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Support for Watchdog Role Persists. Support Views of Press Accuracy Decline

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Nonetheless, most Americans continue to support the so-called “watchdog role” for the press. In fact, the percentage of Americans saying that press criticism of political leaders keeps them “from doing things that should not be done” is nearly as high now — at 62% — as it was in Pew Research’s first poll in 1985 (67%) when views of the news media were far less negative than they are today. In 15 surveys since that initial poll, majorities have said that press criticism of political leaders keeps them from doing things that should not be done. Support for the press’s watchdog role has continued even as positive views of press performance have plummeted. In Pew Research’s most recent survey of press attitudes, released Sept. 13, just 29% said that news organizations get the facts straight; in 1985, nearly double that percentage (55%) said news stories were accurate.

https://www.pewresearch.org/2009/10/02/strong-support-for-watchdog-role-despite-public-criticism-of-news-media/

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Support for Watchdog Role Persists. | Support Views of Press Accuracy Decline | 80 | 60 | 55 | 40 | 20 | 1985 1989 I 993 1997 2001 2005 2009 | Press criticism prevents political wrongdoing | Press get facts straight

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In Florida, registered voter partisan gap has narrowed Registered voters in Florida, in thousands

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There currently are 5.30 million registered Democrats and 5.17 million registered Republicans in the state – an edge of about 134,000 voters in favor of the Democrats. But the size of that margin has fallen from 327,000 in 2016 and 658,000 in 2008.

https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2020/10/20/democrats-advantage-over-republicans-among-florida-registered-voters-has-shrunk-since-2016/

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U.S. Politics & Policy

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In Florida, registered voter partisan gap | has narrowed | Registered voters in Florida, in thousands | Re publican Democrat | No party affiliation | 5,303 | 4.878 | 4, .782 | 4,722 | 5,169 | 4,550 | 4,246 | 4.064 | 3,753 | 3,090 | 2,573 | 2, 103 | 2012 | 2016 | 2008 | 2020 | Note: For 2008 to 2020, data reflect book closing numbers prior to | the November presidential election. Data show active registered | voters. Percentages calculated before rounding. | Source: Pew Research Center analysis of Florida Division of | Elections data. | PEW RESEARCH CENTER

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Visiting Shrines of Muslim Saints %who say visiting shrines of saints is acceptable

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When asked whether it is acceptable in Islam to visit shrines of Muslim saints, Iraqi Muslims are split along sectarian lines, with Shias nearly unanimous in their approval (98%), compared with roughly two-thirds of Sunnis (65%) who say it is acceptable. Likewise, in neighboring Iran, the vast majority of Iranian Shias (89%) say it is acceptable to visit shrines of saints, but only 28% of Sunnis agree. In some countries with very few Shias, Sunni Muslims are even less accepting of such practices: as few as 4% of Egyptian Sunnis and 3% of Jordanian Sunnis say visiting shrines is permissible.

https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2013/11/14/muslim-holiday-of-ashura-brings-into-focus-shia-sunni-differences/

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Religion & Public Life

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Visiting Shrines of Muslim Saints | %who say visiting shrines of saints is acceptable | Shias Sunnis | 99 | Lebanon | 98 | 98 | firaq | 93 | Azerbaijan | 92 | Afghanistan | 89 | Iran | 28 | PEW RESEARCH CENTER Globa Survey of Muslims Q428

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FIGURE1 Total Remittances Received in Latin America and Mexico, 2000-2013 In millions, 2013 U.S. dollars 40 .000

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Remittances to Spanish-speaking Latin American countries overall have recovered from a decline during the recent recession, with the notable exception of Mexico, according to World Bank data analyzed by the Pew Research Center.

https://www.pewresearch.org/hispanic/2013/11/15/remittances-to-latin-america-recover-but-not-to-mexico/

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Hispanic Trends

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FIGURE1 | Total Remittances Received in Latin America and | Mexico, 2000-2013 | In millions, 2013 U.S. dollars | 40 .000 | 35. LOOO | Other Latin America | 30, LOOO | 25, LOOO | 20 LOOO | Mexico | 15, 000 | 10, 000 | 5,000 | 2000 | 2002 | 2004 | 2006 | 2008 | 2010 | 2013 | Notes: Shading indicates U.S. recession. 2013are World Bank estimates "Other Republic, Latin | America comprises Argentina, Bolivia Chile Nicaragua Colombia Costa Rica Paraguay, Dominican "Other Republic, Uruguay | Ecuador, El Sa Ivador Guatemala Honduras Nicaragua Panama Paraguay, Peru, Republic, Uruguay | and Venezuela. Remitta noe flows for 2005 -2013 use a differentmethodology Paraguay, than Uruguay 2000- | 2004: for more details see text box. | Source World Bank Annual Remitta noes Data Inflows Oct. 2013 | http.) /go. .wor rlabank.ory.co2x.chndo | PEW RESEARCH CENTER

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Nearly half of young women in the U.S. workforce now have a bachelor's degree % of employed.25- to 29-year- olds with a bachelor's degree employed.25- or more

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Asian workers in the U.S. are the most likely to have completed at least a bachelor’s degree. In 2016, about two-thirds (65%) of Asian workers ages 25 to 29 had at least a bachelor’s degree, compared with 47% of white workers in this age group. And although the share of young black and Hispanic workers who are college educated has grown, just 27% of black Millennial workers and 21% of Hispanic Millennial workers held a bachelor’s degree in 2016.

https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/05/16/todays-young-workers-are-more-likely-than-ever-to-have-a-bachelors-degree/

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Uncategorised

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Nearly half of young women in the U.S. | workforce now have a bachelor's degree | % of employed.25- to 29-year- olds with a bachelor's | degree employed.25- or more | Millennials in 2016 | Gen Xers in 2000 | 36 | Men | 29 | 46 | Women | 36 | 65 | Asian | 56 | 47 | White | 37 | 27 | Black | 20 | 21 | Hispa nic | 42 | Metro areas | 34 | 24 | Non-metro | areas | 20 | Note: "Employed" refers to those who were atwork in the week prior | to survey or were temporarilya beent from their jobs Whites blacks | and Asians include only non-Hispanics Hispanics areofany race | Source: Pew Resea urch Centerana lysis of2000 and Supplements 2016 Current | Population Survey Annual Social and lysis Economic Supplements | (IPUMS). | PEW RESEARCH CENTER

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Online Privacy Breaches 2013-2014 %ofinternet users that have experienced the following breaches of onlineprivacy, over time

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As news of large-scale data breaches and vulnerabilities grows, new findings from the Pew Research Center suggest that growing numbers of online Americans have had important personal information stolen and many have had an account compromised.

https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2014/04/14/more-online-americans-say-theyve-experienced-a-personal-data-breach/

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U.S. Politics & Policy

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Online Privacy Breaches 2013-2014 | %ofinternet users that have experienced the | following breaches of onlineprivacy, over time | 2013 | 2014 | 21 21 | 18 | had personal had online account | information stolen com promised | Pew Research Center's Internet Project, omnibus surveys | 2013-2014. | PEW RESEARCH CENTER

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Internet Has Most Positive Influence on Education, Least Positive on Morality Median saying increasing use of internethas hada on Good influence Bad influence No influence

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Overall, a median of 64% across 32 emerging and developing nations say the internet is a good influence on education, with at least half also seeing it as a good influence on personal relationships (53%) and the economy (52%). People are more mixed on the internet’s effect on politics, with similar proportions saying that the influence is good (36%) as say it is bad (30%).

https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2015/03/19/internet-seen-as-positive-influence-on-education-but-negative-influence-on-morality-in-emerging-and-developing-nations/

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Global Attributes & Trends

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Internet Has Most Positive Influence on | Education, Least Positive on Morality | Median saying increasing use of internethas hada | on | Good influence Bad influence No influence | Education | 64% | 18% 8% | Personal | 53 | 25 | 10 | relationships | Economy | 52 | 19 | 15 | Politics | 36 | 30 | 16 | Morality | 29 | 42 | 12 | Asked in 32 emergingand developing nations. | Source: Spring 2014 Global Attitudessurvey. Q75a-e | PEW RESEARCH CENTER

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Hispanics Surge Divided on How to Deal with Hispanics Surge in Central American Children Speed if up process, who policy, though even if some who fland Give Obama Low Marks for Handling Influx of Children

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Hispanics in the U.S. are divided on how to deal with the thousands of Central American children illegally arriving in the country, according to a Pew Research survey conducted earlier this month. About as many Hispanics support the current system for deciding immigration cases as do those expediting the process (49% – 47%), which would have the effect of speeding up deportations. The split among Hispanics is in contrast to views of the overall public, which backs a faster process over the current policy by 53% to 39%. Like the general public, Hispanics — a diverse group that includes people with roots in more than 20 countries — give the president low marks on his handling of the surge of children. Some 46% of Hispanics disapprove and 34% approve of the president’s handling of the issue, while Americans overall disapprove of the president’s performance by a 56% to 28% margin. (A Washington Post/ABC poll had similar results.)

https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2014/07/29/hispanics-split-on-how-to-address-surge-in-central-american-child-migrants/

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Hispanics Surge Divided on How to Deal with | Hispanics Surge in Central American Children | Follow current | Speed if up process, who | policy, though | even if some who | process could | are eligible for | take a long time | asylum are deported | Hispanics | 49% | 47% | U.S. adults | 39 | 53 | fland Give Obama Low Marks for | Handling Influx of Children | Disapprove | Approve | Hispanics | 46% | 34% | U.S adults | 56 | 28 | Source: Pew Research Center survey, July 8-44 2014 | PEW RESEARCH CENTER

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Public Pays Most Attention to Ebola, U.S. Airstrikes vs. ISIS % following each story very closely

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In general, people who see the recent Secret Service problems as signs of broader issues are less likely to express confidence in the agency to reform itself: Still, 57% of those who say the incidents are signs of broader problems have at least some confidence in the agency to improve its job, while 42% have little or no confidence. Among those who view recent reports of security problems as mainly isolated incidents, 84% have at least some confidence that the Secret Service will improve and just 15% lack confidence. The current outbreak of the Ebola virus, including the first reported diagnosis in the U.S., garnered the most news interest last week. Fully 36% of the public closely followed the story, up 9 points from the prior week. About three-in-ten (31%) closely followed news about U.S. airstrikes against ISIS in Iraq and Syria. In the week before, 37% followed news about the airstrikes. Roughly two-in-ten (21%) tracked news about problems with White House security and the resignation of the Secret Service director. In addition, 15% were closely following news about next month’s congressional elections and 7% paid close attention to political protests in Hong Kong.

https://www.pewresearch.org/politics/2014/10/06/public-divided-over-whether-secret-service-lapses-signal-broader-problems/

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Public Pays Most Attention to Ebola, | U.S. Airstrikes vs. ISIS | % following each story very closely | Ebola outbrea K | 36 | U.S airstrikes againstisis | 31 | in Iraq & Syria | Secret Service problems) | 21 | director resignation | 2014 midterms | 15 | Hong Kong protests | Survey conducted Oct 2-5 2014. | PEW RESEARCH CENTER

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Republicans, Democrats want Trump to be imore cautious' in the White House When it comes to the kind of things Trump says and tweets, once he becomes president (%)

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There also is broad public agreement that the president-elect will need to be more cautious in expressing his views once he takes office. About eight-in-ten Americans (82%) – including large majorities of Republicans and (76%) and Democrats (90%) – say that once he takes office, Trump “will need to be more cautious about the kinds of things he says and tweets.” Just 15% of the public says there is no need for Trump to change the kinds of things he says and tweets.

https://www.pewresearch.org/politics/2016/12/08/low-approval-of-trumps-transition-but-outlook-for-his-presidency-improves/

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U.S. Politics & Policy

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Republicans, Democrats want Trump to | be imore cautious' in the White House | When it comes to the kind of things Trump says and | tweets, once he becomes president (%) | There is no need | He will need to be | for him to change | more cautious | Total | 15 | 82 | Rep/Lean Rep | 21 | 76 | Dem/Lean Dem | 90 | Note: Don tknow responses Nov notshown 30-Dec Q71 2016 | Source Survey conducted Nov 30-Dec 5. 2016 | PEW RESEARCH CENTER

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How support for populist parties relates to views of UN % who say they have a favorable view of the United Nations Among those who

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Supporters of some, but not all, populist parties are less favorable toward the UN. Supporters of six populist parties in Europe are less likely than those with an unfavorable opinion of these parties to express a positive opinion of the UN. For example, 48% of those who favor the Czech ANO 2011 party have a positive view of the UN, compared with 69% of those who do not favor this party. Supporters of five other populist parties are more likely than those with the opposite opinion to see the UN favorably. For example, 78% of those who support Slovakia’s Ordinary People and Independent Personalities (OLaNO) party have a favorable view of the UN, compared with 61% of those who do not support this party.

https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2019/09/23/united-nations-gets-mostly-positive-marks-from-people-around-the-world/

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Global Attributes & Trends

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How support for populist parties relates to views of UN | % who say they have a favorable view of the United Nations | Among those who | Support | Do not support | Diff | 48% | ANO 2011 | 21 | Czech Rep. | 69% | SPD | 45 | 20 | Czech Rep, | 65 | Sweden Democrats | -15 | Sweden | UKIP | .12 | UK | AfD | -12 | Germany | Party for Freedom | Netherlands | .10 | 74 | 85 | Kukiz | Poland | +9 | 76 | 77 | Lega | +9 | Italy | 68 | 79 | Five Star | +15 | Italy | 64 | Jobbik | 65 | +15 | Hungary | 78 | Olano | Slovakia | +17 | 61 | Note: Only statistically significant differences shown. "Support" percentages represent | respondents who have a favorable view of each party. -Do not support" percentages | rep resent respondents who have an unfavorable view of each party. | Source: Spring 2019 Global Attitudes Survey, Q8e | PEW RESEARCH CENTER

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Looking back: Biggest improvement to life in the past 50 years % ofus America adults who past said the bigg estimprovementto related life in America sover the past 50 years bigg or so was related to

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When Americans are asked what has brought the biggest improvement to their lives in the past five decades, they name technology more than any other advancement. And as Americans think about the next 50 years, they expect that technology, along with medical advances, will continue to have a major impact, according to a Pew Research Center survey conducted May to June of this year.

https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/10/12/four-in-ten-americans-credit-technology-with-improving-life-most-in-the-past-50-years/

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Internet & Technology

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Looking back: Biggest improvement | to life in the past 50 years | % ofus America adults who past said the bigg estimprovementto related life | in America sover the past 50 years bigg or so was related to | Technology | 42% | Medicine and health | 14 | Civil and equal rights | 10 | Economy | 8 | Quality of life | 2 | Politics | 2 | Energy and environment | Peace End of wars 1 | Other responses | 3 | No answer 15 | Note: Verbatim combining responsesare coded into categories; figures are | based on combining responsesare related codes into NET categories. Figures add | to more 100% beca use multiple responses wereallowed. | Source: Survey ofu.s adults conducted May 30-June 12. 2017. | PEW RESEARCH CENTER

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Public views of abortion: 1995-2018 % who say abortion should be

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Today, a 58% majority of Americans say abortion should be legal in all or most cases, while 37% think abortion should be illegal in all or most cases. These views are relatively unchanged in the past few years. The latest Pew Research Center political survey finds deep disagreement between – and within – the parties over abortion. In fact, the partisan divide on abortion is far wider than it was two decades ago.

https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2018/10/17/nearly-six-in-ten-americans-say-abortion-should-be-legal/

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U.S. Politics & Policy

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Public views of abortion: 1995-2018 | % who say abortion should be | Legal in all/most cases | 60 | 38 | Illegal in all/most cases | 1995 | 2018 | Source: Survey of US adults conducted Sept 18-24. 2018 | Notes: Data from 1995-2005 from ALC News/Washington Post | polls; data for 2006 from AP-Ipsos poll. Trend lines show aggregated | polls; 2018 data from polls conducted AP-Ipsos in each poll. year. poll. 2013 2014 2015 aggregated 2017 | 2018 figures are based on one poll. | PEW RESEARCH CENTER

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Most Americans Believe It Is Acceptable to Monitor Others, Except U.S. Citizens % ofus adults who say it is acceptable or unacceptable communications from governmentto

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Americans broadly found it acceptable for the government to monitor certain people, but not U.S. citizens, according to the 2014-15 survey. About eight-in-ten adults (82%) said it was acceptable for the government to monitor communications of suspected terrorists, and equal majorities said it was acceptable to monitor communications of American leaders and foreign leaders (60% each). Yet 57% of Americans said it was unacceptable for the government to monitor the communications of U.S. citizens.

https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2018/06/04/how-americans-have-viewed-government-surveillance-and-privacy-since-snowden-leaks/

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U.S. Politics & Policy

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Most Americans Believe It Is Acceptable | to Monitor Others, Except U.S. Citizens | % ofus adults who say it is acceptable or unacceptable | for communications ofus the American governmentto say acceptable monitor | communications from governmentto | Acceptable Unacceptable | American citizens | 40 | 57 | Citizens ofother countries | 54 | 44 | American leaders | 60 | 38 | Lead ers of other countries | 60 | 37 | Terrorism suspe cts | 82 | 15 | Source: Survey of475 adults on Gik panel November 26, 2014 | January3 2015. | PEW RESEARCH CENTER

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Budget deficit slips as public priority % who say each is a top priority

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As Barack Obama begins his final year in office, the goal of reducing the budget deficit, which the public once ranked among the most pressing objectives for his administration, has continued its recent decline in perceived importance. Overall, 56% say that reducing the budget deficit should be a top priority for the president and Congress in 2016, down from 64% who said this last year. The emphasis given to the budget deficit peaked in 2013, the first year of Obama’s second term, when 72% called it a top priority. At that time, the deficit ranked behind only improving the job situation and the economy on the public’s to-do list. Today, reducing the budget deficit ranks ninth in priority out of 18 policy areas tested in the survey. The latest national survey by Pew Research Center, conducted Jan. 7-14 among 2,009 adults, finds that strengthening the nation’s economy and defending the country from future terrorist attacks rank atop the public’s priority list: 75% each say these should be top priorities for the country. These also were the public’s two most important policy goals in 2015.

https://www.pewresearch.org/politics/2016/01/22/budget-deficit-slips-as-public-priority/

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U.S. Politics & Policy

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Budget deficit slips as public priority | % who say each is a top priority | 86 | 85 | 82 | 75 Economy | 76 | 75 | Terrorism | 64 Jobs | 56 Budget | 53 | deficit | 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 | Source: Survey conducted Jan. 7-14, 2016 | PEW RESEARCH CENTER

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Figure 2 Households Are Couples with Children ofhouseholds thatare couples with children

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Most unauthorized immigrant adults reside with immediate family members—spouses or children. About half of undocumented adults live with their own children under 18. Nearly half of unauthorized immigrant households (47%) consist of a couple with children. That is a greater share than for households of U.S.-born residents (21%) or legal immigrants (35%). This difference stems in large part from the relatively youthful composition of the unauthorized immigrant population. Most children of unauthorized immigrants—73% in 2008—are U.S. citizens by birth. The number of U.S.-born children in mixed-status families (unauthorized immigrant parents and citizen children) has expanded rapidly in recent years, to 4 million in 2008 from 2.7 million in 2003. By contrast, the number of children who are unauthorized immigrants themselves (1.5 million in 2008) hardly changed in the five-year period and may have declined slightly since 2005.

https://www.pewresearch.org/hispanic/2009/04/14/a-portrait-of-unauthorized-immigrants-in-the-united-states/

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Hispanic Trends

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Figure 2 | Nearly Half of Una uthorized-lmmigrant | Households Are Couples with Children | ofhouseholds thatare couples with children | for each status group) | U.S born | 21% | Legal | 35% | immigrants | Unauthorized | 47% | immigrants | Note: Couples may be married or cohabiting | Source: Pew Hispanic Center tabulations from augmented March | 2008 Current Population Survey, See Figure 10.

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Views of Supreme Court's School Prayer Ban, 1974-2012 Percent of Americans who approve/disapprove of the Supreme Court's ruling public that no state or local government may require the reading of the Lord's Prayer or Bible verses in public schools

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A majority of Americans disapprove of the Supreme Court’s stance on prayer in public schools, according to 2012 data from the General Social Survey, conducted by the National Opinion Research Center at the University of Chicago. Asked whether they approve or disapprove of the court’s ruling that no state or local government may require the reading of the Lord’s Prayer or Bible verses in public schools, roughly 39% say they approve and about 57% say they disapprove. Those percentages have stayed relatively steady since the early 1980s.

https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2013/06/13/south-carolina-valedictorian-reignites-debate-on-prayer-in-school/

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U.S. Politics & Policy

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Views of Supreme Court's School Prayer Ban, 1974-2012 | Percent of Americans who approve/disapprove of the Supreme Court's ruling public that no state or local | government may require the reading of the Lord's Prayer or Bible verses in public schools | 80% | 66% | Disapprove | 60 | Approve | 40 | 39 | 31% | 20 | 1975 | 1980 | 1985 | 1990 | 1995 | 2000 | 2005 | 2010 | Source: General Social Survey conducted by the National Opinion Research Center at the University of Chicago, 1974-2012. | Those who did not give an answer are not shown. | PEW RESEARCH CENTER

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Those who place greater importance on following the news are more accurate in identifying original reporting to whether three or more of six sources do original news reporting

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The survey asked respondents how important following the news was for being a good citizen, and those who say following the news is “very important” are more likely to correctly answer whether three or more of the six sources conduct their own news reporting. Over half of those who say following the news is very important (55%) correctly answered three or more of the original reporting questions, compared with 44% of those who say following news is somewhat important and 32% of those who say it is not too or not at all important.

https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2020/12/08/many-americans-are-unsure-whether-sources-of-news-do-their-own-reporting/

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Journalism & Media

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Those who place greater importance on | following the news are more accurate in | identifying original reporting | Among USS adults who say following the news is | to | Among being a good citizen, % who correctly identified | whether three or more of six sources do original | news reporting | 55% | Very important | 44 | Somewhat important | Not too/at all important | 32 | Note: Of the news sources asked about, ABC News, The Wall Street | Journal and HuffPost conduct their own news reporting; Google | News, Apple News and Facebook do not. Respondents who did not | give an answer not shown, | Source: Survey of U.S. adults conducted June 2-11, 2020. | PEW RESEARCH CENTER

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More Than Half of Teens Text With Friends Daily % ofall teens who spend time with.friends. EVERY DAY EVERY FEW DAYS LESS OFTEN

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Teens use a number of platforms and devices to keep in touch with friends, but text messaging is used on a daily basis much more than others. Roughly nine-in-ten teens (88%) spend time with their friends via text messaging at least occasionally, and 55% do so every day. Phone calling, instant messaging and social media are also popular ways for teens to spend time with friends, but in comparison with texting, they are used far less for daily interactions. Few teens keep in touch with friends on a daily basis by email or video chatting.

https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2015/08/06/6-key-takeaways-about-teen-friendships-in-the-digital-age/

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Internet & Technology

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More Than Half of Teens Text With Friends Daily | % ofall teens who spend time with.friends. | EVERY DAY EVERY FEW DAYS LESS OFTEN | 32% | In person | 25% | 39% | Text messaging | 55 | 20 | 13 | Talking on the phone | 19 | 24 | 41 | Instant messaging | 27 | 26 | 25 | On social media sites | 23 | 28 | 21 | Emailing | 14 | 43 | Video chatting | 14 | 37 | Video gaming 13 | 24 | 16 | On messaging apps | 14 | 11 | 17 | Source Pew Research Center Teens Relationships Survey, Sept 25-0ct. 9. 2014. and Feb | 10-March 16, 2015 (n=1060 teens ages 13 to11.) | PEW RESEARCH CENTER

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In EU pessimism countries, higher well-paying unemployment is related to more pessimism about well-paying jobs in the future % who are generally pessimistic about the future availability of well-paying jobs in their country

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Against this backdrop, a new Pew Research Center analysis finds that people in EU nations with higher unemployment rates tend to voice more pessimism about future job prospects in their country. The analysis also finds that youth unemployment rates, as well as changes in a country’s gross domestic product, are linked to economic attitudes in EU member states. Across 14 EU nations surveyed by the Center this year, a median of 54% of adults say they are pessimistic about the future availability of well-paying jobs in their country, ranging from just 28% who say this in Sweden to 76% in Spain and 80% in Greece. These attitudes are connected with current economic conditions. The unemployment rate in Greece sat at 19.3% in 2018 – the highest in the EU, though down from its peak of 27.5% in 2013 – while Spain had a rate of 15.3% in 2018. By comparison, the unemployment rate was much lower in Sweden (6.3%) than in Greece and Spain, perhaps explaining why Swedes are less pessimistic about the future availability of well-paying jobs in their country. This pattern is not uniformly the case, however. People in France and the UK stand out for being much less optimistic than their counterparts in nations with similar youth unemployment rates. French and British adults, in fact, are about as pessimistic about the financial future of the next generation as people in Italy, Spain and Greece – even though France and the UK have youth unemployment rates that are roughly 10 to 20 percentage points lower.

https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2019/12/11/how-unemployment-rates-relate-to-economic-attitudes-in-the-eu/

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Economy & Work

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In EU pessimism countries, higher well-paying unemployment is related to | more pessimism about well-paying jobs in the future | % who are generally pessimistic about the future availability of well-paying | jobs in their country | 100% | Greece | Spain | France | Italy | Bulgaria | UK | Hungary | Slovakia | Lithuania | Germany | Poland | Czech Rep. | Netherlands | Sweden | Correlation = +0. 788 | 10 | 15 | 20 | 25 | 2018 unemployment rate (%) | Source: Spring 2019 Global Attitudes Survey. Q12c. Unemployment data from Eurostat | accessed on Nov. 12, 2019. | PEW RESEARCH CENTER

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Estimated falls, unauthorized immigrant population in the U.S. rises, falls, then stabilizes In millions

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The U.S. unauthorized immigrant population – 11.1 million in 2014 – has stabilized since the end of the Great Recession, as the number from Mexico declined but the total from other regions of the world increased, according to new Pew Research Center estimates based on government data. The recent relative stability in the estimated size of the U.S. unauthorized immigrant population is a contrast to previous periods. The number of unauthorized immigrants in the U.S. rose through the 1990s and early 2000s, peaking at 12.2 million in 2007. The number of unauthorized immigrants declined in 2008 and 2009.

https://www.pewresearch.org/hispanic/2016/09/20/overall-number-of-u-s-unauthorized-immigrants-holds-steady-since-2009/

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Estimated falls, unauthorized immigrant population in the | U.S. rises, falls, then stabilizes | In millions | 14 | 12.2 | 11.5 | 11.2 | 11.1 | 12 | 10.1 | 11.3 | 9. 4 | 11.1 | 10 | 8.6 | 8 | 3.5 | 1990 | 1995 | 2000 | 2005 | 2010 | 2014 | Note Shadingsurrounding line cindicates change low and high points ofthe significa estimated 90% | confidence Shadingsurrounding interval. The 2009 2014 change is notstatistically high points significa intat 90% | confidence interval. Data labels are change for 1990, 1995 2000, 2001 significa 2003, 2005, 2007, | 2009, 2011. 2013 and 2014 | Source Pew Research Center: estimates for 2005-2014 based on augmented American | Community Survey data (IPUMS); for 1995- 2004 based on March Supplements ofthe | Current Popula ation Survey. Estimates for 1990 from Warren and Warren (2013). | "Overall Popula NumberofU.S. Una uthorized Immigrants Holds Steady Since 2009" | PEW RESEARCH CENTER

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Views Important of the But Campaign Dull So Far Important But Dull So far, presidential campaign is

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The expectation that the election will be exhausting is in line with perceptions of the campaign so far. Most Americans say the campaign has been too long and dull (56% each), while 53% say it has been too negative. At the same time, an overwhelming majority (79%) views the presidential campaign as important.

https://www.pewresearch.org/politics/2012/07/05/partisans-agree-presidential-election-will-be-exhausting/

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Views Important of the But Campaign Dull So Far | Important But Dull | So far, presidential campaign is | Not important | Important | 79 | 19 | Not informative | Informative | 52 | 40 | Too negative | Not too negative | 53 | 37 | Not too long | Too long | 56 | 35 | Dull | Interesting | 34 | 56 | PEW RESEARCH CENTER June 21-24, 2012,

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Education strongly linked with religious Average number of questions answered correctly out

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The average U.S. adult is able to answer slightly fewer than half of the religious knowledge questions correctly (14.2 of the 32). But the survey finds that Americans’ level of knowledge varies based on who is answering the questions. Educational attainment is strongly associated with religious knowledge. College graduates get an average of 18.2 out of 32 religious knowledge questions right, including 18% who answer 25 or more correctly. Within this group, people who have a postgraduate degree do especially well, averaging 19.3 out of 32 questions correct, including one-quarter who answer at least 25 questions right (24%). By comparison, those who have a high school diploma or less education get 11.0 questions right, on average.

https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2019/07/23/6-facts-about-what-americans-know-about-religion/

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Education strongly linked with religious | knowledge | Average number of questions answered correctly out | of32 | High school or less | 11.0 | Some college | 14.0 | College graduate | 18.2 | Source: Survey conducted Feb 4-19 2019 among U.S adults. | What Americans Know About Religion" | PEW RESEARCH CENTER

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Heard the Most About This Past Week

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For the past two weeks, Obama and McCain have been about equally visible from the public’s perspective. In the current survey, 42% say they have heard the most about Obama in the news in the last week or so, while 37% say McCain. This balance stands in stark contrast to the week of the GOP convention, when McCain was far more visible (54% vs. 28%). It is also quite different from the pre-convention period, when Obama was routinely the more visible of the candidates.

https://www.pewresearch.org/politics/2008/10/01/interest-in-economic-news-surges/

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Heard the Most About This Past Week | 54 | Obama | Accain | Palin | 28 | 12 | June | July | August | Sept

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GOP Likely Nomination Primary Voters Race among Based they on Rep and likely Rep-lea ning registered voters (N=392) who say they are Rep very and likely Rep-lea to ning vote registered in primary (N=392) Support Chance No chance DK

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Newt Gingrich holds a substantial 35% to 21% lead over Mitt Romney among Republican and Republican-leaning independent voters who say they are very likely to vote in the GOP primaries or caucuses. But clear majorities say there is at least a chance they would vote for either Gingrich or Romney in Republican primaries in their state. None of the other Republican candidates draws nearly as much potential support. Just 18% of likely Republican primary voters say there is no chance they could support Gingrich and only somewhat more (26%) say there is no chance they could vote for Romney. More than four-in-ten likely Republican primary voters have effectively ruled out voting for the other GOP candidates.

https://www.pewresearch.org/politics/2011/12/13/gingrich-leads-but-likely-gop-primary-voters-have-not-ruled-out-romney/

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GOP Likely Nomination Primary Voters Race among | Likely Primary Voters | Based they on Rep and likely Rep-lea ning registered voters (N=392) who | say they are Rep very and likely Rep-lea to ning vote registered in primary (N=392) | Support Chance No chance DK | Newt Gingrich | 35 | 35 | 18 | Mitt Romney | 21 | 40 | 26 | Ron Paul | 23 | 52 | Rick Perry | 32 | 44 | Michele Bachmann | 29 | 52 | Rick Santorum | 25 | 44 | Jon Huntsman 17 | 53 | PEW RESEARCH CENTER Dec. 7-11, 2011, Q25,

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A majority of mothers are now employed full time % of U.S. mothers with children younger than 18 who Note: Based on employment status in the prior year among women with children younger than 18 in the household. Full time includes those who reported working at least 35 hours week in the Source: Pew Research Center analysis of 1968 and 2018 March Current Population Survey Annua and Social Economic Supplement

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A majority (55%) of U.S. mothers with children younger than 18 at home are employed full time, up from 34% a half-century ago, according to a Pew Research Center analysis of Census Bureau Current Population Survey data. The rise in full-time employment has fueled the overall rise in employment among moms: Now, 72% of moms are employed, either full time or part time, compared with about half in 1968. Among fathers with kids in the home, the vast majority (89%) are employed full time.

https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2019/09/12/despite-challenges-at-home-and-work-most-working-moms-and-dads-say-being-employed-is-whats-best-for-them/

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A majority of mothers are now employed | full time | % of U.S. mothers with children younger than 18 who | are employed | Total employed | 72 | 17 | Employed part time | 51 | 1.7 | 55 | Employed full time | 34 | 1968 | 2018 | Note: Based on employment status in the prior year among women | with children younger than 18 in the household. Full time includes | those who reported working at least 35 hours week in the | previous year. | Source: Pew Research Center analysis of 1968 and 2018 March | Current Population Survey Annua and Social Economic Supplement | (IPUMS). | PEW RESEARCH CENTER

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Internet use, 1995-2014 % of American adults who use the internet, over time

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Adoption: 87% of American adults now use the internet, with near-saturation usage among those living in households earning $75,000 or more (99%), young adults ages 18-29 (97%), and those with college degrees (97%). Fully 68% of adults connect to the internet with mobile devices like smartphones or tablet computers.

https://www.pewresearch.org/internet/2014/02/27/the-web-at-25-in-the-u-s/

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Internet use, 1995-2014 | % of American adults who use the internet, over time | 100% | 87% | 79 | 75 | 50 46 | 25 | 14 | 1995 | 2000 | 2005 | 2010 | 2014 | Source: Pew Research Center surveys, 1995-2014 | PEW RESEARCH CENTER

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Republicans' trust in the federal government has increased since the beginning of Trump 's term in office % who say they trust the federal government to do what is right just about always/most of the time JFK Johnson Carter Reagan Eisenhower

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Among Republicans, trust in the federal government has increased since the end of Barack Obama’s presidency. A within-administration moving average places the average share of Republicans who trusted the federal government just about always or most of the time at 11% shortly before the 2016 presidential election. The average share of Republicans expressing trust in the federal government increased to 25% in April 2017 and currently stands at 28%. Today, just 12% of Democrats trust the federal government to do what is right – an historic low. Prior to Trump’s inauguration, the lowest average share of Democrats saying they trusted the government always or most of the time over the more than 60 years since the question was first asked, was 17%, towards the end of George W. Bush’s administration (and prior to the 2008 election) in 2008. More Democrats now say they never trust the federal government to do what is right (17%) than say they can trust it always or most of the time.

https://www.pewresearch.org/politics/2020/09/14/americans-views-of-government-low-trust-but-some-positive-performance-ratings/

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Republicans' trust in the federal government has increased since the beginning of | Trump 's term in office | % who say they trust the federal government to do what is right just about always/most of the time | JFK Johnson | Nixon | Carter Reagan | G.H.W. | Clinton | GWW Bush | Obama | Trump | Ford | Eisenhower | Bush | 80 | 79 | Dem/Lean Dem | 73 | 71 | Rep/Lean Rep | 48 | 43 | 36 | 31 | 28 | 34 | 31 | 31 | 25 | 24 | 17 | 15 | 15 | 12 | 58 '60 | '64 | '96 | 'OO | '04 | '12 | 20 | '68 | '72 | 76 | '80 | '84 | '88 | '92 | '08 | '16 | Note: From 1976-2020 the trend line represents 27-Aug. a three-survey 2020. moving average within each administration. | Source: Trend Survey of Pew U.S Research adults cond Center's ucted American July 27-Aug. Trends 2, 2020. Panel | Trend sources: Survey Pew Research Center's American July 27-Aug. Trends Panel (2020), Pew Research Center phone surveys (2019 and earlier), National | Election Studies, Gallup, ABC/Washington Post, CBS/New York Times, and CNN polls. | PEW RESEARCH CENTER

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Nonwhites made up a small share of public school teachers in 2015-16 % of teachers who are nonwhite, by school trait BY SCHOOL TYPE Nonwhite Traditional public 19% BY COMMUNITY TYPE BY % OF NONWHITE STUDENTS BY % ELIGIBLE FOR REDUCED PRICE LUNCH

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Nonwhite teachers not only were sharply outnumbered by white teachers in America’s classrooms, they also tended to work in different school environments, the NCES data show. For example, 31% of teachers in city schools were nonwhite, versus just 11% of teachers in rural schools – a reflection of the broader racial and ethnic makeup of America’s communities. And while nonwhite teachers accounted for 29% of the total in public charter schools, their share was considerably lower in traditional public schools (19%).

https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2018/08/27/americas-public-school-teachers-are-far-less-racially-and-ethnically-diverse-than-their-students/

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Nonwhites made up a small share of | public school teachers in 2015-16 | % of teachers who are nonwhite, by school trait | BY SCHOOL TYPE | 50% | 100% | Nonwhite | White | Traditional public 19% | Charter school | 29 | BY COMMUNITY TYPE | City | 31 | Suburban | 18 | Town 12 | Rural 11 | BY % OF NONWHITE STUDENTS | <10% 2 | 10-24 | 25-49 10 | 5074 | 20 | 75-89 | 31 | 90+ | 55 | BY % ELIGIBLE FOR REDUCED PRICE LUNCH | 0-25% 11 | 26-50 13 | 51-75 | 20 | 76-100 | 34 | Note: Nonwhite includes blacks, Hispanics, Asians, Pacific | Islanders, American Indians and Alaska Natives as well as | those of two or more races *% of nonw hite students | excludes 7 % of teachers for whom the pe reentage of | nonwhite enrollment in the school was not ava ilable | Source: U S. De partment of Education, National Center for | Education Statistics | PEW RESEARCH CENTER

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The Different Varieties of Online Harassment Purposefully Physically Harassed for Stalked

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The more serious forms of harassment are less frequent: 10% of men and 6% of women said they had been physically threatened on online platforms and similar shares said they had been harassed for a sustained period of time, stalked or sexually harassed.

https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2015/06/01/the-darkest-side-of-online-harassment-menacing-behavior/

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The Different Varieties of Online Harassment | Among all internetusers, the % who gender have experienced each of theffllowing | elements of online harassment, by gender | Men | Women | 32 | 22 | 20 | 10 | Purposefully Physically Harassed for Stalked | Called | Sexually | offensive emba rassed threa tened a sustained | ha rassed | names | period | n-2. Source: _839. American Trends Panel (wave 4).Survey conducted May 30-June 30, 2014. | n-2. _839. | PEW RESEARCH CENTER

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Little shift in views about the future impact of the ACA Looking ahead, health care law's effect on You and your family Not much effect

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By roughly the same margin (37% to 30%), more say that, looking ahead, the health care law will have a mostly negative than a mostly positive personal impact, while 30% say it will not have much of an effect. This is little changed over the last few years.

https://www.pewresearch.org/politics/2016/04/27/more-americans-disapprove-than-approve-of-health-care-law/

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Little shift in views about the future impact of the ACA | Looking ahead, health care law's effect on | will be | Country asa whole | You and your family | Positive | Negative | Not much effect | 38 | 37 | 38 | 35 | 41 | 43% | 45 | 46 | 47 | 44 | 13% | 30 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 30 | 33 | 14 | 32 | 31 | 39% | 39 | 38 | 37 | 35 | 29 | 30 | 27 | 25 | 26 | Sept Dec | Apr | Sept Apr | Sept Dec | Sept Apr | Apr | 2013 2013 2014 2014 2016 | 2013 2013 2014 2014 2016 | Source: Survey conducted April12-19 2016 Don 'tknow responses notshown. | PEW RESEARCH CENTER

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Most Americans say political debate in the U.S. has become less respectful, fact-based, substantive % who say over the last several years the tone and nature of political debate in this country has become changed More positive % who say Donald Trump has changed the tone and nature of political

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Large majorities say the tone and nature of political debate in the United States has become more negative in recent years – as well as less respectful, less fact-based and less substantive. Donald Trump is a major factor in people’s views about the state of the nation’s political discourse. A 55% majority says Trump has changed the tone and nature of political debate in this country for the worse; fewer than half as many (24%) say he has changed it for the better, while 20% say he has had little impact.

https://www.pewresearch.org/politics/2019/06/19/public-highly-critical-of-state-of-political-discourse-in-the-u-s/

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Most Americans say political debate in the U.S. has | become less respectful, fact-based, substantive | % who say over the last several years the tone and nature of political debate | in this country has become | Not | More negative | changed More positive | 85 | 12 | Not | Less | changed More | Respectful | 85 | 12 | Fact based | 76 | 15 | 8 | 19 | 20 | Focused on issues | 60 | Entertaining | 46 | 18 | 35 | % who say Donald Trump has changed the tone and nature of political | debate in the U.S. | Not | For the worse | Not changed For the better | 55 | 20 | 24 | Note: No answer responses not shown. | Source: Survey of U.S adults conducted April 29-May 13, 2019. | PEW RESEARCH CENTER

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In many countries, sizable shares say men have more influence than women in decisions about household finances % who say that, in a family, when it comes to making important decisions about household finances

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To the extent that people see one gender having more influence when it comes to making important decisions about household finances, men are generally seen as having more influence than women. In 16 of the 34 countries surveyed, more say men have more influence than say women do by a margin of at least 10 percentage points. The gap is particularly wide in Nigeria, where 61% say men generally have more influence in this area (compared with 10% who say women do), Turkey (54% vs. 11%), Israel (44% vs. 11%), Lebanon (40% vs. 10%) and Sweden (37% vs. 9%). In each of these countries, people are at least four times as likely to say men have more influence as they are to say women do. Among European publics, majorities or pluralities in 12 of 14 countries surveyed say men and women generally have about the same influence in making important decisions about household finances. The only two European countries surveyed where this is not the case are Lithuania and Slovakia, where similar or equal shares say both genders have about the same influence as say men have more influence in this area.

https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2020/04/30/worldwide-optimism-about-future-of-gender-equality-even-as-many-see-advantages-for-men/

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Global Attributes & Trends

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In many countries, sizable shares say | men have more influence than women | in decisions about household finances | % who say that, in a family, when it comes to | making important decisions about household finances | Men have | About the Women have | more influence same more influence | U.S | 23% | 63 % | 13% | Canada | 22 | 64 | Lithuania | 8 | Slova kia | 3 | 24 | Swed en | 54 | Czech Rep | 46 | 8 | Italy | 10 | 59 | LUK | 6 | 13 | 25 | Bulgaria | if L8 22 | Poland | 9 | 28 | Greece | 25 | Hungary | 6 | 20 | Germany | France | Spain | Nethe -lands | Ukraine | 48 | 5 | 53 | Russia | India | South Korea | Australia | Indonesia | 9 | Philippines Japan | 6 | 8 | 29 | Philippines Japan | 19 | Turkey | 44 34 | 54 | Israel | Lebanon | 40 | 10 | Tunisia | 15 | Nigeria Kenya | 29 | 61 | 10 | Nigeria Kenya | 51 | 15 | South Africa | 56 | 20 | Brazil | 24 | 56 | 9 | Mexico | 10 | Argentina | 65 | 9 | 34-COUNTRY | 5 | MEDIAN | Note: Don't know responses not shown. | Source: Spring 2019 Globa Attitudes Survey. Q64a | "Worldwide Optimism About Future of Gender Equality, Even as | Many See Advantages for Men" | PEW RESEARCH CENTER

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Some households headed by less-educated adults have experienced the largest income gains during recovery Median income in 2018 dollars for households with heads ages 25 and older 2018

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Among all households headed by those ages 25 and older, median household income (in 2018 dollars) increased 13% from 2012 ($57,100) to 2018 ($64,800). The incomes of households headed by adults with a ninth to 12th grade education – but short of a high school diploma – increased 14% during this span, likely the most of any education group. In contrast, the median income of households headed by adults with at least a bachelor’s degree rose by 8%.

https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2019/09/18/households-headed-by-less-educated-adults-have-seen-significant-income-gains-during-u-s-recovery/

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Uncategorised

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Some households headed by less-educated adults have | experienced the largest income gains during recovery | Median income in 2018 dollars for households with heads ages 25 and older | Percent gain | 2012 | 2018 | income | income | $57, .100 | $64 800 | Total | 13% | Grade 9-12 | 25 600 | 29, 200 | 14 | 43, 700 | 46, 100 | HS grad | 53, 700 | 57 800 | Some college | 8 | 63, 000 | 65 600 | Associate | Bachelor's | 88,300 | 93.500 | 101,200 | 110 300 | Master 's | 9 | 142 LOOO | Professional* | 160 000 | 13 | Ph D. | 128 200 | 135 200 | 5 | The 2018 and 2012 household income figures for professionals may not be compa rable | due to changes in the survey. | Note: Percentage gain computed from unrounded figures Incomes of households | maintained by those with less than ninth-grade education are not shown, Households | headed bya GED holder or alternative ninth-grade credential are included in the high school graduate | category. Professional refers to householders with a professional degree beyond | bachelor's degree (such as an M.D. DDS or J.D.). | Source: Pew Research Center analysis of U.S. Census Bureau historical income tables. | PEW RESEARCH CENTER

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As Many Now Call the Supreme Court 'Conservative' as Liberal % saying the current Supreme Courtis Middle of the road

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But among liberal Democrats and conservative Republicans there have been sizable changes in opinions of the court; more liberals now view the Supreme Court as conservative – and fewer conservatives view it as liberal – than did so just a few months ago. The national survey by the Pew Research Center, conducted July 8-14 among 1,805 adults, finds that as many Americans call the court liberal (26%) as say it is conservative (27%). More (38%) say the current Supreme Court is “middle of the road.”

https://www.pewresearch.org/politics/2014/07/31/shifting-views-of-supreme-courts-ideology-among-liberals-conservatives/

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As Many Now Call the Supreme Court | 'Conservative' as Liberal | % saying the current Supreme Courtis | Middle of the road | 38 | Libera | 27 | 26 | Conservative | 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 | Survey conducted July 8-14. 2014. | PEW RESEARCH CENTER

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attention paid to tracial issues in U.S. % who say there is attention paid to race and racial

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Whites are divided in their views of the level of attention paid to race and racial issues: While 36% think there is too much, about as many (38%) say there is too little. By contrast, fully 68% of blacks say there is too little attention paid to race today; just 15% say there is too much. A 55% majority of Hispanics also say there is too little attention on race.

https://www.pewresearch.org/politics/2017/12/19/most-americans-say-trumps-election-has-led-to-worse-race-relations-in-the-u-s/

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Wide partisan gap over level of | attention paid to tracial issues in U.S. | % who say there is | attention paid to race and racial | issues in the USS these days | Too Too | About the | little | much right amount | Total | 44 | 32 | 19 | White | 38 | 36 | 22 | Black | 68 | 15 | 12 | Hispa nic | 55 | 25 | 16 | 18-29 | 53 | 26 | 19 | 30-49 | 48 | 32 | 17 | 50-64 | 37 | 39 | 20 | 65+ | 40 | 31 | 20 | College grad+ | 50 | 28 | 20 | Some coll | 19 | 42 | 34 | HS or less | 34 | 19 | 42 | Rep/Lean Rep | 22 | 21 | 53 | Conserv | 20 | 20 | 56 | Mod/Lib | 29 | 45 | 23 | Dem/Lean Dem | 60 | 18 | 18 | Cons/ Mod | 54 | 24 | 20 | Liberal | 70 | 16 | Among College whites grad+ | Among College grad+ | 23 | 46 | 28 | Non-coll | 34 | 39 | 21 | Notes: Whites and blacks include onlythose who are notHispanic; | Hispanics are ofany race Don tknow responses notshown. notHispanic; | Hispanics Source Survey ofU.S adults conducted responses Nov. 29. -Dec 4 2017. | PEW RESEARCH CENTER

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Personal health concerns over the coronavirus higher among black and Hispanic people than white people % who say the coronavirus outbreak is a threat to their personal health

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Majorities of those of all races and ethnicities see the new coronavirus as at least a minor threat to their health. However, 46% of black people and 39% of Hispanics view the coronavirus as a major threat to their own health, compared with 21% of white adults.

https://www.pewresearch.org/politics/2020/03/18/u-s-public-sees-multiple-threats-from-the-coronavirus-and-concerns-are-growing/

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Personal health concerns over the coronavirus higher | among black and Hispanic people than white people | % who say the coronavirus outbreak is a | threat to their personal health | Not a | Major | Minor | threat | Total | 22 | 27 | 51 | Men | 24 | 23 | 52 | Women | 30 | 49 | 21 | White | 21 | 56 | 23 | Black | 21 | 46 | 32 | Hispanic | 39 | 43 | 18 | Ages 18- -29 | 23 | 49 | 28 | 30-49 | 25 | 26 | 49 | 50-64 | 28 | 52 | 20 | 65+ | 33 | 53 | 14 | Postgrad | 21 | 60 | 19 | College grad | 19 | 58 | 22 | Some college | 26 | 49 | 25 | HS or less | 35 | 45 | 20 | Urban | 33 | 20 | 47 | Suburban | 25 | 53 | 22 | Rural | 25 | 50 | 24 | Health insurance status | Covered | 27 | 21 | 52 | Not covered | 30 | 42 | 27 | Note: No answer responses not shown. | Source: Survey of U.S adults conducted March 10-16, 2020. | PEW RESEARCH CENTER

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White women far more likely than blacks, Hispanics to report undergoing fertility treatment % of women ages35 to 44 who reportthat they or their partner has undergonefertibity treatments

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Looking only at women nearing the end of their childbearing years, 9% report that they have ever personally undergone a fertility treatment or had a spouse or partner do so, according to a Pew Research Center analysis of National Center for Health Statistics data. (An additional 5% of these women report that they or their partner sought medical advice or testing regarding fertility, but did not undergo any additional treatments.) Among women ages 35 to 44, those with at least a bachelor’s degree, those with incomes of $75,000 or more and those who are white are particularly likely to say they have personally undergone fertility treatments or to have had a spouse or partner do so. For example, among white women in this age group, 12% say they’ve undergone this type of treatment, compared with 3% of black and 5% of Hispanic women.

https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2018/07/17/a-third-of-u-s-adults-say-they-have-used-fertility-treatments-or-know-someone-who-has/

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White women far more likely than | blacks, Hispanics to report undergoing | fertility treatment | % of women ages35 to 44 who reportthat they or their | partner has undergonefertibity treatments | Total | White | 12 | Black | Hispanic | Note: People who onlysoughtmedical advice on fertility orwho had | fertility testing butno onlysoughtmedical additional treatmentare excluded. Whites and | blacks include onlynon-Hispanics Hispanics areofany race. | Source: National Surveyoffamily Growth 2011-2015. | PEW RESEARCH CENTER

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a portion of adults say they would be uncomfortable sharing names of contacts or places they have recently visited with a public health official % of U.S. adults who say they would be not at all or not too comfortable sharing with a public health official during the coronavirus outbreak

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Americans’ comfort with sharing information with public health officials about whom they have been with and where they have been varies. Roughly three-in-ten U.S. adults (27%) say they would be not at all or not too comfortable sharing the names of people with whom they might have been in physical contact. A similar share (22%) say the same about their lack of comfort sharing information on places they have recently visited. Half of U.S. adults say they would be not at all or not too comfortable sharing location data from their cellphone. Republicans are about twice as likely as Democrats to say that they would be not at all or not too comfortable sharing the names of people with whom they might have been in physical contact (37% vs. 18%) and places they’ve recently visited (30% vs. 14%). They are also more likely to express discomfort about sharing location data from their cellphone (60% vs. 42%). Younger adults express less comfort sharing information than older adults. For instance, 32% of those ages 18 to 29 say they would be not at all or not too comfortable sharing the names of people they might have been in physical contact with, compared with 21% of those ages 65 and older who say this. And those with lower incomes and less formal education tend to be less comfortable sharing information. About three-in-ten of those from households with lower (28%) or middle incomes (29%) say they would be not at all or not too comfortable sharing names of contacts, compared with 19% of those with higher incomes who say so.

https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2020/10/30/key-findings-about-americans-views-on-covid-19-contact-tracing/

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a portion of adults say they would be uncomfortable | sharing names of contacts or places they have | recently visited with a public health official | % of U.S. adults who say they would be not at all or not too | comfortable sharing with a public health official during the | coronavirus outbreak | Names of people | Places they | Location data | they might have | have recently | from their | been in physical | visited | cellphone | contact with | 27 | 22 | 50 | U.S adults | 32 | 22 | 56 | Ages 18-29 | 30-49 | 29 | 23 | 54 | 50-64 | 26 | 23 | 48 | 65+ | 21 | 19 | 42 | 32 | 29 | 53 | HS or less | CONTERTICALLY | Some College+ college | 29 | 22 | 54 | College+ | 20 | 43 | 28 | 26 | 53 | Lower income | Middle income | 29 | 22 | 51 | Upper income | 19 | 42 | Rep/Lean Rep | 37 | 30 | 60 | Dem/ Lean Dem | 18 | 14 | 42 | Note: Family income tiers are based on adjusted 2018 earnings. Those who did not give an | answer or who gave other res ponses are not shown. | Source: Survey of U.S adults cond lucted July 13-19, 2020 | "The Cha Illenges of Contact Tracing as U.S Battles COVID-19" | PEW RESEARCH CENTER

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% ever married by age 30

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Throughout the 20th century, college-educated adults in the United States had been less likely than their less-educated counterparts to be married by age 30. In 1990, for example, 75% of all 30-year-olds who did not have a college degree were married or had been married, compared with just 69% of those with a college degree.

https://www.pewresearch.org/2010/10/07/the-reversal-of-the-college-marriage-gap/

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Share Attainment, Married by Age 30, by Educational | Attainment, 1990 and 2008 by | % ever married by age 30 | 75 | 60 | Not college- College | Not college educated College- | educated college educated College- | educated educated | 2008 | 1990 | Survey Source: Decennial Censuses and 2008 American Community | Survey (ACS) Integrated PublicUse Micro Samples (IPUMS) | PewFcseerchC.enter

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Mothers in the Labor Force %of in the labor force Women with with children children younger than 18 Women Women Women with with with children children children younger ages 6-17 than than Women Women with with children children ages younger 6-17 than 6

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About seven-in-ten mothers (71%) with children younger than 18 were in the labor force in 2012, compared with less than half (47%) in 1975. Meanwhile, after decades of decline, the share of stay-at-home moms has ticked up since 1999.

https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2014/05/09/5-questions-and-answers-about-american-moms-today/

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Mothers in the Labor Force | %of in the labor force | Women with with children children younger than 18 | Women Women Women with with with children children children younger ages 6-17 than than | Women Women with with children children ages younger 6-17 than 6 | 76 | 71 | 65 | 55 | 47 | 39 | 1983 | 2007 2012 | 1975 | 1991 | 1999 | Note: stepchildren Children include biological children as well 1994 as | stepchildren and dopted ble biological with children. Data from 1994 earlier on are | stepchildren not directly compara dopted ble with data for 1993 and earlier | be ca use ofthe intro Survey duction (CPS). ofa major re design ofthe | Current Population Survey (CPS). | Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics "Women in the 2012, | Labor Force: a Data book, Table 7, February "Women 2013, For 2012, | Pew Research Center tabulations ofMarch 2012 Current | Population Survey | PEW RESEARCH CENTER

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Importance of Religion % Very important

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Americans also distinguish themselves from Western Europeans on views about the importance of religion. Half of Americans deem religion very important in their lives; fewer than a quarter in Spain (22%), Germany (21%), Britain (17%) and France (13%) share this view.

https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2011/11/17/the-american-western-european-values-gap/

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Importance of Religion | % Very important | U.S. | 50 | Spain | 22 | Germany 21 | Britain | 17 | France 13 | PEW RESEARCH CENTER Q118.

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Nearly politics half of nonvoters in the voting midterms cite disliking politics as a reason for not voting % of nonvoters who say each is a

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There are various reasons why nonvoters decide not to vote. Nearly half (49%) say not liking politics was either a major reason (26%) or minor reason (23%) they did not vote. A similar share (44%) said believing that their vote would not make a difference was at least a minor reason why they did not vote. About four-in-ten (41%) cite inconvenience as a reason, while 30% say not being registered or eligible to vote was a reason for not voting.

https://www.pewresearch.org/politics/2018/12/17/most-voters-have-positive-views-of-their-midterm-voting-experiences/

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Nearly politics half of nonvoters in the voting midterms cite disliking | politics as a reason for not voting | % of nonvoters who say each is a | reason why they did not vote | Major | Nota reason | Minor | don't like politics | 26 | 23 | 50 | didn't would think my vote | 21 | 23 | 55 | would make a | difference | It was too inconvenient | 20 | 21 | 59 | for me to vote | I'm not registered or | 19 | 10 | 70 | eligible to vote | didn't care who won | 12 | 23 | 64 | the congressional | election in my area | forgot to vote | 15 | 77 | Notes: Based on U.S citizens who say they did not vote No answer not shown, | Source Survey of U.S adults conducted Nov. 7-16, 2018 | PEW RESEARCH CENTER

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Republicans are far more likely than Democrats to say people are rich because they worked harder - and that people are poor due to a lack of effort In your opinion, which generally has more to do with (%)

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When it comes to why a person is rich, the public overall is divided: 43% of U.S. adults say it is more because they worked harder than most other people, while 42% say it is more because they had greater advantages in life than most other people. Again, the two partisan coalitions have strikingly different views on this question. About seven-in-ten Republicans (71%) say a person is generally more likely to be rich because they worked harder than others, and just 18% say a person’s wealth is more likely to be the result of having more advantages in life. By contrast, just 22% of Democrats say wealth is generally more likely to be the result of working harder, while 62% say it generally has more to do with advantages others did not have.

https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2018/10/04/partisans-are-divided-over-the-fairness-of-the-u-s-economy-and-why-people-are-rich-or-poor/

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Republicans are far more likely than Democrats to say people are rich because they | worked harder - and that people are poor due to a lack of effort | In your opinion, which generally has more to do with (%) | Why a person is poor | Why a person is rich | Worked Had advantages | Lack of Circumstances | effort beyond control | harder | life | Total | 31 | 52 | Total | 43 | 42 | Rep/Lean Rep | 48 | 31 | Rep/Lean Rep | 71 | 18 | Dem/Lean Dem | 18 | Dem/Lean Dem | 22 | 62 | 69 | Note: Don't know responses not shown. | Source: Survey of US adults conducted Sept 18-24. 2018. | PEW RESEARCH CENTER

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About three-in-ten workers with STEM jobs have a postgraduate degree Educational attainment of employed adults ages 25 and folder (%) High school or less Some college Bachelor's degree Postgrad degree

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While STEM workers tend to be highly educated, roughly a third have not completed a bachelor’s or higher-level degree. A substantial share (35%) of the STEM workforce does not have a bachelor’s degree. Overall, about three-in-ten STEM workers report having completed an associate degree (15%) or have some college education but no degree (14%). These workers are more prevalent among health care practitioners and technicians, computer workers and engineers. Some 36% of STEM workers have a bachelor’s degree but no graduate degree. Roughly three-in-ten STEM workers (29%) have earned a master’s, doctorate or professional degree. Life scientists are the most highly educated among STEM workers, with 54%, on average, having an advanced degree.

https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2018/01/09/7-facts-about-the-stem-workforce/

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Science & Society

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About three-in-ten workers with STEM jobs have a | postgraduate degree | Educational attainment of employed adults ages 25 and folder (%) | High school or less Some college Bachelor's degree Postgrad degree | STEM employed 7% | 28% | 36% | 29% | Non-STEM employed | 37 | 31 | 21 | 12 | Note: Figures may notadd to 100% due to rounding Some coll ege includes those Postgrad with an | associate degree and those who attended rounding coll lege butdid not obtain a degree Postgrad | degree includes those who have completed master's professional or doctoral Postgrad degree | degree STEM stands Pew forscience technology, engineering 002014-2016 and math professional | Source Pew Research Centeranalysis engineering 002014-2016 American Community Survey(IPUMS) | "Women and Men in STEM Centeranalysis Often at Odds Over Workplace Equity" | PEW RESEARCH CENTER

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Improving Economic Ratings Economic conditions in country today are (% Excellent/Good

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Amid accelerating economic growth and falling unemployment, 27% of Americans rated the economy as excellent or good earlier this month, while 48% said it was only fair and 24% called it poor. The percent rating economic conditions as poor has declined nine points since October (from 33%). This marks the first time in Obama’s presidency that about as many have described the economy as excellent or good (27%) as poor (24%). Democrats are almost three times as likely to rate the economy as excellent or good than Republicans. About two-thirds (66%) of Americans say the economy is recovering, but not strongly, compared with just 16% who regard the recovery as strong. Expectations for the economy have improved somewhat with 31% saying it will be better a year from now compared with 27% last October. Nearly four-in-ten (38%) say Obama’s economic policies since taking office have made economic conditions better, while 28% say they have made the economy worse, according to our Jan. 7-11 survey. Three-in-ten (30%) think they have not had much of an effect. On balance, this is the most positive rating of Obama’s economic impact since December 2009. The survey also found that more Americans have more confidence in Obama than Republican leaders to do the right thing on the economy: 49% have a great deal or fair amount of confidence in Obama compared with 37% who say they have more confidence in GOP leaders.

https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2015/01/20/us-economy/

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Improving Economic Ratings | Economic conditions in country today are (% | Excellent/Good | Only fair | Poor | 48 | 45 | 28 | 27 | 26 | 24 | 08 | 09 | 10 | 11 12 13 14 | 15 | Survey conducted Jan. 7-11,2015. | PEW RESEARCH CENTER

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Measuring News Interest Week of March 10-16 40

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In addition, 14% said that Spitzer was the story they followed most closely last week. The overwhelming majority of this group (80%) says they talked about the Spitzer scandal with the people they know. Overall, 25% of Americans paid very close attention to recent ups and down in the stock market and 11% said this was the single news story they followed more closely than any other. The media devoted 6% of its overall coverage to the stock market and other economic issues. Interest in the market is comparable to the level registered in late January when 29% followed the market very closely. Stories about the murder of a female student at the University of North Carolina attracted the very close attention of one-in-six Americans (17%); 7% said this was the story they followed most closely. Southerners followed this story more closely than people from other regions of the country. Public interest in the Iraq war is virtually unchanged from earlier in the year. Last week, 29% of Americans followed news about Iraq very closely and 8% said it was the story they followed most closely.

https://www.pewresearch.org/politics/2008/03/20/most-aware-of-ferraros-comments-wright-videos/

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Measuring News Interest | Week of March 10-16 | 40 | 2008 Campaign | 37 | 26 | Spitzer | 14 | 25 | Stock market | 11 | 29 | Iraq | 8 | UNC student | 20 | Drinking water | Percent who followed this story very closely | Percent who named story as their most closely followed

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a Profile of Political Bystanders Percent who are.. BYSTANDERS GENERAL PUBLIC

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Overall, 10% of Americans are what we call Bystanders, or the politically disengaged, according to Pew Research Center’s Political Typology report. None of this cohort say they’re registered to vote, and none say they follow government and public affairs most of the time (this compares with 48% of Americans overall). Virtually all of this group (96%) say they’ve never contributed money to a candidate running for public office. Bystanders are young (38% are under 30), and nearly a third (32%) are Hispanic. A third of Bystanders are foreign born, a higher share than any of the other typology groups, including 29% total who are not citizens.

https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2014/07/07/1-in-10-americans-dont-give-a-hoot-about-politics/

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a Profile of Political Bystanders | Percent who are.. | BYSTANDERS | GENERAL PUBLIC | AGES | 38 | 18-29 | 22 | 39 | 30-99 | 33 | 50-64 | 27 | 6 | 65+ | 17 | RACE | 32 | Hispanic | 13 | Black, non- | 10 | Hispanic | 12 | White, non- | 48 | 66 | Hispanic | EDUCATION | 67 | H.S or less | 40 | Some college | 32 | 11 | College grad+ | 27 | Note: Bystanders are not re gistered to vote say they seldom | or never vote and do not Figures follow gove rnment and public | affairs rounding. most of the time Figures may not add to 100% due to | rounding. Don't know res Figures ponses not shown. Other/ Mixed | race not shown. | Source: 2014 Political Typology | PEW RESEARCH CENTER

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Black and Hispanic adults express more confidence in tech companies to prevent m isuse of their platforms % who say tech companies have a responsibility to prevent misuse of their platforms to influence

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Large majorities of adults in all age groups say tech companies have a responsibility to prevent misuse of their platforms, but older Americans are somewhat more likely to say this. Around eight-in-ten of those ages 65 and older (79%) say this, compared with seven-in-ten among those ages 18 to 29. Younger adults, in turn, are more likely than their older counterparts to have confidence in tech companies to prevent misuse of their platforms. Nearly a third (32%) of adults under 30 say they are at least somewhat confident in tech companies to prevent misuse, compared with 22% of adults 65 and up.

https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2020/09/09/few-americans-are-confident-in-tech-companies-to-prevent-misuse-of-their-platforms-in-the-2020-election/

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Black and Hispanic adults express more confidence in | tech companies to prevent m isuse of their platforms | % who are very/somewhat | % who say tech companies have | confident in tech companies | a responsibility to prevent misuse | to prevent misuse of their | of their platforms to influence | platforms to influence the | the presidential election | presidential election | Total | 75 | 27 | White | 77 | 20 | Black | 72 | 38 | Hispanic | 70 | 43 | 70 75 76 79 | Ages 18- 29 | 70 | 32 | 75 | 30-49 | 27 | 50-64 | 28 | 65+ | 79 | 22 | Rep/Lean Rep | 22 | 64 | Conserv | 62 | 18 | 69 | 28 | Mod/Lib | Dem/Lean Dem | 85 | 31 | Cons/Mod | 81 | 39 | 91 | 22 | Liberal | Note: White and Black adults include those who report being only one race and are not | Hispanic. Hispanics are of way race. | Source: Survey of U.S. adults conducted July 27-Aug 2 2020. | PEW RESEARCH CENTER

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Democrats Retain Favorability Edge Republican Party Democratic Party

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Currently, just 38% of Americans have a favorable view of the Republican Party while 58% have an unfavorable opinion. The percentage rating the GOP unfavorably is unchanged from July (58%) and remains among the highest on record. Favorable ratings of the GOP are up slightly from a low of 33% in July, and are roughly on par with previous surveys back to 2011. The Democratic Party continues to receive better ratings than the GOP, with about as many offering a favorable (47%) as an unfavorable (48%) opinion. Democratic Party favorability had also fallen to a low of 41% in July, and has returned to a roughly even divide that is consistent with polling over the past few years.

https://www.pewresearch.org/politics/2013/10/15/as-debt-limit-deadline-nears-concern-ticks-up-but-skepticism-persists/

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Democrats Retain Favorability Edge | Republican Party | Democratic Party | Unfavora ble | .62 Favorable | 58.58 | 55 | M 5048 | M 5048 | 8 | 41 | 40 | 33 | 32 Unfavorable | Favorable | 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 | 2009 2000 2011 2012 2013 | PEW RESEARCH CENTER Oct 9-13, 2013. Q25a,b

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A sizable majority says Trump stands for his beliefs, but only about a quarter view him as *even-tempered" % who say each describes Trump

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Similarly, assessments of Trump’ s personal traits and characteristics, including his trustworthiness, leadership and ability to get things done, have not changed much over the course of his presidency. Trump continues to get low ratings for his temperament: Just 28% of Americans say he is even-tempered, while 69% say that description does not apply. A somewhat larger share (36%) says Trump is trustworthy; a majority (61%) says Trump is not trustworthy.

https://www.pewresearch.org/2019/03/28/majority-says-trump-has-done-too-little-to-distance-himself-from-white-nationalists/

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A sizable majority says Trump stands for his beliefs, | but only about a quarter view him as *even-tempered" | % who say each describes Trump | No, does not describe Yes, describes | Stands jup for what he believes | 70 | 24 | Able to get things done | 47 | 49 | Strong leader | 49 | 49 | Keeps his promises | 51 | 45 | Well-informed | 55 | 42 | Cares about people like me | 56 | 40 | Good manager | 57 | 39 | Trustworthy | 61 | 36 | Even-tempered | 28 | 69 | Note: Don it know responses not shown, | Source Survey of U S. adults conducted March 20-25 2019 | PEW RESEARCH CENTER

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Chart: Share of Americans online by age (Teens Oct-Nov: 2004 margin of error = : 3% Adults Jan-June 2005 margin of error = : 1% 100

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All age cohorts of internet users (ages 12 and older) are equally likely to use email; about 90% of all internet users send or receive email. Given the many other variations in internet use among different age groups, it is notable that this basic communications tool is almost universally used. Even teens, many of whom disparage email as something for “old people,” and tend to prefer instant messaging, have not completely abandoned it. Email is the most popular online activity, especially for internet users age 65 or older. However, the best place to reach someone age 70 and older is still offline. Only 26% of Americans age 70-75 and 17% of Americans age 76 or older go online.

https://www.pewresearch.org/internet/2006/01/22/generations-online/

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Chart: Share of Americans online by age (Teens Oct-Nov: 2004 margin of error = : 3% Adults | Jan-June 2005 margin of error = : 1% | 100 | 87 | 85 | 90 | 83 | 82 | 80 | 76 | 80 | 73 | 68 68 | 70 | 57 | 55 | 60 | 50 | 40 | 26 | 30 | 20 | 10 | 0 | 12-17 18-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 50-54 55-59 60-64 65-69 70-75 76+

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Couples who meet online are more likely to be of different races or ethnicities and political parties, but these differences disappear among young couples % of U.S. adults who have ever been in a relationship and met their current or most recent partner online/offline saying they and their partner have Couples in which both partners are younger than 40

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Three-in-ten of those who say they met their partner online report that their partner is a different race or ethnicity, compared with 19% of those who met their partner offline. People who met their partner online are also somewhat more likely to say that they and their partner do not identify with the same political party (46% vs. 40%). Of those who say their partner has a different political affiliation, many are in a couple where one person leans to or is affiliated with one party and the other is a political independent or undecided. Meanwhile, there are no significant differences in educational attainment or income between couples who met online and offline. But after controlling for age, these differences disappear. Looking only at Americans younger than 40, similar shares of those who met their partner online (49%) and offline (48%) say their partner identifies with a different political party. Similar shares (31% and 27%, respectively) say their partner is of a different race or ethnicity. The shares saying they have a different income or education level from their partner are also not significantly different between those who met online and offline.

https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2019/06/24/couples-who-meet-online-are-more-diverse-than-those-who-meet-in-other-ways-largely-because-theyre-younger/

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Couples who meet online are more likely to be of different races or ethnicities and | political parties, but these differences disappear among young couples | % of U.S. adults who have ever been in a relationship and met their current or most recent partner online/offline | saying they and their partner have | Couples in which both partners are younger than 40 | Couples of all ages | Met online Met offline | Met online Met offline | 80 | 83 | Different incomes | Different incomes | 83 | 85 | 61 | Different | Different | education levels | education levels | 55 | 59 | 49 | 46 | Different political parties | Different political | parties | parties | 48 | 40 | 31 | Different races or | Different races or | 30 | ethnicities | ethnicities | 19 | 27 | Note: Bold labels indicate that the difference between those who met online and offline is significant for those items | Source: How Couples Meet and Stay Together 2017 survey (fresh sample), conducted by Stanford University July 13-Aug. 1, 2017 | PEW RESEARCH CENTER

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Republicans More Optimistic that 2014 Will Be Better Election for Party % ofregistered voters saying their party will do BETTER than in recent elections

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With just over two months before the midterm elections, Republican voters are widening the “expectations gap” with the Democrats. About six-in-ten (61%) Republican and GOP-leaning registered voters think their party will do better than in recent elections — roughly double the share of Democrats (32%) who feel similarly about their party’s chances. This gap has not reached the same levels of the GOP’s margin before their large 2010 gains or the Democrats’ expectations in their 2006 sweep of both houses of Congress. Last December, the expectations gap was narrower; 55% of Republicans and Republican-leaning registered voters said the party would do better than recent elections, compared with 43% of Democrats.

https://www.pewresearch.org/politics/2014/08/26/republicans-open-up-wider-expectations-gap-ahead-of-midterms/

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Republicans More Optimistic that 2014 | Will Be Better Election for Party | % ofregistered voters saying their party will do | BETTER than in recent elections | Aug 2014 | Rep/Lean R | 61 | Dem/Lean D | 32 | Dec 2013 | Rep/Lean R | 55 | Dem/Lean D | 43 | Oct2010 | Rep/Lean R | 76 | Dem/Lean D | 26 | Sep 2006 | Rep/Lean R | 23 | 66 | Dem/Lean D | Survey conducted Aug 20-24 2014 Based on registered voters. | PEW RESEARCH CENTER

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Most Americans agree the EU's international standing will not be affected by the pandemic % who say the European Union will have influence in world affairs after the coronavirus outbreak compared to before the outbreak

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Most expect the European Union’s influence in world affairs to be unchanged by the pandemic. A majority of Americans say the EU will emerge from the pandemic with roughly the same amount of influence in world affairs as it had beforehand, while about a fifth think its position will improve and a similar share expect its power to decline.

https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2020/06/02/how-americans-envision-a-post-pandemic-world-order/

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Most Americans agree the EU's | international standing will not be | affected by the pandemic | % who say the European Union will have | influence in | world affairs after the coronavirus outbreak compared | to before the outbreak | About the | Less | More | same | Total | 19% | 59% | 21% | Rep/Lean Rep | 13 | 61 | 24 | Dem/Lean Dem | 24 | 18 | 57 | Note: No answer responses not shown. | Source: Survey of U.S. adults conducted April 29-May 5, 2020 | PEW RESEARCH CENTER

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Hispanic and black parents place high value on a college degree that their children earn a college degree % saying it is

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Today, 86% of Hispanic parents and 79% of black parents with children under 18 say it is either extremely or very important that their children earn a college degree. By comparison, about two-thirds (67%) of white parents say the same.

https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2016/02/24/hispanic-black-parents-see-college-degree-as-key-for-childrens-success/

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Hispanic and black parents place high value on a | college degree | that their children earn a college degree | % saying it is | Extremely | Very | Net | important | important | Hispa nic | 52 | 34 | 86 | Black | 62 | 17 | 79 | White | 34 | 32 | Note: Whites and blacks include.onlythose who are notHispanic; Hispanics are ofany race. | Source: Survey of parents with children under 18. Sept 15-0ct. 13, 2015 (N=1,807). | PEW RESEARCH CENTER

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Reading comments by celebrities, politicians or athletes Bosed on adults who use Twitter and/or social networking sites such as Facebook, MySpoce or Linkedin

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Among social media users as a whole, the ability to read comments by public figures such as politicians, celebrities or athletes does not come into play as a major factor—fully three quarters of users say that this plays no role whatsoever in their decision to use these sites. And while connecting with public figures has a relatively modest impact on users across a range of groups, both African Americans and Latinos show more interest in this activity than white users. One in ten black social media users (10%) and 11% of Latinos say that reading comments from public figures is a major reason for using these sites (compared with just 3% of white users). Black and Latino social media users are also more likely to say that this is a minor factor (31% of blacks and 26% of Latinos say this, compared with 16% of whites).

https://www.pewresearch.org/internet/2011/11/15/why-americans-use-social-media/

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Internet & Technology

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Reading comments by celebrities, politicians or athletes | Bosed on adults who use Twitter and/or social networking sites such as Facebook, MySpoce or | Linkedin | 100% | 80% | 59% | 63% | 60% | 80% | 40% | 31% | 26% | 20% | 16% | 11% | 10% | 0% | White (n=695) | Black (n=117) | Latino (n=115) | Nota reason | Major reason | Minor reason | Source: Tracking The Pew Research Center's .777 Intemet & American older, Life Project April26 - May 22 2011 | Spring Intervi Tracking Survey; conducted n=2 in .777 English adults and ages Spanish 18 and Margin older, including oferror is+/3 755cell phone interviews. points | Spring Intervi SNS Tracking ews we re Survey; conducted in .777 English and ages Spanish Margin older, including oferror is+/3 percentage phone points | for SNS users (n=1,015

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Hurricane Sandy Conversation on Twitter Percent of assertions News and Information 34%

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During an emergency, Twitter became an information lifeline: 34% of the Twitter discourse about Hurricane Sandy was news and information, including news organizations providing content, government sources offering information and people sharing their own eyewitness accounts and passing along information to others.

https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2013/10/16/12-trends-shaping-digital-news/

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Hurricane Sandy Conversation | on Twitter | Percent of assertions | News and Information 34% | Photos and Videos 25 | Jokes | 14 | Hopes and Prayers Safety | 13 | for Prayers Safety | 8 | Political Commentary | Excitement | the range: October 29, 2012- October 31 2012 | the Source: range: PEJ analysis using Crimson Hexagon technology. | PEW RESEARCH CENTER

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Gender gap in party identification % ofregistered voters who identify as or lean toward

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In addition to the gender gap in voter turnout, partisan preferences differ widely by gender. Pew Research Center survey data going back more than two decades shows a growing gender gap in partisan affiliation. In 2018 and 2019, the Democratic Party held a wide advantage with women: 56% of female registered voters identified as Democrats or leaned toward the Democratic Party, while 38% identified as Republicans or leaned toward the GOP. This stands in contrast to men, among whom 50% were Republicans or GOP leaners and 42% identified as or leaned Democratic. This gender gap has been slowly growing wider since 2014. Party affiliation, like voter turnout, differs significantly by race and ethnicity. Within each racial and ethnic group, however, there is a gender gap in partisan identification; in each case, women are more likely than men to identify as Democrats.

https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2020/08/18/men-and-women-in-the-u-s-continue-to-differ-in-voter-turnout-rate-party-identification/

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Gender gap in party identification | % ofregistered voters who identify as or lean toward | Men | 52% | 50 | Rep/LnR | Dem/LnD | 42 | 39 | 194 | '02 | 10 | 18/ 19 | Women | 56 | 48 | Dem/ LnD | Rep/LnR | 42 | 38 | '94 | '02 | '10 | '18/" 19 | Note: Based on registered voters. Due to smaller sample sizes in | 2018 and 2019, the data from those years has been combined. | Don it know responses not shown. | Source: Annual totals of Pew Research Center survey data (U.S. | adults). | PEW RESEARCH CENTER

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Familiar Choices (and Divisions) on Cutting the Federal Deficit 100

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Agreement on proposed solutions, though, did not share the ubiquity of concern about the size of the deficit. A poll in the summer of 1983 found overwhelming disapproval for raising taxes (78% disapprove, 15% approve) and making cuts to entitlement programs such as Social Security and Medicare (82% disapprove, 11% approve) in order to address the deficit. By lesser margins, Americans also rejected further cuts to social programs (50% disapprove, 42% approve) as a solution. With the Cold War front and center during the Reagan years, the public nevertheless gave its strongest support for any deficit-cutting proposal to cuts in defense spending (55% approve, 35% disapprove).

https://www.pewresearch.org/2010/12/14/reagans-recession/

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Economy & Work

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Familiar Choices (and Divisions) on Cutting the Federal Deficit | 100 | Approve Disapprove | 82 | 78 | 80 | 55 | 60 | 50 | 42 | 35 | 40 | 15 | 20 | 11 | Raise income taxes Cuts in social programs | Cuts in defense | Cuts Medicare, in Social Medicaid Security, | spending | Medicare, Medicaid Security, | PEW RESEARCH CENTER | Data is ta ken from Gallup surveys provided by the Roper Center.

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Both U.S. and Germany are positive toward NATO Favorable views OFNATO

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Americans and Germans clearly align on NATO. Nearly identical percentages of Americans (64%) and Germans (63%) have favorable views of the organization. Moreover, German and American opinions have largely moved in tandem – and remained favorable – since this question was first asked in 2009.

https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2018/11/26/americans-and-germans-are-worlds-apart-in-views-of-their-countries-relationship/

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Both U.S. and Germany are positive toward NATO | Favorable views OFNATO | 100 % | Germany | 57 | 65 | 63 | 60 | 59 | 59 | 57 | 55 | 64 | 62 | 54 54 | 53 | 53 | 51 | 49 | 49 | U.S. | 2009 | 2012 | 2015 | 2018 | Source: Pew Research Center survey conducted in the U.S. Sept. 11-16 2018 03 German | results from Korber-Stittung survey conducted Sept. 13-26, 2018 Trend data from the Globa | Attitudes Survey. Korber-Stittung | PEW RESEARCH CENTER

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Voter Midterm Turnout Drops in Midterm Elections Votes cast in House elections as eligible a percentage of estimated eligible voters

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For all of the money spent on this year’s midterm elections — $3.67 billion, according to the Center for Responsive Politics — less than half of eligible voters will actually cast ballots in the nation’s 435 House districts, if history is any guide. Political scientists (and practical politicians) long have recognized that voter turnout surges in presidential election years and falls off in midterm elections. In the 2008 presidential election, for example, nearly 59% of estimated eligible voters voted in that year’s House elections. Two years later for the midterms, only about 41% of eligible voters went to the polls. (We estimated eligible voters in each district from 2006 through 2012 using data from the Census Bureau’s American Community Survey, and obtained vote totals for every House race from the House Clerk’s office. Our analysis excluded a handful of races in which unopposed candidates weren’t listed on the ballot.) You might think there’d be some relationship between how competitive a given election is and turnout. A race where victory could go either way might spur more interest and rev up get-out-the-vote efforts from both sides; a race where one candidate is a prohibitive favorite could lead many people to conclude there’s no point in heading out to vote. But our analysis shows little, if any, correlation between a House election’s competitiveness (measured by the winner’s victory margin) and turnout. In the Tea Party year of 2010, for example, overall turnout in House races was 40.7% of estimated eligible voters. That year, the nation’s highest turnout was in Wisconsin’s 5th District, where 62.4% of estimated eligible voters cast ballots and Rep. F. James Sensenbrenner cruised to a 42-percentage-point victory. The nation’s tightest race in 2010 was in Illinois’ 8th District, where Republican Joe Walsh edged Democrat Melissa Bean by just 290 votes; 41.7% of estimated eligible voters cast ballots in that contest. (The lowest turnout rate in 2010, 19.5%, came in Texas’ 16th District, which Democrat Silvestre Reyes won by a comfortable 21.5 percentage points.)

https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2014/11/04/no-matter-how-tight-the-race-midterm-voter-turnout-likely-to-remain-lackluster/

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Voter Midterm Turnout Drops in | Midterm Elections | Votes cast in House elections | as eligible a percentage of estimated | eligible voters | 80% | 60 | 40 | 20 | 'O6 | '08 | '10 | '12 | Note: Analysis excludes races where | unopposed candid ate was not listed on | ba llot and runoff elections | Source: American Community Survey, | House Clerk's office | PEW RESEARCH CENTER

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Nearly five of every 1,000 15- to 17-year-olds in the United States are married Number of people marriedper thousand, of by people age group marriedper

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About 57,800 minors in the U.S. ages 15 to 17 were married as of 2014. That might sound like a lot of people (and it is), but it’s also just five of every 1,000 in that age group, a Pew Research Center analysis of 2014 data from the Census Bureau’s American Community Survey finds. By contrast, 18 of every 1,000 of those ages 18 to 19 were married, and among those ages 20 to 24, the number rose to 107 out of every 1,000.

https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2016/11/01/child-marriage-is-rare-in-the-u-s-though-this-varies-by-state/

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Social & Demographic Trends

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Nearly five of every 1,000 | 15- to 17-year-olds in the | United States are married | Number of people marriedper | thousand, of by people age group marriedper | Ages 15-17 4.6 | Ages 18-19 | 18.4 | Ages 20-24 | 107.4 | Notes: Marriage rates for2014 are five- | year estimates Marriage thatinclude data collected | from 2010-2014 Respond ents who are | separated, divorced, or widowed are not | separated, counted as 'married of15-17year butare includedin | the total population of15-17year olds. | Source Pew Resea rch Centerana lysis of | American Community Survey data (2014 | five-year estimates). | PEW RESEARCH CENTER

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Presidential candidates nominated stafter multiple ballots less likely to win General election outcome for candidates nominated on the con at their party's convention

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A contested convention, for those who’ve never experienced one (which is to say, everyone under the age of 35 or 40), occurs when no candidate has amassed the majority of delegate votes needed to win his or her party’s nomination in advance of the convention. A candidate still might gather the delegates needed by the time balloting begins, in which case the nomination is settled on the first ballot. But should the first ballot not produce a nominee, most delegates become free to vote for whomever they wish, leading potentially to multiple ballots, horse-trading, smoke-filled rooms, favorite sons, dark horses and other colorful elements that have enlivened American political journalism, literature and

https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2016/02/04/contested-presidential-conventions-and-why-parties-try-to-avoid-them/

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Presidential candidates nominated | stafter multiple ballots less likely to win | General election outcome for candidates | nominated on the con at their party's convention | (1868-1984) | ALL NOMINEES | Won election | Lost election | 1st ba llot | 55% | 45% | 2nd ba llot or later | 39 | 61 | DEMOCRATS | 1st ballot | 55 | 45 | 2nd ballot or later | 70 | 30 | a REPUBLICANS | 1st ba llot | 64 | 36 | 2nd ballot or later | 50 | 50 | Source: Pew Research Center analysis | PEW RESEARCH CENTER

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54% of AP and NWP teachers say all or almost all of their students have sufficient access to digital tools while in SCHOOL, but just 18% say the same is true AT HOME How many of your students have sufficient access [INSERT] to the internet and other digital technologies they need to effectively complete school assignments.

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These teachers see disparities in access to digital tools having at least some impact on their students. More than half (54%) say all or almost all of their students have sufficient access to digital tools at school, but only a fifth of these teachers (18%) say all or almost all of their students have access to the digital tools they need at home.

https://www.pewresearch.org/internet/2013/02/28/how-teachers-are-using-technology-at-home-and-in-their-classrooms/

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54% of AP and NWP teachers say all or almost all of their | students have sufficient access to digital tools while in | SCHOOL, but just 18% say the same is true AT HOME | How many of your students have sufficient access [INSERT] to the internet and other digital | technologies they need to effectively complete school assignments. | All or almost all | Hardly any | Most | Only some | In school | 54% | 5% | 27% | 15% | At home | 26% | 18% | 54% | 20% | 40% | 60% | 80% | 100% | 0% | Source: Teacher data from the Pew Research Center's Internet & American Life Project | Online Survey of Teachers, March 7 to April 23. 2012, n=2 .662 middle and high school | teachers

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More voters say getting messages from the Biden campaigns is important % ofvoters who say it is messages about the election and other important issues from the Trump and Biden campaigns

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In the June 4-10 survey, a majority of voters said it is very (28%) or somewhat important (30%) to them personally to get messages from the presidential campaigns about important issues. About four-in-ten said it is not too important (25%) or not at all important (17%).

https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2020/08/03/a-growing-share-of-voters-say-its-important-to-them-to-hear-from-the-trump-and-biden-campaigns/

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More voters say getting messages from | the Biden campaigns is important | % ofvoters who say it is | to them personally to get | messages about the election and other important issues | from the Trump and Biden campaigns | Very | Somewhat | Not too | Not at all | important | important | important important | June '20 | 28% | 30% | 25% | 17% | April '20 | 21 | 28 | 30 | 21 | Note: Based on registered voters. Respondents who did not give an | answer not shown. | Source: Surveys of U.S. adults conducted April 20-26 and June 4- | 10, 2020 | PEW RESEARCH CENTER

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Nearly two-thirds of Americans say new laws would be effective in reducing rilole of money in politics % who say

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Americans overwhelmingly support limits on political campaign spending, and most think new laws could effectively reduce the role of money in politics. And there is extensive support for reining in campaign spending: 77% of the public says “there should be limits on the amount of money individuals and organizations” can spend on political campaigns; just 20% say they should be able to spend as much as they want. A somewhat smaller majority (65%) says that new campaign finance laws could be written that would be effective in reducing the role of money in politics, while 31% say any new laws would not be effective.

https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2018/05/08/most-americans-want-to-limit-campaign-spending-say-big-donors-have-greater-political-influence/

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Nearly two-thirds of Americans say new laws would be | effective in reducing rilole of money in politics | % who say | There should be limits | Individuals and groups spend | individuals on the amountof money | should be able to spend | individuals on the amountof and groups money | as much as they want | much on as campaigns they want DK | can spend on campaigns | 20 | 17 | New laws could be written | New laws would | that would be effective in | not be effective in | reducing politics the role of money in | reducing the politics role of | DK | reducing politics | reducing money in politics | 65 | 31 | Source: Survey ofU.S. adults conducted March 7-14. 2018 | PEW RESEARCH CENTER

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Trust, Murder and Mood

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If the changed moral climate has taken a toll on how Americans view their country and government, its impact has been greatest on Americans who came of age in the 1960s and 1970s when criticism of government leaders and policies crescendoed. The long-term impact of this period in American history upon the young people of that time is clearly evident today. The nearly 40-year history of public opinion about the state of the nation and trust in government makes it possible to observe how particular generations have changed or maintained their views over this time period.

https://www.pewresearch.org/politics/1998/03/10/how-americans-view-government/

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Trust, Murder and Mood | Percent | Murder Rate (per 100 LOOO) | 80 | 12 | 10 | 60 | 10 | 20 | | 1964 1967 1970 1973 1976 1979 1982 1995 1988 1991 1994 1997 | Trust in Goot. Murder R ate Mood

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After a long decline, primary turnout rebounds Votes cast in Democratic and Republican primaries as a share ofeligible voters in primary states

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Through the first 12 primaries of 2016, combined Republican turnout has been 17.3% of eligible voters – the highest of any year since at least 1980. Democratic turnout so far is 11.7% – the highest since 1992, with the notable exception of the extraordinarily high turnout in 2008. (Those figures may change, of course, depending on how the rest of the campaign plays out; history suggests that once one party’s nomination is locked up, turnout in subsequent contests tends to fall off.)

https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2016/03/08/so-far-turnout-in-this-years-primaries-rivals-2008-record/

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After a long decline, primary turnout rebounds | Votes cast in Democratic and Republican primaries as a share | ofeligible voters in primary states | 30 | Total | 29.0 | 25.7% | 25.2 | 21.9 | 21.2 | Dem | 19 5 | 16.7 | 17.1 | 16.7 | 15.8% | 17.3 | 13.4 | 11.6% | 11.0 | 9.8 | 10.5 9.9 | o 11.7 | 9.3 | Rep | 9.5 | 9.1 | 8.4 | 8.4 | 6.6 | 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008 2012 2016 | Note: The sum of turnout in Democratic holding and Republican primaries does not equa | total turnout because not every state holding a presidential primary does so for | both parties Does not include primary holding data from U.S territories 2016 figures | represent primaries held through March 6. Eligible voters are U.S citizens ages 18 | and older. | Source: Pew Research Center analysis of 1980-2012 November and January | 2016 Current Population Survey data for the share of e ligible voters "Vital 1980 2004 | and 2012 data from "America Votes' (CO Press); 2008 data from "Vital Statistics | on American Politics, 2011 2012" (CQ Press). 2016 turnout data are from state | elections offices, when available, or as reported by The New York Times. | PEW RESEARCH CENTER

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What if they won? Assessing the possible impact of Clinton, Trump presidencies on major issues Looking following aheada few years, if Clinton were to become presidentwould each of the following be better, worse or not much different than litis now? a lot better a little better Not much diff a little worse a lot worse Looking following aheada better, few years, if Trump were to become presidentwould each of the following be better, worse or not much different than it is now?

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Voters are broadly skeptical that, if elected, Clinton or Trump would achieve progress on major issues facing the country. Asked to look ahead a few years, fewer than half say things would get even a little better on six different issues – ranging from the economy to foreign policy – under either a Clinton or Trump administration. In general, higher percentages say all six issues will get at least a little better in coming years under Trump than Clinton. However, on five of the six issues, comparable percentages feel that things would get worse under Trump as under Clinton. And far more voters say foreign policy would get worse under a Trump presidency (49%) than under a Clinton administration (34%). Across the six issues, more voters expect say things would not change much under Clinton than under Trump. Roughly a third of voters say that on issues ranging from security from terrorism (36%) to the budget deficit (31%), things will not be much different in the years ahead than they are today. In assessing a possible Trump presidency, smaller percentages – no more than about one-in-five –expect little change on any issue.

https://www.pewresearch.org/politics/2016/07/14/voters-perceptions-of-the-candidates-traits-ideology-and-impact-on-issues/

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What if they won? Assessing the possible impact of | Clinton, Trump presidencies on major issues | Looking following aheada few years, if Clinton were to become presidentwould each | of the following be better, worse or not much different than litis now? | a lot better a little better Not much diff a little worse a lot worse | All voters | Health care | 23 | 11 | 21 | 33 | 11 | Fore ign policy | 20 | 34 | 23 | 11 | 11 | 14 | 32 | Economy | 21 | 23 | 34 | Immigration | 20 | 11 | 28 | 11 | 36 | Security from | 18 | 25 | terrorism | Budget deficit | 19 | 31 | 14 | 28 | Looking following aheada better, few years, if Trump were to become presidentwould each of | the following be better, worse or not much different than it is now? | voters | Immigration | 28 | 16 | 11 8 | 35 | Security from | 25 | 19 | 17 | 28 | 9 | terrorism | Economy | 22 | 22 | 17 | 12 | 26 | Budget deficit | 24 | 20 | 10 | 27 | 17 | Health care | 16 | 20 | 22 | 13 | 27 | 16 11 | Fore ign policy | 14 | 19 | 38 | Note: Based on registered voters. | Source: Survey conducted June 7-July 5, 2016. | PEW RESEARCH CENTER

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About a third say they soften see made up political news online; 51% say they see inaccurate news % of USS adults who often, 'sometimes, /hardly ever or never come across political snews online that is

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Many Americans believe fabricated news is sowing confusion, and about a third (32%) say they often see made-up political news online. Nearly two-thirds of U.S. adults (64%) say fabricated news stories cause a great deal of confusion about the basic facts of current issues and events. About a third of U.S. adults (32%) say they often see made-up political news online, while 39% sometimes see such stories and 26% hardly ever or never do. About half (51%) say they often see political news online that is at least somewhat inaccurate – a higher proportion than those who say they see news that is almost completely made up (32%). About a quarter (23%) say they have ever shared made-up news stories themselves, with roughly equal shares saying they have done so either knowingly or unknowingly. A large majority (84%) of Americans say they are at least somewhat confident in their ability to recognize fabricated news. Americans have low trust in information from social media. Just 5% of web-using U.S. adults have a lot of trust in the information they get from social media, nearly identical to the 4% who said so in 2016. This level of trust is much lower than trust in national and local news organizations, and in information coming from friends and family. In fact, in a separate study focusing on science news about twice as many social media users distrust science posts on social media as trust them (52% compared with 26%, 21% of social media users do not see any science posts).

https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/10/04/key-trends-in-social-and-digital-news-media/

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About a third say they soften see made | up political news online; 51% say they | see inaccurate news | % of USS adults who often, 'sometimes, /hardly ever or | never come across political snews online that is | Hardly ever/ | Often | Sometimes | never | Completely | 26% | 32% | 39% | made up | Not fully | 51 | 27 | 19 | accurate | Source: "Many Survey conducted Dec 1-4 2016 Sowing | "Many Americans Believe Fake News Is Sowing Confusion" | PEW RESEARCH CENTER

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News Sources Trusted By Largest Percentage of Online Adults Largest % who have Percent of total respondents who trust

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The full population picture doesn’t tell the whole story. If you look simply at the total percentage of online adults who say they trust a news organization for news about government and politics, several mainstream television outlets rise to the top. CNN, ABC, NBC, CBS and Fox News are all trusted by more than four-in-ten web-using U.S. adults. These high numbers, though, are intertwined with the fact that more than nine-in-ten respondents have heard of these five news sources. Trust and distrust were only asked of sources respondents had heard of, thus, the better known a source is, the more Americans in total who can voice trust or distrust of that source. A source like The Economist, on the other hand, is known by just 34% of respondents and so could never have a trust level exceeding 34% — even if everyone who had heard of it trusted it.

https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2014/10/30/which-news-organization-is-the-most-trusted-the-answer-is-complicated/

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News Sources Trusted By Largest | Percentage of Online Adults Largest | % who have | Percent of total respondents | who trust | heard ofit | CNN | 54% | 95% | ABC | 50 | 94 | NBC | 50 | 94 | CBS | 46 | 93 | Fox | 44 | 93 | News | American Trends Panel (wave 1). Survey conducted | March 19 April 29 2014 Q20, 21a Based on web | res pondents. | PEW RESEARCH CENTER

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Among Republicans, conservatives express greater issue agreement with Trump than moderates Among Republicans, /Republican leaners, % who say they agree with important issues facing the country today

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There is a similar pattern in views of agreement with Trump on issues among Republican subgroups. While majorities of Republicans across demographic and educational categories agree with Trump on many or nearly all (or all) issues, half or more of self-described conservatives (50%) and those 65 and older (54%) say they agree with Trump on all or nearly all issues. That is higher than the shares among other groups of Republicans. For example, among Republicans under age 30, just 21% say they agree with Trump on all or nearly all of the important issues facing the country.

https://www.pewresearch.org/politics/2020/03/05/few-americans-express-positive-views-of-trumps-conduct-in-office/

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Among Republicans, conservatives express greater | issue agreement with Trump than moderates | Among Republicans, /Republican leaners, % who say they agree with | Donald Trump on | important issues facing the country today | No or almost no | few | Many, not all | All or nearly all | All Rep/Lean Rep 3 | 17 | 42 | 38 | Ages 18-29 5 | 33 | 40 | 21 | 30-49 5 | 22 | 46 | 27 | 50-64 3 | 11 | 42 | 44 | 65+ | 6 | 39 | 54 | Postgrad | 20 | 29 | 47 | College grad | 20 | 49 | 30 | Some college 4 | 14 | 43 | 38 | HS or less 2 | 17 | 37 | 44 | Conserv | 8 | 40 | 50 | Mod/Lib | 29 | 46 | 18 | Republican 2 11 | 37 | 49 | Lean Republican 5 | 25 | 50 | 20 | Notes: Based on Republicans and Republican-leaning independents. No answer responses | not shown | Source: Survey of U.S. adults conducted Feb. 4-15, 2020 | PEW RESEARCH CENTER

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Wide partisan gaps, across education groups, on college's main purpose % saying the main purpose of college should be.n Among all adults

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In a two-way question, 58% of Republicans said the main purpose of college should be to teach specific skills and knowledge for the workplace; 28% said it should be personal growth. Democrats were divided: 43% said the main purpose of college should be to learn specific skills while 42% said personal growth.

https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/07/20/republicans-skeptical-of-colleges-impact-on-u-s-but-most-see-benefits-for-workforce-preparation/

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Wide partisan gaps, across education | groups, on college's main purpose | % saying the main purpose of college should be.n | Perso nal growth | Specific skills | Among all adults | Rep/Lean Rep | 28 | 58 | Dem/Lean Dem | 42 | 43 | Among high school or less | 40 37 27 25 | Rep/Lean Rep | 25 | 37 | Dem/Lean Dem | Among some college | Rep/Lean Rep | Dem/Lean Dem | 40 | Among college grad+ | Rep/Lean Rep | 35 | 50 | Dem/Lean Dem | 51 | 33 | Notes: "Some college includes those with a two-y ear associate | degree Don' t college know/ Otherresponses notshown. | Source Survey conducted Otherresponses May 25-June 29 2016 | PEW RESEARCH CENTER

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Economy and Crime Are Biggest Concerns in Turkey is/area lvery big problem in Turkey

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Among the issues tested, rising prices, crime and the gap between rich and poor are seen as the biggest problems in Turkey. Lack of employment opportunities (51% saying it is a very big problem) is also seen as a major issue. There are lower levels of concern over corruption among political leaders, poor-quality schools, traffic and health care. But overall, most Turks still see these issues as at least moderately big problems.

https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2015/10/15/deep-divisions-in-turkey-as-election-nears/

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Economy and Crime Are Biggest | Concerns in Turkey | is/area lvery big problem in Turkey | Rising prices | 61% | Crime | 57 | Gap between trich | 55 | and poor | Lack of employment | 51 | opportunities | 42 | Corrupt political leaders | 39 41 | Poor-o quality schoo Is | Traffic | Health care | 38 | Source: Spring 2015 Global Attitudes survey. Q60a g n. | PEW RESEARCH CENTER

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legal abortion % who say abortion should be Legal in all/most cases

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A majority of the public says abortion should be legal in all or most cases (59%), while 37% say abortion should be illegal in at least most cases, according to a Pew Research Center survey released last week. Support for legal abortion has fluctuated in recent years, but is at its highest level since 1995.

https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2016/11/03/women-drive-increase-in-democratic-support-for-legal-abortion/

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A widening partisan gap in support for | legal abortion | % who say abortion should be | Legal in all/most cases | 40 | Illegal inall/most cases | 1995 | 2002 | 2009 | 2016 | % who say abortion should be legal in all/most cases | Republican | Democrat | Independ lent | 79 | 66 | 54 | 36 | 2007 | 2010 | 2013 | 2016 | Source: Survey cond ucted Oct. 20-25 2016 | PEW RESEARCH CENTER

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Top reason Biden supporters give for voting for him: He's not Trump In your OWN words, what is the main reason you support in the 2020 presidential election? (% or lean toward Donald Trump (R) Vote for Democrats/against Republicans He is for American people and values

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For Biden supporters, opposition to Trump is by far the most frequently mentioned reason why they support him. Asked an open-ended question about the main reason they support or lean toward Biden, a 56% majority of his supporters cite their opposition to Trump; far fewer mention Biden’s leadership or performance as a candidate (19%) or his personality (13%).

https://www.pewresearch.org/politics/2020/08/13/election-2020-voters-are-highly-engaged-but-nearly-half-expect-to-have-difficulties-voting/

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Top reason Biden supporters give for | voting for him: He's not Trump | In your OWN words, what is the main reason you support | in the 2020 presidential election? (% | or lean toward | Donald Trump (R) | Leadership/ performance | 23 | His issue/policy positions | 21 | He is not Biden | 19 | He is for American people and values | 17 | Vote for Republicans/against Democrats | 16 | He tells it like it is/his personality | 11 | Other | 12 | DK/Refused | 13 | Joe Biden (D) | He is not Trump | 56 | 19 | Leadership/ performance | His personality/ temperament | 13 | His issue/policy positions | 9 | Vote for Democrats/against Republicans | He is for American people and values | Other | 13 | DK/Refused | 14 | Notes: Based on registered voters Open-ended questions asked | only of those who support/lean toward Trump or Biden See topline | for full set of responses Total exceeds 100% because of multiple | responses | Source: Survey of U.S adults conducted July 27-Aug 2. 2020 | PEW RESEARCH CENTER

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smartphone Use of location-based information and geosocial services among smartphone owners, over time For location services: % of smartphone owners who use their phone to get directions, For geosocial services: % of smartphone owners who use a service such as Foursquare or Gowalla to "check in to certain smartphone locations or share their location with friends Foursquare

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Almost three-quarters (74%) of smartphone owners get real-time location-based information on their phones as of February 2012, up from 55% in May 2011. This increase coincides with a rise in smartphone ownership overall (from 35% of adults in 2011 to 46% in 2012), which means that the overall proportion of U.S. adults who get location-based information has almost doubled over that time period—from 23% in May 2011 to 41% in February 2012. Meanwhile, more smartphone owners are using geosocial services like Foursquare or Gowalla1 to “check in” to certain places and share their location with friends. Some 18% of smartphone owners use geosocial services on their phones, up from 12% in 2011. This translates to 10% of all adults as of February 2012, up from 4% in May 2011.

https://www.pewresearch.org/internet/2012/05/11/three-quarters-of-smartphone-owners-use-location-based-services/

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smartphone Use of location-based information and geosocial services among | smartphone owners, over time | For location services: % of smartphone owners who use their phone to get directions, | recommendations, or other information related to their present location. | For geosocial services: % of smartphone owners who use a service such as Foursquare or | Gowalla to "check in to certain smartphone locations or share their location with friends Foursquare | 80% | 70% | 74%* | 60% | 55% | 50% | May 2011 | 40% | Feb 2012 | 30% | 20% | 18% | 10% | 12% | 0% | Location-based information | Geosocial services | services | Slight wording change since May 2011. | Source: Pew Research Center' S tracking Internet & American Life Project April 26-May 22 2011 and | January older, 20-February 19, 2012 tracking surveys For 2011 data cell N=2, 277 adults ages 18 and | January older, including 755 interviews tracking conducted on respondent's cell phone For 2012 ages data, n=2, .253 | adults and survey includes 901 cell phone interviews Both 2011 and 2012 data include | Spanish-language interviews

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Nearly three-quarters of those arrested by ICE in 2017 had past criminal convictions Number of criminal and non-criminal ICE arrests in fiscal 2009-2017

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Immigrants with past criminal convictions accounted for 74% of all arrests made by U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) agents in fiscal 2017, according to data from the agency. The remainder were classified as “non-criminal” arrestees, including 16% with pending criminal charges and 11% with no known criminal convictions or charges. The profile of arrestees by ICE’s Enforcement and Removal Operations has changed considerably in the past eight years: In fiscal 2009, the earliest year with comparable data, immigrants without past criminal convictions accounted for the majority (61%) of those arrested by the agency.

https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2018/02/15/most-immigrants-arrested-by-ice-have-prior-criminal-convictions-a-big-change-from-2009/

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Nearly three-quarters of those arrested by ICE in | 2017 had past criminal convictions | Number of criminal and non-criminal ICE arrests in fiscal | 2009-2017 | 182, 031 | 300 000 | Non-criminal | 200. 000 | 37,734 | 115 .867 | Criminal | 105, 736 | FYO9 | FEX10 | FY11 | FY12 | FY13 | FY15 | FY14 | FY16 | FY17 | Note: Includes only administrative arrests by ICE Enforcement and Removal | Operations activities. Criminal" category represents those with criminal | convictions in the ICE system of category record. Non criminal" category represents those | with pending criminal charges or with no known charges or convictions. | Source: U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement. | PEW RESEARCH CENTER

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News Interest vs. News Coverage Swine flu 29

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For the second week in a row, Americans followed news about the swine flu and its vaccine more closely than any other news story – with public interest outpacing the amount of national media coverage devoted to the story. About three-in-ten (29%) name reports about the fast-spreading flu and its vaccine as the story they followed more closely than any other last week, according to the latest weekly News Interest Index survey, conducted October 30-November 2 among 1,001 adults by the Pew Research Center for the People & the Press. Somewhat fewer mention news about health care reform (22%) or the economy (17%) as their top story. A separate analysis by the Pew Research Center’s Project for Excellence in Journalism (PEJ) finds that the national news media devoted 5% of the newshole to swine flu, much less than the coverage given to the health care debate (16%), Afghanistan (13%) or the economy (12%).

https://www.pewresearch.org/politics/2009/11/05/swine-flu-interest-outpaces-coverage/

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News Interest vs. News Coverage | Swine flu 29 | 22 | 16 | Health care | 12 | Economy 17 | Afghanistan 10 | 13 | World Series | 3 | Pakistan | Interest: percent who named story as most closely followed | Coverage: percent of news coverage devoted to story

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Child-Rearing Values by Gender % saying each is especially importantto teach children

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Men and women have similar value priorities for children for all but a handful of qualities. To the extent that there are differences, women are more inclined to prioritize helping others and empathy as important. A clear majority of women and men say that teaching children about helping others is important (89% and 80%, respectively for women and men) but women are relatively more inclined to say this. And 26% of women, compared with 18% of men, say it is one of the most important values to teach children.

https://www.pewresearch.org/politics/2014/09/18/teaching-the-children-sharp-ideological-differences-some-common-ground/

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Child-Rearing Values by Gender | % saying each is especially importantto teach children | Most | SENET | important | important | Empathy | Women 19 | 75 | for others | Men | 61 | Helping | Women | 26 | 89 | others | Men | 18 | 80 | Obedience | Women 12 | 63 | Men | 56 | Religious | Women | 32 | 56 | faith | Men | 28 | 50 | Persistence Women | 61 | Men | 67 | Being well | Women | 23 | 86 | mannered | Men | 21 | 81 | Independence Women | 19 | 79 | 16 | Men | Being responsible | Women | 55 | 95 | Being responsible | Men | 55 | 91 | Women | Hard work | 39 | 91 | Men | 44 | 88 | Creativity | Women | Men 13 | 74 | Tolerance | Women | 66 | Men 10 | 65 | Women 6 | 59 | Curiosity | Men 10 | 59 | American Trends Panel (wave 3) Survey conducted April 29-May | 27. 2014. N=3.243. Data is ranked by the difference in net | important. | PEW RESEARCH CENTER

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Half of immigrants in U.S. are English proficient as of 2018 % offoreign-born population ages 5 and older who are English proficient

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Among immigrants ages 5 and older in 2018, half (53%) are proficient English speakers – either speaking English very well (37%) or only speaking English at home (17%).

https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2020/08/20/key-findings-about-u-s-immigrants/

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Half of immigrants in U.S. are English | proficient as of 2018 | % offoreign-born population ages 5 and older who are | English proficient | 57% | 53 | 53 | 49 | 48 | 1980 | 1990 | 2000 | 2010 | 2018 | Note: English proficient ware those who speak only English at home | or if they speak a non-English language at home, they indicate they | can speak English at least "very well. | Source: Pew Research Center tabulations of 1980- 2000 decennial | censuses and 2010, 2013-2018 American Community Surveys | (IPUMS). | PEW RESEARCH CENTER

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Improving Views of News About Jobs % hearing news about the job situation

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For the first time in at least five years, as many Americans say they are hearing good news (26%) as bad news (25%) about the nation’s job situation; a 45% plurality reports hearing a mix of good and bad news. This is the first time that more than 20% have expressed positive views about job news since the Pew Research Center began tracking this question in 2009. In June of that year, just 1% said news about the job situation was mostly good, and 71% said it was mostly bad. In the last year alone, the share hearing mostly bad news about jobs has fallen 15 points, while the percentage hearing mostly good news has risen nine points. When it comes to news about the overall economy, most continue to say that they’re hearing a mix of good and bad news (63%), while 21% say they are hearing mostly bad news and 14% are hearing mostly good news. The gap between positive and negative perceptions has narrowed considerably since a year ago, when 31% were hearing bad news and 7% were hearing good news.

https://www.pewresearch.org/politics/2014/12/16/perceptions-of-job-news-trend-upward/

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Improving Views of News About Jobs | % hearing | news about the job situation | Mostly bad | Mixed | Mostly good | 100 | 80 | 60 | 45 | 40 | 26 | 25 | 20 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | Survey conducted Dec 11-14 2014 | PEW RESEARCH CENTER

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Figure 1

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The Pew Hispanic analysis finds that 35% of unauthorized adult immigrants have resided in the U.S. for 15 years or more; 28% for 10 to 14 years; 22% for 5 to 9 years; and 15% for less than five years.

https://www.pewresearch.org/hispanic/2011/12/01/unauthorized-immigrants-length-of-residency-patterns-of-parenthood/

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Figure 1 | Unauthorized Residence Adults U.S., by Duration of | Residence in the U.S., by 2010 | Less than | Syears | 15 years | 15% | or more | 35% | 5-9 years | 22% | 10-14 years | 28% | Note: Based on adults age 18 and olderatthe time of the | survey. | Source: March 2010 Pew Hispanic Center tabulations ofthe augmented | Source: March 2010 Pew Current Hispanic Population Center tabulations Survey; data ofthe adjusted augmented for | survey omissions | PEW RESEARCH CENTER

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Most Improve Oppose Position Use of Preferences of Minorities to Improve Oppose Position Preferences of Minorities We position should giving of make blacks them every preferential other possible minorities effort to e ven improve ifit the means giving them every preferential treatment

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Pew Research surveys going back to 1987 show only a quarter to a third of Americans agreeing with the statement that “We should make every possible effort to improve the position of blacks and other minorities, even if it means giving them preferential treatment.” But support is sharply split by race: When we asked the question last year, 62% of blacks and 59% of Hispanics agreed with the statement but only 22% of whites did. And while 44% of 18- to 29-year-olds agreed, about a third of all other age groups did.

https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2013/06/24/as-supreme-court-defers-affirmative-action-ruling-deep-divides-persist/

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Most Improve Oppose Position Use of Preferences of Minorities | to Improve Oppose Position Preferences of Minorities | We position should giving of make blacks them every preferential other possible minorities effort to e ven improve ifit the | means giving them every preferential treatment | Disagree | Agree | .65 | 33 | 31 | 1987 | 1992 | 1997 | 2002 | 2007 | 2012 | PEW RESEARCH CENTER 2012 Values Survey, Q401.

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There is broad public consensus that behaviors such as threatening messages, posting of personal information without consent constitute online harassment Given the following scenario conversation is then reposted on an account with

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There is relatively broad consensus on the remaining elements of the scenario. Substantial shares of Americans think David experiences online harassment when he begins to receive unkind messages from strangers (72%), when those messages become vulgar (82%), when his personal information is posted online (85%), and when he starts to receive threatening messages (85%).

https://www.pewresearch.org/internet/2018/01/04/crossing-the-line-what-counts-as-online-harassment/

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There is broad public consensus that behaviors such as threatening messages, | posting of personal information without consent constitute online harassment | Given the following scenario | % ofUS. adults who consider it online | harassment when | David and his friend are messaging privately about a | sensitive political issue on which they disagree. | David offends his friend | 5% | David says something that offends his friend, who | forwards the conversation to some people they know. | His friend forwards their conversation | 48 | One of those people shares the conversation publicly | Someone shares the | 54 | on a social media account, and David receives | conversation publicly | unkind messages from strangers The original | 72 | David receives unkind messages | conversation is then reposted on an account with | David receives vulgar messages | 82 | thousands of followers and David receives | Someone posts David's | messages that are vulgar. Eventually someone posts | 85 | personal information online | David" 's phone number and home address online, | David receives threatening messages | 85 | and David starts to receive threatening messages | Source: Survey conducted March 13-27 2017 | "Crossing Survey the Line: conducted What Counts March as 13-27 Online Harassment?" | PEW RESEARCH CENTER

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How Much Does Space Prog ram Contribute to a lot Some Not much/Nothing

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Overall, 39% say it has contributed a lot to encouraging interest in science, 35% say it has contributed some while 22% think it has contributed not much or nothing. Nearly as many (38%) say the space program has contributed a lot to scientific advances that all Americans can use, while 34% think it has done a lot for feelings or pride and patriotism.

https://www.pewresearch.org/2011/07/05/majority-sees-us-leadership-in-space-as-essential/

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How Much Does Space Prog ram Contribute to | a lot Some Not much/Nothing | Encouraging technology interest | 39 | 35 | 22 | Encouraging in science & technology | Scientific advances all | 38 | 36 | 22 | Americans can use | National patriotism pride & | 34 | 34 | 28 | National patriotism pride | PEW RESEARCH CENTER June 15-19, 2011, Q17,

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Older Americans turn even more negative toward China in recent months % who say they have an unfavorable opinion of China

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While majorities of every age group now have an unfavorable view of China, Americans ages 50 and older are substantially more negative (81%) than those ages 30 to 49 (71%) or those under 30 (56%). For those ages 50 and older, this represents an increase of 10 percentage points since March.

https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2020/07/30/americans-fault-china-for-its-role-in-the-spread-of-covid-19/

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Older Americans turn even more negative toward | China in recent months | % who say they have an unfavorable opinion of China | 100 % | 50 and older | 65 | 60 | 55 | 30-99 | 52 | 46 | 53 56 | 49 | 42 | 39 | 37 37 | 35 | 30 | 27 29 | 26 | 24 26 | 23 | 18-29 | 2005 | 2010 | 2015 | 2020 | Source: Survey or U.S adults conducted June 16-July 14 2020. Q8b. | Americans Fault China for Its Role in the Spread of COVID-19" | PEW RESEARCH CENTER

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Obama Immigration Approval Up, But Majority Still Disapproves of Handling % approving/ 'disapproving Obama's handling of immigration policy 'disapproving

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Ratings of how Obama is handling the nation’s immigration policy have slightly improved since late August but remain mostly negative (56% disapprove vs. 38% approve). Opinions about the president’s handling of immigration were more negative than positive throughout his first term, though he started his second term about even (44% approve, 43% disapprove) before dropping to 32% approval last November and 31% approval this August. On balance, non-Hispanic blacks remain positive toward Obama on this issue: About six-in-ten (61%) approve of his handling of immigration and 32% disapprove.

https://www.pewresearch.org/politics/2014/12/11/immigration-action-gets-mixed-response-but-legal-pathway-still-popular/

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Obama Immigration Approval Up, But | Majority Still Disapproves of Handling | % approving/ 'disapproving Obama's handling of | immigration policy 'disapproving | 61 | 60 | Disapprove | 56 | 43 | - 38 | Approve | 33 | 32 | 31 | 31 | Nov 09 | Nov 11 | Feb 13 | Dec 14 | Survey conducted Dec 3-7, 2014. | PEW RESEARCH CENTER/USA TODAY

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About four-in-ten Americans say they would not be likely to speak with a public health official by phone or text message about the coronavirus outbreak % of U.S. adults who say they would be to speak with a public health official if they contacted them by phone or text message or at their residence to speak with them about the coronavirus outbreak if THEY CONTACTED THEM BY PHONE OR TEXT MESSAGE*

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Some 41% of adults say they would not be likely to speak with a public health official by phone or text message about COVID-19. Not all Americans are equally likely to say this. For example, looking at this first step of the process only, 48% of those with a high school diploma or less formal education say they would be not at all or not too likely to speak with a public health official in this way, compared with a smaller share (30%) of those with a bachelor’s degree or higher. There are also differences by income: 45% of those from households with lower incomes say they would be not at all or not too likely to do so by phone or text, while a smaller share (31%) of those in higher-income households say the same. Younger Americans are also less likely to say they would speak with a public health official by phone or text during the outbreak. Roughly half (49%) of adults ages 18 to 29 say they would be not at all or not too likely to do so, compared with smaller shares of Americans 50 and older who express such reluctance.

https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2020/10/30/key-findings-about-americans-views-on-covid-19-contact-tracing/

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About four-in-ten Americans say they would not be | likely to speak with a public health official by phone | or text message about the coronavirus outbreak | % of U.S. adults who say they would be to speak with a public health | official if they contacted them by phone or text message or at their residence | to speak with them about the coronavirus outbreak | if THEY CONTACTED THEM BY | IF THEY SHOWED UP at | PHONE OR TEXT MESSAGE* | THEIR RESIDENCE* | Not at all Not too | NET | Not at all Not too | NET | likely | likely | likely | likely | U.S. adults | 17 | 24 | 41 | 17 | 22 | 40 | Ages 18-29 | 21 | 28 | 49 | 18 | 26 | 43 | 21 | 39 | 30-49 | 18 | 24 | 42 | 19 | 50-64 17 | 39 | 15 | 22 | 37 | 23 | 65+ | 13 | 21 | 34 | 18 | 22 | 40 | 25 | 48 | 20 | 22 | HS or less | 23 | 42 | 17 | 27 | 44 | 19 | 23 | 42 | Some college | College+ 10 | 20 | 30 | 13 | 22 | 35 | 21 | Lower income | 21 | 24 | 45 | 21 | 42 | Middle income | 16 | 24 | 17 | 24 | 41 | 40 | Upper income 11 | 20 | 31 | 20 | 34 | 14 | Rep/Lean Rep | 22 | 29 | 50 | 19 | 26 | 45 | Dem/Lean Dem 12 | 20 | 31 | 15 | 19 | 34 | *Based on the half sample of respondents randomly assigned to receive these questions. | Respondents were randomly assigned to either receive the question about speaking on the | phone or via text message or the question about speaking at their residence | Note: Those who did not give an answer or who gave other responses are not shown. | Source: Survey of U. 5 adults conducted July 13 19. 2020 | The Challenges Survey of Contact Tracing as U.S July Battles COVID-19 | PEW RESEARCH CENTER

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Current Life Satisfac tion High (7-10) Medium 14-6) Low (0-3)

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Despite its reputation for la dolce vita, when it comes to rating their current lives and looking to the future, Italians are generally gloomier than their fellow Europeans, as well as Americans and Canadians. For example, when asked to place themselves on a “ladder of life,” where zero represents the worst possible life and 10 the best possible life, fewer than half of Italians (48%) rate their life at least a seven. On the other hand, in Sweden (72%), Canada (71%), Spain (66%), and the United States (65%), more than six-in-ten respondents place themselves on the top rungs of the ladder.

https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2008/01/17/italys-malaise/

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Current Life Satisfac tion | High (7-10) Medium 14-6) Low (0-3) | Sweden | 72 | 24 | 59 65 66 71 | Canada | 26 | Spain | 31 | 30 | United States | 34 | Britain | 40 | 57 | France | 48 | 42 47 | 10 | Germany | 48 | Italy

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Non-broadband users cite a number of reasons why the do not use high-speed connections % of each group who cite the following as reasons for not having broadband at home

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So why are some smartphone users forgoing broadband? Some 65% of the smartphone-only Americans say the smartphone lets them do all they need to online, according to our 2015 survey. But while the smartphone-only clearly see the usefulness of the device, cost plays an important role in the decision not to subscribe to high-speed service at home. The availability of other access options outside the home also comes prominently into play. Public libraries may help fill the online gap among smartphone users who don’t subscribe to home broadband services. For public library users, those with smartphones only are somewhat more likely than those with home broadband, by a 34% to 30% margin, to use a library’s Wi-Fi, computers or internet connections to get online. Similarly, for those who engage in personal learning activities, the smartphone-only are more likely to do this at a high school, college or community college than those with broadband at home (by a 40% to 24% margin).

https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2016/10/03/smartphones-help-those-without-broadband-get-online-but-dont-necessarily-bridge-the-digital-divide/

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Non-broadband users cite a number of reasons why | the do not use high-speed connections | % of each group who cite the following as reasons for not having broadband | at home | All non broadband | Non- broadband | users who own | users | smartphone | Monthly cost of home broadband | 59% | 59% | subscription is too expensive | Have other options for internet | 46 | 59 | access outside of home | Cost of computer is too | 45 | expensive | Smartphone does everything | 27 | 65 | online that you need to do | Service is not available or speed | 23 | 27 | is unacceptable | Some other reason | 25 | 21 | Source: Survey conducted June 10-July12 2015. | PEW RESEARCH CENTER

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Growing share of Republicans now see their party as united in its views Ton issues and % who say each party is vision for the future thinking Republicans and Republican Rep leaners thinking Republicans about the Republican Rep Party Democrats and Dem leaners thinking about the Democratic Party

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While the public expects greater discord between two parties they view as far apart, rank-and-file Republicans and Democrats see their own parties as united. Overall, 55% of Republicans and Republican leaners describe the GOP as mostly united on issues and its vision for the future.

https://www.pewresearch.org/politics/2019/01/24/publics-2019-priorities-economy-health-care-education-and-security-all-near-top-of-list/

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Growing share of Republicans now see | their party as united | in its views Ton issues and | % who say each party is | vision for the future | thinking Republicans and Republican Rep leaners | thinking Republicans about the Republican Rep Party | Mostly divided | Mostly united | Jan 2019 | 41 | 55 | Oct 2017 | 63 | 35 | April 2017 | 57 | 42 | Oct 2016 | 70 | 27 | Democrats and Dem leaners | thinking about the Democratic Party | Mostly united | Mostly divided | Jan 2019 | 33 | 63 | Oct 2017 | 39 | 56 | April 2017 | 39 | 58 | Oct 2016 | 31 | 67 | Note: Don it know responses not shown | Source: Survey of U.S adults conducted Jan 9-14 2019 | PEW RESEARCH CENTER

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Interest Surpasses in Other Health Care Ruling News Surpasses Other Recent Ruling News % following feach story very closely June 28-July 1 Health care decision

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The Supreme Court’s health care decision is the month’s most closely followed story, surpassing the economy and the presidential election. (Public interest in stories earlier in June can be found here and here). This week, there also was more interest in the court’s ruling on health care than in its decision on Arizona’s immigration law (29% very closely) and the House vote holding Attorney General Eric Holder in contempt for not sharing documents related to a gun-trafficking investigation (22% very closely). Interest in the presidential election has remained fairly stable over the past few weeks. From June 28-July 1, 32% tracked news about the election very closely.

https://www.pewresearch.org/politics/2012/07/02/division-uncertainty-over-courts-health-care-ruling/

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Interest Surpasses in Other Health Care Ruling News | Surpasses Other Recent Ruling News | % following feach story very closely | June 28-July 1 | Health care decision | 45 | U.S. economy | 38 | 2012 election | 32 | 27 29 | Immigration decision | Colorado wildfires | Holder contempt vote | 22 | Violence in Syria | 13 | June 21-24 | U.S. economy | 33 | 2012 election | 27 | Sandusky trial | 20 | Holder conte mpt vote | 15 | Greece elections | June 14-17 | U.S. economy | 39 | 2012 election | 29 31 | Immigration policy | European economies | 17 20 21 | Sandusky trial | Colorado wildfires | SNBA finals | 16 | Violence in Syria | 15 | Situation in Egypt | 13 | 2012; PEW RESEARCH CENTER June 14-17, 2012; June 21-24, | 2012; June 28-July 1, 2012

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News Coverage vs. News Interest News Interest Japan disaster

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For the second week in a row, the public kept its focus on the aftermath of the disaster in Japan, while the fighting in Libya received the most media coverage. Despite the violence and the U.S. role in the fighting, interest in the situation in Libya is comparable to interest in more general economic news. Fewer than four-in-ten (37%) say they followed news about the airstrikes in Libya very closely; this was the top story for 13%. Meanwhile, 42% say they followed news about the economic situation very closely, while this was the top story for 14%. Three-in-ten (30%) say they very closely followed the discussions in Washington about how to address the federal budget deficit; 6% say they followed this news more closely than any other top story. More than a third of Republicans (36%) say they are following the budget debate very closely, compared with 27% of Democrats. News about the budget debate made up 5% of coverage.

https://www.pewresearch.org/politics/2011/04/06/public-sees-better-news-about-jobs-but-not-prices/

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News Coverage vs. News Interest | News Interest | News Coverage | Japan disaster | 50 | 12 | Economy | 14 | 10 | Air strikes in Libya | 13 | 34 | li | Federal budget deficit | NCAA basketball | Deadly Koran protests | News interest Research shows the percentage the of people who say they fo 1-3, loowed 2011, this story most | closely, Pew Research Center percentage for the People 8 the Press April 1-3, 2011, story News | coverage shows Research the Project percenta ge of news coverage lism, devoted March to each story, 2011, Pew | coverage Research Center's Project percenta for ge Exce Ilence coverage in Journa lism, March 28-April3, story, 2011,

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Suspected bots equally likely to link to legacy, digital-native news sites % of tweeted links that are posted by automated accounts to the 50 legacy and digital-native news sites

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Suspected bots are no more likely to link to digital-native news sites than to legacy news organizations. One might expect sites that were “born on the web” to be more integrated with social media and online environments relative to legacy news sites, and thus more frequently trafficked by suspected bot accounts. Yet suspected automated accounts are prolific in sharing links not only to sites born on the web but also to legacy news organizations. Suspected bots shared 60% of tweeted links to legacy sites, about on par with the 59% of tweeted links to digital native sites.

https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2018/06/21/the-news-that-bots-share-on-twitter-tends-not-to-focus-on-politics/

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Internet & Technology

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Suspected bots equally | likely to link to legacy, | digital-native news sites | % of tweeted links that are posted by | automated accounts to the 50 legacy | and digital-native news sites | included in the study | Legacy news | 60 | sites | Digital native sites | 59 | Digital news sites | Source Analysis offolegacy and digital | native news sites shared on Twitter | between July27 and Sept. 11, 2017, | including 108 552 tweeted links. The list | ofnews sites is drawn from the report | "Sources Shared on Twitter: a Case Study | on Immigration. | PEW RESEARCH CENTER

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Among officers, men, whites and military veterans more likely to report having fired service weapon on duty % of rofficers saying they have discharged their service while training

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In fact, only about a quarter (27%) of all officers say they have ever fired their service weapon while on the job, according to a separate Pew Research Center survey conducted by the National Police Research Platform. The survey was conducted May 19-Aug. 14, 2016, among a nationally representative sample of 7,917 sworn officers working in 54 police and sheriff’s departments with 100 or more officers. But among police officers, are some more likely than others to have fired their weapon in the line of duty? To start, male officers, white officers, those working in larger cities and those who are military veterans are more likely than female officers, racial and ethnic minorities, those in smaller communities and non-veterans to have ever fired their service weapon while on duty. Each relationship is significant after controlling for other factors that could be associated with firing a service weapon.

https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/02/08/a-closer-look-at-police-officers-who-have-fired-their-weapon-on-duty/

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U.S. Politics & Policy

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Among officers, men, whites and | military veterans more likely to report | having fired service weapon on duty | % of rofficers saying they have discharged their service | frearm while rofficers training while saying on duty, they other than discharged on agun range or | while training | AII officers | 27 | Men | 30 | Size Militaryveteran of Not citi Nonwhite a Women veteran served White by department CONTERTARIZED I | Women | White | 31 | Nonwhite | 32 | Militaryveteran | Not a veteran | 30 | 400 .000+ | 23 | <400 LOOO | Note: Figures reported are Illysignificantarter derived from bivariate crossta bs. These | relationships Figures are statistica Illysignificantarter controlling for other | officer chai racteristics (see Illysignificantarter About this ana lysis below). These | patterns demonstrate that each traitis associated with discharging | a wea pon, notthatitnecessarily ca uses one to be more likelyto | fire. | Source 2016 Survey oflaw enforc.ment.officers conducted May 19-Aug | 14. 2016 | PEW RESEARCH CENTER

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Highly religious Americans are more likely to see gene editing for babies as taking medical technology too far % of U.S. adults characteristics in each religious commitmentgroup who say changing a baby'sgenetic characteristics for commitmentgroup eachof the.following reasons is Taking med lica technology too far Approp riate use of medical techno logy Treata serious disease or cond lition the baby would have at birth Reduce risk of a serious disease or condition that could occur over their Make the baby more intelligent

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Americans who are high in religious commitment – that is, those who attend religious services at least weekly, pray at least daily and say that religion is very important in their lives – are less inclined than those with either medium or low levels of religious commitment to say that gene editing is an appropriate use of medical technology.3 For example, those high in religious commitment are closely divided over whether it is appropriate to use gene editing to reduce a baby’s risk of disease later in life; 46% say this is appropriate, while 53% consider it taking technology too far. In contrast, roughly three-quarters of those low in religious commitment (73%) say gene editing to reduce a baby’s risk of developing a serious disease or condition is an appropriate use of medical technology. And, while a 57% majority of those high in religious commitment say gene editing to treat a congenital disorder in a baby is an appropriate use of medical technology, a much larger share of those with low religious commitment (82%) say this is appropriate.

https://www.pewresearch.org/science/2018/07/26/public-views-of-gene-editing-for-babies-depend-on-how-it-would-be-used/

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Science & Society

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Highly religious Americans are more likely to see gene | editing for babies as taking medical technology too far | % of U.S. adults characteristics in each religious commitmentgroup who say changing a | baby'sgenetic characteristics for commitmentgroup eachof the.following reasons is | Taking med lica technology too far Approp riate use of medical techno logy | Treata serious disease or cond lition the baby would have at birth | Among those | on the religious commitment index | 40 | High | Medium | 27 | 72 | Low | 18 | 82 | Reduce risk of a serious disease or condition that could occur over their | lifetime | CONTERTATION | High | 53 | Medium | 41 | 58 | Low | 27 | 73 | Make the baby more intelligent | High 93 | Medium | 82 | 18 | Low | 72 | 28 | Note: Respondents who did notgive an answerare notshown. See Methodologyfor details | on index ofreligious commitment. April.33. | Source Survey cond lucted Editing April.33. May 6. 2018. | "Public Views of Gene Editing for Babies Depend on How ItWould BB Used" | PEW RESEARCH CENTER

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The Least Financially Secure Preferred Democrats in 2014, But Many Had No Preference 2014 candidate preferences among the general public, by level of financial security and Most Were Unlikely to Vote unlike ly to vote

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During the fall campaign season, we asked panelists – voters and non-voters alike – which candidate they preferred for Congress. Support for Republican candidates was strongly associated with financial security: among the most secure group, 49% favored or leaned to the Republican candidate, compared with just 17% among the least secure group.

https://www.pewresearch.org/politics/2015/01/08/the-politics-of-financial-insecurity-a-democratic-tilt-undercut-by-low-participation/

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U.S. Politics & Policy

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The Least Financially Secure Preferred Democrats in 2014, But Many | Had No Preference | 2014 candidate preferences among the general public, by level of financial security | DEMOCRATIC CANDIDATE | REPUBLICAN CANDIDATE | OTHER/ NOT SURE/ REF | (42% ove rall) | (34% overall) | (24% overall) | Most secure | 42% | 49% | 10% | 39 | 42 | 20 | 42 | 37 | 21 | 43 | 26 | 31 | Least secure | 42 | 17 | 41 | 5 | and Most Were Unlikely to Vote | DEMOCRATIC CA NDIDATE | REPUBLICAN CANDIDATE | OTHER/ NOT SURE/ REF. | TOTAL % LIKELY | VOTERS | Likely voters | Non-voters | Most secure | 25 | 35 | 63% | 16 | 14 | 3 | 22 | 26 | 16 | 51 | 17 | 3 | 17 | 36 | 15 | 27 | 18 | 19 | 18 | 15 | 28 | 13 | 14 | 30 | 29 | Least secure 5 | 20 | 12 | 30 | 6 | 11 | 39 | Among the least financially secure fully 30% | Most of those who did not expre SS | Among supported a Democratic 1% candidate but Republican were | support publican for either a De mocratic or | supported unlikely to vote just 1 1% supported Republican | support a Re publican candidate were | candidate and were unlikely to vote. | unlike ly to vote | Note: Figures in bottom charts may not add Survey up to totals in top Sept. charts and total % likely voters column public. because of rounding | Source: American Trends Panel (wave 7). Survey conducted Sept. 9- Oct. 3. 2014 Based on general public. | PEW RESEARCH CENTER

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Grow Among ing Religious Acceptance Congregations of Gays, Lesbians Among Religious Congregations

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The survey found that between 2006 and 2012, the share of congregations allowing an openly gay or lesbian couple to become full-fledged members grew from 37% to 48%. In addition, the number of congregations that allowed openly gay and lesbian members to assume any lay leadership position also increased – from 18% in 2006 to 26% in 2012.

https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2014/09/25/new-study-finds-a-greater-church-acceptance-of-gays-and-lesbians-2/

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Religion & Public Life

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Grow Among ing Religious Acceptance Congregations of Gays, Lesbians | Among Religious Congregations | 50% | 48% | Allowed to assume | 40 | any volunteer position | 37% | leadership position | 30 | 26% | 20 | Allowed | 18% | to become | full-fledged | 10 | members | 2006 | 2012 | 2006 | 2012 | Source: National Congregations Study (NCS) | PEW RESEARCH CENTER