo Carnegie para a Paz Internacional e o Centro de Estudos Estratégicos e Internacionais entre os grupos de pensadores que poderia atingir.Além disso, o contrato dizia que a consultoria "também poderia ativar ou mobilizar nossas conexões dentro do 'establishment judaico dos EUA' para ajudar a apoiar os objetivos gerais da campanha", assim como usar sua influência para marcar reuniões com membros do Congresso dos EUA e do governo do presidente Joe Biden.A nomeação é o último passo na tentativa dos EAU de reforçar seu perfil ambiental. Também contratou David Canzini, ex-assessor do ex-primeiro-ministro do Reino Unido Boris Johnson, para fornecer consultoria estratégica.COP28, Masdar e First International Resources não responderam imediatamente a pedidos de comentários. | ambiente |
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] | Presença constante em fantasias e maquiagem de Carnaval, as partículas de glitter podem comprometer o crescimento de organismos que constituem a base de ecossistemas aquáticos, como as cianobactérias, que têm papel fundamental para os ciclos biogeoquímicos da água e do solo e na alimentação de outros organismos.A conclusão é de um estudo da Universidade de São Paulo (USP) publicado recentemente na revista Aquatic Toxicology.Também conhecidas como purpurina, as partículas de glitter são microplásticos com menos de 5 milímetros. Seu tamanho reduzido impede que sejam filtradas pela rede de tratamento de esgoto. Portanto, quando os foliões tomam banho, elas escorrem diretamente pelo ralo e se espalham por praias, sedimentos, florestas, lagos e oceanos.Estima-se que, nos últimos anos, mais de 8 milhões de toneladas do material foram lançados no oceano, de acordo com a literatura científica atual.Por não ser biodegradável, o glitter entra em contato com os organismos aquáticos e afeta todo o ecossistema à sua volta. Essa exposição pode acontecer de diversas formas, como ingestão, contato com subprodutos tóxicos ou danos e ferimentos causados pelas bordas afiadas das partículas. Além disso, sua forma, tamanho e propriedades físico-químicas dificultam a medição precisa dos níveis de contaminação da água.Em estudo conduzido no Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura da USP (Cena-USP) com apoio da Fapesp, pesquisadores avaliaram os efeitos de cinco concentrações de partículas de purpurina não biodegradáveis em duas linhagens de cianobactérias, Microcystis aeruginosa CENA508 (unicelular) e Nodularia spumigena CENA596 (filamentosa), que são responsáveis por formações de florações em corpos d’água. Ambas fazem parte da coleção de quase 800 linhagens coletadas no país pelo grupo Cyanos.Durante 21 dias, a taxa de crescimento celular das cianobactérias foi medida a cada três dias por meio de espectrofotometria (medição de densidade óptica)."Conseguimos observar que as doses crescentes de glitter aumentam o biovolume das células de cianobactérias, fazendo com que passem por processos de estresse que comprometem até mesmo a fotossíntese, o que destaca a toxicidade pouco explorada do glitter em microrganismos", afirma Mauricio Junior Machado, autor do estudo e pesquisador do Laboratório de Biologia Celular e Molecular do Cena-USP."Vale lembrar que, se algo afeta as cianobactérias diretamente, então indiretamente afetará outros organismos do mesmo ambiente."Os resultados sugerem que concentrações ambientais de glitter semelhantes à maior dosagem testada (>200 mg de glitter por litro de água) podem influenciar negativamente organismos suscetíveis dos ecossistemas aquáticos.O efeito mais evidente foi visto em Microcystis aeruginosa, que apresentou mudanças na taxa de crescimento durante todo o período de experiência: um pico de crescimento foi registrado no tratamento com glitter de 50 mg por litro de água, enquanto o menor crescimento foi registrado com 200 mg por litro de água.Em Nodularia spumigena, o maior crescimento foi medido em 100 mg de glitter por litro de água, com efeitos negativos observados em concentrações de purpurina acima de 137,5 mg por litro de água, afetando a densidade celular sem recuperação. A diferença na taxa de crescimento só aconteceu no 21º dia do experimento.Não houve diferença significativa entre as concentrações de clorofila e de carotenoides totais. Entretanto, em valores absolutos, ambas as linhagens apresentaram redução de carotenoides nos grupos expostos a 200 e 350 mg de glitter por litro de água, e uma variação na fluorescência da clorofila foi observada em Nodularia spumigena para células expostas a 350 mg por litro de água. Mais Os pesquisadores acreditam que o estudo ofereça embasamento para que o poder público e a população repensem as comemorações da festa mais popular do país e estimule um consumo mais consciente de itens derivados de plástico."O glitter foi criado para ser usado em festividades e, nesses momentos, as pessoas acabam não pensando na problemática criada para o meio ambiente", acredita Marli de Fátima Fiore, pesquisadora do Cena-USP e coordenadora do trabalho."Mas é preciso lembrar que esses microplásticos comprometem e contaminam ecossistemas tanto marinhos quanto de água doce, que são extremamente importantes para nossa vida, e pensar em campanhas para que eles sejam evitados ao máximo."Os pesquisadores pretendem agora realizar os mesmos testes em mais linhagens de cianobactérias e também analisar o glitter dito biodegradável para verificar se esse material realmente não gera problemas para os organismos (como, por exemplo, prejuízos decorrentes de possíveis pigmentos com metais na composição).O artigo Response of two cyanobacterial strains to non-biodegradable glitter particles pode ser lido em: www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0166445X23001935?via%3Dihub. | ambiente |
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] | O STF (Supremo Tribunal Federal) formou maioria nesta segunda-feira (14) para permitir que o ministro André Mendonça participe do julgamento do marco temporal das terras indígenas, apesar de ele ter atuado como advogado-geral da União no processo que serve como referência para o caso.Os ministros entendem, porém, que Mendonça só poderá votar na discussão sobre a fixação de uma tese constitucional a respeito da validade do marco temporal, e está impedido de julgar esse processo de referência —que é um recurso da Funai.Votaram a favor desse entendimento até as 17h40 desta segunda o próprio Mendonça e os ministros Edson Fachin, Cármen Lúcia, Alexandre de Moraes, Dias Toffoli e Luiz Fux.Faltam os votos dos ministros Gilmar Mendes, Cristiano Zanin, Rosa Weber e Kassio Nunes Marques.A ação do marco temporal é de repercussão geral. Ou seja, quando todos os processos similares a respeito do tema devem seguir a tese a ser adotada pelo Supremo.Para julgamentos de repercussão geral, o STF escolhe um chamado "leading case" ou "processo paradigma" —que é um caso concreto entre os recursos que chegam ao tribunal sobre um determinado tema.A corte, então, decide sobre o caso concreto e, ao mesmo tempo, fixa a tese que servirá de referência para todas as outras ações.No caso do marco temporal, o processo de referência trata de um recurso da Funai (Fundação Nacional do Índio) contra decisão do TRF-4 (Tribunal Regional Federal da 4ª Região) que decidiu a favor da reintegração de posse de uma área tratada como de tradicional ocupação indígena em Santa Catarina.Nesses autos, Mendonça defendeu a tese que restringe as demarcações de terras indígenas.Receba no seu email as notícias sobre o cenário jurídico e conteúdos exclusivos: análise, dicas e eventos; exclusiva para assinantes.Carregando...Antes de se tornar ministro da corte, ainda como advogado-geral da União do governo Jair Bolsonaro (PL), Mendonça apresentou manifestações nesse processo.Por isso, ele questionou ao restante dos colegas do Supremo se poderia julgar também a tese da repercussão geral.Ele sugeriu que, em casos como o dele, o impedimento se restringe apenas à votação relacionada ao caso de referência, "porém, não se aplica à fixação e votação da tese constitucional, pois nesta não se discutem situações individuais nem interesses concretos"."Ou seja, deve-se participar da integralidade do julgamento concernente ao tema de repercussão geral (incluindo voto, debates e sessões correspondentes), apenas deixando de apresentar voto sobre a causa-piloto (caso concreto)."Desde 2021, o STF analisa a constitucionalidade do marco temporal, que não é tratada na legislação. A tese afirma que a demarcação dos territórios indígenas deve respeitar a área ocupada pelos povos até a promulgação da Constituição Federal, em outubro de 1988.Pelo critério, indígenas que não estivessem em suas terras até a data não teriam direito de reivindicá-las.Essa tese é criticada por advogados especializados em direitos dos povos indígenas, pois validaria e legalizaria invasões e violências cometidas contra indígenas anteriormente à data. Mais Já ruralistas defendem que a determinação serviria para resolver disputas por terra e daria segurança jurídica e econômica para investimentos no campo.O relator do processo, Edson Fachin, foi o primeiro a votar e refutou a tese do marco temporal, ainda em 2021. Ele disse que a teoria desconsidera a classificação dos direitos indígenas como fundamentais, ou seja, cláusulas pétreas que não podem ser suprimidas por emendas à Constituição.Para o ministro, a proteção constitucional aos "direitos originários sobre as terras que tradicionalmente ocupam" não depende da existência de um marco.Já Kassio Nunes Marques reafirmou o marco temporal e votou contra o recurso da Funai.Receba no seu email a seleção diária das principais notícias jurídicas; aberta para não assinantes.Carregando...Em junho, Alexandre de Moraes também votou contra a tese do marco temporal, mas propôs mudanças em relação à indenização que deve ser paga pela União a proprietários de terrenos em locais ocupados tradicionalmente por indígenas.Em seguida, o ministro André Mendonça pediu vista (maior tempo para análise) e suspendeu o julgamento do processo. A análise do marco temporal deve ser retomada ainda no segundo semestre deste ano.A sessão do plenário virtual sobre a possibilidade de Mendonça julgar o marco temporal vai até as 23h59 desta segunda e, até o fim do dia, os ministros ainda podem mudar os seus votos ou pedir vista (mais tempo para análise). | ambiente |
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] | O presidente Lula (PT) respondeu neste domingo (13) a críticas feitas pelo ator americano Mark Ruffalo ao texto final da Cúpula da Amazônia. O intérprete do personagem Hulk, assim como outros ambientalistas, apontou que a declaração do encontro não tem metas concretas de proteção à floresta amazônica.O ator havia publicado um texto de opinião no jornal britânico The Guardian em 6 de agosto, no qual chamava a atenção para o encontro que reuniu os líderes de países que integram o bioma. Dias depois, na última quinta (10), Ruffalo escreveu no seu perfil na rede social X (antigo Twitter) mensagens direcionadas a Lula."Me parte o coração ver que a Declaração de Belém da #CúpuladaAmazônia não tem metas concretas para proteger a floresta", disse.O ator elogiou Lula, chamando-o de "um dos meus heróis", e afirmou que foi graças à liderança do presidente que a cúpula "estabeleceu proteções fundamentais para os povos indígenas". Ruffalo, porém, avaliou que só "isso não impedirá o colapso da floresta"."A emergência para proteger a Amazônia é uma emergência climática —e nós não temos tempo a perder", disse.Neste domingo (13), Lula respondeu às mensagens, também por sua página no X. "A Cúpula da Amazônia reuniu países da região de forma inédita para isso. Foi um passo a mais em uma trajetória para transformar a região com um modelo que combina desenvolvimento sustentável e preservação ambiental", publicou o petista.Lula também defendeu que o texto da cúpula estabeleceu diversos mecanismos para a proteção da floresta amazônica. "É o ponto de partida para a construção de um consenso em torno da proteção da Amazônia. E os países da América do Sul estão conscientes dessa importância", completou.O presidente encerrou a série de mensagens enviando um abraço a Ruffalo e convidando-o a visitar em breve a Amazônia.Para ONGs ambientalistas, o texto final da cúpula falhou ao não ter metas para zerar o desmatamento da floresta e para barrar a exploração de petróleo na região, entre outros pontos. Mais Esta não é a primeira vez que o ator de filmes como "Vingadores" (2019), "Zodiaco" (2007) e "Spotlight" (2015) e ativista ambiental comenta a política brasileira. Em abril de 2021, quando o presidente americano Joe Biden promoveu uma cúpula sobre clima, pediu que o mandatário dos EUA não confiasse em Jair Bolsonaro para fazer acordos sobre a Amazônia sem exigir resultados. Em março de 2022, Ruffalo fez também uma campanha em redes sociais para que jovens brasileiros tirassem o título de eleitor "para derrotar Bolsonaro" nas eleições. | ambiente |
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] | É inverno no Hemisfério Sul, época em que normalmente se forma o gelo ao redor da Antártida. Mas neste ano esse crescimento foi atrofiado, atingindo uma baixa recorde por uma ampla margem.A queda acentuada do gelo marinho está alarmando os cientistas e levantando preocupações sobre seu papel vital na regulação das temperaturas do oceano e do ar, na circulação da água oceânica e na manutenção de um ecossistema crucial para tudo, como o plâncton microscópico e os icônicos pinguins do continente."Este ano está realmente diferente", disse Ted Scambos, pesquisador sênior da Universidade do Colorado em Boulder e especialista em Antártida no Centro Nacional de Dados sobre Neve e Gelo dos Estados Unidos (NSIDC na sigla em inglês). "É uma mudança muito repentina."Um declínio contínuo do gelo no mar antártico teria consequências globais ao expor uma parte maior da camada de gelo do continente ao oceano aberto, permitindo que ela derreta e se quebre com mais facilidade, contribuindo para o aumento do nível do mar, que afeta as populações costeiras do mundo todo.Menos gelo também significa menor proteção contra os raios solares, que podem elevar a temperatura da água, dificultando o congelamento.No final de junho, o gelo cobria 11,7 milhões de km2 do oceano ao redor do continente, segundo dados do NSIDC. São quase 2,6 milhões de km² a menos que a média esperada em aproximadamente 40 anos de observações por satélite.A clara diferença em relação aos anos anteriores é surpreendente, já que o gelo marinho ao redor da Antártida tem demorado mais para responder às mudanças climáticas do que o gelo no Oceano Ártico.O gelo do Oceano Antártico também bateu um recorde de redução em 2022, mas a cobertura de gelo deste ano é quase 1,3 milhão de km² menor."A baixa extensão do gelo marinho na Antártida em 2023 não tem precedentes no registro por satélite", escreveu em um email Liping Zhang, cientista do projeto no Laboratório de Dinâmica de Fluidos Geofísicos da Administração Nacional Oceânica e Atmosférica dos EUA.A diminuição recorde pode sinalizar uma mudança no sistema do gelo marinho para um estado novo e instável, onde os extremos se tornam mais comuns, mas Zhang alertou que os cientistas ainda estão investigando essa questão.O gelo marinho ao redor da Antártida normalmente se forma de fevereiro a agosto e, depois, derrete até o inverno seguinte no Hemisfério Sul. Vários padrões oceânicos e atmosféricos influenciam o quanto o gelo cresce ou encolhe, e as interações sobrepostas entre essas forças são complexas.Além desses padrões naturais de curto prazo, há a influência em longo prazo da queima de combustíveis fósseis pelos humanos, adicionando gases do efeito estufa à atmosfera. Alguns pesquisadores suspeitam que finalmente estamos vendo os efeitos dessa queima no gelo marinho da Antártida, antes resistente.A mudança deste ano, no contexto de vários anos consecutivos com menos gelo marinho, é "muito, muito preocupante", disse Marilyn Raphael, professora de geografia e diretora do Instituto de Meio Ambiente e Sustentabilidade da Universidade da Califórnia em Los Angeles. "Não está dentro da variabilidade natural."Raphael tem trabalhado para estender o registro histórico do gelo marinho da Antártida antes da década de 1970, quando começaram as observações por satélite. Ela e seus colegas publicaram recentemente um novo conjunto de dados que remonta a 1905, usando observações meteorológicas para reconstruir a extensão do gelo marinho durante os anos anteriores. Mais Embora os dados ainda sejam limitados, o registro mais longo capta mais ciclos de variabilidade natural. Raphael e outros especialistas acreditam que o oceano, que se aquece mais lentamente que a atmosfera e absorveu grande parte do calor da queima de combustíveis fósseis, pode ter chegado a um ponto em que esse calor está afetando o gelo marinho da Antártida.As temperaturas na superfície do mar quebraram recordes neste ano, e atualmente existem três manchas de água excepcionalmente quentes ao redor da Antártida. Embora outros fatores também estejam em jogo, esses pontos quentes se alinham com as áreas costeiras onde o gelo marinho tem se formado de forma incomumente lenta, disse Scambos.Tradução de Luiz Roberto M. Gonçalves | ambiente |
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] | Nos últimos três meses, o governo brasileiro dedicou tempo e investimentos para impulsionar a candidatura da pesquisadora Thelma Krug à presidência do Painel Intergovernamental sobre Mudança do Clima (IPCC).Matemática de formação e vice-presidente do órgão entre 2015 e julho de 2023, Krug se reuniu com delegações de mais de dez países nas semanas que antecederam a votação para fortificar suas chances, que eram vistas como grandes.Em 26 de junho, porém, o cientista britânico Jim Skea foi eleito em plenário para o cargo, superando a candidatura da brasileira, da professora sul-africana Debra Roberts e do belga Jean-Pascal van Ypersele.Se eleita, a cientista que já foi pesquisadora do Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (Inpe) e secretária dos ministérios do Meio Ambiente e da Ciência, Tecnologia e Inovação, teria sido a primeira mulher a presidir o IPCC."O Brasil jamais teria apresentado a minha candidatura da forma como o fez, com todo o apoio que foi dado, se não tivesse confiança nos meus requisitos para o cargo de presidente. Então fica a pergunta: por que não?", afirmou Krug em entrevista à BBC News Brasil."Eu não perdi nada, mas o IPCC perdeu uma grande chance de ter uma mulher qualificada, que já era vice-presidente e que já estava na instituição há 21 anos consecutivos como presidente. E se isso tudo não foi suficiente dessa vez, tenho dúvidas se uma mulher ou um representante de um país em desenvolvimento conseguirá um dia chegar lá."O Painel Intergovernamental sobre Mudança do Clima, criado pelo Programa das Nações Unidas para o Meio Ambiente (ONU Meio Ambiente), tem como principal objetivo fornecer avaliações científicas regulares sobre a mudança do clima e propor opções de adaptação e mitigação para os formuladores de políticas públicas.Além de vice-presidente do órgão, Thelma Krug participou da Força-Tarefa do IPCC sobre gases do efeito estufa por 13 anos.À BBC, a pesquisadora afirmou que o Brasil e toda a América Latina estão entre as regiões mais vulneráveis à mudança do clima."O Brasil é vulnerável por vários motivos: por conta das secas, das fortes precipitações, do aumento da temperatura média, das ondas de calor, dos ciclones tropicais", diz. "Mas boa parte da vulnerabilidade se deve a componentes externos, como a desigualdade social, a pobreza e o uso de recursos de maneira não sustentável, que agravam a mudança do clima."Segundo o próprio IPCC, eventos climáticos extremos já estão afetando a América Latina e estão projetados para aumentar. A lista inclui o aumento da temperatura e do nível do mar, a erosão costeira e o aumento da frequência de secas, que estão associadas a uma queda no abastecimento de água, assim como impactos na saúde humana, agricultura e pesca.Ainda segundo Krug, a meta global proposta pelo Acordo de Paris de frear o aquecimento global a 1,5ºC até 2100 está se tornando cada vez mais difícil de ser alcançada, "chegando no limite de ser impossível"."Se essas reduções não foram feitas rapidamente e de uma forma muito ambiciosa, logo chegaremos a uma situação em que mesmo a redução abaixo de 2°C poderá estar comprometida."Sobre Amazônia e a cúpula realizada em Belém nesta semana, Krug afirmou que o Brasil enfrenta um "problemaço" para cumprir a ambiciosa meta de desmatamento zero até 2030, após "o desmonte das agências de fiscalização e a multiplicação do crime organizado armado e garimpo ilegal" nos últimos quatro anos."Eu acho que é [possível cumprir a meta], mas vai depender da intensificação extrema dessas ações de fiscalização em um curto espaço de tempo", disse.Questionada sobre o debate da expansão da exploração de petróleo na Amazônia, a cientista afirmou ainda que investir em combustíveis fósseis atualmente é "como andar na contramão da ciência".Leia a seguir os principais trechos da entrevista da matemática e pesquisadora à BBC News Brasil.BBC News Brasil - Em que ponto estamos, como mundo, da crise climática?Thelma Krug - Estamos em um momento bem preocupante. O último relatório do IPCC [de março de 2023] conseguiu recuperar vários dados paleoclimáticos que permitiram aos cientistas avaliarem que muitos dos eventos que temos observado nos últimos anos são sem precedentes.Em 2019, por exemplo, tivemos as maiores concentrações de dióxido de carbono em pelo menos 2 milhões de anos e de metano e óxido nitroso em 800 mil anos. A área de gelo no Mar Ártico também chegou em seu mínimo desde 1850 na década de 2011 a 2020 e a temperatura média global da superfície aumentou muito mais rapidamente nos últimos 50 anos do que em qualquer outro período dos últimos 2 mil anos.Múltiplas fontes independentes registraram o aumento de ondas de calor em todo o mundo e, ao mesmo tempo, observamos a elevação do nível do mar e a maior frequência e intensidade de extremos meteorológicos e climáticos, muitos dos quais atribuídos a influência humana.BBC News Brasil - Há tempo hábil para cumprir a meta de limitar alta de temperatura global a 1,5°C?Krug - Essa foi uma meta ambiciosa, que vai se tornando cada vez mais complicada de ser atingida. Um relatório especial do PICC de 2018 já indicava a necessidade de rápidas, profundas e sustentadas reduções de emissões de gases de efeito estufa para cumprir esse objetivo. Os pesquisadores praticamente concordaram que para chegar a 1,5° C teríamos que zerar as emissões e remoções de CO2 globalmente.Ou seja, vai se tornando cada vez mais desafiador, chegando no limite de ser impossível. Se essas reduções não foram feitas rapidamente e de uma forma muito ambiciosa logo chegaremos a uma situação em que mesmo a redução abaixo de 2°C poderá estar comprometida.BBC News Brasil - O que falta para atingir as metas globais e implementar medidas efetivas para reduzir drasticamente as emissões?Krug - A verdade é que, segundo o IPCC, já existem opções de mitigação que reduziriam pela metade as emissões de gás de efeito estufa relativas ao ano de 2019 até 2030. Ou seja, não estamos dependentes de novas tecnologias para cortar as emissões.O que existem são barreiras de diversas naturezas que dificultam a implementação. E para os países em desenvolvimento, que são a maioria, a maior barreira é a financeira. Falta investimento estrangeiro, iniciativas de transferência de tecnologia ou capacitação.Existem também barreiras de natureza institucional: falta de legislações, por exemplo, que poderiam incentivar parcerias público-privadas ou mudanças em processos industriais. Ou seja, falta visibilidade institucional sobre como tratar a questão da mudança climática.BBC News Brasil - Muitas vezes quando tratamos de temas como mudanças climáticas e meio ambiente, o público tem dificuldades de enxergar as consequências concretas de tudo isso. De que forma o dia a dia dos brasileiros já é impactado pelo aquecimento do globo? Pode dar exemplos?Krug - A maior consequência que temos já caracterizada —e que não é exclusiva do Brasil— é a projeção de que os eventos meteorológicos e climáticos, como secas e ciclones, vão ficar cada vez mais frequentes e mais intensos.Na região sul, por exemplo, já se constatou que o aumento de fortes precipitações está relacionado à ação humana. Na Amazônia, as secas mais frequentes registradas desde 2005 já saíram do padrão de variabilidade natural e começam a ser entendidas como influenciadas pela mudança do clima de natureza antrópica.Além disso, já foi identificado um aumento da temperatura média em todas as regiões do Brasil, causado pela ação humana. E se tem a digital humana significa que tende a aumentar ainda mais.BBC News Brasil - Falando especificamente sobre o Brasil, o quão vulnerável estamos às mudanças climáticas, segundo as últimas conclusões do IPCC?Krug - Não só o Brasil, como toda a América Latina, estão entre as regiões mais vulneráveis à mudança do clima. O Brasil é vulnerável por vários motivos: por conta das secas, das fortes precipitações, do aumento da temperatura média, das ondas de calor, dos ciclones tropicais.Mas é um pacote né? Porque boa parte da vulnerabilidade se deve a componentes externos, como a desigualdade social, a pobreza e o uso de recursos de maneira não sustentável, que agravam a mudança do clima.A verdade é que o impacto nunca é igual para todos, pois as populações menos abastadas têm menor capacidade de adaptação e sofrem mais. Em algumas regiões do Brasil as famílias não têm sequer acesso à luz elétrica, imagine a um ventilador ou a um ar condicionado para aguentar as altas temperaturas que já estamos experimentando.Estamos diante de um portfólio de extremos que variam de lugar para lugar e, é claro, que serão tão mais graves quanto maior for o aquecimento global.BBC News Brasil - O quão perto a Floresta Amazônica está do "ponto de não retorno", ou seja, do momento em que pode não se recuperar mais diante do desmatamento e das mudanças climáticas?Krug - A comunidade científica ainda precisa amadurecer mais nessa questão, pois não há um consenso científico sobre essa possibilidade ou o quanto de desmatamento será preciso para chegar lá.Mas independente de qualquer coisa deveríamos seguir o princípio da precaução. Até porque a contenção do desmatamento é a opção de mitigação da mudança climática que tem o maior potencial do ponto de vista técnico e econômico, segundo o IPCC. Classificamos como de alto potencial econômico aquelas ações que vão custar menos do que 100 dólares por tonelada de CO2 reduzido ou evitado —e muitas das ações florestais indicadas pelo IPCC custam menos do que 20 dólares.E as implicações do desmatamento não têm limites geográficos. Elas são tão importantes aqui no Brasil como na Colômbia, na Venezuela ou em qualquer outro dos oito países que compartilham a Floresta Amazônica.BBC News Brasil - O Brasil tem condições de cumprir a meta de desmatamento zero até 2030?Krug - Nós já conseguimos quase fazer isso no passado, entre 2004 e 2012, quando reduzimos o desmatamento em 83%. Mas a situação atual é mais complexa: tivemos nos últimos quatro anos um olhar muito complicado para a área ambiental, com o desmonte das agências de fiscalização e multiplicação do crime organizado armado e garimpo ilegal. É um problemaço.Reverter isso vai requerer uma ampliação da fiscalização, algo que custa muito dinheiro. Ou seja, o Brasil precisa de um reforço de recursos. O Fundo Amazônia contribuiu muito para a redução do desmatamento na Amazônia, mas paga por reduções —e para reduzir é preciso tomar ações que requerem dinheiro.Você me pergunta se é possível. Eu acho que é, mas vai depender da intensificação extrema dessas ações de fiscalização em um curto espaço de tempo.BBC News Brasil - O presidente Lula tem defendido que a Amazônia seja explorada de maneira compatível com o meio ambiente, sem aumentar o desmatamento, mas ao mesmo tempo sem ser um santuário que não gera renda aos moradores. Como a senhora avalia essa visão? É possível desenvolver sem desmatar?Krug - Eu concordo com o presidente Lula. Há potenciais que muitas vezes são pouco explorados para uma estratégia de desenvolvimento envolvendo os povos que vivem nas regiões ameaçadas. Não adianta criar um plano sem nem saber como ele vai impactar as populações locais —tanto positiva quanto negativamente.BBC News Brasil - Explorar petróleo na foz do Rio Amazonas e ampliar a exploração na própria floresta é viável? Krug - Eu consigo entender que muitos países, inclusive da nossa região, tem um grande potencial de exploração de combustíveis fósseis e que, por meio deles, poderiam gerar mais recursos para a saúde, educação e etc.Por outro lado, um dos pontos mais críticos do combate à mudança do clima é justamente a descarbonização. Os combustíveis fósseis representam 80% da contribuição para a mudança do clima. Então [investir em petróleo] é quase como andar na contramão da ciência.E explorar petróleo na Amazônia é algo bem difícil para mim. Tenho dificuldade de entender..É uma discussão que mereceria mais aprofundamento.BBC News Brasil - O Pará sedia a cúpula da Amazônia, mas é regularmente o segundo Estado que mais desmata no país. Há sérios conflitos ali que ilustram o desafio do Brasil em relação ao meio ambiente. Em que medida o Brasil e o presidente Lula têm condições de tentar liderar uma agenda ambiental global quando existem problemas tão sérios em casa que parecem difíceis de resolver?Krug - Ele [Lula] já é um líder. Esses seis meses de governo deram a clara demonstração de um país que tem na ciência e na tratativa da mudança do clima temas prioritários. Conversando com líderes e representantes de diversos países nos últimos meses notei uma visão de um novo Brasil e de que o Lula tem, sim, a capacidade de liderar e retomar a liderança regional.A Cúpula da Amazônia é um exemplo disso, é uma demonstração de que o Brasil não está só pensando no Brasil, mas em toda a região e certamente. Isso já é um passo importante no estabelecimento dessa liderança que o Brasil perdeu nos últimos quatro anos.E, na minha opinião, hospedar a COP-30 em Belém é uma ótima forma de mostrar o que ainda temos de floresta. Mas, ao mesmo tempo, na minha opinião, a mensagem principal deve ser para mostrar o quanto essa floresta está vulnerável ao desmatamento e que se não houver um esforço paralelo à redução do desmatamento, junto com o esforço de descarbonização, as florestas e os ecossistemas naturais sendo muito vulneráveis à mudança do clima, tornam essa situação bem complicada. Mais BBC News Brasil - A senhora foi candidata do Brasil à presidência do IPCC, mas o britânico Jim Skea foi o aprovado em plenário. Estas foram as primeiras eleições na história do IPCC com candidatas mulheres e, se fosse eleita, a senhora teria sido a primeira mulher a presidir o órgão. A senhora acredita que uma decisão em prol da maior diversidade de gênero na liderança poderia beneficiar mais o IPCC?Krug - Certamente. Se existe uma frustração é pelo fato dessa eleição não ter eleito uma mulher —e olha que éramos duas candidatas. A composição atual da diretoria do IPCC tem um presidente, três vice-presidentes e oito copresidentes de grupos de trabalho e da força-tarefa. São 12 pessoas, das quais apenas três são mulheres.As Nações Unidas falam muito de paridade de gênero, mas o IPCC desde sua criação há 34 anos nunca teve uma mulher presidente, o máximo que se alcançou foi uma vice-presidente, com a minha eleição à Vice-presidência em 2015. Sempre tentamos também estabelecer um balanço de gênero e distribuição geográfica dos autores que contribuem para o IPCC, mas nem sempre fomos bem-sucedidos. No último ciclo tivemos 32% de autores mulheres e no anterior 25%.O Brasil jamais teria apresentado a minha candidatura da forma como o fez, com todo o apoio que foi dado, se não tivesse confiança nos meus requisitos para o cargo de presidente. Então fica a pergunta: por que não?Então eu acho que eu não perdi nada, mas o IPCC perdeu uma grande chance de ter uma mulher qualificada, que já era vice-presidente e que já estava na instituição há 21 anos consecutivos como presidente. E se isso tudo não foi suficiente dessa vez, tenho dúvidas se uma mulher ou um representante de um país em desenvolvimento conseguirá um dia chegar lá.O texto foi publicado originalmente aqui. | ambiente |
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] | Quarta-feira passada (9) foi o Dia Internacional dos Povos Indígenas e, também, o dia seguinte da Cúpula da Amazônia, que reuniu os chefes de Estado da região, em Belém.Havia forte expectativa, no movimento indígena, na sociedade civil e no próprio governo, de que o presidente Lula assinaria os decretos de homologação de oito TIs (terras indígenas), já demarcadas fisicamente, cujos processos estavam engavetados desde o governo Bolsonaro. A data passou sem que os decretos fossem editados.A Constituição determina que a União demarque e proteja as TIs, o que foi descumprido pela gestão anterior. Lula prometeu retomar e concluir todos os processos demarcatórios pendentes.Quando assumiu, encontrou 14 deles na gaveta. Seis foram homologados em abril, quando se disse, em relação aos outros oito, que ainda havia ajustes formais necessários e que a edição dos respectivos decretos ocorreria mais à frente.Com os ajustes concluídos e o reenvio dos processos do Ministério da Justiça para a Casa Civil, esperava-se que fossem homologados agora.Nos últimos dias, circulou a informação de que apenas duas homologações seriam anunciadas, por não haverem, nesses casos, manifestações em contrário. Afinal, nenhum decreto foi editado, e o governo alegou que a coincidência da data com o final da cúpula tornava impróprios os anúncios.Na verdade, imprópria é a vacilação da Casa Civil diante de extemporâneas manifestações em contrário.O receio é que ela signifique ignorância sobre o processo administrativo de demarcação e, por outro lado, põe em dúvida a vontade política do governo e o compromisso do presidente Lula para resolver, de uma vez por todas, as pendências ainda existentes sobre cerca de um terço das TIs com processos abertos na Funai (Fundação Nacional dos Povos Indígenas).Diferente do que muitos pensam, não é o decreto de homologação que define os limites de uma TI. Ele é a penúltima etapa de um processo com várias fases e que começa com a criação, pela Funai, de um grupo de trabalho para elaborar o estudo de identificação.Cabe ao presidente do órgão indigenista aprová-lo ou não. Há prazos para a manifestação e contestações de interessados.Depois disso, o Ministério da Justiça aprova ou não os limites ou pode pedir novas diligências à Funai. Se aprovados esses limites, o órgão indigenista procede à sua demarcação física e digitalização. Só depois é realizada a homologação por meio de um decreto presidencial. Mais Vale lembrar que essas oito terras, assim como as outras seis que foram homologadas, tiveram os seus limites definidos há muitos anos por portarias ministeriais, que recursos públicos significativos já foram investidos nos trabalhos de demarcação física e que não há pendências administrativas ou decisões judiciais que impeçam as suas homologações.Também vale lembrar que estamos discutindo, ainda, a gaveta de Bolsonaro e que há outras 240 áreas com processos abertos na Funai e tramitando em alguma instância do governo à espera de conclusão.Se o governo enrosca-se logo nas pendências herdadas de Bolsonaro, o que se pode esperar do processo como um todo?O Planalto deveria saber que a definição de limites dessas terras antecedeu as demarcações. A pergunta impõe-se: vai sentar em cima dos processos ou devolvê-los à Funai a esta altura, prolongando conflitos e postergando soluções?O presidente Lula precisa dar um jeito na situação, pois há comunidades envolvidas e tensões locais. A indefinição da Casa Civil afeta o discurso e pode até provocar uma crise de governo. É melhor desenroscar. | ambiente |
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] | Em posição oposta à defendida pelo presidente Lula (PT), o mandatário colombiano Gustavo Petro veio à Cúpula da Amazônia, que se encerrou na quarta-feira (9), em Belém, defender o fim da exploração de petróleo na floresta.Numa fala dura na abertura do evento, Petro acusou a esquerda de negacionismo climático ao se recusar a adotar a pauta."[Os governos de] direita têm um fácil escape, que é o negacionismo, negam a ciência. Para os progressistas, é muito difícil. Gera, então, outro tipo de negacionismo: falar em transições", disse, em referência ao termo usado por governos para justificar a continuidade dos investimentos em energias de fontes fósseis —e citado momentos antes pelo presidente brasileiro em discurso.Apesar de ter oposto Petro e Lula publicamente, a discussão acerca do tema na cúpula não se deu apenas entre os dois vizinhos. Afinal, seja na costa ou na área continental, todos os oito países que fazem parte da OTCA (Organização do Tratado de Cooperação Amazônica) já exploram combustíveis fósseis na Amazônia.Alguns precisam muito desses estoques, como a Bolívia (que é um grande exportador do gás extraído na floresta), e outros menos, como a Colômbia (em que a maior parte das reservas está na região conhecida como Orinoquia, no leste do país).Por isso, o tema quase ficou de fora da declaração emitida ao final do encontro. O artigo que trata de "iniciar um diálogo" entre os Estados "sobre a sustentabilidade de setores tais como mineração e hidrocarbonetos" foi o último a ser incluído no documento, ainda antes do início do evento.Quando questionada se a Colômbia pretende abrir mão da extração do petróleo em todo o território, não apenas na Amazônia, a ministra do Meio Ambiente e Desenvolvimento Sustentável, Susana Muhamad, afirmou que a ideia é ter reservas suficientes para possibilitar uma transição energética justa e fazer com que novos investimentos sejam destinados a esse fim, em detrimento da abertura de fronteiras exploratórias."A transição energética tem que ser segura. Não podemos simplesmente nos desconectar do petróleo da noite para o dia, mas acelerar [a transição] o mais decididamente possível", disse."A falácia é que às vezes se fala em transição como se fosse começar 'algum dia'. E, na verdade, o recado é que o mais importante é acelerar e começar agora para acabarmos com o petróleo e tentarmos fechar as fronteiras extrativistas", completou.A pauta climática é central para Petro. A agenda ambiental foi um dos focos da sua campanha eleitoral, junto da luta contra a pobreza e a "paz total". O programa de governo cita a meta de redução gradual da dependência econômica do petróleo e do carvão."Nenhuma nova licença de exploração de hidrocarbonetos será concedida, nem será permitida a mineração a céu aberto em grande escala", diz o texto, que cita ainda a interrupção de projetos de "fracking" (técnica que usa água misturada a areia e reagentes químicos para quebrar rochas de xisto no subsolo e extrair petróleo e gás), entre outros pontos.Para implementar essa política, a ativista ambiental Irene Vélez-Torres foi escolhida como ministra de Minas e Energia da Colômbia. Mas, no final de julho, em meio a uma crise institucional e a acusações de abuso de poder, foi substituída pelo engenheiro Andrés Camacho.Em carta emitida ao tomar posse, segundo a revista Forbes, o ministro admite a intenção de implementar medidas para abrir novas reservas de combustíveis fósseis e, ao mesmo tempo, diversificar a matriz energética."Houve sinais muito ambivalentes sobre a questão do petróleo. O petróleo é muito importante para a Colômbia, pelo aspecto fiscal", opina Tomás Gonzalez, ex-ministro de Minas e Energia (2014-2016).Ele é diretor do Centro Regional de Estudos de Energia, que defende o uso do gás (que também é um combustível fóssil, ainda que menos poluente na queima) em substituição à gasolina e ao diesel. "O gás é muito importante socialmente, para a transição [energética], e vamos ficar sem gás", diz, ressaltando que a Colômbia só tem reservas para mais sete anos.O setor de mineração e energia representa 7% do PIB do país, gerando 33% do investimento estrangeiro, 56% das exportações e mais de 500 mil empregos formais.Andrés Gomez, pesquisador de energia e justiça climática da ONG Censat Agua Viva, ressalta que, ainda que dependa muito dele economicamente, a Colômbia não é um país petroleiro."Temos apenas 0,1% das reservas provadas mundiais e muito menos em termos de gás. Então, parar de depender do petróleo, de algo que tem altas probabilidades de que não siga funcionando como hoje no futuro próximo, é uma política responsável", afirma. "E é entender o momento histórico, a crise climática e o papel fundamental que tem a queima de combustíveis fósseis."González aponta que a posição de Petro nessa pauta também funciona para projetá-lo no cenário internacional. Assim como no Brasil, a maioria das emissões de gases de efeito estufa da Colômbia vêm do desmatamento e das mudanças no uso do solo, mas, em nível global, especialmente entre países ricos e emergentes, o principal gargalo é a energia."A discussão no mundo é sobre energia. Então, você não pode ser um líder global se não estiver [discutindo isso], porque é onde está o [debate no] mundo desenvolvido", avalia. Para o climatologista Juliano Bueno, diretor do Instituto Arayara, o presidente colombiano vê uma oportunidade competitiva de transformar o país num polo energético limpo. "Existem fortes recursos para essa transição no mundo inteiro, de bancos e fundos de capitais, e ele [Petro] não quer perder esse dinheiro", diz.Além desse fator, ressalta, existe uma visão política sobre compromissos climáticos a que Petro busca se alinhar. "Há uma revisão de leitura da nova esquerda latino-americana, com Chile e Colômbia, que tem visões mais modernas, que quer romper com o extrativismo da década de 1960 e 1970", aponta.A advogada Vanessa Torres, subdiretora da ONG colombiana Ambiente y Sociedad, diz, no entanto, que é um erro chamar a agenda do presidente colombiano de "antipetróleo"."O atual Plano de Desenvolvimento Nacional reconhece o lugar significativo dos combustíveis fósseis e minerais, tendo em conta que são a principal atividade econômica do país", explica. O ponto-chave, na sua visão, é a proposta de utilizar recursos desses setores para implementar energias limpas.Torres entende ainda que o resultado da Cúpula da Amazônia, apesar das divergências sobre o tema, abre caminho para que os líderes da região consolidem uma posição frente à postura dos países desenvolvidos.Quanto a um possível estremecimento nas relações entre Brasil e Colômbia, a internacionalista Marília Closs diz não acreditar que as diferenças em torno dos combustíveis fósseis sejam motivo suficiente para rompimento."O diálogo em si não vai ser necessariamente prejudicado, porque o Brasil também tem posições diferentes de outros países da América Latina, com quem continua dialogando", diz a pesquisadora da Plataforma Cipó. "O que podemos ver é o cenário de esquerdas diferentes na América Latina, mas que ainda assim dialogam." | ambiente |
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] | Os incêndios dos últimos dias no Havaí seriam chocantes em qualquer lugar —mataram pelo menos 55 pessoas, num dos incêndios florestais mais letais na história moderna dos Estados Unidos. Mas a devastação é especialmente impressionante por causa do local onde ocorreu: um estado americano conhecido por sua vegetação exuberante, muito diferente da paisagem seca normalmente associada a ameaças de incêndio.A explicação é tão direta quanto preocupante: à medida que o planeta esquenta, nenhum lugar está a salvo de desastres.A história do incêndio desta semana provavelmente teve início décadas atrás, quando o Havaí começou a sofrer uma redução progressiva na precipitação média anual de chuvas. Desde 1990, a precipitação em locais de monitoramento selecionados foi 31% menor na estação chuvosa e 6% menor na estação seca, segundo um trabalho publicado em 2015 por pesquisadores da Universidade do Havaí e da Universidade do Colorado.Existem várias razões para essa mudança, segundo Abby Frazier, climatologista da Universidade Clark que pesquisou o Havaí.Um fator é La Niña, um padrão climático que geralmente provoca chuvas significativas, mas começou a produzi-las em menor volume a partir dos anos 1980. Esses La Niñas mais fracos "não estão nos tirando da seca", disse Frazier numa entrevista no início deste ano. Mais Outra mudança: à medida que as temperaturas aumentam, as nuvens sobre o Havaí ficam mais finas, disse ela. E a menor cobertura de nuvens significa menor precipitação. Além disso, as grandes tempestades têm se deslocado para o norte ao longo do tempo —gerando menos chuva do que normalmente trazem para as ilhas.Essas três mudanças provavelmente estão relacionadas ao aumento das temperaturas globais, disse Frazier. "É provável que haja um sinal da mudança climática em tudo o que estamos vendo", disse ela.Quase 16% do condado de Maui, onde os incêndios florestais estão ardendo, sofrem seca severa, de acordo com dados divulgados pelo Monitor de Secas dos EUA na quinta-feira (10); outros 20% da área estão com seca moderada.Como a precipitação média anual vem diminuindo, as temperaturas médias no Havaí aumentaram, como em outras partes do mundo, secando ainda mais a vegetação.Num artigo publicado em 2019, pesquisadores da Universidade do Havaí escreveram que 2016 foi mais quente do que a média de cem anos em 0,92°C, e as temperaturas subiram 0,19°C por década no Observatório Mauna Loa.A paisagem do Havaí está mudando de outras maneiras, além de ficar mais seca. À medida que os incêndios florestais se tornam mais comuns, parte da vegetação nativa, mal adaptada ao fogo, foi destruída. Em outros lugares, incluindo a área ao redor de Lahaina, antigas fazendas de cana-de-açúcar pararam de operar por volta dos anos 1990 e, com isso, a terra deixou de ser irrigada. Ao menos 36 pessoas morreram e milhares foram retirados de localidade turística e histórica na ilha de Maui - Maxar Technologies via Reuters e AFP No lugar dessas lavouras e da vegetação nativa, espalharam-se gramíneas secas e invasoras. Essas gramíneas são mais capazes de brotar novamente após um incêndio, mas também são rápidas para inflamar. Isso contribuiu para que os incêndios se espalhassem mais rapidamente."A paisagem está coberta de material inflamável", disse Ryan Longman, pesquisador do East-West Center, uma instituição educacional. "Todas as condições simplesmente se juntaram."O ressecamento da paisagem do Havaí faz parte de uma tendência que afeta as florestas tropicais em todo o mundo.As florestas tropicais são altamente sensíveis a mudanças na precipitação. Temperaturas mais altas, secas e mudanças nos padrões de chuva estressam as árvores. Seus troncos secam e suas folhas caem. A perda das copas das árvores permite que os raios solares atinjam o solo, fazendo com que ele seque rapidamente.Ao longo de décadas, a seca, o calor, o fogo e o desmatamento podem forçar uma floresta tropical a se transformar em pastagens secas ou savanas.Partes da floresta amazônica, a maior do mundo, estão se aproximando rapidamente dessa transição, um ponto sem volta quando o ecossistema úmido mudaria para sempre.Florestas degradadas e mudanças nos padrões climáticos se combinam para criar condições perfeitas para que pequenos incêndios, muitas vezes iniciados pela atividade humana, se transformem em chamas enormes e incontroláveis. Nas florestas tropicais, a perda de árvores por causa do fogo cresceu em média 5% a cada ano nos últimos 20 anos, conforme pesquisas recentes.Essas ameaças subjacentes foram amplificadas no Havaí esta semana por uma causa diferente: o furacão Dora, que passou ao sul do Havaí como uma tempestade de categoria 4 na terça (8). Embora a tempestade estivesse a centenas de quilômetros da costa de Maui, ela contribuiu para ventos de mais de 96 km/h, ajudando o fogo a se espalhar numa velocidade terrível.É difícil atribuir diretamente um furacão à mudança climática. Mas, ao aumentar as temperaturas do ar e do oceano, as condições de aquecimento aumentam a probabilidade de que grandes tempestades ganhem força."Os fortes ventos secos provocaram esse incêndio", disse Josh Stanbro, que atuou como diretor de resiliência em Honolulu. "Isso faz parte de uma tendência de longo prazo que está diretamente relacionada às mudanças climáticas e a seus impactos nas ilhas." | ambiente |
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] | A assinatura da Declaração de Belém pelos oito países membros da OTCA (Organização do Tratado de Cooperação Amazônica) na última terça-feira (8) estabeleceu uma agenda internacional comum para a preservação da floresta amazônica. Embora possua lacunas, o documento traz diretrizes para a criação de mecanismos de cooperação e de metas futuras.Para especialistas ouvidos pela Folha, a Cúpula da Amazônia teve entre seus maiores méritos a reativação da OTCA – o último encontro de presidentes do bloco tinha ocorrido em 2009. Segundo Antônio Maués, professor da UFPA (Universidade Federal do Pará), a declaração pavimenta o caminho para que a organização se fortaleça institucionalmente.O pesquisador cita o compromisso de se criar um Protocolo Adicional dentro do tratado, para que os presidentes de países membros, quando reunidos, possam tomar decisões de forma colegiada. "Significa criar uma instância de deliberação na qual os países têm que negociar e tomar decisões concretas –é o momento em que se pode estabelecer metas, por exemplo, ou políticas comuns vinculando os diferentes governos", explica Maués.ONGs que atuam na Amazônia afirmaram que duas questões importantes ficaram de fora do texto: o estabelecimento de prazos para a redução do desmatamento e a criação de barreiras para a exploração de petróleo na região.Em resposta, a ministra do Meio Ambiente e da Mudança Climática do Brasil, Marina Silva, disse que as nações amazônicas não assumiram o compromisso com o desmatamento zero por falta de consenso."Os documentos da OTCA, como em geral acontece [com organizações internacionais], têm que ser aprovados por unanimidade. O Brasil não teria problema em colocar meta de desmatamento, porque já assumiu esse compromisso. Mas outros países têm realidades diferentes e é muito difícil estabelecer metas concretas nesse momento de relançamento da organização", defendeu Maués.Segundo Paulo Artaxo, coordenador do Ceas (Centro de Estudos da Amazônia Sustentável) da USP (Universidade de São Paulo), o documento dá início a um "trabalho conjunto de estruturar uma economia e sociedade que sejam minimamente sustentáveis, combatendo ilegalidades e fazendo com que cada constituição seja respeitada".O texto propõe, nesse sentido, a troca de informações de inteligência e cooperação policial visando o combate a atividades ilícitas e crimes ambientais, como extração ilegal de madeira e minérios. "Isso nunca aconteceu antes e é muito importante. Porque quando você expulsa garimpo ilegal do Brasil, eles [garimpeiros] fogem para a Colômbia, Venezuela, para as Guianas. É preciso haver uma política comum no combate à ilegalidade", afirma o pesquisador. Mais Um Centro de Cooperação Policial Internacional da Amazônia deve ser implementado em Manaus para coordenar as ações de prevenção, repressão e investigação de atividades ilícitas. A declaração também cita a criação de um sistema integrado de controle de tráfego aéreo na região para aprimorar o combate ao tráfico de drogas e outros crimes, como a exploração ilegal de recursos amazônicos.A declaração também prevê a intensificação da colaboração científica da região, com a criação de Painel Técnico-Científico Intergovernamental da Amazônia – apelidado de "IPCC (Painel Intergovernamental sobre Mudanças Climáticas) da Amazônia". Para os especialistas, isso deve favorecer o intercâmbio de instituições de pesquisa e ensino da região, além do compartilhamento de tecnologias de sensoriamento remoto, por exemplo.A participação social, em especial dos povos indígenas e comunidades tradicionais da Amazônia, também está prevista na declaração e deve ter papel relevante como instrumento de pressão, dizem os pesquisadores."Não há a menor dúvida que é uma carta importante. Ela não é completa, tem lacunas fundamentais, como a questão do desmatamento e da exploração de combustíveis fósseis. A gente espera que sociedades dos países pressionem seus governos para que esses compromissos sejam implementados em toda a região amazônica", disse Artaxo. | ambiente |
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] | Autoridades do Brasil e de outros sete países sul-americanos assinaram nesta terça-feira (8) a Declaração de Belém, documento que tem como objetivo garantir a preservação da floresta amazônica.O texto, assinado no primeiro dia da Cúpula da Amazônia, enumera 113 objetivos a serem alcançados pelos países onde o bioma está presente, norteados pelo propósito central de evitar que a devastação atinja um ponto irreversível.A abertura da carta cita os principais desafios da região, como a crise climática, a perda de biodiversidade, a poluição e o desmatamento.Embora não estabeleça metas concretas, o documento aponta para a necessidade de cooperação entre os governos para adoção de uma agenda de desenvolvimento sustentável e conservação do bioma amazônico, sob risco de atingir o ponto de não retorno – quando o desmate extrapola um limite que permite a recuperação da floresta.O texto foi criticado por ONGs e movimentos socioambientais por não estabelecer metas ou prazos para zerar o desmatamento na Amazônia –nesta quarta-feira (9), a ministra do Meio Ambiente e da Mudança Climática do Brasil, Marina Silva, disse que as nações amazônicas não assumiram o compromisso com o desmatamento zero por falta de consenso.Defendida pelo presidente colombiano, Gustavo Petro, a criação de barreiras para a exploração de petróleo na região também ficou de fora do acordo.Além do Brasil, o grupo é composto por Bolívia, Colômbia, Equador, Guiana, Peru, Suriname e Venezuela – países onde o bioma amazônico está presente.Lançamento da Aliança Amazônica de Combate ao Desmatamento Grupo criado com o objetivo de promover o combate ao desmatamento, o manejo florestal sustentável, o aumento de reservas de vegetação nativa e outras formas de proteção à floresta. Cada país deve estabelecer e cumprir sua própria meta para eliminação da atividade madeireira ilegal —o governo brasileiro trabalha atualmente para alcançar o desmatamento zero em 2030União de bancos públicos para financiar projetos de desenvolvimento sustentável O documento prevê que os países convidem seus bancos de desenvolvimento, como o BNDES, a trabalharem de forma integrada para fomentar projetos de economia sustentável na Amazônia. A união desses bancos, segundo a carta, será chamada de "Coalizão Verde"Combate a atividades ilegais e crimes ambientais Para ampliar a cooperação policial e de inteligência, o texto prevê a criação de um Centro de Cooperação Policial Internacional da Amazônia, a ser implementado em Manaus, com o objetivo de coordenar ações de prevenção, repressão e investigação de atividades ilícitas. O documento também cita a criação de um sistema integrado de controle de tráfego aéreo na região para aprimorar o combate ao tráfico de drogas e outros crimes, como a exploração ilegal de recursos amazônicosFortalecimento institucional da Organização do Tratado de Cooperação Amazônica Para isso, o texto prevê a criação de novas instâncias para tratar de temas específicos: | ambiente |
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] | A ministra do Meio Ambiente e da Mudança Climática, Marina Silva, disse na manhã desta quarta-feira (9) que as nações amazônicas não assumiram uma meta de zerar o desmatamento no bioma por falta de consenso. A inclusão da pauta na declaração firmada pelos oito países na Cúpula da Amazônia vinha sendo defendida pelo Brasil, mas acabou ficando de fora."O processo de negociação é sempre um processo mediado, porque ninguém pode impor a sua vontade a ninguém. Então, são consensos progressivos: à medida em que temos alguns consensos, a gente vai botando no documento", declarou em entrevista ao canal estatal CanalGov e à rádio EBC.Ela ressaltou a importância de o texto ter incluído o objetivo de não alcançar o ponto de não retorno na Amazônia –quando o desmate extrapola um limite que permite a recuperação da floresta, que se empobrece e entra em um processo de desertificação. Destacou, também, o fato de o Brasil já ter uma meta de zerar o desmate."Ainda que não tenha na declaração conjunta, em função de não se chegar a um consenso com outros países, o Brasil já tem esse compromisso", disse."Nós já estamos trabalhando para alcançar o desmatamento zero até 2030. O nosso governo, desde que assumiu, tem trabalhado incansavelmente para que, em conjunto com outros parceiros e os governos estaduais, possamos fazer arrefecer a taxa de desmatamento, que estava em alta." Mais Enquanto a inclusão da meta sobre acabar com o desmatamento no bioma era defendida pelo governo do presidente Lula (PT), o presidente colombiano, Gustavo Petro, vinha encabeçando a defesa pelo banimento da exploração de petróleo na Amazônia. Ambos os compromissos ficaram de fora do texto final, publicado na noite de terça-feira (8).A ministra também comentou o pedido de exploração de petróleo na bacia da Foz do Amazonas feito pela Petrobras, que quer perfurar o fundo do mar para aferir a dimensão das reservas de óleo na região.Em maio, a licença para a perfuração foi negada pelo Ibama (Instituto Brasileiro do Meio Ambiente e dos Recursos Naturais Renováveis), que vê risco nas atividades da petroleira em uma região de vulnerabilidade socioambiental. A estatal recorreu da decisão, que está sob nova análise do órgão fiscalizador. Mais Questionada sobre a possibilidade de o ministério liberar a autorização, Marina foi taxativa ao afirmar que o Ibama e o ministério não facilitam e nem dificultam o processo de licenciamento. "Nós olhamos para o pedido de licenciamento, são feitas análises técnicas e, num governo que respeita a lei e tem compromisso ético com conservação do meio ambiente e com a ciência, os estudos e as posições dos técnicos são respeitados", disse.A chefe da pasta ambiental afirmou que o Ibama vai analisar o recurso apresentado pela estatal com isenção e vai dar o seu veredicto, como já fez antes. "Nós já demos mais de 2.000 licenças para a Petrobras. Então, é injusto, às vezes, quando as pessoas dizem que o Ibama está tendo uma posição política ou ideológica", apontou, acrescentando que, se as autorizações concedidas são técnicas, o mesmo vale para as que são negadas. | ambiente |
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] | O ministro de Minas e Energia, Alexandre Silveira, negou o consenso científico em relação à necessidade de impedir novos investimentos em combustíveis fósseis para que seja possível cumprir o Acordo de Paris.De acordo com o painel climático da ONU (IPCC, na sigla em inglês), para atingir a meta de frear o aquecimento global em, no máximo, 1,5°C é essencial que não sejam iniciados novos projetos de petróleo, carvão e gás. Nesta terça-feira (8), no entanto, Silveira negou o entendimento do órgão, que é a maior referência global em ciência climática."Nós temos estudos que apontam, de forma clara e cristalina… que contrapõem exatamente essa posição do IPCC", disse. Quando questionado sobre qual estudo seria esse, citou a Agência Internacional de Energia –no entanto, a entidade apontou o mesmo que o IPCC.A declaração foi dada em entrevista coletiva em Belém, na Cúpula da Amazônia, que reúne líderes dos países do bioma.Mais cedo, na abertura do evento, o presidente colombiano, Gustavo Petro, afirmou que a recusa em abrir mão de combustíveis fósseis é um negacionismo da esquerda. Questionado sobre a declaração, o ministro brasileiro não comentou."A posição de um chefe de Estado tem que ser respeitada e, democraticamente, tem que ser debatida. E a partir do documento [final do encontro] é que nós vamos ter o resultado efetivo, e não polarizado com relação a uma declaração isolada."Silveira defende a ampliação da exploração petrolífera no Brasil, inclusive na bacia da Foz do Amazonas, onde a Petrobras quer perfurar o fundo do mar para aferir a dimensão das reservas de óleo na região.A licença para a perfuração foi negada pelo Ibama (Instituto Brasileiro do Meio Ambiente e dos Recursos Naturais Renováveis), que vê risco nas atividades da petroleira em uma região de vulnerabilidade socioambiental. A estatal recorreu da decisão, que está sob nova análise do órgão fiscalizador. Mais O chefe do Ministério de Minas e Energia repetiu na capital paraense falas anteriores, em que defendeu que a iniciativa na margem equatorial brasileira, que vai do Amapá ao Rio Grande do Norte, é um direito da população brasileira de "conhecer as potencialidades" minerais e energéticas do país."O grande desafio dos países em desenvolvimento, como o Brasil –na visão do ministro de Minas e Energia do país– é fazer o equilíbrio entre desenvolvimento econômico, conflitos sociais e a sustentabilidade", afirmou, acrescentando que a busca por esse equilíbrio é o motivo, por exemplo, de 16 ministros de Estado comporem o Conselho Nacional de Política Energética."O Brasil é um exemplo de governança. É importante a gente ter orgulho do Brasil. É importante que a gente defenda nossa matriz [energética]", disse Silveira. "Neste momento em que se discute a salvaguarda do planeta, nós queremos valorar essa matriz para poder combater a desigualdade, fome, miséria no Brasil. O que não é justo com os brasileiros e brasileiras, na minha visão, é que a gente só sirva para isso."Também presente na Cúpula, o presidente da Petrobras, Jean Paul Prates, defendeu o investimento em petróleo como parte da transição energética. "O que nós temos que fazer, inclusive aproveitando que a COP será aqui, é discutir como o uso do petróleo, que ainda vai durar por algumas décadas, pode ajudar a financiar a transição energética", afirmou em entrevista coletiva.Prates disse ainda que suspender a exploração de petróleo é uma decisão de Estado, que deve ser cumprida, mas que ainda é cedo para tratar de assunto tão drástico. A transição energética por si mesma é uma transição, não é uma ruptura, não acontece de um dia para o outro", argumentou.O presidente da petroleira declarou que aproveitou a reunião em Belém para encontrar governadores dos estados amazônicos, lembrou que as atividades da empresa deixa royalties e participações governamentais importantes no estado do Amazonas e que a empresa produz petróleo na região amazônica sem nenhum incidente há décadas. | ambiente |
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] | Após de protestos de ONGs e movimentos socioambientais, o texto final do evento entre os chefes de Estado dos países em que há o bioma não menciona a possibilidade de barrar novos projetos de exploração de petróleo na Amazônia, porém cita a ideia de iniciar um diálogo sobre a sustentabilidade dos setores de mineração e hidrocarbonetos na região.Batizado de Declaração de Belém, o documento foi publicado nesta terça-feira (8), após reunião a portas fechadas. Representantes dos oito países com o bioma, que participam da primeira edição da Cúpula da Amazônia, assinaram o texto.O texto menciona quatro vezes o objetivo de se evitar o ponto de não retorno da floresta amazônica. O objetivo é limitar o desmatamento em até cerca de 20% do bioma, impedindo um processo irreversível de savanização que levaria à perda das características da floresta tropical.No entanto, o documento não traz metas ou prazos para a conservação florestal e o combate ao desmatamento.A meta de desmatamento zero, defendida pelo Brasil e pela Colômbia, também fica de fora das decisões. O termo é mencionado no preâmbulo apenas como "um ideal a ser alcançado na região".Entre os parágrafos da decisão, a questão volta a aparecer como uma das opções de metas nacionais a serem apoiadas pela cooperação regional.Em uma das poucas mudanças na linguagem do texto, houve avanço na única menção do documento ao setor de combustíveis fósseis."Iniciar um diálogo entre os Estados Partes sobre a sustentabilidade de setores tais como mineração e hidrocarbonetos na região amazônica, no marco da Agenda 2030 para o desenvolvimento sustentável e de suas políticas nacionais soberanas", diz a Declaração de Belém.O rascunho do último domingo (6) responsabilizava apenas atores privados, prevendo "exortar os atores envolvidos no ciclo de vida de minérios e hidrocarbonetos a alinhar suas práticas à Agenda 2030".O documento mantém o teor do rascunho a que a reportagem teve acesso no último final de semana, antes da conclusão dos Diálogos Amazônicos.Os Dialógos reuniram ONGs e movimentos sociais nos três dias anteriores à Cúpula sob a promessa do governo federal de considerar reivindicações populares na reunião de chefes de Estado.A Cúpula começou ainda pela manhã, com uma abertura oficial com discursos das autoridades e representantes da sociedade civil.A fala mais impactante foi a do presidente colombiano, Gustavo Petro, que criticou a exploração de combustíveis fósseis. A posição dele se opõe à do presidente Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva (PT).Recentemente, o brasileiro disse que quer continuar sonhando com possibilidade de exploração de petróleo na Foz do Amazonas.Numa fala dura, que aconteceu pouco depois do discurso do brasileiro, Petro acusou a esquerda de negacionismo climático. "Há um enorme conflito ético, sobretudo por forças progressistas, que deveriam estar ao lado da ciência", afirmou, tratando do consenso científico sobre a crise do clima."[Os governos de] direita têm um fácil escape, que é o negacionismo, negam a ciência. Para os progressistas, é muito difícil. Gera, então, outro tipo de negacionismo: falar em transições", disse, em referência ao frequente termo usado por governos para justificar a continuidade dos investimentos em energias de fontes fósseis.Criticado por Petro, o argumento da transição energética foi reforçado ao longo da tarde pelo ministro de Minas e Energia, Alexandre Silveira, e pelo presidente da Petrobras, Jean Paul Prates, que falaram à imprensa em momentos separados."O que nós temos que fazer, inclusive aproveitando que a COP será aqui, é discutir como o uso do petróleo, que ainda vai durar algumas décadas, pode ajudar a financiar a transição energética", afirmou Prates.Já Silveira incitou dúvidas, sem apresentar evidências, sobre o consenso científico em torno da necessidade de se barrar novos investimentos em combustíveis fósseis. Questionado sobre a declaração de Petro sobre o negacionismo, Silveira não comentou.As divergências de visão entre os governos da Colômbia e do Brasil opõem as duas maiores economias da América do Sul. As duas nações também respondem pelas maiores populações da região.Entre as medidas concretas decididas pela declaração estão a criação de um painel técnico científico da Amazônia, inspirado no IPCC (o painel do clima da ONU), e do Observatório Regional Amazônico, que será instalado na estrutura da OTCA (Organização do Tratado de Cooperação Amazônica) para compartilhar informações em tempo real entre os países.A declaração também comunica a criação do Centro de Cooperação Policial Internacional da Amazônia, com sede em Manaus, para integração de inteligência e esforços policiais no combate a crimes na região.O texto também traz um compromisso específico de cooperação para combate ao garimpo ilegal, prevendo "erradicar a exploração ilícita de minerais e delitos conexos, incluindo lavagem de dinheiro".A cooperação contra o garimpo deve focar a "troca de informações sobre comércio e contrabando de mercúrio e outros metais pesados e na harmonização de políticas públicas para sua regulamentação e controle".O documento reconhece direitos indígenas, como o territorial e o de serem consultados sobre projetos que afetem suas terras, em consonância com a Convenção 169 da OIT (Organização Internacional do Trabalho). O acordo ainda prevê fortalecer a cooperação para enfrentar a violência de gênero, a misoginia e o racismo na região amazônica. | ambiente |
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] | Visitando a Amazônia brasileira pela primeira vez, o chefe do braço climático da ONU (Organização das Nações Unidas), Simon Stiell, acredita que Belém precisa superar grandes desafios de infraestrutura para receber, em 2025, a conferência do clima do órgão —a COP.O secretário-executivo da Convenção Quadro sobre Mudança Climática das Nações Unidas (UNFCCC, na sigla em inglês) esteve na capital paraense para a Cúpula da Amazônia, que começou nesta terça-feira (8)."Acabei de passar dois dias aqui e certamente tive uma noção das qualidades históricas e culturais [de Belém], é uma cidade linda. Em termos de adequação para sediar uma conferência internacional e, especificamente, a COP, há muitas considerações logísticas que o governo precisa resolver", afirmou, em entrevista à Folha e ao Valor.O evento não é exatamente um teste para a COP30, mas possíveis problemas como uma rede hoteleira enxuta e dificuldade de deslocamento pela cidade já aparecem, mesmo com um público bem menor.De acordo com o Itamaraty, nos três dias dos Diálogos Amazônicos, que antecederam a cúpula de líderes de estado, 27 mil pessoas participaram das discussões. Para a COP28 deste ano, que acontece nos Emirados Árabes, o público esperado é de 70 mil pessoas —número que vem crescendo ano a ano e deve ser ainda maior para a COP30.Segundo a Associação Brasileira da Indústria de Hotéis - Pará, Belém tem atualmente 12.115 leitos de hospedagem."Então, como acomodar a logística em termos de acesso ao transporte, instalações, transporte aéreo e segurança? Essas são algumas das principais considerações com que o UNFCCC está trabalhando, em estreita colaboração com as autoridades brasileiras", explica, acrescentando que o governo brasileiro abraçou a oportunidade de sediar o evento com entusiasmo e grandes ambições.Stiell diz, ainda, que a ONU planeja enviar uma equipe técnica a Belém para uma avaliação técnica. Os resultados informarão às autoridades brasileiras o que é necessário para botar o evento em pé."[A expectativa é que] essa avaliação preliminar possa ocorrer este mês", afirma. Ele pondera que, embora a ratificação oficial do Brasil como sede da COP30 vá ocorrer apenas na conferência deste ano, as autoridades têm se movido com grande velocidade para iniciar os preparativos.A COP28 será realizada em Dubai, em dezembro, e preocupações têm sido levantadas não apenas pelo país-sede ser altamente dependente de combustíveis fósseis, mas também porque as negociações vão ser lideradas por Sultan al-Jaber, diretor da Companhia Nacional de Petróleo de Abu Dhabi.Apesar disso, a ONU não planeja coibir a presença do forte e crescente lobby do petróleo nas conferências climáticas. Neste ano, Stiell informa que os participantes devem declarar suas afiliações, informação que será tornada pública e também constará nos crachás de quem estiver no evento."Esta não é a resposta completa, mas é um grande passo na direção certa e atende aos apelos, da sociedade civil e outros, de que deve haver maior transparência no processo", diz, ressaltando, porém, que os acordos são conduzidos pelos Estados e que é deles a responsabilidade de garantir a integridade do processo.Recentemente, Jaber afirmou que a COP28 deve render metas internacionais para triplicar a energia renovável e dobrar a economia de energia e a produção de hidrogênio até 2030. Falou também que seria necessária uma "redução responsável" que leve, até 2050, a um sistema livre de combustíveis fósseis "unabated" —ou seja, aqueles que não têm as emissões de carbono de sua produção capturadas.Apesar disso, a maior parte das emissões destes materiais não vêm da produção, mas do uso de carvão, petróleo e gás.Stiell afirma que existe um grande debate sobre o papel das tecnologias que ajudam a descarbonizar a produção de combustíveis fósseis e o impacto delas versus o apelo à redução e eliminação progressiva dos combustíveis fósseis. Mais "A ciência é muito clara quanto à necessidade de reduzir e eliminar gradualmente os combustíveis fósseis 'unabated'", destaca, acrescentando que a forma como isso ocorrerá caberá a cada país. "Ainda há muito trabalho a ser feito em termos de como isso deve ser feito. Essa é a oportunidade que está sendo apresentada na COP28, com as conversas sobre transição energética."Ele diz acreditar que a conferência será uma chance única para que tanto o país-sede como a comunidade global discutam caminhos de como fazer essa transição levando em conta tanto o clima e o meio ambiente como questões econômicas e sociais."É a oportunidade de fazer essas perguntas e começar a respondê-las, o que romperá parte da retórica existente —que está sendo usada por alguns como uma distração para tomar as medidas necessárias, seja em nível estatal ou dentro da indústria, no setor privado."O secretário-executivo da UNFCCC se declara "seletivamente otimista" sobre os resultados da COP deste ano, que será a primeira avaliação formal do progresso em relação à meta do Acordo de Paris de limitar o aquecimento do planeta a 1,5°C. As atuais políticas e promessas dos países não atingiriam esse objetivo.Stiell afirma que essa é uma oportunidade de olhar o que foi feito até aqui e traçar estratégias mais ambiciosas para atingir a meta, além de desenhar como funcionará o fundo de financiamento para perdas e danos climáticos, criado na COP de 2022, no Egito.Citou, ainda, o cumprimento da promessa assumida por países ricos, de fornecer US$ 100 bilhões anuais para cobrir custos de adaptação às mudanças climáticas em países em desenvolvimento. O fundo deveria ter sido estabelecido em 2020, mas até hoje a verba não foi repassada."[A COP trará] a oportunidade de os países desenvolvidos mostrarem a que vieram e cumprir suas obrigações pendentes com os US$ 100 bilhões. Isso ajudará a infundir confiança no processo e eliminar algumas das divisões que existem nas negociações", ressaltou.A pendência em relação a este compromisso é um dos pontos mais discutidos na diplomacia climática, especialmente da parte das nações que seriam beneficiadas pelo fundo. À época recém-eleito presidente, Lula (PT) chegou a cobrar esta dívida em seu discurso na COP27.Sobre a falta de um sistema de sanção ao descumprimento dos termos do Acordo de Paris, ele considera haver uma "obrigação moral" dos países signatários."A cada estação que passa, veremos os extremos da mudança climática em todos os continentes, todas as regiões, todos os países. Aqueles que podem ter pensado que estavam imunes estão realmente sentindo estas pressões", diz. | ambiente |
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] | "Vamos falar dos dissensos, pois os consensos já estão escritos." Com essa frase de abertura, o presidente da Colômbia, Gustavo Petro, fez duras críticas à exploração de combustíveis fósseis em discurso na Cúpula da Amazônia, que começou nesta terça (8) em Belém .Petro voltou a defender o fim da exploração de petróleo na região. O país tentou emplacar essa meta na Declaração de Belém, mas o texto deixou de fora qualquer menção a combustíveis fósseis."Há um enorme conflito ético, sobretudo por forças progressistas, que deveriam estar ao lado da ciência", afirmou, em referência ao consenso científico sobre a crise climática."[Os governos de] direita têm um fácil escape, que é o negacionismo. Negam a ciência. Para os progressistas, é muito difícil. Gera então outro tipo de negacionismo: falar em transições", afirmou, em referência ao frequente termo usado por governos para justificar a continuidade dos investimentos em energias de fontes fósseis.Mais cedo, em seu discurso na Cúpula, Lula mencionou a transição ecológica como uma oportunidade para a Amazônia mudar seu lugar atual de fornecedora de matérias-primas para o mundo.Na negociação da Declaração de Belém, o Brasil conseguiu focar o compromisso ambiental apenas no setor florestal, com menções sobre combate ao desmatamento e o objetivo de evitar o ponto de não retorno da floresta.Para Petro, "cuidar da floresta de verdade não é só pensar em desmatamento". Ele afirmou que, diante do aquecimento global, a floresta pode não conseguir "evitar o ponto de não retorno" –a expressão aparece quatro vezes no rascunho da Declaração de Belém, que deve ser assinada ao final do dia.A crítica implica que a falta de compromissos com a redução de emissões de gases vindos dos combustíveis fósseis pode comprometer os objetivos declarados no texto.Petro criticou a cobrança de recursos financeiros aos países ricos, algo que Lula também reforçou em seu discurso. "Pedir que nos deem dinheiro não é suficiente. Essa é uma maneira retórica do Norte dizer que está fazendo algo. Se nós valorizarmos [a Amazônia], ela vale muito mais. Não é com presente do Norte que vamos fazer isso", apontou, emendando uma proposta de reforma do sistema financeiro global."Podemos fazer um plano Marshall para gerar o motor econômico da revitalização da selva amazônica. Seria uma proposta importante", sugeriu.O mandatário colombiano também propôs a criação de um tratado militar e judicial para a Amazônia, com a criação de um tribunal de justiça amazônico, para julgar crimes na região e um tratado militar para interditar atividades ilegais, respeitando as soberanias dos países e coordenando forças militares."Se o motor cada vez é mais ilegal e representa um crime contra a humanidade, como podemos defender a vida? Isso defende com a razão, mas também com armas", disse, sugerindo que os ministros de Defesa dos países também se articulem.A Cúpula da Amazônia, que se estende até essa quarta, tem o objetivo inicial de discutir questões socioambientais entre os países amazônicos.A ideia da realização da cúpula foi apresentada pelo então presidente eleito Lula em discurso feito no ano passado durante a COP27, em Sharm El-Sheikh, no Egito. Em abril deste ano, houve a concretização da ideia com o agendamento do evento.A ideia é reunir os países-membros da OTCA. Além desses, outras nações também foram convidadas para o evento. O presidente francês, Emmanuel Macron, por exemplo, havia sido convidado para a cúpula (afinal, a Guiana Francesa tem em seu território —que é parte da França— parte da floresta amazônica), mas não virá ao encontro.Oficialmente, o governo diz que a cúpula serve para fortalecer a OTCA e para a "definição de uma posição em comum pelos países em desenvolvimento que detêm reservas florestais". Ao final do evento, é esperado a assinatura de um tratado conjunto.Além de autoridades, nomes da sociedade civil têm atuado com propostas para embasar e direcionar as discussões na cúpula. | ambiente |
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] | A AGU (Advocacia-Geral da União) caminha para concluir nos próximos dias um parecer a respeito da exploração de petróleo na Foz do Amazonas, que deve rebater um dos argumento do Ibama (Instituto Brasileiro do Meio Ambiente e dos Recursos Naturais Renováveis) para ter barrado a perfuração da bacia.O parecer da AGU deve usar como base uma decisão recente do Supremo Tribunal Federal que considerou não ser necessária a realização de estudos de caráter estratégico, a chamada Avaliação Ambiental de Área Sedimentar na bacia da Foz do Amazonas.A ausência desse estudo foi um dos pontos apontados pelo Ibama para negar o pedido da Petrobras para prospectar e explorar petróleo na região.A informação sobre a conclusão do parecer da AGU foi dada inicialmente pelo jornal O Globo e confirmada pela Folha.A exploração de petróleo na Foz do Amazonas tornou-se um ponto de polêmica e disputa dentro do governo de Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva (PT). A questão coloca de um lado a ministra do Meio Ambiente, Marina Silva, e de outro, o ministro das Minas e Energia, Alexandre Silveira, e o núcleo político.O próprio Lula tem indicado uma posição favorável à realização de estudos para detectar se há petróleo na região, embora garante que tudo será feito com segurança para evitar qualquer problema ambiental.Na semana passada, durante entrevista a rádios da região da Amazônia, Lula afirmou que quer "continuar sonhando" com a exploração de petróleo na região. "Nós tínhamos a Petrobras com uma plataforma preparada para fazer pesquisa nessa região. Houve um estudo do Ibama que dizia que não era possível, mas esse estudo do Ibama não é definitivo, porque eles apontam falhas técnicas que a Petrobras tem o direito de corrigir. Estamos discutindo isso", afirmou o presidente na entrevista.Em maio deste ano, o presidente do Ibama, Rodrigo Agostinho, acompanhou parecer técnico do órgão e negou pedido feito pela Petrobras para perfurar a bacia da foz do rio Amazonas com objetivo de explorar petróleo na região.A decisão foi tomada após o Ibama demonstrar preocupação com as atividades da petroleira em uma região de vulnerabilidade socioambiental.Ao indeferir a licença, o Ibama apontou eventuais impactos sobre comunidades indígenas, devido ao sobrevoo de aeronaves entre o Aeródromo de Oiapoque (AP) e a localização do bloco FZA-M-59, além do tempo de resposta e atendimento a fauna que seria atingida por óleo, em caso de vazamento.O ponto central, no entanto, foi a necessidade de realização de estudos de caráter estratégico, a Avaliação Ambiental de Área Sedimentar.O Ministério das Minas e Energia então encaminhou ofício à AGU um pedido de análise jurídica relativa ao caso da exploração de petróleo na chamada margem equatorial. A pasta argumenta que foi respeitado todo o processo legal durante o processo licitatório dos campos de exploração, em 2013.Interlocutores na AGU apontam que o parecer deve se amparar em uma decisão proferida pelo STF que julgou, em um caso diferente, que não seria necessário estudo de impacto regional para áreas que já foram leiloadas.A decisão final caberá exclusivamente ao Ibama, que já analisa um novo pedido da Petrobras. O parecer da AGU, no entanto, deve aumentar a pressão sobre o órgão e também sobre a área ambiental. Além disso, pode ceder novos argumentos para o próprio Lula decidir a posição do governo sobre a questão. | ambiente |
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] | O presidente Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva (PT) afirmou nesta segunda-feira (7) em Santarém (PA) que a Amazônia não deve ser tratada como um santuário, mas sim ser preservada para gerar ciência e dinheiro para a população que vive na região."A Amazônia não é só a copa das árvores, não é só os rios. Lá moram milhões de amazônidas que querem viver bem, trabalhar, comer, ter aquilo que produz, além de querer preservar, não como santuário, mas preservar como um fonte de aprendizado da ciência do mundo inteiro para que a gente possa encontrar um jeito de preservar ganhando dinheiro, para o povo possa viver dignamente", disse.O presidente Lula desembarcou nesta segunda-feira em Belém para participar da Cúpula da Amazônia. A cúpula reunirá líderes dos oito países da Amazônia nos dias 8 e 9 de agosto, além de autoridades de outras nações detentoras de grandes florestas tropicais (Congo, República Democrática do Congo e Indonésia).Segundo o presidente, o objetivo do encontro é preparar uma proposta que mostre ao mundo o que desejam os países da Amazônia: "A gente quer dizer para eles [outros países] que a gente quer cuidar da nossa fauna, da nossa floresta, das nossas águas, mas sobretudo a gente tem que cuidar de uma coisa que eles acham insignificante, chamada povo."Um dos pontos de impasse no texto final da Cúpula da Amazônia é a inclusão de uma moratória à exploração de petróleo na Amazônia. A medida opõe especialmente os presidentes de Colômbia e Brasil. Enquanto Gustavo Petro defende a ideia, Lula não quer assumir o compromisso, propondo que o foco do acordo seja o fim do desmatamento até 2030.Abrir poços na bacia da Foz do Amazonas, na chamada margem equatorial brasileira, é um objetivo da Petrobras, do Ministério de Minas e Energia e até do líder do governo no Congresso, Randolfe Rodrigues (Rede-AP). A estatal busca junto ao Ibama (Instituto Brasileiro de Meio Ambiente e dos Recursos Naturais Renovavéis) liberação para iniciar a prospecção. Mais Questionado por jornalistas nesta segunda-feira em Belém se pretende apressar o processo de licenciamento de petróleo no bioma, Lula preferiu não responder. "Você acha que eu vim aqui para discutir isso agora?", disse o presidente ao chegar no hotel em que ficará hospedado.Em eventos recentes, Lula tem feito críticas à postura de países ricos em relação ao financiamento de ações contra mudanças climáticas e apontado um desconhecimento do restante do mundo sobre a Amazônia. Em diversos atos oficiais nos últimos meses, o petista tem repetido que a floresta não pode ser vista apenas como um santuário ecológico.Lula conheceu na manhã desta segunda-feira em Santarém (PA) o Navio Hospital Escola Abaré, credenciado pelo SUS para levar saúde às populações ribeirinhas de áreas remotas da Amazônia. O projeto foi implantado na região do Baixo Tapajós pela ONG Projeto Saúde e Alegria em parceria com prefeituras, universidades e organizações locais.Depois, ele participou da inauguração da infovia que liga Santarém a Manaus, levando internet banda larga para 11 municípios da região. Representantes de sindicatos, lideranças indígenas, universitários e agricultores lotaram o local onde foi montada a estrutura para receber Lula.Lula, a primeira-dama Janja e assessores passaram o fim de semana em Alter do Chão, distrito de Santarém, e ficaram hospedados na Casa do Saulo, hotel e restaurante na praia do Carapanari, às margens do rio Tapajós. Ele ficou em um dos dez bangalôs do local.No domingo (6), banhistas que estavam em uma praia do rio Tapajós afirmam ter sido retirados do local pela segurança de Lula para a permanência do petista no local. A Presidência da República não comentou o caso. A Marinha disse que está apurando o caso. Mais | ambiente |
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] | A ministra do Meio Ambiente e Desenvolvimento Sustentável da Colômbia, Susana Muhamad, afirmou neste domingo (6), em Belém (PA), que os países amazônicos deveriam fechar um plano progressivo para o fim da exploração de petróleo na Amazônia e que a discussão sobre esse tema precisa continuar.O tema tem oposto Brasil e Colômbia em negociações sobre o acordo a ser firmado na Cúpula da Amazônia, que acontece entre 8 e 9 de agosto. Enquanto o governo de Gustavo Petro defende esta pauta, o presidente Lula (PT) disse, na última semana, que quer "continuar sonhando" com a extração na bacia da Foz do Amazonas."O importante é que o tema seja posto sobre a mesa e que isso seja um ponto de discussão, não porque um presidente ou outro disse isso, mas sim porque ficou claríssimo tanto em Letícia como aqui e como nos diálogos internos que, sim, é um tema de preocupação", afirmou Muhamad."Seria lógico e como uma mensagem muito poderosa ao norte que fechássemos um plano progressivo [para encerrar a exploração], porque todos nossos países têm petróleo na Amazônia", disse. Ela acrescentou que a medida seria importante não apenas por causa da emissão dos gases de efeito estufa, mesmo considerando paradoxal "seguir pensando sobre petróleo frente à crise que temos". "Mas [também] porque esses megaprojetos geram abertura de estradas, fragmentação ecológica, perda de biodiversidade e, sobretudo, conflito com as comunidades".Muhamad falou, ainda, que não tem como dizer como a negociação vai terminar, já que os termos precisam ser ratificados pelos presidentes. "Acho que a discussão está apenas começando e esperamos que, tomara, isso se mantenha na declaração para que [o debate] continue a ser desenvolvido."Em coletiva de imprensa que antecedeu as declarações, a ministra do Meio Ambiente brasileira, Marina Silva, ao lado da sua contraparte colombiana, afirmou que a discussão será feita pelos presidentes e que nenhuma posição será imposta. Mais "Temos já dois presidentes que chegam aqui e os demais também com suas propostas, que trazem uma discussão muito contundente, muito forte nos seus países. Presidente Petro falando na não exploração de petróleo na Amazônia, e o presidente Lula falando a partir de consenso interno de desmatamento zero na Amazônia, o que é altamente ousado", disse."Mas obviamente que o presidente Lula não vai querer impor que os outros presidentes também digam que [a meta] é desmatamento zero. É um processo de convencimento. Da mesma forma que os outros que têm outras propostas levantam suas propostas e buscam o convencimento. O multilateralismo é o consenso progressivo."Quando questionada se a Colômbia pretende abrir mão da extração do petróleo em todo o seu território, não apenas na Amazônia, Muhamad afirmou que há a intenção de que novos investimentos sejam destinados à transição energética e não à abertura de novas fronteiras exploratórias."Existe o compromisso de que a transição energética tem que ser segura. Não podemos simplesmente nos desconectar do petróleo da noite para o dia, mas acelerar [a transição] o mais decididamente possível", disse."A falácia é que às vezes se fala em transição como se fosse começar 'algum dia'. E, na verdade, o recado é que o mais importante é acelerar e começar agora para acabarmos com o petróleo e tentarmos fechar as fronteiras extrativistas".A repórter viajou a convite do Instituto Clima e Sociedade. | ambiente |
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] | Em negociação às vésperas da Cúpula da Amazônia, que acontece em Belém nos próximos dias 8 e 9, os oito países do bioma amazônico devem se comprometer com a conservação da floresta, ao mesmo tempo em que buscam alavancar a legitimidade política da exploração de minérios e combustíveis fósseis.A Folha teve acesso ao rascunho da Declaração de Belém, que os chefes de Estado dos países-membros da OTCA (Organização do Tratado de Cooperação Amazônica) assinarão nesta semana.Em um recado à União Europeia, o documento deve "condenar a proliferação de medidas comerciais unilaterais que, baseadas em requisitos e normas ambientais, se traduzem em barreiras comerciais e afetam principalmente aos pequenos produtores dos países em desenvolvimento".O entendimento entre os países amazônicos dá contornos claros para um posicionamento em bloco em negociações globais, principalmente nas COPs do Clima da ONU. Um dos objetivos da declaração prevê que os países da OTCA possam coordenar seus posicionamentos em agendas internacionais, sinalizando a formação de um bloco de negociação.Entre os pontos que devem ser levados à COP28 do Clima, a Declaração faz uma cobrança aos países desenvolvidos para que cumpram a promessa de destinação de US$ 100 bilhões anuais para a agenda climática de países em desenvolvimento.Mencionado quatro vezes ao longo do texto, destaca-se o objetivo de evitar o ponto de não-retorno da Amazônia —ou seja, limitar o desmate em até cerca de 20% do bioma, impedindo um processo irreversível de desertificação que levaria à perda das característica da floresta tropical. Mais O termo "desmate zero" —defendido pelo Brasil e pela Colômbia— entrou no texto como um exemplo de meta nacional a ser apoiada pela cooperação regional, deixando aberta a possibilidade de apoiarem também metas nacionais menos ambiciosas, o que acomoda pedidos de outros países da região com legislações mais brandas.Embora não cite o Acordo de Escazú de democracia ambiental, o documento faz diversas menções à proteção dos direitos dos defensores ambientais, uma das principais inovações do acordo regional, assinado em 2018 por países da América Latina e Caribe.O documento também reconhece os direitos indígenas e seus territórios, mencionando o compromisso de consultá-los antes de decidir sobre projetos que lhes afetem, em concordância com a previsão da Convenção 169 da OIT (Organização Internacional do Trabalho). O documento ainda acena às questões de gênero, em diferentes parágrafos, prevendo a criação de redes de lideranças femininas da região e o combate à misoginia.Embora reconheça no preâmbulo os princípios do Acordo de Paris, o documento não menciona a contenção do aquecimento global em até 1,5ºC ou até 2ºC, como dispõe o acordo climático. Como a Folha havia antecipado, o documento também não menciona o termo "combustíveis fósseis", principal causador do aquecimento global. Mais Na única condicionante sinalizada aos setores de mineração e petróleo, a Declaração "exorta os atores envolvidos no ciclo de vida de minerais e hidrocarbonetos" a se adaptarem à Agenda 2030 (uma lista de compromissos voluntários, conhecida também como 17 Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável da ONU).Ao citar um estímulo ao setor privado para que se adapte a uma agenda voluntária, a linguagem do texto dribla compromissos dos governos com o Acordo de Paris de combate às mudanças climáticas.Outra menção que abranda os compromissos ligados a atividades de alto impacto ambiental prevê adotar medidas urgentes para "conciliar atividades econômicas" com o combate à poluição do ar e contaminação de rios.Por outro lado, o texto prevê a cooperação entre os países para combater o garimpo ilegal e outras atividades criminosas na região, com a integração da inteligência e dos esforços policiais.Com 112 parágrafos e 21 páginas, o texto prevê a criação de diversas redes e observatórios para colaboração científica, técnica e policial. A OTCA também passará a ter um painel científico da Amazônia, inspirado no IPCC, o painel do clima da ONU.A organização também inicia um processo para criação de um fundo próprio, que dará mais independência para administração de recursos financeiros arrecadados para a região.Sem citar quaisquer prazos para o atingimento dos objetivos ou sequer para o início dos processos, a Declaração de Belém prevê que uma reunião de ministros definirá o calendário das ações.Segundo fontes ligadas às negociações, os representantes dos governos deveriam voltar a se reunir ainda este ano, próximo da COP28 do Clima, que acontece no final de novembro, em Dubai. Após a Cúpula em Belém, os chefes de Estado da OTCA só voltam a se encontrar em 2025, na Colômbia.A jornalista viajou a convite da ONG Avaaz. | ambiente |
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] | A escritora e historiadora americana Rebecca Solnit, conhecida por livros como "Os Homens Explicam Tudo para Mim" e "A Mãe de Todas as Perguntas", é também uma ativista climática.Em abril, em parceria com a ativista Thelma Young Lutunatabua, lançou "Not Too Late: Changing the Climate Story from Despair to Possibility" (não é tarde demais: mudando a história do clima do desespero para a possibilidade; sem edição no Brasil).A obra reúne artigos de vozes de diversas partes do mundo, como forma de trazer diferentes dimensões da crise climática e, especialmente, de dar esperança. Para ela, um mundo mais "belo", "abundante" e que "nos dê alegria" pode surgir, se tomarmos atitudes na década atual, decisiva neste processo."O que conseguirmos (ou não) fazer nos próximos anos determinará o tipo de planeta em que viveremos e o que será a vida na Terra nos próximos milhares de anos. Essa sensação de que é tarde demais —esse fatalismo— é parte do motivo pelo qual muitas pessoas deixam de participar", diz Solnit, em entrevista exclusiva à Folha.Como antídoto à inação, a escritora recomenda um resgate da imaginação e da memória histórica."Inúmeras boas mudanças foram provocadas por movimentos de base que, muitas vezes, começaram com poucas pessoas, geralmente consideradas insignificantes, impotentes e marginais", destaca.Para Solnit, cabe também à esquerda assumir uma nova postura."Acho que temos vivido muita tristeza na esquerda, que costuma ver o mundo em termos de escassez, guerras e conflitos", avalia. "Não podemos gerar abundância por meio de austeridade emocional. Não se chega à bondade por meio da crueldade."Por que não é tarde demais para mudar o clima?Muitas pessoas pensam que é tarde demais e que perdemos nossa chance de fazer algo em relação ao clima, mas estamos vivendo o que eu chamo de década decisiva.O que conseguirmos (ou não) fazer nos próximos anos determinará o tipo de planeta em que viveremos e o que será a vida na Terra nos próximos milhares de anos. Essa sensação de que é tarde demais —esse fatalismo— é parte do motivo pelo qual muitas pessoas deixam de participar.Quando a senhora e a ativista Thelma Young Lutunatabua se conheceram e decidiram trabalhar em parceria? É uma história bem mágica. Durante a pandemia, comecei a contar contos de fadas online, porque parecia, principalmente para as crianças, que o que estava acontecendo conosco fazia parte de um conto de fadas. De repente, todos estávamos isolados e tínhamos de fazer coisas muito estranhas.Então, nesse processo, Thelma e eu nos aproximamos e percebemos que tínhamos uma opinião muito parecida sobre como abordar a tristeza, o luto, a ansiedade, o desespero e o derrotismo em torno do clima. Daí, decidimos fazer um projeto em parceria.Passamos quase dois anos conversando até que conseguimos lançar o site Not Too Late e suas páginas em mídias sociais.Quando descrevi o projeto para um grupo de escritores e outras pessoas envolvidas em questões climáticas, todos disseram que eu deveria transformar aquilo num livro, o que fazia sentido para mim. O livro ficou pronto cerca de um ano após a assinatura do contrato.Como vocês formaram o "time dos sonhos" para fazer o livro?Nossa equipe vai dos 26 aos 80 anos. São pessoas que vêm de várias partes do mundo, especialmente do Pacífico Sul, onde a Thelma vive, e, claro, temos muitos norte-americanos também.A maioria são mulheres não brancas —e isso não aconteceu porque estávamos tentando atingir uma cota. Foi algo natural, pois queríamos ouvir a voz de pessoas que pudessem falar de todas essas coisas.São todas elas incríveis: Adrienne Maree Brown, uma jovem ativista negra da Carolina do Norte; Roshi Joan Halifax, líder budista e antropóloga de 80 anos; Farhana Sultana, geógrafa e estudiosa do clima de Bangladesh, e muitas outras.Alguma pessoa do Brasil já fez parte da lista?Há pessoas do mundo todo, mas, infelizmente, acho que ninguém da América do Sul.Por que é relevante falar em abundância em tempos de crise climática? Vivemos numa era de pouca esperança e austeridade. As pessoas renunciaram a uma política limpa, ao ar puro, à água limpa, ao solo limpo, à comida limpa, à saúde. Não temos comunidades fortes, confiança nas instituições, ou democracia.Então, tentamos manter uma visão de mundo convencional, mas é triste reconhecer que a era de escassez e de renúncia é a que estamos vivendo agora, num mundo literalmente dominado pelo veneno físico e político dos combustíveis fósseis.No mundo que criaremos a partir da transição que precisamos fazer para sair da era dos combustíveis fósseis, podemos ter uma era de abundância e fartura, uma era de esperança, de confiança no futuro, de laços sociais mais fortes e comunidades mais fortes. Uma era com mais tempo, porque as pessoas costumam ter pressa.Se não precisássemos consumir tanto, não teríamos de produzir tanto e teríamos mais abundância na natureza e mais tempo na natureza. Alguns especialistas em questões climáticas definiram "suficiência" como uma das palavras mais interessantes do último relatório do IPCC (Painel Intergovernamental sobre Mudanças Climáticas da ONU). O que acha disso?Acho que a suficiência é um conceito muito importante, e que a abundância também precisa ser reorientada. Precisamos deixar de pensar na abundância de bens materiais que conhecemos, inclusive no sentido de experiências, viagens e serviços, que é o foco do capitalismo.Precisamos pensar na abundância de amizades, de tempo, de experiências, de beleza, de confiança, de esperança e de amor. Geralmente, a abundância e a riqueza material são acompanhadas por pobreza emocional, espiritual e social, desigualdade, danos à democracia etc.Por que diz que a imaginação é um superpoder para falarmos sobre a crise climática? Uma de nossas incríveis colaboradoras, a Adrienne Maree Brown, gosta de dizer que todo processo de organização social é uma espécie de ficção científica, porque estamos tentando fazer algo que ainda não existe. Muitas vezes, sinto que é falta de imaginação em alguns aspectos, e isso gera muito desespero.Falta a imaginação de que as coisas poderiam ser realmente diferentes. Falta a imaginação de que poderíamos vencer. Falta imaginação, que também significa que falta memória. Mais Se tivermos uma memória histórica forte, se conversarmos com pessoas idosas que tiveram uma atuação política importante, veremos que o mundo mudou profundamente nos últimos 50, 60, ou cem anos. Mudou tecnologicamente, mudou socialmente, mudou ecologicamente: tanto para melhor quanto para pior.Também veremos que inúmeras boas mudanças foram provocadas por movimentos de base que, muitas vezes, começaram com poucas pessoas, geralmente consideradas insignificantes, impotentes e marginais.Como desfazer as malas para uma emergência, como a senhora gosta de dizer? Tirar da bagagem algumas premissas falsas, como nossas suposições sobre a natureza humana e nossa passividade. Então deixamos para trás nossas ideias equivocadas, nossos medos, nossa falta de participação etc. e levamos, numa emergência, as boas ideias que sabemos que serão necessárias para nossos relacionamentos.O que nos mantém vivas num grande desastre é a força de nossa comunidade, a disposição das pessoas de ajudar umas às outras, nossa capacidade de trabalhar em conjunto e o fato de haver (ou não) fortes desigualdades raciais, de classe ou de outros aspectos.Tivemos vários eventos climáticos extremos no Brasil nos últimos anos, além de crimes ambientais relacionados à má conduta de empresas e à falta de serviços públicos essenciais. Seu livro sobre desastres reflete sobre isso?Acho que está cada vez mais clara a importância da democracia para enfrentarmos a crise climática. Em parte, a crise climática existe por causa de uma crise democrática.A grande maioria das pessoas na Terra leva o clima a sério. Essas pessoas querem ver ações climáticas e estão prontas para ver o mundo mudar. São aquelas com interesses escusos que não querem mudanças. Elas formam a minoria que se beneficia do status quo, que também é a elite minoritária causadora da maior parte dos danos climáticos.As pessoas que realmente entram em pânico num desastre são os líderes, porque sabem que perderam o controle da situação e não se sentem seguros a menos que estejam realmente no controle de forma autoritária e dominadora.Quando há um terremoto ou outro grande desastre, acontecem coisas demais [ao mesmo tempo] para que a polícia, os bombeiros e as autoridades públicas possam controlar tudo. Então, na verdade, é a sociedade civil que provavelmente vai resgatar e cuidar da gente nos dias e semanas seguintes. Mais Por outro lado, eles estão errados no que diz respeito à natureza humana, porque acho que eles justificam seus próprios comportamentos acreditando que toda a natureza humana é tão egoísta, gananciosa e implacável quanto eles.Muitas vezes, parte do pânico da elite é uma tentativa de proteger a propriedade privada às custas de vidas humanas. A crise climática é uma crise que contrapõe propriedade e dinheiro, de um lado, e a vida, do outro.Gostaria de pedir que encerre esta entrevista falando sobre a importância da alegria. Acho que temos vivido muita tristeza na esquerda, que costuma ver o mundo em termos de escassez, guerras e conflitos. Muitas vezes, tem sido uma visão de mundo muito machista, puritana e cristã. Uma visão de sacrifício, austeridade e renúncia.Ninguém deve ter prazer e beleza até que todos tenham. Já que nunca chegaremos a um momento em que todas as pessoas do mundo terão acesso a essas coisas, a ideia é que ninguém deveria tê-las.Eu sempre participei de movimentos que acreditam que devemos personificar as coisas às quais aspiramos. Não podemos criar um mundo mais bonito por caminhos feios. Não podemos gerar abundância por meio de austeridade emocional. Não se chega à bondade por meio da crueldade.Temos de lembrar que essas coisas não são fraquezas, como, muitas vezes, são vistas de um ponto de vista muito machista. Essas coisas são poderosas. Que o mundo que queremos construir, um mundo de natureza saudável, seja abundante, seja belo e nos dê alegria.Rebecca Solnit, 62Escritora, historiadora e ativista, é autora de mais de 20 livros sobre temas como feminismo e cultura urbana e ocidental. Define-se como "um produto do sistema de educação pública da Califórnia, do jardim de infância à pós-graduação". Integra o conselho do grupo climático Oil Change International e é colaboradora frequente do jornal britânico The Guardian.Planeta em Transe é uma série de reportagens e entrevistas com novos atores e especialistas sobre mudanças climáticas no Brasil e no mundo. Essa cobertura especial acompanhou também as respostas à crise do clima nas eleições de 2022 e na COP27 (conferência da ONU realizada em novembro no Egito). O projeto tem o apoio da Open Society Foundations. | ambiente |
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] | Ao se reunirem em Belém nas próximas terça e quarta-feira (8 e 9) para a Cúpula da Amazônia, os chefes de Estado dos países da região amazônica devem assinar uma declaração de intenções de cooperação regional, principalmente nas áreas de segurança e mudanças climáticas. Apesar de serem a principal causa da crise do clima, os combustíveis fósseis devem ficar de fora do compromisso final da cúpula.Segundo pessoas ligadas às negociações do último rascunho da declaração conjunta, que passou por ajustes em reunião entre os países no fim de julho, o texto não deve fazer menção ao termo combustíveis fósseis.A Colômbia vem defendendo que os países se comprometam com a eliminação das fontes de energia fósseis, como petróleo, carvão e gás. O Brasil e outros países da região, no entanto, preferem manter aberta a possibilidade de exploração, inclusive na floresta amazônica —a perfuração da Foz do Amazonas aguarda a avaliação ambiental de áreas sedimentares.Negociadores buscaram compensar a falta do termo combustíveis fósseis com menções a projetos de infraestrutura com "respeito a critérios socioambientais" e "consulta prévia a populações tradicionais, de acordo com a Convenção 169 da OIT (Organização Internacional do Trabalho)".Com um rascunho inicial proposto pelo Brasil, que convocou a cúpula, o texto em negociação está com 108 parágrafos e 21 páginas. A opção por um texto longo busca mudar a marca de declarações curtas da OTCA (Organização do Tratado da Cooperação Amazônica). Alguns parágrafos ultrapassam o escopo da organização, como tráfego aéreo e cooperação internacional de polícias.Enquanto discordam sobre o fim dos combustíveis fósseis, Brasil e Colômbia têm consenso sobre o fim do desmatamento. Os dois países já têm metas nacionais para zerar o desmatamento e gostariam de ver a meta ampliada para toda a Amazônia, mas enfrentam resistências de outros países.Na visão brasileira, o desafio, para além de uma meta comum, é desenhar uma cooperação que ultrapasse a soma dos esforços nacionais no combate ao desmatamento, de modo que o resultado positivo em uma parte da Amazônia não incentive a migração de atividades ilegais para outros países da região.Os compromissos com o fim do desmatamento e dos combustíveis fósseis devem marcar também a tônica das propostas do terceiro setor. Organizações ambientalistas, sociais e indígenas se reúnem nos dias anteriores à cúpula, também em Belém, para os Diálogos Amazônicos. Mais Organizados pela Secretaria-Geral da Presidência da República, os Diálogos formam uma estreita ponte com a Cúpula da Amazônia: os chefes de Estado devem receber cinco relatórios-síntese dos diálogos, que podem, ao menos em tese, influenciar o resultado do texto negociado pelos países.O processo vem sendo amplamente criticado pelas organizações do terceiro setor, que esperavam do governo federal um processo mais participativo."Com a retomada de um relacionamento mais próximo com o governo, há uma grande expectativa de que a participação seja de fato uma contribuição, e não algo alijado do processo oficial", afirma Cintya Feitosa, especialista em relações internacionais do Instituto Clima e Sociedade (ICS)."A cúpula será um teste do compromisso deste governo em garantir que a sociedade tenha um lugar na mesa de negociação, ou se seremos relegados a espectadores", afirma Diego Casaes, diretor de campanhas da Avaaz.Para Raul do Valle, especialista em políticas públicas do WWF, o processo de construção do acordo tem sido opaco. "Em nenhum momento tivemos acesso à proposta inicial do governo brasileiro, não sabemos o que está sendo negociado", afirma."Esperamos uma declaração que mire evitar o ponto de não retorno da floresta amazônica, acabar com o garimpo ilegal, que é um crime organizado e transnacional, e que feche os buracos de áreas protegidas, consolidando corredores [que integram essas áreas]", completa. Mais Questionado, o Itamaraty respondeu por meio de nota que a primeira versão da Declaração de Belém foi elaborada com base em aportes da sociedade civil feitos no seminário Desenvolvimento Sustentável na Amazônia, realizado em maio."Os governos dos oito países [membros da OTCA] receberam igualmente contribuições da sociedade civil à declaração no Encontro Técnico-Científico da Amazônia, promovido pelo governo da Colômbia [no início de julho]", acrescenta a nota.O presidente Lula deve receber em Belém os presidentes da Colômbia, Gustavo Petro; da Venezuela, Nicolás Maduro; da Bolívia, Luis Arce; a presidente do Peru, Dina Boluarte e o primeiro-ministro da Guiana, Mark Phillips. Já o Equador e o Suriname devem enviar representantes ministeriais.Lula também estendeu convites a grandes doadores do Fundo Amazônia e da OTCA, como a Noruega e a Alemanha, que devem ter representantes no evento, e também a grandes detentores de florestas tropicais: a Indonésia, a República do Congo e a República Democrática do Congo também enviarão ministros à cúpula.A proposta brasileira é articular uma posição dos países florestais e em desenvolvimento para levar às negociações climáticas da ONU, que atualmente contam com posicionamentos fragmentados das nações na agenda de florestas. | ambiente |
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] | Todo estudante do ensino fundamental aprende o nome dessa terra: Mesopotâmia. O Crescente Fértil. O berço da civilização.O nome em si, Mesopotâmia, significa "terra entre rios". É onde foi inventada a roda, onde surgiu a irrigação e onde emergiu o primeiro sistema conhecido de escrita. Segundo alguns estudiosos, os rios desta terra alimentaram os célebres jardins suspensos da Babilônia e convergiam em um lugar descrito na Bíblia como o Jardim do Éden.Hoje, em alguns povoados próximos do rio Eufrates, resta tão pouca água que as famílias desmontam suas casas, tijolo por tijolo, carregam os tijolos em picapes e os levam embora."Você não acreditaria se eu dissesse isso agora, mas este lugar já foi cheio de água", disse o xeque Adnan al Sahlani, professor de ciências no sul do Iraque, perto de Naseriyah, a alguns quilômetros de distância da cidade de Ur, descrita no Antigo Testamento como sendo onde vivia o profeta Abrãao.Hoje em dia, ele disse, "não há água em nenhum lugar". As pessoas que restaram "estão sofrendo uma morte prolongada."Não é preciso voltar até os tempos bíblicos para encontrar um Iraque mais verdejante. Ainda no século 20 a cidade de Basra, no sul do país, era conhecida como a Veneza do Oriente por seus canais, percorridos por barcos semelhantes a gôndolas que abriam caminho entre bairros residenciais.De fato, por boa parte de sua história o Crescente Fértil —que, segundo definições frequentes, abrangia partes dos atuais Iraque, Israel, Líbano, Síria, Turquia, Irã, Cisjordânia e Faixa de Gaza— não carecia de água, tanto que inspirou artistas e escritores que ao longo de séculos retrataram a região como uma terra antiga e fértil. As inundações eram comuns na primavera, e o arroz, uma das variedades alimentares cujo cultivo exige mais água, foi cultivado ali por mais de 2.000 anos.Hoje, porém, quase 40% do Iraque é dominado por areias desérticas trazidas pelos ventos e que devoram dezenas de milhares de acres de terra arável a cada ano.Cientistas atribuem a culpa à mudança climática e à desertificação. Outros fatores responsáveis são a governança fraca e a dependência contínua de técnicas de irrigação que desperdiçam água e que datam de milênios atrás, desde os tempos sumérios.Uma disputa acirrada em torno da água intensifica a falta de água sofrida por dezenas de milhões de pessoas na região.Outro problema é compartilhado por grandes partes do mundo: uma população crescente cujas exigências de água continuam a subir, tanto em função do número de pessoas quanto, em muitos lugares, da elevação dos padrões de vida, que aumentam o consumo individual.As consequências perversas são visíveis em toda parte no Iraque, criando tensões na sociedade, alimentando choques mortíferos entre povoados, levando ao deslocamento de milhares de pessoas todos os anos, encorajando extremistas e deixando extensões cada vez maiores de terra parecendo uma paisagem lunar árida.Rios e lençóis freáticos poluídos e exauridos estão levando a surtos de cólera, tifo e hepatite A. O avanço das areias do deserto engole terras agrícolas, provocando um êxodo forçado para as cidades. O nível da água nos rios e canais caiu tanto que militantes do grupo Estado Islâmico os atravessam sem dificuldade para atacar vilarejos e postos de segurança. Piscicultores ameaçam fiscais do governo que tentam fechar suas operações por violarem as restrições ao uso de água.Até o subsolo do país está mudando.Em muitas áreas, a água bombeada do subsolo é salgada demais para o consumo humano, em decorrência da redução do fluxo de água, do escoamento de agrotóxicos e de dejetos não tratados. "Nem sequer minhas vacas conseguem beber essa água", disse um agricultor.O Iraque e países vizinhos representam um aviso inconfundível ao restante do Oriente Médio e algumas outras regiões do mundo."Devido às vulnerabilidades dessa região, uma das que corre mais perigo no mundo, ela é um dos primeiros lugares que vai literalmente sucumbir de modo extremo sob o efeito da mudança climática", disse Charles Iceland, diretor de segurança hídrica da ONG World Resources Institute.A água consumida pelos iraquianos vem do governo em tonéis de plástico vermelho. Cada família recebe cerca de 160 galões por mês. Mesmo quando usada com parcimônia, ela mal dura uma semana no calor, disse Sahlani, que vive no povoado de Albu Jumaa.Ainda nos anos 1970 e 1980, o ministério da Água do Iraque construiu açudes e barragens para conter a imensa inundação anual decorrente das chuvas do inverno e do derretimento da neve dos Montes Tauro, as nascentes dos rios Tigre e Eufrates.Vestígios do passado mais verde do Iraque ainda são visíveis hoje a cada primavera. No deserto de Anbar, uma chuvarada breve de inverno é capaz de cobrir de verde os vales rasos e deixá-los pontilhados de flores. A água ainda alimenta árvores nas margens estreitas dos rios Tigre e Eufrates, com faixas de campos verdes de cada lado.Mas mesmo essas faixas encolheram nas últimas décadas.Desde 1974 a Turquia construiu 22 barragens, hidrelétricas e projetos de irrigação nos rios Tigre e Eufrates.No início dos anos 2000, o Irã começou a construir mais de uma dúzia de barragens menores e túneis em afluentes do Tigre, devastando províncias iraquianas como Diyala, que dez anos apenas atrás era conhecida por seus pêssegos, damascos, laranjas e tâmaras. Os afluentes que vêm do Irã são a única fonte de água na província, exceto pela chuva, que vem ficando mais escassa.O impacto tem sido drástico: segundo estatísticas do ministério iraquiano da Água, desde que começou a construção intensiva de barragens, nos anos 1970, a água que chega ao país pelo rio Eufrates diminuiu em quase 50%, e a que vem do rio Tigre em um terço. Mais Hashem al-Kinani e sua família têm sentido as mudanças em primeira mão. Durante gerações eles cultivarem 20 acres de terra a leste de Bagdá, na divisa com Diyala, enfrentando uma dificuldade depois de outra.Primeiro a invasão americana e a derrubada de Saddam Hussein reduziram fortemente o apoio dado pelo Estado aos agricultores. Depois, em 2006, a Al Qaeda chegou a matou muitos homens da região, jogando seus corpos decapitados nas valetas. Hashem perdeu um tio, e a casa da família foi atingida por uma bomba da Al Qaeda.Para agravar a situação, as chuvas ficaram mais irregulares e foram diminuindo pouco a pouco. Quando as barragens iranianas foram ativadas, a água do rio ficou escassa demais para permitir o cultivo de frutas.Em todo o mundo, segundo as Nações Unidas, quase 900 rios, lagos e aquíferos são compartilhados por mais de um país. Embora exista um tratado que rege sua utilização, menos de metade dos países do mundo o ratificaram. Alguns países que se fazem notar por sua ausência da lista são países situados rio acima como a Turquia, Irã e China.Em 2021 o ministério iraquiano da Água ameaçou levar o Irã ao Tribunal Internacional de Justiça por roubar sua água. Mas o governo iraquiano, dominado por xiitas e que tem relações próximas com os governantes do Iraque, abandonou o assunto.Agora, a água que flui para o leste do Iraque foi reduzida a tal ponto que boa parte das planícies de inundação viraram campos ressecados. Em alguns trechos dos rios e canais de irrigação do Iraque o nível da água é tão baixo que eles mal conseguem diluir o esgoto que é jogado neles.O próprio crescimento do Iraque agravou a situação: enquanto a água minguou, a população cresceu, passando de 11,6 milhões em 1975 para 44 milhões hoje.Os pedidos feitos à Turquia para que compartilhe mais água têm sido em grande medida ignorados.No verão de 2022, no auge da seca do ano passado, o embaixador da Turquia no Iraque reagiu aos pedidos iraquianos de mais água dizendo que os iraquianos desperdiçam a água e pedindo que o governo iraquiano adotasse "medidas imediatas para conter o desperdício". Este ano, quando chegou um pedido semelhante, a Turquia compartilhou mais água por um mês, mas depois voltou a reduzir o fluxo.Modernizar as técnicas agrícolas ultrapassadas usadas no Iraque —que, segundo um estudo realizado para o ministério da Água iraquiano, desperdiçam até 70% da água— é imprescindível. Mas não tem sido fácil persuadir os agricultores a mudarem suas práticas.Passada a área urbana do norte de Naseriyah, com suas pequenas oficinas mecânicas e barracas de verduras, a terra se esvazia. Nuvens de chuva se formam no final da tarde, mas depois se dispersam sem deixar cair um pingo de água. Tufos de gramíneas amareladas no final de junho (no inverno do hemisfério norte) são sinais de que não faz tanto tempo se cultivavam plantações aqui.O vento começa cedo todas as manhãs e sopra sem parar até o anoitecer. Ele arranca a camada superior do solo, ressecando a terra até que tudo o que resta é o pó que se amontoa sobre as dunas rapidamente crescentes.A pequena distância da rodovia, avançando mais no deserto, fica Al Najim, um povoado que os ventos estão varrendo do mapa. Trinta anos atrás ele tinha 5.000 habitantes. Hoje restam apenas 80. A temperatura estava em torno de 50ºC.O xeque Muhammad Ajil Falghus, chefe da tribo Najim, nasceu no vilarejo. "A terra era boa, o solo era bom", ele explicou. Até o início dos anos 2000, falou, "plantávamos trigo e cevada, milho e trevos."Hoje a única coisa que ainda cresce no lugar são grupinhos de tamargueiros plantados para barrar o avanço da areia."Estamos vivendo no limite da vida", disse o xeque. "Não há agricultura, não há mais plantio possível. Isto é o fim da linha, o fim da vida. Esperamos por uma solução de Deus ou das pessoas boas."Tradução de Clara Allain | ambiente |
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] | Nas roças recém-capinadas da comunidade indígena Novo Paraíso, em Roraima, o marrom da terra descoberta, onde manivas começam a brotar, contrasta com o verde da mata ao redor."Todos nós da comunidade somos agricultores", diz Maria Loreta Inácio Pascoal, do povo wapichana, a tuxaua (cacica) do Novo Paraíso. Enquanto caminha em meio às plantações, ela indica: "É daqui que tiramos o nosso sustento".O Novo Paraíso foi a última das sete comunidades a ser criada dentro da TI (Terra Indígena) Manoá-Pium, em Roraima. Homologada em 1982, a TI tem área de quase 43,5 mil hectares e faz parte dos nove territórios indígenas da Serra da Lua, região caracterizada pela demarcação em "ilhas" —em áreas pequenas, cercadas por lavouras de monocultura.Dentro de nove meses, as raízes das manivas que hoje mal alcançam os calcanhares da tuxaua estarão prontas para a colheita. A mandioca passará por um processo tradicional até se transformar na farinha e então será comercializada nas comunidades próximas e em feiras em Boa Vista, capital do estado, onde um saco de um litro de farinha custa em média R$ 8 (na região, o produto é contado em litros).A mandiocultura é hoje a principal fonte de renda dos moradores do Novo Paraíso. É também o carro-chefe do PGTA (Plano de Gestão Territorial e Ambiental), conjunto de ações traçadas pela comunidade para garantir a preservação ambiental e a autossuficiência."Para nós, essa produção é como uma mãe que irá sustentar os demais projetos da comunidade", explica a tuxaua, que assumiu o cargo após ser eleita no fim de 2022. "Nós hoje temos projetos de gado, piscicultura e horta medicinal que estão parados, e é essa renda que vai nos permitir dar continuidade a todos eles."Para os povos indígenas, os PGTAs funcionam como planos de vida feitos para durar por décadas. Mais "Os projetos identificam áreas sagradas, definem áreas de produção e determinam as que serão preservadas pelos próximos 30, 40, 50 anos", explica Genisvan da Silva, do povo macuxi, técnico em sistema de informação geográfica do CIR (Conselho Indígena de Roraima).Mas os PGTAs não são o único caminho encontrado para o desenvolvimento sustentável pelos povos indígenas de Roraima —estado com a maior porcentagem de indígenas em sua população e com 46% de sua área demarcada em terras indígenas.A cerca de 80 km do Novo Paraíso, a comunidade Tabalascada, no município de Cantá (RR), possui desde 2010 uma associação de produtores, a Apit (Associação dos Produtores Indígenas de Tabalascada). Nela, os cerca de 40 associados têm a liberdade de se organizar em grupos menores, para diferentes atividades.Cinco deles, por exemplo, se dedicam à piscicultura, explica Andréia Machado, atual presidente da associação, que mantém projeto na área.Desde 2019, ela e o marido, Deodato Leocadio, ambos do povo wapichana, cuidam de centenas de tambaquis, peixes tradicionais da região. Deodato é responsável por alimentar os animais, conferir a qualidade do pH da água e fazer a limpeza do tanque, que fica nos fundos da casa onde vivem.Ele, que já foi tuxaua de Tabalascada, recorda que a família passou por dificuldades para se alimentar quando deixou de criar peixes. Hoje a atividade representa uma fonte de renda, ainda que sem a comercialização em grande escala. Mas, principalmente, ela garante alimento para a família e para a comunidade."Muitas vezes, deixamos de cobrar pelo peixe, porque conhecemos as pessoas e sabemos as condições de cada uma", diz Deodato.Atitudes como essa não são exclusivas do piscicultor. A economia indígena como um todo é marcada por conceitos de justiça e partilha, e, se replicados e ampliados, esses elementos podem dar novas possibilidades de desenvolvimento para a Amazônia, destacam especialistas.Estudo recente desenvolvido pela ONG WRI Brasil, que contou com mais de 75 pesquisadores de instituições de todo o país, aponta que, em um cenário de expansão da bioeconomia, orientado pelos critérios do Acordo de Paris, o Brasil poderia, até 2050, aumentar seu PIB em R$ 40 bilhões. Além disso, seriam criados 312 mil novos empregos e o estoque de carbono da Amazônia —que refreia as mudanças climáticas— cresceria 19%.O estudo constatou também que os modelos de bioeconomia com os melhores resultados sociais, ambientais e econômicos foram aqueles que replicaram os arranjos produtivos já existentes dentro das comunidades."Os povos que habitam a Amazônia sempre tiveram uma produção muito significativa", diz Caroline Rocha, gerente de clima na WRI Brasil."Mas a política de desenvolvimento que prevalece ainda hoje na região é baseada na exploração predatória de recursos ambientais e de bens comuns. Ela mantém as práticas tradicionais e as tentativas de empreendimento das populações locais abaixo do radar."Para a especialista, uma economia sustentável na Amazônia só será possível se as populações tiverem alternativas de modo de sobrevivência. "É preciso que os povos indígenas sejam agentes do seu próprio desenvolvimento", defende.Na Terra Indígena Raposa Serra do Sol, homologada em 2005, também em Roraima, um projeto foi iniciado no princípio deste ano justamente com esse propósito. No Centro Regional Caracaranã, foi criada a Roça Estadual da Juventude. Iniciada por jovens lideranças, ela incentiva práticas sustentáveis na agricultura.O foco na fase atual está no plantio de vegetais. A ideia é multiplicar as sementes tradicionais de variedades de milho, feijão, mandioca, entre outros, para que, nas etapas seguintes, as colheitas possam alimentar, de forma saudável, os jovens."Para nós, da juventude indígena, a sustentabilidade é um tema muito caro", explica Raquel Wapichana, coordenadora estadual da juventude de Roraima. "E esta roça é como estamos começando a colocar em prática o nosso discurso", diz.A reportagem foi produzida com apoio do Amazon Rainforest Journalism Fund (Amazon RJF) em parceria com o Pulitzer Center. | ambiente |
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] | A partir desta sexta-feira (4), milhares de pessoas se reunirão em Belém (PA) para discutir o que se espera do futuro da maior floresta tropical do mundo.Até segunda-feira (6), a sociedade civil se reúne nos Diálogos Amazônicos, uma série de eventos para discutir políticas públicas para a região. O resultado dos debates será entregue aos líderes dos oito países que abrigam o bioma, que se encontrarão na Cúpula da Amazônia, nos dias 8 e 9.A preocupação com o possível colapso da floresta devido ao desmatamento desenfreado e o fomento à bioeconomia estão entre as principais demandas de ONGs e outras entidades. Os pedidos fazem parte de cartas de intenções emitidas nos últimos dias e são direcionadas aos chefes de Estado de Brasil (Lula), Bolívia (Luis Arce), Colômbia (Gustavo Petro), Equador (Guillermo Lasso), Guiana (Irfaan Ali), Peru (Dina Boluarte), Suriname (Chan Santokhi) e Venezuela (Nicolás Maduro).Um grupo de 52 organizações da sociedade propõe a inclusão de um protocolo no Tratado de Cooperação da Amazônia para adoção de um acordo multilateral para evitar que o bioma atinja o ponto de não-retorno. A partir deste estágio, segundo estudos, com o desmate de 20% a 25% da área total, a floresta se converte num ecossistema empobrecido e não tem mais a capacidade de se recuperar.De acordo com o Observatório do Clima, que organiza o protocolo, hoje a Pan-Amazônia já perdeu 15% de sua cobertura vegetal original. No Brasil, que abriga 60% do bioma, a perda já foi de 20%.O texto propõe que sejam consideradas medidas como a fiscalização das fronteiras e a transferência de tecnologia. Aponta, ainda, que impedir o colapso da Amazônia depende da eliminação do desmatamento até 2030, do reconhecimento de territórios de populações tradicionais, da expansão de áreas protegidas e do combate aos crimes ambientais.Outra proposta, da Coalizão Brasil Clima, Florestas e Agricultura, destaca a importância da cooperação internacional para fortalecer políticas de fiscalização aliada à oferta de alternativas econômicas sustentáveis àqueles que tiram seu sustento do desmatamento e outros ilícitos ambientais.O grupo, que inclui mais de 350 representantes do setor privado, financeiro e academia, aponta que dar escala à bioeconomia, regular o mercado de carbono e fomentar a agricultura de baixo carbono são vetores importantes para a geração de emprego e renda na região.O texto diz também que a OTCA (Organização do Tratado de Cooperação Amazônica), que é formada pelos oito países, vai precisar de apoio internacional para superar os desafios da preservação do bioma e que o tema da bioeconomia deveria ser levado ao encontro do G20 em 2024, quando a presidência será do Brasil.Ambos os documentos, que foram lançados nesta quarta-feira (2), se juntam a outras propostas. Entre elas, a Rede Interamericana de Academias de Ciências ressalta a importância do conhecimento científico para encontrar soluções sustentáveis e basear políticas públicas para a Amazônia.Já a Coalizão pelo Clima, Crianças e Adolescentes, junto com outras entidades, pede a priorização de crianças e adolescentes e da proteção da infância indígena no acordo final a ser firmado na cúpula —que deve ser chamado de Declaração de Belém. | ambiente |