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Q: Throughout the passage, the narrator is portrayed as someone who is Answer Choices: (A)reserved around unfamiliar people. (B)attuned to her immediate surroundings. (C)sympathetic to the needs of others. (D)anxious about her responsibilities. A: Among A through D, the answer is

Q: Throughout the passage, the narrator is portrayed as someone who is Answer Choices: (A)reserved around unfamiliar people. (B)attuned to her immediate surroundings. (C)sympathetic to the needs of others. (D)anxious about her responsibilities. A: Among A through D, the answer is

Q: The narrator indicates that the contrast between the ink-making studio at Immortal Heart village and her family's ink shop is that the ink shop Answer Choices: (A)displays the family's ink more impressively. (B)is more conveniently located for the public. (C)provides greater individual attention to customers. (D)offers a larger space for presenting products. A: Among A through D, the answer is

Q: 1 A quotation from the Declaration of Independence Smith's main purpose in the passage is to Answer Choices: (A)accuse fellow abolitionists of overlooking the contributions that women have made to the movement. (B)argue that the causes of abolition and women's rights are continuations of the spirit of the American Revolution. (C)make the case that women's rights are meaningless while slavery exists. (D)encourage women to see their participation in the abolitionist cause as just and important. A: Among A through D, the answer is

Q: Which statement provides the best description of a technique that Smith uses throughout the passage to advance her main point? Answer Choices: (A)She presents claims in the form of rhetorical questions that mostly have implicit negative answers. (B)She criticizes her opponents by quoting self-contradictory remarks they have made. (C)She illustrates each of her central ideas with an emotionally powerful anecdote. (D)She emphasizes the reasonableness of her views by presenting them as though they are universally held. A: Among A through D, the answer is

Q: Which choice best summarizes the first paragraph? Answer Choices: (A)Smith explains a conventional viewpoint and presents evidence supporting it. (B)Smith rejects a claim and elaborates on her reasons for doing so. (C)Smith introduces her subject and provides historical background for understanding it. (D)Smith identifies a problem and proposes steps to remedy it. A: Among A through D, the answer is

Q: In the passage, Smith argues that it is possible for women to engage in which activity? Answer Choices: (A)Acting according to humanitarian principles while preserving their femininity (B)Adhering to personal morality while being politically neutral (C)Contributing to their family's financial security while meeting social expectations (D)Resisting calls for war while still opposing slavery A: Among A through D, the answer is

Q: laws") According to Smith, the US Constitution requires which action on the part of the Northern free states if slaves were to revolt? Answer Choices: (A)The Northern states would have to sever ties with the slave states. (B)The Northern states would have to give shelter to refugees from the slave states. (C)The Northern states would have to help the slave states fight the slaves' rebellion. (D)The Northern states would have to provide financial assistance to the rebelling slaves. A: Among A through D, the answer is

Q: In the passage, Smith most strongly suggests that slavery affects the United States by Answer Choices: (A)lowering the country's reputation in the international community. (B)leading many women to disavow their allegiance to the country. (C)causing violent conflicts in many areas of the country. (D)weakening the authority of the country's government. A: Among A through D, the answer is

Q: The first paragraph of Passage 1 primarily serves to Answer Choices: (A)present a claim that is supported and developed over the course of the passage. (B)introduce a controversy that the study described in the passage is intended to resolve. (C)identify a problem that the research discussed in the passage may help to address. (D)offer a theory that is challenged by the findings presented in the passage. A: Among A through D, the answer is

Q: The author of Passage 1 suggests that an advantage of the method Lewis's team used to grow microorganisms is that it Answer Choices: (A)identifies the requirements for soil bacteria to thrive and replicates those features in artificial soil. (B)enables soil bacteria to take in more nutrients than they typically consume in natural settings. (C)directly affects the cell walls of bacteria rather than the proteins those bacteria produce. (D)allows researchers to make use of soil bacteria that they had previously been unable to exploit. A: Among A through D, the answer is

Q: The author of Passage 2 would most likely agree with which statement about the development of teixobactin? Answer Choices: (A)It reveals that some antibiotics are effective against gram-negative bacteria. (B)It shows that conventional methods can still yield new types of antibiotics. (C)It casts doubt on the practicality of searching for new antibiotics in exotic environments. (D)It confirms a long-held belief about a potential source of new antibiotics. A: Among A through D, the answer is

Q: In the last sentence of Passage 2, the author uses the phrase "five years and $\pounds 500$ million" primarily to Answer Choices: (A)emphasize the scale of the effort needed to make teixobactin available for consumer use. (B)criticize the level of funding that the government has committed to teixobactin development. (C)underscore the amount of time and money that has already been spent researching teixobactin. (D)compare the amount of money spent developing teixobactin with the amount spent developing other antibiotics A: Among A through D, the answer is

Q: Which choice best describes the relationship between Passage 1 and Passage 2? Answer Choices: (A)Passage 2 offers an evaluation of the significance of the research discussed in Passage 1. (B)Passage 2 suggests a modification to the methodology described in Passage 1. (C)Passage 2 uses concrete examples to illustrate concepts considered in Passage 1. (D)Passage 2 takes a dismissive stance regarding the findings mentioned in Passage 1. A: Among A through D, the answer is

Q: Both passages make the point that teixobactin could be useful in Answer Choices: (A)standardizing the future development of antibiotics produced in laboratory environments. (B)combating infections that are no longer responding to treatment with other antibiotics. (C)controlling the spread of pathogenic soil fungi. (D)shaping a new method of studying the effectiveness of antibiotics. A: Among A through D, the answer is

Q: Information in Passage 2 best supports which conclusion about the mice in the experiment described in Passage 1? Answer Choices: (A)Exposure to teixobactin made them less susceptible to subsequent upper respiratory tract infections. (B)Gram-positive bacteria enhanced the effectiveness of teixobactin against their upper respiratory tract infections. (C)Their upper respiratory tract infections were likely not caused by gram-negative bacteria. (D)Teixobactin attacked the proteins of the bacteria that caused their upper respiratory tract infections. A: Among A through D, the answer is

Q: Which choice best describes what happens in the passage? Answer Choices: (A)The narrator reflects on how the behavior of another character has changed. (B)The narrator struggles to understand the motivations of another character. (C)The narrator discusses shared professional interests with another character. (D)The narrator recounts the events that led another character to support her project. A: Among A through D, the answer is

Q: According to the passage, Tiffany looks forward tothe upcoming World’s Columbian Exposition inChicago as an opportunity to Answer Choices: (A)gain greater popular recognition. (B)sell many decorative objects. (C)collaborate with other famous artists. (D)showcase pieces that have earned critical acclaim. A: Among A through D, the answer is

Q: The narrator indicates that Tiffany informs her ofhis new projects by Answer Choices: (A)showing a series of plans for stained glass windows he intends to construct. (B)presenting several finished stained glass windows and describing them in detail. (C)asking her opinion of the watercolor paintings he plans to exhibit in Chicago. (D)displaying a chart that shows the placement of the artworks he plans to exhibit in Chicago. A: Among A through D, the answer is

Q: It can most reasonably be inferred from the passagethat the narrator’s talents include an ability to Answer Choices: (A)devise imaginative names for the colors of the glass she works with. (B)enhance an existing idea by improvising technical innovations for artworks. (C)provide authoritative critiques of classical artworks. (D)create detailed sketches on which larger artworks are based. A: Among A through D, the answer is

Q: The main purpose of the passage is to Answer Choices: (A)describe the causes and consequences of a phenomenon. (B)propose a new solution to an ongoing problem. (C)question whether recent research has practical applications. (D)critique the methodology used to arrive at new findings. A: Among A through D, the answer is

Q: Based on the passage, which choice best describesthe relationship between Frick and Rodríguez-Pose’sfirst and second studies? Answer Choices: (A)The second study corrects a minor error in the research of the first study. (B)The second study confirms a hypothesis that they were unable to confirm in the first study. (C)The second study builds on the first study’s findings. (D)The second study offers a more negative interpretation of a recent event than the first study does. A: Among A through D, the answer is

Q: It can most reasonably be inferred from the passagethat a megacity’s economic impact on a country is Answer Choices: (A)greater in countries with larger physical land areas. (B)dependent on the types of companies located in the megacity. (C)relatively equal for developing countries and high-income countries. (D)neutralized by the economic cost of maintaining a megacity. A: Among A through D, the answer is

Q: According to the graph, during what range of yearsdid the median city population size in developingcountries initially surpass that of high-incomecountries? Answer Choices: (A)1965–1970 (B)1980–1985 (C)1990–1995 (D)2005–2010 A: Among A through D, the answer is

Q: Which claim from the passage is best supported bythe graph? Answer Choices: (A)The median population of cities in developing countries grew more sharply from 1960 to 2010 than did that of cities in high-income countries. (B)In 1960, more than half of the countries with the largest average city size were high-income countries. (C)The addition of 100,000 people in a large city causes an increase in economic growth in high-income countries but causes a decrease in economic growth in developing countries. (D)Developing countries benefit from having more of the urban population living in smaller and medium-sized cities. A: Among A through D, the answer is

Q: What does Passage 1 indicate is true of the human genome? Answer Choices: (A)It has gone through a large number of changes over time. (B)It has nearly tripled in size in the last few million years. (C)It contains many more genes than do the genomes of nonhuman primates. (D)It retains only a few of the genes that were present in the genomes of Denisovans. A: Among A through D, the answer is

Q: Based on Passage 1, what concept most likely contributed to Haussler’s team’s initial interest in NOTCH2NL? Answer Choices: (A)Similar genes often play different roles in the development of different species. (B)A single gene typically has varying functions depending on where it is located in a genome. (C)Genes that are near one another in a genome usually are duplicated at about the same rate. (D)Genes that are related to one another tend to have comparable biological roles in development. A: Among A through D, the answer is

Q: Which choice best describes a key difference between the passages? Answer Choices: (A)Passage 1 refers only to data derived from computer simulations, while Passage 2 refers to data derived from simulations as well as from fossils. (B)Passage 1 addresses genetic analyses of the brains of human ancestors only, while Passage 2 addresses genetic analyses of the brains of multiple primate species. (C)Passage 1 limits its discussion to evolutionary changes in recent human history, while Passage 2 considers changes occurring over millennia. (D)Passage 1 focuses on small-scale genetic changes that influenced brain evolution, while Passage 2 focuses on the influence of large-scale population-level changes. A: Among A through D, the answer is

Q: Both passages state that the modern human brain is about three times larger than the brains of Answer Choices: (A)bonobos. (B)chimpanzees. (C)early hominins. (D)Neanderthals. A: Among A through D, the answer is

Q: One central theme of the passage is that Answer Choices: (A)expanding legal rights of citizens will not necessarily improve national health outcomes. (B)human rights initiatives should generally receive more funding than health initiatives do. (C)human rights should be used as a framework for government policy on indigenous issues. (D)focusing on indigenous peoples’ rights detracts from the more practical concerns of indigenous communities. A: Among A through D, the answer is

Q: According to Calma, the government’s failure tolink its expenditures on indigenous health initiativesto specific health outcomes is harmful because it Answer Choices: (A)reinforces negative attitudes about the government’s financial fitness. (B)undermines efforts to standardize practices across all departments of the government. (C)perpetuates the pattern of government officials abusing their authority. (D)allows the government to evade the obligation to be answerable for its policies. A: Among A through D, the answer is

Q: Calma indicates that in the past, the Australiangovernment stressed which aspect of its relationshipto indigenous peoples? Answer Choices: (A)The willingness it has shown to meet with indigenous leaders (B)The regret it has expressed for the injustices it committed against indigenous peoples (C)The improvements it has made in indigenous peoples’ living standards (D)The financial resources it has devoted to indigenous issues A: Among A through D, the answer is

Q: Based on the passage, Calma would most likely agreethat programs related to indigenous issues wouldhave a better chance of succeeding if the Australiangovernment Answer Choices: (A)empowered indigenous communities to assist in devising and implementing such programs. (B)funded such programs as generously as it funds programs benefiting nonindigenous people. (C)modeled such programs on health-care initiatives that have a proven record of success. (D)devoted as many resources to such programs as the previous government did. A: Among A through D, the answer is

Q: Based on the passage, Calma regards the audience ofhis speech as being Answer Choices: (A)skeptical that the specific individuals responsible for the government’s failed policies on indigenous issues will be held accountable. (B)poorly informed about the economic and social conditions found in most indigenous communities. (C)doubtful of the value of discussing indigenous issues within the larger context of human rights. (D)overly tolerant of the fact that government initiatives to address the inequality faced by indigenous peoples have not succeeded A: Among A through D, the answer is

Q: The main purpose of the passage is to Answer Choices: (A)discuss a study intended to explain the high number of meteorites on Earth that have come from primitive asteroids. (B)describe competing hypotheses about the conditions under which primitive asteroids initially formed. (C)present a scientific debate about the prevalence of differentiated asteroids in the asteroid belt in the early solar system. (D)account for the scarcity of a component of differentiated asteroids in the asteroid belt and among meteorites on Earth. A: Among A through D, the answer is

Q: The passage most strongly suggests that if collisionalerosion within the asteroid belt was sufficient toexplain the situation discussed in the passage, then,as a result, scientists would expect to find that Answer Choices: (A)Vesta is not the only large differentiated asteroid in the asteroid belt. (B)the asteroid belt has far fewer primitive asteroids than it currently does. (C)iron fragments in the asteroid belt tend to be smaller than rocky fragments in the asteroid belt. (D)there were originally about as many primitive asteroids as differentiated asteroids in the asteroid belt. A: Among A through D, the answer is

Q: According to the passage, Bottke and his colleaguesexplain the presence of iron fragments in theasteroid belt by asserting that the fragments were Answer Choices: (A)remnants of differentiated asteroids that were destroyed in collisions in the asteroid belt. (B)created relatively close to the Sun and ended up in the asteroid belt due to the gravity of large objects. (C)formed on terrestrial planets and ejected into the asteroid belt by collisions with primitive asteroids. (D)formed in the region of the terrestrial planets but knocked into the asteroid belt by collisions with the parent bodies of primitive asteroids. A: Among A through D, the answer is

Q: Data in the table best support the conclusion thatthe majority of the mass in the asteroid belt as awhole is in asteroids that are Answer Choices: (A)primitive. (B)basaltic. (C)high in reflectivity. (D)low in reflectivity. A: Among A through D, the answer is

Q: Assuming that the four largest asteroid belt objectsare among the 11 listed asteroid types, whichstatement about those asteroids is best supported bydata in the table? Answer Choices: (A)None of them is type V. (B)None of them is likely to contain carbon. (C)One of them is type K. (D)Two of them are the same type. A: Among A through D, the answer is

Q: Taken together, the passage and the table moststrongly suggest that the model proposed by someastronomers would imply which conclusion abouttype C asteroids? Answer Choices: (A)They come from type S asteroids that melted. (B)They once comprised a smaller portion of the asteroid belt than type V asteroids did. (C)They have experienced fewer collisions than have type L asteroids. (D)They are younger than are type M asteroids. A: Among A through D, the answer is

Q: Which choice best summarizes the passage? Answer Choices: (A)A character reunites with an old friend and discovers that they cannot resume their friendship. (B)An invitation from an old friend prompts a character to reflect on both the past and the present. (C)A chance meeting with an old friend inspires a character to start a new life in another country. (D)A character’s recent professional success prompts him to provide assistance to an old friend. A: Among A through D, the answer is

Q: Which choice best describes the state of mind that Gallaher’s return inspires in Little Chandler? Answer Choices: (A)He is impressed by Gallaher’s success even though thinking about it calls to mind his own unhappiness. (B)He is anxious to downplay Gallaher’s achievements in an attempt to make his own look better. (C)He envies Gallaher’s remarkable success and is angry about how Gallaher achieved it. (D)He admires Gallaher’s rise to fame but is thankful that he himself lives a relatively inconspicuous life. A: Among A through D, the answer is

Q: It can reasonably be inferred from the passage that one of Little Chandler’s prominent characteristics is that he is Answer Choices: (A)excessively boastful of his personal achievements. (B)often unpredictable in his dealings with other people. (C)highly critical of other people’s aspirations. (D)somewhat vain about his personal appearance. A: Among A through D, the answer is

Q: Based on the passage, which choice best identifies a contradictory impulse in Little Chandler’s character? Answer Choices: (A)He fixates on a social world that he ultimately believes to be a hollow spectacle. (B)He immerses himself in sights and sounds that strike him as ultimately frivolous. (C)He scorns a historical era that he concedes is preferable in some ways to the present. (D)He derives excitement from placing himself in settings he finds menacing. A: Among A through D, the answer is

Q: The main effect of the last paragraph is to Answer Choices: (A)convey Little Chandler’s sense that hindsight has lent a degree of inevitability to Gallaher’s success. (B)suggest the extent to which the news of Gallaher’s success has altered Little Chandler’s memory of him. (C)demonstrate that Little Chandler’s confidence in Gallaher has been vindicated by Gallaher’s success. (D)characterize Little Chandler as regretful that he had failed to foresee Gallaher’s success. A: Among A through D, the answer is

Q: Which choice best describes the overall structure of the passage? Answer Choices: (A)A popular belief about a particular industry is explained, experiments supporting that belief are described, and the implications of the experiments are identified. (B)An unexpected claim about consumer behavior is introduced, examples supporting the claim are detailed, and experiments confirming the claim are discussed. (C)A debate about an economic theory is outlined, two opposing views on the debate are explained in more detail, and research supporting one of those views is recounted. (D)A negative impact of a common business practice is presented, two stories are used as an illustration, and research suggesting improvements is summarized. A: Among A through D, the answer is

Q: The studies in the passage suggest that if customers of a large chain bookstore were given information focusing on the store's small competitors, a likely result is that the large store would Answer Choices: (A)receive more positive reviews from its customers. (B)gain customers who perceive it as offering more choices than smaller shops. (C)benefit from people's perception that its competition is now even greater. (D)lose customers who would now see it as a competitor of the smaller shops. A: Among A through D, the answer is

Q: According to Passage 1, counting wild tigers is difficult because tigers Answer Choices: (A)move extremely quickly from one location to another. (B)reside in environments that are relatively inaccessible to humans. (C)bear a superficial resemblance to other related species. (D)exhibit behavior that is potentially threatening to humans. A: Among A through D, the answer is

Q: Based on Passage 1, what is one factor that may have contributed to the rise in the reported global tiger population? Answer Choices: (A)Photographic technology has improved in its ability to detect animals in remote environments. (B)Recent measurement techniques used to count animals are more accurate than those used in the past. (C)Scientists’ understanding of the typical growth rate for populations of endangered species has improved. (D)Wildlife conservation strategies are more uniform from country to country than they once were. A: Among A through D, the answer is

Q: According to Passage 2, the wild tiger population estimate offered by the WWF and the Global Tiger Forum may be flawed as a result of which factor? Answer Choices: (A)Generalization from a selection of evidence that is likely incomplete (B)Limitation to data that are more relevant in certain countries than in others (C)Reliance on a new experimental tool that has not been thoroughly tested in the field (D)Assumption of stability in population growth over time that is not supported by data A: Among A through D, the answer is

Q: Which choice best states the relationship between the two passages? Answer Choices: (A)Passage 2 compares and critiques the conservation solutions recommended in Passage 1. (B)Passage 2 questions the professional credibility of the scientists profiled in Passage 1. (C)Passage 2 suggests several applications of the conclusions reached in Passage 1. (D)Passage 2 challenges the reliability of research results discussed in Passage 1. A: Among A through D, the answer is

Q: It can reasonably be inferred from the passages that their authors would both agree that wild tiger population sizes are Answer Choices: (A)recovering more fully in certain countries than in others. (B)beginning to return to the levels recorded in 2010. (C)responding predictably to aggressive conservation attempts. (D)declining steadily despite continual human intervention. A: Among A through D, the answer is

Q: The author of Passage 2 would most likely respond to the conclusions in the first paragraph of Passage 1 by asserting that such claims Answer Choices: (A)only apply to certain subspecies of tigers and are therefore inconclusive. (B)will offer incentive for countries and regions to invest further in wildlife preservation programs. (C)prove that rigorous efforts to protect endangered species result in quick recovery of populations. (D)may lead people to believe that tigers are recovering when in fact they continue to require vigilant protection. A: Among A through D, the answer is

Q: In the passage, Parsons mainly presents herself as someone who is Answer Choices: (A)rational in her analysis of political history. (B)resentful over a recent turn of political events. (C)conflicted about the future role of political parties. (D)sympathetic to more than one political perspective. A: Among A through D, the answer is

Q: A primary purpose of Parsons’s speech is to Answer Choices: (A)discuss a political philosophy that is starting to lose favor. (B)outline a new approach to meeting the needs of oppressed groups. (C)provide a rationale for adopting a different ideology. (D)bring to light inconsistencies within the current political system. A: Among A through D, the answer is

Q: In the passage, Parsons indicates that she once believed that Answer Choices: (A)majority rule eliminates the need for individual activism. (B)mobilization of the few benefits the majority. (C)progress occurs when everyone works together toward a common goal. (D)government can be used to make changes that citizens hope for. A: Among A through D, the answer is

Q: It can reasonably be inferred from the passage that Parsons thinks positive social change will take place only when Answer Choices: (A)masses of people are well versed in political history. (B)political parties become committed to reform. (C)fewer political parties are competing for people’s votes. (D)vocal individuals compel governments to address their concerns. A: Among A through D, the answer is

Q: Which argument does Parsons use to support her claim about the extent to which political parties can be trusted by voters? Answer Choices: (A)Political parties are inherently corrupt because human nature is too easily corrupted by power. (B)Parties often consolidate their power by making deals with opposing parties. (C)Political parties always sacrifice their own ideals for pragmatic actions. (D)Parties typically advance positions that are at odds with the beliefs of many of their members. A: Among A through D, the answer is

Q: Based on the passage, Parsons would most likely predict that a political system that includes competing parties will consistently Answer Choices: (A)lead to the suppression of views deemed unfavorable. (B)fracture into an increasing number of warring parties. (C)impede economic growth and therefore hinder progress. (D)foster the development of an overly scientific approach to politics. A: Among A through D, the answer is

Q: According to the passage, Parsons’s support for anarchism is based on the idea that anarchism Answer Choices: (A)distributes wealth and property more equally among the population. (B)is indifferent to the social status of its adherents. (C)creates a situation that allows individuals to flourish. (D)allows people to create an organizational structure whose leaders will champion the rights of the oppressed. A: Among A through D, the answer is

Q: The main purpose of the passage is to Answer Choices: (A)contrast the tool-using behavior of wild and captive-raised woodpecker finches. (B)describe experiments intended to clarify the benefits of tool use for woodpecker finches. (C)discuss a study of the differences between primates and woodpecker finches with respect to tool use. (D)present research that explains the development of tool-using behavior in woodpecker finches. A: Among A through D, the answer is

Q: It can reasonably be inferred from the passage that the design of the researchers’ experiment helped to minimize the possibility that Answer Choices: (A)there were important differences between the two groups of chicks other than the model with which the groups were reared. (B)responses of any individual chick to the model were influenced by the responses of other chicks in the same group. (C)acquisition of tool-using behavior by chicks in both groups was influenced by the particular potential tools available. (D)identifying when chicks reached different developmental stages of tool-using behavior depended on human evaluations of chicks’ actions. A: Among A through D, the answer is

Q: The passage most strongly suggests that the social system of primates allows for young animals to Answer Choices: (A)regularly observe other members of their species using tools. (B)reach maturity without having learned to use tools to acquire food. (C)restrict the transmission of tool-related knowledge to close relatives only. (D)experiment with tool designs at little risk of lost food if the designs are unsuccessful A: Among A through D, the answer is

Q: Based on the passage, the researchers’ conclusion that the woodpecker finches who used the novel levering technique were displaying individual learning is supported in part by the fact that Answer Choices: (A)no genetic variations were common to all those finches that were not also common to all the finches that did not use that technique. (B)those finches tended to stop using the technique after the researchers altered the artificial crevices to reduce the effectiveness of the technique. (C)the portion of that technique that deviates from typical tool-using behavior takes place inside a crevice and is therefore difficult for other finches to observe and acquire socially. (D)there is probably not a naturally occurring circumstance that would have favored the development of that technique and its prior transmission to those finches. A: Among A through D, the answer is

Q: According to table 1, the mean number of instances that woodpecker finches raised without tool-using models used twigs as tools was Answer Choices: (A)10.7. (B)7.4. (C)5.6. (D)3.6. A: Among A through D, the answer is

Q: The data in table 2 best support which statement about the woodpecker finches that used the unique levering technique to acquire prey? Answer Choices: (A)At least one of them attempted the technique five times before successfully acquiring prey. (B)After the first success at acquiring prey, a few of them ceased using the technique altogether. (C)After the first success at acquiring the prey, none of them attempted the technique more than five times. (D)None of them were successful in their first attempt with the technique. A: Among A through D, the answer is

Q: According to the passage, which fact about Celia’s neighbors does the narrator know before she visits Celia’s apartment? Answer Choices: (A)Micho Alvarez and Benny Quinto are close friends. (B)Benny Quinto once studied to be a priest. (C)Micho Alvarez has a sensitive side. (D)Quisqueya dyes her hair. A: Among A through D, the answer is

Q: Which choice best describes the narrator’s relationship with Celia’s sons? Answer Choices: (A)The narrator knows Celia’s sons because they are friends with the narrator’s daughter. (B)The narrator’s daughter attends school with Mayor. (C)The narrator has seen Mayor in person, but she has seen Enrique only in Celia’s photo. (D)The narrator has seen Enrique play soccer, but she has never seen Mayor. A: Among A through D, the answer is

Q: Based on the passage, it is most reasonable to infer thatCelia knows the answer to which question about the narrator’s family before the narrator visits her apartment? Answer Choices: (A)How many children does the narrator have? (B)Where does the narrator’s daughter go to school? (C)What is the narrator’s profession? (D)How long have the narrator and her family lived in the United States? A: Among A through D, the answer is

Q: A central idea discussed in the passage is that Answer Choices: (A)articulating the reasons for holding an opinion can cause people to decide that they are wrong. (B)the process of describing an issue in detail can make people more moderate in their views about the issue. (C)most people are not truly interested in understanding complex ideas. (D)people are likely to understate their most passionately held positions to avoid offending others. A: Among A through D, the answer is

Q: Over the course of the passage, the main focus shifts from Answer Choices: (A)a discussion of a long-standing problem, to a report that discredits previous attempts to address that problem, and then to a proposal for future action. (B)an introduction of a phenomenon, to a description of experiments concerning that phenomenon, and then to a recommendation based on the results of the experiments. (C)an explanation of two competing theories for a certain behavior, to a recap of a study designed to determine which theory is correct, and then to a general account of a field’s future. (D)an observation of a trend, to an analysis of its causes, and then to a proposal for a research study to validate the analysis. A: Among A through D, the answer is

Q: The passage implies that when conducting his laboratorywork, Fernbach would have been most surprised by which finding? Answer Choices: (A)No link was found between the complexity of an issue and the strength of the volunteers’ positions. (B)After volunteers were asked to analyze a complicated political issue, their understanding of it did not increase. (C)When volunteers were asked to list their reasons for endorsing a particular policy, their views were generally unaffected by the exercise. (D)When volunteers were asked questions about complex issues, those with the most extreme views were found to have the best overall understanding of them. A: Among A through D, the answer is

Q: Based on the passage, which action would most likely reducepolitical extremism among the citizenry? Answer Choices: (A)Forming organized groups of people who share their most deeply held convictions (B)Requiring that politicians explain their proposed policies in detail before an election is held (C)Promoting awareness of charities that provide opportunities to donate money to worthy but underfunded causes (D)Hosting events that encourage people who hold opposing points of view to interact with one another A: Among A through D, the answer is

Q: The main purpose of the passage is to Answer Choices: (A)contrast the activities of plant species that rely on photosynthesis with the activities of those that do not. (B)explore the attempts of scientists to understand the means by which plants attract pollinators. (C)describe a study illuminating a defensive strategy of a particular species of plant. (D)explain the results of experiments comparing the function of color in plants and in animals. A: Among A through D, the answer is

Q: The passage indicates that compared with other functions of coloration in plants, camouflage in plants has Answer Choices: (A)provided scientists with a deeper understanding of potential food sources. (B)made use of a wider variety of distinctive shades of colors. (C)proved to be a less effective defense against predators. (D)been the subject of a smaller number of scientific investigations. A: Among A through D, the answer is

Q: It can most reasonably be inferred from the passage thatthe nutrient requirements of many plants have the consequence of Answer Choices: (A)exaggerating the plants’ coloration patterns. (B)limiting the plants’ defensive options. (C)increasing the plants’ energy consumption. (D)narrowing the plants’ potential habitats. A: Among A through D, the answer is

Q: It can reasonably be inferred from the passage that Burke is particularly upset with the National Assembly’s decision to Answer Choices: (A)limit the king’s power. (B)expand the size of the government. (C)seek the approval of the public. (D)ignore the advice of former leaders. A: Among A through D, the answer is

Q: Based on the passage, Burke believes that French leaders who would advocate moderate positions are Answer Choices: (A)brave, but are likely to be distrusted. (B)cowardly, but are likely to be praised. (C)virtuous, but are likely to be ignored. (D)sensible, but are likely to be undermined. A: Among A through D, the answer is

Q: Burke’s central claim in the last paragraph is that the British have Answer Choices: (A)failed to take effective measures to safeguard their rights. (B)acted wisely to revise rather than replace their political system. (C)tried to export their form of government to their neighbors. (D)left their government essentially unchanged for hundreds of years. A: Among A through D, the answer is

Q: In the passage, Burke displays the greatest respect for which of the following? Answer Choices: (A)The British voting public (B)British leaders of past generations (C)British citizens who are inspired by the French (D)The leaders of France’s former government A: Among A through D, the answer is

Q: Based on Passage 1, which hypothetical discovery would provide the most support for the impact hypothesis? Answer Choices: (A)An asteroid impact crater beneath the northern ice cap contains high levels of iridium and has been dated to well after the start of the Younger Dryas. (B)Glass and carbon spherules appear at multiple points in the geologic record but never in conjunction with iridium deposits. (C)Analysis of ice cores suggests that global temperatures started declining approximately 13,000 years before the onset of the Younger Dryas. (D)High levels of osmium, which is rare on Earth but relatively common in asteroids, are observed in the geologic record from approximately 13,000 years ago. A: Among A through D, the answer is

Q: According to Passage 1, the team of scientists believes that the black carbonized material found in certain sedimentary layers was caused by which phenomenon following a cosmic collision? Answer Choices: (A)Climate cooling (B)Mass extinctions (C)Rapidly spreading fires (D)Iridium deposits A: Among A through D, the answer is

Q: Based on Passage 2, Meltzer and his team relied on what evidence to challenge the Younger Dryas impact hypothesis? Answer Choices: (A)A reevaluation of the dates assigned to sites thought to display signs of the proposed impact (B)The discovery of additional Clovis artifacts in a host of sites besides the 29 initially identified (C)Analyses showing that nanodiamonds can occur in geologic formations lacking indications of extraterrestrial impacts (D)High concentrations of iridium that have been found in sedimentary layers beneath the proposed impact layer A: Among A through D, the answer is

Q: Which statement best describes the relationship between the two passages? Answer Choices: (A)Passage 2 presents a critique of the central hypothesis described in Passage 1. (B)Passage 2 explains the scientific question addressed by the central hypothesis developed in Passage 1. (C)Passage 2 discusses possible implications of the central hypothesis summarized in Passage 1. (D)Passage 2 identifies evidence in favor of the central hypothesis advanced in Passage 1. A: Among A through D, the answer is

Q: The authors of both passages characterize the impact hypothesis as Answer Choices: (A)unsupported by reliable evidence. (B)interesting but difficult to conclusively evaluate. (C)more appealing to the public than to specialists. (D)controversial in the scientific community. A: Among A through D, the answer is

Q: If Meltzer’s findings (Passage 2) are accurate, what can most reasonably be inferred about the glass and carbon spherules mentioned in the last paragraph of Passage 1? Answer Choices: (A)They could have been formed at a time other than the beginning of the Younger Dryas. (B)They are a product of the global cooling that occurred during the Younger Dryas period. (C)They were found in highest concentrations at Clovis archaeological sites. (D)They may have played some role in the tool technology of the Clovis people. A: Among A through D, the answer is

Q: The main purpose of the first paragraph is to Answer Choices: (A)characterize Nawab as a loving father. (B)outline the schedule of a typical day in Nawab’s life. (C)describe Nawab’s various moneymaking ventures. (D)contrast Nawab’s and Harouni’s lifestyles. A: Among A through D, the answer is

Q: It can reasonably be inferred from the passage that Harouni provides Nawab with a motorcycle mainly because Answer Choices: (A)Harouni appreciates that Nawab has to work hard to support his family. (B)Harouni sees benet to himself from giving Nawab a motorcycle. (C)Nawab’s speech is the most eloquent that Harouni has ever heard. (D)Nawab threatens to quit if Harouni doesn’t agree to give him a motorcycle. A: Among A through D, the answer is

Q: The passage states that the farm managers react to Nawab receiving a motorcycle with Answer Choices: (A)disgust. (B)happiness. (C)envy. (D)indifference. A: Among A through D, the answer is

Q: According to the passage, what does Nawab consider to be the best result of getting the motorcycle? Answer Choices: (A)People start calling him “Uncle.” (B)He’s able to expand his business. (C)He’s able to educate his daughters. (D)He can spend more time with his wife. A: Among A through D, the answer is

Q: The main purpose of the passage is to Answer Choices: (A)analyze the technological developments that have affected the production, circulation, and reception of news stories. (B)discuss changes in the perception of the news media as a source of public knowledge. (C)show how journalists’ frames of value influence the production of news stories. (D)challenge the conventional view that news is a form of public knowledge. A: Among A through D, the answer is

Q: According to the passage, which expectation do traditionalauthorities now face? Answer Choices: (A)They should be uninfluenced by commercial considerations. (B)They should be committed to bringing about positive social change. (C)They should be respectful of the difference between public and private knowledge. (D)They should be transparent about their beliefs and assumptions. A: Among A through D, the answer is

Q: The authors indicate that the public is coming to believethat journalists’ reports should avoid Answer Choices: (A)personal judgments about the events reported. (B)more information than is absolutely necessary. (C)quotations from authorities on the subject matter. (D)details that the subjects of news reports wish to keep private. A: Among A through D, the answer is

Q: Based on the table, in which year were people the most trusting of the news media? Answer Choices: (A)1985 (B)1992 (C)2003 (D)2011 A: Among A through D, the answer is

Q: Which statement is best supported by information presented in the table? Answer Choices: (A)Between 1985 and 2011, the proportion of inaccurate news stories rose dramatically. (B)Between 1992 and 2003, the proportion of people who believed that news organizations were biased almost doubled. (C)Between 2003 and 2007, people’s views of the accuracy, independence, and fairness of news organizations changed very little. (D)Between 2007 and 2011, people’s perception that news organizations are accurate increased, but people’s perception that news organizations are fair diminished. A: Among A through D, the answer is

Q: As presented in the passage, Theis and Adler’s research primarily relied on which type of evidence? Answer Choices: (A)Direct observation (B)Historical data (C)Expert testimony (D)Random sampling A: Among A through D, the answer is

Q: Which statement about striped cucumber beetles can most reasonably be inferred from the passage? Answer Choices: (A)They feed primarily on Texas gourd plants. (B)They are less attracted to dimethoxybenzene than honey bees are. (C)They experience only minor negative effects as a result of carrying bacterial wilt disease. (D)They are attracted to the same compound in Texas gourd scent that squash bees are. A: Among A through D, the answer is

Q: The author indicates that it seems initially plausible thatTexas gourd plants could attract more pollinators if they Answer Choices: (A)did not have aromatic flowers. (B)targeted insects other than bees. (C)increased their floral scent. (D)emitted more varied fragrant compounds. A: Among A through D, the answer is

Q: According to the passage, Theis and Adler’s research offersan answer to which of the following questions? Answer Choices: (A)How can Texas gourd plants increase the number of visits they receive from pollinators? (B)Why is there an upper limit on the intensity of the aroma emitted by Texas gourd plants? (C)Why does hand pollination rescue the fruit weight of beetle-infested Texas gourd plants? (D)Why do Texas gourd plants stop producing fragrance attractive to pollinators when beetles are present? A: Among A through D, the answer is

Q: In Passage 1, Lincoln contends that breaking the law haswhich consequence? Answer Choices: (A)It slows the repeal of bad laws. (B)It undermines and repudiates the nation’s values. (C)It leads slowly but inexorably to rule by the mob. (D)It creates divisions between social groups. A: Among A through D, the answer is