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hippocrates

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PubmedKeyword_train

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[ { "from": "human", "value": "The task is to assign MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) terms to a given piece of biomedical literature. The input is the title and abastract of a biomedical literature. The output are a list of applicable MeSH terms.\n###\nInput: Title:Mitomycin C versus estramustine in the treatment of hormone resistant metastatic prostate cancer: the final analysis of the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer, genitourinary group prospective randomized phase III study (30865). Abstract:A total of 171 patients with progressive metastatic prostate cancer following hormonal therapy was randomized to receive either 560 to 700 mg. estramustine orally per day or 15 mg./m.2 mitomycin C by intravenous infusion every 6 weeks. The patients were recruited during a 2.5-year period, and 70% had undergone more than 1 previous therapy for prostate cancer, with some having received as many as 5 different previous treatments. The overall results were disappointing. The median time to progression was 5 months and 50% of the patients died within 10 months. There was no difference in efficacy between the 2 treatment arms. Toxicity was severe in both arms but appeared earlier in those patients receiving estramustine, leading to a tendency for earlier deterioration in performance status. In this group of heavily pretreated patients there appears to be no justification for the use of either of these agents at the present time.\nOutput:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "Aged,Estramustine,Europe,Humans,Male,Middle Aged,Mitomycin,Multivariate Analysis,Prospective Studies,Prostatic Neoplasms,Survival Analysis" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "The task is to assign MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) terms to a given piece of biomedical literature. The input is the title and abastract of a biomedical literature. The output are a list of applicable MeSH terms.\n###\nInput: Title:Interaction between epidemiology and laboratory sciences in the study of birth defects: design of birth defects risk factor surveillance in metropolitan Atlanta. Abstract:Despite years of research, the etiology of most birth defects remains largely unknown. Interview instruments have been the major tools in the search for environmental causes of birth defects. Because of respondents' problems with recognition and recall, interviews are limited in their capacity to measure certain exposures. Laboratory scientists can have a major impact on defining markers of environmental exposure and genetic susceptibility. The Centers for Disease Control is starting a case-control study of serious birth defects on the basis of a population-based surveillance system for birth defects diagnosed during the first year of life in metropolitan Atlanta. Each year, 300 infants with selected birth defects (case subjects) and 100 population-based control subjects (infants without birth defects) will be enrolled in an ongoing study that will supplement surveillance. In addition to conducting extensive maternal interviews, we will collect blood and urine specimens from case and control subjects and their mothers for laboratory testing. Eventually, some environmental sampling may be incorporated. Particular areas of emphasis are (1) nutritional factors, specifically measuring maternal folic acid levels and other micronutrients (e.g., zinc) to explore their role in the etiology of neural tube defects, (2) substance use, specifically measuring cocaine metabolites in the blood and urine to explore their role for specific vascular disruption defects, and (3) environmental factors such as pesticides and aflatoxins, to explore their potential relationships with specific defects. In addition, a DNA bank will be maintained to evaluate the role of specific candidate genes in the etiology of birth defects. The development and testing of these methods could be useful to assess the interaction between environmental exposures and genetic susceptibility in the etiology of birth defects.\nOutput:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "Alcohol Dehydrogenase,Aldehyde Dehydrogenase,Biomarkers,Case-Control Studies,Cocaine,Congenital Abnormalities,Environmental Pollutants,Georgia,Humans,Infant, Newborn,Population Surveillance,Risk Factors" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "The task is to assign MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) terms to a given piece of biomedical literature. The input is the title and abastract of a biomedical literature. The output are a list of applicable MeSH terms.\n###\nInput: Title:Tumor idiotype vaccines. VIII. Analysis of protective idiotype in sera and hybridomas derived from tumor-bearing mice with long-term survival. Abstract:In this study, the contribution of idiotype-positive antitumor antibodies (anti-Id) in protective tumor immunity was investigated. We have previously shown that among various anti-Id generated and typed as the internal-image Ab2 of the tumor-associated antibody (TAA) gp52, only 2F10 antibody induces protective immunity. Increase of the 2F10 idiotope in sera of tumor-bearing mice correlated with long-term survival, while in mice with short survival the circulating 2F10 idiotype decreased. 2F10+ Ig were purified from sera of tumor-bearing mice with long-term survival and the amount of 2F10+ anti-TAA antibodies was determined. Only about 3% of 2F10+ antibodies are 2F10+ anti-TAA+. Hybridomas were generated from a 2F10 high mouse with spontaneous tumor regression. Only 2 out of 52 tumor-specific hybridomas were 2F10+. These results suggest that the protective effect induced by 2F10 vaccination may not be directly mediated by 2F10+ antibodies but indirectly through the stimulation of a 2F10-specific cellular immune response.\nOutput:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "Animals,Antibodies, Anti-Idiotypic,Antibodies, Neoplasm,Antibody Specificity,Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay,Hybridomas,Immunoglobulin Fab Fragments,Immunoglobulin G,Immunoglobulin M,Immunotherapy, Active,Leukemia L1210,Mice,Mice, Inbred DBA,Neoplasm Regression, Spontaneous" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "The task is to assign MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) terms to a given piece of biomedical literature. The input is the title and abastract of a biomedical literature. The output are a list of applicable MeSH terms.\n###\nInput: Title:In vitro characterization of a novel Ca2+ entry blocker: SR 33805. Abstract:In this study, SR 33805 was shown to inhibit competitively [3H]fantofarone binding to cardiac sarcolemmal membranes. In contrast, SR 33805 was shown to inhibit allosterically [3H](+)-PN200-110, [3H](-)-D888 and cis-(+)-[3H]diltiazem binding. In isolated rabbit atrial preparations, SR 33805 was shown to be the least potent of fantofarone, nifedipine, verapamil and diltiazem in terms of both negative chronotropic and inotropic responses (IC50's 6 and 12 microM, respectively). In superfused rat aortic strips, SR 33805 like other Ca2+ channel antagonists, caused a significant inhibition of both K(+)-induced 45Ca2+ influx and contractile responses. In addition this agent was shown to antagonize Ca(2+)-induced contractions in K(+)-depolarized aorta with a pA2, value of 8.39 +/- 0.02. In femoral, renal and basilar arteries, SR 33805 was equiactive to the other Ca2+ channel antagonists studied in antagonizing K(+)-induced contractions (IC50 approximately 40 nM), but unlike the reference Ca2+ channel antagonists, was equiactive in antagonizing serotonin-induced contractions (IC50 approximately 250 nM). This suggests that the effects of SR 33805 depend mainly on membrane potential. In conclusion, SR 33805 is a potent Ca2+ channel antagonist which, unlike fantofarone, verapamil and diltiazem, is highly selective for vascular smooth muscle and devoid of any potent negative inotropic actions.\nOutput:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "Animals,Binding, Competitive,Calcium Channel Blockers,Diltiazem,Heart Rate,In Vitro Techniques,Indoles,Indolizines,Male,Muscle Relaxation,Muscle, Smooth, Vascular,Myocardium,Nifedipine,Phenethylamines,Rabbits,Radioligand Assay,Rats,Rats, Wistar,Sarcolemma,Sulfones,Verapamil" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "The task is to assign MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) terms to a given piece of biomedical literature. The input is the title and abastract of a biomedical literature. The output are a list of applicable MeSH terms.\n###\nInput: Title:Phase I clinical trial of an injectable contraceptive for the male. Abstract:Earlier studies on the rat and the monkey had demonstrated that an injection of styrene maleic anhydride (SMA) in a solvent vehicle of dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO) into the lumen of the vas deferens is toxicologically safe and has contraceptive action. Phase I clinical trial was therefore undertaken on 38 male volunteers giving varying doses of SMA, ranging between 5 mg and 140 mg, into each vas deferens. A dose of 70 mg is the predicted therapeutic dose based on animal data. That the compound is within the vas deferens lumen during the period of the safety assessment is inferred from the effect on the spermatozoa count in ejaculates which reach azoospermic levels in the higher dose ranges. The treatment is well tolerated with only minimal side effects in a few cases and no long-term adverse effects.\nOutput:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "Adult,Contraceptive Agents, Male,Dimethyl Sulfoxide,Dose-Response Relationship, Drug,Humans,Injections,Male,Sperm Count,Styrenes,Vas Deferens" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "The task is to assign MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) terms to a given piece of biomedical literature. The input is the title and abastract of a biomedical literature. The output are a list of applicable MeSH terms.\n###\nInput: Title:Human oropharyngeal lesions with a defective Epstein-Barr virus that disrupts viral latency. Abstract:The Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), a human herpesvirus that is predominantly latent after infection, can be induced to replicate by deleted, rearranged EBV DNA from cultures of laboratory strain P3HR-1. Because mucosal surfaces are permissive of EBV replication, 101 oral biopsies from 70 Chinese and 5 American patients were examined for natural counterparts to tissue culture defective virus (WZhet), using as marker the abnormal juxtaposition of BamHI W and Z EBV DNA restriction fragments. Of the 49 oral biopsies that contained EBV DNA, 12 (24%) had the rearranged WZ fragment by polymerase chain reaction analysis: 3 (42%) of 7 EBV-positive epithelial dysplasias or carcinomas, 6 (38%) of 16 hairy leukoplakias, and 3 (12%) of 25 nonmalignant salivary gland biopsies. Accompanying viral replication was confirmed by in situ cytohybridization and demonstration of the linear configuration of the genome in select WZhet-positive lesions. These findings indicate that defective EBV with the unusual property of disrupting EBV latency is prevalent in natural infections and may contribute to EBV's pathogenic diversity.\nOutput:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "Blotting, Southern,Cell Line,DNA, Viral,Defective Viruses,Herpesviridae Infections,Herpesvirus 4, Human,Humans,In Situ Hybridization,Leukoplakia,Mouth Neoplasms,Mutagenesis,Pharyngeal Diseases,Polymerase Chain Reaction,Sjogren's Syndrome,Stomatognathic Diseases,Tumor Virus Infections,Virus Latency,Virus Replication" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "The task is to assign MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) terms to a given piece of biomedical literature. The input is the title and abastract of a biomedical literature. The output are a list of applicable MeSH terms.\n###\nInput: Title:Treatment of recalcitrant actinomycosis with ciprofloxacin. Abstract:We describe a case of actinomycosis with several unusual features. The patient has been under medical supervision for more than 20 years; the disease has spread in an atypical manner and did not respond to standard therapy. Finally, there has been an unexpected response to a prolonged course of a member of the quinolone group of antibiotics.\nOutput:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "Abdomen,Actinomycosis,Ciprofloxacin,Female,Humans,Middle Aged,Pelvis,Tomography, X-Ray Computed" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "The task is to assign MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) terms to a given piece of biomedical literature. The input is the title and abastract of a biomedical literature. The output are a list of applicable MeSH terms.\n###\nInput: Title:Genomic clone for sandbar shark lambda light chain: generation of diversity in the absence of gene rearrangement. Abstract:While the general structure of immunoglobulin chains has remained relatively unchanged throughout evolution, the organization of the genes encoding these molecules differs substantially. To understand how the rearranging immunoglobulin system arose, it is necessary to examine living representatives of the most early vertebrate phyla. Elasmo-branches, which include the sharks, skates, and rays, are the most primitive phylogenetic class of vertebrates from which immunoglobulin DNA sequences have been obtained. In the sandbar shark (Carcharhinus plumbeus), the genes are arranged in individual clusters in which a single variable (V), joining (J), and constant (C) region gene, along with upstream regulatory elements, span a distance of approximately 4.4 kb or approximately 5.8 kb. We report the complete sequence of a genomic clone encoding sandbar shark lambda light chain. A unique finding of our study is that the V and J genes are fused in the germ line. Three additional clones have been shown by DNA sequencing to also have fused V and J genes. The four clones have complementarity-determining regions 3 of various lengths and amino acid sequence variability similar to the products of rearranged genes. Furthermore, analysis by polymerase chain reaction technology revealed an additional 26 genomic clones demonstrating fusion of the V and J segments. Therefore, VJ fusion is the prominent organizational feature of sandbar shark immunoglobulin light chain genes. This finding raises questions concerning the necessity of recombination to produce an antibody repertoire capable of reacting against a diverse array of antigens.\nOutput:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "Amino Acid Sequence,Animals,Base Sequence,Cloning, Molecular,DNA Primers,Gene Library,Gene Rearrangement,Genes, Immunoglobulin,Genetic Variation,Humans,Immunoglobulin Joining Region,Immunoglobulin Light Chains,Immunoglobulin Variable Region,Immunoglobulin lambda-Chains,Molecular Sequence Data,Polymerase Chain Reaction,Regulatory Sequences, Nucleic Acid,Restriction Mapping,Sequence Homology, Amino Acid,Sharks" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "The task is to assign MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) terms to a given piece of biomedical literature. The input is the title and abastract of a biomedical literature. The output are a list of applicable MeSH terms.\n###\nInput: Title:Effect of body condition and dietary energy supply on reproductive processes in the female mink (Mustela vison). Abstract:This paper reviews a series of experiments regarding the influence of body condition and dietary energy supply on reproductive processes in the female mink. The reporting is based on 1905 sets of reproductive performance data and on data regarding number of corpora lutea, implantation rate, plasma progesterone and oestradiol, luteinizing hormone (LH) release and ovulation rate, and the early development of the fertilized ova. Generally, treatment effects were more pronounced in yearling females than in adults; furthermore, adults responded less to varied energy supply by changes in body weight. A weight reduction of > 300 g during the winter resulted in poor reproductive performance in yearling females. A long-term study indicated better reproductive longevity for females on a low-intensity feeding regimen, whereas females on a high-intensity feeding regimen tended to have larger litters until 3 years of age. Nutritional flushing was carried out by a 2-week period of moderate energy restriction followed by feeding ad libitum from 3-5 days before initiation of matings until matings were completed for the individual females. Mainly in yearlings, but also in adults, litter sizes were improved for females with a first mating early in the breeding season, which was confirmed by an increased number of corpora lutea. The interval between the first recorded increase in plasma progesterone and the day of the peak progesterone concentration was decreased. Plasma oestradiol concentrations were higher in flush-fed females; age-dependent differences in the appearance of the profiles were also found. LH release tended to be more synchronized and distinct in flush-fed females.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)\nOutput:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "Aging,Animals,Body Constitution,Body Weight,Embryo Implantation,Energy Intake,Estradiol,Female,Litter Size,Luteinizing Hormone,Mink,Ovulation,Progesterone,Reproduction" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "The task is to assign MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) terms to a given piece of biomedical literature. The input is the title and abastract of a biomedical literature. The output are a list of applicable MeSH terms.\n###\nInput: Title:Readability levels of selected hypercholesterolemia patient education literature. Abstract:To assess the readability of selected hypercholesterolemia print materials, summarize the limitations of readability formulas, describe how expert judgement can be used to enhance readability determinations of printed materials, and discuss indirect and direct methods for assessing patient literacy levels.\nOutput:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "American Heart Association,Educational Status,Evaluation Studies as Topic,Humans,Hypercholesterolemia,National Institutes of Health (U.S.),Pamphlets,Patient Education as Topic,Reading,United States" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "The task is to assign MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) terms to a given piece of biomedical literature. The input is the title and abastract of a biomedical literature. The output are a list of applicable MeSH terms.\n###\nInput: Title:An introduction to free radical biochemistry. Abstract:Free radicals are chemical species possessing an unpaired electron that can be considered as fragments of molecules and which are generally very reactive. They are produced continuously in cells either as accidental by-products of metabolism or deliberately during, for example, phagocytosis. The most important reactants in free radical biochemistry in aerobic cells are oxygen and its radical derivatives (superoxide and hydroxyl radical), hydrogen peroxide and transition metals. Cells have developed a comprehensive array of antioxidant defences to prevent free radical formation or limit their damaging effects. These include enzymes to decompose peroxides, proteins to sequester transition metals and a range of compounds to 'scavenge' free radicals. Reactive free radicals formed within cells can oxidise biomolecules and lead to cell death and tissue injury. Establishing the involvement of free radicals in the pathogenesis of a disease is extremely difficult due to the short lifetimes of these species.\nOutput:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "Animals,Cells,Disease,Free Radicals,Humans,Hydrogen Peroxide,Reactive Oxygen Species,Superoxides" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "The task is to assign MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) terms to a given piece of biomedical literature. The input is the title and abastract of a biomedical literature. The output are a list of applicable MeSH terms.\n###\nInput: Title:[Conservation of tap water in metallo-plastic bags: observed modifications and possible health risks]. Abstract:Conservation of tap water kept in soft plastic bags and stocked at different temperatures (20, 37 and 55 degrees C) and its health incidences were studied over one year by samples taken at regular intervals. Pollutants generated were studied by investigating the consequences of the choice of the plastic and of the aseptic agent used at different temperatures versus the length of the period of contact. Microbiological, chemical, and physico-chemical characteristics reported here showed the existence of an exchange between the contents and the container. The presence of two toxic substances indicates that one should be careful when using inadequate material. This is a matter to think about without further speculation.\nOutput:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "Environmental Health,Fresh Water,Humans,Metals,Plastics,Risk Factors,Water Pollutants, Chemical" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "The task is to assign MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) terms to a given piece of biomedical literature. The input is the title and abastract of a biomedical literature. The output are a list of applicable MeSH terms.\n###\nInput: Title:Expression of the three endothelin genes and plasma levels of endothelin in pre-eclamptic and normal gestations. Abstract:1. Maternal vasoconstriction and fetal growth retardation are part of the syndrome of pre-eclampsia and are thought to be related to placental insufficiency. There is evidence to suggest that the powerfully vasoactive endothelin peptides might be involved in the pathogenesis. 2. The production of endothelins appears to be regulated mainly by modulation of mRNA levels, and they are thought to exert their effects locally, rather than systemically. Hence, the measurement of endothelin mRNA levels in tissues would be expected to reflect the activity of the endothelin systems. 3. RNAase protection assays, using specific antisense probes capable of distinguishing between the endothelin mRNA isoforms, have been used to examine the expression of the three endothelin genes in placental villous tissue, amniotic membrane and myometrium. Samples were taken from 15 pre-eclamptic women and from 14 women with normal gestations. Myometrium was taken at hysterectomy from five non-pregnant women as an additional control. Plasma concentrations of immunoreactive endothelin [endothelin-1, endothelin-2 and big endothelin (not distinguished)] were measured in samples taken concurrently from uterine vein and peripheral blood during surgery in ten patients. 4. The level of endothelin-1 mRNA in placental villous tissue was significantly higher in pre-eclamptic women (32 weeks gestation) than in control subjects (38 weeks gestation) (1.85 +/- 0.26 versus 0.52 +/- 0.09 arbitrary units, means +/- SEM, P < 0.001) and in gravid than in non-gravid myometrium (P < 0.001). Endothelin-2 was not expressed in villous tissue, but was expressed in amniotic membrane and myometrium, with relatively little difference between pre-eclamptic and control groups.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)\nOutput:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "Adult,Amnion,Autoradiography,Base Sequence,Endothelins,Female,Gene Expression,Genetic Techniques,Humans,Molecular Sequence Data,Myometrium,Placenta,Pre-Eclampsia,Pregnancy,Pregnancy Trimester, Third,RNA, Messenger" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "The task is to assign MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) terms to a given piece of biomedical literature. The input is the title and abastract of a biomedical literature. The output are a list of applicable MeSH terms.\n###\nInput: Title:The role of T-helper lymphocytes in priming for experimental autoimmune glomerulonephritis in the BN rat. Abstract:In our model of experimental autoimmune glomerulonephritis (EAG), BN rats given a single IM injection of homologous glomerular basement membrane (GBM) in FCA develop anti-GBM autoantibodies with focal glomerulonephritis. To investigate the role of lymphocytes in the induction of EAG, we examined the effects of antigen rechallenge and of adoptive cell transfer from donors with nephritis to naive recipients. Groups of animals were rechallenged with GBM in FCA following either low (non-nephritogenic) doses of GBM, or following resolution of EAG. This resulted in an enhanced anti-GBM antibody response in both groups, suggesting the presence of GBM specific T or B memory cells. To investigate this possibility, spleen cells from animals with EAG were transferred into lightly irradiated recipients. There was no significant rise in anti-GBM antibody levels after transfer. However, subsequent challenge with GBM in FCA resulted in an enhanced anti-GBM antibody response by 2 weeks when compared with recipients of normal spleen cells. Cells capable of priming for EAG developed by week 4 after immunization of donors and persisted in the recipients for at least 24 weeks. To investigate which cell type was responsible for this effect, we depleted or positively selected donor spleen cells prior to transfer, using Dynabeads coated with monoclonal antibodies to Th or B lymphocytes. Depletion of Th cells, but not B cells, reduced the enhanced anti-GBM antibody response of recipients challenged with GBM in FCA. Positively selected Th cells, but not B cells, resulted in an enhanced anti-GBM antibody response similar to that in positive controls. These results demonstrate the presence of immunological memory for the autoantigen and show that priming for EAG is mediated by Th lymphocytes.\nOutput:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "Animals,Anti-Glomerular Basement Membrane Disease,B-Lymphocytes,Glomerulonephritis, Membranous,Immunotherapy, Adoptive,Lymphocyte Depletion,Male,Microscopy, Fluorescence,Rats,Rats, Inbred BN,Spleen,T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "The task is to assign MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) terms to a given piece of biomedical literature. The input is the title and abastract of a biomedical literature. The output are a list of applicable MeSH terms.\n###\nInput: Title:Retinoid modulation of c-myc and max gene expression in human breast carcinoma. Abstract:Retinoic acid (RA) modulation of c-myc and max gene expression was investigated in human breast carcinoma (HBC) cell lines. Our results demonstrate that c-myc and max genes are differentially expressed in HBC cells which was accompanied by increases in [3H]-thymidine incorporation and percent of cells in the S phase of cell cycle. RA-mediated increase in c-myc mRNA levels were noticed as early as 30 min. and maximum levels were attained by 1 h. RA effect on max mRNA levels was slow and gradual with the maximum effect noticed by 48 h. Nuclear run-on assays demonstrated that RA mediated its effect by increasing the rate of transcription of both of these genes. We thus report for the first time that RA, during its growth inhibitory effects on MCF-7 HBC cells, positively regulates the gene expression of c-myc and max.\nOutput:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "Breast Neoplasms,Cycloheximide,Dactinomycin,Female,Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic,Genes, myc,Humans,Proto-Oncogenes,RNA, Messenger,RNA, Neoplasm,Receptors, Estrogen,Tretinoin,Tumor Cells, Cultured" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "The task is to assign MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) terms to a given piece of biomedical literature. The input is the title and abastract of a biomedical literature. The output are a list of applicable MeSH terms.\n###\nInput: Title:Differentially potentiating effects by dipyridamole on cytotoxicity of 5-fluorouracil against three human maxillary cancer cell lines derived from a single tumor. Abstract:Dipyridamole (DPM), an inhibitor of nucleoside transport, is a unique potentiator of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU). We examined the combined effects of DPM and 5-FU on three cell lines (IMC-2, IMC-3, IMC-4) derived from a single tumor of a patient with maxillary cancer. DPM at 1.0-2.0 microM potentiated the cytocidal action of 5-FU > 20-fold against IMC-2 cells, while DPM at 10-20 microM potentiated the action of 5-FU against IMC-3 cells by 2-fold and against IMC-4 cells by approximately 4-fold. We examined why DPM differentially potentiated 5-FU against the three cell lines. The three maxillary cell lines showed heterogeneous sensitivities to the combination of 5-FU and DPM. We compared intracellular metabolism of 5-FU in IMC-2, IMC-3 and IMC-4 cells by HPLC. Determination of 5-FU metabolites demonstrated that cellular contents of 5-fluorodeoxyuridine monophosphate (FdUMP) were 104.66, 15.35 and 61.5 fmol/10(6) cells in IMC-2, IMC-3 and IMC-4 cells, respectively, in the presence of 10 microM DPM when the three cell lines had similar levels (0.21-0.33 fmol/10(6) cells) of FdUMP in the absence of DPM. By contrast, cellular levels of 5-FU and 5-fluorouridine triphosphate (FUTP) were not appreciably changed by DPM in three cell lines. The cellular level of thymidylate synthase mRNA in IMC-2 cells was found to be about one-fifth of that in IMC-3 and IMC-4 cells. The differential effects of DPM on the potentiation of 5-FU cytotoxicity might be closely related to the cellular levels of FdUMP and its target enzyme, thymidylate synthase in three human maxillary cancer cell lines.\nOutput:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "Cell Survival,Dipyridamole,Drug Synergism,Fluorodeoxyuridylate,Fluorouracil,Humans,Maxillary Neoplasms,Tumor Cells, Cultured,Uridine Triphosphate" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "The task is to assign MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) terms to a given piece of biomedical literature. The input is the title and abastract of a biomedical literature. The output are a list of applicable MeSH terms.\n###\nInput: Title:Body image and sexuality in oophorectomized women. Abstract:Five groups of women ages 35 to 55 years were studied, including a nonsurgical control group (CTL), a hysterectomy-only (HYS), and three oophorectomy groups: an untreated group (UNT), women on estrogen replacement therapy (EST), and women on androgen-estrogen replacement therapy (COM). The interview/questionnaire session assessed mood, body image, and sexual functioning. In a second session completed by 58 of 129 subjects (45%), a photoplethysmograph measured vaginal blood flow in response to an erotic stimulus while subjects concurrently monitored subjective arousal. Overall, the UNT and EST groups had significantly lower self-reported desire and arousal than the remaining three groups. Body image was significantly poorer in the UNT group. All surgical groups reported more sexual problems than the control group. Furthermore, about a third of the CTL group reported positive changes in body image and sexuality in the previous 5 years. This effect was attenuated in the HYS, COM, and EST groups and almost absent in the UNT group. No significant group differences were obtained, however, on mood or vaginal blood flow and subjective arousal to an erotic stimulus. The role of differential levels of testosterone on sexuality is discussed as well as its clinical implications.\nOutput:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "Adult,Affect,Analysis of Variance,Androgens,Arousal,Body Image,Chi-Square Distribution,Estrogen Replacement Therapy,Female,Humans,Hysterectomy,Libido,Middle Aged,Orgasm,Ovariectomy,Sexual Behavior,Vagina" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "The task is to assign MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) terms to a given piece of biomedical literature. The input is the title and abastract of a biomedical literature. The output are a list of applicable MeSH terms.\n###\nInput: Title:Critical thinking and clinical judgment of professional nurses in a career mobility program. Abstract:This study's purpose was to establish the impact of a Career Advancement Program on critical thinking and clinical judgment of Registered Nurses. Findings of the study suggest that critical thinking and clinical judgment are not influenced by patterns of upward mobility. Additionally, an analysis did not indicate significant predictors in education, specialty area, or years of nursing experience related to scores. Whereas this study questions the efficacy of career mobility programs on critical thinking and clinical judgment, it does not measure the impact of career advancement programs on other key outcome variables. The study suggests nurse educators emphasize critical thinking and clinical judgment rather than transmission of information in educational offerings.\nOutput:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "Career Mobility,Clinical Competence,Humans,Judgment,Nursing Staff,Problem Solving" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "The task is to assign MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) terms to a given piece of biomedical literature. The input is the title and abastract of a biomedical literature. The output are a list of applicable MeSH terms.\n###\nInput: Title:[A case of papillary fibroelastoma of the heart found 13 years after open mitral commissurotomy]. Abstract:A patient, 68-year-old female, underwent open mitral commissurotomy (OMC) for rheumatic mitral stenosis in April, 1979. In July of 1992, during the postoperative follow-up echocardiogram showed 8 x 7 mm mitral subvalvular tumor mass and mitral restenosis. Then, mitral valve replacement was performed using prosthetic valve (Carbomedics #25 mm). The tumor was located on the top of postero-medial papillary muscle and its chordae, and histologically was diagnosed as benign papillary fibroelastoma. Based on the findings of periodic echocardiogram, the tumor doubling time was estimated to be 283 days. The postoperative course was uncomplicated and she was discharged on the 34th post operative day. Papillary fibroelastoma is a rare benign cardiac tumor. Pathological origin of this tumor is still unknown. However, Lambl's excrescence, long-term inflammatory stimulation and/or thrombi are supposed to be etiologic factors. This tumor is generally found incidentally at the time of autopsy or operation because the patients are often asymptomatic. However, because the tumor causes embolism at times, periodic examination by echocardiogram after operation preserving valves is recommended, and surgical resection is required when the diagnosis is established.\nOutput:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "Aged,Female,Fibroma,Heart Neoplasms,Humans,Mitral Valve,Mitral Valve Stenosis,Postoperative Complications" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "The task is to assign MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) terms to a given piece of biomedical literature. The input is the title and abastract of a biomedical literature. The output are a list of applicable MeSH terms.\n###\nInput: Title:Case mix and outcome for patients with fracture of the proximal femur. Abstract:To analyse the way in which case mix and outcome are related for fracture of the proximal femur in a base hospital.\nOutput:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "Activities of Daily Living,Aged,Comorbidity,Diagnosis-Related Groups,Femoral Neck Fractures,Geriatric Assessment,Health Services Research,Hospital Mortality,Humans,Length of Stay,Middle Aged,New Zealand,Orthopedics,Outcome Assessment, Health Care,Prognosis,Referral and Consultation,Residence Characteristics,Risk Factors,Surgery Department, Hospital,Treatment Outcome" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "The task is to assign MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) terms to a given piece of biomedical literature. The input is the title and abastract of a biomedical literature. The output are a list of applicable MeSH terms.\n###\nInput: Title:Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase activity in the aqueous humor, iris/ciliary body, and retina of the bovine eye. Abstract:The enzyme indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO), which uses free oxygen radicals to cleave the pyrrole ring of indoleamines and give kynurenamines, has previously been found in most tissues, but not in the eye. In this study, IDO activity was measured in post-mortem bovine eyes using Yamazaki's method with L-tryptophan as substrate. Because of the physiological importance of IDO in the protection against free oxygen radical damage, a search was conducted to find this enzyme in the eye. Products of tryptophan degradation by IDO, the kynurenine and 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid were detected and measured in the aqueous humor, iris/ciliary body, and the retina by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled with electrochemical detection. IDO activity was 3.2, 9.0 and 10 nmol/mg protein per h for the aqueous humor, iris/ciliary body, and retina, respectively. These findings suggest that, because of its scavenger properties, IDO is involved in the protection of the eye where, because of its transparency, free radicals are formed not only in the normal oxidation process, but also photochemically.\nOutput:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "3-Hydroxyanthranilic Acid,Animals,Aqueous Humor,Cattle,Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid,Ciliary Body,Indoleamine-Pyrrole 2,3,-Dioxygenase,Iris,Kynurenine,Retina,Tryptophan Oxygenase,Uvea" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "The task is to assign MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) terms to a given piece of biomedical literature. The input is the title and abastract of a biomedical literature. The output are a list of applicable MeSH terms.\n###\nInput: Title:Enhanced sensitivity for detection of coronary artery disease by addition of atropine to dipyridamole echocardiography. Abstract:Dipyridamole echocardiography test (DET) has gained acceptance due to its safety, feasibility, diagnostic accuracy and prognostic power. The main limitation of the test is a less than ideal sensitivity in some patient subsets, such as those with limited coronary artery disease. Atropine with dipyridamole might theoretically combine to become a synergistic ischaemic stress test, by increasing myocardial oxygen demand through chronotropic stress and by reducing flow supply through a shortening of the diastolic interval under maximal coronary vasodilation. The aim of this study was to assess the effects of the addition of atropine to DET. Three hundred and twenty-one patients (age = 58 +/- 9 years), referred for testing in the echo lab, were initially studied by DET. Of these, 151 were stopped during or within the 2 min following dipyridamole infusion because of achievement of a predetermined end-point: obvious echocardiographic positivity (n = 137), severe chest pain (n = 3), diagnostic ST segment changes (n = 7) or limited side effects (n = 4). In another three cases, atropine was not given due to a history of glaucoma or severe prostatic hypertrophy. In the remaining 167 patients with a negative DET test, atropine (0.25 mg intravenously, repeated every min up to a maximum of 1 mg, if necessary) was added, starting 3 min after the end of the dipyridamole infusion. The dipyridamole-atropine echo test (DETA) was positive in 32 and negative in 135 patients, and no major side effects occurred in any patient.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)\nOutput:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "Adult,Aged,Atropine,Blood Pressure,Coronary Angiography,Coronary Disease,Dipyridamole,Echocardiography,Female,Heart Rate,Humans,Male,Middle Aged,Sensitivity and Specificity" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "The task is to assign MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) terms to a given piece of biomedical literature. The input is the title and abastract of a biomedical literature. The output are a list of applicable MeSH terms.\n###\nInput: Title:Transcriptional regulation of interleukin-2 gene expression by CD69-generated signals. Abstract:The 5' flanking region of the human interleukin (IL)-2 gene was investigated for enhancer activity in response to CD69-generated signals, using a chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT)-driven transient expression system in Jurkat cells. The region extending from -317 to +47 relative to the initiation site of IL-2 gene transcription was shown to contain sequences able to respond to CD69 cross-linking, by enhancing by about 100% a phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA)-plus-ionomycin stimulation of CAT activity. A similar increase in CAT activity produced by PMA-plus-anti-CD3 mAb was induced by CD69 cross-linking, while a 200% increase over that obtained by PMA-plus-anti-CD28 mAb stimulation was seen. Analysis of enhancer deletion mutants revealed that proximal AP-1, OCT-1/octamer-associated protein and nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT) binding regions were all necessary to allow CD69-mediated enhancement of CAT activity. By gel mobility shift analysis, cyclosporin A-sensitive NFAT-binding induction and enhancement of AP-1 binding activity could be detected in nuclear extracts of both Jurkat and peripheral blood T cells after simultaneous CD69 and protein kinase C stimulation. Finally, CD69-mediated signals could increase NFAT and AP-1 binding activity following PMA and ionomycin stimulation in peripheral blood T cells. Collectively, these data suggest that CD69-generated signals participate in the control of the IL-2 gene expression at the transcriptional level, likely acting through NFAT and AP-1 transcription factor complexes.\nOutput:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "Antigens, CD,Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte,Base Sequence,Cell Line,Cross-Linking Reagents,DNA,DNA Probes,Enhancer Elements, Genetic,Gene Expression Regulation,Humans,Interleukin-2,Lectins, C-Type,Lymphocyte Activation,Molecular Sequence Data,NF-kappa B,Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-jun,Signal Transduction,T-Lymphocytes,Transcription, Genetic" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "The task is to assign MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) terms to a given piece of biomedical literature. The input is the title and abastract of a biomedical literature. The output are a list of applicable MeSH terms.\n###\nInput: Title:[Secondary achalasia]. Abstract:Achalasia is usually a primary disorder of esophageal motility, but has been described in association with other pathological processes, such as malignancy. A 79-year-old man with achalasia secondary to gastric adenocarcinoma is presented. The differential diagnosis of secondary achalasia includes infectious and infiltrative disease and neuropathy, but mainly malignant diseases. The clinical criteria found for achalasia secondary to malignancy included older age at diagnosis, brief duration of symptoms, and weight loss. While upper gastrointestinal x-rays and computerized tomographic scanning may be helpful, the most reliable diagnostic tool is esophago-gastro-duodenoscopy. This is a terminal disease with short life expectancy. Yet making the correct diagnosis can save the patient from futile treatment with muscle relaxants and endoscopic balloon dilatation, the accepted therapeutic measures in primary achalasia.\nOutput:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "Adenocarcinoma,Aged,Esophageal Achalasia,Humans,Male,Stomach Neoplasms,Tomography, X-Ray Computed" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "The task is to assign MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) terms to a given piece of biomedical literature. The input is the title and abastract of a biomedical literature. The output are a list of applicable MeSH terms.\n###\nInput: Title:[Cholecysto-cholangiography as an alternative to cystic duct cholangiography in laparoscopic cholecystectomy]. Abstract:Intraoperative cholangiography may be an important adjunct to laparoscopic cholecystectomy in order to prevent bile duct lesions. Laparoscopic cannulation of the cystic duct can be very difficult and time consuming. We therefore developed a simple technique of cholecystocholangiography. The gallbladder is punctured and filled with contrast medium after having localised the cystic duct and put a metal clip as a landmark. The study included 52 patients having either cholecystocholangiography or cystic duct cholangiography. In 13 out of 26 patients (50%) cholecystocholangiography failed because of obstruction of the cystic duct. The cholangiograms showed complete filling of the bile ducts in 5 (19%) and incomplete visualisation in 8 cases (31%). Cystic duct cholangiography showed significantly better results with good delineation of the biliary tree in 19 cases (73%). Five cholangiograms were suboptimal (19%) and only 2 studies failed (8%). The relation between cystic duct and common bile duct was clearly visible in 24 cases (92%) with cystic duct cholangiography compared with 13 cases (50%) with cholecystocholangiography. Cystic duct cholangiography has better success rates in delineating biliary anatomy in order to prevent bile duct injury. Cholecystocholangiography is a good alternative in cases where the cystic duct cannot be initially visualized.\nOutput:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "Adult,Aged,Aged, 80 and over,Cholangiography,Cholecystectomy, Laparoscopic,Cholecystography,Cholelithiasis,Cystic Duct,Female,Gallstones,Humans,Intraoperative Complications,Male,Middle Aged" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "The task is to assign MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) terms to a given piece of biomedical literature. The input is the title and abastract of a biomedical literature. The output are a list of applicable MeSH terms.\n###\nInput: Title:Escalating high-dose carboplatin and autologous bone marrow transplantation in solid tumors. Abstract:Twenty-seven patients with poor-prognosis malignancies were treated with a combination (CARBOPEC) of fixed-dose etoposide (1,750 mg/m2), cyclophosphamide (6,400 mg/m2), and escalating doses of carboplatin (from 800 to 1,600 mg/m2) followed by autologous bone marrow transplantation (ABMT). All patients had previously received platinum derivatives. The diagnoses were as follows: germ cell tumors (GCTs; n = 15); ovarian carcinomas (n = 8); rhabdomyosarcomas (n = 3), and Hodgkin's disease (n = 1). All 27 patients were fully evaluated for toxicity. The median duration of granulocytopenia (leukocytes < 0.5 x 10(9)/l) and thrombocytopenia (platelets < 20 x 10(9)/l) was 23 and 20 days, respectively. Hematologic growth factors were used in 3 cases. The main nonhematologic toxicity was gastrointestinal, with moderate to severe diarrhea in 18 patients. No significant renal toxicity was observed. The overall response rate to this high-dose chemotherapy was 55%, with a complete response (CR) rate of 45% (9 patients). The median duration of CR was 9 months. Five of the 27 patients are alive with no evidence of disease (NED) at 5, 22, 27, 40, and 43 months after ABMT. Four of the 11 patients with refractory GCTs have NED at 5, 22, 27, and 40 months, together with 1 of the 3 responders (43 months). Our study shows the encouraging antitumor activity of this regimen. Similar chemotherapy schedules have also been used with high response rates in GCT, ovarian cancer, breast cancer, and soft tissue sarcoma in children. The CARBOPEC protocol seems to be a good candidate for therapy intensification in patients with various malignancies. A European trial for salvage therapy in GCT will be activated in the near future. Moreover, results should improve with the widespread use of hematopoietic growth factors and optimization of carboplatin administration that takes pharmacokinetic parameters into account.\nOutput:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "Adolescent,Adult,Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols,Bone Marrow Transplantation,Carboplatin,Combined Modality Therapy,Cyclophosphamide,Drug Administration Schedule,Etoposide,Female,Germinoma,Hodgkin Disease,Humans,Male,Middle Aged,Neoplasms,Ovarian Neoplasms,Prospective Studies,Rhabdomyosarcoma,Transplantation, Autologous,Treatment Outcome" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "The task is to assign MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) terms to a given piece of biomedical literature. The input is the title and abastract of a biomedical literature. The output are a list of applicable MeSH terms.\n###\nInput: Title:Dosage programming of phenobarbital in neonatal seizures. Abstract:Owing to the changes occurring in the organism as a result of biological maturation, disposition kinetics of phenobarbital in newborns is significantly different to that observed in the paediatric and adult populations. Moreover, the disposition parameters change constantly during the first days of life. The data on the serum levels of phenobarbital in 17 newborns were analysed to quantify the changes in the elimination half-life of phenobarbital during the first weeks of life. The half-life of the drug was estimated to be (mean +/- SD) 114.2 +/- 43.0 h, 73.19 +/- 24.17 h and 41.23 +/- 13.95 h in patients 1-10, 11-30 and 31-70 days old, respectively. According to these values and assuming phenobarbital serum levels of 20 mg/l to be safe and effective in neonatal seizures, the initial dosing recommended is 2.9, 4.8 and 6.0 mg/kg/day in newborns 1-10, 11-30 and 31-70 days old, respectively.\nOutput:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "Drug Administration Schedule,Humans,Infant,Infant, Newborn,Models, Biological,Phenobarbital,Seizures" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "The task is to assign MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) terms to a given piece of biomedical literature. The input is the title and abastract of a biomedical literature. The output are a list of applicable MeSH terms.\n###\nInput: Title:Somatopsychic aspects of paranoia. Abstract:The factors to which the pathogenesis of paranoia is ascribed are predisposition, personality and environment. This paper deals with further etiological preconditions such as psychoorganic impairment, convulsive disorders and physical handicaps together with their psychoreactive processing, based on detailed case reports. Such patients are relatively frequent within the (epidemiologically small) group comprising paranoia. The psychodynamic factors underlying the sensitive processing of physical handicaps are described, with means of prevention being discussed in conclusion.\nOutput:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "Adult,Brain Diseases,Delusions,Disabled Persons,Epilepsy,Female,Humans,Male,Paranoid Disorders,Psychiatric Status Rating Scales,Somatoform Disorders" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "The task is to assign MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) terms to a given piece of biomedical literature. The input is the title and abastract of a biomedical literature. The output are a list of applicable MeSH terms.\n###\nInput: Title:Pemphigus presenting as oral ulcers refractory to acyclovir therapy. Abstract:The authors present a patient with severe and persistent oral ulcerations despite acyclovir therapy. Because the patient initially had no skin lesions, the diagnosis of pemphigus was delayed. However, pemphigus commonly presents with oromucosal lesions before skin manifestations appear.\nOutput:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "Acyclovir,Adult,Diagnosis, Differential,Female,Humans,Pemphigus,Stomatitis, Aphthous" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "The task is to assign MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) terms to a given piece of biomedical literature. The input is the title and abastract of a biomedical literature. The output are a list of applicable MeSH terms.\n###\nInput: Title:[Combination therapy with low dose adriamycin for advanced or recurrent breast cancer. Hokkaido Breast Cancer Treatment Study Group]. Abstract:Comparative clinical trials among 3 regimens for patients with advanced or recurrent breast cancer were performed as a multi-institutional joint study. Arm-I of 3 regimens consisted of a 3-day consecutive administration of adriamycin (ADM) at 10 mg/body every 4 weeks, a daily oral administration of cyclophosphamide (CPA), 5-FU and tamoxifen (TAM) at 100 mg, 200 mg, and 20 mg, respectively, and a once-a-week intramuscular or subcutaneous injection of OK-432 (OK) gradually increased from the initial dose of 1 KE to the maintenance dose of 5 KE. Arm-II contained methotrexate (MTX) at 10 mg/body for 3 consecutive days every 4 weeks in place of ADM in Arm-I. Arm-III contained neither ADM nor MTX. Of 69 cases registered, 52 were eligible, leaving 6 non-eligible and 11 incomplete cases. The results of the overall evaluation of 48 complete cases other than 4, in which the tumor was not exactly measured, were as follows. Arm-I resulted in 2 CR and 3 PR out of 19 cases, the response rate being 23.6% (5/19). Arm-II resulted in 1 CR out of 15, the response rate being 6.7% (1/15). In Arm-III, no response cases were found. No significant difference was observed among three treatment groups (p = 0.055), but in Arm-I, the response rate was higher than in the other treatment groups, suggesting that there is a probability of useful combined use of ADM.\nOutput:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "Adult,Aged,Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols,Breast Neoplasms,Cyclophosphamide,Doxorubicin,Female,Fluorouracil,Humans,Methotrexate,Middle Aged,Neoplasm Recurrence, Local,Picibanil,Survival Rate,Tamoxifen,Treatment Outcome" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "The task is to assign MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) terms to a given piece of biomedical literature. The input is the title and abastract of a biomedical literature. The output are a list of applicable MeSH terms.\n###\nInput: Title:A study of the physical, behavioral, and medical phenotype, including anthropometric measures, of females with fragile X syndrome. Abstract:The physical features of fragile X, including a long face, prominent ears, and hyperextensible joints, are present in affected males and females. Cytogenetically negative heterozygotes have been considered to be unaffected by the fragile X mental retardation-1 (FMR-1) gene. This study investigated the penetrance of the FMR-1 gene in cytogenetically negative but DNA-positive heterozygotes with a premutation (cytosine guanine guanine [CGG] amplification in the 50 to 200 repeat range), compared with carriers with a full mutation (> 200 CGG repeats) and control subjects. One hundred thirty-nine women with normal IQs between the ages of 18 and 45 years were studied. All underwent cytogenetic and DNA testing to determine their fragile X carrier status. A medical history-taking and a physical examination, including selected anthropometric measurements, were performed. Results indicate that the FMR-1 mutation mildly affects the physical phenotype of individuals even in the premutation state, although less dramatically than more affected heterozygotes. Carriers with a premutation differed significantly from control subjects in overall physical index score and in the anthropometric measure of ear prominence. These results suggest a phenotypic impact of the FMR-1 mutation even at the 50 to 200 CGG repeat length.\nOutput:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "Adolescent,Adult,Anthropometry,Cytosine Nucleotides,DNA,Female,Fragile X Syndrome,Gene Amplification,Heterozygote,Humans,Intelligence Tests,Medical History Taking,Middle Aged,Mutation,Physical Examination" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "The task is to assign MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) terms to a given piece of biomedical literature. The input is the title and abastract of a biomedical literature. The output are a list of applicable MeSH terms.\n###\nInput: Title:Polymerase chain reaction analysis of parathyroid hormone-related protein gene expression in breast cancer patients and occurrence of bone metastases. Abstract:Parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP) is associated with the syndrome of humoral hypercalcemia of malignancy. A high incidence of positive staining for PTHrP is observed in breast cancer and positivity is more frequent in patients who develop bone metastases. We assessed the presence of PTHrP mRNA by using the polymerase chain reaction in 38 normocalcemic breast cancer patients with long-term follow-up (minimum, 5 years) selected for the presence or absence of later bone metastasis development. In all the patients except one, the PTHrP gene was expressed in the breast tumor. The level of amplified PTHrP complementary DNA was inversely related to age (P < 0.02) and positively related to the proportion of invaded nodes (P < 0.02) but was not related to the other usual prognostic factors. The level of PTHrP mRNA was not different between the group of patients without recurrence or metastases (n = 11) and the group of patients who later developed metastases in soft tissues (n = 10). By contrast, patients who subsequently developed bone metastases (n = 17) showed higher PTHrP gene expression than patients in the other two groups (P < 0.001). This study suggests that strong PTHrP gene expression in breast tumors is associated with the onset of bone metastases.\nOutput:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "Adult,Aged,Base Sequence,Biomarkers, Tumor,Bone Neoplasms,Breast Neoplasms,DNA Primers,Female,Gene Expression,Humans,Middle Aged,Molecular Sequence Data,Neoplasm Proteins,Neoplasm Staging,Oligonucleotides, Antisense,Parathyroid Hormone-Related Protein,Polymerase Chain Reaction,Protein Biosynthesis,Proteins" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "The task is to assign MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) terms to a given piece of biomedical literature. The input is the title and abastract of a biomedical literature. The output are a list of applicable MeSH terms.\n###\nInput: Title:Roughness coding in the somatosensory system. Abstract:Roughness perception is coded in the somatosensory system by neurons in the type I slowly adapting (SAI) system. When the fingers scan a surface, an isomorphic representation of the surface is encoded in the discharge patterns of SAI afferents. Central neurons in area 3b of primary somatosensory (SI) cortex spatially filter the peripheral image to compute local spatial variation. The outputs from these neurons converge onto neurons in area 1 and onto neurons in secondary somatosensory (SII) cortex which we believe is the critical processing pathway underlying roughness perception.\nOutput:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "Afferent Pathways,Animals,Evoked Potentials, Somatosensory,Fingers,Humans,Mechanoreceptors,Neurons,Somatosensory Cortex,Stereognosis,Touch" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "The task is to assign MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) terms to a given piece of biomedical literature. The input is the title and abastract of a biomedical literature. The output are a list of applicable MeSH terms.\n###\nInput: Title:Inadequacy of ultrasonography for monitoring response to treatment of liver metastases. Abstract:We prospectively evaluated the clinical efficacy of ultrasonography (US) in monitoring the effect of medical treatment in patients with liver metastases, by comparing serial US assessment with serial magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) evaluation and clinical outcome in a group of 41 patients with solid tumors.\nOutput:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "Adult,Aged,Female,Humans,Liver,Liver Neoplasms,Magnetic Resonance Imaging,Male,Middle Aged,Predictive Value of Tests,Prospective Studies,Treatment Outcome,Ultrasonography" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "The task is to assign MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) terms to a given piece of biomedical literature. The input is the title and abastract of a biomedical literature. The output are a list of applicable MeSH terms.\n###\nInput: Title:Hydroxyapatite orbital implant after enucleation--experience with 200 cases. Abstract:The recently introduced hydroxyapatite orbital implant was designed to provide improved motility of the prosthesis in patients who have undergone enucleation. To date, little has been written about the use of the hydroxyapatite orbital implant in eyes that harbored malignant neoplasms. We have performed hydroxyapatite orbital implantation in approximately 200 patients, including children as young as 1 month of age, who underwent enucleation primarily for malignant intraocular tumors. During a median follow-up of 24 months, no cases of orbital hemorrhage, orbital infection, implant extrusion, or implant migration have occurred. Three patients have had conjunctival erosion, which was successfully repaired. Motility of the socket and fornices has been excellent, and all patients have cosmetically satisfactory motility of the prosthesis. Use of the hydroxyapatite implant has had no adverse effect on the clinical course of the intraocular neoplasms, and it has not hindered postoperative evaluation for recurrent orbital tumor. Overall, the hydroxyapatite orbital implant seems to be well tolerated, provides improved motility of the prosthesis, and is associated with few complications.\nOutput:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "Adult,Child,Child, Preschool,Durapatite,Evaluation Studies as Topic,Eye Enucleation,Eye Movements,Eye, Artificial,Follow-Up Studies,Humans,Infant,Orbit,Prostheses and Implants" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "The task is to assign MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) terms to a given piece of biomedical literature. The input is the title and abastract of a biomedical literature. The output are a list of applicable MeSH terms.\n###\nInput: Title:Degradation of polyurethane foams used in the Même breast implant. Abstract:The release of toluene diisocyanate derivatives from polyurethane foam covers that were removed from the Même breast implant was studied. The polyurethane foam covers as retrieved from the implants were contaminated on average with 2,4- and 2,6-toluene diamine (TDA), 2,4- and 2,6-toluene diisocyanate (TDI), and toluene isocyanate amine (TIA) at the 1086 ppm level (combined TDA, TDI, and TIA). When cleaned foam was incubated in Ringer's solution at 37 degrees C for periods ranging from 6-35 days, 4.6 ppm/day of TDA, TDI, and TIA (combined) was formed; the projected annual degradation rate of the foam under these conditions was estimated to be about 0.8%. When cleaned foam was incubated dry at 37 degrees C, 1.5 ppm/day of TDA, TDI, and TIA (combined) was produced. Hence, the polyurethane foam covers used in the Même breast implants are susceptible to both thermal and hydrolytic degradation under simulated physiological conditions.\nOutput:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "Biocompatible Materials,Drug Contamination,Female,Humans,Mammaplasty,Phenylenediamines,Polyurethanes,Prostheses and Implants,Toluene 2,4-Diisocyanate" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "The task is to assign MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) terms to a given piece of biomedical literature. The input is the title and abastract of a biomedical literature. The output are a list of applicable MeSH terms.\n###\nInput: Title:Tröger's base. An alternate synthesis and a structural analog with thromboxane A2 synthetase inhibitory activity. Abstract:The synthesis of 2,8-dimethyl-6H,12H-5,11-methanodibenzo[b,f][1,5]diazocine (Tröger's base) from p-toluidine and of two Tröger's base analogs from other anilines by reaction with hexamethylenetetramine in trifluoroacetic acid is described. 2,3,6,7-Tetrahydro-9-methyl-2,6-di-p-tolyl-1H,5H-pyrimido[5,6,1-ij] quinazoline is formed as a secondary product in the reaction of p-toluidine and hexamethylenetetramine. One of the Tröger's base analogs, 2,8-bis(3'-pyridylmethyl)-6H,12H-5,11-methanodibenzo[b,f][1,5]d iazocine (5), is an effective inhibitor of the enzyme, thromboxane A2 (TxA2) synthase, with an ED50 of 30 ng/mL in a specified in vitro assay. Three analogs having substituents on the bridging methylene group of the bicyclic nucleus of the Tröger's base structure were prepared, but all were considerably less active than the aforementioned compound in the inhibition assay. The structures of these inhibitors of TxA2 synthase fall outside the classical structure-activity relationship that has been established for this class of enzyme inhibitors.\nOutput:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "Azocines,Humans,Pyridines,Structure-Activity Relationship,Thromboxane-A Synthase" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "The task is to assign MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) terms to a given piece of biomedical literature. The input is the title and abastract of a biomedical literature. The output are a list of applicable MeSH terms.\n###\nInput: Title:Regulation of central muscarinic receptors after cholinesterase inhibition: effect of clonidine. Abstract:In rats, the injection of soman (70 micrograms/kg, SC) resulted in a 90% inhibition of the cholinesterase (ChE) activities in three brain regions. The density (Bmax) for muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChRs) following a single injection of soman was significantly reduced at 2 h after injection in the cortex and hindbrain. Bmax values, however, returned to baseline within 24 h. Subacute (repeated injection every 15 min) treatment with a sublethal dose of soman over 2 h also decreased the density of mAChRs. In both cases the density of mAChRs was reduced by about 15% for the cortex and 17% for the hindbrain (the midbrain was also reduced by 18% for subacute injections). Chronic administration (once daily for 7 days) of soman (20 micrograms/kg, SC) produced maximal inhibition of ChE activity but did not significantly downregulate mAChRs. Clonidine pretreatment reversed the soman-induced mAChR downregulation in cortex and hindbrain produced by acute soman administration. Thus, marked reduction in the levels of brain ChE is not the only factor involved in the production of mAChR downregulation to cholinesterase inhibitors.\nOutput:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "Animals,Brain,Cerebral Cortex,Cholinesterase Inhibitors,Clonidine,Kinetics,Male,Mesencephalon,N-Methylscopolamine,Rats,Rats, Wistar,Receptors, Muscarinic,Rhombencephalon,Scopolamine Derivatives,Soman,Time Factors" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "The task is to assign MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) terms to a given piece of biomedical literature. The input is the title and abastract of a biomedical literature. The output are a list of applicable MeSH terms.\n###\nInput: Title:Evaluation of platelets collected by a new portable apheresis device. Abstract:We studied the efficiency of platelet collection by the Mobile Collection System (MCS) using two types of experimental protocols and evaluated the effect of storage at 22 degrees C on the platelet concentrates (PC). MCS is a new blood cell separator that combines discontinuous flow features with a new computerized operating system and can be used to harvest either full units of apheresis PC (SDP protocol) or half units of PC together with one to two units of plasma (PLP protocol). On the average, 1.98 x 10(11) +/- 0.46 x 10(11) (mean +/- SD) platelets were obtained by the PLP protocol and 3.01 x 10(11) +/- 0.70 x 10(11) and 4.2 x 10(11) +/- 1.12 x 10(11) by the early and later versions of the SDP protocols, respectively. The mean number of WBC per PC ranged from 3.3 to 4.7 x 10(8). During the storage period pH stayed above 7.0. On the average, the production of one molecule of lactate corresponded to the consumption of 0.538 molecules of glucose, indicating that less than 8% of glucose was consumed by the oxidative pathway. There were only small increases in LDH and B thromboglobulin concentrations. Furthermore, the ability of platelets to recover from osmotic shock and to aggregate following exposure to dual agonists declined only slightly during storage, indicating that both viability and function of platelets collected by the MCS were preserved during storage.\nOutput:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "Blood Donors,Blood Platelets,Blood Preservation,Blood Specimen Collection,Humans,Plateletpheresis" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "The task is to assign MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) terms to a given piece of biomedical literature. The input is the title and abastract of a biomedical literature. The output are a list of applicable MeSH terms.\n###\nInput: Title:Initial experience of a new linear everting falloposcopy system in comparison with hysterosalpingography. Abstract:To assess the endolumenal portion of the fallopian tube from ostium to fimbria using a specially designed linear everting catheter and microendoscope. The study compared falloposcopy results with those obtained with hysterosalpingography (HSG) in the same patients and explored the system's ability to classify internal tubal conditions.\nOutput:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "Adult,Analysis of Variance,Fallopian Tubes,Female,Humans,Hysterosalpingography,Hysteroscopy,Infertility, Female,Prospective Studies" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "The task is to assign MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) terms to a given piece of biomedical literature. The input is the title and abastract of a biomedical literature. The output are a list of applicable MeSH terms.\n###\nInput: Title:Biomechanics of rugby union scrummaging. Technical and safety issues. Abstract:In the game of ruby union, the scrum epitomises the physical nature of the game. It is both a powerful offensive skill, affording a base for attacking play, and a defensive skill in denying the opposition clean possession. However, the scrum has also been implicated in a large proportion of serious spinal injuries in rugby union. The majority of injuries are found to occur at engagement where the forces experienced by front-row players (more than two-thirds of a tonne shared across the front-row) can exceed the structural limits of the cervical spine. These large forces are a consequence of the speed of engagement and the weight (and number) of players involved in the scrum. This highlights not only the need for physical preparation of all forwards but particularly player restraint at engagement, and justifies the 'crouch-pause-engage' sequence recently introduced to 'depower' the scrum. As the hooker is the player exposed to the greatest loads throughout the scrum and subsequently most at risk, he should determine the timing of engagement of the 2 front-rows. Stability of the scrum is an indication of front-row players' ability to utilise their strength to transmit the force to their opponents as well as the push of second-row and back-row players behind them in the scrum. This appears to be independent of the size of players. Equally, it reflects the risk of chronic degeneration of the musculoskeletal system through repeated exposure to these large stresses. However, not only are older and more experienced players better able to generate and transmit these forces, they are also able to maintain the integrity of the scrum. A large proportion of individual players' efforts to generate force is lost in their coordinated effort in a normal scrum. It is assumed these forces are dissipated through players re-orientating their bodies in the scrum situation as well as to less efficient shear forces and to the elastic and compressive tissues in the body. It again reinforces the importance of physical preparation for all forwards to better withstand the large forces involved in scrummaging. Despite negative publicity surrounding the risk of serious spinal injury in rugby union, limited research has been conducted to examine either the mechanisms of injury or techniques implicated in causing injury. Biomechanical information can provide systematic bases for modifying existing techniques and assessing the physical capacities necessary to efficiently and safely play in the serum. This will both improve performance of game skills and minimise the potential for injury.\nOutput:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "Biomechanical Phenomena,Exercise,Football,Humans,Spinal Injuries" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "The task is to assign MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) terms to a given piece of biomedical literature. The input is the title and abastract of a biomedical literature. The output are a list of applicable MeSH terms.\n###\nInput: Title:The effect of adult thymectomy on immune response to infection with Listeria monocytogenes in mice. Abstract:The role of adult thymus in in vivo immune response to infection with Listeria monocytogenes was examined using euthymic mice and adult-thymectomized (ATx) mice which had been thymectomized 2 weeks before. Numbers of T cells in peritoneal cavities and spleens were increased at 2 weeks after inoculation of L. monocytogenes, whereas such increases of T cells were several times higher in euthymic mice than in ATx mice. In flow-cytometric analysis of peritoneal exudate cells, a significant increase of CD3+CD4-CD8- cells bearing gamma/delta type T cell receptor was noted in euthymic mouse after infection compared to ATx mouse. Neither assay of antigen-specific T cell proliferation nor analysis of cell cycle exhibited any superiority of T cells obtained from euthymic mice to those obtained from ATx mice. These findings suggest that the enlargement of T cell population in euthymic mice is attributed largely to T cells which emigrate from the thymus after inoculation of L. monocytogenes. Moreover, in vivo protective immune response against secondarily challenged L. monocytogenes was achieved more efficiently in euthymic mice than in ATx mice, as shown by the clearance of the bacteria from organs and the survival rate of infected mice. Our results indicate the importance of adult thymus-dependent increase of T cells in eliminating the facultative intracellular bacteria such as L. monocytogenes.\nOutput:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "Animals,Antigens, Bacterial,B-Lymphocytes,Cell Count,In Vitro Techniques,Listeria monocytogenes,Listeriosis,Lymphocyte Activation,Male,Mice,Mice, Inbred C3H,T-Lymphocyte Subsets,Thymectomy,Thymus Gland" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "The task is to assign MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) terms to a given piece of biomedical literature. The input is the title and abastract of a biomedical literature. The output are a list of applicable MeSH terms.\n###\nInput: Title:[Meningococcal project Telemark. Experiences after 5 years with contact tracing and eradication of the pathogenic bacteria in near contacts of the patients with meningococcal disease]. Abstract:Since 1987 we have analysed throat samples from 1,086 healthy contacts of 32 patients with meningococcal disease. The disease-causing strain was found in contacts of 17 out of the 32 patients. 161 (18%) of the contacts carried meningococci, and 30 (3%) of them were carriers of the disease-causing strain as determined by DNA fingerprinting. The carrier strain was eradicated in 29 of these 30 contacts by treatment with rifampicin. No secondary case of meningococcal disease was observed. During the four-year period 1984-87, there were 39 confirmed cases of meningococcal disease, including 12 verified and four suspected secondary cases of meningococcal disease. Therefore identification and eradication of the disease-causing strain seems to prevent secondary cases. A change in the Norwegian recommendations for preventing secondary cases of meningococcal disease should be discussed.\nOutput:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "Adolescent,Adult,Aged,Carrier State,Child,Child, Preschool,Contact Tracing,Female,Humans,Infant,Male,Meningitis, Meningococcal,Middle Aged,Norway,Pharynx,Rifampin" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "The task is to assign MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) terms to a given piece of biomedical literature. The input is the title and abastract of a biomedical literature. The output are a list of applicable MeSH terms.\n###\nInput: Title:Isolation and expression of a rat liver cDNA encoding phosphoglucomutase. Abstract:A cDNA encoding phosphoglucomutase (PGM) has been isolated from a rat liver cDNA library following screening with a polymerase chain reaction product. The cDNA was found to contain a 53-base-pair (bp) 5' untranslated region (5' UTR), a single start codon and consensus initiation sequence, an open reading frame (ORF) of 1686 bp, and a 3' untranslated tail. A comparison to the rabbit and human muscle PGM cDNAs [Whitehouse et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89 (1992) 411-415] showed 90% identity of rat cDNA to both, while a comparison to the deduced amino acid sequences showed 97 and 96% identity, respectively. Northern blot analyses determined that PGM was encoded by a single mRNA in rat liver, of approximately 2.2 kb. Following transfection of COS-7 cells with a plasmid containing the entire PGM ORF, indirect immunofluorescence analyses using a PGM-specific monoclonal antibody determined that approximately 5% of the cells displayed 50-100 times greater fluorescence than that seen in the remainder of the cells or in mock transfects. The enhanced production of PGM was also demonstrated by Western blotting and by enzymatic activity assays.\nOutput:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "Amino Acid Sequence,Animals,Base Sequence,Blotting, Northern,Blotting, Western,Cell Line,Cloning, Molecular,DNA,Fluorescent Antibody Technique,Humans,Introns,Liver,Molecular Sequence Data,Open Reading Frames,Phosphoglucomutase,Polymerase Chain Reaction,Rats" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "The task is to assign MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) terms to a given piece of biomedical literature. The input is the title and abastract of a biomedical literature. The output are a list of applicable MeSH terms.\n###\nInput: Title:Triggering of acute myocardial infarction by heavy physical exertion. Protection against triggering by regular exertion. Determinants of Myocardial Infarction Onset Study Investigators. Abstract:Despite anecdotal evidence suggesting that heavy physical exertion can trigger the onset of acute myocardial infarction, there have been no controlled studies of the risk of myocardial infarction during and after heavy exertion, the length of time between heavy exertion and the onset of symptoms (induction time), and whether the risk can be modified by regular physical exertion. To address these questions, we collected data from patients with confirmed myocardial infarction on their activities one hour before the onset of myocardial infarction and during control periods.\nOutput:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "Adult,Aged,Aged, 80 and over,Case-Control Studies,Confidence Intervals,Exercise,Female,Humans,Male,Middle Aged,Myocardial Infarction,Physical Exertion,Reference Values,Retrospective Studies,Risk Factors" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "The task is to assign MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) terms to a given piece of biomedical literature. The input is the title and abastract of a biomedical literature. The output are a list of applicable MeSH terms.\n###\nInput: Title:Chronic cough due to gastroesophageal reflux. Clinical, diagnostic, and pathogenetic aspects. Abstract:Gastroesophageal reflux (GER) is a common cause of chronic cough. Moreover, chronic cough can be the sole presenting manifestation of GER disease (GERD). It has been suggested recently that GER most often causes chronic cough by stimulating the distal esophagus. To gain further diagnostic and pathophysiologic knowledge, we prospectively evaluated a group of patients with chronic cough likely to be due to GER with extensive gastrointestinal and respiratory studies and then observed their response to antireflux therapy.\nOutput:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "Adult,Analysis of Variance,Chronic Disease,Cough,Double-Blind Method,Esophagus,Female,Gastric Acid,Gastroesophageal Reflux,Humans,Hydrogen-Ion Concentration,Male,Middle Aged,Monitoring, Physiologic,Prospective Studies" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "The task is to assign MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) terms to a given piece of biomedical literature. The input is the title and abastract of a biomedical literature. The output are a list of applicable MeSH terms.\n###\nInput: Title:[Enzymatic profile of autolysing Saccharomyces yeasts]. Abstract:The influence of pH on the efficiency of autolysis of brewer's yeast was studied. It is shown that some kinds of peptidase activities in \"solid\" and \"liquid\" fractions of autolysates depend on the time of autolysis. The inactivation constants and activation energy of inactivation of yeast proteases were determined. It was found that heat stability of yeast proteases contained in the \"solid\" fraction of autolysates is significantly higher as compared to the enzyme present in the \"liquid\" fraction. From this results the conclusion that some of yeast proteases are immobilized on the cell wall fragments. A technique for activation of yeast enzyme systems in the course of autolysis is proposed.\nOutput:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "Endopeptidases,Enzyme Activation,Enzymes, Immobilized,Hydrogen-Ion Concentration,Hydrolysis,Protease Inhibitors,Saccharomyces" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "The task is to assign MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) terms to a given piece of biomedical literature. The input is the title and abastract of a biomedical literature. The output are a list of applicable MeSH terms.\n###\nInput: Title:Interleukin-6 levels in amniotic fluid in normal and abnormal pregnancies: preeclampsia, small-for-gestational-age fetus, and premature labor. Abstract:Our purpose was to determine if abnormal amniotic fluid interleukin-6 levels correlate with pregnancies complicated by preeclampsia, small-for-gestational-age fetus, and premature labor.\nOutput:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "Amniotic Fluid,Female,Humans,Immunoenzyme Techniques,Infant, Newborn,Infant, Small for Gestational Age,Interleukin-6,Obstetric Labor, Premature,Pre-Eclampsia,Pregnancy,Pregnancy Complications,Reference Values,Sensitivity and Specificity" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "The task is to assign MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) terms to a given piece of biomedical literature. The input is the title and abastract of a biomedical literature. The output are a list of applicable MeSH terms.\n###\nInput: Title:Legislative efforts affecting the reproductive biology laboratory. Abstract:Legislative initiatives recently enacted in the USA will affect daily operations in the reproductive biology laboratory. These regulations affect laboratory safety, staffing, quality assurance, and record keeping. They mandate laboratory accreditation including certification, inspection, and proficiency testing. Laboratory standards of practice and costs of operation may be increased with mandatory compliance.\nOutput:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "Accreditation,Costs and Cost Analysis,Documentation,Facility Regulation and Control,Female,Humans,Infection Control,Laboratories,Personnel Staffing and Scheduling,Pregnancy,Pregnancy Outcome,Quality Assurance, Health Care,Reproducibility of Results,Reproductive Techniques,United States,United States Occupational Safety and Health Administration" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "The task is to assign MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) terms to a given piece of biomedical literature. The input is the title and abastract of a biomedical literature. The output are a list of applicable MeSH terms.\n###\nInput: Title:T-jump fluorescence relaxation study of the binding of ethidium cation to natural DNA. Abstract:T-jump chemical relaxation experiments with fluorescence detection were carried out on the binding of ethidium cation to calf thymus DNA over the temperature range from 11 to 35 degrees C for ethidium concentrations from 500 nM to 2 microM, DNA concentrations from 7.5 to 60 microM (base pairs), and KCl concentrations from 20 to 500 mM. In contrast to the findings of earlier investigations, no salt or DNA concentration or temperature dependences were seen that would support a mechanism of intercalation directly from solution or from an electrostatically bound exterior site in rapid equilibrium with solution. It is suggested that the rate-determining process of intercalation in vivo involves large scale dynamics of the DNA itself.\nOutput:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "Animals,Cattle,DNA,Ethidium,Kinetics,Osmolar Concentration,Spectrometry, Fluorescence,Thermodynamics" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "The task is to assign MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) terms to a given piece of biomedical literature. The input is the title and abastract of a biomedical literature. The output are a list of applicable MeSH terms.\n###\nInput: Title:[Does captopril possess antianginal actions? An evaluation of its effects on myocardial ischemia by stress tests in patients with stable angina and normal ventricular function]. Abstract:We have studied the effects of captopril on myocardial ischaemia in normotensive and hypertensive patients with coronary artery disease and stable effort-induced angina.\nOutput:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "Adult,Aged,Angina Pectoris,Captopril,Exercise Test,Female,Hemodynamics,Humans,Male,Middle Aged,Myocardial Ischemia,Ventricular Function, Left" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "The task is to assign MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) terms to a given piece of biomedical literature. The input is the title and abastract of a biomedical literature. The output are a list of applicable MeSH terms.\n###\nInput: Title:[A case of congenital atrial flutter associated with atrial septal defect]. Abstract:We report the case of a 8-month-old boy with atrial septal defect associated with congenital atrial flutter. He was operated on for ASD successfully. Atrial flutter in infants has been reported to be uncommon and to have a poor prognosis when associated with underlying cardiac disease. Therefore, early surgical intervention may improve the prognosis.\nOutput:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "Atrial Flutter,Heart Septal Defects, Atrial,Humans,Infant,Male,Prognosis" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "The task is to assign MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) terms to a given piece of biomedical literature. The input is the title and abastract of a biomedical literature. The output are a list of applicable MeSH terms.\n###\nInput: Title:Clostridium bifermentans serovar malaysia: characterization of putative mosquito larvicidal proteins. Abstract:The toxicity of Clostridium bifermentans serovar malaysia to mosquito larvae is due to protein toxins, belonging to a novel class of insecticidal toxins. Toxic extracts contains three major proteins of 66, 18 and 16 kDa. The 18-kDa and 16-kDa proteins are probably involved in toxicity. They are synthesised during sporulation, concomitant with activity. They are absent from non-toxic strains of C. bifermentans and are present at very low levels in non-toxic C. bifermentans serovar malaysia cultures produced at 42 degrees C. The 66-kDa protein is present throughout the growth phases of C. bifermentans serovar malaysia, and an immunologically related 66-kDa protein is present in non-toxic C. bifermentans strains.\nOutput:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "Animals,Anopheles,Bacterial Toxins,Clostridium,Larva,Lethal Dose 50,Spores,Temperature" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "The task is to assign MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) terms to a given piece of biomedical literature. The input is the title and abastract of a biomedical literature. The output are a list of applicable MeSH terms.\n###\nInput: Title:Management of burns of the penis. Abstract:Burns of the penis can be physically and psychologically devastating. This is particularly true in young pediatric patients who have to content with growth as well as with the trials of adolescence and the development of self-image. Little has been written on the grafting management of these injuries. This report reviews a management technique used with great success. Ten patients who sustained full-thickness penis burns were reviewed. The grafting technique consisted of excision and grafting with sheet grafts in a one- or two-stage setting. After grafting, the penis was placed in traction with a weighted Foley catheter. Grafts were left open or stented. No complications occurred from the traction apparatus, and graft take was uniformly excellent. Short-term results have been excellent, and no urethral problems have developed over a median 3-year follow-up. This technique appears to provide excellent means of supporting the penis to accomplish superb graft take in this hard-to-manage area.\nOutput:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "Burns,Child,Follow-Up Studies,Graft Survival,Humans,Male,Penis,Skin Transplantation,Time Factors,Traction,Wound Healing" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "The task is to assign MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) terms to a given piece of biomedical literature. The input is the title and abastract of a biomedical literature. The output are a list of applicable MeSH terms.\n###\nInput: Title:Changes in oesophageal pH associated with gastro-oesophageal reflux. Are traditional criteria sensitive for detection of reflux? Abstract:Traditionally, gastro-oesophageal reflux is deemed to have occurred when oesophageal pH falls below 4. Other 'non-traditional' pH changes that do not fall below pH 4, that fall below 4 for only brief intervals, or that occur when basal pH is less than 4 are usually disregarded. The aim of this study was to determine whether these non-traditional pH changes represent gastro-oesophageal reflux or are artefactual. The 3-h postprandial combined oesophageal pH and manometric records of 22 patients referred for investigation of suspected gastro-oesophageal reflux were reviewed. All pH falls of > or = 0.5 pH units were analysed for manometric evidence of reflux that was classified as definite, probable, or possible. In total, 196 traditional and 223 non-traditional pH events were scored and analysed. The majority of traditional (80%) and non-traditional (60%) events were associated with definite manometric evidence of reflux, although a greater proportion of non-traditional events were associated with only probable evidence of reflux (33%) compared with traditional events (18%). The proportions of possible reflux were similar in the two groups. Limiting pH events to only those satisfying traditional criteria excluded an additional 32% with definite manometric evidence of reflux and 49% with definite or probable evidence of reflux. Most pH falls that remained above 4 or fell across 4 for < 15 sec occurred in the 1st h postprandially, compared with traditional pH events, which occurred equally throughout the 3-h period. We conclude that traditional criteria for scoring pH episodes substantially underestimate the number of reflux episodes.\nOutput:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "Adolescent,Adult,Aged,Esophagus,Female,Gastroesophageal Reflux,Humans,Hydrogen-Ion Concentration,Male,Manometry,Middle Aged,Monitoring, Physiologic" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "The task is to assign MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) terms to a given piece of biomedical literature. The input is the title and abastract of a biomedical literature. The output are a list of applicable MeSH terms.\n###\nInput: Title:Glycine stimulates striatal dopamine release in conscious rats. Abstract:1. Glycine is an inhibitory neurotransmitter in the spinal cord and brainstem. The mechanism of this inhibition is via binding of glycine to specific receptors, increasing transmembrane Cl- conductance and hyperpolarizing neurones. Strychnine selectively antagonizes these effects. The role of glycinergic neurones in supraspinal regions is poorly understood. 2. Effects of glycine on release of catecholamines in the striatum were examined by microdialysis in freely-moving rats. Transcription of the genes encoding strychnine-sensitive glycine receptors was assessed in the striatum and substantia nigra, by use of reverse transcription followed by the polymerase chain reaction. 3. Glycine administered via the microdialysis probe dose-dependently increased concentrations of dopamine and its metabolites, dihydroxyphenylacetic acid and homovanillic acid, in the perfusate, indicating increased local release and metabolism of dopamine. Strychnine markedly attenuated these responses. Whereas striatal tissue did not contain mRNA for either the adult or neonatal form of strychnine-sensitive glycine receptor, nigral tissue contained a message for the adult form. 4. The results suggest that dopaminergic cells in the substantia nigra synthesize strychnine-sensitive glycine receptors and transport the receptors to terminals in the striatum. Occupation of the glycine receptors then exerts a net stimulatory effect on striatal dopamine release in vivo.\nOutput:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "Animals,Base Sequence,Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid,Corpus Striatum,DNA Primers,Dialysis,Dopamine,Glycine,Homovanillic Acid,Male,Molecular Sequence Data,Polymerase Chain Reaction,RNA, Messenger,Rats,Rats, Sprague-Dawley,Receptors, Glycine,Strychnine,Substantia Nigra,Transcription, Genetic" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "The task is to assign MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) terms to a given piece of biomedical literature. The input is the title and abastract of a biomedical literature. The output are a list of applicable MeSH terms.\n###\nInput: Title:Analysis of the genetic requirements for viability of Escherichia coli K-12 DNA adenine methylase (dam) mutants. Abstract:RecBCD protein, necessary for Escherichia coli dam mutant viability, is directly required for DNA repair. Recombination genes recF+, recN+, recO+, and recQ+ are not essential for dam mutant viability; they are required for recBC sbcBC dam mutant survival. mutH, mutL, or mutS mutations do not suppress subinduction of SOS genes in dam mutants.\nOutput:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "Alleles,Escherichia coli,Escherichia coli Proteins,Exodeoxyribonuclease V,Exodeoxyribonucleases,Genes, Bacterial,Genotype,Methyltransferases,Rec A Recombinases,Recombination, Genetic,SOS Response, Genetics,Site-Specific DNA-Methyltransferase (Adenine-Specific),Suppression, Genetic" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "The task is to assign MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) terms to a given piece of biomedical literature. The input is the title and abastract of a biomedical literature. The output are a list of applicable MeSH terms.\n###\nInput: Title:In vivo kinetics of lipoprotein(a) in homozygous Watanabe heritable hyperlipidaemic rabbits. Abstract:In vivo kinetics of lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)] were investigated in homozygous Watanabe heritable hyperlipidaemic (WHHL) rabbits (an animal model of familial hypercholesterolemia (FH)), and in normolipidemic Japanese White rabbits (controls). 125I-labelled Lp(a) and 131I-labelled LDL were simultaneously injected intravenously. Blood samples were then taken periodically. Kinetic parameters were calculated from the plasma radioactivity decay curves. The fractional catabolic rates (FCRs) of both Lp(a) and LDL (1.355 +/- 0.189 pools per day and 1.278 +/- 0.397 pools per day, respectively) in the WHHL rabbits were significantly (P < 0.005) smaller than those in the control rabbits (2.008 +/- 0.083 pools per day and 2.855 +/- 0.759 pools per day, respectively). In WHHL rabbits, the FCRs of Lp(a) and LDL were similar. However, in control rabbits, the FCR of Lp(a) was significantly (P < 0.01) smaller than that of LDL. In WHHL rabbit organs, the mean ratio of 125I-Lp(a): 131I-LDL, 48 h after injection, normalized to the corresponding isotope ratio in plasma, were 1.525, 1.020, 1.819 and 1.967, in liver, kidney, spleen and bile, respectively. These values were significantly higher than the corresponding values in control rabbits (0.590, 0.677, 0.862 and 0.766, respectively). Our data strongly suggest that Lp(a) clearance is not entirely dependent upon LDL receptors and may be mediated by some other mechanisms.\nOutput:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "Animals,Cholesterol, LDL,Disease Models, Animal,Hyperlipidemias,Iodine Radioisotopes,Lipoprotein(a),Male,Rabbits,Tissue Distribution" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "The task is to assign MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) terms to a given piece of biomedical literature. The input is the title and abastract of a biomedical literature. The output are a list of applicable MeSH terms.\n###\nInput: Title:Changes in the effects of nizatidine and famotidine on cardiac performance after pretreatment with ranitidine. Abstract:This was an open, randomized study of the cardiovascular effects of the histamine H2 receptor antagonists ranitidine, famotidine, and nizatidine after single oral doses alone or in combination in healthy volunteers. When compared with placebo ranitidine (450 mg) did not have any haemodynamic effects. Nizatidine (300 mg) caused significant falls in heart rate and cardiac output. Famotidine (40 mg) caused significant falls in stroke volume and cardiac output and an increase in pre-ejection period. Pretreatment with ranitidine abolished the haemodynamic effects of nizatidine and caused a time-shift of 2 h in the onset of the cardiovascular effects of famotidine. The difference in the results for nizatidine and famotidine can be explained by the longer half-life of famotidine. Vascular effects are assumed to be responsible for impairment of cardiac performance by famotidine.\nOutput:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "Adult,Blood Pressure,Cardiac Output,Electrocardiography,Famotidine,Female,Heart Rate,Hemodynamics,Humans,Male,Nizatidine,Premedication,Ranitidine,Time Factors" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "The task is to assign MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) terms to a given piece of biomedical literature. The input is the title and abastract of a biomedical literature. The output are a list of applicable MeSH terms.\n###\nInput: Title:Further evidence for the interaction of the antimalarial drug amodiaquine with ferriprotoporphyrin IX. Abstract:Evidence for complex formation of the antimalarial drug amodiaquine (AD) with ferriprotoporphyrin IX (FP) in aqueous medium is presented, in addition to previous preliminary data. A mole ratio of one between the complex components is determined for the insoluble complex at pH 6.7-6.8. Mössbauer data obtained at pH 7-8 and at higher concentrations in the millimolar range confirm the interactions existing between the complex components. These data are considered to aid in removing previous objections to a mechanism of antimalarial action involving complexes of FP with AD and related drugs.\nOutput:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "Amodiaquine,Drug Interactions,Hemin,Hydrogen-Ion Concentration,Spectroscopy, Mossbauer,Temperature" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "The task is to assign MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) terms to a given piece of biomedical literature. The input is the title and abastract of a biomedical literature. The output are a list of applicable MeSH terms.\n###\nInput: Title:Further impairment of muscle phosphate kinetics by lengthening exercise in DMD/BMD carriers. An in vivo 31P-NMR spectroscopy study. Abstract:We used phosphorus magnetic resonance spectroscopy (31P-MRS) to study the effect of exercise-induced muscle injury in the calf muscle of 7 DMD/BMD carriers and 6 non-carrier females. All subjects performed 50-80 lengthening contractions with the right calf muscles. 48 h after lengthening exercise non-carriers showed increased sensitivity to pressure in their gastrocnemius accompanied by increased T2 relaxation times and by elevated Pi/PCr ratios at rest. DMD/BMD carriers did not show any effect of lengthening exercise on these measurements. In-magnet exercise revealed in all carriers a reduced initial rate of Pi recovery and an increased time to fully recovery the resting value of intracellular pH. Lengthening exercise further decreased the initial rate of Pi recovery. Non-carriers did not show any variation attributable to lengthening exercise either during in-magnet work or during recovery from exercise. We found that lengthening exercise contractions causes: (1) less muscle injury in carriers compared to non-carriers, (2) even slower rate of Pi recovery, but (3) no effect on Pi recovery in non-carriers. The use of lengthening exercise and measurements of Pi recovery may be a useful method to evaluate the disease process in DMD/BMD.\nOutput:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "Adolescent,Adult,Exercise,Female,Heterozygote,Humans,Hydrogen-Ion Concentration,Magnetic Resonance Imaging,Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy,Male,Muscles,Muscular Dystrophies,Phosphates,Phosphocreatine,Phosphorus Isotopes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "The task is to assign MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) terms to a given piece of biomedical literature. The input is the title and abastract of a biomedical literature. The output are a list of applicable MeSH terms.\n###\nInput: Title:Purine nucleoside phosphorylase. Catalytic mechanism and transition-state analysis of the arsenolysis reaction. Abstract:Purine nucleoside phosphorylase from calf spleen catalyzes the arsenolysis of inosine to form hypoxanthine and ribose 1-arsenate, which spontaneously hydrolyzes to ribose and arsenate. In the presence of H2(18)O, no 18O is incorporated into ribose, demonstrating that ribose 1-arsenate hydrolysis occurs by attack of water on the arsenic atom. Rapid reaction kinetics at 20 degrees C result in a biphasic rate curve with the first turnover occurring at a rate of 20 s-1 followed by a steady-state rate of 2 s-1. The product burst is consistent with rapid steps for substrate binding and arsenolysis followed by rate-limiting hypoxanthine release at a rate of 2 s-1. Purine nucleoside phosphorylase with bound [14C]inosine was mixed with excess unlabeled inosine and arsenate to determine relative rates for reaction or dissociation of bound inosine. The commitment factor (product formed/inosine released) was 0.19 at saturating arsenate, indicating that inosine binds to free enzyme and that bound inosine is not in thermodynamic equilibrium with free substrate. At neutral pH, kinetic isotope effects for the phosphorolysis reaction are small, indicating kinetic suppression. Kinetic isotope effects for arsenolysis were measured with [1'-3H]-, [2'-3H]-, [1'-14C]-, [9-15N]-, [4'-3H]-, and [5'-3H]inosine to provide experimental values of 1.118 +/- 0.003, 1.128 +/- 0.003, 1.022 +/- 0.005, 1.009 +/- 0.004, 1.007 +/- 0.003 and 1.028 +/- 0.004 respectively. Following correction for commitment factors, the intrinsic isotope effects were matched to a geometric transition-state model selected by bond-energy bond order vibrational analysis.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)\nOutput:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "Animals,Arsenates,Catalysis,Cattle,Computer Simulation,Inosine,Kinetics,Models, Molecular,Phosphates,Purine-Nucleoside Phosphorylase,Spleen" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "The task is to assign MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) terms to a given piece of biomedical literature. The input is the title and abastract of a biomedical literature. The output are a list of applicable MeSH terms.\n###\nInput: Title:A new infectious mammary tumor virus in the milk of mice implanted with C4 hyperplastic alveolar nodules. Abstract:We have previously characterized an infectious mouse mammary tumor virus [(MMTV(SW)] which induces a strong superantigen response in vivo. Here we describe the isolation and characterization of MMTV(C4) which was derived from milk of mice implanted with hyperplastic alveolar nodules. MMTV(C4) stimulates V beta 2 expressing T cells after local injection in vivo. Comparison with known open reading frame (orf) sequences revealed high homology to Mtv-6, an endogenous virus interacting with V beta 3-expressing T cells. The carboxyl-terminal amino acids were, however, altered. High homology including the carboxyl-terminal orf amino acids were found with MMTV(C3H-K). We show here that MMTV(C3H-K) has lost its superantigen function. Sequence comparisons permitted the characterization of few key amino acids which could be important for T cell receptor interaction and superantigen processing.\nOutput:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "Amino Acid Sequence,Animals,Base Sequence,DNA, Viral,Female,Hyperplasia,Mammary Glands, Animal,Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental,Mammary Tumor Virus, Mouse,Mice,Mice, Inbred BALB C,Milk,Molecular Sequence Data,Neoplasm Transplantation,Precancerous Conditions,Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta,Sequence Deletion,Viral Proteins" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "The task is to assign MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) terms to a given piece of biomedical literature. The input is the title and abastract of a biomedical literature. The output are a list of applicable MeSH terms.\n###\nInput: Title:Extracting object properties through haptic exploration. Abstract:This paper reviews some of our recent research on haptic exploration, perception and recognition of multidimensional objects. We begin by considering the nature of manual exploration in terms of the characteristics of various exploratory procedures (EPs) or stereotypical patterns of hand movements. Next, we explore their consequences for the sequence of EPs selected, for the relative cognitive salience of material versus geometric properties, and for dimensional integration. Finally, we discuss several applications of our research programme to the development of tangible graphics displays for the blind, autonomous and teleoperated haptic robotic systems, and food evaluation in the food industry.\nOutput:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "Attention,Discrimination Learning,Humans,Psychophysics,Stereognosis,Touch" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "The task is to assign MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) terms to a given piece of biomedical literature. The input is the title and abastract of a biomedical literature. The output are a list of applicable MeSH terms.\n###\nInput: Title:Involvement of beta-adrenergic systems in the antagonizing effect of paeoniflorin on the scopolamine-induced deficit in radial maze performance in rats. Abstract:Paeoniflorin, a major constituent of peony root, has been demonstrated to attenuate the radial maze performance deficit produced by scopolamine. In the present study, to investigate the possible involvement of beta-adrenergic systems in the paeoniflorin antagonism of the scopolamine deficit, the effects of two beta-adrenoceptor antagonists, propranolol and atenolol, on the paeoniflorin effect were examined in male Wistar rats. Paeoniflorin (1 mg/kg, p.o.) significantly attenuated the scopolamine HBr (0.3 mg/kg, i.p.)-induced deficit in the choice accuracy in radial maze performance without changing the running time prolonged by scopolamine. Neither D,L-propranolol HCl, a lipophilic beta-antagonist, at 3 mg/kg, i.p. nor atenolol, a hydrophilic beta 1-antagonist that is known to hardly ever cross the blood-brain barrier, at 1 mg/kg, i.p. impaired maze performance by itself or aggravated the scopolamine-induced deficit in radial maze performance. Both antagonists, however, completely blocked the antagonizing effect of paeoniflorin on the scopolamine deficit. These data suggest that the beta-adrenergic systems, especially peripheral beta 1-adrenergic systems, are involved in the antagonizing effect of paeoniflorin on the scopolamine deficit in radial maze performance in rats.\nOutput:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "Animals,Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal,Atenolol,Benzoates,Bridged-Ring Compounds,Glucosides,Male,Memory,Monoterpenes,Propranolol,Psychomotor Performance,Rats,Rats, Wistar,Receptors, Adrenergic, beta,Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-1,Scopolamine" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "The task is to assign MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) terms to a given piece of biomedical literature. The input is the title and abastract of a biomedical literature. The output are a list of applicable MeSH terms.\n###\nInput: Title:Determination of proteins by a reverse biuret method combined with the copper-bathocuproine chelate reaction. Abstract:A method of protein determination has been developed which combines the biuret reaction and the copper(I)-bathocuproine chelate reaction. Protein in the specimen forms a Cu(2+)-protein chelate complex (biuret reaction) during the first step. Excess Cu2+ is reduced to Cu+ by ascrobic acid, allowing the Cu+ to form a Cu(+)-bathocuproine chelate complex during the second step. The amount of Cu(+)-bathocuproine chelate complex formed is inversely proportional to the protein concentration. The sensitivity (epsilon = 1.4 x 10(6) 1.mol-1.cm-1 against human albumin) of this method was higher than that of the original Lowry (9.8 x 10(5)), pyrogallol red (1.0 x 10(6)) and commercially available Coomassie Brilliant Blue G.250 methods (6.7 x 10(5)). The color intensities of human gamma-globulin, human globulin (fractions IV-1 and IV-4), bovine albumin, egg albumin and horse gamma-globulin against human albumin (100%) ranged from 92 to 101%. The results obtained with the present method (y) correlated well with those determined by the biuret method (r = 0.998, y = 0.98 chi - 0.002, x = 1.31, y = 1.29 g/l) in 30 diluted sera. These results confirm that this assay is similar in sensitivity to the original Lowry method, is rapid and has similar reactivity to each of the various proteins in biological fluids.\nOutput:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "Ascorbic Acid,Cerebrospinal Fluid Proteins,Chelating Agents,Copper,Humans,Hydrogen-Ion Concentration,Indicators and Reagents,Phenanthrolines,Proteins,Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "The task is to assign MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) terms to a given piece of biomedical literature. The input is the title and abastract of a biomedical literature. The output are a list of applicable MeSH terms.\n###\nInput: Title:Out-of-pocket health expenditure differentials between elderly and non-elderly households. Abstract:Regression analysis was used to compare out-of-pocket health expenditures between lower and higher income elderly and non-elderly households. Race and housing tenure were significant determinants for both age groups, but assets, education, and family size were significant only for the non-elderly. Analysis of out-of-pocket health costs indicated greater equity among elderly persons, probably due to Medicare, but income elasticities revealed that health spending is a luxury for lower income elderly households.\nOutput:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "Adult,Aged,Financing, Personal,Health Expenditures,Humans,Income,Regression Analysis,United States" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "The task is to assign MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) terms to a given piece of biomedical literature. The input is the title and abastract of a biomedical literature. The output are a list of applicable MeSH terms.\n###\nInput: Title:Oligosegmental correction of post-traumatic thoracolumbar angular kyphosis. Abstract:Seventeen patients with rigid throacolumbar angular kyphosis due to neglected fractures or dislocations were treated by a standardized single-stage monosegmental or bisegmental anterior discectomy and posterior closing extension wedge osteotomy. The two- or three-level reduction-fixation (RF) instrumentation was used posteriorly for correction and fixation. Choosing angled pedicle screws according to preoperative measurements, the method can always correct the kyphosis to the approximate sagittal curvature that is planned to create preoperatively. The average precorrection of thoracolumbar kyphosis was 39 degrees and was restored to 1.2 degrees for an average correction of 37.8 degrees (range, 22 degrees-56 degrees) with subsequent average loss of 1.1 degrees at final follow-up. Before operation, the complaints were slow progression of kyphotic deformities, fatigue, and pain. All these problems were solved by this procedure. Complications were minimal and mild. No neurologic complications occurred. Follow-up averaged 2.8 years. This method can correct rigid post-traumatic thoracolumbar angular kyphoses to normal geometric relationships as planned preoperatively without much negative effect in lumbar motion and any sacrifice of safety.\nOutput:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "Adult,Bone Screws,Female,Humans,Internal Fixators,Joint Dislocations,Kyphosis,Lumbar Vertebrae,Male,Osteotomy,Spinal Fractures,Spinal Fusion,Thoracic Vertebrae,Time Factors" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "The task is to assign MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) terms to a given piece of biomedical literature. The input is the title and abastract of a biomedical literature. The output are a list of applicable MeSH terms.\n###\nInput: Title:[Pheochromocytoma with ectopic secretion of ACTH]. Abstract:Pheochromocytoma is a tumor displaying a considerable degree of clinical polymorphism both with respect to its location and the secretion of different types of catecholamines and its capacity to synthesize several ectopic hormones. The present work reports on a case of pheochromocytoma with secretion of ACTH that exhibited several clinical and biological peculiarities. Firstly, the clinical picture of the patient was characterized by a predominance of manifestations of adrenal hyperfunction as compared with those of the original tumor. Secondly a striking finding was an important degree of neutrophilia without band forms and a marked hypokalemia produced by the joint secretion of catecholamines and steroid hormones, as demonstrated later. Finally, the images obtained with computerized tomography were very characteristic, such that together with the above data it was possible to establish a preoperative diagnosis.\nOutput:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "Adrenal Gland Neoplasms,Adrenocorticotropic Hormone,Adult,Female,Humans,Pheochromocytoma" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "The task is to assign MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) terms to a given piece of biomedical literature. The input is the title and abastract of a biomedical literature. The output are a list of applicable MeSH terms.\n###\nInput: Title:Tibial bypass grafting for limb salvage with ringed polytetrafluoroethylene prostheses: results of primary and secondary procedures. Abstract:In advanced peripheral ischemia, tibial artery prosthetic bypass grafting is virtually the last chance for limb salvage when conservative treatment and other methods of revascularization have failed.\nOutput:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "Aged,Aged, 80 and over,Blood Vessel Prosthesis,Female,Femoral Artery,Humans,Ischemia,Leg,Life Tables,Male,Middle Aged,Polytetrafluoroethylene,Postoperative Complications,Reoperation,Tibial Arteries,Vascular Patency" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "The task is to assign MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) terms to a given piece of biomedical literature. The input is the title and abastract of a biomedical literature. The output are a list of applicable MeSH terms.\n###\nInput: Title:Hepatitis C antibodies in dialysis patients and patients with leukaemia. Abstract:The prevalence of hepatitis C antibodies (anti-HCV) among multitransfused patients was studied and compared with predicted values obtained from a post-transfusion hepatitis study and from data on the prevalence of anti-HCV among blood donors. The prevalence of hepatitis B core antibodies (anti-HBc) was also studied to determine the routes of transmission of hepatitis C virus. The patients consisted of 65 dialysis patients (57 on haemodialysis and 8 on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis) and 71 leukaemia patients in long-term remission [49 with acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) and 22 with acute lymphatic leukaemia (ALL)]. The presence of anti-HCV was investigated using a second generation enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Reactive samples were confirmed by a second generation recombinant immunoblot assay. Anti-HBc was studied in the 65 dialysis patients and in 40 of the leukaemia patients. Three (4.6%) of the 65 dialysis patients and 12 (24.5%) of the 49 AML patients were anti-HCV positive whereas all of the ALL patients were seronegative. The total number of blood units transfused to 134 patients (data on two dialysis patients were not available) was 18,148, out of which 17,575 units had been transfused prior to the initiation of anti-HCV screening of blood donors. On the basis of the anti-HCV prevalence among blood donors and the incidence of post-transfusion hepatitis, the predicted number of seropositive patients was 11 and 18, respectively. Five of the 65 dialysis patients were anti-HBc positive, compared with only one of the 40 leukaemia patients.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)\nOutput:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "Adult,Aged,Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay,Female,Hepatitis Antibodies,Hepatitis C,Humans,Immunoblotting,Leukemia,Male,Middle Aged,Peritoneal Dialysis, Continuous Ambulatory,Prevalence,Renal Dialysis,Seroepidemiologic Studies" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "The task is to assign MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) terms to a given piece of biomedical literature. The input is the title and abastract of a biomedical literature. The output are a list of applicable MeSH terms.\n###\nInput: Title:Use of mu-conotoxin GIIIA for the study of synaptic transmission at the frog neuromuscular junction. Abstract:We have looked at the effect of synthetic mu-conotoxin GIIIA, a selective blocker of muscle Na channels, on various parameters of synaptic transmission at the frog sartorius nerve-muscle preparation. We found that 5 microM mu-conotoxin consistently blocked muscle action potentials, but had no effect on nerve action potentials. The toxin also had no effect on the amplitude or frequency of miniature endplate potentials (MEPPs), on the amplitude or time course of endplate potentials (EPPs), or on stimulation-induced changes in EPP amplitude. The lack of an effect of synthetic mu-conotoxin GIIIA on transmitter release makes this toxin an invaluable tool in the study of neuromuscular transmission under conditions of normal levels of release.\nOutput:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "Action Potentials,Animals,Conotoxins,Mollusk Venoms,Muscles,Neuromuscular Junction,Peptides, Cyclic,Peripheral Nerves,Rana pipiens,Sodium Channels,Synaptic Transmission" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "The task is to assign MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) terms to a given piece of biomedical literature. The input is the title and abastract of a biomedical literature. The output are a list of applicable MeSH terms.\n###\nInput: Title:Ultrastructural analysis of circulating cytomegalic cells in patients with active cytomegalovirus infection: evidence for virus production and endothelial origin. Abstract:The presence of cytomegalic inclusion cells in the peripheral blood of patients with an active cytomegalovirus infection has recently been demonstrated. Immunologic staining showed that these cells were of endothelial origin. Study of circulating cytomegalic cells by transmission electron microscopy showed the cells to be productively infected with cytomegalovirus. Viral capsids were present in the nucleus and virus particles and dense bodies were found in the cytoplasm. The results indicate that these circulating cytomegalic cells could disseminate cytomegalovirus throughout the body. In addition, the finding of a cluster of cytomegalic cells in the peripheral blood linked together by zonula adherens type cell junctions is further evidence that these cells are of endothelial origin and suggests that the endothelial damage may be extensive.\nOutput:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "Cell Nucleus,Cytomegalovirus,Cytomegalovirus Infections,Cytoplasm,Endothelium, Vascular,Female,Humans,Male,Middle Aged,Virus Replication" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "The task is to assign MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) terms to a given piece of biomedical literature. The input is the title and abastract of a biomedical literature. The output are a list of applicable MeSH terms.\n###\nInput: Title:Perioperative prophylaxis of venous thromboembolism. Abstract:Venous thromboembolism is an important cause of morbidity and mortality in hospitalized patients, causing 100,000 to 200,000 deaths per year in the United States. Patients undergoing surgery are at the highest risk of venous thromboembolism. The magnitude of this risk in a patient depends on the surgical procedure performed and the presence of other risk factors that predispose to venous thromboembolism. The clinical diagnosis of both deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism is notoriously inaccurate. Furthermore, two thirds of all fatal pulmonary emboli cause death within 30 minutes of the embolic episode, leaving little time for diagnostic work-up and effective treatment. Prophylactic treatment for prevention of venous thromboembolism is therefore important in these patients, and several effective mechanical and chemical methods for this purpose are available. The pathogenesis of deep vein thrombosis in the surgical patients, the predisposing risk factors, and the available prophylactic modalities are discussed in this article. Recommendations for the use of various approaches in different risk categories are provided.\nOutput:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "Humans,Intraoperative Complications,Postoperative Complications,Pulmonary Embolism,Risk Factors,Thrombophlebitis" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "The task is to assign MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) terms to a given piece of biomedical literature. The input is the title and abastract of a biomedical literature. The output are a list of applicable MeSH terms.\n###\nInput: Title:Turner syndrome and occlusion of the internal carotid artery. Abstract:A 2-year-old girl with Turner syndrome was admitted with left hemiplegia and left facial palsy. Serial cranial computed tomographic scan demonstrated multiple cerebral infarctions in the right putamen and right medial cortical areas. Single photon emission computed tomographic scan revealed hypoperfusion from the right frontal to the right temporal area. Right carotid angiography showed narrowing and occlusion of the right internal carotid artery at the sphenoidal portion. Collateral circulation was not detected between the external and internal carotid arteries. Left carotid angiography revealed that the left anterior artery was narrow, and that the left internal carotid artery provided blood to the right internal carotid artery through the anterior communicating artery. These findings suggested that the cerebrovascular abnormality might be due to congenital hypoplasia of arteries in this patient. The unusual combination of cerebral infarction and Turner syndrome was reported.\nOutput:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "Arterial Occlusive Diseases,Brain,Carotid Artery, Internal,Cerebral Angiography,Cerebral Infarction,Child, Preschool,Chromosome Aberrations,Chromosome Disorders,Cognition Disorders,Electroencephalography,Female,Humans,Magnetic Resonance Imaging,Tomography, X-Ray Computed,Turner Syndrome" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "The task is to assign MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) terms to a given piece of biomedical literature. The input is the title and abastract of a biomedical literature. The output are a list of applicable MeSH terms.\n###\nInput: Title:Purification and characterization of a mitogen-activated protein kinase tyrosine phosphatase from Xenopus eggs. Abstract:The mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases are serine-threonine protein kinases that are activated by tyrosine and threonine phosphorylation by the dual specificity protein kinase MEK (MAP kinase/ERK kinase). The present report describes the purification to near homogeneity and characterization of a protein tyrosine phosphatase from Xenopus laevis eggs that dephosphorylates MAP kinase phosphorylated by MEK. Bacterially expressed Xenopus MAP kinase phosphorylated by purified Xenopus MEK was used as substrate throughout the purification. The purification procedure included anion-exchange, cation-exchange, gel filtration, heparin-Sepharose, and chromatography on a column of thiophosphorylated MAP kinase-Sepharose, resulting in a > 3000-fold purification. Upon analysis by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, a protein of 47 kDa correlated with activity. The phosphatase showed absolute specificity toward phosphotyrosine and no activity toward phosphothreonyl-phosphoseryl residues of MAP kinase. The pH optimum of the enzyme was 7.0 with a Km of 9.0 microM for phosphorylated MAP kinase. The phosphatase was inhibited by ammonium molybdate (IC50, 2 microM), vanadate (IC50, 250 microM), millimolar concentrations of MnCl2, ZnCl2 and p-nitrophenylphosphate but not by okadaic acid or microcystin. This tyrosine phosphatase may be involved in deactivating MAP kinase in vivo.\nOutput:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "Animals,Chromatography, Affinity,Chromatography, Gel,Electrophoresis, Gel, Two-Dimensional,Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel,Enzyme Activation,MAP Kinase Kinase 1,Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Kinases,Oocytes,Phosphorylation,Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases,Protein-Tyrosine Kinases,Substrate Specificity,Xenopus laevis" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "The task is to assign MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) terms to a given piece of biomedical literature. The input is the title and abastract of a biomedical literature. The output are a list of applicable MeSH terms.\n###\nInput: Title:Recent evaluations of thiosemicarbazones and semicarbazones and related compounds for antineoplastic and anticonvulsant activities. Abstract:The antineoplastic activities of various carbocyclic, acylic and heterocyclic thiosemicarbazones as well as a number of semicarbazones are outlined. In addition, the anticonvulsant properties of a variety of cyclic and acyclic thiosemicarbazones and semicarbazones are discussed.\nOutput:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "Animals,Anticonvulsants,Antineoplastic Agents,Humans,Semicarbazones,Thiosemicarbazones" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "The task is to assign MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) terms to a given piece of biomedical literature. The input is the title and abastract of a biomedical literature. The output are a list of applicable MeSH terms.\n###\nInput: Title:Isomeric selectivity at dopamine D3 receptors. Abstract:Racemic 7-hydroxy-N,N-dipropylaminotetralin (7-OH-DPAT) shows greater affinity for limbic-selective dopamine D3 receptors than for more ubiquitous dopamine D2 receptors. R(+)-7-OH-DPAT was prepared and evaluated in radioreceptor assays using membranes of fibroblasts expressing the human dopamine D3 receptor as well as rat striatal membranes containing dopamine D2 receptors. This enantiomer had 2-fold greater D3 affinity than the racemate and similarly greater D3 vs. D2 selectivity (64-fold). The results may facilitate development of D3 selective agents and evaluation of functions of these receptors.\nOutput:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "Animals,Cells, Cultured,Corpus Striatum,Fibroblasts,Humans,Radioligand Assay,Rats,Receptors, Dopamine,Receptors, Dopamine D2,Receptors, Dopamine D3,Salicylamides,Stereoisomerism,Tetrahydronaphthalenes,Transfection" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "The task is to assign MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) terms to a given piece of biomedical literature. The input is the title and abastract of a biomedical literature. The output are a list of applicable MeSH terms.\n###\nInput: Title:Effects of energy and protein intakes on pregnancy outcome: an overview of the research evidence from controlled clinical trials. Abstract:This overview summarizes the evidence from controlled clinical trials bearing on the effects of energy and protein intakes during gestation on the outcome of pregnancy, based on meta-analyses of reports contained in the Oxford Database of Perinatal Trials. Trials of nutritional advice to increase energy and protein intakes, and of balanced energy and protein supplementation, have demonstrated only modest increases in maternal weight gain and fetal growth, even in undernourished women, and no long-term benefits to the child in terms of growth or neurocognitive development. Neither balanced isoenergetic protein supplementation nor high-protein supplementation appears beneficial to either mother or infant and may even impair fetal growth. The same can be said for energy and protein restriction in pregnant women who are overweight or exhibit high weight gain. Future trials should concentrate on prevention of preterm birth and fetal and neonatal death; such trials will require substantially larger sample sizes than those used in the past.\nOutput:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "Energy Intake,Female,Humans,Nutritional Requirements,Pregnancy,Pregnancy Outcome,Proteins" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "The task is to assign MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) terms to a given piece of biomedical literature. The input is the title and abastract of a biomedical literature. The output are a list of applicable MeSH terms.\n###\nInput: Title:Breast cancer malpractice litigation in New York State. Abstract:To identify causes of purported malpractice in diagnosis and treatment of breast cancer.\nOutput:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "Adult,Breast Neoplasms,Female,Gynecology,Humans,Internal Medicine,Malpractice,Mammography,Middle Aged,New York,Obstetrics,Time Factors" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "The task is to assign MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) terms to a given piece of biomedical literature. The input is the title and abastract of a biomedical literature. The output are a list of applicable MeSH terms.\n###\nInput: Title:Multiple-dose pharmacokinetics of moxisylyte after oral administration to healthy volunteers. Abstract:The pharmacokinetics of moxisylyte in plasma and urine was investigated after oral administration. Twelve subjects were treated orally, twice daily with 240 mg of the drug for 6 days; on day 7, the subjects received a last dose of 240 mg of moxisylyte. Moxisylyte was assayed in plasma and urine by a specific HPLC method with fluorimetric detection. Moxisylyte was absorbed rapidly and changed to its metabolites immediately after drug administration; unchanged moxisylyte was not found in plasma. Two metabolites were found in plasma and urine: conjugated desacetylmoxisylyte (DAM) and the conjugate of desmethylated DAM (MDAM). The pharmacokinetic parameters determined after the first oral administration were not modified on multiple dosing. The apparent elimination half-lives of conjugated DAM and MDAM were 2.3 and 3.5 h, respectively. Elimination of these two metabolites in urine averaged 50 and 10%, respectively.\nOutput:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "Administration, Oral,Adult,Biotransformation,Blood Pressure,Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid,Female,Half-Life,Heart Rate,Humans,Male,Moxisylyte,Spectrometry, Fluorescence,Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "The task is to assign MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) terms to a given piece of biomedical literature. The input is the title and abastract of a biomedical literature. The output are a list of applicable MeSH terms.\n###\nInput: Title:Effect of capsazepine on the release of calcitonin gene-related peptide-like immunoreactivity (CGRP-LI) induced by low pH, capsaicin and potassium in rat soleus muscle. Abstract:1. We have determined the effect of the competitive antagonist capsazepine at the capsaicin receptor on the release of calcitonin gene-related peptide-like immunoreactivity (CGRP-LI) from rat isolated soleus muscle induced by capsaicin (1 microM), by superfusion with low pH medium (pH 5) or by KCl (80 mM). 2. Each one of the three stimuli tested produced a marked CGRP-LI release. Total evoked release (fmol g-1) was 482 +/- 69, 169 +/- 20 and 253 +/- 43 for capsiacin, low pH medium and KCL, respectively. 3. Prior application of capsiacin (10 microM for 30 min followed by 30 min of washout) to produce capasaicin desensitization in vitro abolished CGRP-LI release induced by the three stimuli. 4. Capsazepine (1-100 microM, 45 min preincubation) inhibited the evoked CGRP-LI release. Capsaicin-induced release was significantly inhibited by 77, 92 and 96% with 10, 30 and 100 microM capsazepine, respectively. Low pH-induced release was inhibited by 78, 84, 88 and 93% with 3, 10, 30 and 100 microM capsazepine, respectively. KCl-induced release was significantly inhibited by 55 and 93% with 30 and 100 microM (but not with 10 microM) capsazepine, respectively. 5. These findings demonstrate that capsazepine prevents low pH- and capsaicin-induced CGRP-LI release from rat soleus muscle at concentrations which do not affect the release evoked by KCl. These findings imply a relationship between the action of low pH and activation of the capsaicin receptor. At high concentrations, capsazepine produces a nonspecific inhibitory effect on CGRP-LI release from peripheral endings of the capsaicin-sensitive primary afferent neurone.\nOutput:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "Animals,Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide,Capsaicin,Hydrogen-Ion Concentration,In Vitro Techniques,Male,Muscles,Neurons, Afferent,Potassium,Rats,Rats, Wistar" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "The task is to assign MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) terms to a given piece of biomedical literature. The input is the title and abastract of a biomedical literature. The output are a list of applicable MeSH terms.\n###\nInput: Title:Perioperative arrhythmia associated with aortic valve stenosis. Abstract:Peri-operative arrhythmia is one of the major complications in anaesthesia for valve replacement surgery in patients with aortic stenosis. In this retrospective study, 58 patients with sinus rhythm were investigated from induction of anaesthesia until arrival at the recovery room by close haemodynamic monitoring and Holter ECG recording. After cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB), they received either lidocaine (L, n = 35) or mexiletine (M, n = 23) via infusion for 24 hours. Pre-bypass incidence was 14% for supraventricular (SPBs) and 19% for ventricular serious arrhythmia (VPBs), i.e. high-grade forms which indicate possible deterioration and may require therapy (for all arrhythmia, incidences were 45 resp. 28%). VPBs was independently related to impaired left ventricular function (11 patients) and preoperative digitalis therapy (20 patients) but not to severity of stenosis, serum concentration of potassium (between 3.3 and 5.2 meq/l), or any other clinical parameters. Post-bypass incidence was SPBs 11% and VPBs 33%, the latter representing a significant increase compared to the first period (p < 0.03)--(all arrhythmia: 26 resp. 40%). VPBs was related to the need for multiple therapy including catecholamines and antiarrhythmic agents other than L or M, but no longer to preoperative parameters nor duration of intraoperative ischaemia. Incidences of arrhythmia for L and M were identical. While in these patients digitalis therapy may account for arrhythmia also in general anaesthesia, in valve replacement there is a post-bypass increase in VPBs which is not fully explained. Since the incidence is 33% in spite of anti-arrhythmic therapy, both administered class IB drugs may not be the best therapeutic approach.\nOutput:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "Aged,Aortic Valve Stenosis,Arrhythmias, Cardiac,Digitalis,Diuretics,Female,Hemodynamics,Humans,Intraoperative Complications,Male,Middle Aged,Plants, Medicinal,Plants, Toxic,Postoperative Complications" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "The task is to assign MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) terms to a given piece of biomedical literature. The input is the title and abastract of a biomedical literature. The output are a list of applicable MeSH terms.\n###\nInput: Title:Evaluation of the physicochemical properties and dissolution characteristics of mesalamine: relevance to controlled intestinal drug delivery. Abstract:The physicochemical properties of mesalamine and the effect of pH and buffer concentration on the dissolution rate of pure mesalamine and mesalamine with Carbopol 974P were investigated. The aqueous solubilities at 25 and 37 degrees C were 0.844 and 1.41 mg/mL, respectively. Consistent with the observed pKa1 (2.30) and pKa2 (5.69) or mesalamine, the solubility-pH profile is increased at pH < 2.0 and pH > 5.5 and is minimized from pH 2.0 to pH 5.5. The flux data were consistent with the solubility data from pH 1.0 to pH 5.5. The flux increased and plateaued at pH values 5.5 to 7.0 and was dependent on the bulk buffer concentration. At low bulk buffer concentrations, mesalamine reduces the pH in the diffusion layer, which results in a decrease in flux. The medium with the highest buffer capacity has a greater ability to increase the surface pH and dissolution rate. The addition of Carbopol reduces the flux and the sensitivity of the dissolution rate of mesalamine to increasing bulk buffer concentration. This reduction is postulated to be due to neutralization of the basic dissolution media, gel formation, and possible drug-polymer interactions.\nOutput:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "Acrylic Resins,Aminosalicylic Acids,Buffers,Chemical Phenomena,Chemistry, Physical,Delayed-Action Preparations,Hydrogen-Ion Concentration,Mesalamine,Polyvinyls,Salicylates,Salicylic Acid,Solubility,Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "The task is to assign MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) terms to a given piece of biomedical literature. The input is the title and abastract of a biomedical literature. The output are a list of applicable MeSH terms.\n###\nInput: Title:[Intracranial chordoma. Case report of a destructively growing chondroid chordoma in the area of the sella turcica]. Abstract:Evaluating the literature a short survey is given about chordomas of intracranial localization. A case of a chondroid chordoma growing destructively in the base of the skull is described. Because of the localisation in the region of the sella turcica the first diagnosis was an adenoma of the hypophysis or craniopharyngioma. Although it is a chondroid chordoma 14 months after operation a recidive tumour was seen.\nOutput:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "Chordoma,Humans,Pituitary Neoplasms,Sella Turcica,Tomography, X-Ray Computed" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "The task is to assign MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) terms to a given piece of biomedical literature. The input is the title and abastract of a biomedical literature. The output are a list of applicable MeSH terms.\n###\nInput: Title:Identification of the nerve terminal targets of botulinum neurotoxin serotypes A, D, and E. Abstract:Botulinum neurotoxins are metalloproteins with one zinc atom bound to the zinc binding motif of zinc endopeptidases. Here we show that botulinum neurotoxin serotypes A, D, and E are zinc endoproteases specific for components of the synaptic vesicle docking and fusion complex. Serotypes A and E cleave SNAP-25, a 25-kDa protein of the synaptic terminal, while serotype D is specific for VAMP/synaptobrevin, a membrane protein of synaptic vesicles. Both rat brain VAMP isoforms are cleaved at a single Lys-Leu peptide bond. The proteolytic activity of these neurotoxins is inhibited by EDTA and captopril.\nOutput:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "Amino Acid Sequence,Animals,Botulinum Toxins,Hydrolysis,Membrane Proteins,Molecular Sequence Data,Nerve Tissue Proteins,R-SNARE Proteins,Rats,Synaptosomes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "The task is to assign MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) terms to a given piece of biomedical literature. The input is the title and abastract of a biomedical literature. The output are a list of applicable MeSH terms.\n###\nInput: Title:32P-postlabeling of DNA adducts of styrene-exposed lamination workers. Abstract:Lamination workers are exposed to high concentrations of styrene. A postlabeling method was developed for the detection of styrene-specific DNA adducts of the workers. To synthesize a standard, styrene oxide was reacted with 2'-deoxyguanosine 3'-monophosphate (dGMP) and the O6-dGMP-adduct was isolated and characterized. The human samples were assayed by the nuclease P1 version of the 32P-postlabeling technique, using magnet transfer of the adducts in chromatography. The human samples were spiked with the standards to ensure identification and quantitation. In lamination workers the O6-adducts, adjusted for adduct recovery, were detected at a level of 5 adducts/10(8) nucleotides, over five times the level in the controls.\nOutput:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "Chromatography, Thin Layer,DNA,Deoxyguanine Nucleotides,Humans,Middle Aged,Occupational Exposure,Phosphorus Radioisotopes,Plastics,Styrene,Styrenes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "The task is to assign MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) terms to a given piece of biomedical literature. The input is the title and abastract of a biomedical literature. The output are a list of applicable MeSH terms.\n###\nInput: Title:Morphology of the bone that supports endosteal dental implants. Transmission electron microscopic and high voltage electron microscopic observations. Abstract:The morphologic features of the bone-dental implant interface were investigated using an in vivo dog model. The undecalcified bone and associated support tissues were serially sectioned and examined with both conventional and high voltage transmission electron microscopy. A varied morphologic appearance of the tissues supporting clinically and radiographically appearing integrated implants was observed. Osteoblasts were observed at the implant interface, and osteocytes were routinely seen encased within lacunae extremely close to the implant surface. Often these osteocytes extended cellular projections to the implant surface. The variable tissue types observed were suggestive of healthy lamellar and appositional type mineralization patterns adjacent to the implants.\nOutput:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "Animals,Bone Matrix,Dental Implantation, Endosseous,Dental Implants,Dogs,Mandible,Microscopy, Electron,Osseointegration,Osteoblasts,Osteocytes" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "The task is to assign MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) terms to a given piece of biomedical literature. The input is the title and abastract of a biomedical literature. The output are a list of applicable MeSH terms.\n###\nInput: Title:Retention and survival of hostel residents--a 12 year study. Abstract:The admission of a proportion of disabled people to hostels is inevitably followed by their transfer to nursing homes. Our hypothesis was that such admissions are justified in terms of quality of life and the cost to the community, notwithstanding the necessity of subsequent transfer.\nOutput:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "Aged,Aged, 80 and over,Female,Homes for the Aged,Humans,Length of Stay,Male,Nursing Homes,Patient Transfer,Retrospective Studies,Survival Analysis,Western Australia" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "The task is to assign MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) terms to a given piece of biomedical literature. The input is the title and abastract of a biomedical literature. The output are a list of applicable MeSH terms.\n###\nInput: Title:Lymphocytes and macrophages outnumber oligodendroglia in normal fish spinal cord. Abstract:As shown by staining with a monoclonal antibody against fish CD45, leukocytes are present in very large numbers in the fish central nervous system. Their subtypes were distinguished by electron microscopy and found to include all major hematogenous forms except thrombocytes, the most numerous being tissue macrophages and lymphocytes. As a population, they differ fundamentally from ramified microglia, the restricted form of myeloid cells present in the central nervous system in mammals. They are rare in most grey matter regions but are concentrated in myelinated fiber tracts as well as in certain strata of the radial glial network. The macrophages engulf discarded myelin and outnumber the oligodendrocytes in normal spinal cord white matter, where the density of lymphocytes is > 5000-fold greater than reported in rat.\nOutput:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "Animals,Antibodies, Monoclonal,Fluorescent Antibody Technique,Immunohistochemistry,Leukocyte Common Antigens,Leukocytes,Lymphocytes,Macrophages,Microscopy, Electron,Oligodendroglia,Spinal Cord,Tilapia" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "The task is to assign MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) terms to a given piece of biomedical literature. The input is the title and abastract of a biomedical literature. The output are a list of applicable MeSH terms.\n###\nInput: Title:Is age less than 1 year a high-risk category for orthotopic liver transplantation? Abstract:The aim of this study was to determine if age less than 1 year is a high risk group for orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT). Retrospective analysis was done of patients with liver failure who received OLT. Comparison was made between patients aged < 1 year and > 1 year with regard to survival, allograft survival, hepatic artery thrombosis, and medical status at OLT. Between January 1, 1987 and September 30, 1991, 46 children received OLT. Fifteen (35%) were < 1 year (average age, 7.93 months). Survival in children < 1 year was 80% and children > 1 year was 91%. Allograft survival in children < 1 year was 57% (21 allografts required for 12 survivors) and 78% in children > 1 year (37 allografts required for 29 survivors). Retransplantation was required in 5 of 15 children < 1 year (33%) and in 5 of 29 children (17%) > 1 year. Medical status in children < 1 year was similar to medical status in children > 1 year at the time of transplant. Children with chronic stable liver disease represented 60% of children < 1 year and 60.1% of children > 1 year. Children requiring hospitalization represented 26% of children < 1 year and 29% of children > 1 year. Children in intensive care represented 13% of children < 1 year and 11% of children > 1 year. Survival for all status groups was similar. Hepatic artery thrombosis occurred in one child < 1 year and in 2 children > 1 year. No statistical difference (chi 2 analysis) was found by age between the categories evaluated.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)\nOutput:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "Biliary Atresia,Child,Child, Preschool,Female,Graft Rejection,Humans,Infant,Liver Transplantation,Male,Postoperative Complications,Reoperation,Retrospective Studies,Risk Factors,Survival Rate" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "The task is to assign MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) terms to a given piece of biomedical literature. The input is the title and abastract of a biomedical literature. The output are a list of applicable MeSH terms.\n###\nInput: Title:A comparative bioavailability study on two sustained-release formulations of diclofenac sodium following a single dose administration. Abstract:A single dose comparative bioavailability study and an in vitro evaluation were conducted on two sustained-release formulations of diclofenac sodium (Voltaren \"V\" and Diclogesic \"D\"). The two products were found similar in weight and content uniformity. The in vitro dissolution, however, revealed that product D has a significantly faster rate of drug release compared to product V. The bioavailability study was carried out on 15 healthy male volunteers, who received a single oral dose (100 mg tablet) of each product according to a randomized crossover design. Blood samples were obtained over a 12 h period, and drug concentrations were determined by an HPLC assay. The two products were not found to be statistically different with respect to the lag time between dosing and appearance of the drug in the serum (0.8 +/- 0.2 and 0.6 +/- 0.1 h for V and D, respectively), or in the time needed to attain the peak concentrations (4.5 +/- 0.8 and 4.1 +/- 0.9 h for V and D, respectively). The two products, however, varied in the peak serum concentration (736 +/- 125 and 536 +/- 63 ng.ml-1 for V and D, respectively), but this difference was not statistically significance. In terms of the extent of absorption, assessed by estimating the area under the concentration-time curve over 12 h, the two products were not significantly different (3,340 +/- 270 and 3,045 +/- 294 ng.h.ml-1 for V and D, respectively). These in vitro and in vivo findings indicate that Diclogesic is characterized by sustained-release properties which are comparable to Voltaren.\nOutput:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "Administration, Oral,Adult,Biological Availability,Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid,Delayed-Action Preparations,Diclofenac,Drug Tolerance,Humans,Male" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "The task is to assign MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) terms to a given piece of biomedical literature. The input is the title and abastract of a biomedical literature. The output are a list of applicable MeSH terms.\n###\nInput: Title:Aortic pathology revealed by MRI in patients with clinical suspicion of spinal disease. Abstract:In five patients with clinical suspicion of spinal disease, MRI of the spine revealed unexpected aortic pathology explaining the symptoms. No significant intraspinal pathology was found on MRI. However, in one patient with clinical suspicion of spinal stenosis, an aortic occlusion was detected on MR images of the spine. The lower extremity ischaemia, caused by the occlusion, was responsible for the symptoms. In another patient a paravertebral haematoma from a ruptured aortic aneurysm resulted in spinal nerve compression, thought before MRI to be caused by a spinal tumour. In three patients aortic aneurysm or dissection resulted in spinal cord ischaemia with symptoms mimicking those of compressive spinal disease. Thus, if MRI of the spine does not provide an explanation for the patient's symptoms, examination of the aorta is recommended.\nOutput:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "Aged,Aortic Dissection,Aorta, Abdominal,Aortic Aneurysm, Abdominal,Aortic Diseases,Aortic Rupture,Diagnosis, Differential,Female,Humans,Magnetic Resonance Imaging,Male,Middle Aged,Spinal Diseases,Spinal Neoplasms,Thrombosis" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "The task is to assign MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) terms to a given piece of biomedical literature. The input is the title and abastract of a biomedical literature. The output are a list of applicable MeSH terms.\n###\nInput: Title:Selective impairment of the cytoplasmic Ca2+ response to glucose in pancreatic beta cells of streptozocin-induced non-insulin-dependent diabetic rats. Abstract:Pancreatic islets from the streptozocin-induced non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) rat model showed a diminished insulin response to 16.7 mmol/L glucose, but the insulin response to arginine remained intact. To evaluate the importance of intracellular calcium concentration ([Ca2+]i) in the diminished insulin response to glucose, the [Ca2+]i of pancreatic beta cells was investigated using fura-2. Glucose produced heterogeneous responses of [Ca2+]i, which were in beta-cell clusters of both the control and NIDDM groups. Many cells showed initial slight decreases of [Ca2+]i, which were followed by gradual and large increments of [Ca2+]i after glucose stimulation of beta cells in the control group. On the other hand, the increase of [Ca2+]i in response to glucose was markedly diminished in beta cells of the NIDDM group compared with controls. The average lag time to [Ca2+]i elevation of beta cells in the NIDDM group was significantly longer than that of the control group. Arginine produced marked increases of [Ca2+]i, in contrast to the effect of glucose stimulation in the NIDDM group. These results suggest that the diminished and delayed [Ca2+]i increases in beta cells of NIDDM rats in response to glucose stimulation are responsible for the selectively impaired insulin response to glucose in the rat model of NIDDM.\nOutput:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "Animals,Animals, Newborn,Arginine,Calcium,Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental,Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2,Disease Models, Animal,Dose-Response Relationship, Drug,Glucose,Insulin,Insulin Secretion,Islets of Langerhans,Male,Rats,Rats, Wistar,Streptozocin,Time Factors" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "The task is to assign MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) terms to a given piece of biomedical literature. The input is the title and abastract of a biomedical literature. The output are a list of applicable MeSH terms.\n###\nInput: Title:Difference in laminin expression between high and low metastatic cell clones derived from murine Lewis lung carcinoma. Abstract:We investigated the expression of laminin in two cell lines with different metastatic potentials established from murine Lewis lung carcinoma. Immunostaining of the cells with anti-laminin antibody and Northern blot analysis of laminin mRNA demonstrated that the high metastatic clone expressed less laminin than the low metastatic one. In contrast, expressions of 67 kDa-laminin receptor were at similar levels between these two lines. These findings show the possibility that endogenous laminin may contribute to the difference in metastatic properties in the murine Lewis lung carcinoma cell lines examined.\nOutput:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "Animals,Blotting, Northern,Clone Cells,Fibronectins,Gene Expression,Immunochemistry,Laminin,Lung Neoplasms,Mice,Mice, Inbred C57BL,Neoplasm Metastasis,Receptors, Laminin,Tumor Cells, Cultured" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "The task is to assign MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) terms to a given piece of biomedical literature. The input is the title and abastract of a biomedical literature. The output are a list of applicable MeSH terms.\n###\nInput: Title:The importance of specific gamma-carboxyglutamic acid residues in prothrombin. Evaluation by site-specific mutagenesis. Abstract:Prothrombin has 10 gamma-carboxyglutamic acid residues which are essential for the metal ion binding properties and membrane binding function of the protein. To assess the importance of each gamma-carboxyglutamic acid residue we made, by site directed mutagenesis, a series of mutant human prothrombins each with a single glutamic acid to aspartic acid substitution at positions 6, 7, 14, 16, 19, 20, 25, 26, 29, or 32 which are gamma-carboxylated in native prothrombin. Along with wild-type prothrombin, the prothrombin mutants were expressed in Chinese hamster ovary cells, purified by immunoaffinity chromatography using polyclonal anti-prothrombin antibodies, and shown by amino acid analysis to contain the expected number of gamma-carboxyglutamic acid residues. Only substitution of gamma-carboxyglutamic acid 6 with aspartic acid yields a protein with procoagulant activity, affinity for phospholipid and KM(app) for prothrombinase indistinguishable from wild-type prothrombin. In contrast, the conservative gamma-carboxyglutamic acid to aspartic acid mutation at positions 16, 26, or 29 results in proteins with little or no procoagulant activity, Kd(app) for binding to phospholipid at least 200-fold higher than wild-type prothrombin and a KM(app) for interaction with the prothrombinase complex nearly 100-fold higher than wild-type prothrombin. The mutations at residues 7, 14, 19, 20, 25, or 32 yielded proteins with intermediate procoagulant activities, between 15 and 52% of wild-type prothrombin. These data have been interpreted to suggest that there are certain gamma-carboxyglutamic acid residues which are important to maintaining the basic structure of the calcium-liganded Gla domain while other gamma-carboxyglutamic acid residues subserve other functions including membrane binding and interdomain interactions.\nOutput:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "1-Carboxyglutamic Acid,Amino Acid Sequence,Animals,Binding Sites,CHO Cells,Cattle,Cricetinae,Humans,Kinetics,Molecular Sequence Data,Mutagenesis, Site-Directed,Phospholipids,Prothrombin,Thromboplastin" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "The task is to assign MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) terms to a given piece of biomedical literature. The input is the title and abastract of a biomedical literature. The output are a list of applicable MeSH terms.\n###\nInput: Title:Analysis of macrophage functions in Rous sarcoma-induced tumor regressor and progressor 6.B congenic chickens. Abstract:Macrophage functional competence was studied in two congenic chicken lines 6.6-2 (B2B2) and 6.15-5 (B5B5) which are regressors and progressors, respectively, of Rous sarcoma-induced tumors. Sephadex-elicited abdominal exudate cells (AEC) were harvested from 4-week-old chickens to determine their total number, glass adherence potential, percentage of adherent macrophages and phagocytosis of antibody coated (ops) and uncoated (unops) sheep red blood cells (SRBC). Tumoricidal abilities of culture medium conditioned with lipopolysaccharide treated macrophages and of macrophages cocultured with target cells were assessed against 51Cr-labelled tumor cell targets. The congenic lines did not differ in total AEC or percent macrophages. However, AEC from B5B5 birds exhibited significantly lower (P < 0.05) glass-adherence potential than AEC from B2B2 birds exhibited significantly lower (P < 0.05) glass-adherence potential than AEC from B2B2 birds. The percentage of phagocytic macrophages did not differ between lines for unop-SRBC, whereas a higher percentage of B5B5 compared with B2B2 birds (P < 0.05) macrophages phagocytized ops-SRBC. Macrophages from B5B5 birds had significantly (P < 0.05) lower activity in both tumoricidal tests. These results imply that the tumor progression in B5B5 birds is associated with reduced activation of macrophages towards a tumoricidal pathway.\nOutput:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "Animals,Avian Sarcoma Viruses,Chickens,Cytotoxicity, Immunologic,Genotype,Haplotypes,Macrophage Activation,Macrophages,Phagocytosis,Sarcoma, Avian" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "The task is to assign MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) terms to a given piece of biomedical literature. The input is the title and abastract of a biomedical literature. The output are a list of applicable MeSH terms.\n###\nInput: Title:PDRD--a computer-based primary care decision support system. Abstract:This article identifies the current stage of development and assessment of computer-assisted decision support systems in the domain of general practice. Physician's Desk Reference and Database (PDRD), an electronic medical database, is presented, and a plan for assessment of PDRD is briefly discussed.\nOutput:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "Artificial Intelligence,Attitude to Computers,CD-ROM,Decision Making, Computer-Assisted,Europe,Family Practice,Finland,Grateful Med,MEDLINE,Microcomputers,Primary Health Care,Software" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "The task is to assign MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) terms to a given piece of biomedical literature. The input is the title and abastract of a biomedical literature. The output are a list of applicable MeSH terms.\n###\nInput: Title:Myc amplification: regulation of myc function. Abstract:The myc oncogenes have been implicated in the control of cell proliferation in both normal and neoplastic cells. There is increasing evidence that Myc proteins function as transcriptional regulators of other genes apparently involved in the control of cell proliferation. The effects of Myc on both gene expression and cell growth are differentially regulated by the recently described Max and delta Max proteins that can either cooperate or compete with Myc for sequence-specific DNA binding.\nOutput:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "Gene Amplification,Genes, myc,Humans,Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-myc" } ]

[ { "from": "human", "value": "The task is to assign MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) terms to a given piece of biomedical literature. The input is the title and abastract of a biomedical literature. The output are a list of applicable MeSH terms.\n###\nInput: Title:Agonist-induced down-regulation and antagonist-induced up-regulation of m2- and m3-muscarinic acetylcholine receptor mRNA and protein in cultured cerebellar granule cells. Abstract:Cerebellar granule cells express m2- and m3-muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChRs) and their corresponding mRNA with m3-mAChR being the predominant receptor subtype. After stimulation with the mAChR agonist, carbachol, m2- and m3-mAChR mRNA levels were decreased in a time- and concentration-dependent manner with the maximal down-regulation at 2 and 8 hr, respectively. Immunoprecipitation studies revealed that amounts of m2- and m3-mAChR protein also decreased at 8 and 24 hr, respectively. The carbachol-induced down-regulation of m3-mAChR mRNA was associated with a decrease in the transcription rate, but a substantial enhancement of the mRNA stability. Upon removal of carbachol after treatment for 8 hr, the levels of m3-mAChR mRNA and mAChR binding sites returned to their original values with a t1/2 of approximately 80 min and 6 hr, respectively. The carbachol-elicited loss of m2- and m3-mAChR mRNA was blocked by their corresponding receptor subtype-specific antagonists, AF-DX 116 (m2-selective) and 4-diphenylacetoxy-N-methylpiperidine methiodide (4-DAMP) (m3-selective), and was concurrent with an increase in c-fos mRNA levels. Exposure of granule cells to the nonselective mAChR antagonist, atropine, caused a time- and concentration-dependent increase in the level of both m2- and m3-mAChR mRNA and mAChR binding sites. At 24 hr, immunoprecipitable m3-mAChR protein was predominantly increased. The atropine-induced up-regulation of m3-mAChR mRNA was concurrent with a marked enhancement of the mRNA stability and its transcription rate. The elevated levels of m3-mAChR mRNA and binding sites declined to their untreated values after the removal of atropine. Treatment with AF-DX 116 and 4-DAMP also produced an increase in the level of m2- and m3-mAChR mRNA and their corresponding immunoprecipitable receptor protein. These results demonstrate that the mAChR agonist and antagonist induce a down- and up-regulation of mAChR expression, respectively, through receptor-mediated mechanisms in cerebellar granule cells. Moreover, at least for m3-mAChR mRNA, the agonist- and antagonist-induced effects are reversible and associated with corresponding changes in the transcription rate of this receptor mRNA species.\nOutput:\n" }, { "from": "agent", "value": "Animals,Atropine,Carbachol,Cells, Cultured,Cerebellum,Down-Regulation,Parasympatholytics,Parasympathomimetics,Piperidines,Pirenzepine,RNA, Messenger,Rats,Rats, Sprague-Dawley,Receptors, Muscarinic,Up-Regulation" } ]