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Documents Creation Time: <t0>11/28/2023, 00:47:36</t0> Not long after the end of World War II and the fall of <e0>Nazism</e0>, conductor Wilhelm Furtwängler remarked in Salzburg in 1948:

Documents Creation Time: <t0>08/29/2023, 14:05:30</t0> He was <e0>Time</e0> magazine's Man of the Year in 1979 for his international influence, and Khomeini has been described as the "virtual face of Shia Islam in Western popular culture", where he was known for his support of the hostage takers during the Iran hostage crisis, his fatwa calling for the murder of British Indian novelist Salman Rushdie, and for referring to the United States as the "Great Satan" and the Soviet Union as the "Lesser Satan". Following the revolution, Khomeini became the country's first supreme leader, a position created in the constitution of the Islamic Republic as the highest-ranking political and religious authority of the nation, which he held until his death. Most of his period in power was taken up by the Iran–Iraq War of 1980–1988. He was succeeded by Ali Khamenei on 4 June 1989.

Documents Creation Time: <t0>08/29/2023, 14:05:30</t0> After <e0>World War I</e0> arrangements were made for him to study at the Islamic seminary in Isfahan, but he was attracted instead to the seminary in Arak. He was placed under the leadership of Ayatollah Abdolkarim Haeri Yazdi.[23] In 1920, Khomeini moved to Arak and commenced his studies.[24] The following year, Ayatollah Haeri Yazdi transferred to the Islamic seminary in the holy city of Qom, southwest of Tehran, and invited his students to follow. Khomeini accepted the invitation, moved,[22] and took up residence at the Dar al-Shafa school in Qom.[25] Khomeini's studies included Islamic law (sharia) and jurisprudence (fiqh),[21] but by that time, Khomeini had also acquired an interest in poetry and philosophy (irfan). So, upon arriving in Qom, Khomeini sought the guidance of Mirza Ali Akbar Yazdi, a scholar of philosophy and mysticism. Yazdi died in 1924, but Khomeini continued to pursue his interest in philosophy with two other teachers, Javad Aqa Maleki Tabrizi and Rafi'i Qazvini.[26][27] However, perhaps Khomeini's biggest influences were another teacher, Mirza Muhammad 'Ali Shahabadi,[28] and a variety of historic Sufi mystics, including Mulla Sadra and Ibn Arabi.[27]

Documents Creation Time: <t0>08/29/2023, 14:05:30</t0> Khomeini was not allowed to return to Iran during the Shah's reign (as he had been in exile). On 16 January 1979, the Shah left the country for medical treatment (ostensibly "on vacation"), never to return.[82] Two weeks later, on Thursday, 1 February 1979, Khomeini returned in triumph to Iran, welcomed by a joyous crowd estimated (by the BBC) to be of up to five million people.[82] On his chartered Air France flight back to Tehran, he was accompanied by 120 journalists,[83][84] including three women.[84] One of the journalists, Peter Jennings, asked: "Ayatollah, would you be so kind as to tell us how you feel about being back in Iran?"[85] Khomeini answered via his aide Sadegh Ghotbzadeh: "Hichi" (Nothing).[85] This statement—much discussed at the time[86] and since[87]—was considered by some reflective of his mystical beliefs and non-attachment to ego.[88] Others considered it a warning to Iranians who hoped he would be a "mainstream nationalist leader" that they were in for disappointment.[89] To others, it was a reflection of Khomeini's disinterest in the desires, beliefs, or the needs of the Iranian populace.[87] He was <e0>Time</e0> magazine's Man of the Year in 1979 for his international influence.[90]

Documents Creation Time: <t0>11/22/2023, 12:03:50</t0> On 23 May 1915, Italy entered <e0>World War I</e0> and joined the Entente Powers. In 1915, following Italy's entry, the battleship division of the Austro-Hungarian Navy carried out extensive bombardments causing great damage to all installations and killing several dozen people.[14] Ancona was one of the most important Italian ports on the Adriatic Sea during <e1>the Great War</e1>.

Documents Creation Time: <t0>11/22/2023, 12:03:50</t0> During <e0>World War II</e0>, the city was taken by the Polish 2nd Corps against Nazi German forces, as Free Polish forces were serving as part of the British Army. Poles were tasked with capture of the city on 16 June 1944 and accomplished the task a month later on 18 July 1944 in what is known as the battle of Ancona. The attack was part of an Allied operation to gain access to a seaport closer to the Gothic Line in order to shorten their lines of communication for the advance into northern Italy.[15]

Documents Creation Time: <t0>11/22/2023, 12:03:50</t0> The Jews of Ancona received full emancipation in 1848 with the election of Pope Pius IX. In 1938, 1177 lived in Ancona;[18] 53 Jews were sent away to Germany, 15 of them survived and returned to the town after <e0>World War II</e0>. The majority of the Jewish community stayed in town or emigrated due to high ransoms paid to the fascist regime. In 2004, about 200 Jews lived in Ancona.

Documents Creation Time: <t0>11/18/2023, 11:09:56</t0> The Albanian Renaissance characterised a period wherein the Albanian people gathered both spiritual and intellectual strength to establish their rights for an independent political and social life, culture and education. By the late 18th century and the early 19th century, its foundation arose within the Albanian communities in Italy and Romania and was frequently linked to the influences of the <e0>Romanticism</e0> and Enlightenment principles.[180]

Documents Creation Time: <t0>11/18/2023, 11:09:56</t0> The Cham Albanians were a group that formerly inhabited a region of Epirus known as Chameria, nowadays Thesprotia in northwestern Greece. Many Cham Albanians converted to Islam during the Ottoman era. Muslim Chams were expelled from Greece during <e0>World War II</e0>, by an anti-communist resistance group (EDES). The causes of the expulsion were multifaceted and remain a matter of debate among historians. Different narratives in historiography argue that the causes involved pre-existing Greek policies which targeted the minority and sought its elimination, the Cham collaboration with the Axis forces and local property disputes which were instrumentalized after WWII.[217][218] The estimated number of Cham Albanians expelled from Epirus to Albania and Turkey varies: figures include 14,000, 19,000, 20,000, 25,000 and 30,000.[219][220][221][222][223] According to Cham reports this number should be raised to c. 35,000.[224]

Documents Creation Time: <t0>11/18/2023, 11:09:56</t0> The Albanian Renaissance in the 19th century is remarkable both for its valuable poetic achievement and for its variety within the Albanian literature. It drew on the ideas of <e0>Romanticism</e0> and Enlightenment characterised by its emphasis on emotion and individualism as well as the interaction between nature and mankind. Dora d'Istria, Girolamo de Rada, Naim Frashëri, Naum Veqilharxhi, Sami Frashëri and Pashko Vasa maintained this movement and are remembered today for composing series of prominent works.

Documents Creation Time: <t0>03/01/2021, 20:30:09</t0> Medal of Honor is a 1999 first-person shooter video game, developed by DreamWorks Interactive and published by Electronic Arts for PlayStation. It is the first installment in the Medal of Honor video game series. The gameplay features the combined arms warfare of <e0>World War II</e0>, as the player completes various missions for the Office of Strategic Services.

Documents Creation Time: <t0>03/01/2021, 20:30:09</t0> The game takes place near the end of <e0>World War II</e0> (mid-1944 to mid-1945). The goal of the game is to complete various Office of Strategic Services (OSS) missions, such as rescuing an American pilot, going undercover to board and destroy a U-boat, recovering stolen art work, and sabotaging the Nazi war effort.[2][3][4]

Documents Creation Time: <t0>09/27/2022, 09:55:46</t0> Between January and August 1914 Gayundah underwent a significant refit at the Cockatoo Dockyard in Sydney. Changes during this time included work on her forecastle, improvement of her accommodation and sea-keeping characteristics, and the replacement of her 8-inch gun by a 4.7-inch gun.[3] With the outbreak of <e0>World War I</e0>, Gayundah was assigned to coastal patrols of Moreton Bay and the east coast of Australia.[5] In July 1915, one of Gayundah's 12-pounder guns was removed. In 1917, due to the threat posed by German raiders such as SMS Seeadler, Gayundah patrolled off Port Jackson and in the Spencer Gulf, although she made no contact with enemy ships during this time.[5]

Documents Creation Time: <t0>08/03/2023, 21:23:12</t0> Some critics believed The Empire Strikes Back was a good film but not as enjoyable as Star Wars.[236][237][238] They believed the tonal shift featuring darker material and more mature story lines detracted from the charm, fun, and comic silliness of the original.[236][238][239] The Wall Street Journal's Joy Gould Boyum believed it was "absurd" to add dramatic weight to the lighthearted Star Wars, stripping it of its innocence. Writing for The Washington Post, Gary Arnold found the darker undercurrents and greater narrative scale interesting because it created more dramatic threads to explore.[240][238] The New Yorker's David Denby argued it was more spectacular than the original, but lacked its camp style.[239] The Hollywood Reporter's Arthur Knight believed the novelty of the original and plethora of space opera films produced since made Empire seem derivative; even so, he called it the best in the genre since Star Wars.[237][240] Writing for <e0>Time</e0>, Gerald Clarke believed Empire surpassed Star Wars in several ways, including being more visually and artistically interesting.[241] The New York Times's Vincent Canby called it a more mechanical, less suspenseful experience.[236]

Documents Creation Time: <t0>04/29/2023, 19:30:36</t0> After the Partitions of Poland, the town was annexed by Imperial Russia. In 1859, it had 72 households, totalling 900 people, of which 500 were Jews. In 1897, it had a population of 2,650, including the rural neighbourhood, of which 1,463 were Jews. The population of Vishnyeva in 1907 was 2,650, of which 1,863 were Jews. After <e0>World War I</e0>, it was part of reborn independent Poland, within which it was the seat of a gmina in the Wołożyn County in the Nowogródek Voivodeship.

Documents Creation Time: <t0>04/29/2023, 19:30:36</t0> Following the joint German-Soviet invasion of Poland, which started <e0>World War II</e0> in September 1939, the town was occupied by the Soviet Union until 1941, and then by Nazi Germany until 1944. The Germans established the Vishnyeva Ghetto, which included 1,100 men, women, children and infants, and all were burnt alive by the Nazis and their local collaborators in the Vishnyeva Synagogue on 22 September 1942. Among those killed on that day was the grandfather of Shimon Peres, who later became President of Israel.[2] Some Jews were taken to the ghetto in the nearby town of Wołożyn (Valozhyn) and killed there. Remains of a Jewish cemetery can be located in the town. A few survivors have emigrated to Israel and to other countries. In 1944, the town was reoccupied by the Soviet Union, which eventually annexed it from Poland the following year.

Documents Creation Time: <t0>10/25/2023, 12:11:51</t0> Torture aims to break the victim's will and destroy their agency and personality. It is one of the most damaging experiences that a person can undergo and can also negatively affect perpetrating individuals and institutions. Public opinion research has shown general opposition to torture. Torture is prohibited under international law for all states under all circumstances and is explicitly forbidden by several treaties. Opposition to torture stimulated the formation of the human rights movement after <e0>World War II</e0>, and torture continues to be an important human rights issue. Although its incidence has declined, torture is still practiced by most countries.

Documents Creation Time: <t0>10/25/2023, 12:11:51</t0> Torture was widely used by colonial powers to subdue resistance and reached a peak during the anti-colonial wars in the twentieth century.[41][42] An estimated 300,000 people were tortured during the Algerian War of Independence (1954–1962),[43] and the United Kingdom and Portugal also used torture in attempts to retain their respective empires.[44] Independent states in Africa, the Middle East, and Asia often used torture in the twentieth century, but it is unknown whether their use of torture increased or decreased compared to nineteenth-century levels.[41] During the first half of the twentieth century, torture became more prevalent in Europe with the advent of secret police,[45] <e0>World War I</e0> and <e1>World War II</e1>, and the rise of communist and fascist states.[15]

Documents Creation Time: <t0>06/15/2023, 23:04:26</t0> In 1942, Badin Hall hosted officers, recruits and midshipmen that came to campus to train as part of the United States Naval Reserve Midshipmen's School.[48][9][16][49][50][51] At its beginning in April 1942, the school hosted a 30-indoctrination program for new officers, but it became a full-fledged Midshipmen School in October 1942, and hosted ten four-month courses and more than 10,000 officers.[52] This provided the Navy with space and resources for training, while it helped the university recover from the loss in income and enrollment due to <e0>World War II</e0>.[9] The midshipman school ended in November 1945, and Badin was returned to civilian student use.[48] When veterans returned to campus after the war, the vast majority were accommodated in Badin.[16][50] In the late 1940s, when Hesburgh served as a prefect on the third floor, the hall was decrepit.[53][54] Students would sneak out of Badin Hall at night by stealthy using the fire-escape ladder.[55]

Documents Creation Time: <t0>12/02/2023, 14:11:51</t0> Kretschmann made his first appearance on American television in 2003 when he guest starred in 2 episodes of <e0>24</e0>. He later also appeared in Relic Hunter. In 2004, Kretschmann played Timothy Cain, a ruthless Umbrella Major, in Resident Evil: Apocalypse. In the same year, he appeared in the French film Immortal with Linda Hardy. The film was notable for its use of a digital backlot and interaction between Computer-generated characters and real actors. In 2005, Kretschmann won a role in Peter Jackson's remake of King Kong, where he worked again with Adrien Brody, with whom he had costarred in The Pianist.[citation needed]

Documents Creation Time: <t0>11/08/2023, 19:36:12</t0> Peugeot was involved in motorsport from the earliest days and entered five cars for the Paris-Rouen Trials in 1894 with one of them, driven by Lemaître, finishing second (the winning car was a steam-powered car and was therefore disqualified meaning Lemître was promoted to first). These trials are usually regarded as the first motor sporting competition. Participation in a variety of events continued until <e0>World War I</e0>, but in 1912, Peugeot made its most notable contribution to motor sporting history when one of their cars, driven by Georges Boillot, won the French Grand Prix at Dieppe. This revolutionary car was powered by a straight-4 engine designed by Ernest Henry under the guidance of the technically knowledgeable racing drivers Paul Zuccarelli and Georges Boillot. The design was very influential for racing engines as it featured for the first time DOHC and four valves per cylinder, providing for high engine speeds, a radical departure from previous racing engines which relied on huge displacement for power. In 1913, Peugeots of similar design to the 1912 Grand Prix car won the French Grand Prix at Amiens and the Indianapolis 500. When one of the Peugeot racers remained in the United States during World War I and parts could not be acquired from France for the 1914 season, owner Bob Burman had it serviced in the shop of Harry Miller by a young mechanic named Fred Offenhauser. Their familiarity with the Peugeot engine was the basis of the famed Miller racing engine, which later developed into the Offenhauser.

Documents Creation Time: <t0>12/02/2023, 22:07:48</t0> There is a <e0>World War II</e0> era description of Kamatero in the book 21 Battalion, by author J. Cody. The 21st Battalion was a New Zealand infantry battalion temporarily stationed in Kamatero in spring 1941. The description given by the author is of a "pleasant tree-studded area". It is repeatedly termed a "village", and, upon arrival, soldiers of the 21st chanced upon the villagers harvesting wheat. The battalion's encampment is characterised as "rolling country dotted with olive trees".[17] The above description makes it clear that Kamatero at that time was still a small agricultural settlement.

Documents Creation Time: <t0>10/27/2022, 18:23:09</t0> A bestiary (from bestiarum vocabulum) is a compendium of beasts. Originating in the <e0>ancient world</e0>, bestiaries were made popular in the Middle Ages in illustrated volumes that described various animals and even rocks. The natural history and illustration of each beast was usually accompanied by a moral lesson. This reflected the belief that the world itself was the Word of God and that every living thing had its own special meaning. For example, the pelican, which was believed to tear open its breast to bring its young to life with its own blood, was a living representation of Jesus. Thus the bestiary is also a reference to the symbolic language of animals in Western Christian art and literature.

Documents Creation Time: <t0>05/26/2020, 03:26:42</t0> Laird divides his time between New Orleans and Kathmandu, Nepal, where he lived for 30 years.[3] He has photographed and written for publications such as <e0>Time</e0> and Newsweek.[4]

Documents Creation Time: <t0>09/02/2021, 05:36:34</t0> In the 1930s Sir John and Lady Fortescue moved to Provence in France, where she began her book writing career with Perfume from Provence. She wrote a number of other books there. Her husband died within 2 years of them moving to France but she stayed on until forced to move out by the German invasion during <e0>World War II</e0>. She returned at the end of the war and died in Opio, Provence.

Documents Creation Time: <t0>05/17/2019, 21:11:40</t0> By the end of the <e0>First World War</e0>, the Dominions had exercised increasing levels of autonomy in managing their own affairs and each by then had developed a distinct national identity. Britain formally recognised this at the 1926 Imperial Conference, jointly issuing the Balfour Declaration with all the Dominion heads of government, which stated that the United Kingdom and Dominions were autonomous and equal to each other within the British Commonwealth of Nations. Full legislative independence was granted to the Dominions with passage of the Statute of Westminster 1931.[33]

Documents Creation Time: <t0>05/17/2019, 21:11:40</t0> Following the <e0>Second World War</e0>, growing assertions of local national identity separate from that of Britain and the Empire led the Canadian government to develop a new substantive citizenship status based on a purely Canadian idea of nationhood.[38] This was created with passage of the Canadian Citizenship Act, 1946, which came into force on January 1, 1947. All British subjects who were born, naturalized, or resident for at least five years in Canada automatically acquired Canadian citizenship on that date. British subjects born to a father who himself was born or naturalized in Canada. Women no longer automatically took the nationality of their husbands when they married, but any British subject woman who was already married to someone qualifying as a Canadian citizen when the 1946 Act came into force automatically acquired citizenship on that date. Minor children born overseas to a Canadian father or unmarried Canadian mother who had already been admitted into Canada also automatically became Canadian citizens. All citizens of Canada and any other Commonwealth country remained defined as British subjects under this Act.[39] The Act later became applicable in Newfoundland when it joined Canada in 1949.[40]

Documents Creation Time: <t0>01/16/2023, 21:55:53</t0> Conscription (also called the draft in the United States) is the state-mandated enlistment of people in a national service, mainly a military service.[1] Conscription dates back to <e0>antiquity</e0> and it continues in some countries to the present day under various names. The modern system of near-universal national conscription for young men dates to the French Revolution in the 1790s, where it became the basis of a very large and powerful military. Most European nations later copied the system in peacetime, so that men at a certain age would serve 1–8 years on active duty and then transfer to the reserve force.

Documents Creation Time: <t0>01/16/2023, 21:55:53</t0> In the Soviet Union, there was never conscription of women for the armed forces, but the severe disruption of normal life and the high proportion of civilians affected by <e0>World War II</e0> after the German invasion attracted many volunteers for "The Great Patriotic War".[91] Medical doctors of both sexes could and would be conscripted (as officers). Also, the Soviet university education system required Department of Chemistry students of both sexes to complete an ROTC course in NBC defense, and such female reservist officers could be conscripted in times of war. The United States came close to drafting women into the Nurse Corps in preparation for a planned invasion of Japan.[92][93]

Documents Creation Time: <t0>01/16/2023, 21:55:53</t0> The United Kingdom introduced conscription to full-time military service for the first time in January 1916 (the eighteenth month of <e0>World War I</e0>) and abolished it in 1920. Ireland, then part of the United Kingdom, was exempted from the original 1916 military service legislation, and although further legislation in 1918 gave power for an extension of conscription to Ireland, the power was never put into effect.

Documents Creation Time: <t0>01/16/2023, 21:55:53</t0> Conscription was reintroduced in 1939, in the lead up to <e0>World War II</e0>, and continued in force until 1963. Northern Ireland was exempted from conscription legislation throughout the whole period.

Documents Creation Time: <t0>12/03/2023, 14:36:06</t0> During <e0>World War II</e0>, Beeson was drafted into the Royal Navy's Fleet Air Arm in 1941. He transferred to the naval film unit and became an official naval photographer, again with Kimmins. Beeson landed at Normandy with BBC correspondent Howard Marshall. During his time with the navy, he met his wife, Olga, who was a member of the Women's Royal Naval Service.[1]

Documents Creation Time: <t0>10/12/2023, 22:07:44</t0> The folklorist Dimitra Fimi, also in Picturing Tolkien, comments that "ethereal music"[s] accompanies the procession of Elves in the extended version of The Fellowship of the Ring (scene 11, "The Passing of the Elves"). She states that the scene borrows visually from the "Celtic" imagery of John Duncan's 1911 Pre-Raphaelite painting Riders of the Sidhe, giving an "otherworldly" effect very unlike the "playful tone" in Tolkien's text.[71] Shore deliberately creates the "same 'Celtic' feel'", she writes, in the music for the Elves in Rivendell;[j] Shore had approached the Irish "folk-cum-New Age" singer Enya, whose music represents "Celticity as melancholy over a lost tradition."[71] In Fimi's view, the "'Celtic' air and ambience" that Jackson uses for the Elves is reinforced by what the film's conceptual designer Alan Lee called "the use of natural forms ... [and] of flowing graceful lines" and "elements of <e0>Art Nouveau</e0> and Celtic design".[71] Fimi notes that both Tolkien and the historian Malcolm Chapman wrote "mocking[ly]" about the romantic stereotyping of Celts in this way, Tolkien speaking of "the wild incalculable poetic Celt, full of vague and misty imaginations", and Chapman of "high-flown metaphysical and moral conclusions drawn from 'Celtic' art by its admiring critics".[71]

Documents Creation Time: <t0>11/30/2021, 22:31:38</t0> The word resh is usually assumed to have come from a pictogram of a head, ultimately reflecting Proto-Semitic *raʾ(i)š-. The word's East Semitic cognate, rēš-, was one possible phonetic reading of the Sumerian <e0>cuneiform</e0> sign for "head" (SAG 𒊕, ) in Akkadian.

Documents Creation Time: <t0>11/30/2021, 22:31:38</t0> Resh is used in an Israeli phrase; after a child says something false, one may say "B'Shin Quf, Resh" (With Shin, Quf, Resh). These letters spell Sheqer, which is the Hebrew word for a lie. It would be akin to an English speaker saying "That's an <e0>L</e0>-<e1>I</e1>-E."

Documents Creation Time: <t0>10/09/2023, 00:35:01</t0> Terrassa is a partner city of the Art nouveau network,[6] a European network of co-operation created in 1999 for the study, preservation and development of <e0>Art Nouveau</e0>.

Documents Creation Time: <t0>06/01/2019, 13:26:25</t0> He became the acting dean of Georgetown College in 1935, and then vice president and dean of studies at Loyola College in Maryland, before being appointed president of Georgetown University in 1942. His tenure was largely shaped by <e0>World War II</e0>, which necessitated his admittance of women into the Graduate School of Arts and Science. A proponent of racial integration, he instructed administrators to admit the first black undergraduate students. While this did not materialize until shortly after his presidency, the university did begin admitting black students in several of its graduate schools during his term. He also joined the presidents of other local universities in agreeing to allow medical students from Howard University to train at Washington, D.C.'s public hospital.

Documents Creation Time: <t0>06/01/2019, 13:26:25</t0> Gorman succeeded Arthur A. O'Leary as president of Georgetown University on December 17, 1942, upon being appointed by Zacheus J. Maher, the American assistant to the Jesuit Superior General.[8] The first half of his presidency was principally shaped by <e0>World War II</e0>;[9] since so many male students had left to fight the war, Gorman decided to admit women to the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, with the first eleven enrolling in 1943.[10] That year, the university also began hosting an Army Specialized Training Program, focusing on instruction in engineering, languages, and area studies, and the Medical, Dental, and Nursing Schools created training programs with the Army and Navy.[11]

Documents Creation Time: <t0>03/07/2023, 18:46:43</t0> Violetta à Beckett Williams (27 September 1923—16 July 2015) was an English actor and singer who spoke fluent French and specialised in the performance of roguish and sometimes suggestive French chansons. For most of <e0>World War II</e0> she entertained Free French Forces in London and then joined the Late Joys Victorian music hall company at the Players' Theatre. She made her name with a five-year West End run playing "Hortense" in the Players' original 1953 London production of Sandy Wilson's pastiche 1920s musical The Boy Friend. In her work in musical comedy she used as her stage name the single word Violetta. As an actor she was styled by her married name, Violetta Farjeon.

Documents Creation Time: <t0>03/07/2023, 18:46:43</t0> In May 1940, while she was only 16 and still at the Conservatoire, the <e0>Nazis</e0> invaded France and advanced towards Paris. Along with millions of Parisians Farjeon fled the capital (by what means is unknown) and in the company of many hundreds of thousands of refugees arrived on the south coast of France in June 1940 with the aim of reaching Britain.[12]

Documents Creation Time: <t0>10/31/2023, 20:18:08</t0> British forces burned Buffalo and the northwestern village of Black Rock in 1813.[34] The battle and subsequent fire was in response to the destruction of Niagara-on-the-Lake by American forces and other skirmishes during the <e0>War of 1812</e0>.[35][36][12] Rebuilding was swift, completed in 1815.[37][36] As a remote outpost, village residents hoped that the proposed Erie Canal would bring prosperity to the area.[21] To accomplish this, Buffalo's harbor was expanded with the help of Samuel Wilkeson; it was selected as the canal's terminus over the rival Black Rock.[12] It opened in 1825, ushering in commerce, manufacturing and hydropower.[21] By the following year, the 130 sq mi (340 km2) Buffalo Creek Reservation (at the western border of the village) was transferred to Buffalo.[26] Buffalo was incorporated as a city in 1832.[38] During the 1830s, businessman Benjamin Rathbun significantly expanded its business district.[21] The city doubled in size from 1845 to 1855. Almost two-thirds of the city's population was foreign-born, largely a mix of unskilled (or educated) Irish and German Catholics.[39][40]

Documents Creation Time: <t0>10/31/2023, 20:18:08</t0> During <e0>World War II</e0>, Buffalo regained its manufacturing strength as military contracts enabled the city to manufacture steel, chemicals, aircraft, trucks and ammunition.[55] The 15th-most-populous US city in 1950, Buffalo's economy relied almost entirely on manufacturing; eighty percent of area jobs were in the sector.[55] The city also had over a dozen railway terminals, as railroads remained a significant industry.[54]

Documents Creation Time: <t0>10/26/2023, 10:44:13</t0> In 2015, Luke Skywalker was selected by Empire magazine as the 50th-greatest movie character of all time.[59] Empire also ranked him as the third greatest Star Wars character.[60] Luke was also on the ballot for the American Film Institute's 100 Years...100 Heroes and Villains.[61] On their list of the 100 Greatest Fictional Characters, Fandomania.com ranked Luke at number 14.[62] IGN listed Luke as their 4th top Star Wars character,[63] and he was chosen twice by IGN's readers as one of their favorite Star Wars characters.[64][65] IGN's Jesse Schedeen also picked Luke Skywalker as one of the characters they most wanted to appear on the <e0>Wii</e0>,[66] as well as listing Skywalker as one of their favorite Star Wars heroes.[67] Schedeen also listed the character as one of the Star Wars characters they wanted to see in Soulcalibur.[68] IGN also called the fight between Luke Skywalker and Darth Vader in Return of the Jedi one of the ultimate movie "boss battles".[69] In a feature on speeches made by Luke Skywalker, IGN's Todd Gilchrist said that his favorite of Luke's speeches is "I am a Jedi, like my father before me".[70] UGO Networks listed Luke as one of their best heroes of all time,[71] and he was voted as one of the coolest Star Wars characters by UGO's readers.[72] Inventor Dean Kamen has also code-named his new prosthetic arm system "Luke" in honor of the character.[73] One indication of the character's impact on fans is an elaborate fan theory, developed on the Internet since 2015, that there are actually two different Lukes in the original trilogy: the normal one and a "bigger Luke" of a slightly larger build who appears in some scenes.[74]

Documents Creation Time: <t0>11/16/2023, 02:36:59</t0> The wampa made its first appearance in The Empire Strikes Back (1980), as a predator that attacks Luke and eats his tauntaun. Several other wampa sequences were planned for The Empire Strikes Back, but were ultimately cut.[77] The wampa also made an appearance in the <e0>Family Guy</e0> special "Something, Something, Something, Dark Side" (2009), being depicted as Cookie Monster from Sesame Street.

Documents Creation Time: <t0>05/13/2023, 13:37:14</t0> After serving in <e0>World War II</e0>, former theatre actor, film choreographer and literary agent Harold Hecht returned to Hollywood with plans to head his own talent agency. In September 1945, he formed the Hecht-Rantz Agency with his friend and former Goldstone Agency employee, Louis Rantz.[17] Rantz had also worked in Hollywood during the mid-1930s, as an associate producer at Metropolitan Pictures, George A. Hirliman Productions and B.F. Zeidman Productions.[18] Hecht and Rantz set up their office at 324 South Beverly Drive in Beverly Hills, California.[19]

Documents Creation Time: <t0>12/01/2023, 19:29:00</t0> The theories within the philosophy of education can also be subdivided based on the school of philosophy they belong to. Various schools of philosophy, such as existentialism, pragmatism, Marxism, <e0>postmodernism</e0>, and feminism, have developed their own perspective on the main issues of education.[6][11][5] They often include normative theories about how education should or should not be practiced and are in most cases controversial.[6]

Documents Creation Time: <t0>12/01/2023, 19:29:00</t0> <e0>Postmodern</e0> theorists often see established educational practices as instruments of power used by elites in society to further their own interests.[8][5] Important aspects in this regard are the unequal power relation between the state and its institutions in contrast to the individual as well as the control that can thus be employed due to the close connection between power and knowledge, specifically the knowledge passed on through education.[48][49][50]

Documents Creation Time: <t0>12/01/2023, 19:29:00</t0> At the age of 20, a selection was made. The best students would take an advanced course in mathematics, geometry, <e0>astronomy</e0> and harmonics. The first course in the scheme of higher education would last for ten years. It would be for those who had a flair for science. At the age of 30 there would be another selection; those who qualified would study dialectics and metaphysics, logic and philosophy for the next five years. After accepting junior positions in the army for 15 years, a man would have completed his theoretical and practical education by the age of 50.

Documents Creation Time: <t0>09/05/2022, 13:10:29</t0> Aphrodite was the <e0>World War II</e0> code name of a United States Army Air Forces operation to use Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress and Consolidated PB4Y bombers as precision-guided munitions against bunkers and other hardened/reinforced enemy facilities. A parallel project in the United States Navy was codenamed Anvil.[2] The missions were not generally successful, and the intended targets in Europe were either overrun by the ground advance of Allied troops or disabled by conventional attacks by aircraft.

Documents Creation Time: <t0>06/15/2022, 08:58:52</t0> The M19 Multiple Gun Motor Carriage (MGMC) was a <e0>World War II</e0> United States Army self-propelled anti-aircraft weapon on the M24 light tank chassis. It was equipped with two Bofors 40 mm guns. It was produced by Cadillac and Massey Ferguson of Canada near the end of 1944.

Documents Creation Time: <t0>06/09/2023, 16:51:57</t0> Ukraine was the host to the <e0>UEFA European Football Championship</e0> in 2012, together with Poland.

Documents Creation Time: <t0>07/06/2023, 18:58:58</t0> The Yellow River (黃河, Huáng Hé, Beijing Mandarin: [xu̯ɑŋ˧˥ xɤ˧˥] ⓘ) was not always yellow. When the river was still clear, it was simply referred to as "the River" (河, Old Chinese: *gâi).[8] Observations made at Yumenkou indicated the river changed from clear to muddy sometime between 367 BC and AD 165, according to chronicles’ records.[9] Alternative names "Murky River" (濁河, Old Chinese: *drôk-gâi)[8] and "Yellow River" (黃河, Old Chinese: *gwâŋ-gâi)[8] were attested in 145 BC[10][11] and in AD 429 respectively.[a] The name Yellow River edges out Murky River by the end of <e0>Tang dynasty</e0>, for unclear reasons.[b]

Documents Creation Time: <t0>07/06/2023, 18:58:58</t0> The river has long been critical to the development of northern China, and is regarded by scholars as one cradle of civilization. Flooding of the river has also caused much destruction, including multiple floods that have resulted in the deaths of over one million people. Among the deadliest were the 1332–33 flood during the Yuan dynasty, the 1887 flood during the <e0>Qing dynasty</e0> which killed anywhere from 900,000 to 2 million people, and a Republic of China era 1931 flood (part of a massive number of floods that year) that killed 1–4 million people.[23]

Documents Creation Time: <t0>07/06/2023, 18:58:58</t0> The 1642 flood was man-made, caused by the attempt of the Ming governor of Kaifeng to use the river to destroy the peasant rebels under Li Zicheng who had been besieging the city for the past six months.[38] He directed his men to break the dikes in an attempt to flood the rebels, but destroyed his own city instead: the flood and the ensuing famine and plague are estimated to have killed 300,000 of the city's previous population of 378,000.[39] The once-prosperous city was nearly abandoned until its rebuilding under the Kangxi Emperor in the <e0>Qing dynasty</e0>.

Documents Creation Time: <t0>12/04/2023, 10:41:47</t0> Born in New York City, he was the son of architect Ely Jacques Kahn, and the brother of mystery editor and anthologist Joan Kahn. He attended the Horace Mann School and Harvard University, where he took his B.A. in 1937. He was hired by St. Clair McKelway at The New Yorker in 1937[2] and his first byline appeared there in the April 3, 1937 issue. Before <e0>World War II</e0>, he was drafted and served in the U.S. Army from 1941 to 1945. The New Yorker publishing 39 of his pieces on Army life that were later collected in book form.

Documents Creation Time: <t0>11/30/2023, 15:59:10</t0> Early on, Rammstein were accused by media outlets in Germany of being neo-Nazis due to their imagery. The band released the song "Links 2-3-4" (Links being German for "left") in 2001 to affirm to the public that they reside on the left side of the political spectrum. In a 2011 interview with Rolling Stone Germany, when asked about Nazi accusations, Lindemann stated "We come from the East and we have grown up as socialists. We used to be either punks or Goths – we hate Nazis! And then suddenly there is such a far-fetched accusation. We are doing exactly the same thing today, but no one in America or in Mexico would even get the idea to come up with something like that. This only happens in Germany. Our reply to this animosity was 'Links 2-3-4', and with that we had made it clear where we stand politically."[128] Regarding the song, Kruspe said: "'My heart beats on the left, two, three, four'. It's simple. If you want to put us in a political category, we're on the left side, and that's the reason we made the song".[129] The song's title refers to the refrain of the German Communist Party song Einheitsfrontlied, written by Bertholt Brecht: "Drum links, zwei, drei! Drum links, zwei, drei! / Wo dein Platz, Genosse ist! / Reih dich ein, in die Arbeitereinheitsfront / Weil du auch ein Arbeiter bist".[130] (Then left, two, three! Then left, two, three! / Here's the place, Comrade, for you! / So fall in with the Workers' united front / For you are a worker too.) Another key lyric expressing the band's allegiance to the left paraphrases the titles of newspaper columns published side by side for several years in the German newspaper Bild: "Mein Herz schlägt links" ("My heart beats on the left") by The Left Party co-chair and former Social Democratic Party of Germany chair Oskar Lafontaine, and "Mein Herz schlägt auf dem rechten Fleck" ("My heart beats in the right place") by Peter Gauweiler of the conservative Christian Social Union.[131] Lorenz stated that the song was created to show the band could write a harsh, evil, military-sounding song without being <e0>Nazis</e0>.[132]

Documents Creation Time: <t0>11/26/2023, 10:17:56</t0> After the United States entered <e0>World War II</e0> after the attack on Pearl Harbor, Landis asked Franklin D. Roosevelt whether professional baseball should continue during the war. In the "Green Light Letter", the US president replied that baseball was important to national morale, and asked for more night games so day workers could attend. Thirty-five Hall of Fame members and more than 500 Major League Baseball players served in the war, but with the exception of D-Day, games continued.[31] Both Williams and DiMaggio would miss playing time in the services, with Williams also flying later in the Korean War. During this period Stan Musial led the St. Louis Cardinals to the 1942, 1944 and 1946 World Series titles. The war years also saw the founding of the All-American Girls Professional Baseball League.

Documents Creation Time: <t0>10/22/2023, 05:57:51</t0> His son Thomas Sinclair Kirk (1869–1940) was a prominent Belfast surgeon, President of the Ulster Medical Society 1908–09,[8] and during the <e0>First World War</e0> a noted pioneer in the use of urea for sterilising wounds.[9]

Documents Creation Time: <t0>11/19/2023, 05:37:29</t0> 1711 (MDCCXI) was a common year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Monday of the Julian calendar, the 1711th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 711th year of the <e0>2nd millennium</e0>, the 11th year of the <e1>18th century</e1>, and the 2nd year of the 1710s decade. As of the start of 1711, the Gregorian calendar was 11 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.

Documents Creation Time: <t0>11/24/2023, 15:32:29</t0> Shorinji Kempo (少林寺拳法, Shōrin-ji kempō, meaning "Shaolin Temple Boxing") is a Japanese martial art claimed to be a modified version of Shaolin Kung Fu.[1] The name Shōrinji Kempo is the Japanese reading of Shàolínsì Quánfǎ. It was established in 1947 by Doshin So (宗 道臣, Sō Dōshin) [born Michiomi Nakano (中野道臣, Nakano Michiomi)], a Japanese martial artist and former military intelligence agent who lived in China for many years before and during <e0>World War II</e0>.[2]

Documents Creation Time: <t0>11/24/2023, 15:32:29</t0> The founder, Doshin So, wanted to establish not only an organisation which incorporated mental and physical training but also wanted to educate Japanese people who had been completely demoralised by <e0>World War II</e0>. His aim was to help those who had lost their way and rebuild Japan for the future. It is said that he tried to teach Buddhist philosophy but no one followed him. Later on, So reportedly saw a vision of Bodhidharma, which inspired him to pursue teaching martial arts, as Bodhidharma was believed to have done. Both of these are later to become the main training methods of Shorinji Kempo.

Documents Creation Time: <t0>06/08/2023, 00:43:30</t0> Shouldice Hospital is a private hospital that operates in a public health care system.[6] It works solely on hernia repair.[1] It uses a natural tissue, tension free, technique developed during <e0>World War II</e0> by Dr. Shouldice. The hospital performs hernia repairs on over 6,500 patients a year.[7][better source needed]

Documents Creation Time: <t0>10/14/2023, 16:41:47</t0> In the American television program <e0>Lost</e0>, the character Benjamin Linus initially tells survivors his name is Henry Gale and claims to have arrived on the island via hot air balloon. It is later revealed that the real Henry Gale was indeed a balloonist who died upon crashing on the island—just one of the many references to Baum's Oz novels on the show.

Documents Creation Time: <t0>11/26/2023, 08:11:42</t0> The best-known approximations to π dating <e0>before the Common Era</e0> were accurate to two decimal places; this was improved upon in Chinese mathematics in particular by the mid-first millennium, to an accuracy of seven decimal places. After this, no further progress was made until the late medieval period.

Documents Creation Time: <t0>08/15/2023, 13:56:55</t0> The State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs (Serbo-Croatian: Država Slovenaca, Hrvata i Srba / Држава Словенаца, Хрвата и Срба; Slovene: Država Slovencev, Hrvatov in Srbov) was a political entity that was constituted in October 1918, at the end of <e0>World War I</e0>, by Slovenes, Croats and Serbs (Prečani) residing in what were the southernmost parts of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. Although internationally unrecognised, this was the first incarnation of a Yugoslav state founded on the Pan-Slavic ideology.[1] Thirty-three days after it was proclaimed, the state joined the Kingdom of Serbia and the Kingdom of Montenegro to form the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes.

Documents Creation Time: <t0>03/17/2022, 10:27:46</t0> He was head of the naval mission to Greece up to its invasion by Axis forces, and after evacuation served as a staff officer in Alexandria until 1943. In October of that year until the closing months of <e0>World War II</e0> he commanded the escort carrier HMS Shah.

Documents Creation Time: <t0>11/25/2023, 19:42:12</t0> The connection between the break-in and the re-election committee was highlighted by media coverage—in particular, investigative coverage by The Washington Post, <e0>Time</e0>, and The New York Times. The coverage dramatically increased publicity and consequent political and legal repercussions. Relying heavily upon anonymous sources, Post reporters Bob Woodward and Carl Bernstein uncovered information suggesting that knowledge of the break-in, and attempts to cover it up, led deeply into the upper reaches of the Justice Department, FBI, CIA, and the White House. Woodward and Bernstein interviewed Judy Hoback Miller, the bookkeeper for Nixon's re-election campaign, who revealed to them information about the mishandling of funds and records being destroyed.[48][1]

Documents Creation Time: <t0>11/25/2023, 19:42:12</t0> Chief among the Post's anonymous sources was an individual whom Woodward and Bernstein had nicknamed Deep Throat; 33 years later, in 2005, the informant was identified as Mark Felt, deputy director of the FBI during that period of the 1970s, something Woodward later confirmed. Felt met secretly with Woodward several times, telling him of Howard Hunt's involvement with the Watergate break-in, and that the White House staff regarded the stakes in Watergate as extremely high. Felt warned Woodward that the FBI wanted to know where he and other reporters were getting their information, as they were uncovering a wider web of crimes than the FBI first disclosed. All the secret meetings between Woodward and Felt took place at an underground parking garage in Rosslyn over a period from June 1972 to January 1973. Prior to resigning from the FBI on June 22, 1973, Felt also anonymously planted leaks about Watergate with <e0>Time magazine</e0>, The Washington Daily News and other publications.[1][49]

Documents Creation Time: <t0>11/25/2023, 19:42:12</t0> During this early period, most of the media failed to understand the full implications of the scandal, and concentrated reporting on other topics related to the 1972 presidential election.[50] Most outlets ignored or downplayed Woodward and Bernstein's scoops; the crosstown Washington Star-News and the Los Angeles Times even ran stories incorrectly discrediting the Post's articles. After the Post revealed that H.R. Haldeman had made payments from the secret fund, newspapers like the Chicago Tribune and The Philadelphia Inquirer failed to publish the information, but did publish the White House's denial of the story the following day.[51] The White House also sought to isolate the Post's coverage by tirelessly attacking that newspaper while declining to criticize other damaging stories about the scandal from the New York Times and <e0>Time magazine</e0>.[51][1]

Documents Creation Time: <t0>11/25/2023, 19:42:12</t0> Disgust with the revelations about Watergate, the Republican Party, and Nixon strongly affected results of the November 1974 Senate and House elections, which took place three months after Nixon's resignation. The Democrats gained five seats in the Senate and forty-nine in the House (the newcomers were nicknamed "Watergate Babies"). Congress passed legislation that changed campaign financing, to amend the <e0>Freedom of Information Act</e0>, as well as to require financial disclosures by key government officials (via the Ethics in Government Act). Other types of disclosures, such as releasing recent income tax forms, became expected, though not legally required. Presidents since Franklin D. Roosevelt had recorded many of their conversations but the practice purportedly ended after Watergate.

Documents Creation Time: <t0>06/18/2023, 11:45:00</t0> The Suribachi-class ammunition ships was a class of two auxiliary vessels of the United States Navy in service from 1956 to 1995. They were among the first specialized underway replenishment ships built after <e0>World War II</e0>. The Nitro-class ammunition ships are sometimes considered part of this class. Both ships were decommissioned in the mid-1990s and were struck from the Naval Vessel Register in 1996. Both vessels were discarded in the 2000s.

Documents Creation Time: <t0>09/14/2023, 10:08:59</t0> The list of Wii games documents all games released for the <e0>Wii</e0> video game console. The list of GameCube games lists the GameCube games compatible with most models of the Wii, while the list of WiiWare games documents all of the smaller, digital only games released for the Wii. Any games originally released for other platforms that were rereleased games under the Virtual Console banner are additionally documented at the List of Virtual Console games lists. Games that were announced or reported to be in development for the Wii, but never released, are documented at the list of cancelled Wii games list.

Documents Creation Time: <t0>06/18/2023, 00:04:37</t0> In 2001 the novel was named one of South Africa's top 10 books in The Guardian in the United Kingdom by author Gillian Slovo, daughter of South African anti-apartheid activists Joe Slovo and Ruth First.[84] Following Gordimer's death in 2014, The Guardian and <e0>Time</e0> magazine put Burger's Daughter in their list of the top five Gordimer books.[85][86] Indian writer Neel Mukherjee included Burger's Daughter in his 2015 "top 10 books about revolutionaries", also published in The Guardian.[87]

Documents Creation Time: <t0>03/21/2023, 03:52:03</t0> The earliest evidence for human occupation of the area dates from around 4000–3000 BCE with extensive traces of prehistoric field systems evident in the landscape. Within these are traces of irregular enclosures and hut circles. There are burial chambers of <e0>Neolithic</e0> and Bronze Age such as Bryn Cader Faner and Iron Age hillforts such as Bryn y Castell near Ffestiniog.[36]

Documents Creation Time: <t0>12/26/2022, 12:08:53</t0> Lt.Col. (Hon) Maharaja Sir Jagaddipendra Narayan Bhup Bahadur (ruled 1922–1970) was born on 15 December 1915 at Cooch Behar Palace, and died on 11 April 1970 in Calcutta. He was educated at Harrow in 1927–1929 and Trinity Hall, Cambridge, in 1929–1934. He was awarded the K.C.I.E. [cr.1945] and was made the 7th Light Cavalry in the Indian Army. He served in <e0>World War II</e0>, and was granted full ruling powers on 6 April 1936. He married firstly about 1950 (div.) Nancy Valentine who was born on St. Albans, Long Island, and who was a Hollywood actress. He married secondly Gina Egan.[10]

Documents Creation Time: <t0>02/07/2023, 07:33:26</t0> In 1914, Marie Curie developed radiological cars to support soldiers injured in <e0>World War I</e0>. The cars would allow for rapid X-ray imaging of wounded soldiers so battlefield surgeons could quickly and more accurately operate.[58]

Documents Creation Time: <t0>02/11/2023, 19:33:41</t0> His son Francis V was considered a just ruler, and famously tended the victims of war and cholera with his own hands. However, he too had to face yet more foreign-inspired revolutions and was temporarily expelled from Modena in the Revolutions of 1848. He was restored, amidst wide popular acclaim, by Austrian troops. Ten years later, on 20 August 1859, the revolutionaries again invaded (this time the Piedmontese), annexing Modena to the revolutionary Savoyard <e0>Kingdom of Italy</e0>.

Documents Creation Time: <t0>10/13/2022, 22:25:54</t0> Epidemic typhus has historically occurred during times of war and deprivation. For example, typhus killed millions of prisoners in German Nazi concentration camps during <e0>World War II</e0>. The unhygenic conditions in camps such as Auschwitz, Theresienstadt, and Bergen-Belsen allowed diseases such as typhus to flourish. Situations in the twenty-first century with potential for a typhus epidemic would include refugee camps during a major famine or natural disaster. In the periods between outbreaks, when human to human transmission occurs less often, the flying squirrel serves as a zoonotic reservoir for the Rickettsia prowazekii bacterium.

Documents Creation Time: <t0>10/13/2022, 22:25:54</t0> Typhus was endemic in Poland and several neighboring countries prior to <e0>World War I</e0> (1914–1918).[25][26] During and shortly after the war, epidemic typhus caused up to three million deaths in Russia, and several million citizens also died in Poland and Romania.[27][28] Since 1914, many troops, prisoners and even doctors were infected, and at least 150,000 died from typhus in Serbia, 50,000 of whom were prisoners.[29][30][31] Delousing stations were established for troops on the Western Front, but the disease ravaged the armies of the Eastern Front. Fatalities were generally between 10 and 40 percent of those infected, and the disease was a major cause of death for those nursing the sick. During World War I and the Russian Civil War between the White and Red, the typhus epidemic caused 2–3 million deaths out of 20–30 million cases in Russia between 1918 and 1922.[27]

Documents Creation Time: <t0>10/13/2022, 22:25:54</t0> Typhus caused hundreds of thousands of deaths during <e0>World War II</e0>.[32] It struck the German Army during Operation Barbarossa, the invasion of Russia, in 1941.[13] In 1942 and 1943 typhus hit French North Africa, Egypt and Iran particularly hard.[11] Typhus epidemics killed inmates in the Nazi concentration camps and death camps such as Auschwitz, Dachau, Theresienstadt, and Bergen-Belsen.[13] Footage shot at Bergen-Belsen concentration camp shows the mass graves for typhus victims.[13] Anne Frank, at age 15, and her sister Margot both died of typhus in the camps. Even larger epidemics in the post-war chaos of Europe were averted only by the widespread use of the newly discovered DDT to kill lice on the millions of refugees and displaced persons.[citation needed]

Documents Creation Time: <t0>10/13/2022, 22:25:54</t0> Major developments for typhus vaccines started during <e0>World War I</e0>, as typhus caused high mortality, and threatened the health and readiness for soldiers on the battlefield.[35] Vaccines for typhus, like other vaccines of the time, were classified as either living or killed vaccines.[35] Live vaccines were typically an injection of live agent, and killed vaccines are live cultures of an agent that are chemically inactivated prior to use.[35]

Documents Creation Time: <t0>10/13/2022, 22:25:54</t0> While the French were making advancements with live vaccines, other European countries were working to develop killed vaccines.[35] During <e0>World War II</e0>, there were three kinds of potentially useful killed vaccines.[35] All three killed vaccines relied on the cultivation of Rickettsia prowazekii, the organism responsible for typhus.[35] The first attempt at a killed vaccine was developed by Germany, using the Rickettsia prowazekii found in louse feces.[35] The vaccine was tested extensively in Poland between the two world wars and used by the Germans for their troops during their attacks on the Soviet Union.[35]

Documents Creation Time: <t0>11/11/2023, 03:08:38</t0> At the outbreak of <e0>World War I</e0> (1914 –1918), Alfred Marshall was still working on his last revisions of his Principles of Economics. The 20th century's initial climate of optimism was soon violently dismembered in the trenches of the Western Front. During the war, production in Britain, Germany, and France was switched to the military. In 1917 Russia crumbled into revolution led by Vladimir Lenin and who promoted Marxist theory and collectivized the means of production. Also in 1917 the United States of America entered the war Allies (France and Britain), with President Woodrow Wilson claiming to be "making the world safe for democracy", devising a peace plan of Fourteen Points. In 1918 Germany launched a spring offensive which failed, and as the allies counterattacked and more millions were slaughtered, Germany slid into the German Revolution, its interim government suing for peace on the basis of Wilson's Fourteen Points. After the war, Europe lay in ruins, financially, physically, psychologically, and its future was dependent on the dictates of the Versailles Conference in 1919.

Documents Creation Time: <t0>11/11/2023, 03:08:38</t0> Concerns about the environmental and social impacts of industry had been expressed by some Enlightenment political economists and in the <e0>Romantic</e0> movement of the 1800s. Overpopulation had been discussed in an essay by Thomas Malthus (see Malthusian catastrophe), while John Stuart Mill foresaw the desirability of a stationary state economy, thus anticipating concerns of the modern discipline of ecological economics.[76][77][78][79][80]

Documents Creation Time: <t0>11/11/2023, 03:08:38</t0> John Maynard Keynes (1883–1946) was born in Cambridge, educated at Eton, and supervised by both A. C. Pigou and Alfred Marshall at Cambridge University. He began his career as a lecturer before working for the British government during the Great War, rising to be the British government's financial representative at the Versailles Conference, where he profoundly disagreed with the decisions made. His observations were laid out in his book The Economic Consequences of the Peace[86] (1919), where he documented his outrage at the collapse of American adherence to the Fourteen Points[87] and the mood of vindictiveness that prevailed towards Germany.[88] He resigned from the conference, using extensive economic data provided by the conference records to argue that if the victors forced war reparations to be paid by the defeated Central Powers, then a world financial crisis would ensue, leading to a <e0>second world war</e0>.[89] Keynes finished his treatise by advocating, first, a reduction in reparation payments by Germany to a realistically manageable level, increased intra-governmental management of continental coal production and a free trade union through the League of Nations;[90] second, an arrangement to set off debt repayments between the Allied countries;[91] third, complete reform of international currency exchange and an international loan fund;[92] and fourth, a reconciliation of trade relations with Russia and Eastern Europe.[93]

Documents Creation Time: <t0>11/11/2023, 03:08:38</t0> The book was an enormous success, and though it was criticized for false predictions by a number of people,[94] without the changes he advocated, Keynes's dark forecasts matched the world's experience through the Great Depression which began in 1929, and the descent into <e0>World War II</e0> in 1939. World War I had been touted as the "war to end all wars", and the absolute failure of the peace settlement generated an even greater determination to not repeat the same mistakes. With the defeat of Fascism, the Bretton Woods Conference was held in July 1944 to establish a new economic order, in which Keynes was again to play a leading role.[95]

Documents Creation Time: <t0>11/11/2023, 03:08:38</t0> In 1971 Arrow and Frank Hahn published General Competitive Analysis (1971), which reasserted a theory of general equilibrium of prices through the economy. In 1971, US President Richard Nixon's had declared that "We are all Keynesians now", announcing wage and price controls. He lifted this from a comment by Milton Friedman in 1965 which formed a <e0>Time</e0>.[120]

Documents Creation Time: <t0>01/04/2020, 16:13:26</t0> Initially conceived as purely a metrology agency, the Bureau of Standards was directed by Herbert Hoover to set up divisions to develop commercial standards for materials and products.[13] Some of these standards were for products intended for government use, but product standards also affected private-sector consumption. Quality standards were developed for products including some types of clothing, automobile brake systems and headlamps, antifreeze, and electrical safety. During <e0>World War I</e0>, the Bureau worked on multiple problems related to war production, even operating its own facility to produce optical glass when European supplies were cut off. Between the wars, Harry Diamond of the Bureau developed a blind approach radio aircraft landing system. During World War II, military research and development was carried out, including development of radio propagation forecast methods, the proximity fuze and the standardized airframe used originally for Project Pigeon, and shortly afterwards the autonomously radar-guided Bat anti-ship guided bomb and the Kingfisher family of torpedo-carrying missiles.

Documents Creation Time: <t0>10/13/2023, 13:30:46</t0> Self-proclaimed nerd Seymour Krelborn, an adolescent boy who works in a flower shop, is friends with a talking Venus flytrap named Junior.[6] Junior sprouts from a 200-million-year-old seed and has the ability to talk and hypnotize people. Only Seymour is aware of Junior's abilities. The flower shop is owned by stodgy Mr. Mushnik, whose daughter Audrey is the object of Seymour's affections. Audrey, however, is unaware of Seymour's feelings towards her. Buck-toothed Paine Driller, a neighborhood <e0>bully</e0>, continuously targets Seymour.

Documents Creation Time: <t0>09/01/2023, 00:28:57</t0> Kölner BC was formed on 6 June 1901 by a group of young men who were unhappy as part of the gymnastics club FC Borussia Köln and far more interested in football. BC was a competitive side in the Zehnerliga West in the years before <e0>World War I</e0> who took the Westdeutsche championship in 1912 and advanced to the preliminary rounds of the national finals. Their next best result was a losing appearance in the 1920 league final, where they lost 1–3 to Borussia Mönchengladbach.

Documents Creation Time: <t0>10/29/2023, 11:03:38</t0> After leaving school, Lyttelton spent some time at the Port Talbot steel plate works in South Wales, an experience which led to his becoming what he termed a "<e0>romantic</e0> socialist". After being called up for war service, he was commissioned in the Grenadier Guards as a second lieutenant on 29 November 1941 alongside future politician Mark Bonham Carter,[3] and saw action at Salerno, Italy, during Operation Avalanche, when he came ashore with his pistol in one hand, and his trumpet in the other.[1]

Documents Creation Time: <t0>10/29/2023, 11:03:38</t0> On VE Day, 8 May or 9 May 1945, Lyttelton joined in the celebrations by playing his trumpet from a wheelbarrow, inadvertently giving his first broadcast performance; the BBC recording still survives.[4] Following demobilisation after <e0>World War II</e0>, he attended Camberwell Art College for two years.

Documents Creation Time: <t0>11/06/2023, 13:39:58</t0> During the <e0>Second World War</e0>, German U-boats used the currents to pass into the Mediterranean Sea without detection, by maintaining silence with engines off.[25] From September 1941 to May 1944 Germany managed to send 62 U-boats into the Mediterranean. All these boats had to navigate the British-controlled Strait of Gibraltar where nine U-boats were sunk while attempting passage and 10 more had to break off their run due to damage. No U-boats ever made it back into the Atlantic and all were either sunk in battle or scuttled by their own crews.[26]

Documents Creation Time: <t0>04/22/2019, 03:11:16</t0> One of the best known members of the family that lived in the region Sieradz, is Casimir Bialobrzeski, who was important in the introduction of the telephone network in Poland before the <e0>World War II</e0>.

Documents Creation Time: <t0>11/09/2023, 00:28:58</t0> Madison succeeded Jefferson as president in 1809 and led the country during the largely inconclusive <e0>War of 1812</e0> with Britain. After the war, Madison and his congressional allies established the Second Bank of the United States and implemented protective tariffs, marking a move away from the party's earlier emphasis on states' rights and a strict construction of the United States Constitution. The Federalists collapsed after 1815, beginning a period known as the Era of Good Feelings. Lacking an effective opposition, the Republicans split into rival groups after the 1824 presidential election: one faction supported President John Quincy Adams, while another faction backed General Andrew Jackson. Jackson's supporters eventually coalesced into the Democratic Party, while supporters of Adams became known as the National Republican Party, which itself later merged into the Whig Party.

Documents Creation Time: <t0>11/09/2023, 00:28:58</t0> Madison initially hoped for a quick end to the <e0>War of 1812</e0>, but the war got off to a disastrous start.[75] The United States had more military success in 1813, and an American force under William Henry Harrison defeated Tecumseh's confederacy in the Battle of the Thames, crushing Indian resistance to American expansion. The British shifted troops to North America in 1814 following the abdication of Napoleon, and a British force captured and burnt Washington in August 1814.[76] In early 1815, Madison learned that his negotiators in Europe had reached the Treaty of Ghent, ending the war without major concessions by either side.[77] Though it had no effect on the treaty, General Andrew Jackson's victory in the January 1815 Battle of New Orleans ended the war on a triumphant note.[78] Napoleon's defeat at the June 1815 Battle of Waterloo brought a final end to the Napoleonic Wars and attacks on American shipping.[79] With Americans celebrating a successful "second war of independence" from Britain, the Federalist Party slid towards national irrelevance.[80] The subsequent period of virtually one-party rule by the Democratic-Republican Party is known as the "Era of Good Feelings."[citation needed]

Documents Creation Time: <t0>09/17/2023, 06:40:45</t0> Kissinger immediately passed the message to White House Chief of Staff Alexander Haig, who met with Nixon for 20 minutes around 10:30 pm, and reportedly empowered Kissinger to take any necessary action.[412] Kissinger immediately called a meeting of senior officials, including Haig, Defense Secretary James Schlesinger and CIA Director William Colby. The <e0>Watergate scandal</e0> had reached its apex, and Nixon was so agitated and discomposed that they decided to handle the matter without him:

Documents Creation Time: <t0>10/29/2023, 17:58:27</t0> The Federated States of Micronesia is a collection of some 6,000 islands in the South Pacific Ocean that includes approximately 100,000 people. The nation is composed of several states that each embody a prominent ethnic group amongst the island group, and lies approximately three-quarters of the way between Hawaii and Indonesia. After <e0>World War II</e0>, the Micronesian island chain became a United Nations trust territory administered by the United States. The Federated States of Micronesia became an independent country on 1986, but freely associates with the United States, which handles matters of defense.[4] The Federated States of Micronesia sent its first delegation to participate in the Olympics approximately 14 years after it became a sovereign entity, sending three men and two women to the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney, Australia.[5] Between then and Beijing in 2008, three male and two female Micronesian athletes participating across three sports have appeared at the Olympics at every instance. Prior to Beijing, there had been no medalists from the Federated States of Micronesia; no medals were won by Micronesian athletes at the Beijing games either. Up to and including the Beijing Olympics, weightlifter Manuel Minginfel had been the flagbearer for Micronesia at every opening ceremony.[2]

Documents Creation Time: <t0>06/03/2023, 07:38:11</t0> A weapon of mass destruction (WMD) is a biological, chemical, radiological, nuclear, or any other weapon that can kill or significantly harm many people or cause great damage to artificial structures (e.g., buildings), natural structures (e.g., mountains), or the biosphere. The scope and usage of the term has evolved and been disputed, often signifying more politically than technically. Originally coined in reference to aerial bombing with chemical explosives during <e0>World War II</e0>, it has later come to refer to large-scale weaponry of warfare-related technologies, such as biological, chemical, radiological, or nuclear warfare.

Documents Creation Time: <t0>06/03/2023, 07:38:11</t0> At the time, nuclear weapons had not been developed. Japan conducted research on biological weapons .mw-parser-output div.crossreference{padding-left:0}(see Unit 731),[4] and chemical weapons had seen wide battlefield use in <e0>World War I</e0>. Their use was outlawed by the Geneva Protocol of 1925.[5] Italy used mustard agent against civilians and soldiers in Ethiopia in 1935–36.[6]