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Question: Cadmium Chloride is slightly soluble in this chemical, it is also called what? Context: a 22-day half-life and is degraded by UV light via photolysis (primarily into methane and ethane.) Consumption by microorganisms contributes to the dissipation of acetone in soil, animals, or waterways.The LD50 of acetone for fish is 8.3 g/L of water (or about 1%) over 96 hours, and its environmental half-life in water is about 1 to 10 days. Acetone may pose a significant risk of oxygen depletion in aquatic systems due to the microbial consumption. == Extraterrestrial occurrence == On 30 July 2015, scientists reported that upon the first touchdown of the Philae lander on comet 67P's surface, measurements by the COSAC and Ptolemy instruments revealed sixteen organic compounds, four of which were seen for the first time on a comet, including acetamide, acetone, methyl isocyanate, and propionaldehyde. == References == == External links == International Chemical Safety Card 0087 NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards Acetone Safety Data Sheet (SDS) Hazardous substances databank entry at the national library of medicine SIDS Initial Assessment Report for Acetone from the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) Calculation of vapor pressure, liquid density, dynamic liquid viscosity, surface tension of acetone Cadmium chloride is a white crystalline compound of cadmium and chloride, with the formula CdCl2. This salt is a hygroscopic solid that is highly soluble in water and slightly soluble in alcohol. The crystal structure of cadmium chloride (described below), is a reference for describing other crystal structures Facts: This salt is a hygroscopic solid that is highly soluble in water and slightly soluble in alcohol. Answer: alcohol

Question: Cadmium Chloride is slightly soluble in this chemical, it is also called what? Context: The crystal structure of cadmium chloride (described below), is a reference for describing other crystal structures. Also known are CdCl2•H2O and CdCl2•5H2O. == Structure == Cadmium chloride forms a layered structure consisting of octahedral Cd2+ centers linked with chloride ligands. Cadmium iodide, CdI2, has a similar structure but the chloride ions are arranged in a CCP lattice, whereas in CdI2 the iodide ions are arranged in an HCP lattice. == Chemical properties == Cadmium chloride dissolves well in water and other polar solvents. It is a mild Lewis acid. CdCl2 + 2 Cl− → [CdCl4]2−Solutions of equimolar cadmium chloride and potassium chloride give potassium cadmium trichloride. With large cations, it is possible to isolate the trigonal bipyramidal [CdCl5]3− ion. == Preparation == Anhydrous cadmium chloride can be prepared by the reaction of hydrochloric acid and cadmium metal. Cd + 2 HCl → CdCl2 + H2The anhydrous salt can also be prepared from anhydrous cadmium acetate using hydrogen chloride or acetyl chloride. == Uses == Cadmium chloride is used for the preparation of cadmium sulfide, used as "Cadmium Yellow", a Facts: Answer: alcohol

Question: Dua Lipa, an English singer, songwriter and model, the album spawned the number-one single "New Rules" is a song by English singer Dua Lipa from her eponymous debut studio album, released in what year? Context: 2016. On 18 February 2016, Lipa released her third single "Last Dance", followed by "Hotter than Hell" on 6 May. The latter reached success, particularly in the UK, where it peaked at number 15. On 26 August, her fifth overall single "Blow Your Mind (Mwah)" was released, peaking at number 30 in the UK. It became the singer's first entry on the US Billboard Hot 100, debuting at number 72. The song also topped the Billboard Dance Club Songs chart and reached number 23 on the Billboard Mainstream Top 40 chart. Lipa was featured on Sean Paul's single "No Lie", released in November 2016, which reached number ten in the UK. The following month, a documentary about Lipa named See in Blue was commissioned by The Fader magazine. In January 2017, Lipa won the EBBA Public Choice Award, and released the single "Scared to Be Lonely", a collaboration with Martin Garrix, reaching number 14 in the UK. In May 2017, she performed at the anniversary of Indonesian television channel SCTV and was awarded as Young and Promising International Artist at the SCTV Music Awards.Lipa's self-titled debut studio album was released on 2 June 2017 Facts: Answer: 2017

Question: Dua Lipa, an English singer, songwriter and model, the album spawned the number-one single "New Rules" is a song by English singer Dua Lipa from her eponymous debut studio album, released in what year? Context: Lipa's self-titled debut studio album was released on 2 June 2017. Its sixth single, "New Rules", released in the following month, became Lipa's first number one in the UK, and the first by a female solo artist to reach the top in the UK since Adele's "Hello" in 2015. Her best-selling single to date, the song also charted in the top ten of other countries, including number two in Australia, number six in the US, and number seven in Canada. Lipa performed at the Glastonbury Festival in June. The following month, Lipa performed at the We the Fest, an Indonesian music festival in Jakarta. She performed on BBC's Later... with Jools Holland in October. In December, Lipa was named the most streamed woman of 2017 in the UK by Spotify. She had four singles reach the UK top 10 in 2017, with "Be the One", "New Rules", "No Lie", and "Bridge over Troubled Water", a charity single for the families of the victims of the Grenfell Tower fire in London. In January 2018, Lipa received nominations in five categories at the Brit Awards, more nominations than any other artist that year. She was nominated for MasterCard British Album of the Year for Dua Lipa, British Single of the Year and British Video of the Year for "New Facts: Lipa's self-titled debut studio album was released on 2 June 2017. Answer: 2017

Question: Dua Lipa, an English singer, songwriter and model, the album spawned the number-one single "New Rules" is a song by English singer Dua Lipa from her eponymous debut studio album, released in what year? Context: Instagram accounts List of most-streamed artists on Spotify List of most-followed artists on Spotify == Explanatory notes == == References == == External links == Official website Dua Lipa discography at Discogs Dua Lipa at IMDb "Hotter than Hell" is a song by English singer Dua Lipa from her eponymous debut studio album (2017). It was written by Lipa and Ritual band members Adam Midgley, Tommy Baxter and Gerard O'Connell, with Stephen "Koz" Kozmeniuk handling the production. The song is responsible for getting Lipa signed to Warner Bros. Records and helped Lipa develop the sound of her debut album. It is a dance-pop, electropop, tropical house song driven by marimbas and synthesizers that contains elements of disco and R&B-house. Lyrically, the song sees the singer taunting an ex-boyfriend who cannot resist her love. "Hotter than Hell" was released for digital download and streaming through the singer's independent record label, Dua Lipa Limited, on 6 May 2016 as the fourth single from Dua Lipa. Many music critics complimented the steamy and tropical sound of the song as well as its confident lyrics. Commercially, the song became a moderate success. It was Lipa's first entry on the UK Singles Chart, where it peaked at number 15 Facts: Answer: 2017

Question: Dua Lipa, an English singer, songwriter and model, the album spawned the number-one single "New Rules" is a song by English singer Dua Lipa from her eponymous debut studio album, released in what year? Context: It was Lipa's first entry on the UK Singles Chart, where it peaked at number 15. The song also charted within the top 40 of charts in Belgium (Flanders and Wallonia), the Netherlands, Poland and Slovenia. It is certified platinum in the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, Norway and Sweden. The music video for "Hotter than Hell" accompanied the song's release and was directed by Emil Nava. Filmed in a warehouse in London, the visual shows a dark party with several backgrounds and lighting, showcasing the lost kids on London. Lipa promoted the song with live performances on The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon, RTL Late Night and Sommarkrysset; the former of the three was her US television debut. Remixes by Miike Snow, Matoma and Shadow Child were released for further promotion. == Background and release == In 2013, Dua Lipa met Ben Mawson and Ed Millett of Tap Management while holding meetings with other management companies. After recognising her talent, Mawson and Millett set up writing sessions for her, during which "Hotter than Hell" was written. The song was written by Lipa alongside Adam Midgley, Tommy Baxter and Gerard O'Connell of English electronic band Ritual. The writing began with just keys and a kick drum, with no production behind it. Lipa was Facts: Answer: 2017

Question: Dua Lipa, an English singer, songwriter and model, the album spawned the number-one single "New Rules" is a song by English singer Dua Lipa from her eponymous debut studio album, released in what year? Context: on 2 June 2017. The Miike Snow remix also appears on the Japanese edition of the album as well as the Japanese edition of the album's 2018 reissue, Dua Lipa: Complete Edition, as the 18th track on both. == Music and lyrics == Musically, "Hotter than Hell" is a dance-pop, electropop and tropical house song, with disco and R&B-house elements. The song runs for 3 minutes and 7 seconds, and is constructed in verse–chorus form. It is composed in 44 time and the key of E minor, with a pop dance tempo of 110 beats per minute and a chord progression of Am–C–Em–D. The song has hip hop-influenced verses and pop choruses with a beat drop. The first verse, references the Arctic Monkeys' "505", where Lipa sings "you probably still adore me with my hands around your neck."Driven by marimbas and synthesizers, the production includes, handclaps, light bongo taps, steel-drum synth jabs, church organs, and a beat that spans house, pop and tropical genres, created using a caribbean drum. Lipa uses raspy alto vocals, spanning from E3 to D5 Facts: Answer: 2017

Question: Dua Lipa, an English singer, songwriter and model, the album spawned the number-one single "New Rules" is a song by English singer Dua Lipa from her eponymous debut studio album, released in what year? Context: Lipa uses raspy alto vocals, spanning from E3 to D5. "Hotter than Hell" has themes of empowerment and heartache. In the lyrics, Lipa channels a boyfriend who made her feel as if she was not good enough. She taunts him while he cannot resist her love, and takes revenge for his actions, all while looking hotter than hell. The lyrics feature religious undertones. In the chorus, the singer uses hell as a metaphor to describe being away from her lover and the metaphor of heaven to describe the pleasure she gives him. == Critical reception == In Rolling Stone, Ryan Reed labelled the song "steamy," while Spin's Dan Weiss stated that it "promises big things for her self-titled debut album." Brennan Carley, also of Spin called it a "a sure sign that pop music has a bit of life and personality left in it." Joey Nolfi of Entertainment Weekly stated that Lipa makes the aging tropical musical trend sound "fresher than ever" while also writing that when listening, one "[loses] themselves on a sun-kissed club somewhere along the palm tree-lined shores of pop music Heaven." For Vulture, Justin McCraw stated that the song "[overflows] with sex appeal" and "oozes desire and temptation" as well as recommending playing it "after coming back from the bar with your third drink." Bianca Gracie of Fuse labelled the song's themes "fiery" and "confident" and the Facts: Answer: 2017

Question: Dua Lipa, an English singer, songwriter and model, the album spawned the number-one single "New Rules" is a song by English singer Dua Lipa from her eponymous debut studio album, released in what year? Context: Lipa's vocals. The song peaked at number four on Billboard's Twitter Emerging Artists chart. An accompanying music video premiered via YouTube on 18 February 2016. It was directed and produced by both Jon Brewer and Ian Blair, and was filmed in California's rainforests. The song appeared in an advert for Lipa's campaign with Jaguar and was promoted by her with numerous live performances in 2016, mainly on her Hotter than Hell Tour. == Background and composition == "Last Dance" was written by Dua Lipa, Talay Riley and Stephen "Koz" Kozmeniuk, with the latter of the three solely handling production. They wrote the song in October 2014 during the singer's first trip to Toronto, after she had many failed writing sessions attempting to recreate the sound of "Hotter than Hell" (2016). It was her third writing session in a day and Lipa decided to write about the fact that she was tired and homesick. Lipa recalled writing the song as "a very honest moment," being able to capture her feelings in that exact moment. She went on to say that every time she listens to the song, Lipa recalls that moment. After leaving the session, Lipa was unsure about the song, though after hearing the finished version, she fell in love with it Facts: Answer: 2017

Question: Dua Lipa, an English singer, songwriter and model, the album spawned the number-one single "New Rules" is a song by English singer Dua Lipa from her eponymous debut studio album, released in what year? Context: After leaving the session, Lipa was unsure about the song, though after hearing the finished version, she fell in love with it. Lipa stated that it is the sound she wanted her album to have and is the song she would take to producers and say "this is my sound." Musically, "Last Dance" is a chillwave, dance-pop and post-EDM song. It runs for 3 minutes and 48 seconds, and follows a structure of verse, bridge, chorus, verse, bridge, chorus, middle eight, breakdown. The song is composed in 44 time and the key of A minor, with a driving beat tempo of 120 beats per minute and a chord progression of F(add2)–Am–C/G. Lipa's vocals span from the low note of A3 to the high note of D5, showing a sense of urgency with them and using looped vocals. The track begins slowly, with Lipa vocally whispering. It builds up to where Lipa is enunciating every lyric. The chorus is mostly instrumental, featuring electronic sounds and a dance beat. The middle eight contains a breakdown, where Lipa vocally hits her high notes. The track has a contemporary dance-heavy, tribal and glitchy production with house synth chords and a bassline rumble. Lyrically, the song contains Tumblr-inspired lyrics about an intense relationship that could Facts: Answer: 2017

Question: Dua Lipa, an English singer, songwriter and model, the album spawned the number-one single "New Rules" is a song by English singer Dua Lipa from her eponymous debut studio album, released in what year? Context: debut studio album "Dua Lipa" (2017). It is named after her hit single "Hotter than Hell". The US and Europe Tour is the third official concert tour by English singer Dua Lipa. The tour supports her debut studio album "Dua Lipa" (2017). The tour began on 24 February 2017 in Chicago. "Be the One" is a song by English singer Dua Lipa from her eponymous debut studio album (2017). The song was written by Lucy Taylor, Jack Tarrant and Digital Farm Animals, with the latter of the three also handling the production. They wrote it about a relationship that Taylor was in and gave the song to Lipa, who was originally reluctant to record it due to the writing credits. It is a dream pop, Europop and synth-pop song with elements of gospel and power pop. Lyrically, it sees Lipa begging her boyfriend for a romantic redemption. The song was met with critical acclaim, with many music critics hailing it a standout on the album and praising the anthemic qualities in the production Facts: "Be the One" is a song by English singer Dua Lipa from her eponymous debut studio album (2017). Answer: 2017

Question: Dua Lipa, an English singer, songwriter and model, the album spawned the number-one single "New Rules" is a song by English singer Dua Lipa from her eponymous debut studio album, released in what year? Context: The song was met with critical acclaim, with many music critics hailing it a standout on the album and praising the anthemic qualities in the production. Released through Dua Lipa Limited for digital download and streaming on 30 October 2015, "Be the One" received limited attention at the time as it was only intended to be promoted on blogs and online outlets. However, after being picked up by German radio stations, it became a sleeper hit the following year. Due to this success, the song was re-released on 6 December 2016, being promoted in the United Kingdom and the United States. It reached the top ten of charts in nine territories worldwide, including the Flanders region of Belgium where it reached the summit and Lipa's native region of the United Kingdom, where it peaked at number nine becoming her first solo top 10 single. The song is currently certified gold or higher in eleven regions, including a double platinum in the UK. The music video for "Be the One" was directed by Nicole Nodland. It features several scenes of Lipa in London. With the song's re-release, a second music video was released. Directed by Daniel Kaufman, it stars Ansel Elgort as Lipa's love interest and was created in a collaboration between Vevo and Lexus, where a Lexus IS covered in LEDs appears. The video features Elgort following Lipa out of a motel after the two had an argument. Lipa promoted the song with numerous live performances, including ones for Jimmy Kimmel Live!, Good Facts: Answer: 2017

Question: Who was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, David Lee Roth or Cia Berg? Context: Harrah's Casino in St. Louis. Shortly after, another was opened in the Southwest Airlines terminal at McCarran Airport in Las Vegas. Hagar donates all of the profits of both locations to local charities. It was announced on May 7, 2007, that Hagar was selling an 80% interest in his Cabo Wabo Tequila to Gruppo Campari, the world's seventh-largest spirits company, for $80 million (equivalent to $99,800,000 in 2020). Skyy Spirits of San Francisco, a vodka producer and subsidiary of Milan's Gruppo Campari will market Cabo Wabo globally, with continued participation by Hagar. Gerry Ruvo, president and chief executive of Skyy Spirits said "Sammy has done a fantastic job building the brand, so we are going to obviously spend time with him and work with him to continue our efforts to take the brand to an even larger level, both here in the U.S. and, more important, globally." Ruvo said Great Britain, Spain, Australia, Southeast Asia, Japan, Germany, and Italy are considered key expansion markets for Tequila. Hagar created Cabo Wabo Tequila to serve patrons at his Cabo Wabo Cantina in Cabo San Lucas, Mexico. He began to distribute it in 1999 Facts: Answer: David Lee Roth

Question: Who was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, David Lee Roth or Cia Berg? Context: He began to distribute it in 1999. In 2007, his company sold 147,000 cases, making it the second-best-selling premium Tequila in the United States, he said in a telephone interview. Cabo Wabo Enterprises, based in Novato, California, earned about $60 million in sales in 2007. In 2010, he sold the remaining 20% interest in Cabo Wabo Tequila to Gruppo Campari for $11 million (bringing the total to $91 million). In the summer of 2010, Hagar opened a beach bar at the Ballys Casino on the Atlantic City beach, which suffered extensive damage in Hurricane Sandy, and will not be reopened. When asked how he has balanced being a rock star and tequila mogul, Hagar responded: "I always had other people doing everything. It was my palate and my concept. I would go in taste and say, 'Leave this in the barrel a little bit longer.' That was my job. I could do that right before I went on stage. That's a perfect time to do it, as a matter of fact!" In November 2011, Hagar launched Sammy's Beach Bar Rum in Hawaii. It is distilled on Maui by Hali'imaile Distilling Company. It is currently being rolled out to other North American markets. In 2009, Hagar and celebrity chef Tyler Florence opened a restaurant together in Mill Facts: Answer: David Lee Roth

Question: Who was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, David Lee Roth or Cia Berg? Context: 2012). "Red Alert". Record Collector. == External links == Official website Sammy Hagar Discography Sammy Hagar at IMDb Sammy Hagar at AllMusic Sammy Hagar's Political Contributions David Lee Roth (born October 10, 1954) is an American rock musician, singer, songwriter and former radio personality. Best known for his wild, energetic stage persona, he was the lead singer of the hard rock band Van Halen across three stints, from 1974 to 1985, in 1996 and again from 2006 to their disbandment in 2020. He was also known as a successful solo artist, releasing numerous RIAA-certified Gold and Platinum albums. After more than two decades apart, Roth re-joined Van Halen in 2006 for a North American tour that became the highest-grossing in the band's history and one of the highest-grossing of that year. In 2012, Roth and Van Halen released the comeback album A Different Kind of Truth. In 2007, he was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as a member of Van Halen. == Early life == Roth was born in Bloomington, Indiana, to an ophthalmologist, Nathan Lee, and a teacher, Sibyl Roth. He has two sisters, one of whom is Lisa Roth, creator of the Rockabye Baby lullaby music series. The family is of Jewish heritage Facts: Answer: David Lee Roth

Question: Who was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, David Lee Roth or Cia Berg? Context: The family is of Jewish heritage. From an early age, Roth had an interest in art, especially film and radio, and said his first music idol was Al Jolson.For the most part Roth grew up in New Castle, Indiana. In a 2019 interview with Q95's "Stuck and Gunner" he explained: "My grandparents moved to New Castle in 1913. It's in the sense of humor, the 'get it done' and how we do get it done approach work ethic of Van Halen, frankly. It's a Midwest approach, not some flakey Hollywood horse manure." The Roths also briefly lived in Swampscott, Massachusetts. In his teens, they relocated to Pasadena, California. He attended The Webb Schools in Claremont, California, and John Muir High School in Pasadena. His parents had their son, prone to daily bouts of hyperactivity dubbed "monkey time", see a psychiatrist for three years, as well as attend a horse ranch for troubled teens, to build a sense of responsibility. While attending Pasadena City College, he met the Van Halen brothers, Eddie and Alex. During this period Roth worked as a hospital orderly. == First Run With Van Halen: 1972–1984 == In his late teens, Roth was singing Facts: Answer: David Lee Roth

Question: Who was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, David Lee Roth or Cia Berg? Context: his reconciliation with Van Halen in 2006, Roth would utilize hired-hands and studio musicians on his club and amphitheater solo tours. In April 1993, Roth was arrested in New York City's Washington Square Park for buying what he described as "$10 worth of Jamaican bunk reefer" from an undercover police officer. The arrest made headlines and became a late-night television punch-line. When asked by Howard Stern whether the bust was a publicity stunt, Roth said, "Howard, in New York City this small of a bust is a $35 traffic citation. It literally says 'Buick, Chevy, Other'. Your dog poops on the sidewalk, it's $50. If I was looking for publicity, I would have pooped on the sidewalk." In March 1994, Roth released Your Filthy Little Mouth, a musically-eclectic album produced by Nile Rodgers. The album failed to achieve positive critical or commercial success, proving to be Roth's first solo effort not to achieve RIAA Gold or Platinum status shortly after its release. The support tour found Roth playing smaller venues in the U.S Facts: Answer: David Lee Roth

Question: Who was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, David Lee Roth or Cia Berg? Context: S., and larger venues in Europe. A remastered Your Filthy Little Mouth was released in 2007. In 1995, Roth returned with an adult lounge act, performing largely in Las Vegas casinos, with a brass band that featured Nile Rodgers, Edgar Winter, and members of the Miami Sound Machine. It also featured several exotic dancers, who in Roth's words were "so sweet, I bet they shit sugar!"In the late 1990s, Roth trained as an Emergency Medical Technician (EMT) in New York City, going on over 200 ambulance rides.In 1997, Roth wrote a well-received, New York Times best-selling memoir, Crazy From the Heat. The 359-page book was a selected collection of 1,200 pages of monologues, which were recorded and transcribed by a Princeton University graduate who followed Roth for almost a year. The book received mostly positive critical and reader reaction, and it helped to reinvent Roth's image as a popular wit and adventurer, with a bon vivant personality.In 1998, Roth released DLR Band, another album of self-penned solo material. The album featured a popular song, "Slam Dunk", which, like a majority of the album, was co-written by rising guitar hero and longtime Roth fan, John 5. The album was considered a return to form for Roth by critics.In 1999, Roth contacted the Songs of Love Foundation asking if he would be able to sing a song for an ailing Facts: Answer: David Lee Roth

Question: Who was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, David Lee Roth or Cia Berg? Context: by Teresa James. == Music video == Despite the song's topic, there were no visual references to the Statue of Liberty, rather it was a band performance with much sexual innuendo, bumping and grinding, as well as Roth rump shaking and even simulating coital insertion and thrusting with his microphone. It featured a comical prologue of a gold-medallion wearing, Indian convenience store clerk and various eccentric customers and their ensuing melodrama, as Bollywood type music plays in the background from his radio. A mismatched newlywed couple arguing about a hotel room; an African American woman in a lei covered-bikini, buying a dozen boxes of breath mints, who passionately rebukes the clerks advances, deriding him as "the last immigrant grocer on Earth"; an obese woman screaming about over the counter laxatives, to which the clerk replies, "Not in my store you don't!"; a sleazy playboy in a suit (flanked by blondes in bikinis), played by Roth's co-creator Pete Angelus, and finally, David Lee Roth himself, shirtless, in the same blue and red tribal face paint seen on his LP cover, head feathers & a loin cloth holding a spear, demands "Give me a bottle of anything...and a glazed doughnut.. Facts: Answer: David Lee Roth

Question: Who was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, David Lee Roth or Cia Berg? Context: .to go," and cuts to the start of the song. == Charts == == See also == Yankee Rose, the last words in The Satanic Bible written by Anton Szandor LaVey == References == == External links == Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Cia Berg (born 2 December 1963), now known as Cia Soro, is a Swedish former television presenter and singer. She was at one time the lead singer of the Swedish rock band Whale, who released the single "Hobo Humpin' Slobo Babe".During the first part of the 1980s, she presented the television programme Bagen, which showed music videos. In the 1990s, she became a presenter for Swedish music television channel ZTV. Between 1982 and 1985, she was a member of the musical group Ubangi with Thomas "Orup" Eriksson. The group released a number of singles, and its collected works were later released as a CD entitled Oh No, I'm Pregnant. Also in the 1980s, she recorded a duet with Alexander Bard, Johnny Johnny, as part of his Barbie project. == References == == External links == Cia Berg at IMDb Facts: Cia Berg (born 2 December 1963), now known as Cia Soro, is a Swedish former television presenter and singer. She was at one time the lead singer of the Swedish rock band Whale, who released the single "Hobo Humpin' Slobo Babe". Answer: David Lee Roth

Question: Fast Cars, Danger, Fire and Knives includes guest appearances from which hip hop record executive? Context: Control Freek is the second solo effort by rapper Tash of the West Coast hip hop crew Tha Alkaholiks. This albums comes ten years after Tash's first well-received solo album Rap Life. It was released in 2009 on Amalgam Digital. It includes guest appearances from Tash's group Tha Alkaholiks in addition to guest spots from Del the Funky Homosapien, King T, B-Real from Cypress Hill, Knoc-turn'al, Khujo from Goodie Mob, among others. == Track listing == == References == Jaime Meline (born March 2, 1975), better known by the stage name El-P (shortened from his previous stage name El Producto), is an American rapper, songwriter, and record producer. Starting his career as a member of Company Flow, he has been a driving force in alternative hip hop since the early 1990s, producing for rappers including Aesop Rock, Cage, and Mr. Lif Facts: Jaime Meline (born March 2, 1975), better known by the stage name El-P (shortened from his previous stage name El Producto), is an American rapper, songwriter, and record producer. Answer: Jaime Meline

Question: Fast Cars, Danger, Fire and Knives includes guest appearances from which hip hop record executive? Context: Lif. He was a member of The Weathermen and is the co-founder, owner, and CEO of the Definitive Jux record label. After releasing four solo studio albums that were critically acclaimed by underground hip hop audiences—Fantastic Damage (2002), High Water (2004), I'll Sleep When You're Dead (2007), and Cancer 4 Cure (2012)—El-P began experiencing mainstream success in 2013 when he formed the hip hop duo Run the Jewels with fellow rapper Killer Mike. They have released four studio albums for free, all of which have received widespread acclaim: Run the Jewels (2013), Run the Jewels 2 (2014), Run the Jewels 3 (2016), and RTJ4 (2020). == Early life == El-P was born Jaime Meline in the Brooklyn borough of New York City on March 2, 1975, the son of Nan Dillon and jazz pianist Harry Keyes (born Harry Meline). He is of Cajun, Irish, and Lithuanian descent. While his mother was raised Catholic and his father was raised Jewish, they did not emphasize either faith to him, and he later joked that he "got none of it except a circumcision at birth".El-P's parents divorced when he was seven years old, and he later wrote the song "Last Good Sleep" about once hearing his mother being assaulted by his drunken stepfather in the next room and not realizing what had happened until the next day. Although his mother responded to the beating by splitting up with his stepfather, reporting him to police, and changing their home's locks, El-P had recurring nightmares about the incident and once chased a stranger he mistook Facts: Answer: Jaime Meline

Question: Fast Cars, Danger, Fire and Knives includes guest appearances from which hip hop record executive? Context: MC Lyte have made great strides since the hip hop industry first began. By producing music and an image that did not cater to the hyper-sexualized stereotypes of black women in hip hop, these women pioneered a revitalized and empowering image of black women in hip hop. Though many hip hop artists have embraced the ideals that effectively disenfranchize black female artists, many others choose to employ forms of resistance that counteract these negative portrayals of women in hip hop and offer a different narrative. These artists seek to expand ways of traditional thinking through different ways of cultural expression. In this effort they hope to elicit a response to female hip hop artists not with a misogynist lens but with one that validates women's struggle.For women, artists such as Missy Elliott, Lil' Kim, Young M.A. and others are providing mentorship for new female MCs. In addition, there is a vibrant scene outside the mainstream that provides an opportunity for women and their music to flourish. == See also == List of hip hop music festivals List of hip hop genres List of hip hop musicians List of deceased hip hop artists Hip hop and social injustice CORE Music Foundation Pop culture == References == == Bibliography == == Further reading == Chang, Jeff. Total Chaos: The Art and Aesthetics of Hip-Hop Facts: Answer: Jaime Meline

Question: Fast Cars, Danger, Fire and Knives includes guest appearances from which hip hop record executive? Context: Total Chaos: The Art and Aesthetics of Hip-Hop. Basic Books, 2008. Fitzgerald, Tamsin. Hip-Hop and Urban Dance. Heineman Library, 2008. == External links == Hip hop at Curlie Sugarhill Gang - Rapper's Delight (Official Video) Is Rap Finally Ready to Embrace It's Women? Hip-Hop/R&B Music The Social Significance of Rap and Hip-Hop Culture Fast Cars, Danger, Fire and Knives is an EP by American hip hop artist Aesop Rock. Released via the Definitive Jux label on February 22, 2005, the record is produced by Blockhead and Aesop Rock himself, with the former producing three tracks and the latter producing four, with one track produced by Rob Sonic. Vocals are handled by Aesop Rock, with guest appearances from Camu Tao and Metro of S.A. Smash and Definitive Jux label head El-P. All scratches are performed by DJ Big Wiz. == Release == The initial pressing of the EP on CD (catalogue number DJX106) was packaged as a slimline CD case inside a cardboard cover along with an 88-page booklet named The Living Human Curiosity Sideshow, which contained the EP's lyrics as well as the never-before published lyrics Facts: Vocals are handled by Aesop Rock, with guest appearances from Camu Tao and Metro of S. Answer: Jaime Meline

Question: Which documentary is about Finnish rock groups, Adam Clayton Powell or The Saimaa Gesture? Context: A significant number of old buildings were marked for demolition in the extension, and the demolished buildings included the Bedford Street Methodist Church, constructed in 1840.Most of Seventh Avenue has carried traffic one-way southbound since June 6, 1954. The portion north of Times Square carried two-way traffic until March 10, 1957. == Transportation == Seventh Avenue is served by the 1, ​2, and ​3 trains for most of its length, with N, ​Q, ​R, and ​W service between 42nd Street and Central Park South. The Seventh Avenue station also serves the B, ​D​, and E trains. North of the park, Powell Boulevard is served by the Harlem–148th Street on the 3 train, and the 155th Street station on the B and ​D trains. It is also served by numerous local MTA New York City Bus routes, primarily the M7 and M20 south of Central Park and the M2 north of the park. == Notable districts and buildings == South of 14th Street Seventh Avenue is a major thoroughfare in the West Village Facts: Answer: The Saimaa Gesture

Question: Which documentary is about Finnish rock groups, Adam Clayton Powell or The Saimaa Gesture? Context: == Notable districts and buildings == South of 14th Street Seventh Avenue is a major thoroughfare in the West Village. The now dismantled St. Vincent's Hospital was a main downtown hospital on Seventh Avenue and 11th Street. Running through the Garment District (which stretches from 12th Avenue to 5th Avenue and 34th Street to 39th Street), it is referred to as Fashion Avenue due to its role as a center of the garment and fashion industry and the famed fashion designers who established New York as the world fashion capital. The first, temporary signs designating the section of Seventh Avenue as "Fashion Avenue" were dual-posted in 1972, with permanent signs added over the ensuing years.Seventh Avenue intersects with Broadway and with 42nd Street at Times Square, with multiple buildings at the intersections. Notable buildings located on Seventh Avenue include: Alwyn Court Apartments, 58th Street Carnegie Hall, Osborne Apartments, and Rodin Studios, 57th Street AXA Center (originally The Equitable Tower), at 51st Street Madison Square Garden and Penn Station, 32nd Street Fashion Institute of Technology, 27th StreetNotable buildings on Adam Clayton Powell Jr. Boulevard, from Central Park north through Harlem, include: Adam Clayton Powell Jr. State Office Building Hotel Theresa == See also == 6½ Avenue == References == Notes == External links == New York Songlines: Seventh Avenue, a virtual walking tour Adam is a musical with a book by June Tansey, lyrics and music by Richard Ahlert, based on the life of the controversial politician Adam Clayton Facts: Answer: The Saimaa Gesture

Question: Which documentary is about Finnish rock groups, Adam Clayton Powell or The Saimaa Gesture? Context: Powell Jr.. == Synopsis == The story follows the life of Adam Clayton Powell Jr. and his wife (in real life the writers combined his first two wives Isabel Washington and Hazel Scott). == Original production == The show premiered in New York City at Harry DeJur Henry Street Settlement Playhouse. The show was directed by Don Evans, costume design Judy Dearing, set design Llewellyn Harrison, light design Shirley Prendergast, choral and dance arrangements Annie Joe Edwards, sound design Michael Melziner, production stage manager C. Harrison Avery Jr., orchestration and solo arrangements Neal Tate, choreography and musical staging Dianne McIntyre. The original cast starred Jeff Bates (Charley, Reporter and Maitre D'), Frederick Beals (Congressman Mudd), Bill Boss (Congressman Gilo and Television Voice), Richard Chiffy (Reporter), Dawn Davis (Sally, Louise and Southern Belle), Randy Flood (Doug Marshall), Reuben Greene (Adam Clayton Powell Jr.), Suzanne Hall (New York Socialite), Hugh Harrell (Adam Clayton Powell, Sr.), Jackee Harry (Rachel Watts), Rosetta Jefferson (Serena Crawford), Jim Keels (Congressman Shanklin), S. Epatha Merkerson (Addie Carmicheal), Kevin Ramsey (M.C Facts: Answer: The Saimaa Gesture

Question: Which documentary is about Finnish rock groups, Adam Clayton Powell or The Saimaa Gesture? Context: C., Bellboy and Young Jim), Deborah Smith (Annie and Barmaid), Raymond Stough (Sam Bradbury), Robin Wilson (Madame Rochais and Miss Lee), and Kevin Wynn (Photographer, Young Brad and Old Joe). == References == Adam Clayton Powell is a 1989 American documentary film directed by Richard Kilberg. == Summary == The film is about the rise and fall of influential African-American politician Adam Clayton Powell Jr. It was later aired as part of the PBS series The American Experience. == Accolades == It was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature. == References == == External links == Adam Clayton Powell at IMDb Adam Clayton Powell at Docurama Excerpt The Abyssinian Baptist Church is a Baptist megachurch located at 132 West 138th Street between Adam Clayton Powell Jr. Boulevard and Lenox Avenue in the Harlem neighborhood of Manhattan, New York City, affiliated with the National Baptist Convention, USA. Founded in 1809, its present building was built in 1922–23 and was designed by Charles W. Bolton & Son in Gothic Revival and Tudor Revival styles – it has also been described as "Collegiate Gothic". It features stained glass windows and marble furnishings. During the 20th century, prominent ministers of the church included Adam Clayton Powell Sr. and Adam Clayton Powell Jr. Over the years, the church has served as a place for African American spirituality, politics and community. Facts: Adam Clayton Powell is a 1989 American documentary film directed by Richard Kilberg. Answer: The Saimaa Gesture

Question: Which documentary is about Finnish rock groups, Adam Clayton Powell or The Saimaa Gesture? Context: Who's Who in Colored America, Brooklyn, New York, 1930-1931-1932 (Third Edition) The Saimaa Gesture (Finnish: Saimaa-ilmiö) is a 1981 film by Finnish directors Aki and Mika Kaurismäki. It is a documentary of three Finnish rock groups aboard the steamboat SS Heinävesi on their tour around Lake Saimaa. == The film == The film was shot from 31 May to 7 June on the 1981 "Tuuliajolla" tour by groups Eppu Normaali, Hassisen Kone and Juice Leskinen Slam. The Saimaa Gesture features artist interviews, more than 20 live performances and several acoustic songs filmed aboard the steamer Facts: It is a documentary of three Finnish rock groups aboard the steamboat SS Heinävesi on their tour around Lake Saimaa. Answer: The Saimaa Gesture

Question: Which documentary is about Finnish rock groups, Adam Clayton Powell or The Saimaa Gesture? Context: The Saimaa Gesture features artist interviews, more than 20 live performances and several acoustic songs filmed aboard the steamer. The original title Saimaa-ilmiö is an adaptation of the Finnish translation of the 1979 thriller film The China Syndrome (Finnish: Kiina-ilmiö). == Soundtrack == The soundtrack album Tuuliajolla was released by Poko Rekords. It was re-released on CD in 1993 and 2007. == References == == External links == The Saimaa Gesture Aki Kaurismäki Filmography Unplugged song from the film YouTube The Saimaa Gesture at IMDb Facts: Answer: The Saimaa Gesture

Question: Are Jane and First for Women both women's magazines? Context: Interview with Dr. Jane Goodall Marianne Schnall's official website What Will It Take? First for Women is a woman's magazine published by Bauer Media Group in the USA. The magazine was started in 1989. It is based in Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey. In 2011 the circulation of the magazine was 1,310,696 copies. == References == == External links == Official website Laura Jane Addams (September 6, 1860 – May 21, 1935) was an American settlement activist, reformer, social worker, sociologist, public administrator and author. She was an important leader in the history of social work and women's suffrage in the United States and advocated for world peace. She co-founded Chicago's Hull House, one of America's most famous settlement houses. In 1910, Addams was awarded an honorary master of arts degree from Yale University, becoming the first woman to receive an honorary degree from the school. In 1920, she was a co-founder of the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) Facts: First for Women is a woman's magazine published by Bauer Media Group in the USA. Answer: yes

Question: Are Jane and First for Women both women's magazines? Context: In 1920, she was a co-founder of the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU).In 1931, she became the first American woman to be awarded the Nobel Peace Prize, and is recognized as the founder of the social work profession in the United States. She was a radical pragmatist and the first woman "public philosopher" in the United States. When Addams died in 1935, she was the best-known female public figure in the United States.In the Progressive Era, when presidents such as Theodore Roosevelt and Woodrow Wilson identified themselves as reformers and social activists, Addams was one of the most prominent reformers. She helped America address and focus on issues that were of concern to mothers, such as the needs of children, local public health, and world peace. In her essay "Utilization of Women in City Government", Addams noted the connection between the workings of government and the household, stating that many departments of government, such as sanitation and the schooling of children, could be traced back to traditional women's roles in the private sphere. Thus, these were matters of which women would have more knowledge than men, so women needed the vote to best voice their opinions. She said that if women were to be responsible for cleaning up their communities and making them better places to live, they needed to be able to vote to do so effectively. Addams became a role model for middle-class women who volunteered to uplift their communities. == Early life == Born in Cedarville, Illinois, Jane Addams was the youngest Facts: Answer: yes

Question: Are Jane and First for Women both women's magazines? Context: University Library Open Collections Program. Women Working, 1870–1930. Jane Addams (1860–1935). A full-text searchable online database with complete access to publications written by Jane Addams. "Jane Addams". Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.Physical collectionsOnline photograph exhibit of Jane Addams from Swarthmore College's Peace Collection Guide to the Jane Addams Collection 1894–1919 at the University of Chicago Special Collections Research Center Jane Addams Papers at the Sophia Smith Collection, Smith College Ellen Gates Starr Papers at the Sophia Smith Collection, Smith College Newspaper clippings about Jane Addams in the 20th Century Press Archives of the ZBWBiographical informationFBI file on Jane Addams Jane Addams on the history of social work timeline Jane Addams National Women's Hall of Fame Kathi Coon Badertscher: Jane Addams, In: 1914-1918-online. International Encyclopedia of the First World WarHull House linksJane Addams Hull-House Museum Jane Addams's Hull-House Taylor Street Archives; Hull House: Bowen Country ClubScholarship and analysisMichals, Debra "Jane Addams". National Women's History Museum. 2017. Sklar, Kathryn Kish et al. "How Did Changes in the Built Environment at Hull-House Reflect the Settlement's Interaction with Its Neighbors, 1889–1912?" Sklar, Women and Social Movements in the United States, 1600–2000 Hamington, Maurice. "Jane Addams". In Zalta, Edward N Facts: Answer: yes

Question: Are Jane and First for Women both women's magazines? Context: In Zalta, Edward N. (ed.). Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Looks at her as "the first woman 'public philosopher' in United States history". American Commission for Peace in Ireland Interim ReportOther linksJane Addams at IMDb The Bitter Cry of Outcast London by Rev. Andrew Mearns International Fellowship of Reconciliation Jane Addams at Find a Grave Short historical film showing Jane Addams in Berlin in 1915, on her peace mission with Aletta Jacobs and Alice Hamilton. Jane Addams on Nobelprize.org Jane was an American magazine created to appeal to the women who grew up reading Sassy magazine; Jane Pratt was the founding editor of each. Its original target audience (pitched to advertisers) was aged 18–34, and was designed to appeal to women who did not like the typical women's magazine format. Pratt originally intended the magazine to be named Betty, but she was voted down by everyone else involved in the making of the magazine. == History and profile == Jane was launched in September 1997; the final issue was dated August 2007. The events surrounding the magazine's folding were chronicled through the experiences of two assistants on the Soapnet series The Fashionista Diaries. The magazine was published on a monthly basis.Sassy, created by Pratt in 1987, was intended to appeal to Facts: Jane was an American magazine created to appeal to the women who grew up reading Sassy magazine; Jane Pratt was the founding editor of each. Answer: yes

Question: Are Jane and First for Women both women's magazines? Context: Facts: Answer: yes

Question: Are Jane and First for Women both women's magazines? Context: (2011–current) Shikatsushi: Joou no Houigaku by Aki Morino Shoujo Manga wa Okirai desu ka? by You Morita Shouwa Fanfare by Rikachi Shunkashuutou Days by Sakura Fujisue Shura no Dress by Miyuki Yorita Something's Wrong with Us by Natsumi Ando (2016–current) Sukutte Goran by Noriko Ootani Tasogare Takako by Kiwa Irie Uchi no Sensei by Yuu HanazukaWaru by Jun Fukami Watashi no Tadashii Onii-chan by Satoshi Mori Watashitachi wa Douka shiteiru by Natsumi Ando Yandeka by Miyuki Yorita Yonimo Fujitsu na Piano Sonata by Hal Osaka Yuria-sensei no Akai Ito by Kiwa Irie Zephyrus no Mori by Waki Yamato Waru by Jun Fukami (1988–1997) == References == == External links == Official website Facts: Answer: yes

Question: What profession does Nicholas Ray and Elia Kazan have in common? Context: its type."The New York Post predicted success for the production: "It is contrived but nevertheless absorbing....Streetlines—if they still stand on them for anything—are predicted for 'Macao' and they'll get their money's worth."Journalist and filmmaker John Baxter, writing for the International Film Guide Series, has a higher opinion of the film and lauds the "bravura passages" and the "atmosphere and décor that make the work definitively "Sternbergian". Both Sarris and Baxter acknowledge Sternberg's stylistic signature in the deadly waterfront chase amid the docked fishing boats, as well as the amusing bedroom scene where an electric fan reduces a pillow to "a storm of feathers."In 2005, film critic Dennis Schwartz, writing for Ozus' World Movie Reviews, lauded the casting of Jane Russell and Robert Mitchum: A wonderfully tongue-in-cheek scripted RKO adventure story directed by Josef von Sternberg ... Jane Russell enthralls as she gets romanced by the laconic Mitchum, and they create movie magic together through their brilliant nuanced performances ... She's the good-bad girl, while he's the hard-luck innocent who can't even win when playing with loaded dice ... If you are looking for an underrated film noir gem—that somehow got swept under the rug—this is it! Baxter laments that Macao, though "not a classic work Facts: Answer: director

Question: What profession does Nicholas Ray and Elia Kazan have in common? Context: If you are looking for an underrated film noir gem—that somehow got swept under the rug—this is it! Baxter laments that Macao, though "not a classic work ... ill-deserves its present obscurity." == References == == Sources == Baxter, John. 1971. The Cinema of Josef von Sternberg. The International Film Guide Series. A.S Barners & Company, New York. Sarris, Andrew. 1966. The Films of Josef von Sternberg. Museum of Modern Art/Doubleday. New York, New York. == External links == Macao at IMDb Macao at AllMovie Macao at the TCM Movie Database Macao at Rotten Tomatoes Macao film clip on YouTube (Jane Russell sings "One for My Baby") Macao trailer on YouTube Nicholas Ray (born Raymond Nicholas Kienzle Jr., August 7, 1911 – June 16, 1979) was an American film director, best known for the 1955 film Rebel Without a Cause. He is appreciated for many narrative features produced between 1947 and 1963 including They Live By Night, In A Lonely Place, Johnny Guitar, and Bigger Than Life, as well as an experimental work produced throughout the 1970s titled We Can't Go Home Again, which was unfinished at the time of Ray's death. Ray's compositions within the CinemaScope frame and use of color are particularly well-regarded. Ray was an important influence on the French New Wave, with Jean-Luc Godard famously writing in a Facts: , August 7, 1911 – June 16, 1979) was an American film director, best known for the 1955 film Rebel Without a Cause. Answer: director

Question: What profession does Nicholas Ray and Elia Kazan have in common? Context: Ray a cameo in this film. He also co-directed Ray's final film, the experimental documentary Lightning Over Water, and edited it after Ray's death. The film is a touching portrait of the final days of Nicholas Ray's life. As a critic, Victor Erice has commented on Ray's films with great affection, also collaborating with Jos Oliver on a catalogue for a 1986 retrospective, Nicholas Ray y su tiempo, and was interviewed about We Can't Go Home Again for the documentary, Don't Expect Too Much. Asked to comment on any continuities between Ray's work and his own filmmaking in 2004, however, he demurred. == Filmography (director) == === Films === === Other work === == Filmography (actor) == == References == == Further reading == Eisenschitz, Bernard (1993). Nicholas Ray: An American Journey. Faber & Faber. ISBN 0-571-14086-6. Frascella, Lawrence; Weisel, Al (2005). Live Fast, Die Young: The Wild Ride of Making Rebel Without a Cause. Touchstone. ISBN 0-7432-6082-1 Facts: Answer: director

Question: What profession does Nicholas Ray and Elia Kazan have in common? Context: ISBN 0-7432-6082-1. Andrew, Geoff (2004). The Films of Nicholas Ray. British Film Institute. ISBN 1-8445-7001-0. Sancar Seckiner's book South (Güney), contains an essay, "Reminders of Ray's Century", which highlights aspects of Nicholas Ray' life. ISBN 978-605-4579-45-7. == External links == Nicholas Ray at IMDb Nicholas Ray at Find a Grave Nicholas Ray at Senses of Cinema: Great Directors Critical Database Photos of Nicholas Ray during the making of We Can't Go Home Again The New Yorker article Nicholas Ray: The Last Interview with Kathryn Bigelow and Sarah Fatima Parsons Nicholas Ray Foundation Elia Kazan (; born Elias Kazantzoglou (Greek: Ηλίας Καζαντζόγλου); September 7, 1909 – September 28, 2003) was an American film and theatre director, producer, screenwriter and actor, described by The New York Times as "one of the most honored and influential directors in Broadway and Hollywood history".Born in Constantinople (now Istanbul), to Cappadocian Greek and Armenian parents, his family came to the United States in 1913. After attending Williams College and then the Yale School of Drama, he acted professionally for eight years, later joining the Group Theatre in 1932, and co-founded the Actors Studio in 1947. With Robert Lewis and Cheryl Crawford, his actors' studio introduced "Method Acting" under the direction of Lee Strasberg. Kazan acted in a few films, including City for Conquest (1940).His films were concerned with personal or social issues of special concern to him. Kazan writes, "I don't move unless I have some empathy with the basic Facts: Elia Kazan (; born Elias Kazantzoglou (Greek: Ηλίας Καζαντζόγλου); September 7, 1909 – September 28, 2003) was an American film and theatre director, producer, screenwriter and actor, described by The New York Times as "one of the most honored and influential directors in Broadway and Hollywood history". Answer: director

Question: What profession does Nicholas Ray and Elia Kazan have in common? Context: was Isaak Shishmanoglou. Elia's brother, Avraam, was born in Berlin and later became a psychiatrist.: 21 Kazan was raised in the Greek Orthodox Church and attended Greek Orthodox services every Sunday, where he had to stand for several hours with his father. His mother read the Bible but did not go to church. When Kazan was about eight years old, the family moved to New Rochelle, New York, and his father sent him to a Roman Catholic catechism school because there was no Orthodox church nearby. As a young boy, he was remembered as being shy, and his college classmates described him as more of a loner. Much of his early life was portrayed in his autobiographical book, America America, which he made into a film in 1963. In it, he describes his family as "alienated" from both their parents' Greek Orthodox values and from those of mainstream America.: 23 His mother's family were cotton merchants who imported cotton from England and sold it wholesale. His father had become a rug merchant after immigrating to the United States and expected that his son would go into the same business.After attending public schools through high school, Kazan enrolled at Williams College in Massachusetts, where he helped pay his way by waiting tables and washing dishes; he still graduated cum laude. He also worked as a bartender at various fraternities, but never joined one Facts: Answer: director

Question: What profession does Nicholas Ray and Elia Kazan have in common? Context: He also worked as a bartender at various fraternities, but never joined one. While a student at Williams, he earned the nickname "Gadg", for Gadget, because, he said, "I was small, compact, and handy to have around." The nickname was eventually taken up by his stage and film stars. In America America he tells how, and why, his family left Turkey and moved to America. Kazan notes that much of it came from stories that he heard as a young boy. He says during an interview that "it's all true: the wealth of the family was put on the back of a donkey, and my uncle, really still a boy, went to Istanbul ... to gradually bring the family there to escape the oppressive circumstances ... It's also true that he lost the money on the way, and when he got there he swept rugs in a little store."Kazan noted some of the controversial aspects of what he put in the film. He wrote "I used to say to myself when I was making the film that America was a dream Facts: Answer: director

Question: What profession does Nicholas Ray and Elia Kazan have in common? Context: Kazan set up the scenario with Brando which brought out surprising emotions: I ended up crying. Crying and laughing ... I mean there was such an attraction there ... That smile of his ... He was very tender and funny ... And Kazan, in his genius, saw the chemistry there.: 295–296 Life magazine described On the Waterfront as the "most brutal movie of the year" but with "the year's tenderest love scenes", and stating that Saint was a "new discovery" in films Facts: Answer: director

Question: What profession does Nicholas Ray and Elia Kazan have in common? Context: : 295–296 Life magazine described On the Waterfront as the "most brutal movie of the year" but with "the year's tenderest love scenes", and stating that Saint was a "new discovery" in films. In its cover story about Saint, it speculated that it will probably be as Edie in On the Waterfront that she "starts her real trip to fame."The film made use of extensive on-location street scenes and waterfront shots, and included a notable score by noted composer Leonard Bernstein. After the success of On the Waterfront, he went on to direct another screen adaptation of a John Steinbeck novel, East of Eden (1955). As director, Kazan again used another unknown actor, James Dean. Kazan had seen Dean on stage in New York and after an audition gave him the starring role along with an exclusive contract with Warner Bros. Dean flew back to Los Angeles with Kazan in 1954, the first time he had ever flown in a plane, bringing his clothes in a brown paper bag.: 194 The film's success introduced James Dean to the world and established him as a popular actor. He went on to star in Rebel Without a Cause (1955), directed by Kazan's friend Nicholas Ray, and then Giant (1956), directed by George Stevens. Author Douglas Rathgeb describes the difficulties Kazan had in turning Dean into a new star, noting how Dean was a controversial figure at Warner Bros. from the time he arrived. There were rumors that he "kept a loaded gun in his studio trailer; that he drove his motorcycle dangerously down studio streets or sound stages; that he had bizarre and unsavory friends." As a result, Kazan was forced to "baby-sit the young actor in side-by-side trailers", so he wouldn't run away during production. Co-star Julie Harris worked overtime to quell Dean's panic attacks. In general, Dean was oblivious to Hollywood's methods, and Rathgeb notes that "his radical style did not mesh with Hollywood's corporate gears." Dean was amazed at his own performance on screen when he later viewed a rough cut of the film. Kazan had invited director Nicholas Ray Facts: Answer: director

Question: What profession does Nicholas Ray and Elia Kazan have in common? Context: to do is get to know them very well. I take them to dinner. I talk to them. I meet their wives. I find out what the hell the human material is that I'm dealing with, so that by the time I take an unknown he's not an unknown to me.Kazan goes on to describe how he got to understand James Dean, as an example: When I met him he said, "I'll take you for a ride on my motorbike ..." It was his way of communicating with me, saying "I hope you like me, ..." I thought he was an extreme grotesque of a boy, a twisted boy. As I got to know his father, as I got to know about his family, I learned that he had been, in fact, twisted by the denial of love ... I went to Jack Warner and told him I wanted to use an absolutely unknown boy. Jack was a crapshooter of the first order, and said, "Go ahead." === Topics of personal and social realism === Kazan chose his subjects to express personal and social events that he was familiar with Facts: Answer: director

Question: What profession does Nicholas Ray and Elia Kazan have in common? Context: " === Topics of personal and social realism === Kazan chose his subjects to express personal and social events that he was familiar with. He described his thought process before taking on a project: I don't move unless I have some empathy with the basic theme. In some way the channel of the film should also be in my own life. I start with an instinct. With East of Eden ... it's really the story of my father and me, and I didn't realize it for a long time ... In some subtle or not-so-subtle way, every film is autobiographical. A thing in my life is expressed by the essence of the film. Then I know it experientially, not just mentally. I've got to feel that it's in some way about me, some way about my struggles, some way about my pain, my hopes.Film historian Joanna E. Rapf notes that among the methods Kazan used in his work with actors, was his initial focus on "reality", although his style was not defined as "naturalistic". She adds: "He respects his script, but casts and directs with a particular eye for expressive action and the use of emblematic objects.": 33 Kazan states that "unless the character is somewhere in the actor himself, you shouldn't cast him.": 33 In his later years he changed his mind about some of the philosophy behind the Group Theatre, in that Facts: Answer: director

Question: What profession does Nicholas Ray and Elia Kazan have in common? Context: Although the film did poorly at the box office, some reviewers praised De Niro's acting. Film critic Marie Brenner writes that "for De Niro, it is a role that surpasses even his brilliant and daring portrayal of Vito Corleone in The Godfather, part II, ... [his] performance deserves to be compared with the very finest."Marlon Brando, in his autobiography, goes into detail about the influence Kazan had on his acting: I have worked with many movie directors—some good, some fair, some terrible. Kazan was the best actors' director by far of any I've worked for ... the only one who ever really stimulated me, got into a part with me and virtually acted it with me ... he chose good actors, encouraged them to improvise, and then improvised on the improvisation ... He gave his cast freedom and .. Facts: Answer: director

Question: What profession does Nicholas Ray and Elia Kazan have in common? Context: . was always emotionally involved in the process and his instincts were perfect ... I've never seen a director who became as deeply and emotionally involved in a scene as Gadg ... he got so wrought up that he started chewing on his hat.He was an arch-manipulator of actors' feelings, and he was extraordinarily talented; perhaps we will never see his like again. == HUAC testimony == Kazan testified before the House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) in 1952, during the postwar era that journalist Michael Mills calls, "arguably the most controversial period in Hollywood history." When Kazan was in his mid-20s, during the Depression years 1934 to 1936, he had been a member of the American Communist Party in New York, for a year and a half. In April 1952, the Committee called on Kazan, under oath, to identify Communists from that period 16 years earlier. Kazan initially refused to provide names, but eventually named eight former Group Theatre members who he said had been Communists: Clifford Odets, J. Edward Bromberg, Lewis Leverett, Morris Carnovsky, Phoebe Brand, Tony Kraber, Ted Wellman, and Paula Miller, who later married Lee Strasberg. He testified that Odets quit the party at the same time that he did. Kazan claimed that all the persons named were already known to HUAC, although this has been contested. Kazan recounts how he received a letter detailing how his naming of Art Smith damaged the actor's career. Kazan's naming names cost him many friends within the film industry, including playwright Arthur Miller, although Kazan notes the two did work together again.Kazan Facts: Answer: director

Question: What profession does Nicholas Ray and Elia Kazan have in common? Context: Keller — Larry has been MIA for some years at the start of the play. However, he has a significant effect on the play through his mother's insistence that he is still alive and his brother's love for Larry's childhood sweetheart, Ann. Comparisons are also made in the story between Larry and Chris; in particular, their father describes Larry as the more sensible one with a "head for business". Steve Deever — George and Ann's father. Steve is sent to prison for shipping faulty aircraft parts—a crime that not only he but also the exonerated Keller committed. == Synopsis == === Act I === The play starts in the middle of the action, abruptly. In August 1946, Joe Keller, a self-made businessman, and his wife Kate are visited by a neighbor, Frank. At Kate's request, Frank is trying to figure out the horoscope of the Kellers' missing son Larry, who disappeared three years earlier while serving in the military during World War II. There has been a storm and the tree planted in Larry's honor has blown down during the month of his birth, making it seem that Larry is still alive. While Kate still believes Larry is coming back, the Kellers' other son, Chris, believes differently Facts: Answer: director

Question: What profession does Nicholas Ray and Elia Kazan have in common? Context: While Kate still believes Larry is coming back, the Kellers' other son, Chris, believes differently. Furthermore, Chris wishes to propose to Ann Deever, who was Larry's girlfriend at the time he went missing and who has been corresponding with Chris for two years. Joe and Kate react to this news with shock but are interrupted by Bert, the boy next door. He tattles to Joe and wants to see the "jail". In a game, Bert brings up the word "jail", making Kate react sharply. When Ann arrives, it is revealed that her father, Steve Deever, is in prison for selling cracked cylinder heads to the Air Force, causing the deaths of twenty-one pilots. Joe was his partner but was exonerated of the crime. Ann admits that neither she nor her brother keeps in touch with their father anymore and wonders aloud whether a faulty engine was responsible for Larry's death. After a heated argument, Chris breaks in and later proposes to Ann, who accepts. Chris also reveals that while leading a company he lost all his men and is experiencing survivor's guilt. Meanwhile, Joe receives a phone call from George, Ann's brother, who is coming there to settle something. === Act II === Although Chris and Ann have Facts: Answer: director

Question: Who was once considered the best kick boxer in the world, however he has been involved in a number of controversies relating to his "unsportsmanlike conducts" in the sport and crimes of violence outside of the ring. Badr Hari (Berber: ⴱⴰⴷⵔ ⵀⴰⵔⵉ, Arabic: بدر هاري‎; born 8 December 1984) is a Moroccan-Dutch kickboxer. He is a former K-1 Heavyweight champion, It's Showtime Heavyweight world champion, and a K-1 World Grand Prix 2008 and 2009 finalist. Nicknamed The Golden Boy, he is regarded as one of the greatest professional kickboxers of all time.Combat Press ranked him as a top ten heavyweight kickboxer between January and November 2016. == Early life == Badr Hari was born and raised in Amsterdam, the capital of the Netherlands. He began kickboxing at the age of seven under the guidance of former World Champion Mousid Akamrane. As a teenager, he trained at the Sitan Gym of Mohammed Aït Hassou. When the Sitan Gym moved to Rotterdam, he joined Chakuriki Gym, run by Thom Harinck. Hari fought under the Dutch flag until he lost to Stefan Leko in 2005. Hari, who tried to publicly address the audience after his defeat, was booed so loudly that no one could make out his words. He expressed disappointment in the Dutch fans: "I thought to myself, I have never witnessed such ungratefulness." From then on Hari has represented Morocco and stopped working with Harinck. Mike Passenier became his new coach. == Kickboxing == === Early career === At the age of seven, Hari was sent by his father to the kickboxing gym to learn how to defend himself from bullies in the neighborhood. People quickly realized he was a natural talent and from the age of 11 he was fighting regularly as a junior. In his teenage years he worked with the Harinck at Chakuriki Gym and he started to become well known on the Amsterdam scene.In January 2005, Hari left Chakuriki Gym and joined Simon Rutz's It's Showtime team. After a few months of training at the Mejiro Gym he temporarily returned to Harinck's for a couple of weeks. Since then he has been coached by Mike Passenier, who has also trained Joerie Mes, Bjorn Bregy and Melvin Manhoef. === K-1 === Hari fought two matches against Leko in 2005; the first took place at an It's Showtime 2005 event in June 2005. Hari started trash talk between him and Leko before being knocked out by Leko's spinning back kick.Hari got his opportunity for revenge in November 2005 when he entered the K-1 World Grand Prix 2005 tournament as a reserve fighter against Leko, and made his K-1 World GP debut at the age of 20. Hari knocked out Leko by a spinning back high kick to the jaw at 1:30 in the second round.Hari returned to the ring at the K-1 World Grand Prix 2006 Final Elimination in Osaka, Japan, against Ruslan Karaev. Karaev hurt Badr with a straight right that left Hari slouching over in the corner before kicking Hari in the face. Hari was counted out by the referee but he and his corner immediately protested that the kick was a foul. When the referee did not respond, Hari and his corner men caused a commotion and refused to leave the ring until they were escorted out by K-1 officials. Hari left in anger and trashed his changing room.Despite being knocked out, Hari was picked as a reserve fighter again in the K-1 Grand Prix 2006 Finals against Paul Slowinski. He won the fight by unanimous decision. Hari then fought Nicholas Pettas at the K-1 Premium 2006 Dynamite!! event and broke Pettas' left shoulder in the second round with a right high kick.Hari fought Karaev again at the K-1 World GP 2007 in Yokohama. Their matchup was one of two bouts to qualify for the first K-1 heavyweight title match, scheduled on 28 April 2007 in Hawaii. Hari beat Karaev in the second round. === K-1 Heavyweight champion === ==== Title reign ==== Hari was scheduled to face Yusuke Fujimoto for the inaugural K-1 Heavyweight Championship at K-1 World GP 2007 in Hawaii on 28 April 2007. Hari began the bout in his usual aggressive manner and knocked Fujimoto down with a left straight, early on in the round. Hari pressured as the fight resumed and knocked Fujimoto out with a head kick at the 56 second mark of the bout.Four months later, Hari was scheduled to fight a rematch with Peter Graham, in a non-title bout, at K-1 World GP 2007 in Hong Kong on 5 August 2007. Graham won their previous fight, at K-1 World Grand Prix 2006 in Auckland on 5 March 2006, by a third-round knockout. Hari won the rematch by unanimous decision, with scores of 30–27, 30–28 and 30–27.Hari was scheduled to face Doug Viney in a non-title bout at K-1 World GP 2007 in Seoul Final 16 on 29 September 2007. He won the fight by a second-round knockout, dropping Viney with a right cross.Hari was scheduled to face the two-time K-1 Heavyweight World Grand Prix winner Remy Bonjasky at K-1 World GP 2007 Final on 8 December 2007. Bonjasky won the fight by majority decision, thus snapping Hari's six fight winner streak.Following this loss, Hari was scheduled to face the 2000 K-1 World Grand Prix runner-up Ray Sefo in another non-title bout at K-1 World GP 2008 in Yokohama on 13 April 2008. Hari overwhelmed Sefo early on, knocking him down several times enroute to a first-round knockout victory.Hari was scheduled to make the first defense of his K-1 heavyweight title against Glaube Feitosa at K-1 World GP 2008 in Fukuoka on 29 June 2008. He won the fight by a first-round knockout.After making his first title defense, Hari was scheduled to face Domagoj Ostojic at K-1 World GP 2008 in Hawaii on 9 August 2008. Hari won the fight by a first-round knockout.A month later, Hari was scheduled to face the 7'2 Choi Hong-man at K-1 World Grand Prix 2008 in Seoul Final 16 on 27 September 2008. It was Choi's first fight in nine months, as he was forced out of the sport due to a brain tumor. Hari was awarded a technical knockout victory, after Choi's corner threw in the towel. ==== K-1 Heavyweight Grand Prix ==== Hari participated in the 2008 K-1 heavyweight Grand Prix, held at K-1 World GP 2008 Final on 6 December 2008. The fight was held before a sellout crowd at the Yokohama Arena, for a prize of $400,000. Hari was scheduled to face the three-time K-1 Grand Prix winner Peter Aerts in the tournament quarterfinals. Hari won the fight by a second-round technical knockout, knocking Aerts down several times in both the first and second rounds. Advancing to the tournament semifinals, Hari faced Errol Zimmerman. He won the fight by a third-round knockout.Hari fought a rematch with Remy Bonjasky in the tournament finals. The two of them previously met at K-1 World GP 2007 Final on 8 December 2007, with Bonjasky winning by majority decision. Bonjasky was more dominant in the first round of the rematch and knocked Hari down with a head kick near the end of the round. The pivotal moment of the fight came in the second round, after Hari threw Bonjasky down to the mat off of a caught kick. Hari followed up with several strikes to the downed opponent, which was an egregious breakage of K-1's rules. As referee Nobuaki Kakuda was pulling Hari away from his opponent, Hari furthermore stomped on Bonjasky. Hari was disqualified for unsportsmanlike conduct. He remained unapologetic for his behavior, stating: "Remy's corner was screaming at him to stay down. I came to fight and he didn't. He's a great actor."Due to his behavior in the tournament final, Hari was stripped of the K-1 heavyweight title. Hari then briefly moved away from K-1, and was scheduled to face Alistair Overeem at Dynamite!! 2008 on December 31, 2008. Hari suffered a first-round knockout. === It's Showtime Heavyweight champion === Hari made his It's Showtime debut against Frederic Sinistra at Fights at the Border presents: It's Showtime 2009 on February 8, 2009. He won the fight by first-round knockout.Hari was scheduled to fight the three-time K-1 World Grand Prix winner Semmy Schilt for the It's Showtime World Heavyweight title at It's Showtime 2009 Amsterdam on December 5, 2009. He won the fight by a first-round technical knockout. ==== K-1 Heavyweight Grand Prix ==== Hari was scheduled to face Zabit Samedov at K-1 World Grand Prix 2009 Final 16 on September 26, 2009, in the qualifying round of the 2009 K-1 World Grand Prix. He won the fight by a first-round body shot knockout.Hari took part in the 2009 K-1 World Grand Prix 2009 Final, held on December 5, 2009. He was scheduled to fight a trilogy match with Ruslan Karaev in the tournament quarterfinals. Each held a knockout victory over the other. Hari won their third meeting by a 38 second knockout. Hari fought a rematch with Alistair Overeem in the tournament semifinals. He was more successful in their second meeting, and won by a first-round knockout. Hari fought another rematch in the tournament finals, against Semmy Schilt. Hari knocked Schilt out after 45 seconds just seven months prior. Schilt won the tournament final by a first-round knockout. ==== It's Showtime title reign ==== Hari was scheduled to make the first defense of his It's Showtime heavyweight title against Mourad Bouzidi at It's Showtime 2010 Prague on February 13, 2010. Hari won the fight by a second-round knockout.Hari was scheduled to face Alexey Ignashov at K-1 World Grand Prix 2010 in Yokohama on April 3, 2010. He won the fight by unanimous decision.Hari was scheduled to make the second defense of his It's Showtime heavyweight title against Hesdy Gerges at It's Showtime 2010 Amsterdam on May 29, 2010. Gerges won the fight by disqualification, after Hari threw an illegal kick. ==== Post-title reign ==== Hari was scheduled to face Gregory Tony at It's Showtime 2011 Lyon on May 14, 2011. He won the fight by a first-round technical knockout.Hari was scheduled to face Gökhan Saki at It's Showtime 2012 in Leeuwarden on January 28, 2012. He won by a second-round knockout.Hari was scheduled to face the 2012 SUPERKOMBAT World Grand Prix winner Anderson Silva at K-1 World MAX 2012 World Championship Tournament Final 16 on May 27, 2012. He won the fight by unanimous decision.Hari was scheduled to fight a rematch with Zabit Samedov in the quarterfinals of the K-1 World Grand Prix 2012 Final, held on March 5, 2012. Although he won by unanimous decision, Hari was unable to advance to the semifinals due to injury. === LFS and GFC === Two months later, Hari was scheduled to fight a trilogy match with Zabit Samedov at the inaugural Legend Fighting Show event on May 25, 2013. Samedov won the fight by a second-round knockout.Hari fought a rematch with Alexey Ignashov at the second Legend Fighting Show event on November 9, 2013. Hari won the fight by unanimous decision.Hari participated in the Global Fighting Championship heavyweight tournament, held on May 29, 2014. He was scheduled to fight 1998 K-1 European Grand Prix winner Stefan Leko in the tournament semifinals. Hari won the fight by a first-round knockout, and advance to the finals where he faced Peter Graham. The two of them fought twice previously, with Graham winning by knockout and Hari winning by decision. Hari won their third fight by a first-round knockout.Hari was scheduled to face Arnold Oborotov at GFC Fight Series 2 on October 16, 2014. He won the fight by a first-round body shot knockout.Hari was scheduled to face Ismael Londt at Akhmat Fight Show on August 22, 2015. He won the fight by a third-round technical knockout. === Glory === ==== Hari vs. Verhoeven I ==== Hari was scheduled to make his Glory debut against the reigning Heavyweight Champion Rico Verhoeven at Glory: Collision on October 12, 2016. Hari appeared to have won the first round, opening a cut on Verhoeven's nose. Verhoeven was more aggressive in the second round and landed knee in the clinch which broke Hari's arm. As Hari was unable to continue fighting, Verhoeven was awarded the technical knockout victory. ==== Hari vs. Gerges ==== On 3 March 2018, Hari fought Gerges. Hari won the fight by unanimous decision, but a year after the fight it was revealed that both fighters had used sports supplements that contained prohibited substances; as a result, both fighters were suspended. Hari failed a drug test prior to Glory 51: Rotterdam, and was issued with a 19-month suspension after tests on samples provided indicated a violation of Netherlands rules regarding prohibited substances for competitive athletes. Gerges, who faced Hari at the event, was also issued with an official reprimand. ==== Hari vs. Verhoeven II ==== Hari was scheduled to challenge Rico Verhoeven for the Glory Heavyweight Championship in his first post-suspension fight. The bout was set for Glory 74: Arnhem on 21 December 2019. In the sold-out GelreDome, in front of 30 000 fans, Verhoeven won the fight by a third-round technical knockout. Hari once again found early success, knocking Verhoeven down in both the first and third rounds. Early on in the third round however, Hari suffered a broken ankle from a missed kick, once again rendering him unable to continue competing.Aside from selling out the arena, the rematch also drew 3.5 million viewers, an estimated 53% of the live television audience in the Netherlands, which was the second highest viewership of a live sports broadcast, in Dutch television history. ==== Hari vs. Adegbuyi ==== On 19 December 2020, Hari fought the #2 ranked Glory heavyweight contender, Benjamin Adegbuyi in a Glory Heavyweight Championship Eliminator at Glory 76. The fight was originally planned to take place on 20 June, but was postponed multiple times due to the COVID-19 pandemic. On 13 September, Glory announced the event would take place on 7 November, only for it be postponed again, when Hari announced that he tested positive for COVID-19 on 19 October. Hari lost the fight by KO in the third round after being kicked by Adegbuyi. Glory vice-chairman Scott Rudmann revealed the following day that Hari suffered a double break in his nose on knockout. ==== Hari vs. Wrzosek ==== It was announced on 31 May 2021, that Hari would face the #8 ranked Glory heavyweight contender Arkadiusz Wrzosek. The bout was scheduled as the main event of Glory 78: Arnhem, held on 4 September 2021. Hari had a great start to the bout and managed to knock Wrzosek down three times with body shots before the midway point of the fight. Halfway through the second round however, Wrzosek landed a head kick which knocked Hari out, extending his winless streak to five fights. == Personal life == === Relationships and children === Hari is married to Daphne Romani and has four daughters and a son. The family currently lives in Morocco. === Legal issues === Hari has been arrested multiple times since 2006 on various assault charges, and gained a reputation for violent behavior. A psychologist who spoke to Hari in relation to one of his trials concluded that his success as an athlete and celebrity status, combined with a lack of personal guidance, resulted in narcissistic personality traits. About his violent eruptions, Hari has said: "I am able to explode at any moment. [...] When my brakes are off, it's just one big clump of explosion, chaos and noise, and I become blind to it all. [...] A storm, a hurricane, a disaster. [...] There just is a certain aggression inside of me, of which I don't know what to do with and neither where it comes from." At his conviction on 21 February 2014, the district attorney described Hari as an individual who is very short-tempered, indulges in vulgar power display, and demonstrates aggressive and intimidating behavior which is characterized by a high "do-you-even-know-who-I-am caliber".Late October 2012, an indictment was handed to Hari in his holding cell, which contained nine criminal charges against Hari: eight crimes of violence and one moving violation, the latter of which is from an incident in March 2010 where a pedestrian sustained injuries. Crimes of violence include: 20 February 2010 Club Blinq. The bouncer of Club Blinq is assaulted by several perpetrators one of which is said to be Hari. 6 March 2010 Albert Cuyp Market. Hari drives his car into the Albert Cuyp Street, which was closed to vehicle traffic, and has an accident with a pedestrian severely injuring her leg. 1–29 July 2011 Spuistraat: Hari is accused of assaulting his ex-girlfriend Rosa in her apartment in Spuistraat and the destruction of her property. 17 July 2011 Club Air: Jeroen van de Berg, the owner of the Club Air and an Italian guest are assaulted. Jeroen suffers serious damage to his teeth due to a kick to the head. 2 December 2011 Cooldown Cafe: Hari is caught on camera in "The Cooldown Cafe" assaulting Olivier, the stepbrother of his ex-girlfriend. 8 July 2012 Sensation White: Dutch millionaire entrepreneur Koen Everink is severely assaulted at a dance event in the Amsterdam Arena. Everink suffered a broken nose and eye socket and a broken ankle, which required several surgical procedures. The public prosecutor stated that numerous witnesses had pointed the finger at Hari.In July 2012 Hari surrendered to police as he feared "being arrested by a SWAT team" to come forth and deny his involvement in an alleged assault on Everink, who claimed Hari was responsible for inflicting his face and leg injuries including a broken ankle, and further allegations of assault made by an Amsterdam nightclub owner. The latter alleged that he had also been attacked by Hari, saying that he "suffered a broken jaw and lost teeth after being kicked in the head" during an altercation at his nightclub and that in light of Everink's seeking to press charges, he would do the same.As is procedure in the Netherlands for crimes that carry a statutory minimum four-year prison sentence or more, Hari was detained in prison whilst awaiting trial. On 9 November 2012 a court in Amsterdam allowed Hari to return home until his trial on the condition that he not visit any horeca establishments (hotels, restaurants and café establishments), or contact witnesses, with the exception of his girlfriend Estelle Cruijff. The day following his release he was spotted violating this condition by eating out at a deli with Cruijff. He also made contact with two witnesses of the incident. As a result, Hari was arrested again by police in Amsterdam and was sentenced to be detained again, this time for three months, with his eventual release in January 2013.On 21 January 2013 a court in Amsterdam determined that Hari should again be released from his pre-trial detention, this time with the condition that he could not visit catering establishments between the hours of 8:00 PM and 8:00 AM. By this point the main witnesses in the case had been heard; and the court deemed it unnecessary to further detain Hari. After Hari's release he resumed training with the intention of returning to the ring. His trial was reportedly set to take place in March 2013.On 21 February 2014 the district court in Amsterdam sentenced him to prison for 1+1⁄2 years. His legal team and the prosecution filed an immediate appeal. The Court of Appeal found him guilty of aggravated assault, noting in particular that each of his assaults was preceded by a relatively mild quarrel and that to his victims his violent behaviour came as a complete surprise, leaving them no chance to defend themselves. He was sentenced to two years in prison, of which ten months were suspended. Since he had already spent eight months in pre-arrest, he still had to serve half a year in prison. In addition, he had to pay his victims compensation of €45,000 in total, and the judgement was upheld by the Supreme Court of the Netherlands in 2017.Hari was reportedly arrested in Dubai following his tournament win at Global FC 3 on 29 May 2014, and he was detained and questioned by police over an alleged incident from late 2011 or early 2012 before being released, according to his lawyer. Hari himself refuted the reports. === Music === In 2007, Hari released a hip-hop song with Dutch-Moroccan rapper Appa entitled "Stap Maar In De Ring" ("Step Into The Ring"). == Championships and accomplishments == 2007 K-1 Heavyweight champion (One successful title defense) 2008 K-1 World Grand Prix runner up 2009 It's Showtime Heavyweight champion (One successful title defense) 2009 K-1 World Grand Prix runner up 2014 GFC Fight Series 1 Heavyweight Tournament Champion 2020 Glory Fight of the Year vs. Benjamin Adegbuyi at Glory 76: Rotterdam == Kickboxing record == == See also == List of male kickboxers List of K-1 champions List of It's Showtime champions == References == == External links == Profile at Glory A protection racket is a type of racket and a scheme of organized crime perpetrated by a potentially hazardous group, usually a criminal organization, which guarantees protection outside the sanction of the law to a business, entity, or individual from violence, looting, arson, robbery, and other such threats, often in situations or regions in which such threats may often not be effectively prevented or addressed by the prevailing system of law and order or local government, in exchange for the extorted payments in cash or kind. The perpetrators of the protection racket may offer these services to protect vulnerable targets from other dangerous individuals and groups or may simply offer to refrain from themselves carrying out threats on the targets, and usually both of these forms of protection are implied in the racket. In many cases, there exists an actual and legitimate outside threat to the target of the protection racket, and the racketeers will in fact protect the target; however, often the racketeers will themselves coerce or threaten the business or targeted individual or entity into accepting the protection, often with the threat, implicit or otherwise, that failing to acquire these protection services will lead to the racketeers themselves contributing to the existing problem. In some instances, the potential threat to the target may be caused by the same group that offers to solve it, but that fact may be concealed in order to ensure continual patronage. In other words, at least ostensibly, the protection racket is a racket that sells security, traditionally physical security. Through the credible threat of violence, the racketeers deter people from swindling, robbing, injuring, sabotaging or otherwise harming their clients. Protection rackets tend to appear in markets in which the police and judiciary cannot be counted on to provide legal protection, because of incompetence (as in weak, corrupt, or failed states, or in cases in which the state does not provide adequate or any protection for certain ethnic or socioeconomic groups), illegality (when the targeted entity is involved in black markets), and/or where other forms of mistrust of the state and government protection exist. Protection rackets are indistinguishable in practice from extortion rackets and distinguishable from private security by some degree of implied threat that the racketeers themselves may attack the business if it fails to pay for their protection. A distinction is possible between a "pure" extortion racket in which the racketeers might agree only not to attack a business and a broader protection racket offering some real private security in addition to such extortion. The criminals might agree to defend a business from any attack by either themselves or third parties (other criminal gangs). However, in reality, that distinction is doubtful, because extortion racketeers may have to defend their clients against rival gangs to maintain their profits. By corollary, criminal gangs may have to maintain control of territories (turfs), as local businesses may collapse if forced to pay for protection from too many rackets, which then hurts all parties involved. Certain scholars, such as Diego Gambetta, classify criminal organizations engaged in protection racketeering as "mafia", as the racket is popular with both the Sicilian Mafia and Italian-American Mafia. == Overview == A protection racket is an operation where criminals provide protection to persons and properties, settle disputes and enforce contracts in markets where the police and judicial system cannot be relied upon. Diego Gambetta's The Sicilian Mafia (1996) and Federico Varese's The Russian Mafia (2001) define the mafia as a type of organized crime group that specializes in the provision of private protection. Protection racketeers or mafia groups operate mostly in the black market, providing buyers and sellers the security they need for smooth transactions; but empirical data collected by Gambetta and Varese suggests that mafia groups are able to offer private protection to corporations and individuals in legal markets when the state fails to offer sufficient and efficient protection to the people in need. Two elements distinguish racketeers from legal security firms. The first element is their willingness to deploy violent forms of retribution (going as far as murder) that fall outside the limits the law normally extends to civilian security firms. The other element is that racketeers are willing to involve themselves in illegal markets. Recent studies show that mafia groups or gangs are not the only form of protection racket or extra-legal protector, and another important form of protection racket is corrupt networks consisting of public officials, especially those from criminal justice agencies. For example, Wang's The Chinese Mafia (2017) examines protection rackets in China and suggests two types of extra-legal protectors, namely the Black Mafia (local gangs) and the Red Mafia (networks of corrupt government officials). Wang's narrative suggests that local gangs are quasi-law enforcers in both legal and illegal markets, and corrupt public officials are extra-legal protectors, safeguarding local gangs, protecting illegal entrepreneurs in the criminal underworld, offering protection to businesspeople, and selling public appointments to buyers. == Territorial monopolies == A protection racketeer cannot tolerate competition within his sphere of influence from another racketeer. If a dispute erupted between two clients (e.g. businessmen competing for a construction contract) who are protected by rival racketeers, the two racketeers would have to fight each other to win the dispute for their respective clients. The outcomes of such fights can be unpredictable, and neither racketeer would be able to guarantee a victory for his client. This would make their protection unreliable and of little value; their clients would likely dismiss them and settle the dispute by other means. Therefore, racketeers negotiate territories in which they can monopolize the use of violence in settling disputes.: 68–71  These territories may be geographical, or they may be a certain type of business or form of transaction. == Providing genuine protection == Sometimes racketeers will warn other criminals that the client is under their protection and that they will punish anyone who harms the client. Services that the racketeers may offer may include the recovery of stolen property or punishing vandals. The racketeers may even advance the interests of the client by forcing out (or otherwise hindering or intimidating) unprotected competitors.Protection from theft and vandalism is one service the racketeer may offer. For instance, in Sicily, mafiosi know all the thieves and fences in their territory, and can track down stolen goods and punish thieves who attack their clients. Protection racketeers establish what they hope will be indefinitely long bonds with their clients. This allows the racketeers to publicly declare a client to be under their protection. Thus, thieves and other predators will have little confusion as to who is and is not protected. Protection racketeers are not necessarily criminals. In A Short History of Progress, Ronald Wright notes on p. 49, "The warrior caste, supposedly society's protectors, often become protection racketeers. In times of war or crisis, power is easily stolen from the many by the few on a promise of security. The more elusive or imaginary the foe, the better for manufacturing consent." == Examples == Danegeld, was a protection tax paid by Christendom to stop Viking raids. During the late medieval and early modern era in the Scottish Marches, local farmers would often need to make payments to the Border Reivers as a form of protection money to ensure they were not attacked. These agreements were called "Black mal", where "mal" was an Old Norse word meaning agreement. The word blackmail entered the English language in 1530 as a result, but the word's meaning has changed since. In Melbourne, Australia, Alphonse Gangitano ran a protection racket along the famous Lygon Street during the 1990s. In Sicily, Italy, officials say that 80% of businesses in the city of Palermo pay pizzo, or protection money, to the Sicilian Mafia. In Ciudad Juárez, Mexico, when the Mexican Drug War escalated in 2008, criminal groups like the Juárez Cartel saw their financial backbone threatened and began asking for protection money from businesses ranging from convenience stores to clubs and restaurants with the threat of burning down the business, kidnapping the owners or killing everyone inside with assault rifles. In the early history of post-Soviet Russia, law enforcement was too underfunded and poorly trained to protect businesses and enforce contracts. Most businesses had to join a protection racket (known as a krysha, the Russian word for "roof") run by local gangsters. In the United Kingdom in the 1950s and 60s the Kray twins ran protection rackets in the East End of London. Chauth, demanded by Sambhaji and Peshva Brahmins during Mahratta Invasions of Bengal and Mahratta Sackings of Goa and Bombay-Bassein. == Government protection rackets == Government officials may demand bribes to look the other way or extort something of value from citizens or corporations in the form of a kickback. It need not always be money. A lucrative job after leaving office may have been in exchange for protection offered when in office. Payment may also show up indirectly in the form of a campaign contribution. Stopping governments agencies as a whole, and buying protection in the government is called regulatory capture. == See also == == References == Outrageous Betrayal: The Dark Journey of Werner Erhard from est to Exile is a non-fiction book written by freelance journalist Steven Pressman and first published in 1993 by St. Martin's Press. The book gives an account of Werner Erhard's early life as Jack Rosenberg, his exploration of various forms of self-help techniques, and his foundation of Erhard Seminars Training "est" and later of Werner Erhard and Associates and of the est successor course, "The Forum". Pressman details the rapid financial success Erhard had with these companies, as well as controversies relating to litigation involving former participants in his courses. The work concludes by going over the impact of a March 3, 1991 60 Minutes broadcast on CBS where members of Erhard's family made allegations against him, and Erhard's decision to leave the United States. Representatives of Werner Erhard and of Landmark Worldwide, the successor company to The Forum, regarded the book as being "defamatory". There are no references or citations provided in the book. == Author == Pressman worked as a journalist after graduating from college in 1977. He worked as a journalist for Orange City News, the Los Angeles Daily Journal, California Lawyer magazine, and Congressional Quarterly's Weekly Report. During his time performing research for and writing Outrageous Betrayal, Pressman published articles for the Legal Times newspaper and wrote articles and served as a senior editor for California Republic. In 1993, Pressman worked as a San Francisco-based legal journalist for California Lawyer. == Research == In the "Acknowledgments" section of Outrageous Betrayal, Pressman wrote that he relied upon both named and unnamed sources for information in the book, in addition to "previously published accounts, court transcripts, depositions, and other documents in which various individuals have recounted earlier conversations". In an article on fair use for Columbia Journalism Review, Pressman noted that he "gathered reams of written materials -- some of it private and confidential -- that were helpful in drawing a comprehensive portrait of my subject". In the Daily Journal, Pressman wrote that legal counsel for the book's publisher insisted on numerous changes to the book "in order to reduce, if not eliminate, the possibility of a successful suit for copyright infringement".By 1993, Pressman and St. Martin's Press had received approximately two dozen letters from Erhard's attorney Walter Maksym, though Erhard's representatives had yet to see the book itself. Maksym told the San Francisco Daily Journal in March 1993 that he wanted to "fact check the book", because he believed that "this is a first-time unknown author who apparently has interviewed only people who have negative things to say", and stated "We have cautioned the publisher that they are responsible for the accuracy of the book." Charlie Spicer, a senior editor at St. Martin's Press, described the actions of Erhard's representatives with regard to the book as "a desperate campaign by someone with something to hide". The author himself made specific reference to his legal support, mentioning "the potential legal rapids that confront authors writing these days about controversial subjects".: 278  == Contents == In Outrageous Betrayal, Steven Pressman gives a chronological account of Erhard's life and businesses, from high-school years through his formation of companies that delivered awareness training and the later controversies surrounding his business and family life. The book goes into detail regarding his early life as Jack Rosenberg and his name-change to Werner Erhard, his move to California, and the initial inspirations behind the training that would become "est". Pressman writes that Erhard took inspiration from the self-help course Mind Dynamics, cybernetics, from the books Think and Grow Rich by Napoleon Hill, and Psycho-Cybernetics by Maxwell Maltz, and from Scientology and the writings of L. Ron Hubbard. He also notes how an attorney skilled in tax law helped Erhard in forming his first awareness-training company, Erhard Seminars Training.Pressman notes how Erhard and his businesses became successful within two years of foundation, and writes that his awareness-training programs trained over half a million people in his courses and brought in tens of millions of dollars in revenue. The book then describes controversies relating to both Erhard's businesses and his reported treatment of his family. Pressman also describes the successor company to Est, Werner Erhard and Associates, and Erhard's decision to sell the "technology" of his course The Forum to his employees and to leave the United States. The book's epilogue includes a firsthand account of a Landmark Forum seminar led by the former Est-trainer Laurel Scheaf in 1992. == Reception == St. Martin's Press first published Outrageous Betrayal in 1993, and Random House published a second edition of the text in 1995.An analysis in Kirkus Reviews, noting the choice of title by the author, asserted that Pressman: "makes no pretense to objectivity here." Kirkus Reviews criticized the book, saying "What the author dramatically fails to provide by bearing down on the negative (to the extent that nearly all his informants denounce est and its founder) is any real understanding of est's teachings--and of why they appealed so deeply to so many." Paul S. Boyer, professor of history at the University of Wisconsin–Madison, reviewed the book in The Washington Post. Boyer wrote that the book "nicely recounts the bizarre tale" of Werner Erhard, saying "Pressman tells his fascinating story well." However he also commented that the book gives "only the sketchiest historical context" of est and its roots in societal experiences.A review by Mary Carroll published in the American Library Association's Booklist noted that the controversy surrounding Erhard was not new, but she wrote that "Pressman pulls the details together effectively." Carroll went on to comment: "Outrageous Betrayal is a disturbing but fascinating object lesson in the power of charisma divorced from conscience." Frances Halpern of the Los Angeles Times called the book a "damning biography".In 1995, Outrageous Betrayal was cited in a report on the United States Department of Transportation by the United States House of Representatives Committee on Appropriations in a case unrelated to Erhard or Est. This was in reference to a Congressional investigation of Gregory May and controversial trainings given by his company Gregory May Associates (GMA) to the Federal Aviation Administration. The testimony given stated that, according to Outrageous Betrayal, a member of GMA's board had been influenced by Erhard Seminars Training and the Church of Scientology.Novelist and journalist Dan Wakefield, in his review of the book in Tricycle: the Buddhist Review, criticized Pressman for failing to speak with people who had positive things to say about est. Pressman described the est training as "a mish-mash of self-help theories, common-sense psychology, and dime-store ideas of motivation" while also praising the program for helping him personally in dealing with alcoholism. Wakefield also cites an opinion survey which suggests that most est participants had positive experiences with it. == See also == Human Potential Movement Journalism sourcing Large Group Awareness Training == Notes == == References == Annichiarico, Mark (September 1, 1993). "Outrageous Betrayal: The Dark Journey of Werner Erhard from Est to Exile (review)". Library Journal. 118 (14): 207. Bader, Barbara (Editor) (July 15, 1976). "Getting It". Kirkus Reviews. 44 (Part II, Section No. 14): 821.CS1 maint: extra text: authors list (link) Berzins, Zane (February 6, 1977). "Getting It". The New York Times Book Review. The New York Times Company. 82: 25. Boyer, Paul (December 9, 1993). "Book World - Erhard, From est to Worst". The Washington Post. p. D2. Carroll, Mary (September 1, 1993). "Pressman, Steven. Outrageous Betrayal". Booklist. American Library Association. 90 (1): 7: Adult Books, Non-fiction, General Works, Philosophy & Psychology. Denison, Charles Wayne (June 1995). "The children of EST: A study of the experience and perceived effects of a large group awareness training". Dissertation Abstracts International. Ann Arbor, Michigan: University Microfilms International. 55 (12–B): 5564. ISSN 0419-4217. Fisher, Jeffrey D.; Cohen Silver, Roxane; Chinsky, Jack M.; Goff, Barry; Klar, Yechiel (1990). Evaluating a Large Group Awareness Training. New York: Springer-Verlag. ISBN 0-387-97320-6. Kirkus Reviews staff (August 1, 1993). "Outrageous Betrayal. (Book Review)". Kirkus Reviews. Kirkus Associates, LP., Nielsen Company. 61: 986. Retrieved 2007-11-20. McGurk, William S. (June 1977). "Was Ist est? Context: by the English Cricket Board whether to play away series against Sri Lanka over the planned pitch tampering at the Galle Cricket Stadium for the first Test match. == Other controversies == During the third Test of the 1981 Ashes series, Australian players Dennis Lillee and Rod Marsh placed a bet on England to win the match after the odds had ballooned out to 500–1. Australia were widely expected to win the match with England at 135-7 after having been made to follow-on. In a remarkable rear-guard effort, England did indeed win the match following brilliant performances from Ian Botham and Bob Willis, and Lillee and Marsh duly collected £7,500 (equivalent to £28,959 in 2019). There has never been any suggestion that the players deliberately underperformed to ensure their bet succeeded; nevertheless, the failure of cricket authorities to censure Lillee and Marsh at the time has led some to suggest that it contributed to the match-fixing scandals of the 1990s and 2000s.Another scandal was Mark Waugh and Shane Warne's payments from "John the bookmaker" on a tour of Sri Lanka in 1994. The players had received $4,000 and $5,000 respectively from the bookmaker for pitch and weather information. When the then Australian Cricket Board found out about the incident in 1995, it fined the players Facts: Answer: Badr Hari

Question: Who was once considered the best kick boxer in the world, however he has been involved in a number of controversies relating to his "unsportsmanlike conducts" in the sport and crimes of violence outside of the ring. Badr Hari (Berber: ⴱⴰⴷⵔ ⵀⴰⵔⵉ, Arabic: بدر هاري‎; born 8 December 1984) is a Moroccan-Dutch kickboxer. He is a former K-1 Heavyweight champion, It's Showtime Heavyweight world champion, and a K-1 World Grand Prix 2008 and 2009 finalist. Nicknamed The Golden Boy, he is regarded as one of the greatest professional kickboxers of all time.Combat Press ranked him as a top ten heavyweight kickboxer between January and November 2016. == Early life == Badr Hari was born and raised in Amsterdam, the capital of the Netherlands. He began kickboxing at the age of seven under the guidance of former World Champion Mousid Akamrane. As a teenager, he trained at the Sitan Gym of Mohammed Aït Hassou. When the Sitan Gym moved to Rotterdam, he joined Chakuriki Gym, run by Thom Harinck. Hari fought under the Dutch flag until he lost to Stefan Leko in 2005. Hari, who tried to publicly address the audience after his defeat, was booed so loudly that no one could make out his words. He expressed disappointment in the Dutch fans: "I thought to myself, I have never witnessed such ungratefulness." From then on Hari has represented Morocco and stopped working with Harinck. Mike Passenier became his new coach. == Kickboxing == === Early career === At the age of seven, Hari was sent by his father to the kickboxing gym to learn how to defend himself from bullies in the neighborhood. People quickly realized he was a natural talent and from the age of 11 he was fighting regularly as a junior. In his teenage years he worked with the Harinck at Chakuriki Gym and he started to become well known on the Amsterdam scene.In January 2005, Hari left Chakuriki Gym and joined Simon Rutz's It's Showtime team. After a few months of training at the Mejiro Gym he temporarily returned to Harinck's for a couple of weeks. Since then he has been coached by Mike Passenier, who has also trained Joerie Mes, Bjorn Bregy and Melvin Manhoef. === K-1 === Hari fought two matches against Leko in 2005; the first took place at an It's Showtime 2005 event in June 2005. Hari started trash talk between him and Leko before being knocked out by Leko's spinning back kick.Hari got his opportunity for revenge in November 2005 when he entered the K-1 World Grand Prix 2005 tournament as a reserve fighter against Leko, and made his K-1 World GP debut at the age of 20. Hari knocked out Leko by a spinning back high kick to the jaw at 1:30 in the second round.Hari returned to the ring at the K-1 World Grand Prix 2006 Final Elimination in Osaka, Japan, against Ruslan Karaev. Karaev hurt Badr with a straight right that left Hari slouching over in the corner before kicking Hari in the face. Hari was counted out by the referee but he and his corner immediately protested that the kick was a foul. When the referee did not respond, Hari and his corner men caused a commotion and refused to leave the ring until they were escorted out by K-1 officials. Hari left in anger and trashed his changing room.Despite being knocked out, Hari was picked as a reserve fighter again in the K-1 Grand Prix 2006 Finals against Paul Slowinski. He won the fight by unanimous decision. Hari then fought Nicholas Pettas at the K-1 Premium 2006 Dynamite!! event and broke Pettas' left shoulder in the second round with a right high kick.Hari fought Karaev again at the K-1 World GP 2007 in Yokohama. Their matchup was one of two bouts to qualify for the first K-1 heavyweight title match, scheduled on 28 April 2007 in Hawaii. Hari beat Karaev in the second round. === K-1 Heavyweight champion === ==== Title reign ==== Hari was scheduled to face Yusuke Fujimoto for the inaugural K-1 Heavyweight Championship at K-1 World GP 2007 in Hawaii on 28 April 2007. Hari began the bout in his usual aggressive manner and knocked Fujimoto down with a left straight, early on in the round. Hari pressured as the fight resumed and knocked Fujimoto out with a head kick at the 56 second mark of the bout.Four months later, Hari was scheduled to fight a rematch with Peter Graham, in a non-title bout, at K-1 World GP 2007 in Hong Kong on 5 August 2007. Graham won their previous fight, at K-1 World Grand Prix 2006 in Auckland on 5 March 2006, by a third-round knockout. Hari won the rematch by unanimous decision, with scores of 30–27, 30–28 and 30–27.Hari was scheduled to face Doug Viney in a non-title bout at K-1 World GP 2007 in Seoul Final 16 on 29 September 2007. He won the fight by a second-round knockout, dropping Viney with a right cross.Hari was scheduled to face the two-time K-1 Heavyweight World Grand Prix winner Remy Bonjasky at K-1 World GP 2007 Final on 8 December 2007. Bonjasky won the fight by majority decision, thus snapping Hari's six fight winner streak.Following this loss, Hari was scheduled to face the 2000 K-1 World Grand Prix runner-up Ray Sefo in another non-title bout at K-1 World GP 2008 in Yokohama on 13 April 2008. Hari overwhelmed Sefo early on, knocking him down several times enroute to a first-round knockout victory.Hari was scheduled to make the first defense of his K-1 heavyweight title against Glaube Feitosa at K-1 World GP 2008 in Fukuoka on 29 June 2008. He won the fight by a first-round knockout.After making his first title defense, Hari was scheduled to face Domagoj Ostojic at K-1 World GP 2008 in Hawaii on 9 August 2008. Hari won the fight by a first-round knockout.A month later, Hari was scheduled to face the 7'2 Choi Hong-man at K-1 World Grand Prix 2008 in Seoul Final 16 on 27 September 2008. It was Choi's first fight in nine months, as he was forced out of the sport due to a brain tumor. Hari was awarded a technical knockout victory, after Choi's corner threw in the towel. ==== K-1 Heavyweight Grand Prix ==== Hari participated in the 2008 K-1 heavyweight Grand Prix, held at K-1 World GP 2008 Final on 6 December 2008. The fight was held before a sellout crowd at the Yokohama Arena, for a prize of $400,000. Hari was scheduled to face the three-time K-1 Grand Prix winner Peter Aerts in the tournament quarterfinals. Hari won the fight by a second-round technical knockout, knocking Aerts down several times in both the first and second rounds. Advancing to the tournament semifinals, Hari faced Errol Zimmerman. He won the fight by a third-round knockout.Hari fought a rematch with Remy Bonjasky in the tournament finals. The two of them previously met at K-1 World GP 2007 Final on 8 December 2007, with Bonjasky winning by majority decision. Bonjasky was more dominant in the first round of the rematch and knocked Hari down with a head kick near the end of the round. The pivotal moment of the fight came in the second round, after Hari threw Bonjasky down to the mat off of a caught kick. Hari followed up with several strikes to the downed opponent, which was an egregious breakage of K-1's rules. As referee Nobuaki Kakuda was pulling Hari away from his opponent, Hari furthermore stomped on Bonjasky. Hari was disqualified for unsportsmanlike conduct. He remained unapologetic for his behavior, stating: "Remy's corner was screaming at him to stay down. I came to fight and he didn't. He's a great actor."Due to his behavior in the tournament final, Hari was stripped of the K-1 heavyweight title. Hari then briefly moved away from K-1, and was scheduled to face Alistair Overeem at Dynamite!! 2008 on December 31, 2008. Hari suffered a first-round knockout. === It's Showtime Heavyweight champion === Hari made his It's Showtime debut against Frederic Sinistra at Fights at the Border presents: It's Showtime 2009 on February 8, 2009. He won the fight by first-round knockout.Hari was scheduled to fight the three-time K-1 World Grand Prix winner Semmy Schilt for the It's Showtime World Heavyweight title at It's Showtime 2009 Amsterdam on December 5, 2009. He won the fight by a first-round technical knockout. ==== K-1 Heavyweight Grand Prix ==== Hari was scheduled to face Zabit Samedov at K-1 World Grand Prix 2009 Final 16 on September 26, 2009, in the qualifying round of the 2009 K-1 World Grand Prix. He won the fight by a first-round body shot knockout.Hari took part in the 2009 K-1 World Grand Prix 2009 Final, held on December 5, 2009. He was scheduled to fight a trilogy match with Ruslan Karaev in the tournament quarterfinals. Each held a knockout victory over the other. Hari won their third meeting by a 38 second knockout. Hari fought a rematch with Alistair Overeem in the tournament semifinals. He was more successful in their second meeting, and won by a first-round knockout. Hari fought another rematch in the tournament finals, against Semmy Schilt. Hari knocked Schilt out after 45 seconds just seven months prior. Schilt won the tournament final by a first-round knockout. ==== It's Showtime title reign ==== Hari was scheduled to make the first defense of his It's Showtime heavyweight title against Mourad Bouzidi at It's Showtime 2010 Prague on February 13, 2010. Hari won the fight by a second-round knockout.Hari was scheduled to face Alexey Ignashov at K-1 World Grand Prix 2010 in Yokohama on April 3, 2010. He won the fight by unanimous decision.Hari was scheduled to make the second defense of his It's Showtime heavyweight title against Hesdy Gerges at It's Showtime 2010 Amsterdam on May 29, 2010. Gerges won the fight by disqualification, after Hari threw an illegal kick. ==== Post-title reign ==== Hari was scheduled to face Gregory Tony at It's Showtime 2011 Lyon on May 14, 2011. He won the fight by a first-round technical knockout.Hari was scheduled to face Gökhan Saki at It's Showtime 2012 in Leeuwarden on January 28, 2012. He won by a second-round knockout.Hari was scheduled to face the 2012 SUPERKOMBAT World Grand Prix winner Anderson Silva at K-1 World MAX 2012 World Championship Tournament Final 16 on May 27, 2012. He won the fight by unanimous decision.Hari was scheduled to fight a rematch with Zabit Samedov in the quarterfinals of the K-1 World Grand Prix 2012 Final, held on March 5, 2012. Although he won by unanimous decision, Hari was unable to advance to the semifinals due to injury. === LFS and GFC === Two months later, Hari was scheduled to fight a trilogy match with Zabit Samedov at the inaugural Legend Fighting Show event on May 25, 2013. Samedov won the fight by a second-round knockout.Hari fought a rematch with Alexey Ignashov at the second Legend Fighting Show event on November 9, 2013. Hari won the fight by unanimous decision.Hari participated in the Global Fighting Championship heavyweight tournament, held on May 29, 2014. He was scheduled to fight 1998 K-1 European Grand Prix winner Stefan Leko in the tournament semifinals. Hari won the fight by a first-round knockout, and advance to the finals where he faced Peter Graham. The two of them fought twice previously, with Graham winning by knockout and Hari winning by decision. Hari won their third fight by a first-round knockout.Hari was scheduled to face Arnold Oborotov at GFC Fight Series 2 on October 16, 2014. He won the fight by a first-round body shot knockout.Hari was scheduled to face Ismael Londt at Akhmat Fight Show on August 22, 2015. He won the fight by a third-round technical knockout. === Glory === ==== Hari vs. Verhoeven I ==== Hari was scheduled to make his Glory debut against the reigning Heavyweight Champion Rico Verhoeven at Glory: Collision on October 12, 2016. Hari appeared to have won the first round, opening a cut on Verhoeven's nose. Verhoeven was more aggressive in the second round and landed knee in the clinch which broke Hari's arm. As Hari was unable to continue fighting, Verhoeven was awarded the technical knockout victory. ==== Hari vs. Gerges ==== On 3 March 2018, Hari fought Gerges. Hari won the fight by unanimous decision, but a year after the fight it was revealed that both fighters had used sports supplements that contained prohibited substances; as a result, both fighters were suspended. Hari failed a drug test prior to Glory 51: Rotterdam, and was issued with a 19-month suspension after tests on samples provided indicated a violation of Netherlands rules regarding prohibited substances for competitive athletes. Gerges, who faced Hari at the event, was also issued with an official reprimand. ==== Hari vs. Verhoeven II ==== Hari was scheduled to challenge Rico Verhoeven for the Glory Heavyweight Championship in his first post-suspension fight. The bout was set for Glory 74: Arnhem on 21 December 2019. In the sold-out GelreDome, in front of 30 000 fans, Verhoeven won the fight by a third-round technical knockout. Hari once again found early success, knocking Verhoeven down in both the first and third rounds. Early on in the third round however, Hari suffered a broken ankle from a missed kick, once again rendering him unable to continue competing.Aside from selling out the arena, the rematch also drew 3.5 million viewers, an estimated 53% of the live television audience in the Netherlands, which was the second highest viewership of a live sports broadcast, in Dutch television history. ==== Hari vs. Adegbuyi ==== On 19 December 2020, Hari fought the #2 ranked Glory heavyweight contender, Benjamin Adegbuyi in a Glory Heavyweight Championship Eliminator at Glory 76. The fight was originally planned to take place on 20 June, but was postponed multiple times due to the COVID-19 pandemic. On 13 September, Glory announced the event would take place on 7 November, only for it be postponed again, when Hari announced that he tested positive for COVID-19 on 19 October. Hari lost the fight by KO in the third round after being kicked by Adegbuyi. Glory vice-chairman Scott Rudmann revealed the following day that Hari suffered a double break in his nose on knockout. ==== Hari vs. Wrzosek ==== It was announced on 31 May 2021, that Hari would face the #8 ranked Glory heavyweight contender Arkadiusz Wrzosek. The bout was scheduled as the main event of Glory 78: Arnhem, held on 4 September 2021. Hari had a great start to the bout and managed to knock Wrzosek down three times with body shots before the midway point of the fight. Halfway through the second round however, Wrzosek landed a head kick which knocked Hari out, extending his winless streak to five fights. == Personal life == === Relationships and children === Hari is married to Daphne Romani and has four daughters and a son. The family currently lives in Morocco. === Legal issues === Hari has been arrested multiple times since 2006 on various assault charges, and gained a reputation for violent behavior. A psychologist who spoke to Hari in relation to one of his trials concluded that his success as an athlete and celebrity status, combined with a lack of personal guidance, resulted in narcissistic personality traits. About his violent eruptions, Hari has said: "I am able to explode at any moment. [...] When my brakes are off, it's just one big clump of explosion, chaos and noise, and I become blind to it all. [...] A storm, a hurricane, a disaster. [...] There just is a certain aggression inside of me, of which I don't know what to do with and neither where it comes from." At his conviction on 21 February 2014, the district attorney described Hari as an individual who is very short-tempered, indulges in vulgar power display, and demonstrates aggressive and intimidating behavior which is characterized by a high "do-you-even-know-who-I-am caliber".Late October 2012, an indictment was handed to Hari in his holding cell, which contained nine criminal charges against Hari: eight crimes of violence and one moving violation, the latter of which is from an incident in March 2010 where a pedestrian sustained injuries. Crimes of violence include: 20 February 2010 Club Blinq. The bouncer of Club Blinq is assaulted by several perpetrators one of which is said to be Hari. 6 March 2010 Albert Cuyp Market. Hari drives his car into the Albert Cuyp Street, which was closed to vehicle traffic, and has an accident with a pedestrian severely injuring her leg. 1–29 July 2011 Spuistraat: Hari is accused of assaulting his ex-girlfriend Rosa in her apartment in Spuistraat and the destruction of her property. 17 July 2011 Club Air: Jeroen van de Berg, the owner of the Club Air and an Italian guest are assaulted. Jeroen suffers serious damage to his teeth due to a kick to the head. 2 December 2011 Cooldown Cafe: Hari is caught on camera in "The Cooldown Cafe" assaulting Olivier, the stepbrother of his ex-girlfriend. 8 July 2012 Sensation White: Dutch millionaire entrepreneur Koen Everink is severely assaulted at a dance event in the Amsterdam Arena. Everink suffered a broken nose and eye socket and a broken ankle, which required several surgical procedures. The public prosecutor stated that numerous witnesses had pointed the finger at Hari.In July 2012 Hari surrendered to police as he feared "being arrested by a SWAT team" to come forth and deny his involvement in an alleged assault on Everink, who claimed Hari was responsible for inflicting his face and leg injuries including a broken ankle, and further allegations of assault made by an Amsterdam nightclub owner. The latter alleged that he had also been attacked by Hari, saying that he "suffered a broken jaw and lost teeth after being kicked in the head" during an altercation at his nightclub and that in light of Everink's seeking to press charges, he would do the same.As is procedure in the Netherlands for crimes that carry a statutory minimum four-year prison sentence or more, Hari was detained in prison whilst awaiting trial. On 9 November 2012 a court in Amsterdam allowed Hari to return home until his trial on the condition that he not visit any horeca establishments (hotels, restaurants and café establishments), or contact witnesses, with the exception of his girlfriend Estelle Cruijff. The day following his release he was spotted violating this condition by eating out at a deli with Cruijff. He also made contact with two witnesses of the incident. As a result, Hari was arrested again by police in Amsterdam and was sentenced to be detained again, this time for three months, with his eventual release in January 2013.On 21 January 2013 a court in Amsterdam determined that Hari should again be released from his pre-trial detention, this time with the condition that he could not visit catering establishments between the hours of 8:00 PM and 8:00 AM. By this point the main witnesses in the case had been heard; and the court deemed it unnecessary to further detain Hari. After Hari's release he resumed training with the intention of returning to the ring. His trial was reportedly set to take place in March 2013.On 21 February 2014 the district court in Amsterdam sentenced him to prison for 1+1⁄2 years. His legal team and the prosecution filed an immediate appeal. The Court of Appeal found him guilty of aggravated assault, noting in particular that each of his assaults was preceded by a relatively mild quarrel and that to his victims his violent behaviour came as a complete surprise, leaving them no chance to defend themselves. He was sentenced to two years in prison, of which ten months were suspended. Since he had already spent eight months in pre-arrest, he still had to serve half a year in prison. In addition, he had to pay his victims compensation of €45,000 in total, and the judgement was upheld by the Supreme Court of the Netherlands in 2017.Hari was reportedly arrested in Dubai following his tournament win at Global FC 3 on 29 May 2014, and he was detained and questioned by police over an alleged incident from late 2011 or early 2012 before being released, according to his lawyer. Hari himself refuted the reports. === Music === In 2007, Hari released a hip-hop song with Dutch-Moroccan rapper Appa entitled "Stap Maar In De Ring" ("Step Into The Ring"). == Championships and accomplishments == 2007 K-1 Heavyweight champion (One successful title defense) 2008 K-1 World Grand Prix runner up 2009 It's Showtime Heavyweight champion (One successful title defense) 2009 K-1 World Grand Prix runner up 2014 GFC Fight Series 1 Heavyweight Tournament Champion 2020 Glory Fight of the Year vs. Benjamin Adegbuyi at Glory 76: Rotterdam == Kickboxing record == == See also == List of male kickboxers List of K-1 champions List of It's Showtime champions == References == == External links == Profile at Glory A protection racket is a type of racket and a scheme of organized crime perpetrated by a potentially hazardous group, usually a criminal organization, which guarantees protection outside the sanction of the law to a business, entity, or individual from violence, looting, arson, robbery, and other such threats, often in situations or regions in which such threats may often not be effectively prevented or addressed by the prevailing system of law and order or local government, in exchange for the extorted payments in cash or kind. The perpetrators of the protection racket may offer these services to protect vulnerable targets from other dangerous individuals and groups or may simply offer to refrain from themselves carrying out threats on the targets, and usually both of these forms of protection are implied in the racket. In many cases, there exists an actual and legitimate outside threat to the target of the protection racket, and the racketeers will in fact protect the target; however, often the racketeers will themselves coerce or threaten the business or targeted individual or entity into accepting the protection, often with the threat, implicit or otherwise, that failing to acquire these protection services will lead to the racketeers themselves contributing to the existing problem. In some instances, the potential threat to the target may be caused by the same group that offers to solve it, but that fact may be concealed in order to ensure continual patronage. In other words, at least ostensibly, the protection racket is a racket that sells security, traditionally physical security. Through the credible threat of violence, the racketeers deter people from swindling, robbing, injuring, sabotaging or otherwise harming their clients. Protection rackets tend to appear in markets in which the police and judiciary cannot be counted on to provide legal protection, because of incompetence (as in weak, corrupt, or failed states, or in cases in which the state does not provide adequate or any protection for certain ethnic or socioeconomic groups), illegality (when the targeted entity is involved in black markets), and/or where other forms of mistrust of the state and government protection exist. Protection rackets are indistinguishable in practice from extortion rackets and distinguishable from private security by some degree of implied threat that the racketeers themselves may attack the business if it fails to pay for their protection. A distinction is possible between a "pure" extortion racket in which the racketeers might agree only not to attack a business and a broader protection racket offering some real private security in addition to such extortion. The criminals might agree to defend a business from any attack by either themselves or third parties (other criminal gangs). However, in reality, that distinction is doubtful, because extortion racketeers may have to defend their clients against rival gangs to maintain their profits. By corollary, criminal gangs may have to maintain control of territories (turfs), as local businesses may collapse if forced to pay for protection from too many rackets, which then hurts all parties involved. Certain scholars, such as Diego Gambetta, classify criminal organizations engaged in protection racketeering as "mafia", as the racket is popular with both the Sicilian Mafia and Italian-American Mafia. == Overview == A protection racket is an operation where criminals provide protection to persons and properties, settle disputes and enforce contracts in markets where the police and judicial system cannot be relied upon. Diego Gambetta's The Sicilian Mafia (1996) and Federico Varese's The Russian Mafia (2001) define the mafia as a type of organized crime group that specializes in the provision of private protection. Protection racketeers or mafia groups operate mostly in the black market, providing buyers and sellers the security they need for smooth transactions; but empirical data collected by Gambetta and Varese suggests that mafia groups are able to offer private protection to corporations and individuals in legal markets when the state fails to offer sufficient and efficient protection to the people in need. Two elements distinguish racketeers from legal security firms. The first element is their willingness to deploy violent forms of retribution (going as far as murder) that fall outside the limits the law normally extends to civilian security firms. The other element is that racketeers are willing to involve themselves in illegal markets. Recent studies show that mafia groups or gangs are not the only form of protection racket or extra-legal protector, and another important form of protection racket is corrupt networks consisting of public officials, especially those from criminal justice agencies. For example, Wang's The Chinese Mafia (2017) examines protection rackets in China and suggests two types of extra-legal protectors, namely the Black Mafia (local gangs) and the Red Mafia (networks of corrupt government officials). Wang's narrative suggests that local gangs are quasi-law enforcers in both legal and illegal markets, and corrupt public officials are extra-legal protectors, safeguarding local gangs, protecting illegal entrepreneurs in the criminal underworld, offering protection to businesspeople, and selling public appointments to buyers. == Territorial monopolies == A protection racketeer cannot tolerate competition within his sphere of influence from another racketeer. If a dispute erupted between two clients (e.g. businessmen competing for a construction contract) who are protected by rival racketeers, the two racketeers would have to fight each other to win the dispute for their respective clients. The outcomes of such fights can be unpredictable, and neither racketeer would be able to guarantee a victory for his client. This would make their protection unreliable and of little value; their clients would likely dismiss them and settle the dispute by other means. Therefore, racketeers negotiate territories in which they can monopolize the use of violence in settling disputes.: 68–71  These territories may be geographical, or they may be a certain type of business or form of transaction. == Providing genuine protection == Sometimes racketeers will warn other criminals that the client is under their protection and that they will punish anyone who harms the client. Services that the racketeers may offer may include the recovery of stolen property or punishing vandals. The racketeers may even advance the interests of the client by forcing out (or otherwise hindering or intimidating) unprotected competitors.Protection from theft and vandalism is one service the racketeer may offer. For instance, in Sicily, mafiosi know all the thieves and fences in their territory, and can track down stolen goods and punish thieves who attack their clients. Protection racketeers establish what they hope will be indefinitely long bonds with their clients. This allows the racketeers to publicly declare a client to be under their protection. Thus, thieves and other predators will have little confusion as to who is and is not protected. Protection racketeers are not necessarily criminals. In A Short History of Progress, Ronald Wright notes on p. 49, "The warrior caste, supposedly society's protectors, often become protection racketeers. In times of war or crisis, power is easily stolen from the many by the few on a promise of security. The more elusive or imaginary the foe, the better for manufacturing consent." == Examples == Danegeld, was a protection tax paid by Christendom to stop Viking raids. During the late medieval and early modern era in the Scottish Marches, local farmers would often need to make payments to the Border Reivers as a form of protection money to ensure they were not attacked. These agreements were called "Black mal", where "mal" was an Old Norse word meaning agreement. The word blackmail entered the English language in 1530 as a result, but the word's meaning has changed since. In Melbourne, Australia, Alphonse Gangitano ran a protection racket along the famous Lygon Street during the 1990s. In Sicily, Italy, officials say that 80% of businesses in the city of Palermo pay pizzo, or protection money, to the Sicilian Mafia. In Ciudad Juárez, Mexico, when the Mexican Drug War escalated in 2008, criminal groups like the Juárez Cartel saw their financial backbone threatened and began asking for protection money from businesses ranging from convenience stores to clubs and restaurants with the threat of burning down the business, kidnapping the owners or killing everyone inside with assault rifles. In the early history of post-Soviet Russia, law enforcement was too underfunded and poorly trained to protect businesses and enforce contracts. Most businesses had to join a protection racket (known as a krysha, the Russian word for "roof") run by local gangsters. In the United Kingdom in the 1950s and 60s the Kray twins ran protection rackets in the East End of London. Chauth, demanded by Sambhaji and Peshva Brahmins during Mahratta Invasions of Bengal and Mahratta Sackings of Goa and Bombay-Bassein. == Government protection rackets == Government officials may demand bribes to look the other way or extort something of value from citizens or corporations in the form of a kickback. It need not always be money. A lucrative job after leaving office may have been in exchange for protection offered when in office. Payment may also show up indirectly in the form of a campaign contribution. Stopping governments agencies as a whole, and buying protection in the government is called regulatory capture. == See also == == References == Outrageous Betrayal: The Dark Journey of Werner Erhard from est to Exile is a non-fiction book written by freelance journalist Steven Pressman and first published in 1993 by St. Martin's Press. The book gives an account of Werner Erhard's early life as Jack Rosenberg, his exploration of various forms of self-help techniques, and his foundation of Erhard Seminars Training "est" and later of Werner Erhard and Associates and of the est successor course, "The Forum". Pressman details the rapid financial success Erhard had with these companies, as well as controversies relating to litigation involving former participants in his courses. The work concludes by going over the impact of a March 3, 1991 60 Minutes broadcast on CBS where members of Erhard's family made allegations against him, and Erhard's decision to leave the United States. Representatives of Werner Erhard and of Landmark Worldwide, the successor company to The Forum, regarded the book as being "defamatory". There are no references or citations provided in the book. == Author == Pressman worked as a journalist after graduating from college in 1977. He worked as a journalist for Orange City News, the Los Angeles Daily Journal, California Lawyer magazine, and Congressional Quarterly's Weekly Report. During his time performing research for and writing Outrageous Betrayal, Pressman published articles for the Legal Times newspaper and wrote articles and served as a senior editor for California Republic. In 1993, Pressman worked as a San Francisco-based legal journalist for California Lawyer. == Research == In the "Acknowledgments" section of Outrageous Betrayal, Pressman wrote that he relied upon both named and unnamed sources for information in the book, in addition to "previously published accounts, court transcripts, depositions, and other documents in which various individuals have recounted earlier conversations". In an article on fair use for Columbia Journalism Review, Pressman noted that he "gathered reams of written materials -- some of it private and confidential -- that were helpful in drawing a comprehensive portrait of my subject". In the Daily Journal, Pressman wrote that legal counsel for the book's publisher insisted on numerous changes to the book "in order to reduce, if not eliminate, the possibility of a successful suit for copyright infringement".By 1993, Pressman and St. Martin's Press had received approximately two dozen letters from Erhard's attorney Walter Maksym, though Erhard's representatives had yet to see the book itself. Maksym told the San Francisco Daily Journal in March 1993 that he wanted to "fact check the book", because he believed that "this is a first-time unknown author who apparently has interviewed only people who have negative things to say", and stated "We have cautioned the publisher that they are responsible for the accuracy of the book." Charlie Spicer, a senior editor at St. Martin's Press, described the actions of Erhard's representatives with regard to the book as "a desperate campaign by someone with something to hide". The author himself made specific reference to his legal support, mentioning "the potential legal rapids that confront authors writing these days about controversial subjects".: 278  == Contents == In Outrageous Betrayal, Steven Pressman gives a chronological account of Erhard's life and businesses, from high-school years through his formation of companies that delivered awareness training and the later controversies surrounding his business and family life. The book goes into detail regarding his early life as Jack Rosenberg and his name-change to Werner Erhard, his move to California, and the initial inspirations behind the training that would become "est". Pressman writes that Erhard took inspiration from the self-help course Mind Dynamics, cybernetics, from the books Think and Grow Rich by Napoleon Hill, and Psycho-Cybernetics by Maxwell Maltz, and from Scientology and the writings of L. Ron Hubbard. He also notes how an attorney skilled in tax law helped Erhard in forming his first awareness-training company, Erhard Seminars Training.Pressman notes how Erhard and his businesses became successful within two years of foundation, and writes that his awareness-training programs trained over half a million people in his courses and brought in tens of millions of dollars in revenue. The book then describes controversies relating to both Erhard's businesses and his reported treatment of his family. Pressman also describes the successor company to Est, Werner Erhard and Associates, and Erhard's decision to sell the "technology" of his course The Forum to his employees and to leave the United States. The book's epilogue includes a firsthand account of a Landmark Forum seminar led by the former Est-trainer Laurel Scheaf in 1992. == Reception == St. Martin's Press first published Outrageous Betrayal in 1993, and Random House published a second edition of the text in 1995.An analysis in Kirkus Reviews, noting the choice of title by the author, asserted that Pressman: "makes no pretense to objectivity here." Kirkus Reviews criticized the book, saying "What the author dramatically fails to provide by bearing down on the negative (to the extent that nearly all his informants denounce est and its founder) is any real understanding of est's teachings--and of why they appealed so deeply to so many." Paul S. Boyer, professor of history at the University of Wisconsin–Madison, reviewed the book in The Washington Post. Boyer wrote that the book "nicely recounts the bizarre tale" of Werner Erhard, saying "Pressman tells his fascinating story well." However he also commented that the book gives "only the sketchiest historical context" of est and its roots in societal experiences.A review by Mary Carroll published in the American Library Association's Booklist noted that the controversy surrounding Erhard was not new, but she wrote that "Pressman pulls the details together effectively." Carroll went on to comment: "Outrageous Betrayal is a disturbing but fascinating object lesson in the power of charisma divorced from conscience." Frances Halpern of the Los Angeles Times called the book a "damning biography".In 1995, Outrageous Betrayal was cited in a report on the United States Department of Transportation by the United States House of Representatives Committee on Appropriations in a case unrelated to Erhard or Est. This was in reference to a Congressional investigation of Gregory May and controversial trainings given by his company Gregory May Associates (GMA) to the Federal Aviation Administration. The testimony given stated that, according to Outrageous Betrayal, a member of GMA's board had been influenced by Erhard Seminars Training and the Church of Scientology.Novelist and journalist Dan Wakefield, in his review of the book in Tricycle: the Buddhist Review, criticized Pressman for failing to speak with people who had positive things to say about est. Pressman described the est training as "a mish-mash of self-help theories, common-sense psychology, and dime-store ideas of motivation" while also praising the program for helping him personally in dealing with alcoholism. Wakefield also cites an opinion survey which suggests that most est participants had positive experiences with it. == See also == Human Potential Movement Journalism sourcing Large Group Awareness Training == Notes == == References == Annichiarico, Mark (September 1, 1993). "Outrageous Betrayal: The Dark Journey of Werner Erhard from Est to Exile (review)". Library Journal. 118 (14): 207. Bader, Barbara (Editor) (July 15, 1976). "Getting It". Kirkus Reviews. 44 (Part II, Section No. 14): 821.CS1 maint: extra text: authors list (link) Berzins, Zane (February 6, 1977). "Getting It". The New York Times Book Review. The New York Times Company. 82: 25. Boyer, Paul (December 9, 1993). "Book World - Erhard, From est to Worst". The Washington Post. p. D2. Carroll, Mary (September 1, 1993). "Pressman, Steven. Outrageous Betrayal". Booklist. American Library Association. 90 (1): 7: Adult Books, Non-fiction, General Works, Philosophy & Psychology. Denison, Charles Wayne (June 1995). "The children of EST: A study of the experience and perceived effects of a large group awareness training". Dissertation Abstracts International. Ann Arbor, Michigan: University Microfilms International. 55 (12–B): 5564. ISSN 0419-4217. Fisher, Jeffrey D.; Cohen Silver, Roxane; Chinsky, Jack M.; Goff, Barry; Klar, Yechiel (1990). Evaluating a Large Group Awareness Training. New York: Springer-Verlag. ISBN 0-387-97320-6. Kirkus Reviews staff (August 1, 1993). "Outrageous Betrayal. (Book Review)". Kirkus Reviews. Kirkus Associates, LP., Nielsen Company. 61: 986. Retrieved 2007-11-20. McGurk, William S. (June 1977). "Was Ist est? Context: When the then Australian Cricket Board found out about the incident in 1995, it fined the players. Nevertheless, the board withheld the information from the general public at the time, who were not informed until 1998. The Australian Cricket Board received widespread criticism for not immediately announcing the scandal. A later report by Rob O'Regan QC concluded that cricketers were not fully informed about the dangers of interacting with bookmakers, and although no further punishment could be given to either Waugh or Warne, in future players should be punished by not only fines, but also by suspensions.The ICC was slow to react, but did eventually in 2000 set up an Anti-Corruption and Security Unit headed by Sir Paul Condon, former head of London's Metropolitan Police. It claims to have reduced corruption in cricket to a "reducible minimum".During the fourth Test of 2010 Pakistani tour of England, News of the World published a story with allegations that Mazhar Majeed and some of the Pakistani players were involved in spot fixing. Pakistani players Salman Butt, Mohammad Asif and Mohammad Amir were later jailed and banned from cricket. In 2013, three cricketers from New Zealand were approached by the ICC in regards to match fixing, Facts: Answer: Badr Hari

Question: Who was once considered the best kick boxer in the world, however he has been involved in a number of controversies relating to his "unsportsmanlike conducts" in the sport and crimes of violence outside of the ring. Badr Hari (Berber: ⴱⴰⴷⵔ ⵀⴰⵔⵉ, Arabic: بدر هاري‎; born 8 December 1984) is a Moroccan-Dutch kickboxer. He is a former K-1 Heavyweight champion, It's Showtime Heavyweight world champion, and a K-1 World Grand Prix 2008 and 2009 finalist. Nicknamed The Golden Boy, he is regarded as one of the greatest professional kickboxers of all time.Combat Press ranked him as a top ten heavyweight kickboxer between January and November 2016. == Early life == Badr Hari was born and raised in Amsterdam, the capital of the Netherlands. He began kickboxing at the age of seven under the guidance of former World Champion Mousid Akamrane. As a teenager, he trained at the Sitan Gym of Mohammed Aït Hassou. When the Sitan Gym moved to Rotterdam, he joined Chakuriki Gym, run by Thom Harinck. Hari fought under the Dutch flag until he lost to Stefan Leko in 2005. Hari, who tried to publicly address the audience after his defeat, was booed so loudly that no one could make out his words. He expressed disappointment in the Dutch fans: "I thought to myself, I have never witnessed such ungratefulness." From then on Hari has represented Morocco and stopped working with Harinck. Mike Passenier became his new coach. == Kickboxing == === Early career === At the age of seven, Hari was sent by his father to the kickboxing gym to learn how to defend himself from bullies in the neighborhood. People quickly realized he was a natural talent and from the age of 11 he was fighting regularly as a junior. In his teenage years he worked with the Harinck at Chakuriki Gym and he started to become well known on the Amsterdam scene.In January 2005, Hari left Chakuriki Gym and joined Simon Rutz's It's Showtime team. After a few months of training at the Mejiro Gym he temporarily returned to Harinck's for a couple of weeks. Since then he has been coached by Mike Passenier, who has also trained Joerie Mes, Bjorn Bregy and Melvin Manhoef. === K-1 === Hari fought two matches against Leko in 2005; the first took place at an It's Showtime 2005 event in June 2005. Hari started trash talk between him and Leko before being knocked out by Leko's spinning back kick.Hari got his opportunity for revenge in November 2005 when he entered the K-1 World Grand Prix 2005 tournament as a reserve fighter against Leko, and made his K-1 World GP debut at the age of 20. Hari knocked out Leko by a spinning back high kick to the jaw at 1:30 in the second round.Hari returned to the ring at the K-1 World Grand Prix 2006 Final Elimination in Osaka, Japan, against Ruslan Karaev. Karaev hurt Badr with a straight right that left Hari slouching over in the corner before kicking Hari in the face. Hari was counted out by the referee but he and his corner immediately protested that the kick was a foul. When the referee did not respond, Hari and his corner men caused a commotion and refused to leave the ring until they were escorted out by K-1 officials. Hari left in anger and trashed his changing room.Despite being knocked out, Hari was picked as a reserve fighter again in the K-1 Grand Prix 2006 Finals against Paul Slowinski. He won the fight by unanimous decision. Hari then fought Nicholas Pettas at the K-1 Premium 2006 Dynamite!! event and broke Pettas' left shoulder in the second round with a right high kick.Hari fought Karaev again at the K-1 World GP 2007 in Yokohama. Their matchup was one of two bouts to qualify for the first K-1 heavyweight title match, scheduled on 28 April 2007 in Hawaii. Hari beat Karaev in the second round. === K-1 Heavyweight champion === ==== Title reign ==== Hari was scheduled to face Yusuke Fujimoto for the inaugural K-1 Heavyweight Championship at K-1 World GP 2007 in Hawaii on 28 April 2007. Hari began the bout in his usual aggressive manner and knocked Fujimoto down with a left straight, early on in the round. Hari pressured as the fight resumed and knocked Fujimoto out with a head kick at the 56 second mark of the bout.Four months later, Hari was scheduled to fight a rematch with Peter Graham, in a non-title bout, at K-1 World GP 2007 in Hong Kong on 5 August 2007. Graham won their previous fight, at K-1 World Grand Prix 2006 in Auckland on 5 March 2006, by a third-round knockout. Hari won the rematch by unanimous decision, with scores of 30–27, 30–28 and 30–27.Hari was scheduled to face Doug Viney in a non-title bout at K-1 World GP 2007 in Seoul Final 16 on 29 September 2007. He won the fight by a second-round knockout, dropping Viney with a right cross.Hari was scheduled to face the two-time K-1 Heavyweight World Grand Prix winner Remy Bonjasky at K-1 World GP 2007 Final on 8 December 2007. Bonjasky won the fight by majority decision, thus snapping Hari's six fight winner streak.Following this loss, Hari was scheduled to face the 2000 K-1 World Grand Prix runner-up Ray Sefo in another non-title bout at K-1 World GP 2008 in Yokohama on 13 April 2008. Hari overwhelmed Sefo early on, knocking him down several times enroute to a first-round knockout victory.Hari was scheduled to make the first defense of his K-1 heavyweight title against Glaube Feitosa at K-1 World GP 2008 in Fukuoka on 29 June 2008. He won the fight by a first-round knockout.After making his first title defense, Hari was scheduled to face Domagoj Ostojic at K-1 World GP 2008 in Hawaii on 9 August 2008. Hari won the fight by a first-round knockout.A month later, Hari was scheduled to face the 7'2 Choi Hong-man at K-1 World Grand Prix 2008 in Seoul Final 16 on 27 September 2008. It was Choi's first fight in nine months, as he was forced out of the sport due to a brain tumor. Hari was awarded a technical knockout victory, after Choi's corner threw in the towel. ==== K-1 Heavyweight Grand Prix ==== Hari participated in the 2008 K-1 heavyweight Grand Prix, held at K-1 World GP 2008 Final on 6 December 2008. The fight was held before a sellout crowd at the Yokohama Arena, for a prize of $400,000. Hari was scheduled to face the three-time K-1 Grand Prix winner Peter Aerts in the tournament quarterfinals. Hari won the fight by a second-round technical knockout, knocking Aerts down several times in both the first and second rounds. Advancing to the tournament semifinals, Hari faced Errol Zimmerman. He won the fight by a third-round knockout.Hari fought a rematch with Remy Bonjasky in the tournament finals. The two of them previously met at K-1 World GP 2007 Final on 8 December 2007, with Bonjasky winning by majority decision. Bonjasky was more dominant in the first round of the rematch and knocked Hari down with a head kick near the end of the round. The pivotal moment of the fight came in the second round, after Hari threw Bonjasky down to the mat off of a caught kick. Hari followed up with several strikes to the downed opponent, which was an egregious breakage of K-1's rules. As referee Nobuaki Kakuda was pulling Hari away from his opponent, Hari furthermore stomped on Bonjasky. Hari was disqualified for unsportsmanlike conduct. He remained unapologetic for his behavior, stating: "Remy's corner was screaming at him to stay down. I came to fight and he didn't. He's a great actor."Due to his behavior in the tournament final, Hari was stripped of the K-1 heavyweight title. Hari then briefly moved away from K-1, and was scheduled to face Alistair Overeem at Dynamite!! 2008 on December 31, 2008. Hari suffered a first-round knockout. === It's Showtime Heavyweight champion === Hari made his It's Showtime debut against Frederic Sinistra at Fights at the Border presents: It's Showtime 2009 on February 8, 2009. He won the fight by first-round knockout.Hari was scheduled to fight the three-time K-1 World Grand Prix winner Semmy Schilt for the It's Showtime World Heavyweight title at It's Showtime 2009 Amsterdam on December 5, 2009. He won the fight by a first-round technical knockout. ==== K-1 Heavyweight Grand Prix ==== Hari was scheduled to face Zabit Samedov at K-1 World Grand Prix 2009 Final 16 on September 26, 2009, in the qualifying round of the 2009 K-1 World Grand Prix. He won the fight by a first-round body shot knockout.Hari took part in the 2009 K-1 World Grand Prix 2009 Final, held on December 5, 2009. He was scheduled to fight a trilogy match with Ruslan Karaev in the tournament quarterfinals. Each held a knockout victory over the other. Hari won their third meeting by a 38 second knockout. Hari fought a rematch with Alistair Overeem in the tournament semifinals. He was more successful in their second meeting, and won by a first-round knockout. Hari fought another rematch in the tournament finals, against Semmy Schilt. Hari knocked Schilt out after 45 seconds just seven months prior. Schilt won the tournament final by a first-round knockout. ==== It's Showtime title reign ==== Hari was scheduled to make the first defense of his It's Showtime heavyweight title against Mourad Bouzidi at It's Showtime 2010 Prague on February 13, 2010. Hari won the fight by a second-round knockout.Hari was scheduled to face Alexey Ignashov at K-1 World Grand Prix 2010 in Yokohama on April 3, 2010. He won the fight by unanimous decision.Hari was scheduled to make the second defense of his It's Showtime heavyweight title against Hesdy Gerges at It's Showtime 2010 Amsterdam on May 29, 2010. Gerges won the fight by disqualification, after Hari threw an illegal kick. ==== Post-title reign ==== Hari was scheduled to face Gregory Tony at It's Showtime 2011 Lyon on May 14, 2011. He won the fight by a first-round technical knockout.Hari was scheduled to face Gökhan Saki at It's Showtime 2012 in Leeuwarden on January 28, 2012. He won by a second-round knockout.Hari was scheduled to face the 2012 SUPERKOMBAT World Grand Prix winner Anderson Silva at K-1 World MAX 2012 World Championship Tournament Final 16 on May 27, 2012. He won the fight by unanimous decision.Hari was scheduled to fight a rematch with Zabit Samedov in the quarterfinals of the K-1 World Grand Prix 2012 Final, held on March 5, 2012. Although he won by unanimous decision, Hari was unable to advance to the semifinals due to injury. === LFS and GFC === Two months later, Hari was scheduled to fight a trilogy match with Zabit Samedov at the inaugural Legend Fighting Show event on May 25, 2013. Samedov won the fight by a second-round knockout.Hari fought a rematch with Alexey Ignashov at the second Legend Fighting Show event on November 9, 2013. Hari won the fight by unanimous decision.Hari participated in the Global Fighting Championship heavyweight tournament, held on May 29, 2014. He was scheduled to fight 1998 K-1 European Grand Prix winner Stefan Leko in the tournament semifinals. Hari won the fight by a first-round knockout, and advance to the finals where he faced Peter Graham. The two of them fought twice previously, with Graham winning by knockout and Hari winning by decision. Hari won their third fight by a first-round knockout.Hari was scheduled to face Arnold Oborotov at GFC Fight Series 2 on October 16, 2014. He won the fight by a first-round body shot knockout.Hari was scheduled to face Ismael Londt at Akhmat Fight Show on August 22, 2015. He won the fight by a third-round technical knockout. === Glory === ==== Hari vs. Verhoeven I ==== Hari was scheduled to make his Glory debut against the reigning Heavyweight Champion Rico Verhoeven at Glory: Collision on October 12, 2016. Hari appeared to have won the first round, opening a cut on Verhoeven's nose. Verhoeven was more aggressive in the second round and landed knee in the clinch which broke Hari's arm. As Hari was unable to continue fighting, Verhoeven was awarded the technical knockout victory. ==== Hari vs. Gerges ==== On 3 March 2018, Hari fought Gerges. Hari won the fight by unanimous decision, but a year after the fight it was revealed that both fighters had used sports supplements that contained prohibited substances; as a result, both fighters were suspended. Hari failed a drug test prior to Glory 51: Rotterdam, and was issued with a 19-month suspension after tests on samples provided indicated a violation of Netherlands rules regarding prohibited substances for competitive athletes. Gerges, who faced Hari at the event, was also issued with an official reprimand. ==== Hari vs. Verhoeven II ==== Hari was scheduled to challenge Rico Verhoeven for the Glory Heavyweight Championship in his first post-suspension fight. The bout was set for Glory 74: Arnhem on 21 December 2019. In the sold-out GelreDome, in front of 30 000 fans, Verhoeven won the fight by a third-round technical knockout. Hari once again found early success, knocking Verhoeven down in both the first and third rounds. Early on in the third round however, Hari suffered a broken ankle from a missed kick, once again rendering him unable to continue competing.Aside from selling out the arena, the rematch also drew 3.5 million viewers, an estimated 53% of the live television audience in the Netherlands, which was the second highest viewership of a live sports broadcast, in Dutch television history. ==== Hari vs. Adegbuyi ==== On 19 December 2020, Hari fought the #2 ranked Glory heavyweight contender, Benjamin Adegbuyi in a Glory Heavyweight Championship Eliminator at Glory 76. The fight was originally planned to take place on 20 June, but was postponed multiple times due to the COVID-19 pandemic. On 13 September, Glory announced the event would take place on 7 November, only for it be postponed again, when Hari announced that he tested positive for COVID-19 on 19 October. Hari lost the fight by KO in the third round after being kicked by Adegbuyi. Glory vice-chairman Scott Rudmann revealed the following day that Hari suffered a double break in his nose on knockout. ==== Hari vs. Wrzosek ==== It was announced on 31 May 2021, that Hari would face the #8 ranked Glory heavyweight contender Arkadiusz Wrzosek. The bout was scheduled as the main event of Glory 78: Arnhem, held on 4 September 2021. Hari had a great start to the bout and managed to knock Wrzosek down three times with body shots before the midway point of the fight. Halfway through the second round however, Wrzosek landed a head kick which knocked Hari out, extending his winless streak to five fights. == Personal life == === Relationships and children === Hari is married to Daphne Romani and has four daughters and a son. The family currently lives in Morocco. === Legal issues === Hari has been arrested multiple times since 2006 on various assault charges, and gained a reputation for violent behavior. A psychologist who spoke to Hari in relation to one of his trials concluded that his success as an athlete and celebrity status, combined with a lack of personal guidance, resulted in narcissistic personality traits. About his violent eruptions, Hari has said: "I am able to explode at any moment. [...] When my brakes are off, it's just one big clump of explosion, chaos and noise, and I become blind to it all. [...] A storm, a hurricane, a disaster. [...] There just is a certain aggression inside of me, of which I don't know what to do with and neither where it comes from." At his conviction on 21 February 2014, the district attorney described Hari as an individual who is very short-tempered, indulges in vulgar power display, and demonstrates aggressive and intimidating behavior which is characterized by a high "do-you-even-know-who-I-am caliber".Late October 2012, an indictment was handed to Hari in his holding cell, which contained nine criminal charges against Hari: eight crimes of violence and one moving violation, the latter of which is from an incident in March 2010 where a pedestrian sustained injuries. Crimes of violence include: 20 February 2010 Club Blinq. The bouncer of Club Blinq is assaulted by several perpetrators one of which is said to be Hari. 6 March 2010 Albert Cuyp Market. Hari drives his car into the Albert Cuyp Street, which was closed to vehicle traffic, and has an accident with a pedestrian severely injuring her leg. 1–29 July 2011 Spuistraat: Hari is accused of assaulting his ex-girlfriend Rosa in her apartment in Spuistraat and the destruction of her property. 17 July 2011 Club Air: Jeroen van de Berg, the owner of the Club Air and an Italian guest are assaulted. Jeroen suffers serious damage to his teeth due to a kick to the head. 2 December 2011 Cooldown Cafe: Hari is caught on camera in "The Cooldown Cafe" assaulting Olivier, the stepbrother of his ex-girlfriend. 8 July 2012 Sensation White: Dutch millionaire entrepreneur Koen Everink is severely assaulted at a dance event in the Amsterdam Arena. Everink suffered a broken nose and eye socket and a broken ankle, which required several surgical procedures. The public prosecutor stated that numerous witnesses had pointed the finger at Hari.In July 2012 Hari surrendered to police as he feared "being arrested by a SWAT team" to come forth and deny his involvement in an alleged assault on Everink, who claimed Hari was responsible for inflicting his face and leg injuries including a broken ankle, and further allegations of assault made by an Amsterdam nightclub owner. The latter alleged that he had also been attacked by Hari, saying that he "suffered a broken jaw and lost teeth after being kicked in the head" during an altercation at his nightclub and that in light of Everink's seeking to press charges, he would do the same.As is procedure in the Netherlands for crimes that carry a statutory minimum four-year prison sentence or more, Hari was detained in prison whilst awaiting trial. On 9 November 2012 a court in Amsterdam allowed Hari to return home until his trial on the condition that he not visit any horeca establishments (hotels, restaurants and café establishments), or contact witnesses, with the exception of his girlfriend Estelle Cruijff. The day following his release he was spotted violating this condition by eating out at a deli with Cruijff. He also made contact with two witnesses of the incident. As a result, Hari was arrested again by police in Amsterdam and was sentenced to be detained again, this time for three months, with his eventual release in January 2013.On 21 January 2013 a court in Amsterdam determined that Hari should again be released from his pre-trial detention, this time with the condition that he could not visit catering establishments between the hours of 8:00 PM and 8:00 AM. By this point the main witnesses in the case had been heard; and the court deemed it unnecessary to further detain Hari. After Hari's release he resumed training with the intention of returning to the ring. His trial was reportedly set to take place in March 2013.On 21 February 2014 the district court in Amsterdam sentenced him to prison for 1+1⁄2 years. His legal team and the prosecution filed an immediate appeal. The Court of Appeal found him guilty of aggravated assault, noting in particular that each of his assaults was preceded by a relatively mild quarrel and that to his victims his violent behaviour came as a complete surprise, leaving them no chance to defend themselves. He was sentenced to two years in prison, of which ten months were suspended. Since he had already spent eight months in pre-arrest, he still had to serve half a year in prison. In addition, he had to pay his victims compensation of €45,000 in total, and the judgement was upheld by the Supreme Court of the Netherlands in 2017.Hari was reportedly arrested in Dubai following his tournament win at Global FC 3 on 29 May 2014, and he was detained and questioned by police over an alleged incident from late 2011 or early 2012 before being released, according to his lawyer. Hari himself refuted the reports. === Music === In 2007, Hari released a hip-hop song with Dutch-Moroccan rapper Appa entitled "Stap Maar In De Ring" ("Step Into The Ring"). == Championships and accomplishments == 2007 K-1 Heavyweight champion (One successful title defense) 2008 K-1 World Grand Prix runner up 2009 It's Showtime Heavyweight champion (One successful title defense) 2009 K-1 World Grand Prix runner up 2014 GFC Fight Series 1 Heavyweight Tournament Champion 2020 Glory Fight of the Year vs. Benjamin Adegbuyi at Glory 76: Rotterdam == Kickboxing record == == See also == List of male kickboxers List of K-1 champions List of It's Showtime champions == References == == External links == Profile at Glory A protection racket is a type of racket and a scheme of organized crime perpetrated by a potentially hazardous group, usually a criminal organization, which guarantees protection outside the sanction of the law to a business, entity, or individual from violence, looting, arson, robbery, and other such threats, often in situations or regions in which such threats may often not be effectively prevented or addressed by the prevailing system of law and order or local government, in exchange for the extorted payments in cash or kind. The perpetrators of the protection racket may offer these services to protect vulnerable targets from other dangerous individuals and groups or may simply offer to refrain from themselves carrying out threats on the targets, and usually both of these forms of protection are implied in the racket. In many cases, there exists an actual and legitimate outside threat to the target of the protection racket, and the racketeers will in fact protect the target; however, often the racketeers will themselves coerce or threaten the business or targeted individual or entity into accepting the protection, often with the threat, implicit or otherwise, that failing to acquire these protection services will lead to the racketeers themselves contributing to the existing problem. In some instances, the potential threat to the target may be caused by the same group that offers to solve it, but that fact may be concealed in order to ensure continual patronage. In other words, at least ostensibly, the protection racket is a racket that sells security, traditionally physical security. Through the credible threat of violence, the racketeers deter people from swindling, robbing, injuring, sabotaging or otherwise harming their clients. Protection rackets tend to appear in markets in which the police and judiciary cannot be counted on to provide legal protection, because of incompetence (as in weak, corrupt, or failed states, or in cases in which the state does not provide adequate or any protection for certain ethnic or socioeconomic groups), illegality (when the targeted entity is involved in black markets), and/or where other forms of mistrust of the state and government protection exist. Protection rackets are indistinguishable in practice from extortion rackets and distinguishable from private security by some degree of implied threat that the racketeers themselves may attack the business if it fails to pay for their protection. A distinction is possible between a "pure" extortion racket in which the racketeers might agree only not to attack a business and a broader protection racket offering some real private security in addition to such extortion. The criminals might agree to defend a business from any attack by either themselves or third parties (other criminal gangs). However, in reality, that distinction is doubtful, because extortion racketeers may have to defend their clients against rival gangs to maintain their profits. By corollary, criminal gangs may have to maintain control of territories (turfs), as local businesses may collapse if forced to pay for protection from too many rackets, which then hurts all parties involved. Certain scholars, such as Diego Gambetta, classify criminal organizations engaged in protection racketeering as "mafia", as the racket is popular with both the Sicilian Mafia and Italian-American Mafia. == Overview == A protection racket is an operation where criminals provide protection to persons and properties, settle disputes and enforce contracts in markets where the police and judicial system cannot be relied upon. Diego Gambetta's The Sicilian Mafia (1996) and Federico Varese's The Russian Mafia (2001) define the mafia as a type of organized crime group that specializes in the provision of private protection. Protection racketeers or mafia groups operate mostly in the black market, providing buyers and sellers the security they need for smooth transactions; but empirical data collected by Gambetta and Varese suggests that mafia groups are able to offer private protection to corporations and individuals in legal markets when the state fails to offer sufficient and efficient protection to the people in need. Two elements distinguish racketeers from legal security firms. The first element is their willingness to deploy violent forms of retribution (going as far as murder) that fall outside the limits the law normally extends to civilian security firms. The other element is that racketeers are willing to involve themselves in illegal markets. Recent studies show that mafia groups or gangs are not the only form of protection racket or extra-legal protector, and another important form of protection racket is corrupt networks consisting of public officials, especially those from criminal justice agencies. For example, Wang's The Chinese Mafia (2017) examines protection rackets in China and suggests two types of extra-legal protectors, namely the Black Mafia (local gangs) and the Red Mafia (networks of corrupt government officials). Wang's narrative suggests that local gangs are quasi-law enforcers in both legal and illegal markets, and corrupt public officials are extra-legal protectors, safeguarding local gangs, protecting illegal entrepreneurs in the criminal underworld, offering protection to businesspeople, and selling public appointments to buyers. == Territorial monopolies == A protection racketeer cannot tolerate competition within his sphere of influence from another racketeer. If a dispute erupted between two clients (e.g. businessmen competing for a construction contract) who are protected by rival racketeers, the two racketeers would have to fight each other to win the dispute for their respective clients. The outcomes of such fights can be unpredictable, and neither racketeer would be able to guarantee a victory for his client. This would make their protection unreliable and of little value; their clients would likely dismiss them and settle the dispute by other means. Therefore, racketeers negotiate territories in which they can monopolize the use of violence in settling disputes.: 68–71  These territories may be geographical, or they may be a certain type of business or form of transaction. == Providing genuine protection == Sometimes racketeers will warn other criminals that the client is under their protection and that they will punish anyone who harms the client. Services that the racketeers may offer may include the recovery of stolen property or punishing vandals. The racketeers may even advance the interests of the client by forcing out (or otherwise hindering or intimidating) unprotected competitors.Protection from theft and vandalism is one service the racketeer may offer. For instance, in Sicily, mafiosi know all the thieves and fences in their territory, and can track down stolen goods and punish thieves who attack their clients. Protection racketeers establish what they hope will be indefinitely long bonds with their clients. This allows the racketeers to publicly declare a client to be under their protection. Thus, thieves and other predators will have little confusion as to who is and is not protected. Protection racketeers are not necessarily criminals. In A Short History of Progress, Ronald Wright notes on p. 49, "The warrior caste, supposedly society's protectors, often become protection racketeers. In times of war or crisis, power is easily stolen from the many by the few on a promise of security. The more elusive or imaginary the foe, the better for manufacturing consent." == Examples == Danegeld, was a protection tax paid by Christendom to stop Viking raids. During the late medieval and early modern era in the Scottish Marches, local farmers would often need to make payments to the Border Reivers as a form of protection money to ensure they were not attacked. These agreements were called "Black mal", where "mal" was an Old Norse word meaning agreement. The word blackmail entered the English language in 1530 as a result, but the word's meaning has changed since. In Melbourne, Australia, Alphonse Gangitano ran a protection racket along the famous Lygon Street during the 1990s. In Sicily, Italy, officials say that 80% of businesses in the city of Palermo pay pizzo, or protection money, to the Sicilian Mafia. In Ciudad Juárez, Mexico, when the Mexican Drug War escalated in 2008, criminal groups like the Juárez Cartel saw their financial backbone threatened and began asking for protection money from businesses ranging from convenience stores to clubs and restaurants with the threat of burning down the business, kidnapping the owners or killing everyone inside with assault rifles. In the early history of post-Soviet Russia, law enforcement was too underfunded and poorly trained to protect businesses and enforce contracts. Most businesses had to join a protection racket (known as a krysha, the Russian word for "roof") run by local gangsters. In the United Kingdom in the 1950s and 60s the Kray twins ran protection rackets in the East End of London. Chauth, demanded by Sambhaji and Peshva Brahmins during Mahratta Invasions of Bengal and Mahratta Sackings of Goa and Bombay-Bassein. == Government protection rackets == Government officials may demand bribes to look the other way or extort something of value from citizens or corporations in the form of a kickback. It need not always be money. A lucrative job after leaving office may have been in exchange for protection offered when in office. Payment may also show up indirectly in the form of a campaign contribution. Stopping governments agencies as a whole, and buying protection in the government is called regulatory capture. == See also == == References == Outrageous Betrayal: The Dark Journey of Werner Erhard from est to Exile is a non-fiction book written by freelance journalist Steven Pressman and first published in 1993 by St. Martin's Press. The book gives an account of Werner Erhard's early life as Jack Rosenberg, his exploration of various forms of self-help techniques, and his foundation of Erhard Seminars Training "est" and later of Werner Erhard and Associates and of the est successor course, "The Forum". Pressman details the rapid financial success Erhard had with these companies, as well as controversies relating to litigation involving former participants in his courses. The work concludes by going over the impact of a March 3, 1991 60 Minutes broadcast on CBS where members of Erhard's family made allegations against him, and Erhard's decision to leave the United States. Representatives of Werner Erhard and of Landmark Worldwide, the successor company to The Forum, regarded the book as being "defamatory". There are no references or citations provided in the book. == Author == Pressman worked as a journalist after graduating from college in 1977. He worked as a journalist for Orange City News, the Los Angeles Daily Journal, California Lawyer magazine, and Congressional Quarterly's Weekly Report. During his time performing research for and writing Outrageous Betrayal, Pressman published articles for the Legal Times newspaper and wrote articles and served as a senior editor for California Republic. In 1993, Pressman worked as a San Francisco-based legal journalist for California Lawyer. == Research == In the "Acknowledgments" section of Outrageous Betrayal, Pressman wrote that he relied upon both named and unnamed sources for information in the book, in addition to "previously published accounts, court transcripts, depositions, and other documents in which various individuals have recounted earlier conversations". In an article on fair use for Columbia Journalism Review, Pressman noted that he "gathered reams of written materials -- some of it private and confidential -- that were helpful in drawing a comprehensive portrait of my subject". In the Daily Journal, Pressman wrote that legal counsel for the book's publisher insisted on numerous changes to the book "in order to reduce, if not eliminate, the possibility of a successful suit for copyright infringement".By 1993, Pressman and St. Martin's Press had received approximately two dozen letters from Erhard's attorney Walter Maksym, though Erhard's representatives had yet to see the book itself. Maksym told the San Francisco Daily Journal in March 1993 that he wanted to "fact check the book", because he believed that "this is a first-time unknown author who apparently has interviewed only people who have negative things to say", and stated "We have cautioned the publisher that they are responsible for the accuracy of the book." Charlie Spicer, a senior editor at St. Martin's Press, described the actions of Erhard's representatives with regard to the book as "a desperate campaign by someone with something to hide". The author himself made specific reference to his legal support, mentioning "the potential legal rapids that confront authors writing these days about controversial subjects".: 278  == Contents == In Outrageous Betrayal, Steven Pressman gives a chronological account of Erhard's life and businesses, from high-school years through his formation of companies that delivered awareness training and the later controversies surrounding his business and family life. The book goes into detail regarding his early life as Jack Rosenberg and his name-change to Werner Erhard, his move to California, and the initial inspirations behind the training that would become "est". Pressman writes that Erhard took inspiration from the self-help course Mind Dynamics, cybernetics, from the books Think and Grow Rich by Napoleon Hill, and Psycho-Cybernetics by Maxwell Maltz, and from Scientology and the writings of L. Ron Hubbard. He also notes how an attorney skilled in tax law helped Erhard in forming his first awareness-training company, Erhard Seminars Training.Pressman notes how Erhard and his businesses became successful within two years of foundation, and writes that his awareness-training programs trained over half a million people in his courses and brought in tens of millions of dollars in revenue. The book then describes controversies relating to both Erhard's businesses and his reported treatment of his family. Pressman also describes the successor company to Est, Werner Erhard and Associates, and Erhard's decision to sell the "technology" of his course The Forum to his employees and to leave the United States. The book's epilogue includes a firsthand account of a Landmark Forum seminar led by the former Est-trainer Laurel Scheaf in 1992. == Reception == St. Martin's Press first published Outrageous Betrayal in 1993, and Random House published a second edition of the text in 1995.An analysis in Kirkus Reviews, noting the choice of title by the author, asserted that Pressman: "makes no pretense to objectivity here." Kirkus Reviews criticized the book, saying "What the author dramatically fails to provide by bearing down on the negative (to the extent that nearly all his informants denounce est and its founder) is any real understanding of est's teachings--and of why they appealed so deeply to so many." Paul S. Boyer, professor of history at the University of Wisconsin–Madison, reviewed the book in The Washington Post. Boyer wrote that the book "nicely recounts the bizarre tale" of Werner Erhard, saying "Pressman tells his fascinating story well." However he also commented that the book gives "only the sketchiest historical context" of est and its roots in societal experiences.A review by Mary Carroll published in the American Library Association's Booklist noted that the controversy surrounding Erhard was not new, but she wrote that "Pressman pulls the details together effectively." Carroll went on to comment: "Outrageous Betrayal is a disturbing but fascinating object lesson in the power of charisma divorced from conscience." Frances Halpern of the Los Angeles Times called the book a "damning biography".In 1995, Outrageous Betrayal was cited in a report on the United States Department of Transportation by the United States House of Representatives Committee on Appropriations in a case unrelated to Erhard or Est. This was in reference to a Congressional investigation of Gregory May and controversial trainings given by his company Gregory May Associates (GMA) to the Federal Aviation Administration. The testimony given stated that, according to Outrageous Betrayal, a member of GMA's board had been influenced by Erhard Seminars Training and the Church of Scientology.Novelist and journalist Dan Wakefield, in his review of the book in Tricycle: the Buddhist Review, criticized Pressman for failing to speak with people who had positive things to say about est. Pressman described the est training as "a mish-mash of self-help theories, common-sense psychology, and dime-store ideas of motivation" while also praising the program for helping him personally in dealing with alcoholism. Wakefield also cites an opinion survey which suggests that most est participants had positive experiences with it. == See also == Human Potential Movement Journalism sourcing Large Group Awareness Training == Notes == == References == Annichiarico, Mark (September 1, 1993). "Outrageous Betrayal: The Dark Journey of Werner Erhard from Est to Exile (review)". Library Journal. 118 (14): 207. Bader, Barbara (Editor) (July 15, 1976). "Getting It". Kirkus Reviews. 44 (Part II, Section No. 14): 821.CS1 maint: extra text: authors list (link) Berzins, Zane (February 6, 1977). "Getting It". The New York Times Book Review. The New York Times Company. 82: 25. Boyer, Paul (December 9, 1993). "Book World - Erhard, From est to Worst". The Washington Post. p. D2. Carroll, Mary (September 1, 1993). "Pressman, Steven. Outrageous Betrayal". Booklist. American Library Association. 90 (1): 7: Adult Books, Non-fiction, General Works, Philosophy & Psychology. Denison, Charles Wayne (June 1995). "The children of EST: A study of the experience and perceived effects of a large group awareness training". Dissertation Abstracts International. Ann Arbor, Michigan: University Microfilms International. 55 (12–B): 5564. ISSN 0419-4217. Fisher, Jeffrey D.; Cohen Silver, Roxane; Chinsky, Jack M.; Goff, Barry; Klar, Yechiel (1990). Evaluating a Large Group Awareness Training. New York: Springer-Verlag. ISBN 0-387-97320-6. Kirkus Reviews staff (August 1, 1993). "Outrageous Betrayal. (Book Review)". Kirkus Reviews. Kirkus Associates, LP., Nielsen Company. 61: 986. Retrieved 2007-11-20. McGurk, William S. (June 1977). "Was Ist est? Context: later named as Lou Vincent, Chris Cairns and Daryl Tuffey. In 2014, Vincent admitted to being involved in match fixing. == In popular culture == The 2009 Hindi film, 99, starring Kunal Khemu, Boman Irani, Soha Ali Khan and Cyrus Broacha, is set in the year 1999, with the India-South Africa match fixing controversy as the backdrop. The 2008 Hindi film, Jannat, directed by Kunal Deshmukh and starring Emran Hashmi, Sonal Chauhan and Javed Sheikh is also based on match fixing. The 2015 Hindi film Calendar Girls some part is based on the betting on the cricket. The 2016 Hindi film Azhar is based on the life of Mohd. Azharudhin. Emraan Hashmi plays his role. The 2018 Web film Inside Edge is based on the betting on the domestic league. == See also == List of cricketers banned for match fixing Pakistan cricket spot-fixing controversy == References == == External links == Gross, Michael (2011). Doctor of Philosophy Thesis: Organizations of corrupt individuals: a study of corruption in international cricket and the Catholic Church Facts: Answer: Badr Hari

Question: Who was once considered the best kick boxer in the world, however he has been involved in a number of controversies relating to his "unsportsmanlike conducts" in the sport and crimes of violence outside of the ring. Badr Hari (Berber: ⴱⴰⴷⵔ ⵀⴰⵔⵉ, Arabic: بدر هاري‎; born 8 December 1984) is a Moroccan-Dutch kickboxer. He is a former K-1 Heavyweight champion, It's Showtime Heavyweight world champion, and a K-1 World Grand Prix 2008 and 2009 finalist. Nicknamed The Golden Boy, he is regarded as one of the greatest professional kickboxers of all time.Combat Press ranked him as a top ten heavyweight kickboxer between January and November 2016. == Early life == Badr Hari was born and raised in Amsterdam, the capital of the Netherlands. He began kickboxing at the age of seven under the guidance of former World Champion Mousid Akamrane. As a teenager, he trained at the Sitan Gym of Mohammed Aït Hassou. When the Sitan Gym moved to Rotterdam, he joined Chakuriki Gym, run by Thom Harinck. Hari fought under the Dutch flag until he lost to Stefan Leko in 2005. Hari, who tried to publicly address the audience after his defeat, was booed so loudly that no one could make out his words. He expressed disappointment in the Dutch fans: "I thought to myself, I have never witnessed such ungratefulness." From then on Hari has represented Morocco and stopped working with Harinck. Mike Passenier became his new coach. == Kickboxing == === Early career === At the age of seven, Hari was sent by his father to the kickboxing gym to learn how to defend himself from bullies in the neighborhood. People quickly realized he was a natural talent and from the age of 11 he was fighting regularly as a junior. In his teenage years he worked with the Harinck at Chakuriki Gym and he started to become well known on the Amsterdam scene.In January 2005, Hari left Chakuriki Gym and joined Simon Rutz's It's Showtime team. After a few months of training at the Mejiro Gym he temporarily returned to Harinck's for a couple of weeks. Since then he has been coached by Mike Passenier, who has also trained Joerie Mes, Bjorn Bregy and Melvin Manhoef. === K-1 === Hari fought two matches against Leko in 2005; the first took place at an It's Showtime 2005 event in June 2005. Hari started trash talk between him and Leko before being knocked out by Leko's spinning back kick.Hari got his opportunity for revenge in November 2005 when he entered the K-1 World Grand Prix 2005 tournament as a reserve fighter against Leko, and made his K-1 World GP debut at the age of 20. Hari knocked out Leko by a spinning back high kick to the jaw at 1:30 in the second round.Hari returned to the ring at the K-1 World Grand Prix 2006 Final Elimination in Osaka, Japan, against Ruslan Karaev. Karaev hurt Badr with a straight right that left Hari slouching over in the corner before kicking Hari in the face. Hari was counted out by the referee but he and his corner immediately protested that the kick was a foul. When the referee did not respond, Hari and his corner men caused a commotion and refused to leave the ring until they were escorted out by K-1 officials. Hari left in anger and trashed his changing room.Despite being knocked out, Hari was picked as a reserve fighter again in the K-1 Grand Prix 2006 Finals against Paul Slowinski. He won the fight by unanimous decision. Hari then fought Nicholas Pettas at the K-1 Premium 2006 Dynamite!! event and broke Pettas' left shoulder in the second round with a right high kick.Hari fought Karaev again at the K-1 World GP 2007 in Yokohama. Their matchup was one of two bouts to qualify for the first K-1 heavyweight title match, scheduled on 28 April 2007 in Hawaii. Hari beat Karaev in the second round. === K-1 Heavyweight champion === ==== Title reign ==== Hari was scheduled to face Yusuke Fujimoto for the inaugural K-1 Heavyweight Championship at K-1 World GP 2007 in Hawaii on 28 April 2007. Hari began the bout in his usual aggressive manner and knocked Fujimoto down with a left straight, early on in the round. Hari pressured as the fight resumed and knocked Fujimoto out with a head kick at the 56 second mark of the bout.Four months later, Hari was scheduled to fight a rematch with Peter Graham, in a non-title bout, at K-1 World GP 2007 in Hong Kong on 5 August 2007. Graham won their previous fight, at K-1 World Grand Prix 2006 in Auckland on 5 March 2006, by a third-round knockout. Hari won the rematch by unanimous decision, with scores of 30–27, 30–28 and 30–27.Hari was scheduled to face Doug Viney in a non-title bout at K-1 World GP 2007 in Seoul Final 16 on 29 September 2007. He won the fight by a second-round knockout, dropping Viney with a right cross.Hari was scheduled to face the two-time K-1 Heavyweight World Grand Prix winner Remy Bonjasky at K-1 World GP 2007 Final on 8 December 2007. Bonjasky won the fight by majority decision, thus snapping Hari's six fight winner streak.Following this loss, Hari was scheduled to face the 2000 K-1 World Grand Prix runner-up Ray Sefo in another non-title bout at K-1 World GP 2008 in Yokohama on 13 April 2008. Hari overwhelmed Sefo early on, knocking him down several times enroute to a first-round knockout victory.Hari was scheduled to make the first defense of his K-1 heavyweight title against Glaube Feitosa at K-1 World GP 2008 in Fukuoka on 29 June 2008. He won the fight by a first-round knockout.After making his first title defense, Hari was scheduled to face Domagoj Ostojic at K-1 World GP 2008 in Hawaii on 9 August 2008. Hari won the fight by a first-round knockout.A month later, Hari was scheduled to face the 7'2 Choi Hong-man at K-1 World Grand Prix 2008 in Seoul Final 16 on 27 September 2008. It was Choi's first fight in nine months, as he was forced out of the sport due to a brain tumor. Hari was awarded a technical knockout victory, after Choi's corner threw in the towel. ==== K-1 Heavyweight Grand Prix ==== Hari participated in the 2008 K-1 heavyweight Grand Prix, held at K-1 World GP 2008 Final on 6 December 2008. The fight was held before a sellout crowd at the Yokohama Arena, for a prize of $400,000. Hari was scheduled to face the three-time K-1 Grand Prix winner Peter Aerts in the tournament quarterfinals. Hari won the fight by a second-round technical knockout, knocking Aerts down several times in both the first and second rounds. Advancing to the tournament semifinals, Hari faced Errol Zimmerman. He won the fight by a third-round knockout.Hari fought a rematch with Remy Bonjasky in the tournament finals. The two of them previously met at K-1 World GP 2007 Final on 8 December 2007, with Bonjasky winning by majority decision. Bonjasky was more dominant in the first round of the rematch and knocked Hari down with a head kick near the end of the round. The pivotal moment of the fight came in the second round, after Hari threw Bonjasky down to the mat off of a caught kick. Hari followed up with several strikes to the downed opponent, which was an egregious breakage of K-1's rules. As referee Nobuaki Kakuda was pulling Hari away from his opponent, Hari furthermore stomped on Bonjasky. Hari was disqualified for unsportsmanlike conduct. He remained unapologetic for his behavior, stating: "Remy's corner was screaming at him to stay down. I came to fight and he didn't. He's a great actor."Due to his behavior in the tournament final, Hari was stripped of the K-1 heavyweight title. Hari then briefly moved away from K-1, and was scheduled to face Alistair Overeem at Dynamite!! 2008 on December 31, 2008. Hari suffered a first-round knockout. === It's Showtime Heavyweight champion === Hari made his It's Showtime debut against Frederic Sinistra at Fights at the Border presents: It's Showtime 2009 on February 8, 2009. He won the fight by first-round knockout.Hari was scheduled to fight the three-time K-1 World Grand Prix winner Semmy Schilt for the It's Showtime World Heavyweight title at It's Showtime 2009 Amsterdam on December 5, 2009. He won the fight by a first-round technical knockout. ==== K-1 Heavyweight Grand Prix ==== Hari was scheduled to face Zabit Samedov at K-1 World Grand Prix 2009 Final 16 on September 26, 2009, in the qualifying round of the 2009 K-1 World Grand Prix. He won the fight by a first-round body shot knockout.Hari took part in the 2009 K-1 World Grand Prix 2009 Final, held on December 5, 2009. He was scheduled to fight a trilogy match with Ruslan Karaev in the tournament quarterfinals. Each held a knockout victory over the other. Hari won their third meeting by a 38 second knockout. Hari fought a rematch with Alistair Overeem in the tournament semifinals. He was more successful in their second meeting, and won by a first-round knockout. Hari fought another rematch in the tournament finals, against Semmy Schilt. Hari knocked Schilt out after 45 seconds just seven months prior. Schilt won the tournament final by a first-round knockout. ==== It's Showtime title reign ==== Hari was scheduled to make the first defense of his It's Showtime heavyweight title against Mourad Bouzidi at It's Showtime 2010 Prague on February 13, 2010. Hari won the fight by a second-round knockout.Hari was scheduled to face Alexey Ignashov at K-1 World Grand Prix 2010 in Yokohama on April 3, 2010. He won the fight by unanimous decision.Hari was scheduled to make the second defense of his It's Showtime heavyweight title against Hesdy Gerges at It's Showtime 2010 Amsterdam on May 29, 2010. Gerges won the fight by disqualification, after Hari threw an illegal kick. ==== Post-title reign ==== Hari was scheduled to face Gregory Tony at It's Showtime 2011 Lyon on May 14, 2011. He won the fight by a first-round technical knockout.Hari was scheduled to face Gökhan Saki at It's Showtime 2012 in Leeuwarden on January 28, 2012. He won by a second-round knockout.Hari was scheduled to face the 2012 SUPERKOMBAT World Grand Prix winner Anderson Silva at K-1 World MAX 2012 World Championship Tournament Final 16 on May 27, 2012. He won the fight by unanimous decision.Hari was scheduled to fight a rematch with Zabit Samedov in the quarterfinals of the K-1 World Grand Prix 2012 Final, held on March 5, 2012. Although he won by unanimous decision, Hari was unable to advance to the semifinals due to injury. === LFS and GFC === Two months later, Hari was scheduled to fight a trilogy match with Zabit Samedov at the inaugural Legend Fighting Show event on May 25, 2013. Samedov won the fight by a second-round knockout.Hari fought a rematch with Alexey Ignashov at the second Legend Fighting Show event on November 9, 2013. Hari won the fight by unanimous decision.Hari participated in the Global Fighting Championship heavyweight tournament, held on May 29, 2014. He was scheduled to fight 1998 K-1 European Grand Prix winner Stefan Leko in the tournament semifinals. Hari won the fight by a first-round knockout, and advance to the finals where he faced Peter Graham. The two of them fought twice previously, with Graham winning by knockout and Hari winning by decision. Hari won their third fight by a first-round knockout.Hari was scheduled to face Arnold Oborotov at GFC Fight Series 2 on October 16, 2014. He won the fight by a first-round body shot knockout.Hari was scheduled to face Ismael Londt at Akhmat Fight Show on August 22, 2015. He won the fight by a third-round technical knockout. === Glory === ==== Hari vs. Verhoeven I ==== Hari was scheduled to make his Glory debut against the reigning Heavyweight Champion Rico Verhoeven at Glory: Collision on October 12, 2016. Hari appeared to have won the first round, opening a cut on Verhoeven's nose. Verhoeven was more aggressive in the second round and landed knee in the clinch which broke Hari's arm. As Hari was unable to continue fighting, Verhoeven was awarded the technical knockout victory. ==== Hari vs. Gerges ==== On 3 March 2018, Hari fought Gerges. Hari won the fight by unanimous decision, but a year after the fight it was revealed that both fighters had used sports supplements that contained prohibited substances; as a result, both fighters were suspended. Hari failed a drug test prior to Glory 51: Rotterdam, and was issued with a 19-month suspension after tests on samples provided indicated a violation of Netherlands rules regarding prohibited substances for competitive athletes. Gerges, who faced Hari at the event, was also issued with an official reprimand. ==== Hari vs. Verhoeven II ==== Hari was scheduled to challenge Rico Verhoeven for the Glory Heavyweight Championship in his first post-suspension fight. The bout was set for Glory 74: Arnhem on 21 December 2019. In the sold-out GelreDome, in front of 30 000 fans, Verhoeven won the fight by a third-round technical knockout. Hari once again found early success, knocking Verhoeven down in both the first and third rounds. Early on in the third round however, Hari suffered a broken ankle from a missed kick, once again rendering him unable to continue competing.Aside from selling out the arena, the rematch also drew 3.5 million viewers, an estimated 53% of the live television audience in the Netherlands, which was the second highest viewership of a live sports broadcast, in Dutch television history. ==== Hari vs. Adegbuyi ==== On 19 December 2020, Hari fought the #2 ranked Glory heavyweight contender, Benjamin Adegbuyi in a Glory Heavyweight Championship Eliminator at Glory 76. The fight was originally planned to take place on 20 June, but was postponed multiple times due to the COVID-19 pandemic. On 13 September, Glory announced the event would take place on 7 November, only for it be postponed again, when Hari announced that he tested positive for COVID-19 on 19 October. Hari lost the fight by KO in the third round after being kicked by Adegbuyi. Glory vice-chairman Scott Rudmann revealed the following day that Hari suffered a double break in his nose on knockout. ==== Hari vs. Wrzosek ==== It was announced on 31 May 2021, that Hari would face the #8 ranked Glory heavyweight contender Arkadiusz Wrzosek. The bout was scheduled as the main event of Glory 78: Arnhem, held on 4 September 2021. Hari had a great start to the bout and managed to knock Wrzosek down three times with body shots before the midway point of the fight. Halfway through the second round however, Wrzosek landed a head kick which knocked Hari out, extending his winless streak to five fights. == Personal life == === Relationships and children === Hari is married to Daphne Romani and has four daughters and a son. The family currently lives in Morocco. === Legal issues === Hari has been arrested multiple times since 2006 on various assault charges, and gained a reputation for violent behavior. A psychologist who spoke to Hari in relation to one of his trials concluded that his success as an athlete and celebrity status, combined with a lack of personal guidance, resulted in narcissistic personality traits. About his violent eruptions, Hari has said: "I am able to explode at any moment. [...] When my brakes are off, it's just one big clump of explosion, chaos and noise, and I become blind to it all. [...] A storm, a hurricane, a disaster. [...] There just is a certain aggression inside of me, of which I don't know what to do with and neither where it comes from." At his conviction on 21 February 2014, the district attorney described Hari as an individual who is very short-tempered, indulges in vulgar power display, and demonstrates aggressive and intimidating behavior which is characterized by a high "do-you-even-know-who-I-am caliber".Late October 2012, an indictment was handed to Hari in his holding cell, which contained nine criminal charges against Hari: eight crimes of violence and one moving violation, the latter of which is from an incident in March 2010 where a pedestrian sustained injuries. Crimes of violence include: 20 February 2010 Club Blinq. The bouncer of Club Blinq is assaulted by several perpetrators one of which is said to be Hari. 6 March 2010 Albert Cuyp Market. Hari drives his car into the Albert Cuyp Street, which was closed to vehicle traffic, and has an accident with a pedestrian severely injuring her leg. 1–29 July 2011 Spuistraat: Hari is accused of assaulting his ex-girlfriend Rosa in her apartment in Spuistraat and the destruction of her property. 17 July 2011 Club Air: Jeroen van de Berg, the owner of the Club Air and an Italian guest are assaulted. Jeroen suffers serious damage to his teeth due to a kick to the head. 2 December 2011 Cooldown Cafe: Hari is caught on camera in "The Cooldown Cafe" assaulting Olivier, the stepbrother of his ex-girlfriend. 8 July 2012 Sensation White: Dutch millionaire entrepreneur Koen Everink is severely assaulted at a dance event in the Amsterdam Arena. Everink suffered a broken nose and eye socket and a broken ankle, which required several surgical procedures. The public prosecutor stated that numerous witnesses had pointed the finger at Hari.In July 2012 Hari surrendered to police as he feared "being arrested by a SWAT team" to come forth and deny his involvement in an alleged assault on Everink, who claimed Hari was responsible for inflicting his face and leg injuries including a broken ankle, and further allegations of assault made by an Amsterdam nightclub owner. The latter alleged that he had also been attacked by Hari, saying that he "suffered a broken jaw and lost teeth after being kicked in the head" during an altercation at his nightclub and that in light of Everink's seeking to press charges, he would do the same.As is procedure in the Netherlands for crimes that carry a statutory minimum four-year prison sentence or more, Hari was detained in prison whilst awaiting trial. On 9 November 2012 a court in Amsterdam allowed Hari to return home until his trial on the condition that he not visit any horeca establishments (hotels, restaurants and café establishments), or contact witnesses, with the exception of his girlfriend Estelle Cruijff. The day following his release he was spotted violating this condition by eating out at a deli with Cruijff. He also made contact with two witnesses of the incident. As a result, Hari was arrested again by police in Amsterdam and was sentenced to be detained again, this time for three months, with his eventual release in January 2013.On 21 January 2013 a court in Amsterdam determined that Hari should again be released from his pre-trial detention, this time with the condition that he could not visit catering establishments between the hours of 8:00 PM and 8:00 AM. By this point the main witnesses in the case had been heard; and the court deemed it unnecessary to further detain Hari. After Hari's release he resumed training with the intention of returning to the ring. His trial was reportedly set to take place in March 2013.On 21 February 2014 the district court in Amsterdam sentenced him to prison for 1+1⁄2 years. His legal team and the prosecution filed an immediate appeal. The Court of Appeal found him guilty of aggravated assault, noting in particular that each of his assaults was preceded by a relatively mild quarrel and that to his victims his violent behaviour came as a complete surprise, leaving them no chance to defend themselves. He was sentenced to two years in prison, of which ten months were suspended. Since he had already spent eight months in pre-arrest, he still had to serve half a year in prison. In addition, he had to pay his victims compensation of €45,000 in total, and the judgement was upheld by the Supreme Court of the Netherlands in 2017.Hari was reportedly arrested in Dubai following his tournament win at Global FC 3 on 29 May 2014, and he was detained and questioned by police over an alleged incident from late 2011 or early 2012 before being released, according to his lawyer. Hari himself refuted the reports. === Music === In 2007, Hari released a hip-hop song with Dutch-Moroccan rapper Appa entitled "Stap Maar In De Ring" ("Step Into The Ring"). == Championships and accomplishments == 2007 K-1 Heavyweight champion (One successful title defense) 2008 K-1 World Grand Prix runner up 2009 It's Showtime Heavyweight champion (One successful title defense) 2009 K-1 World Grand Prix runner up 2014 GFC Fight Series 1 Heavyweight Tournament Champion 2020 Glory Fight of the Year vs. Benjamin Adegbuyi at Glory 76: Rotterdam == Kickboxing record == == See also == List of male kickboxers List of K-1 champions List of It's Showtime champions == References == == External links == Profile at Glory A protection racket is a type of racket and a scheme of organized crime perpetrated by a potentially hazardous group, usually a criminal organization, which guarantees protection outside the sanction of the law to a business, entity, or individual from violence, looting, arson, robbery, and other such threats, often in situations or regions in which such threats may often not be effectively prevented or addressed by the prevailing system of law and order or local government, in exchange for the extorted payments in cash or kind. The perpetrators of the protection racket may offer these services to protect vulnerable targets from other dangerous individuals and groups or may simply offer to refrain from themselves carrying out threats on the targets, and usually both of these forms of protection are implied in the racket. In many cases, there exists an actual and legitimate outside threat to the target of the protection racket, and the racketeers will in fact protect the target; however, often the racketeers will themselves coerce or threaten the business or targeted individual or entity into accepting the protection, often with the threat, implicit or otherwise, that failing to acquire these protection services will lead to the racketeers themselves contributing to the existing problem. In some instances, the potential threat to the target may be caused by the same group that offers to solve it, but that fact may be concealed in order to ensure continual patronage. In other words, at least ostensibly, the protection racket is a racket that sells security, traditionally physical security. Through the credible threat of violence, the racketeers deter people from swindling, robbing, injuring, sabotaging or otherwise harming their clients. Protection rackets tend to appear in markets in which the police and judiciary cannot be counted on to provide legal protection, because of incompetence (as in weak, corrupt, or failed states, or in cases in which the state does not provide adequate or any protection for certain ethnic or socioeconomic groups), illegality (when the targeted entity is involved in black markets), and/or where other forms of mistrust of the state and government protection exist. Protection rackets are indistinguishable in practice from extortion rackets and distinguishable from private security by some degree of implied threat that the racketeers themselves may attack the business if it fails to pay for their protection. A distinction is possible between a "pure" extortion racket in which the racketeers might agree only not to attack a business and a broader protection racket offering some real private security in addition to such extortion. The criminals might agree to defend a business from any attack by either themselves or third parties (other criminal gangs). However, in reality, that distinction is doubtful, because extortion racketeers may have to defend their clients against rival gangs to maintain their profits. By corollary, criminal gangs may have to maintain control of territories (turfs), as local businesses may collapse if forced to pay for protection from too many rackets, which then hurts all parties involved. Certain scholars, such as Diego Gambetta, classify criminal organizations engaged in protection racketeering as "mafia", as the racket is popular with both the Sicilian Mafia and Italian-American Mafia. == Overview == A protection racket is an operation where criminals provide protection to persons and properties, settle disputes and enforce contracts in markets where the police and judicial system cannot be relied upon. Diego Gambetta's The Sicilian Mafia (1996) and Federico Varese's The Russian Mafia (2001) define the mafia as a type of organized crime group that specializes in the provision of private protection. Protection racketeers or mafia groups operate mostly in the black market, providing buyers and sellers the security they need for smooth transactions; but empirical data collected by Gambetta and Varese suggests that mafia groups are able to offer private protection to corporations and individuals in legal markets when the state fails to offer sufficient and efficient protection to the people in need. Two elements distinguish racketeers from legal security firms. The first element is their willingness to deploy violent forms of retribution (going as far as murder) that fall outside the limits the law normally extends to civilian security firms. The other element is that racketeers are willing to involve themselves in illegal markets. Recent studies show that mafia groups or gangs are not the only form of protection racket or extra-legal protector, and another important form of protection racket is corrupt networks consisting of public officials, especially those from criminal justice agencies. For example, Wang's The Chinese Mafia (2017) examines protection rackets in China and suggests two types of extra-legal protectors, namely the Black Mafia (local gangs) and the Red Mafia (networks of corrupt government officials). Wang's narrative suggests that local gangs are quasi-law enforcers in both legal and illegal markets, and corrupt public officials are extra-legal protectors, safeguarding local gangs, protecting illegal entrepreneurs in the criminal underworld, offering protection to businesspeople, and selling public appointments to buyers. == Territorial monopolies == A protection racketeer cannot tolerate competition within his sphere of influence from another racketeer. If a dispute erupted between two clients (e.g. businessmen competing for a construction contract) who are protected by rival racketeers, the two racketeers would have to fight each other to win the dispute for their respective clients. The outcomes of such fights can be unpredictable, and neither racketeer would be able to guarantee a victory for his client. This would make their protection unreliable and of little value; their clients would likely dismiss them and settle the dispute by other means. Therefore, racketeers negotiate territories in which they can monopolize the use of violence in settling disputes.: 68–71  These territories may be geographical, or they may be a certain type of business or form of transaction. == Providing genuine protection == Sometimes racketeers will warn other criminals that the client is under their protection and that they will punish anyone who harms the client. Services that the racketeers may offer may include the recovery of stolen property or punishing vandals. The racketeers may even advance the interests of the client by forcing out (or otherwise hindering or intimidating) unprotected competitors.Protection from theft and vandalism is one service the racketeer may offer. For instance, in Sicily, mafiosi know all the thieves and fences in their territory, and can track down stolen goods and punish thieves who attack their clients. Protection racketeers establish what they hope will be indefinitely long bonds with their clients. This allows the racketeers to publicly declare a client to be under their protection. Thus, thieves and other predators will have little confusion as to who is and is not protected. Protection racketeers are not necessarily criminals. In A Short History of Progress, Ronald Wright notes on p. 49, "The warrior caste, supposedly society's protectors, often become protection racketeers. In times of war or crisis, power is easily stolen from the many by the few on a promise of security. The more elusive or imaginary the foe, the better for manufacturing consent." == Examples == Danegeld, was a protection tax paid by Christendom to stop Viking raids. During the late medieval and early modern era in the Scottish Marches, local farmers would often need to make payments to the Border Reivers as a form of protection money to ensure they were not attacked. These agreements were called "Black mal", where "mal" was an Old Norse word meaning agreement. The word blackmail entered the English language in 1530 as a result, but the word's meaning has changed since. In Melbourne, Australia, Alphonse Gangitano ran a protection racket along the famous Lygon Street during the 1990s. In Sicily, Italy, officials say that 80% of businesses in the city of Palermo pay pizzo, or protection money, to the Sicilian Mafia. In Ciudad Juárez, Mexico, when the Mexican Drug War escalated in 2008, criminal groups like the Juárez Cartel saw their financial backbone threatened and began asking for protection money from businesses ranging from convenience stores to clubs and restaurants with the threat of burning down the business, kidnapping the owners or killing everyone inside with assault rifles. In the early history of post-Soviet Russia, law enforcement was too underfunded and poorly trained to protect businesses and enforce contracts. Most businesses had to join a protection racket (known as a krysha, the Russian word for "roof") run by local gangsters. In the United Kingdom in the 1950s and 60s the Kray twins ran protection rackets in the East End of London. Chauth, demanded by Sambhaji and Peshva Brahmins during Mahratta Invasions of Bengal and Mahratta Sackings of Goa and Bombay-Bassein. == Government protection rackets == Government officials may demand bribes to look the other way or extort something of value from citizens or corporations in the form of a kickback. It need not always be money. A lucrative job after leaving office may have been in exchange for protection offered when in office. Payment may also show up indirectly in the form of a campaign contribution. Stopping governments agencies as a whole, and buying protection in the government is called regulatory capture. == See also == == References == Outrageous Betrayal: The Dark Journey of Werner Erhard from est to Exile is a non-fiction book written by freelance journalist Steven Pressman and first published in 1993 by St. Martin's Press. The book gives an account of Werner Erhard's early life as Jack Rosenberg, his exploration of various forms of self-help techniques, and his foundation of Erhard Seminars Training "est" and later of Werner Erhard and Associates and of the est successor course, "The Forum". Pressman details the rapid financial success Erhard had with these companies, as well as controversies relating to litigation involving former participants in his courses. The work concludes by going over the impact of a March 3, 1991 60 Minutes broadcast on CBS where members of Erhard's family made allegations against him, and Erhard's decision to leave the United States. Representatives of Werner Erhard and of Landmark Worldwide, the successor company to The Forum, regarded the book as being "defamatory". There are no references or citations provided in the book. == Author == Pressman worked as a journalist after graduating from college in 1977. He worked as a journalist for Orange City News, the Los Angeles Daily Journal, California Lawyer magazine, and Congressional Quarterly's Weekly Report. During his time performing research for and writing Outrageous Betrayal, Pressman published articles for the Legal Times newspaper and wrote articles and served as a senior editor for California Republic. In 1993, Pressman worked as a San Francisco-based legal journalist for California Lawyer. == Research == In the "Acknowledgments" section of Outrageous Betrayal, Pressman wrote that he relied upon both named and unnamed sources for information in the book, in addition to "previously published accounts, court transcripts, depositions, and other documents in which various individuals have recounted earlier conversations". In an article on fair use for Columbia Journalism Review, Pressman noted that he "gathered reams of written materials -- some of it private and confidential -- that were helpful in drawing a comprehensive portrait of my subject". In the Daily Journal, Pressman wrote that legal counsel for the book's publisher insisted on numerous changes to the book "in order to reduce, if not eliminate, the possibility of a successful suit for copyright infringement".By 1993, Pressman and St. Martin's Press had received approximately two dozen letters from Erhard's attorney Walter Maksym, though Erhard's representatives had yet to see the book itself. Maksym told the San Francisco Daily Journal in March 1993 that he wanted to "fact check the book", because he believed that "this is a first-time unknown author who apparently has interviewed only people who have negative things to say", and stated "We have cautioned the publisher that they are responsible for the accuracy of the book." Charlie Spicer, a senior editor at St. Martin's Press, described the actions of Erhard's representatives with regard to the book as "a desperate campaign by someone with something to hide". The author himself made specific reference to his legal support, mentioning "the potential legal rapids that confront authors writing these days about controversial subjects".: 278  == Contents == In Outrageous Betrayal, Steven Pressman gives a chronological account of Erhard's life and businesses, from high-school years through his formation of companies that delivered awareness training and the later controversies surrounding his business and family life. The book goes into detail regarding his early life as Jack Rosenberg and his name-change to Werner Erhard, his move to California, and the initial inspirations behind the training that would become "est". Pressman writes that Erhard took inspiration from the self-help course Mind Dynamics, cybernetics, from the books Think and Grow Rich by Napoleon Hill, and Psycho-Cybernetics by Maxwell Maltz, and from Scientology and the writings of L. Ron Hubbard. He also notes how an attorney skilled in tax law helped Erhard in forming his first awareness-training company, Erhard Seminars Training.Pressman notes how Erhard and his businesses became successful within two years of foundation, and writes that his awareness-training programs trained over half a million people in his courses and brought in tens of millions of dollars in revenue. The book then describes controversies relating to both Erhard's businesses and his reported treatment of his family. Pressman also describes the successor company to Est, Werner Erhard and Associates, and Erhard's decision to sell the "technology" of his course The Forum to his employees and to leave the United States. The book's epilogue includes a firsthand account of a Landmark Forum seminar led by the former Est-trainer Laurel Scheaf in 1992. == Reception == St. Martin's Press first published Outrageous Betrayal in 1993, and Random House published a second edition of the text in 1995.An analysis in Kirkus Reviews, noting the choice of title by the author, asserted that Pressman: "makes no pretense to objectivity here." Kirkus Reviews criticized the book, saying "What the author dramatically fails to provide by bearing down on the negative (to the extent that nearly all his informants denounce est and its founder) is any real understanding of est's teachings--and of why they appealed so deeply to so many." Paul S. Boyer, professor of history at the University of Wisconsin–Madison, reviewed the book in The Washington Post. Boyer wrote that the book "nicely recounts the bizarre tale" of Werner Erhard, saying "Pressman tells his fascinating story well." However he also commented that the book gives "only the sketchiest historical context" of est and its roots in societal experiences.A review by Mary Carroll published in the American Library Association's Booklist noted that the controversy surrounding Erhard was not new, but she wrote that "Pressman pulls the details together effectively." Carroll went on to comment: "Outrageous Betrayal is a disturbing but fascinating object lesson in the power of charisma divorced from conscience." Frances Halpern of the Los Angeles Times called the book a "damning biography".In 1995, Outrageous Betrayal was cited in a report on the United States Department of Transportation by the United States House of Representatives Committee on Appropriations in a case unrelated to Erhard or Est. This was in reference to a Congressional investigation of Gregory May and controversial trainings given by his company Gregory May Associates (GMA) to the Federal Aviation Administration. The testimony given stated that, according to Outrageous Betrayal, a member of GMA's board had been influenced by Erhard Seminars Training and the Church of Scientology.Novelist and journalist Dan Wakefield, in his review of the book in Tricycle: the Buddhist Review, criticized Pressman for failing to speak with people who had positive things to say about est. Pressman described the est training as "a mish-mash of self-help theories, common-sense psychology, and dime-store ideas of motivation" while also praising the program for helping him personally in dealing with alcoholism. Wakefield also cites an opinion survey which suggests that most est participants had positive experiences with it. == See also == Human Potential Movement Journalism sourcing Large Group Awareness Training == Notes == == References == Annichiarico, Mark (September 1, 1993). "Outrageous Betrayal: The Dark Journey of Werner Erhard from Est to Exile (review)". Library Journal. 118 (14): 207. Bader, Barbara (Editor) (July 15, 1976). "Getting It". Kirkus Reviews. 44 (Part II, Section No. 14): 821.CS1 maint: extra text: authors list (link) Berzins, Zane (February 6, 1977). "Getting It". The New York Times Book Review. The New York Times Company. 82: 25. Boyer, Paul (December 9, 1993). "Book World - Erhard, From est to Worst". The Washington Post. p. D2. Carroll, Mary (September 1, 1993). "Pressman, Steven. Outrageous Betrayal". Booklist. American Library Association. 90 (1): 7: Adult Books, Non-fiction, General Works, Philosophy & Psychology. Denison, Charles Wayne (June 1995). "The children of EST: A study of the experience and perceived effects of a large group awareness training". Dissertation Abstracts International. Ann Arbor, Michigan: University Microfilms International. 55 (12–B): 5564. ISSN 0419-4217. Fisher, Jeffrey D.; Cohen Silver, Roxane; Chinsky, Jack M.; Goff, Barry; Klar, Yechiel (1990). Evaluating a Large Group Awareness Training. New York: Springer-Verlag. ISBN 0-387-97320-6. Kirkus Reviews staff (August 1, 1993). "Outrageous Betrayal. (Book Review)". Kirkus Reviews. Kirkus Associates, LP., Nielsen Company. 61: 986. Retrieved 2007-11-20. McGurk, William S. (June 1977). "Was Ist est? Context: Doctor of Philosophy Thesis: Organizations of corrupt individuals: a study of corruption in international cricket and the Catholic Church. University of Wollongong. p. 311. Guerra de Titanes (1998) ("War of the Titans") was the second Guerra de Titanes professional wrestling show promoted by AAA. The show took place on December 13, 1998 in Chihuahua, Chihuahua, Mexico. The Main event featured a Steel Cage Match that highlighted two storyline feuds between Octagón and his "Evil twin" Pentagón and the feud between Heavy Metal and Kick Boxer as Octagón and Heavy Metal teamed together to take on Pentagón and Kick Boxer. == Production == === Background === Starting in 1997 the Mexican professional wrestling, company AAA has held a major wrestling show late in the year, either November or December, called Guerra de Titanes ("War of the Titans"). The show often features championship matches or Lucha de Apuestas or bet matches where the competitors risked their wrestling mask or hair on the outcome of the match. In Lucha Libre the Lucha de Apuestas match is considered more prestigious than a championship match and a lot of the major shows feature one or more Apuesta matches. The Guerra de Titanes show is hosted by a new location each year, emanating from cities such as Madero, Chihuahua, Chihuahua, Mexico City, Guadalajara, Jalisco and more. The 1998 Guerra de Titanes show was the second show in the series. === Storylines === The Guerra de Titanes show featured four professional wrestling Facts: Answer: Badr Hari

Question: Who was once considered the best kick boxer in the world, however he has been involved in a number of controversies relating to his "unsportsmanlike conducts" in the sport and crimes of violence outside of the ring. Badr Hari (Berber: ⴱⴰⴷⵔ ⵀⴰⵔⵉ, Arabic: بدر هاري‎; born 8 December 1984) is a Moroccan-Dutch kickboxer. He is a former K-1 Heavyweight champion, It's Showtime Heavyweight world champion, and a K-1 World Grand Prix 2008 and 2009 finalist. Nicknamed The Golden Boy, he is regarded as one of the greatest professional kickboxers of all time.Combat Press ranked him as a top ten heavyweight kickboxer between January and November 2016. == Early life == Badr Hari was born and raised in Amsterdam, the capital of the Netherlands. He began kickboxing at the age of seven under the guidance of former World Champion Mousid Akamrane. As a teenager, he trained at the Sitan Gym of Mohammed Aït Hassou. When the Sitan Gym moved to Rotterdam, he joined Chakuriki Gym, run by Thom Harinck. Hari fought under the Dutch flag until he lost to Stefan Leko in 2005. Hari, who tried to publicly address the audience after his defeat, was booed so loudly that no one could make out his words. He expressed disappointment in the Dutch fans: "I thought to myself, I have never witnessed such ungratefulness." From then on Hari has represented Morocco and stopped working with Harinck. Mike Passenier became his new coach. == Kickboxing == === Early career === At the age of seven, Hari was sent by his father to the kickboxing gym to learn how to defend himself from bullies in the neighborhood. People quickly realized he was a natural talent and from the age of 11 he was fighting regularly as a junior. In his teenage years he worked with the Harinck at Chakuriki Gym and he started to become well known on the Amsterdam scene.In January 2005, Hari left Chakuriki Gym and joined Simon Rutz's It's Showtime team. After a few months of training at the Mejiro Gym he temporarily returned to Harinck's for a couple of weeks. Since then he has been coached by Mike Passenier, who has also trained Joerie Mes, Bjorn Bregy and Melvin Manhoef. === K-1 === Hari fought two matches against Leko in 2005; the first took place at an It's Showtime 2005 event in June 2005. Hari started trash talk between him and Leko before being knocked out by Leko's spinning back kick.Hari got his opportunity for revenge in November 2005 when he entered the K-1 World Grand Prix 2005 tournament as a reserve fighter against Leko, and made his K-1 World GP debut at the age of 20. Hari knocked out Leko by a spinning back high kick to the jaw at 1:30 in the second round.Hari returned to the ring at the K-1 World Grand Prix 2006 Final Elimination in Osaka, Japan, against Ruslan Karaev. Karaev hurt Badr with a straight right that left Hari slouching over in the corner before kicking Hari in the face. Hari was counted out by the referee but he and his corner immediately protested that the kick was a foul. When the referee did not respond, Hari and his corner men caused a commotion and refused to leave the ring until they were escorted out by K-1 officials. Hari left in anger and trashed his changing room.Despite being knocked out, Hari was picked as a reserve fighter again in the K-1 Grand Prix 2006 Finals against Paul Slowinski. He won the fight by unanimous decision. Hari then fought Nicholas Pettas at the K-1 Premium 2006 Dynamite!! event and broke Pettas' left shoulder in the second round with a right high kick.Hari fought Karaev again at the K-1 World GP 2007 in Yokohama. Their matchup was one of two bouts to qualify for the first K-1 heavyweight title match, scheduled on 28 April 2007 in Hawaii. Hari beat Karaev in the second round. === K-1 Heavyweight champion === ==== Title reign ==== Hari was scheduled to face Yusuke Fujimoto for the inaugural K-1 Heavyweight Championship at K-1 World GP 2007 in Hawaii on 28 April 2007. Hari began the bout in his usual aggressive manner and knocked Fujimoto down with a left straight, early on in the round. Hari pressured as the fight resumed and knocked Fujimoto out with a head kick at the 56 second mark of the bout.Four months later, Hari was scheduled to fight a rematch with Peter Graham, in a non-title bout, at K-1 World GP 2007 in Hong Kong on 5 August 2007. Graham won their previous fight, at K-1 World Grand Prix 2006 in Auckland on 5 March 2006, by a third-round knockout. Hari won the rematch by unanimous decision, with scores of 30–27, 30–28 and 30–27.Hari was scheduled to face Doug Viney in a non-title bout at K-1 World GP 2007 in Seoul Final 16 on 29 September 2007. He won the fight by a second-round knockout, dropping Viney with a right cross.Hari was scheduled to face the two-time K-1 Heavyweight World Grand Prix winner Remy Bonjasky at K-1 World GP 2007 Final on 8 December 2007. Bonjasky won the fight by majority decision, thus snapping Hari's six fight winner streak.Following this loss, Hari was scheduled to face the 2000 K-1 World Grand Prix runner-up Ray Sefo in another non-title bout at K-1 World GP 2008 in Yokohama on 13 April 2008. Hari overwhelmed Sefo early on, knocking him down several times enroute to a first-round knockout victory.Hari was scheduled to make the first defense of his K-1 heavyweight title against Glaube Feitosa at K-1 World GP 2008 in Fukuoka on 29 June 2008. He won the fight by a first-round knockout.After making his first title defense, Hari was scheduled to face Domagoj Ostojic at K-1 World GP 2008 in Hawaii on 9 August 2008. Hari won the fight by a first-round knockout.A month later, Hari was scheduled to face the 7'2 Choi Hong-man at K-1 World Grand Prix 2008 in Seoul Final 16 on 27 September 2008. It was Choi's first fight in nine months, as he was forced out of the sport due to a brain tumor. Hari was awarded a technical knockout victory, after Choi's corner threw in the towel. ==== K-1 Heavyweight Grand Prix ==== Hari participated in the 2008 K-1 heavyweight Grand Prix, held at K-1 World GP 2008 Final on 6 December 2008. The fight was held before a sellout crowd at the Yokohama Arena, for a prize of $400,000. Hari was scheduled to face the three-time K-1 Grand Prix winner Peter Aerts in the tournament quarterfinals. Hari won the fight by a second-round technical knockout, knocking Aerts down several times in both the first and second rounds. Advancing to the tournament semifinals, Hari faced Errol Zimmerman. He won the fight by a third-round knockout.Hari fought a rematch with Remy Bonjasky in the tournament finals. The two of them previously met at K-1 World GP 2007 Final on 8 December 2007, with Bonjasky winning by majority decision. Bonjasky was more dominant in the first round of the rematch and knocked Hari down with a head kick near the end of the round. The pivotal moment of the fight came in the second round, after Hari threw Bonjasky down to the mat off of a caught kick. Hari followed up with several strikes to the downed opponent, which was an egregious breakage of K-1's rules. As referee Nobuaki Kakuda was pulling Hari away from his opponent, Hari furthermore stomped on Bonjasky. Hari was disqualified for unsportsmanlike conduct. He remained unapologetic for his behavior, stating: "Remy's corner was screaming at him to stay down. I came to fight and he didn't. He's a great actor."Due to his behavior in the tournament final, Hari was stripped of the K-1 heavyweight title. Hari then briefly moved away from K-1, and was scheduled to face Alistair Overeem at Dynamite!! 2008 on December 31, 2008. Hari suffered a first-round knockout. === It's Showtime Heavyweight champion === Hari made his It's Showtime debut against Frederic Sinistra at Fights at the Border presents: It's Showtime 2009 on February 8, 2009. He won the fight by first-round knockout.Hari was scheduled to fight the three-time K-1 World Grand Prix winner Semmy Schilt for the It's Showtime World Heavyweight title at It's Showtime 2009 Amsterdam on December 5, 2009. He won the fight by a first-round technical knockout. ==== K-1 Heavyweight Grand Prix ==== Hari was scheduled to face Zabit Samedov at K-1 World Grand Prix 2009 Final 16 on September 26, 2009, in the qualifying round of the 2009 K-1 World Grand Prix. He won the fight by a first-round body shot knockout.Hari took part in the 2009 K-1 World Grand Prix 2009 Final, held on December 5, 2009. He was scheduled to fight a trilogy match with Ruslan Karaev in the tournament quarterfinals. Each held a knockout victory over the other. Hari won their third meeting by a 38 second knockout. Hari fought a rematch with Alistair Overeem in the tournament semifinals. He was more successful in their second meeting, and won by a first-round knockout. Hari fought another rematch in the tournament finals, against Semmy Schilt. Hari knocked Schilt out after 45 seconds just seven months prior. Schilt won the tournament final by a first-round knockout. ==== It's Showtime title reign ==== Hari was scheduled to make the first defense of his It's Showtime heavyweight title against Mourad Bouzidi at It's Showtime 2010 Prague on February 13, 2010. Hari won the fight by a second-round knockout.Hari was scheduled to face Alexey Ignashov at K-1 World Grand Prix 2010 in Yokohama on April 3, 2010. He won the fight by unanimous decision.Hari was scheduled to make the second defense of his It's Showtime heavyweight title against Hesdy Gerges at It's Showtime 2010 Amsterdam on May 29, 2010. Gerges won the fight by disqualification, after Hari threw an illegal kick. ==== Post-title reign ==== Hari was scheduled to face Gregory Tony at It's Showtime 2011 Lyon on May 14, 2011. He won the fight by a first-round technical knockout.Hari was scheduled to face Gökhan Saki at It's Showtime 2012 in Leeuwarden on January 28, 2012. He won by a second-round knockout.Hari was scheduled to face the 2012 SUPERKOMBAT World Grand Prix winner Anderson Silva at K-1 World MAX 2012 World Championship Tournament Final 16 on May 27, 2012. He won the fight by unanimous decision.Hari was scheduled to fight a rematch with Zabit Samedov in the quarterfinals of the K-1 World Grand Prix 2012 Final, held on March 5, 2012. Although he won by unanimous decision, Hari was unable to advance to the semifinals due to injury. === LFS and GFC === Two months later, Hari was scheduled to fight a trilogy match with Zabit Samedov at the inaugural Legend Fighting Show event on May 25, 2013. Samedov won the fight by a second-round knockout.Hari fought a rematch with Alexey Ignashov at the second Legend Fighting Show event on November 9, 2013. Hari won the fight by unanimous decision.Hari participated in the Global Fighting Championship heavyweight tournament, held on May 29, 2014. He was scheduled to fight 1998 K-1 European Grand Prix winner Stefan Leko in the tournament semifinals. Hari won the fight by a first-round knockout, and advance to the finals where he faced Peter Graham. The two of them fought twice previously, with Graham winning by knockout and Hari winning by decision. Hari won their third fight by a first-round knockout.Hari was scheduled to face Arnold Oborotov at GFC Fight Series 2 on October 16, 2014. He won the fight by a first-round body shot knockout.Hari was scheduled to face Ismael Londt at Akhmat Fight Show on August 22, 2015. He won the fight by a third-round technical knockout. === Glory === ==== Hari vs. Verhoeven I ==== Hari was scheduled to make his Glory debut against the reigning Heavyweight Champion Rico Verhoeven at Glory: Collision on October 12, 2016. Hari appeared to have won the first round, opening a cut on Verhoeven's nose. Verhoeven was more aggressive in the second round and landed knee in the clinch which broke Hari's arm. As Hari was unable to continue fighting, Verhoeven was awarded the technical knockout victory. ==== Hari vs. Gerges ==== On 3 March 2018, Hari fought Gerges. Hari won the fight by unanimous decision, but a year after the fight it was revealed that both fighters had used sports supplements that contained prohibited substances; as a result, both fighters were suspended. Hari failed a drug test prior to Glory 51: Rotterdam, and was issued with a 19-month suspension after tests on samples provided indicated a violation of Netherlands rules regarding prohibited substances for competitive athletes. Gerges, who faced Hari at the event, was also issued with an official reprimand. ==== Hari vs. Verhoeven II ==== Hari was scheduled to challenge Rico Verhoeven for the Glory Heavyweight Championship in his first post-suspension fight. The bout was set for Glory 74: Arnhem on 21 December 2019. In the sold-out GelreDome, in front of 30 000 fans, Verhoeven won the fight by a third-round technical knockout. Hari once again found early success, knocking Verhoeven down in both the first and third rounds. Early on in the third round however, Hari suffered a broken ankle from a missed kick, once again rendering him unable to continue competing.Aside from selling out the arena, the rematch also drew 3.5 million viewers, an estimated 53% of the live television audience in the Netherlands, which was the second highest viewership of a live sports broadcast, in Dutch television history. ==== Hari vs. Adegbuyi ==== On 19 December 2020, Hari fought the #2 ranked Glory heavyweight contender, Benjamin Adegbuyi in a Glory Heavyweight Championship Eliminator at Glory 76. The fight was originally planned to take place on 20 June, but was postponed multiple times due to the COVID-19 pandemic. On 13 September, Glory announced the event would take place on 7 November, only for it be postponed again, when Hari announced that he tested positive for COVID-19 on 19 October. Hari lost the fight by KO in the third round after being kicked by Adegbuyi. Glory vice-chairman Scott Rudmann revealed the following day that Hari suffered a double break in his nose on knockout. ==== Hari vs. Wrzosek ==== It was announced on 31 May 2021, that Hari would face the #8 ranked Glory heavyweight contender Arkadiusz Wrzosek. The bout was scheduled as the main event of Glory 78: Arnhem, held on 4 September 2021. Hari had a great start to the bout and managed to knock Wrzosek down three times with body shots before the midway point of the fight. Halfway through the second round however, Wrzosek landed a head kick which knocked Hari out, extending his winless streak to five fights. == Personal life == === Relationships and children === Hari is married to Daphne Romani and has four daughters and a son. The family currently lives in Morocco. === Legal issues === Hari has been arrested multiple times since 2006 on various assault charges, and gained a reputation for violent behavior. A psychologist who spoke to Hari in relation to one of his trials concluded that his success as an athlete and celebrity status, combined with a lack of personal guidance, resulted in narcissistic personality traits. About his violent eruptions, Hari has said: "I am able to explode at any moment. [...] When my brakes are off, it's just one big clump of explosion, chaos and noise, and I become blind to it all. [...] A storm, a hurricane, a disaster. [...] There just is a certain aggression inside of me, of which I don't know what to do with and neither where it comes from." At his conviction on 21 February 2014, the district attorney described Hari as an individual who is very short-tempered, indulges in vulgar power display, and demonstrates aggressive and intimidating behavior which is characterized by a high "do-you-even-know-who-I-am caliber".Late October 2012, an indictment was handed to Hari in his holding cell, which contained nine criminal charges against Hari: eight crimes of violence and one moving violation, the latter of which is from an incident in March 2010 where a pedestrian sustained injuries. Crimes of violence include: 20 February 2010 Club Blinq. The bouncer of Club Blinq is assaulted by several perpetrators one of which is said to be Hari. 6 March 2010 Albert Cuyp Market. Hari drives his car into the Albert Cuyp Street, which was closed to vehicle traffic, and has an accident with a pedestrian severely injuring her leg. 1–29 July 2011 Spuistraat: Hari is accused of assaulting his ex-girlfriend Rosa in her apartment in Spuistraat and the destruction of her property. 17 July 2011 Club Air: Jeroen van de Berg, the owner of the Club Air and an Italian guest are assaulted. Jeroen suffers serious damage to his teeth due to a kick to the head. 2 December 2011 Cooldown Cafe: Hari is caught on camera in "The Cooldown Cafe" assaulting Olivier, the stepbrother of his ex-girlfriend. 8 July 2012 Sensation White: Dutch millionaire entrepreneur Koen Everink is severely assaulted at a dance event in the Amsterdam Arena. Everink suffered a broken nose and eye socket and a broken ankle, which required several surgical procedures. The public prosecutor stated that numerous witnesses had pointed the finger at Hari.In July 2012 Hari surrendered to police as he feared "being arrested by a SWAT team" to come forth and deny his involvement in an alleged assault on Everink, who claimed Hari was responsible for inflicting his face and leg injuries including a broken ankle, and further allegations of assault made by an Amsterdam nightclub owner. The latter alleged that he had also been attacked by Hari, saying that he "suffered a broken jaw and lost teeth after being kicked in the head" during an altercation at his nightclub and that in light of Everink's seeking to press charges, he would do the same.As is procedure in the Netherlands for crimes that carry a statutory minimum four-year prison sentence or more, Hari was detained in prison whilst awaiting trial. On 9 November 2012 a court in Amsterdam allowed Hari to return home until his trial on the condition that he not visit any horeca establishments (hotels, restaurants and café establishments), or contact witnesses, with the exception of his girlfriend Estelle Cruijff. The day following his release he was spotted violating this condition by eating out at a deli with Cruijff. He also made contact with two witnesses of the incident. As a result, Hari was arrested again by police in Amsterdam and was sentenced to be detained again, this time for three months, with his eventual release in January 2013.On 21 January 2013 a court in Amsterdam determined that Hari should again be released from his pre-trial detention, this time with the condition that he could not visit catering establishments between the hours of 8:00 PM and 8:00 AM. By this point the main witnesses in the case had been heard; and the court deemed it unnecessary to further detain Hari. After Hari's release he resumed training with the intention of returning to the ring. His trial was reportedly set to take place in March 2013.On 21 February 2014 the district court in Amsterdam sentenced him to prison for 1+1⁄2 years. His legal team and the prosecution filed an immediate appeal. The Court of Appeal found him guilty of aggravated assault, noting in particular that each of his assaults was preceded by a relatively mild quarrel and that to his victims his violent behaviour came as a complete surprise, leaving them no chance to defend themselves. He was sentenced to two years in prison, of which ten months were suspended. Since he had already spent eight months in pre-arrest, he still had to serve half a year in prison. In addition, he had to pay his victims compensation of €45,000 in total, and the judgement was upheld by the Supreme Court of the Netherlands in 2017.Hari was reportedly arrested in Dubai following his tournament win at Global FC 3 on 29 May 2014, and he was detained and questioned by police over an alleged incident from late 2011 or early 2012 before being released, according to his lawyer. Hari himself refuted the reports. === Music === In 2007, Hari released a hip-hop song with Dutch-Moroccan rapper Appa entitled "Stap Maar In De Ring" ("Step Into The Ring"). == Championships and accomplishments == 2007 K-1 Heavyweight champion (One successful title defense) 2008 K-1 World Grand Prix runner up 2009 It's Showtime Heavyweight champion (One successful title defense) 2009 K-1 World Grand Prix runner up 2014 GFC Fight Series 1 Heavyweight Tournament Champion 2020 Glory Fight of the Year vs. Benjamin Adegbuyi at Glory 76: Rotterdam == Kickboxing record == == See also == List of male kickboxers List of K-1 champions List of It's Showtime champions == References == == External links == Profile at Glory A protection racket is a type of racket and a scheme of organized crime perpetrated by a potentially hazardous group, usually a criminal organization, which guarantees protection outside the sanction of the law to a business, entity, or individual from violence, looting, arson, robbery, and other such threats, often in situations or regions in which such threats may often not be effectively prevented or addressed by the prevailing system of law and order or local government, in exchange for the extorted payments in cash or kind. The perpetrators of the protection racket may offer these services to protect vulnerable targets from other dangerous individuals and groups or may simply offer to refrain from themselves carrying out threats on the targets, and usually both of these forms of protection are implied in the racket. In many cases, there exists an actual and legitimate outside threat to the target of the protection racket, and the racketeers will in fact protect the target; however, often the racketeers will themselves coerce or threaten the business or targeted individual or entity into accepting the protection, often with the threat, implicit or otherwise, that failing to acquire these protection services will lead to the racketeers themselves contributing to the existing problem. In some instances, the potential threat to the target may be caused by the same group that offers to solve it, but that fact may be concealed in order to ensure continual patronage. In other words, at least ostensibly, the protection racket is a racket that sells security, traditionally physical security. Through the credible threat of violence, the racketeers deter people from swindling, robbing, injuring, sabotaging or otherwise harming their clients. Protection rackets tend to appear in markets in which the police and judiciary cannot be counted on to provide legal protection, because of incompetence (as in weak, corrupt, or failed states, or in cases in which the state does not provide adequate or any protection for certain ethnic or socioeconomic groups), illegality (when the targeted entity is involved in black markets), and/or where other forms of mistrust of the state and government protection exist. Protection rackets are indistinguishable in practice from extortion rackets and distinguishable from private security by some degree of implied threat that the racketeers themselves may attack the business if it fails to pay for their protection. A distinction is possible between a "pure" extortion racket in which the racketeers might agree only not to attack a business and a broader protection racket offering some real private security in addition to such extortion. The criminals might agree to defend a business from any attack by either themselves or third parties (other criminal gangs). However, in reality, that distinction is doubtful, because extortion racketeers may have to defend their clients against rival gangs to maintain their profits. By corollary, criminal gangs may have to maintain control of territories (turfs), as local businesses may collapse if forced to pay for protection from too many rackets, which then hurts all parties involved. Certain scholars, such as Diego Gambetta, classify criminal organizations engaged in protection racketeering as "mafia", as the racket is popular with both the Sicilian Mafia and Italian-American Mafia. == Overview == A protection racket is an operation where criminals provide protection to persons and properties, settle disputes and enforce contracts in markets where the police and judicial system cannot be relied upon. Diego Gambetta's The Sicilian Mafia (1996) and Federico Varese's The Russian Mafia (2001) define the mafia as a type of organized crime group that specializes in the provision of private protection. Protection racketeers or mafia groups operate mostly in the black market, providing buyers and sellers the security they need for smooth transactions; but empirical data collected by Gambetta and Varese suggests that mafia groups are able to offer private protection to corporations and individuals in legal markets when the state fails to offer sufficient and efficient protection to the people in need. Two elements distinguish racketeers from legal security firms. The first element is their willingness to deploy violent forms of retribution (going as far as murder) that fall outside the limits the law normally extends to civilian security firms. The other element is that racketeers are willing to involve themselves in illegal markets. Recent studies show that mafia groups or gangs are not the only form of protection racket or extra-legal protector, and another important form of protection racket is corrupt networks consisting of public officials, especially those from criminal justice agencies. For example, Wang's The Chinese Mafia (2017) examines protection rackets in China and suggests two types of extra-legal protectors, namely the Black Mafia (local gangs) and the Red Mafia (networks of corrupt government officials). Wang's narrative suggests that local gangs are quasi-law enforcers in both legal and illegal markets, and corrupt public officials are extra-legal protectors, safeguarding local gangs, protecting illegal entrepreneurs in the criminal underworld, offering protection to businesspeople, and selling public appointments to buyers. == Territorial monopolies == A protection racketeer cannot tolerate competition within his sphere of influence from another racketeer. If a dispute erupted between two clients (e.g. businessmen competing for a construction contract) who are protected by rival racketeers, the two racketeers would have to fight each other to win the dispute for their respective clients. The outcomes of such fights can be unpredictable, and neither racketeer would be able to guarantee a victory for his client. This would make their protection unreliable and of little value; their clients would likely dismiss them and settle the dispute by other means. Therefore, racketeers negotiate territories in which they can monopolize the use of violence in settling disputes.: 68–71  These territories may be geographical, or they may be a certain type of business or form of transaction. == Providing genuine protection == Sometimes racketeers will warn other criminals that the client is under their protection and that they will punish anyone who harms the client. Services that the racketeers may offer may include the recovery of stolen property or punishing vandals. The racketeers may even advance the interests of the client by forcing out (or otherwise hindering or intimidating) unprotected competitors.Protection from theft and vandalism is one service the racketeer may offer. For instance, in Sicily, mafiosi know all the thieves and fences in their territory, and can track down stolen goods and punish thieves who attack their clients. Protection racketeers establish what they hope will be indefinitely long bonds with their clients. This allows the racketeers to publicly declare a client to be under their protection. Thus, thieves and other predators will have little confusion as to who is and is not protected. Protection racketeers are not necessarily criminals. In A Short History of Progress, Ronald Wright notes on p. 49, "The warrior caste, supposedly society's protectors, often become protection racketeers. In times of war or crisis, power is easily stolen from the many by the few on a promise of security. The more elusive or imaginary the foe, the better for manufacturing consent." == Examples == Danegeld, was a protection tax paid by Christendom to stop Viking raids. During the late medieval and early modern era in the Scottish Marches, local farmers would often need to make payments to the Border Reivers as a form of protection money to ensure they were not attacked. These agreements were called "Black mal", where "mal" was an Old Norse word meaning agreement. The word blackmail entered the English language in 1530 as a result, but the word's meaning has changed since. In Melbourne, Australia, Alphonse Gangitano ran a protection racket along the famous Lygon Street during the 1990s. In Sicily, Italy, officials say that 80% of businesses in the city of Palermo pay pizzo, or protection money, to the Sicilian Mafia. In Ciudad Juárez, Mexico, when the Mexican Drug War escalated in 2008, criminal groups like the Juárez Cartel saw their financial backbone threatened and began asking for protection money from businesses ranging from convenience stores to clubs and restaurants with the threat of burning down the business, kidnapping the owners or killing everyone inside with assault rifles. In the early history of post-Soviet Russia, law enforcement was too underfunded and poorly trained to protect businesses and enforce contracts. Most businesses had to join a protection racket (known as a krysha, the Russian word for "roof") run by local gangsters. In the United Kingdom in the 1950s and 60s the Kray twins ran protection rackets in the East End of London. Chauth, demanded by Sambhaji and Peshva Brahmins during Mahratta Invasions of Bengal and Mahratta Sackings of Goa and Bombay-Bassein. == Government protection rackets == Government officials may demand bribes to look the other way or extort something of value from citizens or corporations in the form of a kickback. It need not always be money. A lucrative job after leaving office may have been in exchange for protection offered when in office. Payment may also show up indirectly in the form of a campaign contribution. Stopping governments agencies as a whole, and buying protection in the government is called regulatory capture. == See also == == References == Outrageous Betrayal: The Dark Journey of Werner Erhard from est to Exile is a non-fiction book written by freelance journalist Steven Pressman and first published in 1993 by St. Martin's Press. The book gives an account of Werner Erhard's early life as Jack Rosenberg, his exploration of various forms of self-help techniques, and his foundation of Erhard Seminars Training "est" and later of Werner Erhard and Associates and of the est successor course, "The Forum". Pressman details the rapid financial success Erhard had with these companies, as well as controversies relating to litigation involving former participants in his courses. The work concludes by going over the impact of a March 3, 1991 60 Minutes broadcast on CBS where members of Erhard's family made allegations against him, and Erhard's decision to leave the United States. Representatives of Werner Erhard and of Landmark Worldwide, the successor company to The Forum, regarded the book as being "defamatory". There are no references or citations provided in the book. == Author == Pressman worked as a journalist after graduating from college in 1977. He worked as a journalist for Orange City News, the Los Angeles Daily Journal, California Lawyer magazine, and Congressional Quarterly's Weekly Report. During his time performing research for and writing Outrageous Betrayal, Pressman published articles for the Legal Times newspaper and wrote articles and served as a senior editor for California Republic. In 1993, Pressman worked as a San Francisco-based legal journalist for California Lawyer. == Research == In the "Acknowledgments" section of Outrageous Betrayal, Pressman wrote that he relied upon both named and unnamed sources for information in the book, in addition to "previously published accounts, court transcripts, depositions, and other documents in which various individuals have recounted earlier conversations". In an article on fair use for Columbia Journalism Review, Pressman noted that he "gathered reams of written materials -- some of it private and confidential -- that were helpful in drawing a comprehensive portrait of my subject". In the Daily Journal, Pressman wrote that legal counsel for the book's publisher insisted on numerous changes to the book "in order to reduce, if not eliminate, the possibility of a successful suit for copyright infringement".By 1993, Pressman and St. Martin's Press had received approximately two dozen letters from Erhard's attorney Walter Maksym, though Erhard's representatives had yet to see the book itself. Maksym told the San Francisco Daily Journal in March 1993 that he wanted to "fact check the book", because he believed that "this is a first-time unknown author who apparently has interviewed only people who have negative things to say", and stated "We have cautioned the publisher that they are responsible for the accuracy of the book." Charlie Spicer, a senior editor at St. Martin's Press, described the actions of Erhard's representatives with regard to the book as "a desperate campaign by someone with something to hide". The author himself made specific reference to his legal support, mentioning "the potential legal rapids that confront authors writing these days about controversial subjects".: 278  == Contents == In Outrageous Betrayal, Steven Pressman gives a chronological account of Erhard's life and businesses, from high-school years through his formation of companies that delivered awareness training and the later controversies surrounding his business and family life. The book goes into detail regarding his early life as Jack Rosenberg and his name-change to Werner Erhard, his move to California, and the initial inspirations behind the training that would become "est". Pressman writes that Erhard took inspiration from the self-help course Mind Dynamics, cybernetics, from the books Think and Grow Rich by Napoleon Hill, and Psycho-Cybernetics by Maxwell Maltz, and from Scientology and the writings of L. Ron Hubbard. He also notes how an attorney skilled in tax law helped Erhard in forming his first awareness-training company, Erhard Seminars Training.Pressman notes how Erhard and his businesses became successful within two years of foundation, and writes that his awareness-training programs trained over half a million people in his courses and brought in tens of millions of dollars in revenue. The book then describes controversies relating to both Erhard's businesses and his reported treatment of his family. Pressman also describes the successor company to Est, Werner Erhard and Associates, and Erhard's decision to sell the "technology" of his course The Forum to his employees and to leave the United States. The book's epilogue includes a firsthand account of a Landmark Forum seminar led by the former Est-trainer Laurel Scheaf in 1992. == Reception == St. Martin's Press first published Outrageous Betrayal in 1993, and Random House published a second edition of the text in 1995.An analysis in Kirkus Reviews, noting the choice of title by the author, asserted that Pressman: "makes no pretense to objectivity here." Kirkus Reviews criticized the book, saying "What the author dramatically fails to provide by bearing down on the negative (to the extent that nearly all his informants denounce est and its founder) is any real understanding of est's teachings--and of why they appealed so deeply to so many." Paul S. Boyer, professor of history at the University of Wisconsin–Madison, reviewed the book in The Washington Post. Boyer wrote that the book "nicely recounts the bizarre tale" of Werner Erhard, saying "Pressman tells his fascinating story well." However he also commented that the book gives "only the sketchiest historical context" of est and its roots in societal experiences.A review by Mary Carroll published in the American Library Association's Booklist noted that the controversy surrounding Erhard was not new, but she wrote that "Pressman pulls the details together effectively." Carroll went on to comment: "Outrageous Betrayal is a disturbing but fascinating object lesson in the power of charisma divorced from conscience." Frances Halpern of the Los Angeles Times called the book a "damning biography".In 1995, Outrageous Betrayal was cited in a report on the United States Department of Transportation by the United States House of Representatives Committee on Appropriations in a case unrelated to Erhard or Est. This was in reference to a Congressional investigation of Gregory May and controversial trainings given by his company Gregory May Associates (GMA) to the Federal Aviation Administration. The testimony given stated that, according to Outrageous Betrayal, a member of GMA's board had been influenced by Erhard Seminars Training and the Church of Scientology.Novelist and journalist Dan Wakefield, in his review of the book in Tricycle: the Buddhist Review, criticized Pressman for failing to speak with people who had positive things to say about est. Pressman described the est training as "a mish-mash of self-help theories, common-sense psychology, and dime-store ideas of motivation" while also praising the program for helping him personally in dealing with alcoholism. Wakefield also cites an opinion survey which suggests that most est participants had positive experiences with it. == See also == Human Potential Movement Journalism sourcing Large Group Awareness Training == Notes == == References == Annichiarico, Mark (September 1, 1993). "Outrageous Betrayal: The Dark Journey of Werner Erhard from Est to Exile (review)". Library Journal. 118 (14): 207. Bader, Barbara (Editor) (July 15, 1976). "Getting It". Kirkus Reviews. 44 (Part II, Section No. 14): 821.CS1 maint: extra text: authors list (link) Berzins, Zane (February 6, 1977). "Getting It". The New York Times Book Review. The New York Times Company. 82: 25. Boyer, Paul (December 9, 1993). "Book World - Erhard, From est to Worst". The Washington Post. p. D2. Carroll, Mary (September 1, 1993). "Pressman, Steven. Outrageous Betrayal". Booklist. American Library Association. 90 (1): 7: Adult Books, Non-fiction, General Works, Philosophy & Psychology. Denison, Charles Wayne (June 1995). "The children of EST: A study of the experience and perceived effects of a large group awareness training". Dissertation Abstracts International. Ann Arbor, Michigan: University Microfilms International. 55 (12–B): 5564. ISSN 0419-4217. Fisher, Jeffrey D.; Cohen Silver, Roxane; Chinsky, Jack M.; Goff, Barry; Klar, Yechiel (1990). Evaluating a Large Group Awareness Training. New York: Springer-Verlag. ISBN 0-387-97320-6. Kirkus Reviews staff (August 1, 1993). "Outrageous Betrayal. (Book Review)". Kirkus Reviews. Kirkus Associates, LP., Nielsen Company. 61: 986. Retrieved 2007-11-20. McGurk, William S. (June 1977). "Was Ist est? Context: difficulties can also bring negative consequences upon the victims. For example in the United States, a study in the 1980s found that the rape victims who went through the prosecution system had a slower recovery process than those who were not prosecuted.In the United States, the late 1980s saw a nationwide movement of women's groups lobbying for reforms in rape laws. Their main goal was to prosecute rape in the similar manner that other crimes are prosecuted by focusing not on the victim's reputation or behavior but on the unlawful acts perpetrated by the offender. The movement also urged to have new laws improve the treatment of rape victims, and it hoped to have an increase in the number of reports of rape Facts: Answer: Badr Hari

Question: Who was once considered the best kick boxer in the world, however he has been involved in a number of controversies relating to his "unsportsmanlike conducts" in the sport and crimes of violence outside of the ring. Badr Hari (Berber: ⴱⴰⴷⵔ ⵀⴰⵔⵉ, Arabic: بدر هاري‎; born 8 December 1984) is a Moroccan-Dutch kickboxer. He is a former K-1 Heavyweight champion, It's Showtime Heavyweight world champion, and a K-1 World Grand Prix 2008 and 2009 finalist. Nicknamed The Golden Boy, he is regarded as one of the greatest professional kickboxers of all time.Combat Press ranked him as a top ten heavyweight kickboxer between January and November 2016. == Early life == Badr Hari was born and raised in Amsterdam, the capital of the Netherlands. He began kickboxing at the age of seven under the guidance of former World Champion Mousid Akamrane. As a teenager, he trained at the Sitan Gym of Mohammed Aït Hassou. When the Sitan Gym moved to Rotterdam, he joined Chakuriki Gym, run by Thom Harinck. Hari fought under the Dutch flag until he lost to Stefan Leko in 2005. Hari, who tried to publicly address the audience after his defeat, was booed so loudly that no one could make out his words. He expressed disappointment in the Dutch fans: "I thought to myself, I have never witnessed such ungratefulness." From then on Hari has represented Morocco and stopped working with Harinck. Mike Passenier became his new coach. == Kickboxing == === Early career === At the age of seven, Hari was sent by his father to the kickboxing gym to learn how to defend himself from bullies in the neighborhood. People quickly realized he was a natural talent and from the age of 11 he was fighting regularly as a junior. In his teenage years he worked with the Harinck at Chakuriki Gym and he started to become well known on the Amsterdam scene.In January 2005, Hari left Chakuriki Gym and joined Simon Rutz's It's Showtime team. After a few months of training at the Mejiro Gym he temporarily returned to Harinck's for a couple of weeks. Since then he has been coached by Mike Passenier, who has also trained Joerie Mes, Bjorn Bregy and Melvin Manhoef. === K-1 === Hari fought two matches against Leko in 2005; the first took place at an It's Showtime 2005 event in June 2005. Hari started trash talk between him and Leko before being knocked out by Leko's spinning back kick.Hari got his opportunity for revenge in November 2005 when he entered the K-1 World Grand Prix 2005 tournament as a reserve fighter against Leko, and made his K-1 World GP debut at the age of 20. Hari knocked out Leko by a spinning back high kick to the jaw at 1:30 in the second round.Hari returned to the ring at the K-1 World Grand Prix 2006 Final Elimination in Osaka, Japan, against Ruslan Karaev. Karaev hurt Badr with a straight right that left Hari slouching over in the corner before kicking Hari in the face. Hari was counted out by the referee but he and his corner immediately protested that the kick was a foul. When the referee did not respond, Hari and his corner men caused a commotion and refused to leave the ring until they were escorted out by K-1 officials. Hari left in anger and trashed his changing room.Despite being knocked out, Hari was picked as a reserve fighter again in the K-1 Grand Prix 2006 Finals against Paul Slowinski. He won the fight by unanimous decision. Hari then fought Nicholas Pettas at the K-1 Premium 2006 Dynamite!! event and broke Pettas' left shoulder in the second round with a right high kick.Hari fought Karaev again at the K-1 World GP 2007 in Yokohama. Their matchup was one of two bouts to qualify for the first K-1 heavyweight title match, scheduled on 28 April 2007 in Hawaii. Hari beat Karaev in the second round. === K-1 Heavyweight champion === ==== Title reign ==== Hari was scheduled to face Yusuke Fujimoto for the inaugural K-1 Heavyweight Championship at K-1 World GP 2007 in Hawaii on 28 April 2007. Hari began the bout in his usual aggressive manner and knocked Fujimoto down with a left straight, early on in the round. Hari pressured as the fight resumed and knocked Fujimoto out with a head kick at the 56 second mark of the bout.Four months later, Hari was scheduled to fight a rematch with Peter Graham, in a non-title bout, at K-1 World GP 2007 in Hong Kong on 5 August 2007. Graham won their previous fight, at K-1 World Grand Prix 2006 in Auckland on 5 March 2006, by a third-round knockout. Hari won the rematch by unanimous decision, with scores of 30–27, 30–28 and 30–27.Hari was scheduled to face Doug Viney in a non-title bout at K-1 World GP 2007 in Seoul Final 16 on 29 September 2007. He won the fight by a second-round knockout, dropping Viney with a right cross.Hari was scheduled to face the two-time K-1 Heavyweight World Grand Prix winner Remy Bonjasky at K-1 World GP 2007 Final on 8 December 2007. Bonjasky won the fight by majority decision, thus snapping Hari's six fight winner streak.Following this loss, Hari was scheduled to face the 2000 K-1 World Grand Prix runner-up Ray Sefo in another non-title bout at K-1 World GP 2008 in Yokohama on 13 April 2008. Hari overwhelmed Sefo early on, knocking him down several times enroute to a first-round knockout victory.Hari was scheduled to make the first defense of his K-1 heavyweight title against Glaube Feitosa at K-1 World GP 2008 in Fukuoka on 29 June 2008. He won the fight by a first-round knockout.After making his first title defense, Hari was scheduled to face Domagoj Ostojic at K-1 World GP 2008 in Hawaii on 9 August 2008. Hari won the fight by a first-round knockout.A month later, Hari was scheduled to face the 7'2 Choi Hong-man at K-1 World Grand Prix 2008 in Seoul Final 16 on 27 September 2008. It was Choi's first fight in nine months, as he was forced out of the sport due to a brain tumor. Hari was awarded a technical knockout victory, after Choi's corner threw in the towel. ==== K-1 Heavyweight Grand Prix ==== Hari participated in the 2008 K-1 heavyweight Grand Prix, held at K-1 World GP 2008 Final on 6 December 2008. The fight was held before a sellout crowd at the Yokohama Arena, for a prize of $400,000. Hari was scheduled to face the three-time K-1 Grand Prix winner Peter Aerts in the tournament quarterfinals. Hari won the fight by a second-round technical knockout, knocking Aerts down several times in both the first and second rounds. Advancing to the tournament semifinals, Hari faced Errol Zimmerman. He won the fight by a third-round knockout.Hari fought a rematch with Remy Bonjasky in the tournament finals. The two of them previously met at K-1 World GP 2007 Final on 8 December 2007, with Bonjasky winning by majority decision. Bonjasky was more dominant in the first round of the rematch and knocked Hari down with a head kick near the end of the round. The pivotal moment of the fight came in the second round, after Hari threw Bonjasky down to the mat off of a caught kick. Hari followed up with several strikes to the downed opponent, which was an egregious breakage of K-1's rules. As referee Nobuaki Kakuda was pulling Hari away from his opponent, Hari furthermore stomped on Bonjasky. Hari was disqualified for unsportsmanlike conduct. He remained unapologetic for his behavior, stating: "Remy's corner was screaming at him to stay down. I came to fight and he didn't. He's a great actor."Due to his behavior in the tournament final, Hari was stripped of the K-1 heavyweight title. Hari then briefly moved away from K-1, and was scheduled to face Alistair Overeem at Dynamite!! 2008 on December 31, 2008. Hari suffered a first-round knockout. === It's Showtime Heavyweight champion === Hari made his It's Showtime debut against Frederic Sinistra at Fights at the Border presents: It's Showtime 2009 on February 8, 2009. He won the fight by first-round knockout.Hari was scheduled to fight the three-time K-1 World Grand Prix winner Semmy Schilt for the It's Showtime World Heavyweight title at It's Showtime 2009 Amsterdam on December 5, 2009. He won the fight by a first-round technical knockout. ==== K-1 Heavyweight Grand Prix ==== Hari was scheduled to face Zabit Samedov at K-1 World Grand Prix 2009 Final 16 on September 26, 2009, in the qualifying round of the 2009 K-1 World Grand Prix. He won the fight by a first-round body shot knockout.Hari took part in the 2009 K-1 World Grand Prix 2009 Final, held on December 5, 2009. He was scheduled to fight a trilogy match with Ruslan Karaev in the tournament quarterfinals. Each held a knockout victory over the other. Hari won their third meeting by a 38 second knockout. Hari fought a rematch with Alistair Overeem in the tournament semifinals. He was more successful in their second meeting, and won by a first-round knockout. Hari fought another rematch in the tournament finals, against Semmy Schilt. Hari knocked Schilt out after 45 seconds just seven months prior. Schilt won the tournament final by a first-round knockout. ==== It's Showtime title reign ==== Hari was scheduled to make the first defense of his It's Showtime heavyweight title against Mourad Bouzidi at It's Showtime 2010 Prague on February 13, 2010. Hari won the fight by a second-round knockout.Hari was scheduled to face Alexey Ignashov at K-1 World Grand Prix 2010 in Yokohama on April 3, 2010. He won the fight by unanimous decision.Hari was scheduled to make the second defense of his It's Showtime heavyweight title against Hesdy Gerges at It's Showtime 2010 Amsterdam on May 29, 2010. Gerges won the fight by disqualification, after Hari threw an illegal kick. ==== Post-title reign ==== Hari was scheduled to face Gregory Tony at It's Showtime 2011 Lyon on May 14, 2011. He won the fight by a first-round technical knockout.Hari was scheduled to face Gökhan Saki at It's Showtime 2012 in Leeuwarden on January 28, 2012. He won by a second-round knockout.Hari was scheduled to face the 2012 SUPERKOMBAT World Grand Prix winner Anderson Silva at K-1 World MAX 2012 World Championship Tournament Final 16 on May 27, 2012. He won the fight by unanimous decision.Hari was scheduled to fight a rematch with Zabit Samedov in the quarterfinals of the K-1 World Grand Prix 2012 Final, held on March 5, 2012. Although he won by unanimous decision, Hari was unable to advance to the semifinals due to injury. === LFS and GFC === Two months later, Hari was scheduled to fight a trilogy match with Zabit Samedov at the inaugural Legend Fighting Show event on May 25, 2013. Samedov won the fight by a second-round knockout.Hari fought a rematch with Alexey Ignashov at the second Legend Fighting Show event on November 9, 2013. Hari won the fight by unanimous decision.Hari participated in the Global Fighting Championship heavyweight tournament, held on May 29, 2014. He was scheduled to fight 1998 K-1 European Grand Prix winner Stefan Leko in the tournament semifinals. Hari won the fight by a first-round knockout, and advance to the finals where he faced Peter Graham. The two of them fought twice previously, with Graham winning by knockout and Hari winning by decision. Hari won their third fight by a first-round knockout.Hari was scheduled to face Arnold Oborotov at GFC Fight Series 2 on October 16, 2014. He won the fight by a first-round body shot knockout.Hari was scheduled to face Ismael Londt at Akhmat Fight Show on August 22, 2015. He won the fight by a third-round technical knockout. === Glory === ==== Hari vs. Verhoeven I ==== Hari was scheduled to make his Glory debut against the reigning Heavyweight Champion Rico Verhoeven at Glory: Collision on October 12, 2016. Hari appeared to have won the first round, opening a cut on Verhoeven's nose. Verhoeven was more aggressive in the second round and landed knee in the clinch which broke Hari's arm. As Hari was unable to continue fighting, Verhoeven was awarded the technical knockout victory. ==== Hari vs. Gerges ==== On 3 March 2018, Hari fought Gerges. Hari won the fight by unanimous decision, but a year after the fight it was revealed that both fighters had used sports supplements that contained prohibited substances; as a result, both fighters were suspended. Hari failed a drug test prior to Glory 51: Rotterdam, and was issued with a 19-month suspension after tests on samples provided indicated a violation of Netherlands rules regarding prohibited substances for competitive athletes. Gerges, who faced Hari at the event, was also issued with an official reprimand. ==== Hari vs. Verhoeven II ==== Hari was scheduled to challenge Rico Verhoeven for the Glory Heavyweight Championship in his first post-suspension fight. The bout was set for Glory 74: Arnhem on 21 December 2019. In the sold-out GelreDome, in front of 30 000 fans, Verhoeven won the fight by a third-round technical knockout. Hari once again found early success, knocking Verhoeven down in both the first and third rounds. Early on in the third round however, Hari suffered a broken ankle from a missed kick, once again rendering him unable to continue competing.Aside from selling out the arena, the rematch also drew 3.5 million viewers, an estimated 53% of the live television audience in the Netherlands, which was the second highest viewership of a live sports broadcast, in Dutch television history. ==== Hari vs. Adegbuyi ==== On 19 December 2020, Hari fought the #2 ranked Glory heavyweight contender, Benjamin Adegbuyi in a Glory Heavyweight Championship Eliminator at Glory 76. The fight was originally planned to take place on 20 June, but was postponed multiple times due to the COVID-19 pandemic. On 13 September, Glory announced the event would take place on 7 November, only for it be postponed again, when Hari announced that he tested positive for COVID-19 on 19 October. Hari lost the fight by KO in the third round after being kicked by Adegbuyi. Glory vice-chairman Scott Rudmann revealed the following day that Hari suffered a double break in his nose on knockout. ==== Hari vs. Wrzosek ==== It was announced on 31 May 2021, that Hari would face the #8 ranked Glory heavyweight contender Arkadiusz Wrzosek. The bout was scheduled as the main event of Glory 78: Arnhem, held on 4 September 2021. Hari had a great start to the bout and managed to knock Wrzosek down three times with body shots before the midway point of the fight. Halfway through the second round however, Wrzosek landed a head kick which knocked Hari out, extending his winless streak to five fights. == Personal life == === Relationships and children === Hari is married to Daphne Romani and has four daughters and a son. The family currently lives in Morocco. === Legal issues === Hari has been arrested multiple times since 2006 on various assault charges, and gained a reputation for violent behavior. A psychologist who spoke to Hari in relation to one of his trials concluded that his success as an athlete and celebrity status, combined with a lack of personal guidance, resulted in narcissistic personality traits. About his violent eruptions, Hari has said: "I am able to explode at any moment. [...] When my brakes are off, it's just one big clump of explosion, chaos and noise, and I become blind to it all. [...] A storm, a hurricane, a disaster. [...] There just is a certain aggression inside of me, of which I don't know what to do with and neither where it comes from." At his conviction on 21 February 2014, the district attorney described Hari as an individual who is very short-tempered, indulges in vulgar power display, and demonstrates aggressive and intimidating behavior which is characterized by a high "do-you-even-know-who-I-am caliber".Late October 2012, an indictment was handed to Hari in his holding cell, which contained nine criminal charges against Hari: eight crimes of violence and one moving violation, the latter of which is from an incident in March 2010 where a pedestrian sustained injuries. Crimes of violence include: 20 February 2010 Club Blinq. The bouncer of Club Blinq is assaulted by several perpetrators one of which is said to be Hari. 6 March 2010 Albert Cuyp Market. Hari drives his car into the Albert Cuyp Street, which was closed to vehicle traffic, and has an accident with a pedestrian severely injuring her leg. 1–29 July 2011 Spuistraat: Hari is accused of assaulting his ex-girlfriend Rosa in her apartment in Spuistraat and the destruction of her property. 17 July 2011 Club Air: Jeroen van de Berg, the owner of the Club Air and an Italian guest are assaulted. Jeroen suffers serious damage to his teeth due to a kick to the head. 2 December 2011 Cooldown Cafe: Hari is caught on camera in "The Cooldown Cafe" assaulting Olivier, the stepbrother of his ex-girlfriend. 8 July 2012 Sensation White: Dutch millionaire entrepreneur Koen Everink is severely assaulted at a dance event in the Amsterdam Arena. Everink suffered a broken nose and eye socket and a broken ankle, which required several surgical procedures. The public prosecutor stated that numerous witnesses had pointed the finger at Hari.In July 2012 Hari surrendered to police as he feared "being arrested by a SWAT team" to come forth and deny his involvement in an alleged assault on Everink, who claimed Hari was responsible for inflicting his face and leg injuries including a broken ankle, and further allegations of assault made by an Amsterdam nightclub owner. The latter alleged that he had also been attacked by Hari, saying that he "suffered a broken jaw and lost teeth after being kicked in the head" during an altercation at his nightclub and that in light of Everink's seeking to press charges, he would do the same.As is procedure in the Netherlands for crimes that carry a statutory minimum four-year prison sentence or more, Hari was detained in prison whilst awaiting trial. On 9 November 2012 a court in Amsterdam allowed Hari to return home until his trial on the condition that he not visit any horeca establishments (hotels, restaurants and café establishments), or contact witnesses, with the exception of his girlfriend Estelle Cruijff. The day following his release he was spotted violating this condition by eating out at a deli with Cruijff. He also made contact with two witnesses of the incident. As a result, Hari was arrested again by police in Amsterdam and was sentenced to be detained again, this time for three months, with his eventual release in January 2013.On 21 January 2013 a court in Amsterdam determined that Hari should again be released from his pre-trial detention, this time with the condition that he could not visit catering establishments between the hours of 8:00 PM and 8:00 AM. By this point the main witnesses in the case had been heard; and the court deemed it unnecessary to further detain Hari. After Hari's release he resumed training with the intention of returning to the ring. His trial was reportedly set to take place in March 2013.On 21 February 2014 the district court in Amsterdam sentenced him to prison for 1+1⁄2 years. His legal team and the prosecution filed an immediate appeal. The Court of Appeal found him guilty of aggravated assault, noting in particular that each of his assaults was preceded by a relatively mild quarrel and that to his victims his violent behaviour came as a complete surprise, leaving them no chance to defend themselves. He was sentenced to two years in prison, of which ten months were suspended. Since he had already spent eight months in pre-arrest, he still had to serve half a year in prison. In addition, he had to pay his victims compensation of €45,000 in total, and the judgement was upheld by the Supreme Court of the Netherlands in 2017.Hari was reportedly arrested in Dubai following his tournament win at Global FC 3 on 29 May 2014, and he was detained and questioned by police over an alleged incident from late 2011 or early 2012 before being released, according to his lawyer. Hari himself refuted the reports. === Music === In 2007, Hari released a hip-hop song with Dutch-Moroccan rapper Appa entitled "Stap Maar In De Ring" ("Step Into The Ring"). == Championships and accomplishments == 2007 K-1 Heavyweight champion (One successful title defense) 2008 K-1 World Grand Prix runner up 2009 It's Showtime Heavyweight champion (One successful title defense) 2009 K-1 World Grand Prix runner up 2014 GFC Fight Series 1 Heavyweight Tournament Champion 2020 Glory Fight of the Year vs. Benjamin Adegbuyi at Glory 76: Rotterdam == Kickboxing record == == See also == List of male kickboxers List of K-1 champions List of It's Showtime champions == References == == External links == Profile at Glory A protection racket is a type of racket and a scheme of organized crime perpetrated by a potentially hazardous group, usually a criminal organization, which guarantees protection outside the sanction of the law to a business, entity, or individual from violence, looting, arson, robbery, and other such threats, often in situations or regions in which such threats may often not be effectively prevented or addressed by the prevailing system of law and order or local government, in exchange for the extorted payments in cash or kind. The perpetrators of the protection racket may offer these services to protect vulnerable targets from other dangerous individuals and groups or may simply offer to refrain from themselves carrying out threats on the targets, and usually both of these forms of protection are implied in the racket. In many cases, there exists an actual and legitimate outside threat to the target of the protection racket, and the racketeers will in fact protect the target; however, often the racketeers will themselves coerce or threaten the business or targeted individual or entity into accepting the protection, often with the threat, implicit or otherwise, that failing to acquire these protection services will lead to the racketeers themselves contributing to the existing problem. In some instances, the potential threat to the target may be caused by the same group that offers to solve it, but that fact may be concealed in order to ensure continual patronage. In other words, at least ostensibly, the protection racket is a racket that sells security, traditionally physical security. Through the credible threat of violence, the racketeers deter people from swindling, robbing, injuring, sabotaging or otherwise harming their clients. Protection rackets tend to appear in markets in which the police and judiciary cannot be counted on to provide legal protection, because of incompetence (as in weak, corrupt, or failed states, or in cases in which the state does not provide adequate or any protection for certain ethnic or socioeconomic groups), illegality (when the targeted entity is involved in black markets), and/or where other forms of mistrust of the state and government protection exist. Protection rackets are indistinguishable in practice from extortion rackets and distinguishable from private security by some degree of implied threat that the racketeers themselves may attack the business if it fails to pay for their protection. A distinction is possible between a "pure" extortion racket in which the racketeers might agree only not to attack a business and a broader protection racket offering some real private security in addition to such extortion. The criminals might agree to defend a business from any attack by either themselves or third parties (other criminal gangs). However, in reality, that distinction is doubtful, because extortion racketeers may have to defend their clients against rival gangs to maintain their profits. By corollary, criminal gangs may have to maintain control of territories (turfs), as local businesses may collapse if forced to pay for protection from too many rackets, which then hurts all parties involved. Certain scholars, such as Diego Gambetta, classify criminal organizations engaged in protection racketeering as "mafia", as the racket is popular with both the Sicilian Mafia and Italian-American Mafia. == Overview == A protection racket is an operation where criminals provide protection to persons and properties, settle disputes and enforce contracts in markets where the police and judicial system cannot be relied upon. Diego Gambetta's The Sicilian Mafia (1996) and Federico Varese's The Russian Mafia (2001) define the mafia as a type of organized crime group that specializes in the provision of private protection. Protection racketeers or mafia groups operate mostly in the black market, providing buyers and sellers the security they need for smooth transactions; but empirical data collected by Gambetta and Varese suggests that mafia groups are able to offer private protection to corporations and individuals in legal markets when the state fails to offer sufficient and efficient protection to the people in need. Two elements distinguish racketeers from legal security firms. The first element is their willingness to deploy violent forms of retribution (going as far as murder) that fall outside the limits the law normally extends to civilian security firms. The other element is that racketeers are willing to involve themselves in illegal markets. Recent studies show that mafia groups or gangs are not the only form of protection racket or extra-legal protector, and another important form of protection racket is corrupt networks consisting of public officials, especially those from criminal justice agencies. For example, Wang's The Chinese Mafia (2017) examines protection rackets in China and suggests two types of extra-legal protectors, namely the Black Mafia (local gangs) and the Red Mafia (networks of corrupt government officials). Wang's narrative suggests that local gangs are quasi-law enforcers in both legal and illegal markets, and corrupt public officials are extra-legal protectors, safeguarding local gangs, protecting illegal entrepreneurs in the criminal underworld, offering protection to businesspeople, and selling public appointments to buyers. == Territorial monopolies == A protection racketeer cannot tolerate competition within his sphere of influence from another racketeer. If a dispute erupted between two clients (e.g. businessmen competing for a construction contract) who are protected by rival racketeers, the two racketeers would have to fight each other to win the dispute for their respective clients. The outcomes of such fights can be unpredictable, and neither racketeer would be able to guarantee a victory for his client. This would make their protection unreliable and of little value; their clients would likely dismiss them and settle the dispute by other means. Therefore, racketeers negotiate territories in which they can monopolize the use of violence in settling disputes.: 68–71  These territories may be geographical, or they may be a certain type of business or form of transaction. == Providing genuine protection == Sometimes racketeers will warn other criminals that the client is under their protection and that they will punish anyone who harms the client. Services that the racketeers may offer may include the recovery of stolen property or punishing vandals. The racketeers may even advance the interests of the client by forcing out (or otherwise hindering or intimidating) unprotected competitors.Protection from theft and vandalism is one service the racketeer may offer. For instance, in Sicily, mafiosi know all the thieves and fences in their territory, and can track down stolen goods and punish thieves who attack their clients. Protection racketeers establish what they hope will be indefinitely long bonds with their clients. This allows the racketeers to publicly declare a client to be under their protection. Thus, thieves and other predators will have little confusion as to who is and is not protected. Protection racketeers are not necessarily criminals. In A Short History of Progress, Ronald Wright notes on p. 49, "The warrior caste, supposedly society's protectors, often become protection racketeers. In times of war or crisis, power is easily stolen from the many by the few on a promise of security. The more elusive or imaginary the foe, the better for manufacturing consent." == Examples == Danegeld, was a protection tax paid by Christendom to stop Viking raids. During the late medieval and early modern era in the Scottish Marches, local farmers would often need to make payments to the Border Reivers as a form of protection money to ensure they were not attacked. These agreements were called "Black mal", where "mal" was an Old Norse word meaning agreement. The word blackmail entered the English language in 1530 as a result, but the word's meaning has changed since. In Melbourne, Australia, Alphonse Gangitano ran a protection racket along the famous Lygon Street during the 1990s. In Sicily, Italy, officials say that 80% of businesses in the city of Palermo pay pizzo, or protection money, to the Sicilian Mafia. In Ciudad Juárez, Mexico, when the Mexican Drug War escalated in 2008, criminal groups like the Juárez Cartel saw their financial backbone threatened and began asking for protection money from businesses ranging from convenience stores to clubs and restaurants with the threat of burning down the business, kidnapping the owners or killing everyone inside with assault rifles. In the early history of post-Soviet Russia, law enforcement was too underfunded and poorly trained to protect businesses and enforce contracts. Most businesses had to join a protection racket (known as a krysha, the Russian word for "roof") run by local gangsters. In the United Kingdom in the 1950s and 60s the Kray twins ran protection rackets in the East End of London. Chauth, demanded by Sambhaji and Peshva Brahmins during Mahratta Invasions of Bengal and Mahratta Sackings of Goa and Bombay-Bassein. == Government protection rackets == Government officials may demand bribes to look the other way or extort something of value from citizens or corporations in the form of a kickback. It need not always be money. A lucrative job after leaving office may have been in exchange for protection offered when in office. Payment may also show up indirectly in the form of a campaign contribution. Stopping governments agencies as a whole, and buying protection in the government is called regulatory capture. == See also == == References == Outrageous Betrayal: The Dark Journey of Werner Erhard from est to Exile is a non-fiction book written by freelance journalist Steven Pressman and first published in 1993 by St. Martin's Press. The book gives an account of Werner Erhard's early life as Jack Rosenberg, his exploration of various forms of self-help techniques, and his foundation of Erhard Seminars Training "est" and later of Werner Erhard and Associates and of the est successor course, "The Forum". Pressman details the rapid financial success Erhard had with these companies, as well as controversies relating to litigation involving former participants in his courses. The work concludes by going over the impact of a March 3, 1991 60 Minutes broadcast on CBS where members of Erhard's family made allegations against him, and Erhard's decision to leave the United States. Representatives of Werner Erhard and of Landmark Worldwide, the successor company to The Forum, regarded the book as being "defamatory". There are no references or citations provided in the book. == Author == Pressman worked as a journalist after graduating from college in 1977. He worked as a journalist for Orange City News, the Los Angeles Daily Journal, California Lawyer magazine, and Congressional Quarterly's Weekly Report. During his time performing research for and writing Outrageous Betrayal, Pressman published articles for the Legal Times newspaper and wrote articles and served as a senior editor for California Republic. In 1993, Pressman worked as a San Francisco-based legal journalist for California Lawyer. == Research == In the "Acknowledgments" section of Outrageous Betrayal, Pressman wrote that he relied upon both named and unnamed sources for information in the book, in addition to "previously published accounts, court transcripts, depositions, and other documents in which various individuals have recounted earlier conversations". In an article on fair use for Columbia Journalism Review, Pressman noted that he "gathered reams of written materials -- some of it private and confidential -- that were helpful in drawing a comprehensive portrait of my subject". In the Daily Journal, Pressman wrote that legal counsel for the book's publisher insisted on numerous changes to the book "in order to reduce, if not eliminate, the possibility of a successful suit for copyright infringement".By 1993, Pressman and St. Martin's Press had received approximately two dozen letters from Erhard's attorney Walter Maksym, though Erhard's representatives had yet to see the book itself. Maksym told the San Francisco Daily Journal in March 1993 that he wanted to "fact check the book", because he believed that "this is a first-time unknown author who apparently has interviewed only people who have negative things to say", and stated "We have cautioned the publisher that they are responsible for the accuracy of the book." Charlie Spicer, a senior editor at St. Martin's Press, described the actions of Erhard's representatives with regard to the book as "a desperate campaign by someone with something to hide". The author himself made specific reference to his legal support, mentioning "the potential legal rapids that confront authors writing these days about controversial subjects".: 278  == Contents == In Outrageous Betrayal, Steven Pressman gives a chronological account of Erhard's life and businesses, from high-school years through his formation of companies that delivered awareness training and the later controversies surrounding his business and family life. The book goes into detail regarding his early life as Jack Rosenberg and his name-change to Werner Erhard, his move to California, and the initial inspirations behind the training that would become "est". Pressman writes that Erhard took inspiration from the self-help course Mind Dynamics, cybernetics, from the books Think and Grow Rich by Napoleon Hill, and Psycho-Cybernetics by Maxwell Maltz, and from Scientology and the writings of L. Ron Hubbard. He also notes how an attorney skilled in tax law helped Erhard in forming his first awareness-training company, Erhard Seminars Training.Pressman notes how Erhard and his businesses became successful within two years of foundation, and writes that his awareness-training programs trained over half a million people in his courses and brought in tens of millions of dollars in revenue. The book then describes controversies relating to both Erhard's businesses and his reported treatment of his family. Pressman also describes the successor company to Est, Werner Erhard and Associates, and Erhard's decision to sell the "technology" of his course The Forum to his employees and to leave the United States. The book's epilogue includes a firsthand account of a Landmark Forum seminar led by the former Est-trainer Laurel Scheaf in 1992. == Reception == St. Martin's Press first published Outrageous Betrayal in 1993, and Random House published a second edition of the text in 1995.An analysis in Kirkus Reviews, noting the choice of title by the author, asserted that Pressman: "makes no pretense to objectivity here." Kirkus Reviews criticized the book, saying "What the author dramatically fails to provide by bearing down on the negative (to the extent that nearly all his informants denounce est and its founder) is any real understanding of est's teachings--and of why they appealed so deeply to so many." Paul S. Boyer, professor of history at the University of Wisconsin–Madison, reviewed the book in The Washington Post. Boyer wrote that the book "nicely recounts the bizarre tale" of Werner Erhard, saying "Pressman tells his fascinating story well." However he also commented that the book gives "only the sketchiest historical context" of est and its roots in societal experiences.A review by Mary Carroll published in the American Library Association's Booklist noted that the controversy surrounding Erhard was not new, but she wrote that "Pressman pulls the details together effectively." Carroll went on to comment: "Outrageous Betrayal is a disturbing but fascinating object lesson in the power of charisma divorced from conscience." Frances Halpern of the Los Angeles Times called the book a "damning biography".In 1995, Outrageous Betrayal was cited in a report on the United States Department of Transportation by the United States House of Representatives Committee on Appropriations in a case unrelated to Erhard or Est. This was in reference to a Congressional investigation of Gregory May and controversial trainings given by his company Gregory May Associates (GMA) to the Federal Aviation Administration. The testimony given stated that, according to Outrageous Betrayal, a member of GMA's board had been influenced by Erhard Seminars Training and the Church of Scientology.Novelist and journalist Dan Wakefield, in his review of the book in Tricycle: the Buddhist Review, criticized Pressman for failing to speak with people who had positive things to say about est. Pressman described the est training as "a mish-mash of self-help theories, common-sense psychology, and dime-store ideas of motivation" while also praising the program for helping him personally in dealing with alcoholism. Wakefield also cites an opinion survey which suggests that most est participants had positive experiences with it. == See also == Human Potential Movement Journalism sourcing Large Group Awareness Training == Notes == == References == Annichiarico, Mark (September 1, 1993). "Outrageous Betrayal: The Dark Journey of Werner Erhard from Est to Exile (review)". Library Journal. 118 (14): 207. Bader, Barbara (Editor) (July 15, 1976). "Getting It". Kirkus Reviews. 44 (Part II, Section No. 14): 821.CS1 maint: extra text: authors list (link) Berzins, Zane (February 6, 1977). "Getting It". The New York Times Book Review. The New York Times Company. 82: 25. Boyer, Paul (December 9, 1993). "Book World - Erhard, From est to Worst". The Washington Post. p. D2. Carroll, Mary (September 1, 1993). "Pressman, Steven. Outrageous Betrayal". Booklist. American Library Association. 90 (1): 7: Adult Books, Non-fiction, General Works, Philosophy & Psychology. Denison, Charles Wayne (June 1995). "The children of EST: A study of the experience and perceived effects of a large group awareness training". Dissertation Abstracts International. Ann Arbor, Michigan: University Microfilms International. 55 (12–B): 5564. ISSN 0419-4217. Fisher, Jeffrey D.; Cohen Silver, Roxane; Chinsky, Jack M.; Goff, Barry; Klar, Yechiel (1990). Evaluating a Large Group Awareness Training. New York: Springer-Verlag. ISBN 0-387-97320-6. Kirkus Reviews staff (August 1, 1993). "Outrageous Betrayal. (Book Review)". Kirkus Reviews. Kirkus Associates, LP., Nielsen Company. 61: 986. Retrieved 2007-11-20. McGurk, William S. (June 1977). "Was Ist est? Context: The movement also urged to have new laws improve the treatment of rape victims, and it hoped to have an increase in the number of reports of rape. The movement eventually led to rape law reforms for all fifty states. States varied in their reforms, but the common changes that resulted from the reforms were: 1) Changes in the definition of rape: include a more diverse range of sexual assaults such as identifying men as potential victims, women as potential perpetrators, and recognizing sexual assaults by a spouse 2) Elimination of the resistance requirement: Reformers argued that resistance could lead to more injuries and that the law should focus on the actions of the offender rather than those of the victim 3) Elimination of the corroboration requirement: Before the reform, rape was the only crime, which required corroborated testimony of the victim 4) Enactment of a rape shield law: The sexual history or incidents prior to the assault of the victim can no longer be used against the victim since it was argued that this information provides little, if any, evidence for the trialIn India after the 2012 Delhi gang rape case amendments were made to the laws concerning rape with more specific protocols towards the trial proceedings. The new law, Criminal Law (Amendment) Bill, 2013, also defines new crimes such as stalking and voyeurism, expands the definition of rape, and brings higher sentences for punishment of the offenders (such as the death penalty for repeated offenders and for cases resulting in the victim's death). The law was passed by India's Parliament on March 2013, and with the passing of this law, it is also a crime for the police to refuse to open cases for sexual attack allegations. ===== Marital rape ===== Marital rape is a form of sexual abuse and domestic violence. It Facts: Answer: Badr Hari

Question: Who was once considered the best kick boxer in the world, however he has been involved in a number of controversies relating to his "unsportsmanlike conducts" in the sport and crimes of violence outside of the ring. Badr Hari (Berber: ⴱⴰⴷⵔ ⵀⴰⵔⵉ, Arabic: بدر هاري‎; born 8 December 1984) is a Moroccan-Dutch kickboxer. He is a former K-1 Heavyweight champion, It's Showtime Heavyweight world champion, and a K-1 World Grand Prix 2008 and 2009 finalist. Nicknamed The Golden Boy, he is regarded as one of the greatest professional kickboxers of all time.Combat Press ranked him as a top ten heavyweight kickboxer between January and November 2016. == Early life == Badr Hari was born and raised in Amsterdam, the capital of the Netherlands. He began kickboxing at the age of seven under the guidance of former World Champion Mousid Akamrane. As a teenager, he trained at the Sitan Gym of Mohammed Aït Hassou. When the Sitan Gym moved to Rotterdam, he joined Chakuriki Gym, run by Thom Harinck. Hari fought under the Dutch flag until he lost to Stefan Leko in 2005. Hari, who tried to publicly address the audience after his defeat, was booed so loudly that no one could make out his words. He expressed disappointment in the Dutch fans: "I thought to myself, I have never witnessed such ungratefulness." From then on Hari has represented Morocco and stopped working with Harinck. Mike Passenier became his new coach. == Kickboxing == === Early career === At the age of seven, Hari was sent by his father to the kickboxing gym to learn how to defend himself from bullies in the neighborhood. People quickly realized he was a natural talent and from the age of 11 he was fighting regularly as a junior. In his teenage years he worked with the Harinck at Chakuriki Gym and he started to become well known on the Amsterdam scene.In January 2005, Hari left Chakuriki Gym and joined Simon Rutz's It's Showtime team. After a few months of training at the Mejiro Gym he temporarily returned to Harinck's for a couple of weeks. Since then he has been coached by Mike Passenier, who has also trained Joerie Mes, Bjorn Bregy and Melvin Manhoef. === K-1 === Hari fought two matches against Leko in 2005; the first took place at an It's Showtime 2005 event in June 2005. Hari started trash talk between him and Leko before being knocked out by Leko's spinning back kick.Hari got his opportunity for revenge in November 2005 when he entered the K-1 World Grand Prix 2005 tournament as a reserve fighter against Leko, and made his K-1 World GP debut at the age of 20. Hari knocked out Leko by a spinning back high kick to the jaw at 1:30 in the second round.Hari returned to the ring at the K-1 World Grand Prix 2006 Final Elimination in Osaka, Japan, against Ruslan Karaev. Karaev hurt Badr with a straight right that left Hari slouching over in the corner before kicking Hari in the face. Hari was counted out by the referee but he and his corner immediately protested that the kick was a foul. When the referee did not respond, Hari and his corner men caused a commotion and refused to leave the ring until they were escorted out by K-1 officials. Hari left in anger and trashed his changing room.Despite being knocked out, Hari was picked as a reserve fighter again in the K-1 Grand Prix 2006 Finals against Paul Slowinski. He won the fight by unanimous decision. Hari then fought Nicholas Pettas at the K-1 Premium 2006 Dynamite!! event and broke Pettas' left shoulder in the second round with a right high kick.Hari fought Karaev again at the K-1 World GP 2007 in Yokohama. Their matchup was one of two bouts to qualify for the first K-1 heavyweight title match, scheduled on 28 April 2007 in Hawaii. Hari beat Karaev in the second round. === K-1 Heavyweight champion === ==== Title reign ==== Hari was scheduled to face Yusuke Fujimoto for the inaugural K-1 Heavyweight Championship at K-1 World GP 2007 in Hawaii on 28 April 2007. Hari began the bout in his usual aggressive manner and knocked Fujimoto down with a left straight, early on in the round. Hari pressured as the fight resumed and knocked Fujimoto out with a head kick at the 56 second mark of the bout.Four months later, Hari was scheduled to fight a rematch with Peter Graham, in a non-title bout, at K-1 World GP 2007 in Hong Kong on 5 August 2007. Graham won their previous fight, at K-1 World Grand Prix 2006 in Auckland on 5 March 2006, by a third-round knockout. Hari won the rematch by unanimous decision, with scores of 30–27, 30–28 and 30–27.Hari was scheduled to face Doug Viney in a non-title bout at K-1 World GP 2007 in Seoul Final 16 on 29 September 2007. He won the fight by a second-round knockout, dropping Viney with a right cross.Hari was scheduled to face the two-time K-1 Heavyweight World Grand Prix winner Remy Bonjasky at K-1 World GP 2007 Final on 8 December 2007. Bonjasky won the fight by majority decision, thus snapping Hari's six fight winner streak.Following this loss, Hari was scheduled to face the 2000 K-1 World Grand Prix runner-up Ray Sefo in another non-title bout at K-1 World GP 2008 in Yokohama on 13 April 2008. Hari overwhelmed Sefo early on, knocking him down several times enroute to a first-round knockout victory.Hari was scheduled to make the first defense of his K-1 heavyweight title against Glaube Feitosa at K-1 World GP 2008 in Fukuoka on 29 June 2008. He won the fight by a first-round knockout.After making his first title defense, Hari was scheduled to face Domagoj Ostojic at K-1 World GP 2008 in Hawaii on 9 August 2008. Hari won the fight by a first-round knockout.A month later, Hari was scheduled to face the 7'2 Choi Hong-man at K-1 World Grand Prix 2008 in Seoul Final 16 on 27 September 2008. It was Choi's first fight in nine months, as he was forced out of the sport due to a brain tumor. Hari was awarded a technical knockout victory, after Choi's corner threw in the towel. ==== K-1 Heavyweight Grand Prix ==== Hari participated in the 2008 K-1 heavyweight Grand Prix, held at K-1 World GP 2008 Final on 6 December 2008. The fight was held before a sellout crowd at the Yokohama Arena, for a prize of $400,000. Hari was scheduled to face the three-time K-1 Grand Prix winner Peter Aerts in the tournament quarterfinals. Hari won the fight by a second-round technical knockout, knocking Aerts down several times in both the first and second rounds. Advancing to the tournament semifinals, Hari faced Errol Zimmerman. He won the fight by a third-round knockout.Hari fought a rematch with Remy Bonjasky in the tournament finals. The two of them previously met at K-1 World GP 2007 Final on 8 December 2007, with Bonjasky winning by majority decision. Bonjasky was more dominant in the first round of the rematch and knocked Hari down with a head kick near the end of the round. The pivotal moment of the fight came in the second round, after Hari threw Bonjasky down to the mat off of a caught kick. Hari followed up with several strikes to the downed opponent, which was an egregious breakage of K-1's rules. As referee Nobuaki Kakuda was pulling Hari away from his opponent, Hari furthermore stomped on Bonjasky. Hari was disqualified for unsportsmanlike conduct. He remained unapologetic for his behavior, stating: "Remy's corner was screaming at him to stay down. I came to fight and he didn't. He's a great actor."Due to his behavior in the tournament final, Hari was stripped of the K-1 heavyweight title. Hari then briefly moved away from K-1, and was scheduled to face Alistair Overeem at Dynamite!! 2008 on December 31, 2008. Hari suffered a first-round knockout. === It's Showtime Heavyweight champion === Hari made his It's Showtime debut against Frederic Sinistra at Fights at the Border presents: It's Showtime 2009 on February 8, 2009. He won the fight by first-round knockout.Hari was scheduled to fight the three-time K-1 World Grand Prix winner Semmy Schilt for the It's Showtime World Heavyweight title at It's Showtime 2009 Amsterdam on December 5, 2009. He won the fight by a first-round technical knockout. ==== K-1 Heavyweight Grand Prix ==== Hari was scheduled to face Zabit Samedov at K-1 World Grand Prix 2009 Final 16 on September 26, 2009, in the qualifying round of the 2009 K-1 World Grand Prix. He won the fight by a first-round body shot knockout.Hari took part in the 2009 K-1 World Grand Prix 2009 Final, held on December 5, 2009. He was scheduled to fight a trilogy match with Ruslan Karaev in the tournament quarterfinals. Each held a knockout victory over the other. Hari won their third meeting by a 38 second knockout. Hari fought a rematch with Alistair Overeem in the tournament semifinals. He was more successful in their second meeting, and won by a first-round knockout. Hari fought another rematch in the tournament finals, against Semmy Schilt. Hari knocked Schilt out after 45 seconds just seven months prior. Schilt won the tournament final by a first-round knockout. ==== It's Showtime title reign ==== Hari was scheduled to make the first defense of his It's Showtime heavyweight title against Mourad Bouzidi at It's Showtime 2010 Prague on February 13, 2010. Hari won the fight by a second-round knockout.Hari was scheduled to face Alexey Ignashov at K-1 World Grand Prix 2010 in Yokohama on April 3, 2010. He won the fight by unanimous decision.Hari was scheduled to make the second defense of his It's Showtime heavyweight title against Hesdy Gerges at It's Showtime 2010 Amsterdam on May 29, 2010. Gerges won the fight by disqualification, after Hari threw an illegal kick. ==== Post-title reign ==== Hari was scheduled to face Gregory Tony at It's Showtime 2011 Lyon on May 14, 2011. He won the fight by a first-round technical knockout.Hari was scheduled to face Gökhan Saki at It's Showtime 2012 in Leeuwarden on January 28, 2012. He won by a second-round knockout.Hari was scheduled to face the 2012 SUPERKOMBAT World Grand Prix winner Anderson Silva at K-1 World MAX 2012 World Championship Tournament Final 16 on May 27, 2012. He won the fight by unanimous decision.Hari was scheduled to fight a rematch with Zabit Samedov in the quarterfinals of the K-1 World Grand Prix 2012 Final, held on March 5, 2012. Although he won by unanimous decision, Hari was unable to advance to the semifinals due to injury. === LFS and GFC === Two months later, Hari was scheduled to fight a trilogy match with Zabit Samedov at the inaugural Legend Fighting Show event on May 25, 2013. Samedov won the fight by a second-round knockout.Hari fought a rematch with Alexey Ignashov at the second Legend Fighting Show event on November 9, 2013. Hari won the fight by unanimous decision.Hari participated in the Global Fighting Championship heavyweight tournament, held on May 29, 2014. He was scheduled to fight 1998 K-1 European Grand Prix winner Stefan Leko in the tournament semifinals. Hari won the fight by a first-round knockout, and advance to the finals where he faced Peter Graham. The two of them fought twice previously, with Graham winning by knockout and Hari winning by decision. Hari won their third fight by a first-round knockout.Hari was scheduled to face Arnold Oborotov at GFC Fight Series 2 on October 16, 2014. He won the fight by a first-round body shot knockout.Hari was scheduled to face Ismael Londt at Akhmat Fight Show on August 22, 2015. He won the fight by a third-round technical knockout. === Glory === ==== Hari vs. Verhoeven I ==== Hari was scheduled to make his Glory debut against the reigning Heavyweight Champion Rico Verhoeven at Glory: Collision on October 12, 2016. Hari appeared to have won the first round, opening a cut on Verhoeven's nose. Verhoeven was more aggressive in the second round and landed knee in the clinch which broke Hari's arm. As Hari was unable to continue fighting, Verhoeven was awarded the technical knockout victory. ==== Hari vs. Gerges ==== On 3 March 2018, Hari fought Gerges. Hari won the fight by unanimous decision, but a year after the fight it was revealed that both fighters had used sports supplements that contained prohibited substances; as a result, both fighters were suspended. Hari failed a drug test prior to Glory 51: Rotterdam, and was issued with a 19-month suspension after tests on samples provided indicated a violation of Netherlands rules regarding prohibited substances for competitive athletes. Gerges, who faced Hari at the event, was also issued with an official reprimand. ==== Hari vs. Verhoeven II ==== Hari was scheduled to challenge Rico Verhoeven for the Glory Heavyweight Championship in his first post-suspension fight. The bout was set for Glory 74: Arnhem on 21 December 2019. In the sold-out GelreDome, in front of 30 000 fans, Verhoeven won the fight by a third-round technical knockout. Hari once again found early success, knocking Verhoeven down in both the first and third rounds. Early on in the third round however, Hari suffered a broken ankle from a missed kick, once again rendering him unable to continue competing.Aside from selling out the arena, the rematch also drew 3.5 million viewers, an estimated 53% of the live television audience in the Netherlands, which was the second highest viewership of a live sports broadcast, in Dutch television history. ==== Hari vs. Adegbuyi ==== On 19 December 2020, Hari fought the #2 ranked Glory heavyweight contender, Benjamin Adegbuyi in a Glory Heavyweight Championship Eliminator at Glory 76. The fight was originally planned to take place on 20 June, but was postponed multiple times due to the COVID-19 pandemic. On 13 September, Glory announced the event would take place on 7 November, only for it be postponed again, when Hari announced that he tested positive for COVID-19 on 19 October. Hari lost the fight by KO in the third round after being kicked by Adegbuyi. Glory vice-chairman Scott Rudmann revealed the following day that Hari suffered a double break in his nose on knockout. ==== Hari vs. Wrzosek ==== It was announced on 31 May 2021, that Hari would face the #8 ranked Glory heavyweight contender Arkadiusz Wrzosek. The bout was scheduled as the main event of Glory 78: Arnhem, held on 4 September 2021. Hari had a great start to the bout and managed to knock Wrzosek down three times with body shots before the midway point of the fight. Halfway through the second round however, Wrzosek landed a head kick which knocked Hari out, extending his winless streak to five fights. == Personal life == === Relationships and children === Hari is married to Daphne Romani and has four daughters and a son. The family currently lives in Morocco. === Legal issues === Hari has been arrested multiple times since 2006 on various assault charges, and gained a reputation for violent behavior. A psychologist who spoke to Hari in relation to one of his trials concluded that his success as an athlete and celebrity status, combined with a lack of personal guidance, resulted in narcissistic personality traits. About his violent eruptions, Hari has said: "I am able to explode at any moment. [...] When my brakes are off, it's just one big clump of explosion, chaos and noise, and I become blind to it all. [...] A storm, a hurricane, a disaster. [...] There just is a certain aggression inside of me, of which I don't know what to do with and neither where it comes from." At his conviction on 21 February 2014, the district attorney described Hari as an individual who is very short-tempered, indulges in vulgar power display, and demonstrates aggressive and intimidating behavior which is characterized by a high "do-you-even-know-who-I-am caliber".Late October 2012, an indictment was handed to Hari in his holding cell, which contained nine criminal charges against Hari: eight crimes of violence and one moving violation, the latter of which is from an incident in March 2010 where a pedestrian sustained injuries. Crimes of violence include: 20 February 2010 Club Blinq. The bouncer of Club Blinq is assaulted by several perpetrators one of which is said to be Hari. 6 March 2010 Albert Cuyp Market. Hari drives his car into the Albert Cuyp Street, which was closed to vehicle traffic, and has an accident with a pedestrian severely injuring her leg. 1–29 July 2011 Spuistraat: Hari is accused of assaulting his ex-girlfriend Rosa in her apartment in Spuistraat and the destruction of her property. 17 July 2011 Club Air: Jeroen van de Berg, the owner of the Club Air and an Italian guest are assaulted. Jeroen suffers serious damage to his teeth due to a kick to the head. 2 December 2011 Cooldown Cafe: Hari is caught on camera in "The Cooldown Cafe" assaulting Olivier, the stepbrother of his ex-girlfriend. 8 July 2012 Sensation White: Dutch millionaire entrepreneur Koen Everink is severely assaulted at a dance event in the Amsterdam Arena. Everink suffered a broken nose and eye socket and a broken ankle, which required several surgical procedures. The public prosecutor stated that numerous witnesses had pointed the finger at Hari.In July 2012 Hari surrendered to police as he feared "being arrested by a SWAT team" to come forth and deny his involvement in an alleged assault on Everink, who claimed Hari was responsible for inflicting his face and leg injuries including a broken ankle, and further allegations of assault made by an Amsterdam nightclub owner. The latter alleged that he had also been attacked by Hari, saying that he "suffered a broken jaw and lost teeth after being kicked in the head" during an altercation at his nightclub and that in light of Everink's seeking to press charges, he would do the same.As is procedure in the Netherlands for crimes that carry a statutory minimum four-year prison sentence or more, Hari was detained in prison whilst awaiting trial. On 9 November 2012 a court in Amsterdam allowed Hari to return home until his trial on the condition that he not visit any horeca establishments (hotels, restaurants and café establishments), or contact witnesses, with the exception of his girlfriend Estelle Cruijff. The day following his release he was spotted violating this condition by eating out at a deli with Cruijff. He also made contact with two witnesses of the incident. As a result, Hari was arrested again by police in Amsterdam and was sentenced to be detained again, this time for three months, with his eventual release in January 2013.On 21 January 2013 a court in Amsterdam determined that Hari should again be released from his pre-trial detention, this time with the condition that he could not visit catering establishments between the hours of 8:00 PM and 8:00 AM. By this point the main witnesses in the case had been heard; and the court deemed it unnecessary to further detain Hari. After Hari's release he resumed training with the intention of returning to the ring. His trial was reportedly set to take place in March 2013.On 21 February 2014 the district court in Amsterdam sentenced him to prison for 1+1⁄2 years. His legal team and the prosecution filed an immediate appeal. The Court of Appeal found him guilty of aggravated assault, noting in particular that each of his assaults was preceded by a relatively mild quarrel and that to his victims his violent behaviour came as a complete surprise, leaving them no chance to defend themselves. He was sentenced to two years in prison, of which ten months were suspended. Since he had already spent eight months in pre-arrest, he still had to serve half a year in prison. In addition, he had to pay his victims compensation of €45,000 in total, and the judgement was upheld by the Supreme Court of the Netherlands in 2017.Hari was reportedly arrested in Dubai following his tournament win at Global FC 3 on 29 May 2014, and he was detained and questioned by police over an alleged incident from late 2011 or early 2012 before being released, according to his lawyer. Hari himself refuted the reports. === Music === In 2007, Hari released a hip-hop song with Dutch-Moroccan rapper Appa entitled "Stap Maar In De Ring" ("Step Into The Ring"). == Championships and accomplishments == 2007 K-1 Heavyweight champion (One successful title defense) 2008 K-1 World Grand Prix runner up 2009 It's Showtime Heavyweight champion (One successful title defense) 2009 K-1 World Grand Prix runner up 2014 GFC Fight Series 1 Heavyweight Tournament Champion 2020 Glory Fight of the Year vs. Benjamin Adegbuyi at Glory 76: Rotterdam == Kickboxing record == == See also == List of male kickboxers List of K-1 champions List of It's Showtime champions == References == == External links == Profile at Glory A protection racket is a type of racket and a scheme of organized crime perpetrated by a potentially hazardous group, usually a criminal organization, which guarantees protection outside the sanction of the law to a business, entity, or individual from violence, looting, arson, robbery, and other such threats, often in situations or regions in which such threats may often not be effectively prevented or addressed by the prevailing system of law and order or local government, in exchange for the extorted payments in cash or kind. The perpetrators of the protection racket may offer these services to protect vulnerable targets from other dangerous individuals and groups or may simply offer to refrain from themselves carrying out threats on the targets, and usually both of these forms of protection are implied in the racket. In many cases, there exists an actual and legitimate outside threat to the target of the protection racket, and the racketeers will in fact protect the target; however, often the racketeers will themselves coerce or threaten the business or targeted individual or entity into accepting the protection, often with the threat, implicit or otherwise, that failing to acquire these protection services will lead to the racketeers themselves contributing to the existing problem. In some instances, the potential threat to the target may be caused by the same group that offers to solve it, but that fact may be concealed in order to ensure continual patronage. In other words, at least ostensibly, the protection racket is a racket that sells security, traditionally physical security. Through the credible threat of violence, the racketeers deter people from swindling, robbing, injuring, sabotaging or otherwise harming their clients. Protection rackets tend to appear in markets in which the police and judiciary cannot be counted on to provide legal protection, because of incompetence (as in weak, corrupt, or failed states, or in cases in which the state does not provide adequate or any protection for certain ethnic or socioeconomic groups), illegality (when the targeted entity is involved in black markets), and/or where other forms of mistrust of the state and government protection exist. Protection rackets are indistinguishable in practice from extortion rackets and distinguishable from private security by some degree of implied threat that the racketeers themselves may attack the business if it fails to pay for their protection. A distinction is possible between a "pure" extortion racket in which the racketeers might agree only not to attack a business and a broader protection racket offering some real private security in addition to such extortion. The criminals might agree to defend a business from any attack by either themselves or third parties (other criminal gangs). However, in reality, that distinction is doubtful, because extortion racketeers may have to defend their clients against rival gangs to maintain their profits. By corollary, criminal gangs may have to maintain control of territories (turfs), as local businesses may collapse if forced to pay for protection from too many rackets, which then hurts all parties involved. Certain scholars, such as Diego Gambetta, classify criminal organizations engaged in protection racketeering as "mafia", as the racket is popular with both the Sicilian Mafia and Italian-American Mafia. == Overview == A protection racket is an operation where criminals provide protection to persons and properties, settle disputes and enforce contracts in markets where the police and judicial system cannot be relied upon. Diego Gambetta's The Sicilian Mafia (1996) and Federico Varese's The Russian Mafia (2001) define the mafia as a type of organized crime group that specializes in the provision of private protection. Protection racketeers or mafia groups operate mostly in the black market, providing buyers and sellers the security they need for smooth transactions; but empirical data collected by Gambetta and Varese suggests that mafia groups are able to offer private protection to corporations and individuals in legal markets when the state fails to offer sufficient and efficient protection to the people in need. Two elements distinguish racketeers from legal security firms. The first element is their willingness to deploy violent forms of retribution (going as far as murder) that fall outside the limits the law normally extends to civilian security firms. The other element is that racketeers are willing to involve themselves in illegal markets. Recent studies show that mafia groups or gangs are not the only form of protection racket or extra-legal protector, and another important form of protection racket is corrupt networks consisting of public officials, especially those from criminal justice agencies. For example, Wang's The Chinese Mafia (2017) examines protection rackets in China and suggests two types of extra-legal protectors, namely the Black Mafia (local gangs) and the Red Mafia (networks of corrupt government officials). Wang's narrative suggests that local gangs are quasi-law enforcers in both legal and illegal markets, and corrupt public officials are extra-legal protectors, safeguarding local gangs, protecting illegal entrepreneurs in the criminal underworld, offering protection to businesspeople, and selling public appointments to buyers. == Territorial monopolies == A protection racketeer cannot tolerate competition within his sphere of influence from another racketeer. If a dispute erupted between two clients (e.g. businessmen competing for a construction contract) who are protected by rival racketeers, the two racketeers would have to fight each other to win the dispute for their respective clients. The outcomes of such fights can be unpredictable, and neither racketeer would be able to guarantee a victory for his client. This would make their protection unreliable and of little value; their clients would likely dismiss them and settle the dispute by other means. Therefore, racketeers negotiate territories in which they can monopolize the use of violence in settling disputes.: 68–71  These territories may be geographical, or they may be a certain type of business or form of transaction. == Providing genuine protection == Sometimes racketeers will warn other criminals that the client is under their protection and that they will punish anyone who harms the client. Services that the racketeers may offer may include the recovery of stolen property or punishing vandals. The racketeers may even advance the interests of the client by forcing out (or otherwise hindering or intimidating) unprotected competitors.Protection from theft and vandalism is one service the racketeer may offer. For instance, in Sicily, mafiosi know all the thieves and fences in their territory, and can track down stolen goods and punish thieves who attack their clients. Protection racketeers establish what they hope will be indefinitely long bonds with their clients. This allows the racketeers to publicly declare a client to be under their protection. Thus, thieves and other predators will have little confusion as to who is and is not protected. Protection racketeers are not necessarily criminals. In A Short History of Progress, Ronald Wright notes on p. 49, "The warrior caste, supposedly society's protectors, often become protection racketeers. In times of war or crisis, power is easily stolen from the many by the few on a promise of security. The more elusive or imaginary the foe, the better for manufacturing consent." == Examples == Danegeld, was a protection tax paid by Christendom to stop Viking raids. During the late medieval and early modern era in the Scottish Marches, local farmers would often need to make payments to the Border Reivers as a form of protection money to ensure they were not attacked. These agreements were called "Black mal", where "mal" was an Old Norse word meaning agreement. The word blackmail entered the English language in 1530 as a result, but the word's meaning has changed since. In Melbourne, Australia, Alphonse Gangitano ran a protection racket along the famous Lygon Street during the 1990s. In Sicily, Italy, officials say that 80% of businesses in the city of Palermo pay pizzo, or protection money, to the Sicilian Mafia. In Ciudad Juárez, Mexico, when the Mexican Drug War escalated in 2008, criminal groups like the Juárez Cartel saw their financial backbone threatened and began asking for protection money from businesses ranging from convenience stores to clubs and restaurants with the threat of burning down the business, kidnapping the owners or killing everyone inside with assault rifles. In the early history of post-Soviet Russia, law enforcement was too underfunded and poorly trained to protect businesses and enforce contracts. Most businesses had to join a protection racket (known as a krysha, the Russian word for "roof") run by local gangsters. In the United Kingdom in the 1950s and 60s the Kray twins ran protection rackets in the East End of London. Chauth, demanded by Sambhaji and Peshva Brahmins during Mahratta Invasions of Bengal and Mahratta Sackings of Goa and Bombay-Bassein. == Government protection rackets == Government officials may demand bribes to look the other way or extort something of value from citizens or corporations in the form of a kickback. It need not always be money. A lucrative job after leaving office may have been in exchange for protection offered when in office. Payment may also show up indirectly in the form of a campaign contribution. Stopping governments agencies as a whole, and buying protection in the government is called regulatory capture. == See also == == References == Outrageous Betrayal: The Dark Journey of Werner Erhard from est to Exile is a non-fiction book written by freelance journalist Steven Pressman and first published in 1993 by St. Martin's Press. The book gives an account of Werner Erhard's early life as Jack Rosenberg, his exploration of various forms of self-help techniques, and his foundation of Erhard Seminars Training "est" and later of Werner Erhard and Associates and of the est successor course, "The Forum". Pressman details the rapid financial success Erhard had with these companies, as well as controversies relating to litigation involving former participants in his courses. The work concludes by going over the impact of a March 3, 1991 60 Minutes broadcast on CBS where members of Erhard's family made allegations against him, and Erhard's decision to leave the United States. Representatives of Werner Erhard and of Landmark Worldwide, the successor company to The Forum, regarded the book as being "defamatory". There are no references or citations provided in the book. == Author == Pressman worked as a journalist after graduating from college in 1977. He worked as a journalist for Orange City News, the Los Angeles Daily Journal, California Lawyer magazine, and Congressional Quarterly's Weekly Report. During his time performing research for and writing Outrageous Betrayal, Pressman published articles for the Legal Times newspaper and wrote articles and served as a senior editor for California Republic. In 1993, Pressman worked as a San Francisco-based legal journalist for California Lawyer. == Research == In the "Acknowledgments" section of Outrageous Betrayal, Pressman wrote that he relied upon both named and unnamed sources for information in the book, in addition to "previously published accounts, court transcripts, depositions, and other documents in which various individuals have recounted earlier conversations". In an article on fair use for Columbia Journalism Review, Pressman noted that he "gathered reams of written materials -- some of it private and confidential -- that were helpful in drawing a comprehensive portrait of my subject". In the Daily Journal, Pressman wrote that legal counsel for the book's publisher insisted on numerous changes to the book "in order to reduce, if not eliminate, the possibility of a successful suit for copyright infringement".By 1993, Pressman and St. Martin's Press had received approximately two dozen letters from Erhard's attorney Walter Maksym, though Erhard's representatives had yet to see the book itself. Maksym told the San Francisco Daily Journal in March 1993 that he wanted to "fact check the book", because he believed that "this is a first-time unknown author who apparently has interviewed only people who have negative things to say", and stated "We have cautioned the publisher that they are responsible for the accuracy of the book." Charlie Spicer, a senior editor at St. Martin's Press, described the actions of Erhard's representatives with regard to the book as "a desperate campaign by someone with something to hide". The author himself made specific reference to his legal support, mentioning "the potential legal rapids that confront authors writing these days about controversial subjects".: 278  == Contents == In Outrageous Betrayal, Steven Pressman gives a chronological account of Erhard's life and businesses, from high-school years through his formation of companies that delivered awareness training and the later controversies surrounding his business and family life. The book goes into detail regarding his early life as Jack Rosenberg and his name-change to Werner Erhard, his move to California, and the initial inspirations behind the training that would become "est". Pressman writes that Erhard took inspiration from the self-help course Mind Dynamics, cybernetics, from the books Think and Grow Rich by Napoleon Hill, and Psycho-Cybernetics by Maxwell Maltz, and from Scientology and the writings of L. Ron Hubbard. He also notes how an attorney skilled in tax law helped Erhard in forming his first awareness-training company, Erhard Seminars Training.Pressman notes how Erhard and his businesses became successful within two years of foundation, and writes that his awareness-training programs trained over half a million people in his courses and brought in tens of millions of dollars in revenue. The book then describes controversies relating to both Erhard's businesses and his reported treatment of his family. Pressman also describes the successor company to Est, Werner Erhard and Associates, and Erhard's decision to sell the "technology" of his course The Forum to his employees and to leave the United States. The book's epilogue includes a firsthand account of a Landmark Forum seminar led by the former Est-trainer Laurel Scheaf in 1992. == Reception == St. Martin's Press first published Outrageous Betrayal in 1993, and Random House published a second edition of the text in 1995.An analysis in Kirkus Reviews, noting the choice of title by the author, asserted that Pressman: "makes no pretense to objectivity here." Kirkus Reviews criticized the book, saying "What the author dramatically fails to provide by bearing down on the negative (to the extent that nearly all his informants denounce est and its founder) is any real understanding of est's teachings--and of why they appealed so deeply to so many." Paul S. Boyer, professor of history at the University of Wisconsin–Madison, reviewed the book in The Washington Post. Boyer wrote that the book "nicely recounts the bizarre tale" of Werner Erhard, saying "Pressman tells his fascinating story well." However he also commented that the book gives "only the sketchiest historical context" of est and its roots in societal experiences.A review by Mary Carroll published in the American Library Association's Booklist noted that the controversy surrounding Erhard was not new, but she wrote that "Pressman pulls the details together effectively." Carroll went on to comment: "Outrageous Betrayal is a disturbing but fascinating object lesson in the power of charisma divorced from conscience." Frances Halpern of the Los Angeles Times called the book a "damning biography".In 1995, Outrageous Betrayal was cited in a report on the United States Department of Transportation by the United States House of Representatives Committee on Appropriations in a case unrelated to Erhard or Est. This was in reference to a Congressional investigation of Gregory May and controversial trainings given by his company Gregory May Associates (GMA) to the Federal Aviation Administration. The testimony given stated that, according to Outrageous Betrayal, a member of GMA's board had been influenced by Erhard Seminars Training and the Church of Scientology.Novelist and journalist Dan Wakefield, in his review of the book in Tricycle: the Buddhist Review, criticized Pressman for failing to speak with people who had positive things to say about est. Pressman described the est training as "a mish-mash of self-help theories, common-sense psychology, and dime-store ideas of motivation" while also praising the program for helping him personally in dealing with alcoholism. Wakefield also cites an opinion survey which suggests that most est participants had positive experiences with it. == See also == Human Potential Movement Journalism sourcing Large Group Awareness Training == Notes == == References == Annichiarico, Mark (September 1, 1993). "Outrageous Betrayal: The Dark Journey of Werner Erhard from Est to Exile (review)". Library Journal. 118 (14): 207. Bader, Barbara (Editor) (July 15, 1976). "Getting It". Kirkus Reviews. 44 (Part II, Section No. 14): 821.CS1 maint: extra text: authors list (link) Berzins, Zane (February 6, 1977). "Getting It". The New York Times Book Review. The New York Times Company. 82: 25. Boyer, Paul (December 9, 1993). "Book World - Erhard, From est to Worst". The Washington Post. p. D2. Carroll, Mary (September 1, 1993). "Pressman, Steven. Outrageous Betrayal". Booklist. American Library Association. 90 (1): 7: Adult Books, Non-fiction, General Works, Philosophy & Psychology. Denison, Charles Wayne (June 1995). "The children of EST: A study of the experience and perceived effects of a large group awareness training". Dissertation Abstracts International. Ann Arbor, Michigan: University Microfilms International. 55 (12–B): 5564. ISSN 0419-4217. Fisher, Jeffrey D.; Cohen Silver, Roxane; Chinsky, Jack M.; Goff, Barry; Klar, Yechiel (1990). Evaluating a Large Group Awareness Training. New York: Springer-Verlag. ISBN 0-387-97320-6. Kirkus Reviews staff (August 1, 1993). "Outrageous Betrayal. (Book Review)". Kirkus Reviews. Kirkus Associates, LP., Nielsen Company. 61: 986. Retrieved 2007-11-20. McGurk, William S. (June 1977). "Was Ist est? Context: years to proceed. Two years after the establishment of the ICTR, a sexual assault unit of the Office of the Prosecutor (OTP) was created with three legal officers, one psychologist, one nurse, two lawyers, two policewomen, and one policeman. Under the ICTR, the sexual assault unit of the (OTP) created a policy to specifically carry out the legal proceedings of rape, genital mutilation, and other gender-targeted crimes. The OTP also has a Rape and Sexual Violence Section. This section under the OTP is headed by a female lawyer-investigator, and the OTP use female investigators and trial lawyers to reach out to the victims of rape and sexual violence, who are mostly women. Before the OTP, it was difficult to prosecute crimes of sexual violence under international criminal law, and because of these aspects, the OTP is considered to have founded the legal developments in the prosecution of gender-targeted crimes in international law Facts: Answer: Badr Hari

Question: Who was once considered the best kick boxer in the world, however he has been involved in a number of controversies relating to his "unsportsmanlike conducts" in the sport and crimes of violence outside of the ring. Badr Hari (Berber: ⴱⴰⴷⵔ ⵀⴰⵔⵉ, Arabic: بدر هاري‎; born 8 December 1984) is a Moroccan-Dutch kickboxer. He is a former K-1 Heavyweight champion, It's Showtime Heavyweight world champion, and a K-1 World Grand Prix 2008 and 2009 finalist. Nicknamed The Golden Boy, he is regarded as one of the greatest professional kickboxers of all time.Combat Press ranked him as a top ten heavyweight kickboxer between January and November 2016. == Early life == Badr Hari was born and raised in Amsterdam, the capital of the Netherlands. He began kickboxing at the age of seven under the guidance of former World Champion Mousid Akamrane. As a teenager, he trained at the Sitan Gym of Mohammed Aït Hassou. When the Sitan Gym moved to Rotterdam, he joined Chakuriki Gym, run by Thom Harinck. Hari fought under the Dutch flag until he lost to Stefan Leko in 2005. Hari, who tried to publicly address the audience after his defeat, was booed so loudly that no one could make out his words. He expressed disappointment in the Dutch fans: "I thought to myself, I have never witnessed such ungratefulness." From then on Hari has represented Morocco and stopped working with Harinck. Mike Passenier became his new coach. == Kickboxing == === Early career === At the age of seven, Hari was sent by his father to the kickboxing gym to learn how to defend himself from bullies in the neighborhood. People quickly realized he was a natural talent and from the age of 11 he was fighting regularly as a junior. In his teenage years he worked with the Harinck at Chakuriki Gym and he started to become well known on the Amsterdam scene.In January 2005, Hari left Chakuriki Gym and joined Simon Rutz's It's Showtime team. After a few months of training at the Mejiro Gym he temporarily returned to Harinck's for a couple of weeks. Since then he has been coached by Mike Passenier, who has also trained Joerie Mes, Bjorn Bregy and Melvin Manhoef. === K-1 === Hari fought two matches against Leko in 2005; the first took place at an It's Showtime 2005 event in June 2005. Hari started trash talk between him and Leko before being knocked out by Leko's spinning back kick.Hari got his opportunity for revenge in November 2005 when he entered the K-1 World Grand Prix 2005 tournament as a reserve fighter against Leko, and made his K-1 World GP debut at the age of 20. Hari knocked out Leko by a spinning back high kick to the jaw at 1:30 in the second round.Hari returned to the ring at the K-1 World Grand Prix 2006 Final Elimination in Osaka, Japan, against Ruslan Karaev. Karaev hurt Badr with a straight right that left Hari slouching over in the corner before kicking Hari in the face. Hari was counted out by the referee but he and his corner immediately protested that the kick was a foul. When the referee did not respond, Hari and his corner men caused a commotion and refused to leave the ring until they were escorted out by K-1 officials. Hari left in anger and trashed his changing room.Despite being knocked out, Hari was picked as a reserve fighter again in the K-1 Grand Prix 2006 Finals against Paul Slowinski. He won the fight by unanimous decision. Hari then fought Nicholas Pettas at the K-1 Premium 2006 Dynamite!! event and broke Pettas' left shoulder in the second round with a right high kick.Hari fought Karaev again at the K-1 World GP 2007 in Yokohama. Their matchup was one of two bouts to qualify for the first K-1 heavyweight title match, scheduled on 28 April 2007 in Hawaii. Hari beat Karaev in the second round. === K-1 Heavyweight champion === ==== Title reign ==== Hari was scheduled to face Yusuke Fujimoto for the inaugural K-1 Heavyweight Championship at K-1 World GP 2007 in Hawaii on 28 April 2007. Hari began the bout in his usual aggressive manner and knocked Fujimoto down with a left straight, early on in the round. Hari pressured as the fight resumed and knocked Fujimoto out with a head kick at the 56 second mark of the bout.Four months later, Hari was scheduled to fight a rematch with Peter Graham, in a non-title bout, at K-1 World GP 2007 in Hong Kong on 5 August 2007. Graham won their previous fight, at K-1 World Grand Prix 2006 in Auckland on 5 March 2006, by a third-round knockout. Hari won the rematch by unanimous decision, with scores of 30–27, 30–28 and 30–27.Hari was scheduled to face Doug Viney in a non-title bout at K-1 World GP 2007 in Seoul Final 16 on 29 September 2007. He won the fight by a second-round knockout, dropping Viney with a right cross.Hari was scheduled to face the two-time K-1 Heavyweight World Grand Prix winner Remy Bonjasky at K-1 World GP 2007 Final on 8 December 2007. Bonjasky won the fight by majority decision, thus snapping Hari's six fight winner streak.Following this loss, Hari was scheduled to face the 2000 K-1 World Grand Prix runner-up Ray Sefo in another non-title bout at K-1 World GP 2008 in Yokohama on 13 April 2008. Hari overwhelmed Sefo early on, knocking him down several times enroute to a first-round knockout victory.Hari was scheduled to make the first defense of his K-1 heavyweight title against Glaube Feitosa at K-1 World GP 2008 in Fukuoka on 29 June 2008. He won the fight by a first-round knockout.After making his first title defense, Hari was scheduled to face Domagoj Ostojic at K-1 World GP 2008 in Hawaii on 9 August 2008. Hari won the fight by a first-round knockout.A month later, Hari was scheduled to face the 7'2 Choi Hong-man at K-1 World Grand Prix 2008 in Seoul Final 16 on 27 September 2008. It was Choi's first fight in nine months, as he was forced out of the sport due to a brain tumor. Hari was awarded a technical knockout victory, after Choi's corner threw in the towel. ==== K-1 Heavyweight Grand Prix ==== Hari participated in the 2008 K-1 heavyweight Grand Prix, held at K-1 World GP 2008 Final on 6 December 2008. The fight was held before a sellout crowd at the Yokohama Arena, for a prize of $400,000. Hari was scheduled to face the three-time K-1 Grand Prix winner Peter Aerts in the tournament quarterfinals. Hari won the fight by a second-round technical knockout, knocking Aerts down several times in both the first and second rounds. Advancing to the tournament semifinals, Hari faced Errol Zimmerman. He won the fight by a third-round knockout.Hari fought a rematch with Remy Bonjasky in the tournament finals. The two of them previously met at K-1 World GP 2007 Final on 8 December 2007, with Bonjasky winning by majority decision. Bonjasky was more dominant in the first round of the rematch and knocked Hari down with a head kick near the end of the round. The pivotal moment of the fight came in the second round, after Hari threw Bonjasky down to the mat off of a caught kick. Hari followed up with several strikes to the downed opponent, which was an egregious breakage of K-1's rules. As referee Nobuaki Kakuda was pulling Hari away from his opponent, Hari furthermore stomped on Bonjasky. Hari was disqualified for unsportsmanlike conduct. He remained unapologetic for his behavior, stating: "Remy's corner was screaming at him to stay down. I came to fight and he didn't. He's a great actor."Due to his behavior in the tournament final, Hari was stripped of the K-1 heavyweight title. Hari then briefly moved away from K-1, and was scheduled to face Alistair Overeem at Dynamite!! 2008 on December 31, 2008. Hari suffered a first-round knockout. === It's Showtime Heavyweight champion === Hari made his It's Showtime debut against Frederic Sinistra at Fights at the Border presents: It's Showtime 2009 on February 8, 2009. He won the fight by first-round knockout.Hari was scheduled to fight the three-time K-1 World Grand Prix winner Semmy Schilt for the It's Showtime World Heavyweight title at It's Showtime 2009 Amsterdam on December 5, 2009. He won the fight by a first-round technical knockout. ==== K-1 Heavyweight Grand Prix ==== Hari was scheduled to face Zabit Samedov at K-1 World Grand Prix 2009 Final 16 on September 26, 2009, in the qualifying round of the 2009 K-1 World Grand Prix. He won the fight by a first-round body shot knockout.Hari took part in the 2009 K-1 World Grand Prix 2009 Final, held on December 5, 2009. He was scheduled to fight a trilogy match with Ruslan Karaev in the tournament quarterfinals. Each held a knockout victory over the other. Hari won their third meeting by a 38 second knockout. Hari fought a rematch with Alistair Overeem in the tournament semifinals. He was more successful in their second meeting, and won by a first-round knockout. Hari fought another rematch in the tournament finals, against Semmy Schilt. Hari knocked Schilt out after 45 seconds just seven months prior. Schilt won the tournament final by a first-round knockout. ==== It's Showtime title reign ==== Hari was scheduled to make the first defense of his It's Showtime heavyweight title against Mourad Bouzidi at It's Showtime 2010 Prague on February 13, 2010. Hari won the fight by a second-round knockout.Hari was scheduled to face Alexey Ignashov at K-1 World Grand Prix 2010 in Yokohama on April 3, 2010. He won the fight by unanimous decision.Hari was scheduled to make the second defense of his It's Showtime heavyweight title against Hesdy Gerges at It's Showtime 2010 Amsterdam on May 29, 2010. Gerges won the fight by disqualification, after Hari threw an illegal kick. ==== Post-title reign ==== Hari was scheduled to face Gregory Tony at It's Showtime 2011 Lyon on May 14, 2011. He won the fight by a first-round technical knockout.Hari was scheduled to face Gökhan Saki at It's Showtime 2012 in Leeuwarden on January 28, 2012. He won by a second-round knockout.Hari was scheduled to face the 2012 SUPERKOMBAT World Grand Prix winner Anderson Silva at K-1 World MAX 2012 World Championship Tournament Final 16 on May 27, 2012. He won the fight by unanimous decision.Hari was scheduled to fight a rematch with Zabit Samedov in the quarterfinals of the K-1 World Grand Prix 2012 Final, held on March 5, 2012. Although he won by unanimous decision, Hari was unable to advance to the semifinals due to injury. === LFS and GFC === Two months later, Hari was scheduled to fight a trilogy match with Zabit Samedov at the inaugural Legend Fighting Show event on May 25, 2013. Samedov won the fight by a second-round knockout.Hari fought a rematch with Alexey Ignashov at the second Legend Fighting Show event on November 9, 2013. Hari won the fight by unanimous decision.Hari participated in the Global Fighting Championship heavyweight tournament, held on May 29, 2014. He was scheduled to fight 1998 K-1 European Grand Prix winner Stefan Leko in the tournament semifinals. Hari won the fight by a first-round knockout, and advance to the finals where he faced Peter Graham. The two of them fought twice previously, with Graham winning by knockout and Hari winning by decision. Hari won their third fight by a first-round knockout.Hari was scheduled to face Arnold Oborotov at GFC Fight Series 2 on October 16, 2014. He won the fight by a first-round body shot knockout.Hari was scheduled to face Ismael Londt at Akhmat Fight Show on August 22, 2015. He won the fight by a third-round technical knockout. === Glory === ==== Hari vs. Verhoeven I ==== Hari was scheduled to make his Glory debut against the reigning Heavyweight Champion Rico Verhoeven at Glory: Collision on October 12, 2016. Hari appeared to have won the first round, opening a cut on Verhoeven's nose. Verhoeven was more aggressive in the second round and landed knee in the clinch which broke Hari's arm. As Hari was unable to continue fighting, Verhoeven was awarded the technical knockout victory. ==== Hari vs. Gerges ==== On 3 March 2018, Hari fought Gerges. Hari won the fight by unanimous decision, but a year after the fight it was revealed that both fighters had used sports supplements that contained prohibited substances; as a result, both fighters were suspended. Hari failed a drug test prior to Glory 51: Rotterdam, and was issued with a 19-month suspension after tests on samples provided indicated a violation of Netherlands rules regarding prohibited substances for competitive athletes. Gerges, who faced Hari at the event, was also issued with an official reprimand. ==== Hari vs. Verhoeven II ==== Hari was scheduled to challenge Rico Verhoeven for the Glory Heavyweight Championship in his first post-suspension fight. The bout was set for Glory 74: Arnhem on 21 December 2019. In the sold-out GelreDome, in front of 30 000 fans, Verhoeven won the fight by a third-round technical knockout. Hari once again found early success, knocking Verhoeven down in both the first and third rounds. Early on in the third round however, Hari suffered a broken ankle from a missed kick, once again rendering him unable to continue competing.Aside from selling out the arena, the rematch also drew 3.5 million viewers, an estimated 53% of the live television audience in the Netherlands, which was the second highest viewership of a live sports broadcast, in Dutch television history. ==== Hari vs. Adegbuyi ==== On 19 December 2020, Hari fought the #2 ranked Glory heavyweight contender, Benjamin Adegbuyi in a Glory Heavyweight Championship Eliminator at Glory 76. The fight was originally planned to take place on 20 June, but was postponed multiple times due to the COVID-19 pandemic. On 13 September, Glory announced the event would take place on 7 November, only for it be postponed again, when Hari announced that he tested positive for COVID-19 on 19 October. Hari lost the fight by KO in the third round after being kicked by Adegbuyi. Glory vice-chairman Scott Rudmann revealed the following day that Hari suffered a double break in his nose on knockout. ==== Hari vs. Wrzosek ==== It was announced on 31 May 2021, that Hari would face the #8 ranked Glory heavyweight contender Arkadiusz Wrzosek. The bout was scheduled as the main event of Glory 78: Arnhem, held on 4 September 2021. Hari had a great start to the bout and managed to knock Wrzosek down three times with body shots before the midway point of the fight. Halfway through the second round however, Wrzosek landed a head kick which knocked Hari out, extending his winless streak to five fights. == Personal life == === Relationships and children === Hari is married to Daphne Romani and has four daughters and a son. The family currently lives in Morocco. === Legal issues === Hari has been arrested multiple times since 2006 on various assault charges, and gained a reputation for violent behavior. A psychologist who spoke to Hari in relation to one of his trials concluded that his success as an athlete and celebrity status, combined with a lack of personal guidance, resulted in narcissistic personality traits. About his violent eruptions, Hari has said: "I am able to explode at any moment. [...] When my brakes are off, it's just one big clump of explosion, chaos and noise, and I become blind to it all. [...] A storm, a hurricane, a disaster. [...] There just is a certain aggression inside of me, of which I don't know what to do with and neither where it comes from." At his conviction on 21 February 2014, the district attorney described Hari as an individual who is very short-tempered, indulges in vulgar power display, and demonstrates aggressive and intimidating behavior which is characterized by a high "do-you-even-know-who-I-am caliber".Late October 2012, an indictment was handed to Hari in his holding cell, which contained nine criminal charges against Hari: eight crimes of violence and one moving violation, the latter of which is from an incident in March 2010 where a pedestrian sustained injuries. Crimes of violence include: 20 February 2010 Club Blinq. The bouncer of Club Blinq is assaulted by several perpetrators one of which is said to be Hari. 6 March 2010 Albert Cuyp Market. Hari drives his car into the Albert Cuyp Street, which was closed to vehicle traffic, and has an accident with a pedestrian severely injuring her leg. 1–29 July 2011 Spuistraat: Hari is accused of assaulting his ex-girlfriend Rosa in her apartment in Spuistraat and the destruction of her property. 17 July 2011 Club Air: Jeroen van de Berg, the owner of the Club Air and an Italian guest are assaulted. Jeroen suffers serious damage to his teeth due to a kick to the head. 2 December 2011 Cooldown Cafe: Hari is caught on camera in "The Cooldown Cafe" assaulting Olivier, the stepbrother of his ex-girlfriend. 8 July 2012 Sensation White: Dutch millionaire entrepreneur Koen Everink is severely assaulted at a dance event in the Amsterdam Arena. Everink suffered a broken nose and eye socket and a broken ankle, which required several surgical procedures. The public prosecutor stated that numerous witnesses had pointed the finger at Hari.In July 2012 Hari surrendered to police as he feared "being arrested by a SWAT team" to come forth and deny his involvement in an alleged assault on Everink, who claimed Hari was responsible for inflicting his face and leg injuries including a broken ankle, and further allegations of assault made by an Amsterdam nightclub owner. The latter alleged that he had also been attacked by Hari, saying that he "suffered a broken jaw and lost teeth after being kicked in the head" during an altercation at his nightclub and that in light of Everink's seeking to press charges, he would do the same.As is procedure in the Netherlands for crimes that carry a statutory minimum four-year prison sentence or more, Hari was detained in prison whilst awaiting trial. On 9 November 2012 a court in Amsterdam allowed Hari to return home until his trial on the condition that he not visit any horeca establishments (hotels, restaurants and café establishments), or contact witnesses, with the exception of his girlfriend Estelle Cruijff. The day following his release he was spotted violating this condition by eating out at a deli with Cruijff. He also made contact with two witnesses of the incident. As a result, Hari was arrested again by police in Amsterdam and was sentenced to be detained again, this time for three months, with his eventual release in January 2013.On 21 January 2013 a court in Amsterdam determined that Hari should again be released from his pre-trial detention, this time with the condition that he could not visit catering establishments between the hours of 8:00 PM and 8:00 AM. By this point the main witnesses in the case had been heard; and the court deemed it unnecessary to further detain Hari. After Hari's release he resumed training with the intention of returning to the ring. His trial was reportedly set to take place in March 2013.On 21 February 2014 the district court in Amsterdam sentenced him to prison for 1+1⁄2 years. His legal team and the prosecution filed an immediate appeal. The Court of Appeal found him guilty of aggravated assault, noting in particular that each of his assaults was preceded by a relatively mild quarrel and that to his victims his violent behaviour came as a complete surprise, leaving them no chance to defend themselves. He was sentenced to two years in prison, of which ten months were suspended. Since he had already spent eight months in pre-arrest, he still had to serve half a year in prison. In addition, he had to pay his victims compensation of €45,000 in total, and the judgement was upheld by the Supreme Court of the Netherlands in 2017.Hari was reportedly arrested in Dubai following his tournament win at Global FC 3 on 29 May 2014, and he was detained and questioned by police over an alleged incident from late 2011 or early 2012 before being released, according to his lawyer. Hari himself refuted the reports. === Music === In 2007, Hari released a hip-hop song with Dutch-Moroccan rapper Appa entitled "Stap Maar In De Ring" ("Step Into The Ring"). == Championships and accomplishments == 2007 K-1 Heavyweight champion (One successful title defense) 2008 K-1 World Grand Prix runner up 2009 It's Showtime Heavyweight champion (One successful title defense) 2009 K-1 World Grand Prix runner up 2014 GFC Fight Series 1 Heavyweight Tournament Champion 2020 Glory Fight of the Year vs. Benjamin Adegbuyi at Glory 76: Rotterdam == Kickboxing record == == See also == List of male kickboxers List of K-1 champions List of It's Showtime champions == References == == External links == Profile at Glory A protection racket is a type of racket and a scheme of organized crime perpetrated by a potentially hazardous group, usually a criminal organization, which guarantees protection outside the sanction of the law to a business, entity, or individual from violence, looting, arson, robbery, and other such threats, often in situations or regions in which such threats may often not be effectively prevented or addressed by the prevailing system of law and order or local government, in exchange for the extorted payments in cash or kind. The perpetrators of the protection racket may offer these services to protect vulnerable targets from other dangerous individuals and groups or may simply offer to refrain from themselves carrying out threats on the targets, and usually both of these forms of protection are implied in the racket. In many cases, there exists an actual and legitimate outside threat to the target of the protection racket, and the racketeers will in fact protect the target; however, often the racketeers will themselves coerce or threaten the business or targeted individual or entity into accepting the protection, often with the threat, implicit or otherwise, that failing to acquire these protection services will lead to the racketeers themselves contributing to the existing problem. In some instances, the potential threat to the target may be caused by the same group that offers to solve it, but that fact may be concealed in order to ensure continual patronage. In other words, at least ostensibly, the protection racket is a racket that sells security, traditionally physical security. Through the credible threat of violence, the racketeers deter people from swindling, robbing, injuring, sabotaging or otherwise harming their clients. Protection rackets tend to appear in markets in which the police and judiciary cannot be counted on to provide legal protection, because of incompetence (as in weak, corrupt, or failed states, or in cases in which the state does not provide adequate or any protection for certain ethnic or socioeconomic groups), illegality (when the targeted entity is involved in black markets), and/or where other forms of mistrust of the state and government protection exist. Protection rackets are indistinguishable in practice from extortion rackets and distinguishable from private security by some degree of implied threat that the racketeers themselves may attack the business if it fails to pay for their protection. A distinction is possible between a "pure" extortion racket in which the racketeers might agree only not to attack a business and a broader protection racket offering some real private security in addition to such extortion. The criminals might agree to defend a business from any attack by either themselves or third parties (other criminal gangs). However, in reality, that distinction is doubtful, because extortion racketeers may have to defend their clients against rival gangs to maintain their profits. By corollary, criminal gangs may have to maintain control of territories (turfs), as local businesses may collapse if forced to pay for protection from too many rackets, which then hurts all parties involved. Certain scholars, such as Diego Gambetta, classify criminal organizations engaged in protection racketeering as "mafia", as the racket is popular with both the Sicilian Mafia and Italian-American Mafia. == Overview == A protection racket is an operation where criminals provide protection to persons and properties, settle disputes and enforce contracts in markets where the police and judicial system cannot be relied upon. Diego Gambetta's The Sicilian Mafia (1996) and Federico Varese's The Russian Mafia (2001) define the mafia as a type of organized crime group that specializes in the provision of private protection. Protection racketeers or mafia groups operate mostly in the black market, providing buyers and sellers the security they need for smooth transactions; but empirical data collected by Gambetta and Varese suggests that mafia groups are able to offer private protection to corporations and individuals in legal markets when the state fails to offer sufficient and efficient protection to the people in need. Two elements distinguish racketeers from legal security firms. The first element is their willingness to deploy violent forms of retribution (going as far as murder) that fall outside the limits the law normally extends to civilian security firms. The other element is that racketeers are willing to involve themselves in illegal markets. Recent studies show that mafia groups or gangs are not the only form of protection racket or extra-legal protector, and another important form of protection racket is corrupt networks consisting of public officials, especially those from criminal justice agencies. For example, Wang's The Chinese Mafia (2017) examines protection rackets in China and suggests two types of extra-legal protectors, namely the Black Mafia (local gangs) and the Red Mafia (networks of corrupt government officials). Wang's narrative suggests that local gangs are quasi-law enforcers in both legal and illegal markets, and corrupt public officials are extra-legal protectors, safeguarding local gangs, protecting illegal entrepreneurs in the criminal underworld, offering protection to businesspeople, and selling public appointments to buyers. == Territorial monopolies == A protection racketeer cannot tolerate competition within his sphere of influence from another racketeer. If a dispute erupted between two clients (e.g. businessmen competing for a construction contract) who are protected by rival racketeers, the two racketeers would have to fight each other to win the dispute for their respective clients. The outcomes of such fights can be unpredictable, and neither racketeer would be able to guarantee a victory for his client. This would make their protection unreliable and of little value; their clients would likely dismiss them and settle the dispute by other means. Therefore, racketeers negotiate territories in which they can monopolize the use of violence in settling disputes.: 68–71  These territories may be geographical, or they may be a certain type of business or form of transaction. == Providing genuine protection == Sometimes racketeers will warn other criminals that the client is under their protection and that they will punish anyone who harms the client. Services that the racketeers may offer may include the recovery of stolen property or punishing vandals. The racketeers may even advance the interests of the client by forcing out (or otherwise hindering or intimidating) unprotected competitors.Protection from theft and vandalism is one service the racketeer may offer. For instance, in Sicily, mafiosi know all the thieves and fences in their territory, and can track down stolen goods and punish thieves who attack their clients. Protection racketeers establish what they hope will be indefinitely long bonds with their clients. This allows the racketeers to publicly declare a client to be under their protection. Thus, thieves and other predators will have little confusion as to who is and is not protected. Protection racketeers are not necessarily criminals. In A Short History of Progress, Ronald Wright notes on p. 49, "The warrior caste, supposedly society's protectors, often become protection racketeers. In times of war or crisis, power is easily stolen from the many by the few on a promise of security. The more elusive or imaginary the foe, the better for manufacturing consent." == Examples == Danegeld, was a protection tax paid by Christendom to stop Viking raids. During the late medieval and early modern era in the Scottish Marches, local farmers would often need to make payments to the Border Reivers as a form of protection money to ensure they were not attacked. These agreements were called "Black mal", where "mal" was an Old Norse word meaning agreement. The word blackmail entered the English language in 1530 as a result, but the word's meaning has changed since. In Melbourne, Australia, Alphonse Gangitano ran a protection racket along the famous Lygon Street during the 1990s. In Sicily, Italy, officials say that 80% of businesses in the city of Palermo pay pizzo, or protection money, to the Sicilian Mafia. In Ciudad Juárez, Mexico, when the Mexican Drug War escalated in 2008, criminal groups like the Juárez Cartel saw their financial backbone threatened and began asking for protection money from businesses ranging from convenience stores to clubs and restaurants with the threat of burning down the business, kidnapping the owners or killing everyone inside with assault rifles. In the early history of post-Soviet Russia, law enforcement was too underfunded and poorly trained to protect businesses and enforce contracts. Most businesses had to join a protection racket (known as a krysha, the Russian word for "roof") run by local gangsters. In the United Kingdom in the 1950s and 60s the Kray twins ran protection rackets in the East End of London. Chauth, demanded by Sambhaji and Peshva Brahmins during Mahratta Invasions of Bengal and Mahratta Sackings of Goa and Bombay-Bassein. == Government protection rackets == Government officials may demand bribes to look the other way or extort something of value from citizens or corporations in the form of a kickback. It need not always be money. A lucrative job after leaving office may have been in exchange for protection offered when in office. Payment may also show up indirectly in the form of a campaign contribution. Stopping governments agencies as a whole, and buying protection in the government is called regulatory capture. == See also == == References == Outrageous Betrayal: The Dark Journey of Werner Erhard from est to Exile is a non-fiction book written by freelance journalist Steven Pressman and first published in 1993 by St. Martin's Press. The book gives an account of Werner Erhard's early life as Jack Rosenberg, his exploration of various forms of self-help techniques, and his foundation of Erhard Seminars Training "est" and later of Werner Erhard and Associates and of the est successor course, "The Forum". Pressman details the rapid financial success Erhard had with these companies, as well as controversies relating to litigation involving former participants in his courses. The work concludes by going over the impact of a March 3, 1991 60 Minutes broadcast on CBS where members of Erhard's family made allegations against him, and Erhard's decision to leave the United States. Representatives of Werner Erhard and of Landmark Worldwide, the successor company to The Forum, regarded the book as being "defamatory". There are no references or citations provided in the book. == Author == Pressman worked as a journalist after graduating from college in 1977. He worked as a journalist for Orange City News, the Los Angeles Daily Journal, California Lawyer magazine, and Congressional Quarterly's Weekly Report. During his time performing research for and writing Outrageous Betrayal, Pressman published articles for the Legal Times newspaper and wrote articles and served as a senior editor for California Republic. In 1993, Pressman worked as a San Francisco-based legal journalist for California Lawyer. == Research == In the "Acknowledgments" section of Outrageous Betrayal, Pressman wrote that he relied upon both named and unnamed sources for information in the book, in addition to "previously published accounts, court transcripts, depositions, and other documents in which various individuals have recounted earlier conversations". In an article on fair use for Columbia Journalism Review, Pressman noted that he "gathered reams of written materials -- some of it private and confidential -- that were helpful in drawing a comprehensive portrait of my subject". In the Daily Journal, Pressman wrote that legal counsel for the book's publisher insisted on numerous changes to the book "in order to reduce, if not eliminate, the possibility of a successful suit for copyright infringement".By 1993, Pressman and St. Martin's Press had received approximately two dozen letters from Erhard's attorney Walter Maksym, though Erhard's representatives had yet to see the book itself. Maksym told the San Francisco Daily Journal in March 1993 that he wanted to "fact check the book", because he believed that "this is a first-time unknown author who apparently has interviewed only people who have negative things to say", and stated "We have cautioned the publisher that they are responsible for the accuracy of the book." Charlie Spicer, a senior editor at St. Martin's Press, described the actions of Erhard's representatives with regard to the book as "a desperate campaign by someone with something to hide". The author himself made specific reference to his legal support, mentioning "the potential legal rapids that confront authors writing these days about controversial subjects".: 278  == Contents == In Outrageous Betrayal, Steven Pressman gives a chronological account of Erhard's life and businesses, from high-school years through his formation of companies that delivered awareness training and the later controversies surrounding his business and family life. The book goes into detail regarding his early life as Jack Rosenberg and his name-change to Werner Erhard, his move to California, and the initial inspirations behind the training that would become "est". Pressman writes that Erhard took inspiration from the self-help course Mind Dynamics, cybernetics, from the books Think and Grow Rich by Napoleon Hill, and Psycho-Cybernetics by Maxwell Maltz, and from Scientology and the writings of L. Ron Hubbard. He also notes how an attorney skilled in tax law helped Erhard in forming his first awareness-training company, Erhard Seminars Training.Pressman notes how Erhard and his businesses became successful within two years of foundation, and writes that his awareness-training programs trained over half a million people in his courses and brought in tens of millions of dollars in revenue. The book then describes controversies relating to both Erhard's businesses and his reported treatment of his family. Pressman also describes the successor company to Est, Werner Erhard and Associates, and Erhard's decision to sell the "technology" of his course The Forum to his employees and to leave the United States. The book's epilogue includes a firsthand account of a Landmark Forum seminar led by the former Est-trainer Laurel Scheaf in 1992. == Reception == St. Martin's Press first published Outrageous Betrayal in 1993, and Random House published a second edition of the text in 1995.An analysis in Kirkus Reviews, noting the choice of title by the author, asserted that Pressman: "makes no pretense to objectivity here." Kirkus Reviews criticized the book, saying "What the author dramatically fails to provide by bearing down on the negative (to the extent that nearly all his informants denounce est and its founder) is any real understanding of est's teachings--and of why they appealed so deeply to so many." Paul S. Boyer, professor of history at the University of Wisconsin–Madison, reviewed the book in The Washington Post. Boyer wrote that the book "nicely recounts the bizarre tale" of Werner Erhard, saying "Pressman tells his fascinating story well." However he also commented that the book gives "only the sketchiest historical context" of est and its roots in societal experiences.A review by Mary Carroll published in the American Library Association's Booklist noted that the controversy surrounding Erhard was not new, but she wrote that "Pressman pulls the details together effectively." Carroll went on to comment: "Outrageous Betrayal is a disturbing but fascinating object lesson in the power of charisma divorced from conscience." Frances Halpern of the Los Angeles Times called the book a "damning biography".In 1995, Outrageous Betrayal was cited in a report on the United States Department of Transportation by the United States House of Representatives Committee on Appropriations in a case unrelated to Erhard or Est. This was in reference to a Congressional investigation of Gregory May and controversial trainings given by his company Gregory May Associates (GMA) to the Federal Aviation Administration. The testimony given stated that, according to Outrageous Betrayal, a member of GMA's board had been influenced by Erhard Seminars Training and the Church of Scientology.Novelist and journalist Dan Wakefield, in his review of the book in Tricycle: the Buddhist Review, criticized Pressman for failing to speak with people who had positive things to say about est. Pressman described the est training as "a mish-mash of self-help theories, common-sense psychology, and dime-store ideas of motivation" while also praising the program for helping him personally in dealing with alcoholism. Wakefield also cites an opinion survey which suggests that most est participants had positive experiences with it. == See also == Human Potential Movement Journalism sourcing Large Group Awareness Training == Notes == == References == Annichiarico, Mark (September 1, 1993). "Outrageous Betrayal: The Dark Journey of Werner Erhard from Est to Exile (review)". Library Journal. 118 (14): 207. Bader, Barbara (Editor) (July 15, 1976). "Getting It". Kirkus Reviews. 44 (Part II, Section No. 14): 821.CS1 maint: extra text: authors list (link) Berzins, Zane (February 6, 1977). "Getting It". The New York Times Book Review. The New York Times Company. 82: 25. Boyer, Paul (December 9, 1993). "Book World - Erhard, From est to Worst". The Washington Post. p. D2. Carroll, Mary (September 1, 1993). "Pressman, Steven. Outrageous Betrayal". Booklist. American Library Association. 90 (1): 7: Adult Books, Non-fiction, General Works, Philosophy & Psychology. Denison, Charles Wayne (June 1995). "The children of EST: A study of the experience and perceived effects of a large group awareness training". Dissertation Abstracts International. Ann Arbor, Michigan: University Microfilms International. 55 (12–B): 5564. ISSN 0419-4217. Fisher, Jeffrey D.; Cohen Silver, Roxane; Chinsky, Jack M.; Goff, Barry; Klar, Yechiel (1990). Evaluating a Large Group Awareness Training. New York: Springer-Verlag. ISBN 0-387-97320-6. Kirkus Reviews staff (August 1, 1993). "Outrageous Betrayal. (Book Review)". Kirkus Reviews. Kirkus Associates, LP., Nielsen Company. 61: 986. Retrieved 2007-11-20. McGurk, William S. (June 1977). "Was Ist est? Context: Before the OTP, it was difficult to prosecute crimes of sexual violence under international criminal law, and because of these aspects, the OTP is considered to have founded the legal developments in the prosecution of gender-targeted crimes in international law. ===== Prosecutor v. Akayesu ===== A landmark case conducted by the OTP is the 1998 conviction of the mayor of Taba commune in south Rwanda, Jean-Paul Akayesu, who directed acts of sexual violence on Tutsi girls and women in the Taba commune. Akayesu was the first person to be convicted of rape and sexual violence charges by an international court, and the case also represented the first international war crimes trial to convict a defendant for the crime of genocide. The case broke through the criminal networks that attempted to protect high-status, powerful political figures such as Akayesu who while not directly carrying out the slaughter, gave out undocumented orders for the mass killings. The case also made the following significant changes Recognized sexual violence as a fundamental part of the Rwandan Genocide Identified rape and other forms of gender-targeted violence as separate crimes of crimes against humanity Provided internationally accepted definitions for rape and sexual violenceRape is defined as “a physical invasion of a sexual nature, committed on a person under circumstances which are coercive” Sexual violence is defined as to “[include] rape, is considered to be any act of a sexual nature which is committed on a person under circumstances which are coercive” ==== International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY) ==== The International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia was established in 1993 by the United Nations Security Council to conduct the trials of crimes committed during the Yugoslav Wars. Feminist activists played a Facts: Answer: Badr Hari

Question: Who was once considered the best kick boxer in the world, however he has been involved in a number of controversies relating to his "unsportsmanlike conducts" in the sport and crimes of violence outside of the ring. Badr Hari (Berber: ⴱⴰⴷⵔ ⵀⴰⵔⵉ, Arabic: بدر هاري‎; born 8 December 1984) is a Moroccan-Dutch kickboxer. He is a former K-1 Heavyweight champion, It's Showtime Heavyweight world champion, and a K-1 World Grand Prix 2008 and 2009 finalist. Nicknamed The Golden Boy, he is regarded as one of the greatest professional kickboxers of all time.Combat Press ranked him as a top ten heavyweight kickboxer between January and November 2016. == Early life == Badr Hari was born and raised in Amsterdam, the capital of the Netherlands. He began kickboxing at the age of seven under the guidance of former World Champion Mousid Akamrane. As a teenager, he trained at the Sitan Gym of Mohammed Aït Hassou. When the Sitan Gym moved to Rotterdam, he joined Chakuriki Gym, run by Thom Harinck. Hari fought under the Dutch flag until he lost to Stefan Leko in 2005. Hari, who tried to publicly address the audience after his defeat, was booed so loudly that no one could make out his words. He expressed disappointment in the Dutch fans: "I thought to myself, I have never witnessed such ungratefulness." From then on Hari has represented Morocco and stopped working with Harinck. Mike Passenier became his new coach. == Kickboxing == === Early career === At the age of seven, Hari was sent by his father to the kickboxing gym to learn how to defend himself from bullies in the neighborhood. People quickly realized he was a natural talent and from the age of 11 he was fighting regularly as a junior. In his teenage years he worked with the Harinck at Chakuriki Gym and he started to become well known on the Amsterdam scene.In January 2005, Hari left Chakuriki Gym and joined Simon Rutz's It's Showtime team. After a few months of training at the Mejiro Gym he temporarily returned to Harinck's for a couple of weeks. Since then he has been coached by Mike Passenier, who has also trained Joerie Mes, Bjorn Bregy and Melvin Manhoef. === K-1 === Hari fought two matches against Leko in 2005; the first took place at an It's Showtime 2005 event in June 2005. Hari started trash talk between him and Leko before being knocked out by Leko's spinning back kick.Hari got his opportunity for revenge in November 2005 when he entered the K-1 World Grand Prix 2005 tournament as a reserve fighter against Leko, and made his K-1 World GP debut at the age of 20. Hari knocked out Leko by a spinning back high kick to the jaw at 1:30 in the second round.Hari returned to the ring at the K-1 World Grand Prix 2006 Final Elimination in Osaka, Japan, against Ruslan Karaev. Karaev hurt Badr with a straight right that left Hari slouching over in the corner before kicking Hari in the face. Hari was counted out by the referee but he and his corner immediately protested that the kick was a foul. When the referee did not respond, Hari and his corner men caused a commotion and refused to leave the ring until they were escorted out by K-1 officials. Hari left in anger and trashed his changing room.Despite being knocked out, Hari was picked as a reserve fighter again in the K-1 Grand Prix 2006 Finals against Paul Slowinski. He won the fight by unanimous decision. Hari then fought Nicholas Pettas at the K-1 Premium 2006 Dynamite!! event and broke Pettas' left shoulder in the second round with a right high kick.Hari fought Karaev again at the K-1 World GP 2007 in Yokohama. Their matchup was one of two bouts to qualify for the first K-1 heavyweight title match, scheduled on 28 April 2007 in Hawaii. Hari beat Karaev in the second round. === K-1 Heavyweight champion === ==== Title reign ==== Hari was scheduled to face Yusuke Fujimoto for the inaugural K-1 Heavyweight Championship at K-1 World GP 2007 in Hawaii on 28 April 2007. Hari began the bout in his usual aggressive manner and knocked Fujimoto down with a left straight, early on in the round. Hari pressured as the fight resumed and knocked Fujimoto out with a head kick at the 56 second mark of the bout.Four months later, Hari was scheduled to fight a rematch with Peter Graham, in a non-title bout, at K-1 World GP 2007 in Hong Kong on 5 August 2007. Graham won their previous fight, at K-1 World Grand Prix 2006 in Auckland on 5 March 2006, by a third-round knockout. Hari won the rematch by unanimous decision, with scores of 30–27, 30–28 and 30–27.Hari was scheduled to face Doug Viney in a non-title bout at K-1 World GP 2007 in Seoul Final 16 on 29 September 2007. He won the fight by a second-round knockout, dropping Viney with a right cross.Hari was scheduled to face the two-time K-1 Heavyweight World Grand Prix winner Remy Bonjasky at K-1 World GP 2007 Final on 8 December 2007. Bonjasky won the fight by majority decision, thus snapping Hari's six fight winner streak.Following this loss, Hari was scheduled to face the 2000 K-1 World Grand Prix runner-up Ray Sefo in another non-title bout at K-1 World GP 2008 in Yokohama on 13 April 2008. Hari overwhelmed Sefo early on, knocking him down several times enroute to a first-round knockout victory.Hari was scheduled to make the first defense of his K-1 heavyweight title against Glaube Feitosa at K-1 World GP 2008 in Fukuoka on 29 June 2008. He won the fight by a first-round knockout.After making his first title defense, Hari was scheduled to face Domagoj Ostojic at K-1 World GP 2008 in Hawaii on 9 August 2008. Hari won the fight by a first-round knockout.A month later, Hari was scheduled to face the 7'2 Choi Hong-man at K-1 World Grand Prix 2008 in Seoul Final 16 on 27 September 2008. It was Choi's first fight in nine months, as he was forced out of the sport due to a brain tumor. Hari was awarded a technical knockout victory, after Choi's corner threw in the towel. ==== K-1 Heavyweight Grand Prix ==== Hari participated in the 2008 K-1 heavyweight Grand Prix, held at K-1 World GP 2008 Final on 6 December 2008. The fight was held before a sellout crowd at the Yokohama Arena, for a prize of $400,000. Hari was scheduled to face the three-time K-1 Grand Prix winner Peter Aerts in the tournament quarterfinals. Hari won the fight by a second-round technical knockout, knocking Aerts down several times in both the first and second rounds. Advancing to the tournament semifinals, Hari faced Errol Zimmerman. He won the fight by a third-round knockout.Hari fought a rematch with Remy Bonjasky in the tournament finals. The two of them previously met at K-1 World GP 2007 Final on 8 December 2007, with Bonjasky winning by majority decision. Bonjasky was more dominant in the first round of the rematch and knocked Hari down with a head kick near the end of the round. The pivotal moment of the fight came in the second round, after Hari threw Bonjasky down to the mat off of a caught kick. Hari followed up with several strikes to the downed opponent, which was an egregious breakage of K-1's rules. As referee Nobuaki Kakuda was pulling Hari away from his opponent, Hari furthermore stomped on Bonjasky. Hari was disqualified for unsportsmanlike conduct. He remained unapologetic for his behavior, stating: "Remy's corner was screaming at him to stay down. I came to fight and he didn't. He's a great actor."Due to his behavior in the tournament final, Hari was stripped of the K-1 heavyweight title. Hari then briefly moved away from K-1, and was scheduled to face Alistair Overeem at Dynamite!! 2008 on December 31, 2008. Hari suffered a first-round knockout. === It's Showtime Heavyweight champion === Hari made his It's Showtime debut against Frederic Sinistra at Fights at the Border presents: It's Showtime 2009 on February 8, 2009. He won the fight by first-round knockout.Hari was scheduled to fight the three-time K-1 World Grand Prix winner Semmy Schilt for the It's Showtime World Heavyweight title at It's Showtime 2009 Amsterdam on December 5, 2009. He won the fight by a first-round technical knockout. ==== K-1 Heavyweight Grand Prix ==== Hari was scheduled to face Zabit Samedov at K-1 World Grand Prix 2009 Final 16 on September 26, 2009, in the qualifying round of the 2009 K-1 World Grand Prix. He won the fight by a first-round body shot knockout.Hari took part in the 2009 K-1 World Grand Prix 2009 Final, held on December 5, 2009. He was scheduled to fight a trilogy match with Ruslan Karaev in the tournament quarterfinals. Each held a knockout victory over the other. Hari won their third meeting by a 38 second knockout. Hari fought a rematch with Alistair Overeem in the tournament semifinals. He was more successful in their second meeting, and won by a first-round knockout. Hari fought another rematch in the tournament finals, against Semmy Schilt. Hari knocked Schilt out after 45 seconds just seven months prior. Schilt won the tournament final by a first-round knockout. ==== It's Showtime title reign ==== Hari was scheduled to make the first defense of his It's Showtime heavyweight title against Mourad Bouzidi at It's Showtime 2010 Prague on February 13, 2010. Hari won the fight by a second-round knockout.Hari was scheduled to face Alexey Ignashov at K-1 World Grand Prix 2010 in Yokohama on April 3, 2010. He won the fight by unanimous decision.Hari was scheduled to make the second defense of his It's Showtime heavyweight title against Hesdy Gerges at It's Showtime 2010 Amsterdam on May 29, 2010. Gerges won the fight by disqualification, after Hari threw an illegal kick. ==== Post-title reign ==== Hari was scheduled to face Gregory Tony at It's Showtime 2011 Lyon on May 14, 2011. He won the fight by a first-round technical knockout.Hari was scheduled to face Gökhan Saki at It's Showtime 2012 in Leeuwarden on January 28, 2012. He won by a second-round knockout.Hari was scheduled to face the 2012 SUPERKOMBAT World Grand Prix winner Anderson Silva at K-1 World MAX 2012 World Championship Tournament Final 16 on May 27, 2012. He won the fight by unanimous decision.Hari was scheduled to fight a rematch with Zabit Samedov in the quarterfinals of the K-1 World Grand Prix 2012 Final, held on March 5, 2012. Although he won by unanimous decision, Hari was unable to advance to the semifinals due to injury. === LFS and GFC === Two months later, Hari was scheduled to fight a trilogy match with Zabit Samedov at the inaugural Legend Fighting Show event on May 25, 2013. Samedov won the fight by a second-round knockout.Hari fought a rematch with Alexey Ignashov at the second Legend Fighting Show event on November 9, 2013. Hari won the fight by unanimous decision.Hari participated in the Global Fighting Championship heavyweight tournament, held on May 29, 2014. He was scheduled to fight 1998 K-1 European Grand Prix winner Stefan Leko in the tournament semifinals. Hari won the fight by a first-round knockout, and advance to the finals where he faced Peter Graham. The two of them fought twice previously, with Graham winning by knockout and Hari winning by decision. Hari won their third fight by a first-round knockout.Hari was scheduled to face Arnold Oborotov at GFC Fight Series 2 on October 16, 2014. He won the fight by a first-round body shot knockout.Hari was scheduled to face Ismael Londt at Akhmat Fight Show on August 22, 2015. He won the fight by a third-round technical knockout. === Glory === ==== Hari vs. Verhoeven I ==== Hari was scheduled to make his Glory debut against the reigning Heavyweight Champion Rico Verhoeven at Glory: Collision on October 12, 2016. Hari appeared to have won the first round, opening a cut on Verhoeven's nose. Verhoeven was more aggressive in the second round and landed knee in the clinch which broke Hari's arm. As Hari was unable to continue fighting, Verhoeven was awarded the technical knockout victory. ==== Hari vs. Gerges ==== On 3 March 2018, Hari fought Gerges. Hari won the fight by unanimous decision, but a year after the fight it was revealed that both fighters had used sports supplements that contained prohibited substances; as a result, both fighters were suspended. Hari failed a drug test prior to Glory 51: Rotterdam, and was issued with a 19-month suspension after tests on samples provided indicated a violation of Netherlands rules regarding prohibited substances for competitive athletes. Gerges, who faced Hari at the event, was also issued with an official reprimand. ==== Hari vs. Verhoeven II ==== Hari was scheduled to challenge Rico Verhoeven for the Glory Heavyweight Championship in his first post-suspension fight. The bout was set for Glory 74: Arnhem on 21 December 2019. In the sold-out GelreDome, in front of 30 000 fans, Verhoeven won the fight by a third-round technical knockout. Hari once again found early success, knocking Verhoeven down in both the first and third rounds. Early on in the third round however, Hari suffered a broken ankle from a missed kick, once again rendering him unable to continue competing.Aside from selling out the arena, the rematch also drew 3.5 million viewers, an estimated 53% of the live television audience in the Netherlands, which was the second highest viewership of a live sports broadcast, in Dutch television history. ==== Hari vs. Adegbuyi ==== On 19 December 2020, Hari fought the #2 ranked Glory heavyweight contender, Benjamin Adegbuyi in a Glory Heavyweight Championship Eliminator at Glory 76. The fight was originally planned to take place on 20 June, but was postponed multiple times due to the COVID-19 pandemic. On 13 September, Glory announced the event would take place on 7 November, only for it be postponed again, when Hari announced that he tested positive for COVID-19 on 19 October. Hari lost the fight by KO in the third round after being kicked by Adegbuyi. Glory vice-chairman Scott Rudmann revealed the following day that Hari suffered a double break in his nose on knockout. ==== Hari vs. Wrzosek ==== It was announced on 31 May 2021, that Hari would face the #8 ranked Glory heavyweight contender Arkadiusz Wrzosek. The bout was scheduled as the main event of Glory 78: Arnhem, held on 4 September 2021. Hari had a great start to the bout and managed to knock Wrzosek down three times with body shots before the midway point of the fight. Halfway through the second round however, Wrzosek landed a head kick which knocked Hari out, extending his winless streak to five fights. == Personal life == === Relationships and children === Hari is married to Daphne Romani and has four daughters and a son. The family currently lives in Morocco. === Legal issues === Hari has been arrested multiple times since 2006 on various assault charges, and gained a reputation for violent behavior. A psychologist who spoke to Hari in relation to one of his trials concluded that his success as an athlete and celebrity status, combined with a lack of personal guidance, resulted in narcissistic personality traits. About his violent eruptions, Hari has said: "I am able to explode at any moment. [...] When my brakes are off, it's just one big clump of explosion, chaos and noise, and I become blind to it all. [...] A storm, a hurricane, a disaster. [...] There just is a certain aggression inside of me, of which I don't know what to do with and neither where it comes from." At his conviction on 21 February 2014, the district attorney described Hari as an individual who is very short-tempered, indulges in vulgar power display, and demonstrates aggressive and intimidating behavior which is characterized by a high "do-you-even-know-who-I-am caliber".Late October 2012, an indictment was handed to Hari in his holding cell, which contained nine criminal charges against Hari: eight crimes of violence and one moving violation, the latter of which is from an incident in March 2010 where a pedestrian sustained injuries. Crimes of violence include: 20 February 2010 Club Blinq. The bouncer of Club Blinq is assaulted by several perpetrators one of which is said to be Hari. 6 March 2010 Albert Cuyp Market. Hari drives his car into the Albert Cuyp Street, which was closed to vehicle traffic, and has an accident with a pedestrian severely injuring her leg. 1–29 July 2011 Spuistraat: Hari is accused of assaulting his ex-girlfriend Rosa in her apartment in Spuistraat and the destruction of her property. 17 July 2011 Club Air: Jeroen van de Berg, the owner of the Club Air and an Italian guest are assaulted. Jeroen suffers serious damage to his teeth due to a kick to the head. 2 December 2011 Cooldown Cafe: Hari is caught on camera in "The Cooldown Cafe" assaulting Olivier, the stepbrother of his ex-girlfriend. 8 July 2012 Sensation White: Dutch millionaire entrepreneur Koen Everink is severely assaulted at a dance event in the Amsterdam Arena. Everink suffered a broken nose and eye socket and a broken ankle, which required several surgical procedures. The public prosecutor stated that numerous witnesses had pointed the finger at Hari.In July 2012 Hari surrendered to police as he feared "being arrested by a SWAT team" to come forth and deny his involvement in an alleged assault on Everink, who claimed Hari was responsible for inflicting his face and leg injuries including a broken ankle, and further allegations of assault made by an Amsterdam nightclub owner. The latter alleged that he had also been attacked by Hari, saying that he "suffered a broken jaw and lost teeth after being kicked in the head" during an altercation at his nightclub and that in light of Everink's seeking to press charges, he would do the same.As is procedure in the Netherlands for crimes that carry a statutory minimum four-year prison sentence or more, Hari was detained in prison whilst awaiting trial. On 9 November 2012 a court in Amsterdam allowed Hari to return home until his trial on the condition that he not visit any horeca establishments (hotels, restaurants and café establishments), or contact witnesses, with the exception of his girlfriend Estelle Cruijff. The day following his release he was spotted violating this condition by eating out at a deli with Cruijff. He also made contact with two witnesses of the incident. As a result, Hari was arrested again by police in Amsterdam and was sentenced to be detained again, this time for three months, with his eventual release in January 2013.On 21 January 2013 a court in Amsterdam determined that Hari should again be released from his pre-trial detention, this time with the condition that he could not visit catering establishments between the hours of 8:00 PM and 8:00 AM. By this point the main witnesses in the case had been heard; and the court deemed it unnecessary to further detain Hari. After Hari's release he resumed training with the intention of returning to the ring. His trial was reportedly set to take place in March 2013.On 21 February 2014 the district court in Amsterdam sentenced him to prison for 1+1⁄2 years. His legal team and the prosecution filed an immediate appeal. The Court of Appeal found him guilty of aggravated assault, noting in particular that each of his assaults was preceded by a relatively mild quarrel and that to his victims his violent behaviour came as a complete surprise, leaving them no chance to defend themselves. He was sentenced to two years in prison, of which ten months were suspended. Since he had already spent eight months in pre-arrest, he still had to serve half a year in prison. In addition, he had to pay his victims compensation of €45,000 in total, and the judgement was upheld by the Supreme Court of the Netherlands in 2017.Hari was reportedly arrested in Dubai following his tournament win at Global FC 3 on 29 May 2014, and he was detained and questioned by police over an alleged incident from late 2011 or early 2012 before being released, according to his lawyer. Hari himself refuted the reports. === Music === In 2007, Hari released a hip-hop song with Dutch-Moroccan rapper Appa entitled "Stap Maar In De Ring" ("Step Into The Ring"). == Championships and accomplishments == 2007 K-1 Heavyweight champion (One successful title defense) 2008 K-1 World Grand Prix runner up 2009 It's Showtime Heavyweight champion (One successful title defense) 2009 K-1 World Grand Prix runner up 2014 GFC Fight Series 1 Heavyweight Tournament Champion 2020 Glory Fight of the Year vs. Benjamin Adegbuyi at Glory 76: Rotterdam == Kickboxing record == == See also == List of male kickboxers List of K-1 champions List of It's Showtime champions == References == == External links == Profile at Glory A protection racket is a type of racket and a scheme of organized crime perpetrated by a potentially hazardous group, usually a criminal organization, which guarantees protection outside the sanction of the law to a business, entity, or individual from violence, looting, arson, robbery, and other such threats, often in situations or regions in which such threats may often not be effectively prevented or addressed by the prevailing system of law and order or local government, in exchange for the extorted payments in cash or kind. The perpetrators of the protection racket may offer these services to protect vulnerable targets from other dangerous individuals and groups or may simply offer to refrain from themselves carrying out threats on the targets, and usually both of these forms of protection are implied in the racket. In many cases, there exists an actual and legitimate outside threat to the target of the protection racket, and the racketeers will in fact protect the target; however, often the racketeers will themselves coerce or threaten the business or targeted individual or entity into accepting the protection, often with the threat, implicit or otherwise, that failing to acquire these protection services will lead to the racketeers themselves contributing to the existing problem. In some instances, the potential threat to the target may be caused by the same group that offers to solve it, but that fact may be concealed in order to ensure continual patronage. In other words, at least ostensibly, the protection racket is a racket that sells security, traditionally physical security. Through the credible threat of violence, the racketeers deter people from swindling, robbing, injuring, sabotaging or otherwise harming their clients. Protection rackets tend to appear in markets in which the police and judiciary cannot be counted on to provide legal protection, because of incompetence (as in weak, corrupt, or failed states, or in cases in which the state does not provide adequate or any protection for certain ethnic or socioeconomic groups), illegality (when the targeted entity is involved in black markets), and/or where other forms of mistrust of the state and government protection exist. Protection rackets are indistinguishable in practice from extortion rackets and distinguishable from private security by some degree of implied threat that the racketeers themselves may attack the business if it fails to pay for their protection. A distinction is possible between a "pure" extortion racket in which the racketeers might agree only not to attack a business and a broader protection racket offering some real private security in addition to such extortion. The criminals might agree to defend a business from any attack by either themselves or third parties (other criminal gangs). However, in reality, that distinction is doubtful, because extortion racketeers may have to defend their clients against rival gangs to maintain their profits. By corollary, criminal gangs may have to maintain control of territories (turfs), as local businesses may collapse if forced to pay for protection from too many rackets, which then hurts all parties involved. Certain scholars, such as Diego Gambetta, classify criminal organizations engaged in protection racketeering as "mafia", as the racket is popular with both the Sicilian Mafia and Italian-American Mafia. == Overview == A protection racket is an operation where criminals provide protection to persons and properties, settle disputes and enforce contracts in markets where the police and judicial system cannot be relied upon. Diego Gambetta's The Sicilian Mafia (1996) and Federico Varese's The Russian Mafia (2001) define the mafia as a type of organized crime group that specializes in the provision of private protection. Protection racketeers or mafia groups operate mostly in the black market, providing buyers and sellers the security they need for smooth transactions; but empirical data collected by Gambetta and Varese suggests that mafia groups are able to offer private protection to corporations and individuals in legal markets when the state fails to offer sufficient and efficient protection to the people in need. Two elements distinguish racketeers from legal security firms. The first element is their willingness to deploy violent forms of retribution (going as far as murder) that fall outside the limits the law normally extends to civilian security firms. The other element is that racketeers are willing to involve themselves in illegal markets. Recent studies show that mafia groups or gangs are not the only form of protection racket or extra-legal protector, and another important form of protection racket is corrupt networks consisting of public officials, especially those from criminal justice agencies. For example, Wang's The Chinese Mafia (2017) examines protection rackets in China and suggests two types of extra-legal protectors, namely the Black Mafia (local gangs) and the Red Mafia (networks of corrupt government officials). Wang's narrative suggests that local gangs are quasi-law enforcers in both legal and illegal markets, and corrupt public officials are extra-legal protectors, safeguarding local gangs, protecting illegal entrepreneurs in the criminal underworld, offering protection to businesspeople, and selling public appointments to buyers. == Territorial monopolies == A protection racketeer cannot tolerate competition within his sphere of influence from another racketeer. If a dispute erupted between two clients (e.g. businessmen competing for a construction contract) who are protected by rival racketeers, the two racketeers would have to fight each other to win the dispute for their respective clients. The outcomes of such fights can be unpredictable, and neither racketeer would be able to guarantee a victory for his client. This would make their protection unreliable and of little value; their clients would likely dismiss them and settle the dispute by other means. Therefore, racketeers negotiate territories in which they can monopolize the use of violence in settling disputes.: 68–71  These territories may be geographical, or they may be a certain type of business or form of transaction. == Providing genuine protection == Sometimes racketeers will warn other criminals that the client is under their protection and that they will punish anyone who harms the client. Services that the racketeers may offer may include the recovery of stolen property or punishing vandals. The racketeers may even advance the interests of the client by forcing out (or otherwise hindering or intimidating) unprotected competitors.Protection from theft and vandalism is one service the racketeer may offer. For instance, in Sicily, mafiosi know all the thieves and fences in their territory, and can track down stolen goods and punish thieves who attack their clients. Protection racketeers establish what they hope will be indefinitely long bonds with their clients. This allows the racketeers to publicly declare a client to be under their protection. Thus, thieves and other predators will have little confusion as to who is and is not protected. Protection racketeers are not necessarily criminals. In A Short History of Progress, Ronald Wright notes on p. 49, "The warrior caste, supposedly society's protectors, often become protection racketeers. In times of war or crisis, power is easily stolen from the many by the few on a promise of security. The more elusive or imaginary the foe, the better for manufacturing consent." == Examples == Danegeld, was a protection tax paid by Christendom to stop Viking raids. During the late medieval and early modern era in the Scottish Marches, local farmers would often need to make payments to the Border Reivers as a form of protection money to ensure they were not attacked. These agreements were called "Black mal", where "mal" was an Old Norse word meaning agreement. The word blackmail entered the English language in 1530 as a result, but the word's meaning has changed since. In Melbourne, Australia, Alphonse Gangitano ran a protection racket along the famous Lygon Street during the 1990s. In Sicily, Italy, officials say that 80% of businesses in the city of Palermo pay pizzo, or protection money, to the Sicilian Mafia. In Ciudad Juárez, Mexico, when the Mexican Drug War escalated in 2008, criminal groups like the Juárez Cartel saw their financial backbone threatened and began asking for protection money from businesses ranging from convenience stores to clubs and restaurants with the threat of burning down the business, kidnapping the owners or killing everyone inside with assault rifles. In the early history of post-Soviet Russia, law enforcement was too underfunded and poorly trained to protect businesses and enforce contracts. Most businesses had to join a protection racket (known as a krysha, the Russian word for "roof") run by local gangsters. In the United Kingdom in the 1950s and 60s the Kray twins ran protection rackets in the East End of London. Chauth, demanded by Sambhaji and Peshva Brahmins during Mahratta Invasions of Bengal and Mahratta Sackings of Goa and Bombay-Bassein. == Government protection rackets == Government officials may demand bribes to look the other way or extort something of value from citizens or corporations in the form of a kickback. It need not always be money. A lucrative job after leaving office may have been in exchange for protection offered when in office. Payment may also show up indirectly in the form of a campaign contribution. Stopping governments agencies as a whole, and buying protection in the government is called regulatory capture. == See also == == References == Outrageous Betrayal: The Dark Journey of Werner Erhard from est to Exile is a non-fiction book written by freelance journalist Steven Pressman and first published in 1993 by St. Martin's Press. The book gives an account of Werner Erhard's early life as Jack Rosenberg, his exploration of various forms of self-help techniques, and his foundation of Erhard Seminars Training "est" and later of Werner Erhard and Associates and of the est successor course, "The Forum". Pressman details the rapid financial success Erhard had with these companies, as well as controversies relating to litigation involving former participants in his courses. The work concludes by going over the impact of a March 3, 1991 60 Minutes broadcast on CBS where members of Erhard's family made allegations against him, and Erhard's decision to leave the United States. Representatives of Werner Erhard and of Landmark Worldwide, the successor company to The Forum, regarded the book as being "defamatory". There are no references or citations provided in the book. == Author == Pressman worked as a journalist after graduating from college in 1977. He worked as a journalist for Orange City News, the Los Angeles Daily Journal, California Lawyer magazine, and Congressional Quarterly's Weekly Report. During his time performing research for and writing Outrageous Betrayal, Pressman published articles for the Legal Times newspaper and wrote articles and served as a senior editor for California Republic. In 1993, Pressman worked as a San Francisco-based legal journalist for California Lawyer. == Research == In the "Acknowledgments" section of Outrageous Betrayal, Pressman wrote that he relied upon both named and unnamed sources for information in the book, in addition to "previously published accounts, court transcripts, depositions, and other documents in which various individuals have recounted earlier conversations". In an article on fair use for Columbia Journalism Review, Pressman noted that he "gathered reams of written materials -- some of it private and confidential -- that were helpful in drawing a comprehensive portrait of my subject". In the Daily Journal, Pressman wrote that legal counsel for the book's publisher insisted on numerous changes to the book "in order to reduce, if not eliminate, the possibility of a successful suit for copyright infringement".By 1993, Pressman and St. Martin's Press had received approximately two dozen letters from Erhard's attorney Walter Maksym, though Erhard's representatives had yet to see the book itself. Maksym told the San Francisco Daily Journal in March 1993 that he wanted to "fact check the book", because he believed that "this is a first-time unknown author who apparently has interviewed only people who have negative things to say", and stated "We have cautioned the publisher that they are responsible for the accuracy of the book." Charlie Spicer, a senior editor at St. Martin's Press, described the actions of Erhard's representatives with regard to the book as "a desperate campaign by someone with something to hide". The author himself made specific reference to his legal support, mentioning "the potential legal rapids that confront authors writing these days about controversial subjects".: 278  == Contents == In Outrageous Betrayal, Steven Pressman gives a chronological account of Erhard's life and businesses, from high-school years through his formation of companies that delivered awareness training and the later controversies surrounding his business and family life. The book goes into detail regarding his early life as Jack Rosenberg and his name-change to Werner Erhard, his move to California, and the initial inspirations behind the training that would become "est". Pressman writes that Erhard took inspiration from the self-help course Mind Dynamics, cybernetics, from the books Think and Grow Rich by Napoleon Hill, and Psycho-Cybernetics by Maxwell Maltz, and from Scientology and the writings of L. Ron Hubbard. He also notes how an attorney skilled in tax law helped Erhard in forming his first awareness-training company, Erhard Seminars Training.Pressman notes how Erhard and his businesses became successful within two years of foundation, and writes that his awareness-training programs trained over half a million people in his courses and brought in tens of millions of dollars in revenue. The book then describes controversies relating to both Erhard's businesses and his reported treatment of his family. Pressman also describes the successor company to Est, Werner Erhard and Associates, and Erhard's decision to sell the "technology" of his course The Forum to his employees and to leave the United States. The book's epilogue includes a firsthand account of a Landmark Forum seminar led by the former Est-trainer Laurel Scheaf in 1992. == Reception == St. Martin's Press first published Outrageous Betrayal in 1993, and Random House published a second edition of the text in 1995.An analysis in Kirkus Reviews, noting the choice of title by the author, asserted that Pressman: "makes no pretense to objectivity here." Kirkus Reviews criticized the book, saying "What the author dramatically fails to provide by bearing down on the negative (to the extent that nearly all his informants denounce est and its founder) is any real understanding of est's teachings--and of why they appealed so deeply to so many." Paul S. Boyer, professor of history at the University of Wisconsin–Madison, reviewed the book in The Washington Post. Boyer wrote that the book "nicely recounts the bizarre tale" of Werner Erhard, saying "Pressman tells his fascinating story well." However he also commented that the book gives "only the sketchiest historical context" of est and its roots in societal experiences.A review by Mary Carroll published in the American Library Association's Booklist noted that the controversy surrounding Erhard was not new, but she wrote that "Pressman pulls the details together effectively." Carroll went on to comment: "Outrageous Betrayal is a disturbing but fascinating object lesson in the power of charisma divorced from conscience." Frances Halpern of the Los Angeles Times called the book a "damning biography".In 1995, Outrageous Betrayal was cited in a report on the United States Department of Transportation by the United States House of Representatives Committee on Appropriations in a case unrelated to Erhard or Est. This was in reference to a Congressional investigation of Gregory May and controversial trainings given by his company Gregory May Associates (GMA) to the Federal Aviation Administration. The testimony given stated that, according to Outrageous Betrayal, a member of GMA's board had been influenced by Erhard Seminars Training and the Church of Scientology.Novelist and journalist Dan Wakefield, in his review of the book in Tricycle: the Buddhist Review, criticized Pressman for failing to speak with people who had positive things to say about est. Pressman described the est training as "a mish-mash of self-help theories, common-sense psychology, and dime-store ideas of motivation" while also praising the program for helping him personally in dealing with alcoholism. Wakefield also cites an opinion survey which suggests that most est participants had positive experiences with it. == See also == Human Potential Movement Journalism sourcing Large Group Awareness Training == Notes == == References == Annichiarico, Mark (September 1, 1993). "Outrageous Betrayal: The Dark Journey of Werner Erhard from Est to Exile (review)". Library Journal. 118 (14): 207. Bader, Barbara (Editor) (July 15, 1976). "Getting It". Kirkus Reviews. 44 (Part II, Section No. 14): 821.CS1 maint: extra text: authors list (link) Berzins, Zane (February 6, 1977). "Getting It". The New York Times Book Review. The New York Times Company. 82: 25. Boyer, Paul (December 9, 1993). "Book World - Erhard, From est to Worst". The Washington Post. p. D2. Carroll, Mary (September 1, 1993). "Pressman, Steven. Outrageous Betrayal". Booklist. American Library Association. 90 (1): 7: Adult Books, Non-fiction, General Works, Philosophy & Psychology. Denison, Charles Wayne (June 1995). "The children of EST: A study of the experience and perceived effects of a large group awareness training". Dissertation Abstracts International. Ann Arbor, Michigan: University Microfilms International. 55 (12–B): 5564. ISSN 0419-4217. Fisher, Jeffrey D.; Cohen Silver, Roxane; Chinsky, Jack M.; Goff, Barry; Klar, Yechiel (1990). Evaluating a Large Group Awareness Training. New York: Springer-Verlag. ISBN 0-387-97320-6. Kirkus Reviews staff (August 1, 1993). "Outrageous Betrayal. (Book Review)". Kirkus Reviews. Kirkus Associates, LP., Nielsen Company. 61: 986. Retrieved 2007-11-20. McGurk, William S. (June 1977). "Was Ist est? Context: part in creating the structure of the ICTY over the gender-targeted crimes, and states and international organizations urged criminalizing rape with the main argument that the Geneva Conventions provided the context. This led to the ICTY Statue specifically listing rape as a crime against humanity. Under the Office of the Prosecutor (OTP) of the ICTY, there is a "Legal Advisor for Gender-related Crimes" position that directs the prosecution's dealings with gender-based crimes similar to the one made in the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR). ICTY has a Victims and Witnesses Unit that provides support and counseling to victims and witnesses particularly in rape and sexual assault cases, and the unit is employed by women.Three cases – Čelebići, Furundžija, and Kunarac – are examples of the ICTY making indictments of gender-targeted violence.In Kunarac, The ICTY convicted Serbian men of confining Bosnian Muslim women under the charges of enslavement, which was listed as a crime against humanity in the Statue. There are arguments that the accused should have been found guilty of sexual slavery and of genocide rather than enslavement.Furundžija was a commander of the Jokers – a unit of the Bosnian Croatian Militia, which allegedly attacked villages of Bosnian Muslims through imprisonment, murder, sexual abuse, and other forms of violence – he was accused of participating in the torture involving forced sexual intercourse of a woman at the Jokers' headquarters. The prosecution depended on the testimony of the woman, and this drew debate over the credibility of the victim's memory. The case led to the concern for the survivors of traumatic events in addition to the victims Facts: Answer: Badr Hari

Question: Who was once considered the best kick boxer in the world, however he has been involved in a number of controversies relating to his "unsportsmanlike conducts" in the sport and crimes of violence outside of the ring. Badr Hari (Berber: ⴱⴰⴷⵔ ⵀⴰⵔⵉ, Arabic: بدر هاري‎; born 8 December 1984) is a Moroccan-Dutch kickboxer. He is a former K-1 Heavyweight champion, It's Showtime Heavyweight world champion, and a K-1 World Grand Prix 2008 and 2009 finalist. Nicknamed The Golden Boy, he is regarded as one of the greatest professional kickboxers of all time.Combat Press ranked him as a top ten heavyweight kickboxer between January and November 2016. == Early life == Badr Hari was born and raised in Amsterdam, the capital of the Netherlands. He began kickboxing at the age of seven under the guidance of former World Champion Mousid Akamrane. As a teenager, he trained at the Sitan Gym of Mohammed Aït Hassou. When the Sitan Gym moved to Rotterdam, he joined Chakuriki Gym, run by Thom Harinck. Hari fought under the Dutch flag until he lost to Stefan Leko in 2005. Hari, who tried to publicly address the audience after his defeat, was booed so loudly that no one could make out his words. He expressed disappointment in the Dutch fans: "I thought to myself, I have never witnessed such ungratefulness." From then on Hari has represented Morocco and stopped working with Harinck. Mike Passenier became his new coach. == Kickboxing == === Early career === At the age of seven, Hari was sent by his father to the kickboxing gym to learn how to defend himself from bullies in the neighborhood. People quickly realized he was a natural talent and from the age of 11 he was fighting regularly as a junior. In his teenage years he worked with the Harinck at Chakuriki Gym and he started to become well known on the Amsterdam scene.In January 2005, Hari left Chakuriki Gym and joined Simon Rutz's It's Showtime team. After a few months of training at the Mejiro Gym he temporarily returned to Harinck's for a couple of weeks. Since then he has been coached by Mike Passenier, who has also trained Joerie Mes, Bjorn Bregy and Melvin Manhoef. === K-1 === Hari fought two matches against Leko in 2005; the first took place at an It's Showtime 2005 event in June 2005. Hari started trash talk between him and Leko before being knocked out by Leko's spinning back kick.Hari got his opportunity for revenge in November 2005 when he entered the K-1 World Grand Prix 2005 tournament as a reserve fighter against Leko, and made his K-1 World GP debut at the age of 20. Hari knocked out Leko by a spinning back high kick to the jaw at 1:30 in the second round.Hari returned to the ring at the K-1 World Grand Prix 2006 Final Elimination in Osaka, Japan, against Ruslan Karaev. Karaev hurt Badr with a straight right that left Hari slouching over in the corner before kicking Hari in the face. Hari was counted out by the referee but he and his corner immediately protested that the kick was a foul. When the referee did not respond, Hari and his corner men caused a commotion and refused to leave the ring until they were escorted out by K-1 officials. Hari left in anger and trashed his changing room.Despite being knocked out, Hari was picked as a reserve fighter again in the K-1 Grand Prix 2006 Finals against Paul Slowinski. He won the fight by unanimous decision. Hari then fought Nicholas Pettas at the K-1 Premium 2006 Dynamite!! event and broke Pettas' left shoulder in the second round with a right high kick.Hari fought Karaev again at the K-1 World GP 2007 in Yokohama. Their matchup was one of two bouts to qualify for the first K-1 heavyweight title match, scheduled on 28 April 2007 in Hawaii. Hari beat Karaev in the second round. === K-1 Heavyweight champion === ==== Title reign ==== Hari was scheduled to face Yusuke Fujimoto for the inaugural K-1 Heavyweight Championship at K-1 World GP 2007 in Hawaii on 28 April 2007. Hari began the bout in his usual aggressive manner and knocked Fujimoto down with a left straight, early on in the round. Hari pressured as the fight resumed and knocked Fujimoto out with a head kick at the 56 second mark of the bout.Four months later, Hari was scheduled to fight a rematch with Peter Graham, in a non-title bout, at K-1 World GP 2007 in Hong Kong on 5 August 2007. Graham won their previous fight, at K-1 World Grand Prix 2006 in Auckland on 5 March 2006, by a third-round knockout. Hari won the rematch by unanimous decision, with scores of 30–27, 30–28 and 30–27.Hari was scheduled to face Doug Viney in a non-title bout at K-1 World GP 2007 in Seoul Final 16 on 29 September 2007. He won the fight by a second-round knockout, dropping Viney with a right cross.Hari was scheduled to face the two-time K-1 Heavyweight World Grand Prix winner Remy Bonjasky at K-1 World GP 2007 Final on 8 December 2007. Bonjasky won the fight by majority decision, thus snapping Hari's six fight winner streak.Following this loss, Hari was scheduled to face the 2000 K-1 World Grand Prix runner-up Ray Sefo in another non-title bout at K-1 World GP 2008 in Yokohama on 13 April 2008. Hari overwhelmed Sefo early on, knocking him down several times enroute to a first-round knockout victory.Hari was scheduled to make the first defense of his K-1 heavyweight title against Glaube Feitosa at K-1 World GP 2008 in Fukuoka on 29 June 2008. He won the fight by a first-round knockout.After making his first title defense, Hari was scheduled to face Domagoj Ostojic at K-1 World GP 2008 in Hawaii on 9 August 2008. Hari won the fight by a first-round knockout.A month later, Hari was scheduled to face the 7'2 Choi Hong-man at K-1 World Grand Prix 2008 in Seoul Final 16 on 27 September 2008. It was Choi's first fight in nine months, as he was forced out of the sport due to a brain tumor. Hari was awarded a technical knockout victory, after Choi's corner threw in the towel. ==== K-1 Heavyweight Grand Prix ==== Hari participated in the 2008 K-1 heavyweight Grand Prix, held at K-1 World GP 2008 Final on 6 December 2008. The fight was held before a sellout crowd at the Yokohama Arena, for a prize of $400,000. Hari was scheduled to face the three-time K-1 Grand Prix winner Peter Aerts in the tournament quarterfinals. Hari won the fight by a second-round technical knockout, knocking Aerts down several times in both the first and second rounds. Advancing to the tournament semifinals, Hari faced Errol Zimmerman. He won the fight by a third-round knockout.Hari fought a rematch with Remy Bonjasky in the tournament finals. The two of them previously met at K-1 World GP 2007 Final on 8 December 2007, with Bonjasky winning by majority decision. Bonjasky was more dominant in the first round of the rematch and knocked Hari down with a head kick near the end of the round. The pivotal moment of the fight came in the second round, after Hari threw Bonjasky down to the mat off of a caught kick. Hari followed up with several strikes to the downed opponent, which was an egregious breakage of K-1's rules. As referee Nobuaki Kakuda was pulling Hari away from his opponent, Hari furthermore stomped on Bonjasky. Hari was disqualified for unsportsmanlike conduct. He remained unapologetic for his behavior, stating: "Remy's corner was screaming at him to stay down. I came to fight and he didn't. He's a great actor."Due to his behavior in the tournament final, Hari was stripped of the K-1 heavyweight title. Hari then briefly moved away from K-1, and was scheduled to face Alistair Overeem at Dynamite!! 2008 on December 31, 2008. Hari suffered a first-round knockout. === It's Showtime Heavyweight champion === Hari made his It's Showtime debut against Frederic Sinistra at Fights at the Border presents: It's Showtime 2009 on February 8, 2009. He won the fight by first-round knockout.Hari was scheduled to fight the three-time K-1 World Grand Prix winner Semmy Schilt for the It's Showtime World Heavyweight title at It's Showtime 2009 Amsterdam on December 5, 2009. He won the fight by a first-round technical knockout. ==== K-1 Heavyweight Grand Prix ==== Hari was scheduled to face Zabit Samedov at K-1 World Grand Prix 2009 Final 16 on September 26, 2009, in the qualifying round of the 2009 K-1 World Grand Prix. He won the fight by a first-round body shot knockout.Hari took part in the 2009 K-1 World Grand Prix 2009 Final, held on December 5, 2009. He was scheduled to fight a trilogy match with Ruslan Karaev in the tournament quarterfinals. Each held a knockout victory over the other. Hari won their third meeting by a 38 second knockout. Hari fought a rematch with Alistair Overeem in the tournament semifinals. He was more successful in their second meeting, and won by a first-round knockout. Hari fought another rematch in the tournament finals, against Semmy Schilt. Hari knocked Schilt out after 45 seconds just seven months prior. Schilt won the tournament final by a first-round knockout. ==== It's Showtime title reign ==== Hari was scheduled to make the first defense of his It's Showtime heavyweight title against Mourad Bouzidi at It's Showtime 2010 Prague on February 13, 2010. Hari won the fight by a second-round knockout.Hari was scheduled to face Alexey Ignashov at K-1 World Grand Prix 2010 in Yokohama on April 3, 2010. He won the fight by unanimous decision.Hari was scheduled to make the second defense of his It's Showtime heavyweight title against Hesdy Gerges at It's Showtime 2010 Amsterdam on May 29, 2010. Gerges won the fight by disqualification, after Hari threw an illegal kick. ==== Post-title reign ==== Hari was scheduled to face Gregory Tony at It's Showtime 2011 Lyon on May 14, 2011. He won the fight by a first-round technical knockout.Hari was scheduled to face Gökhan Saki at It's Showtime 2012 in Leeuwarden on January 28, 2012. He won by a second-round knockout.Hari was scheduled to face the 2012 SUPERKOMBAT World Grand Prix winner Anderson Silva at K-1 World MAX 2012 World Championship Tournament Final 16 on May 27, 2012. He won the fight by unanimous decision.Hari was scheduled to fight a rematch with Zabit Samedov in the quarterfinals of the K-1 World Grand Prix 2012 Final, held on March 5, 2012. Although he won by unanimous decision, Hari was unable to advance to the semifinals due to injury. === LFS and GFC === Two months later, Hari was scheduled to fight a trilogy match with Zabit Samedov at the inaugural Legend Fighting Show event on May 25, 2013. Samedov won the fight by a second-round knockout.Hari fought a rematch with Alexey Ignashov at the second Legend Fighting Show event on November 9, 2013. Hari won the fight by unanimous decision.Hari participated in the Global Fighting Championship heavyweight tournament, held on May 29, 2014. He was scheduled to fight 1998 K-1 European Grand Prix winner Stefan Leko in the tournament semifinals. Hari won the fight by a first-round knockout, and advance to the finals where he faced Peter Graham. The two of them fought twice previously, with Graham winning by knockout and Hari winning by decision. Hari won their third fight by a first-round knockout.Hari was scheduled to face Arnold Oborotov at GFC Fight Series 2 on October 16, 2014. He won the fight by a first-round body shot knockout.Hari was scheduled to face Ismael Londt at Akhmat Fight Show on August 22, 2015. He won the fight by a third-round technical knockout. === Glory === ==== Hari vs. Verhoeven I ==== Hari was scheduled to make his Glory debut against the reigning Heavyweight Champion Rico Verhoeven at Glory: Collision on October 12, 2016. Hari appeared to have won the first round, opening a cut on Verhoeven's nose. Verhoeven was more aggressive in the second round and landed knee in the clinch which broke Hari's arm. As Hari was unable to continue fighting, Verhoeven was awarded the technical knockout victory. ==== Hari vs. Gerges ==== On 3 March 2018, Hari fought Gerges. Hari won the fight by unanimous decision, but a year after the fight it was revealed that both fighters had used sports supplements that contained prohibited substances; as a result, both fighters were suspended. Hari failed a drug test prior to Glory 51: Rotterdam, and was issued with a 19-month suspension after tests on samples provided indicated a violation of Netherlands rules regarding prohibited substances for competitive athletes. Gerges, who faced Hari at the event, was also issued with an official reprimand. ==== Hari vs. Verhoeven II ==== Hari was scheduled to challenge Rico Verhoeven for the Glory Heavyweight Championship in his first post-suspension fight. The bout was set for Glory 74: Arnhem on 21 December 2019. In the sold-out GelreDome, in front of 30 000 fans, Verhoeven won the fight by a third-round technical knockout. Hari once again found early success, knocking Verhoeven down in both the first and third rounds. Early on in the third round however, Hari suffered a broken ankle from a missed kick, once again rendering him unable to continue competing.Aside from selling out the arena, the rematch also drew 3.5 million viewers, an estimated 53% of the live television audience in the Netherlands, which was the second highest viewership of a live sports broadcast, in Dutch television history. ==== Hari vs. Adegbuyi ==== On 19 December 2020, Hari fought the #2 ranked Glory heavyweight contender, Benjamin Adegbuyi in a Glory Heavyweight Championship Eliminator at Glory 76. The fight was originally planned to take place on 20 June, but was postponed multiple times due to the COVID-19 pandemic. On 13 September, Glory announced the event would take place on 7 November, only for it be postponed again, when Hari announced that he tested positive for COVID-19 on 19 October. Hari lost the fight by KO in the third round after being kicked by Adegbuyi. Glory vice-chairman Scott Rudmann revealed the following day that Hari suffered a double break in his nose on knockout. ==== Hari vs. Wrzosek ==== It was announced on 31 May 2021, that Hari would face the #8 ranked Glory heavyweight contender Arkadiusz Wrzosek. The bout was scheduled as the main event of Glory 78: Arnhem, held on 4 September 2021. Hari had a great start to the bout and managed to knock Wrzosek down three times with body shots before the midway point of the fight. Halfway through the second round however, Wrzosek landed a head kick which knocked Hari out, extending his winless streak to five fights. == Personal life == === Relationships and children === Hari is married to Daphne Romani and has four daughters and a son. The family currently lives in Morocco. === Legal issues === Hari has been arrested multiple times since 2006 on various assault charges, and gained a reputation for violent behavior. A psychologist who spoke to Hari in relation to one of his trials concluded that his success as an athlete and celebrity status, combined with a lack of personal guidance, resulted in narcissistic personality traits. About his violent eruptions, Hari has said: "I am able to explode at any moment. [...] When my brakes are off, it's just one big clump of explosion, chaos and noise, and I become blind to it all. [...] A storm, a hurricane, a disaster. [...] There just is a certain aggression inside of me, of which I don't know what to do with and neither where it comes from." At his conviction on 21 February 2014, the district attorney described Hari as an individual who is very short-tempered, indulges in vulgar power display, and demonstrates aggressive and intimidating behavior which is characterized by a high "do-you-even-know-who-I-am caliber".Late October 2012, an indictment was handed to Hari in his holding cell, which contained nine criminal charges against Hari: eight crimes of violence and one moving violation, the latter of which is from an incident in March 2010 where a pedestrian sustained injuries. Crimes of violence include: 20 February 2010 Club Blinq. The bouncer of Club Blinq is assaulted by several perpetrators one of which is said to be Hari. 6 March 2010 Albert Cuyp Market. Hari drives his car into the Albert Cuyp Street, which was closed to vehicle traffic, and has an accident with a pedestrian severely injuring her leg. 1–29 July 2011 Spuistraat: Hari is accused of assaulting his ex-girlfriend Rosa in her apartment in Spuistraat and the destruction of her property. 17 July 2011 Club Air: Jeroen van de Berg, the owner of the Club Air and an Italian guest are assaulted. Jeroen suffers serious damage to his teeth due to a kick to the head. 2 December 2011 Cooldown Cafe: Hari is caught on camera in "The Cooldown Cafe" assaulting Olivier, the stepbrother of his ex-girlfriend. 8 July 2012 Sensation White: Dutch millionaire entrepreneur Koen Everink is severely assaulted at a dance event in the Amsterdam Arena. Everink suffered a broken nose and eye socket and a broken ankle, which required several surgical procedures. The public prosecutor stated that numerous witnesses had pointed the finger at Hari.In July 2012 Hari surrendered to police as he feared "being arrested by a SWAT team" to come forth and deny his involvement in an alleged assault on Everink, who claimed Hari was responsible for inflicting his face and leg injuries including a broken ankle, and further allegations of assault made by an Amsterdam nightclub owner. The latter alleged that he had also been attacked by Hari, saying that he "suffered a broken jaw and lost teeth after being kicked in the head" during an altercation at his nightclub and that in light of Everink's seeking to press charges, he would do the same.As is procedure in the Netherlands for crimes that carry a statutory minimum four-year prison sentence or more, Hari was detained in prison whilst awaiting trial. On 9 November 2012 a court in Amsterdam allowed Hari to return home until his trial on the condition that he not visit any horeca establishments (hotels, restaurants and café establishments), or contact witnesses, with the exception of his girlfriend Estelle Cruijff. The day following his release he was spotted violating this condition by eating out at a deli with Cruijff. He also made contact with two witnesses of the incident. As a result, Hari was arrested again by police in Amsterdam and was sentenced to be detained again, this time for three months, with his eventual release in January 2013.On 21 January 2013 a court in Amsterdam determined that Hari should again be released from his pre-trial detention, this time with the condition that he could not visit catering establishments between the hours of 8:00 PM and 8:00 AM. By this point the main witnesses in the case had been heard; and the court deemed it unnecessary to further detain Hari. After Hari's release he resumed training with the intention of returning to the ring. His trial was reportedly set to take place in March 2013.On 21 February 2014 the district court in Amsterdam sentenced him to prison for 1+1⁄2 years. His legal team and the prosecution filed an immediate appeal. The Court of Appeal found him guilty of aggravated assault, noting in particular that each of his assaults was preceded by a relatively mild quarrel and that to his victims his violent behaviour came as a complete surprise, leaving them no chance to defend themselves. He was sentenced to two years in prison, of which ten months were suspended. Since he had already spent eight months in pre-arrest, he still had to serve half a year in prison. In addition, he had to pay his victims compensation of €45,000 in total, and the judgement was upheld by the Supreme Court of the Netherlands in 2017.Hari was reportedly arrested in Dubai following his tournament win at Global FC 3 on 29 May 2014, and he was detained and questioned by police over an alleged incident from late 2011 or early 2012 before being released, according to his lawyer. Hari himself refuted the reports. === Music === In 2007, Hari released a hip-hop song with Dutch-Moroccan rapper Appa entitled "Stap Maar In De Ring" ("Step Into The Ring"). == Championships and accomplishments == 2007 K-1 Heavyweight champion (One successful title defense) 2008 K-1 World Grand Prix runner up 2009 It's Showtime Heavyweight champion (One successful title defense) 2009 K-1 World Grand Prix runner up 2014 GFC Fight Series 1 Heavyweight Tournament Champion 2020 Glory Fight of the Year vs. Benjamin Adegbuyi at Glory 76: Rotterdam == Kickboxing record == == See also == List of male kickboxers List of K-1 champions List of It's Showtime champions == References == == External links == Profile at Glory A protection racket is a type of racket and a scheme of organized crime perpetrated by a potentially hazardous group, usually a criminal organization, which guarantees protection outside the sanction of the law to a business, entity, or individual from violence, looting, arson, robbery, and other such threats, often in situations or regions in which such threats may often not be effectively prevented or addressed by the prevailing system of law and order or local government, in exchange for the extorted payments in cash or kind. The perpetrators of the protection racket may offer these services to protect vulnerable targets from other dangerous individuals and groups or may simply offer to refrain from themselves carrying out threats on the targets, and usually both of these forms of protection are implied in the racket. In many cases, there exists an actual and legitimate outside threat to the target of the protection racket, and the racketeers will in fact protect the target; however, often the racketeers will themselves coerce or threaten the business or targeted individual or entity into accepting the protection, often with the threat, implicit or otherwise, that failing to acquire these protection services will lead to the racketeers themselves contributing to the existing problem. In some instances, the potential threat to the target may be caused by the same group that offers to solve it, but that fact may be concealed in order to ensure continual patronage. In other words, at least ostensibly, the protection racket is a racket that sells security, traditionally physical security. Through the credible threat of violence, the racketeers deter people from swindling, robbing, injuring, sabotaging or otherwise harming their clients. Protection rackets tend to appear in markets in which the police and judiciary cannot be counted on to provide legal protection, because of incompetence (as in weak, corrupt, or failed states, or in cases in which the state does not provide adequate or any protection for certain ethnic or socioeconomic groups), illegality (when the targeted entity is involved in black markets), and/or where other forms of mistrust of the state and government protection exist. Protection rackets are indistinguishable in practice from extortion rackets and distinguishable from private security by some degree of implied threat that the racketeers themselves may attack the business if it fails to pay for their protection. A distinction is possible between a "pure" extortion racket in which the racketeers might agree only not to attack a business and a broader protection racket offering some real private security in addition to such extortion. The criminals might agree to defend a business from any attack by either themselves or third parties (other criminal gangs). However, in reality, that distinction is doubtful, because extortion racketeers may have to defend their clients against rival gangs to maintain their profits. By corollary, criminal gangs may have to maintain control of territories (turfs), as local businesses may collapse if forced to pay for protection from too many rackets, which then hurts all parties involved. Certain scholars, such as Diego Gambetta, classify criminal organizations engaged in protection racketeering as "mafia", as the racket is popular with both the Sicilian Mafia and Italian-American Mafia. == Overview == A protection racket is an operation where criminals provide protection to persons and properties, settle disputes and enforce contracts in markets where the police and judicial system cannot be relied upon. Diego Gambetta's The Sicilian Mafia (1996) and Federico Varese's The Russian Mafia (2001) define the mafia as a type of organized crime group that specializes in the provision of private protection. Protection racketeers or mafia groups operate mostly in the black market, providing buyers and sellers the security they need for smooth transactions; but empirical data collected by Gambetta and Varese suggests that mafia groups are able to offer private protection to corporations and individuals in legal markets when the state fails to offer sufficient and efficient protection to the people in need. Two elements distinguish racketeers from legal security firms. The first element is their willingness to deploy violent forms of retribution (going as far as murder) that fall outside the limits the law normally extends to civilian security firms. The other element is that racketeers are willing to involve themselves in illegal markets. Recent studies show that mafia groups or gangs are not the only form of protection racket or extra-legal protector, and another important form of protection racket is corrupt networks consisting of public officials, especially those from criminal justice agencies. For example, Wang's The Chinese Mafia (2017) examines protection rackets in China and suggests two types of extra-legal protectors, namely the Black Mafia (local gangs) and the Red Mafia (networks of corrupt government officials). Wang's narrative suggests that local gangs are quasi-law enforcers in both legal and illegal markets, and corrupt public officials are extra-legal protectors, safeguarding local gangs, protecting illegal entrepreneurs in the criminal underworld, offering protection to businesspeople, and selling public appointments to buyers. == Territorial monopolies == A protection racketeer cannot tolerate competition within his sphere of influence from another racketeer. If a dispute erupted between two clients (e.g. businessmen competing for a construction contract) who are protected by rival racketeers, the two racketeers would have to fight each other to win the dispute for their respective clients. The outcomes of such fights can be unpredictable, and neither racketeer would be able to guarantee a victory for his client. This would make their protection unreliable and of little value; their clients would likely dismiss them and settle the dispute by other means. Therefore, racketeers negotiate territories in which they can monopolize the use of violence in settling disputes.: 68–71  These territories may be geographical, or they may be a certain type of business or form of transaction. == Providing genuine protection == Sometimes racketeers will warn other criminals that the client is under their protection and that they will punish anyone who harms the client. Services that the racketeers may offer may include the recovery of stolen property or punishing vandals. The racketeers may even advance the interests of the client by forcing out (or otherwise hindering or intimidating) unprotected competitors.Protection from theft and vandalism is one service the racketeer may offer. For instance, in Sicily, mafiosi know all the thieves and fences in their territory, and can track down stolen goods and punish thieves who attack their clients. Protection racketeers establish what they hope will be indefinitely long bonds with their clients. This allows the racketeers to publicly declare a client to be under their protection. Thus, thieves and other predators will have little confusion as to who is and is not protected. Protection racketeers are not necessarily criminals. In A Short History of Progress, Ronald Wright notes on p. 49, "The warrior caste, supposedly society's protectors, often become protection racketeers. In times of war or crisis, power is easily stolen from the many by the few on a promise of security. The more elusive or imaginary the foe, the better for manufacturing consent." == Examples == Danegeld, was a protection tax paid by Christendom to stop Viking raids. During the late medieval and early modern era in the Scottish Marches, local farmers would often need to make payments to the Border Reivers as a form of protection money to ensure they were not attacked. These agreements were called "Black mal", where "mal" was an Old Norse word meaning agreement. The word blackmail entered the English language in 1530 as a result, but the word's meaning has changed since. In Melbourne, Australia, Alphonse Gangitano ran a protection racket along the famous Lygon Street during the 1990s. In Sicily, Italy, officials say that 80% of businesses in the city of Palermo pay pizzo, or protection money, to the Sicilian Mafia. In Ciudad Juárez, Mexico, when the Mexican Drug War escalated in 2008, criminal groups like the Juárez Cartel saw their financial backbone threatened and began asking for protection money from businesses ranging from convenience stores to clubs and restaurants with the threat of burning down the business, kidnapping the owners or killing everyone inside with assault rifles. In the early history of post-Soviet Russia, law enforcement was too underfunded and poorly trained to protect businesses and enforce contracts. Most businesses had to join a protection racket (known as a krysha, the Russian word for "roof") run by local gangsters. In the United Kingdom in the 1950s and 60s the Kray twins ran protection rackets in the East End of London. Chauth, demanded by Sambhaji and Peshva Brahmins during Mahratta Invasions of Bengal and Mahratta Sackings of Goa and Bombay-Bassein. == Government protection rackets == Government officials may demand bribes to look the other way or extort something of value from citizens or corporations in the form of a kickback. It need not always be money. A lucrative job after leaving office may have been in exchange for protection offered when in office. Payment may also show up indirectly in the form of a campaign contribution. Stopping governments agencies as a whole, and buying protection in the government is called regulatory capture. == See also == == References == Outrageous Betrayal: The Dark Journey of Werner Erhard from est to Exile is a non-fiction book written by freelance journalist Steven Pressman and first published in 1993 by St. Martin's Press. The book gives an account of Werner Erhard's early life as Jack Rosenberg, his exploration of various forms of self-help techniques, and his foundation of Erhard Seminars Training "est" and later of Werner Erhard and Associates and of the est successor course, "The Forum". Pressman details the rapid financial success Erhard had with these companies, as well as controversies relating to litigation involving former participants in his courses. The work concludes by going over the impact of a March 3, 1991 60 Minutes broadcast on CBS where members of Erhard's family made allegations against him, and Erhard's decision to leave the United States. Representatives of Werner Erhard and of Landmark Worldwide, the successor company to The Forum, regarded the book as being "defamatory". There are no references or citations provided in the book. == Author == Pressman worked as a journalist after graduating from college in 1977. He worked as a journalist for Orange City News, the Los Angeles Daily Journal, California Lawyer magazine, and Congressional Quarterly's Weekly Report. During his time performing research for and writing Outrageous Betrayal, Pressman published articles for the Legal Times newspaper and wrote articles and served as a senior editor for California Republic. In 1993, Pressman worked as a San Francisco-based legal journalist for California Lawyer. == Research == In the "Acknowledgments" section of Outrageous Betrayal, Pressman wrote that he relied upon both named and unnamed sources for information in the book, in addition to "previously published accounts, court transcripts, depositions, and other documents in which various individuals have recounted earlier conversations". In an article on fair use for Columbia Journalism Review, Pressman noted that he "gathered reams of written materials -- some of it private and confidential -- that were helpful in drawing a comprehensive portrait of my subject". In the Daily Journal, Pressman wrote that legal counsel for the book's publisher insisted on numerous changes to the book "in order to reduce, if not eliminate, the possibility of a successful suit for copyright infringement".By 1993, Pressman and St. Martin's Press had received approximately two dozen letters from Erhard's attorney Walter Maksym, though Erhard's representatives had yet to see the book itself. Maksym told the San Francisco Daily Journal in March 1993 that he wanted to "fact check the book", because he believed that "this is a first-time unknown author who apparently has interviewed only people who have negative things to say", and stated "We have cautioned the publisher that they are responsible for the accuracy of the book." Charlie Spicer, a senior editor at St. Martin's Press, described the actions of Erhard's representatives with regard to the book as "a desperate campaign by someone with something to hide". The author himself made specific reference to his legal support, mentioning "the potential legal rapids that confront authors writing these days about controversial subjects".: 278  == Contents == In Outrageous Betrayal, Steven Pressman gives a chronological account of Erhard's life and businesses, from high-school years through his formation of companies that delivered awareness training and the later controversies surrounding his business and family life. The book goes into detail regarding his early life as Jack Rosenberg and his name-change to Werner Erhard, his move to California, and the initial inspirations behind the training that would become "est". Pressman writes that Erhard took inspiration from the self-help course Mind Dynamics, cybernetics, from the books Think and Grow Rich by Napoleon Hill, and Psycho-Cybernetics by Maxwell Maltz, and from Scientology and the writings of L. Ron Hubbard. He also notes how an attorney skilled in tax law helped Erhard in forming his first awareness-training company, Erhard Seminars Training.Pressman notes how Erhard and his businesses became successful within two years of foundation, and writes that his awareness-training programs trained over half a million people in his courses and brought in tens of millions of dollars in revenue. The book then describes controversies relating to both Erhard's businesses and his reported treatment of his family. Pressman also describes the successor company to Est, Werner Erhard and Associates, and Erhard's decision to sell the "technology" of his course The Forum to his employees and to leave the United States. The book's epilogue includes a firsthand account of a Landmark Forum seminar led by the former Est-trainer Laurel Scheaf in 1992. == Reception == St. Martin's Press first published Outrageous Betrayal in 1993, and Random House published a second edition of the text in 1995.An analysis in Kirkus Reviews, noting the choice of title by the author, asserted that Pressman: "makes no pretense to objectivity here." Kirkus Reviews criticized the book, saying "What the author dramatically fails to provide by bearing down on the negative (to the extent that nearly all his informants denounce est and its founder) is any real understanding of est's teachings--and of why they appealed so deeply to so many." Paul S. Boyer, professor of history at the University of Wisconsin–Madison, reviewed the book in The Washington Post. Boyer wrote that the book "nicely recounts the bizarre tale" of Werner Erhard, saying "Pressman tells his fascinating story well." However he also commented that the book gives "only the sketchiest historical context" of est and its roots in societal experiences.A review by Mary Carroll published in the American Library Association's Booklist noted that the controversy surrounding Erhard was not new, but she wrote that "Pressman pulls the details together effectively." Carroll went on to comment: "Outrageous Betrayal is a disturbing but fascinating object lesson in the power of charisma divorced from conscience." Frances Halpern of the Los Angeles Times called the book a "damning biography".In 1995, Outrageous Betrayal was cited in a report on the United States Department of Transportation by the United States House of Representatives Committee on Appropriations in a case unrelated to Erhard or Est. This was in reference to a Congressional investigation of Gregory May and controversial trainings given by his company Gregory May Associates (GMA) to the Federal Aviation Administration. The testimony given stated that, according to Outrageous Betrayal, a member of GMA's board had been influenced by Erhard Seminars Training and the Church of Scientology.Novelist and journalist Dan Wakefield, in his review of the book in Tricycle: the Buddhist Review, criticized Pressman for failing to speak with people who had positive things to say about est. Pressman described the est training as "a mish-mash of self-help theories, common-sense psychology, and dime-store ideas of motivation" while also praising the program for helping him personally in dealing with alcoholism. Wakefield also cites an opinion survey which suggests that most est participants had positive experiences with it. == See also == Human Potential Movement Journalism sourcing Large Group Awareness Training == Notes == == References == Annichiarico, Mark (September 1, 1993). "Outrageous Betrayal: The Dark Journey of Werner Erhard from Est to Exile (review)". Library Journal. 118 (14): 207. Bader, Barbara (Editor) (July 15, 1976). "Getting It". Kirkus Reviews. 44 (Part II, Section No. 14): 821.CS1 maint: extra text: authors list (link) Berzins, Zane (February 6, 1977). "Getting It". The New York Times Book Review. The New York Times Company. 82: 25. Boyer, Paul (December 9, 1993). "Book World - Erhard, From est to Worst". The Washington Post. p. D2. Carroll, Mary (September 1, 1993). "Pressman, Steven. Outrageous Betrayal". Booklist. American Library Association. 90 (1): 7: Adult Books, Non-fiction, General Works, Philosophy & Psychology. Denison, Charles Wayne (June 1995). "The children of EST: A study of the experience and perceived effects of a large group awareness training". Dissertation Abstracts International. Ann Arbor, Michigan: University Microfilms International. 55 (12–B): 5564. ISSN 0419-4217. Fisher, Jeffrey D.; Cohen Silver, Roxane; Chinsky, Jack M.; Goff, Barry; Klar, Yechiel (1990). Evaluating a Large Group Awareness Training. New York: Springer-Verlag. ISBN 0-387-97320-6. Kirkus Reviews staff (August 1, 1993). "Outrageous Betrayal. (Book Review)". Kirkus Reviews. Kirkus Associates, LP., Nielsen Company. 61: 986. Retrieved 2007-11-20. McGurk, William S. (June 1977). "Was Ist est? Context: The case led to the concern for the survivors of traumatic events in addition to the victims.The Čelebići case found four men guilty for committing various acts of violence while detaining Bosnian Muslims in a prison camp. The case is noteworthy for clarifying that the ones responsible of such events include "not only military commanders, but also civilians holding positions of authority..." and "not only persons in de jure positions but also those in such position de facto..." It is also the first conviction of an accused person for the charges of rape by the ICTY. == See also == Gender and security sector reform == References == Global Fighting Championship was a Dubai-based kickboxing and mixed martial arts (MMA) promotion. Fighters from around world on the roster included Badr Hari, Peter Aerts, Gökhan Saki and Zabit Samedov. It was considered as the biggest kickboxing and MMA promotion in Middle Facts: Fighters from around world on the roster included Badr Hari, Peter Aerts, Gökhan Saki and Zabit Samedov. Answer: Badr Hari

Question: Who was once considered the best kick boxer in the world, however he has been involved in a number of controversies relating to his "unsportsmanlike conducts" in the sport and crimes of violence outside of the ring. Badr Hari (Berber: ⴱⴰⴷⵔ ⵀⴰⵔⵉ, Arabic: بدر هاري‎; born 8 December 1984) is a Moroccan-Dutch kickboxer. He is a former K-1 Heavyweight champion, It's Showtime Heavyweight world champion, and a K-1 World Grand Prix 2008 and 2009 finalist. Nicknamed The Golden Boy, he is regarded as one of the greatest professional kickboxers of all time.Combat Press ranked him as a top ten heavyweight kickboxer between January and November 2016. == Early life == Badr Hari was born and raised in Amsterdam, the capital of the Netherlands. He began kickboxing at the age of seven under the guidance of former World Champion Mousid Akamrane. As a teenager, he trained at the Sitan Gym of Mohammed Aït Hassou. When the Sitan Gym moved to Rotterdam, he joined Chakuriki Gym, run by Thom Harinck. Hari fought under the Dutch flag until he lost to Stefan Leko in 2005. Hari, who tried to publicly address the audience after his defeat, was booed so loudly that no one could make out his words. He expressed disappointment in the Dutch fans: "I thought to myself, I have never witnessed such ungratefulness." From then on Hari has represented Morocco and stopped working with Harinck. Mike Passenier became his new coach. == Kickboxing == === Early career === At the age of seven, Hari was sent by his father to the kickboxing gym to learn how to defend himself from bullies in the neighborhood. People quickly realized he was a natural talent and from the age of 11 he was fighting regularly as a junior. In his teenage years he worked with the Harinck at Chakuriki Gym and he started to become well known on the Amsterdam scene.In January 2005, Hari left Chakuriki Gym and joined Simon Rutz's It's Showtime team. After a few months of training at the Mejiro Gym he temporarily returned to Harinck's for a couple of weeks. Since then he has been coached by Mike Passenier, who has also trained Joerie Mes, Bjorn Bregy and Melvin Manhoef. === K-1 === Hari fought two matches against Leko in 2005; the first took place at an It's Showtime 2005 event in June 2005. Hari started trash talk between him and Leko before being knocked out by Leko's spinning back kick.Hari got his opportunity for revenge in November 2005 when he entered the K-1 World Grand Prix 2005 tournament as a reserve fighter against Leko, and made his K-1 World GP debut at the age of 20. Hari knocked out Leko by a spinning back high kick to the jaw at 1:30 in the second round.Hari returned to the ring at the K-1 World Grand Prix 2006 Final Elimination in Osaka, Japan, against Ruslan Karaev. Karaev hurt Badr with a straight right that left Hari slouching over in the corner before kicking Hari in the face. Hari was counted out by the referee but he and his corner immediately protested that the kick was a foul. When the referee did not respond, Hari and his corner men caused a commotion and refused to leave the ring until they were escorted out by K-1 officials. Hari left in anger and trashed his changing room.Despite being knocked out, Hari was picked as a reserve fighter again in the K-1 Grand Prix 2006 Finals against Paul Slowinski. He won the fight by unanimous decision. Hari then fought Nicholas Pettas at the K-1 Premium 2006 Dynamite!! event and broke Pettas' left shoulder in the second round with a right high kick.Hari fought Karaev again at the K-1 World GP 2007 in Yokohama. Their matchup was one of two bouts to qualify for the first K-1 heavyweight title match, scheduled on 28 April 2007 in Hawaii. Hari beat Karaev in the second round. === K-1 Heavyweight champion === ==== Title reign ==== Hari was scheduled to face Yusuke Fujimoto for the inaugural K-1 Heavyweight Championship at K-1 World GP 2007 in Hawaii on 28 April 2007. Hari began the bout in his usual aggressive manner and knocked Fujimoto down with a left straight, early on in the round. Hari pressured as the fight resumed and knocked Fujimoto out with a head kick at the 56 second mark of the bout.Four months later, Hari was scheduled to fight a rematch with Peter Graham, in a non-title bout, at K-1 World GP 2007 in Hong Kong on 5 August 2007. Graham won their previous fight, at K-1 World Grand Prix 2006 in Auckland on 5 March 2006, by a third-round knockout. Hari won the rematch by unanimous decision, with scores of 30–27, 30–28 and 30–27.Hari was scheduled to face Doug Viney in a non-title bout at K-1 World GP 2007 in Seoul Final 16 on 29 September 2007. He won the fight by a second-round knockout, dropping Viney with a right cross.Hari was scheduled to face the two-time K-1 Heavyweight World Grand Prix winner Remy Bonjasky at K-1 World GP 2007 Final on 8 December 2007. Bonjasky won the fight by majority decision, thus snapping Hari's six fight winner streak.Following this loss, Hari was scheduled to face the 2000 K-1 World Grand Prix runner-up Ray Sefo in another non-title bout at K-1 World GP 2008 in Yokohama on 13 April 2008. Hari overwhelmed Sefo early on, knocking him down several times enroute to a first-round knockout victory.Hari was scheduled to make the first defense of his K-1 heavyweight title against Glaube Feitosa at K-1 World GP 2008 in Fukuoka on 29 June 2008. He won the fight by a first-round knockout.After making his first title defense, Hari was scheduled to face Domagoj Ostojic at K-1 World GP 2008 in Hawaii on 9 August 2008. Hari won the fight by a first-round knockout.A month later, Hari was scheduled to face the 7'2 Choi Hong-man at K-1 World Grand Prix 2008 in Seoul Final 16 on 27 September 2008. It was Choi's first fight in nine months, as he was forced out of the sport due to a brain tumor. Hari was awarded a technical knockout victory, after Choi's corner threw in the towel. ==== K-1 Heavyweight Grand Prix ==== Hari participated in the 2008 K-1 heavyweight Grand Prix, held at K-1 World GP 2008 Final on 6 December 2008. The fight was held before a sellout crowd at the Yokohama Arena, for a prize of $400,000. Hari was scheduled to face the three-time K-1 Grand Prix winner Peter Aerts in the tournament quarterfinals. Hari won the fight by a second-round technical knockout, knocking Aerts down several times in both the first and second rounds. Advancing to the tournament semifinals, Hari faced Errol Zimmerman. He won the fight by a third-round knockout.Hari fought a rematch with Remy Bonjasky in the tournament finals. The two of them previously met at K-1 World GP 2007 Final on 8 December 2007, with Bonjasky winning by majority decision. Bonjasky was more dominant in the first round of the rematch and knocked Hari down with a head kick near the end of the round. The pivotal moment of the fight came in the second round, after Hari threw Bonjasky down to the mat off of a caught kick. Hari followed up with several strikes to the downed opponent, which was an egregious breakage of K-1's rules. As referee Nobuaki Kakuda was pulling Hari away from his opponent, Hari furthermore stomped on Bonjasky. Hari was disqualified for unsportsmanlike conduct. He remained unapologetic for his behavior, stating: "Remy's corner was screaming at him to stay down. I came to fight and he didn't. He's a great actor."Due to his behavior in the tournament final, Hari was stripped of the K-1 heavyweight title. Hari then briefly moved away from K-1, and was scheduled to face Alistair Overeem at Dynamite!! 2008 on December 31, 2008. Hari suffered a first-round knockout. === It's Showtime Heavyweight champion === Hari made his It's Showtime debut against Frederic Sinistra at Fights at the Border presents: It's Showtime 2009 on February 8, 2009. He won the fight by first-round knockout.Hari was scheduled to fight the three-time K-1 World Grand Prix winner Semmy Schilt for the It's Showtime World Heavyweight title at It's Showtime 2009 Amsterdam on December 5, 2009. He won the fight by a first-round technical knockout. ==== K-1 Heavyweight Grand Prix ==== Hari was scheduled to face Zabit Samedov at K-1 World Grand Prix 2009 Final 16 on September 26, 2009, in the qualifying round of the 2009 K-1 World Grand Prix. He won the fight by a first-round body shot knockout.Hari took part in the 2009 K-1 World Grand Prix 2009 Final, held on December 5, 2009. He was scheduled to fight a trilogy match with Ruslan Karaev in the tournament quarterfinals. Each held a knockout victory over the other. Hari won their third meeting by a 38 second knockout. Hari fought a rematch with Alistair Overeem in the tournament semifinals. He was more successful in their second meeting, and won by a first-round knockout. Hari fought another rematch in the tournament finals, against Semmy Schilt. Hari knocked Schilt out after 45 seconds just seven months prior. Schilt won the tournament final by a first-round knockout. ==== It's Showtime title reign ==== Hari was scheduled to make the first defense of his It's Showtime heavyweight title against Mourad Bouzidi at It's Showtime 2010 Prague on February 13, 2010. Hari won the fight by a second-round knockout.Hari was scheduled to face Alexey Ignashov at K-1 World Grand Prix 2010 in Yokohama on April 3, 2010. He won the fight by unanimous decision.Hari was scheduled to make the second defense of his It's Showtime heavyweight title against Hesdy Gerges at It's Showtime 2010 Amsterdam on May 29, 2010. Gerges won the fight by disqualification, after Hari threw an illegal kick. ==== Post-title reign ==== Hari was scheduled to face Gregory Tony at It's Showtime 2011 Lyon on May 14, 2011. He won the fight by a first-round technical knockout.Hari was scheduled to face Gökhan Saki at It's Showtime 2012 in Leeuwarden on January 28, 2012. He won by a second-round knockout.Hari was scheduled to face the 2012 SUPERKOMBAT World Grand Prix winner Anderson Silva at K-1 World MAX 2012 World Championship Tournament Final 16 on May 27, 2012. He won the fight by unanimous decision.Hari was scheduled to fight a rematch with Zabit Samedov in the quarterfinals of the K-1 World Grand Prix 2012 Final, held on March 5, 2012. Although he won by unanimous decision, Hari was unable to advance to the semifinals due to injury. === LFS and GFC === Two months later, Hari was scheduled to fight a trilogy match with Zabit Samedov at the inaugural Legend Fighting Show event on May 25, 2013. Samedov won the fight by a second-round knockout.Hari fought a rematch with Alexey Ignashov at the second Legend Fighting Show event on November 9, 2013. Hari won the fight by unanimous decision.Hari participated in the Global Fighting Championship heavyweight tournament, held on May 29, 2014. He was scheduled to fight 1998 K-1 European Grand Prix winner Stefan Leko in the tournament semifinals. Hari won the fight by a first-round knockout, and advance to the finals where he faced Peter Graham. The two of them fought twice previously, with Graham winning by knockout and Hari winning by decision. Hari won their third fight by a first-round knockout.Hari was scheduled to face Arnold Oborotov at GFC Fight Series 2 on October 16, 2014. He won the fight by a first-round body shot knockout.Hari was scheduled to face Ismael Londt at Akhmat Fight Show on August 22, 2015. He won the fight by a third-round technical knockout. === Glory === ==== Hari vs. Verhoeven I ==== Hari was scheduled to make his Glory debut against the reigning Heavyweight Champion Rico Verhoeven at Glory: Collision on October 12, 2016. Hari appeared to have won the first round, opening a cut on Verhoeven's nose. Verhoeven was more aggressive in the second round and landed knee in the clinch which broke Hari's arm. As Hari was unable to continue fighting, Verhoeven was awarded the technical knockout victory. ==== Hari vs. Gerges ==== On 3 March 2018, Hari fought Gerges. Hari won the fight by unanimous decision, but a year after the fight it was revealed that both fighters had used sports supplements that contained prohibited substances; as a result, both fighters were suspended. Hari failed a drug test prior to Glory 51: Rotterdam, and was issued with a 19-month suspension after tests on samples provided indicated a violation of Netherlands rules regarding prohibited substances for competitive athletes. Gerges, who faced Hari at the event, was also issued with an official reprimand. ==== Hari vs. Verhoeven II ==== Hari was scheduled to challenge Rico Verhoeven for the Glory Heavyweight Championship in his first post-suspension fight. The bout was set for Glory 74: Arnhem on 21 December 2019. In the sold-out GelreDome, in front of 30 000 fans, Verhoeven won the fight by a third-round technical knockout. Hari once again found early success, knocking Verhoeven down in both the first and third rounds. Early on in the third round however, Hari suffered a broken ankle from a missed kick, once again rendering him unable to continue competing.Aside from selling out the arena, the rematch also drew 3.5 million viewers, an estimated 53% of the live television audience in the Netherlands, which was the second highest viewership of a live sports broadcast, in Dutch television history. ==== Hari vs. Adegbuyi ==== On 19 December 2020, Hari fought the #2 ranked Glory heavyweight contender, Benjamin Adegbuyi in a Glory Heavyweight Championship Eliminator at Glory 76. The fight was originally planned to take place on 20 June, but was postponed multiple times due to the COVID-19 pandemic. On 13 September, Glory announced the event would take place on 7 November, only for it be postponed again, when Hari announced that he tested positive for COVID-19 on 19 October. Hari lost the fight by KO in the third round after being kicked by Adegbuyi. Glory vice-chairman Scott Rudmann revealed the following day that Hari suffered a double break in his nose on knockout. ==== Hari vs. Wrzosek ==== It was announced on 31 May 2021, that Hari would face the #8 ranked Glory heavyweight contender Arkadiusz Wrzosek. The bout was scheduled as the main event of Glory 78: Arnhem, held on 4 September 2021. Hari had a great start to the bout and managed to knock Wrzosek down three times with body shots before the midway point of the fight. Halfway through the second round however, Wrzosek landed a head kick which knocked Hari out, extending his winless streak to five fights. == Personal life == === Relationships and children === Hari is married to Daphne Romani and has four daughters and a son. The family currently lives in Morocco. === Legal issues === Hari has been arrested multiple times since 2006 on various assault charges, and gained a reputation for violent behavior. A psychologist who spoke to Hari in relation to one of his trials concluded that his success as an athlete and celebrity status, combined with a lack of personal guidance, resulted in narcissistic personality traits. About his violent eruptions, Hari has said: "I am able to explode at any moment. [...] When my brakes are off, it's just one big clump of explosion, chaos and noise, and I become blind to it all. [...] A storm, a hurricane, a disaster. [...] There just is a certain aggression inside of me, of which I don't know what to do with and neither where it comes from." At his conviction on 21 February 2014, the district attorney described Hari as an individual who is very short-tempered, indulges in vulgar power display, and demonstrates aggressive and intimidating behavior which is characterized by a high "do-you-even-know-who-I-am caliber".Late October 2012, an indictment was handed to Hari in his holding cell, which contained nine criminal charges against Hari: eight crimes of violence and one moving violation, the latter of which is from an incident in March 2010 where a pedestrian sustained injuries. Crimes of violence include: 20 February 2010 Club Blinq. The bouncer of Club Blinq is assaulted by several perpetrators one of which is said to be Hari. 6 March 2010 Albert Cuyp Market. Hari drives his car into the Albert Cuyp Street, which was closed to vehicle traffic, and has an accident with a pedestrian severely injuring her leg. 1–29 July 2011 Spuistraat: Hari is accused of assaulting his ex-girlfriend Rosa in her apartment in Spuistraat and the destruction of her property. 17 July 2011 Club Air: Jeroen van de Berg, the owner of the Club Air and an Italian guest are assaulted. Jeroen suffers serious damage to his teeth due to a kick to the head. 2 December 2011 Cooldown Cafe: Hari is caught on camera in "The Cooldown Cafe" assaulting Olivier, the stepbrother of his ex-girlfriend. 8 July 2012 Sensation White: Dutch millionaire entrepreneur Koen Everink is severely assaulted at a dance event in the Amsterdam Arena. Everink suffered a broken nose and eye socket and a broken ankle, which required several surgical procedures. The public prosecutor stated that numerous witnesses had pointed the finger at Hari.In July 2012 Hari surrendered to police as he feared "being arrested by a SWAT team" to come forth and deny his involvement in an alleged assault on Everink, who claimed Hari was responsible for inflicting his face and leg injuries including a broken ankle, and further allegations of assault made by an Amsterdam nightclub owner. The latter alleged that he had also been attacked by Hari, saying that he "suffered a broken jaw and lost teeth after being kicked in the head" during an altercation at his nightclub and that in light of Everink's seeking to press charges, he would do the same.As is procedure in the Netherlands for crimes that carry a statutory minimum four-year prison sentence or more, Hari was detained in prison whilst awaiting trial. On 9 November 2012 a court in Amsterdam allowed Hari to return home until his trial on the condition that he not visit any horeca establishments (hotels, restaurants and café establishments), or contact witnesses, with the exception of his girlfriend Estelle Cruijff. The day following his release he was spotted violating this condition by eating out at a deli with Cruijff. He also made contact with two witnesses of the incident. As a result, Hari was arrested again by police in Amsterdam and was sentenced to be detained again, this time for three months, with his eventual release in January 2013.On 21 January 2013 a court in Amsterdam determined that Hari should again be released from his pre-trial detention, this time with the condition that he could not visit catering establishments between the hours of 8:00 PM and 8:00 AM. By this point the main witnesses in the case had been heard; and the court deemed it unnecessary to further detain Hari. After Hari's release he resumed training with the intention of returning to the ring. His trial was reportedly set to take place in March 2013.On 21 February 2014 the district court in Amsterdam sentenced him to prison for 1+1⁄2 years. His legal team and the prosecution filed an immediate appeal. The Court of Appeal found him guilty of aggravated assault, noting in particular that each of his assaults was preceded by a relatively mild quarrel and that to his victims his violent behaviour came as a complete surprise, leaving them no chance to defend themselves. He was sentenced to two years in prison, of which ten months were suspended. Since he had already spent eight months in pre-arrest, he still had to serve half a year in prison. In addition, he had to pay his victims compensation of €45,000 in total, and the judgement was upheld by the Supreme Court of the Netherlands in 2017.Hari was reportedly arrested in Dubai following his tournament win at Global FC 3 on 29 May 2014, and he was detained and questioned by police over an alleged incident from late 2011 or early 2012 before being released, according to his lawyer. Hari himself refuted the reports. === Music === In 2007, Hari released a hip-hop song with Dutch-Moroccan rapper Appa entitled "Stap Maar In De Ring" ("Step Into The Ring"). == Championships and accomplishments == 2007 K-1 Heavyweight champion (One successful title defense) 2008 K-1 World Grand Prix runner up 2009 It's Showtime Heavyweight champion (One successful title defense) 2009 K-1 World Grand Prix runner up 2014 GFC Fight Series 1 Heavyweight Tournament Champion 2020 Glory Fight of the Year vs. Benjamin Adegbuyi at Glory 76: Rotterdam == Kickboxing record == == See also == List of male kickboxers List of K-1 champions List of It's Showtime champions == References == == External links == Profile at Glory A protection racket is a type of racket and a scheme of organized crime perpetrated by a potentially hazardous group, usually a criminal organization, which guarantees protection outside the sanction of the law to a business, entity, or individual from violence, looting, arson, robbery, and other such threats, often in situations or regions in which such threats may often not be effectively prevented or addressed by the prevailing system of law and order or local government, in exchange for the extorted payments in cash or kind. The perpetrators of the protection racket may offer these services to protect vulnerable targets from other dangerous individuals and groups or may simply offer to refrain from themselves carrying out threats on the targets, and usually both of these forms of protection are implied in the racket. In many cases, there exists an actual and legitimate outside threat to the target of the protection racket, and the racketeers will in fact protect the target; however, often the racketeers will themselves coerce or threaten the business or targeted individual or entity into accepting the protection, often with the threat, implicit or otherwise, that failing to acquire these protection services will lead to the racketeers themselves contributing to the existing problem. In some instances, the potential threat to the target may be caused by the same group that offers to solve it, but that fact may be concealed in order to ensure continual patronage. In other words, at least ostensibly, the protection racket is a racket that sells security, traditionally physical security. Through the credible threat of violence, the racketeers deter people from swindling, robbing, injuring, sabotaging or otherwise harming their clients. Protection rackets tend to appear in markets in which the police and judiciary cannot be counted on to provide legal protection, because of incompetence (as in weak, corrupt, or failed states, or in cases in which the state does not provide adequate or any protection for certain ethnic or socioeconomic groups), illegality (when the targeted entity is involved in black markets), and/or where other forms of mistrust of the state and government protection exist. Protection rackets are indistinguishable in practice from extortion rackets and distinguishable from private security by some degree of implied threat that the racketeers themselves may attack the business if it fails to pay for their protection. A distinction is possible between a "pure" extortion racket in which the racketeers might agree only not to attack a business and a broader protection racket offering some real private security in addition to such extortion. The criminals might agree to defend a business from any attack by either themselves or third parties (other criminal gangs). However, in reality, that distinction is doubtful, because extortion racketeers may have to defend their clients against rival gangs to maintain their profits. By corollary, criminal gangs may have to maintain control of territories (turfs), as local businesses may collapse if forced to pay for protection from too many rackets, which then hurts all parties involved. Certain scholars, such as Diego Gambetta, classify criminal organizations engaged in protection racketeering as "mafia", as the racket is popular with both the Sicilian Mafia and Italian-American Mafia. == Overview == A protection racket is an operation where criminals provide protection to persons and properties, settle disputes and enforce contracts in markets where the police and judicial system cannot be relied upon. Diego Gambetta's The Sicilian Mafia (1996) and Federico Varese's The Russian Mafia (2001) define the mafia as a type of organized crime group that specializes in the provision of private protection. Protection racketeers or mafia groups operate mostly in the black market, providing buyers and sellers the security they need for smooth transactions; but empirical data collected by Gambetta and Varese suggests that mafia groups are able to offer private protection to corporations and individuals in legal markets when the state fails to offer sufficient and efficient protection to the people in need. Two elements distinguish racketeers from legal security firms. The first element is their willingness to deploy violent forms of retribution (going as far as murder) that fall outside the limits the law normally extends to civilian security firms. The other element is that racketeers are willing to involve themselves in illegal markets. Recent studies show that mafia groups or gangs are not the only form of protection racket or extra-legal protector, and another important form of protection racket is corrupt networks consisting of public officials, especially those from criminal justice agencies. For example, Wang's The Chinese Mafia (2017) examines protection rackets in China and suggests two types of extra-legal protectors, namely the Black Mafia (local gangs) and the Red Mafia (networks of corrupt government officials). Wang's narrative suggests that local gangs are quasi-law enforcers in both legal and illegal markets, and corrupt public officials are extra-legal protectors, safeguarding local gangs, protecting illegal entrepreneurs in the criminal underworld, offering protection to businesspeople, and selling public appointments to buyers. == Territorial monopolies == A protection racketeer cannot tolerate competition within his sphere of influence from another racketeer. If a dispute erupted between two clients (e.g. businessmen competing for a construction contract) who are protected by rival racketeers, the two racketeers would have to fight each other to win the dispute for their respective clients. The outcomes of such fights can be unpredictable, and neither racketeer would be able to guarantee a victory for his client. This would make their protection unreliable and of little value; their clients would likely dismiss them and settle the dispute by other means. Therefore, racketeers negotiate territories in which they can monopolize the use of violence in settling disputes.: 68–71  These territories may be geographical, or they may be a certain type of business or form of transaction. == Providing genuine protection == Sometimes racketeers will warn other criminals that the client is under their protection and that they will punish anyone who harms the client. Services that the racketeers may offer may include the recovery of stolen property or punishing vandals. The racketeers may even advance the interests of the client by forcing out (or otherwise hindering or intimidating) unprotected competitors.Protection from theft and vandalism is one service the racketeer may offer. For instance, in Sicily, mafiosi know all the thieves and fences in their territory, and can track down stolen goods and punish thieves who attack their clients. Protection racketeers establish what they hope will be indefinitely long bonds with their clients. This allows the racketeers to publicly declare a client to be under their protection. Thus, thieves and other predators will have little confusion as to who is and is not protected. Protection racketeers are not necessarily criminals. In A Short History of Progress, Ronald Wright notes on p. 49, "The warrior caste, supposedly society's protectors, often become protection racketeers. In times of war or crisis, power is easily stolen from the many by the few on a promise of security. The more elusive or imaginary the foe, the better for manufacturing consent." == Examples == Danegeld, was a protection tax paid by Christendom to stop Viking raids. During the late medieval and early modern era in the Scottish Marches, local farmers would often need to make payments to the Border Reivers as a form of protection money to ensure they were not attacked. These agreements were called "Black mal", where "mal" was an Old Norse word meaning agreement. The word blackmail entered the English language in 1530 as a result, but the word's meaning has changed since. In Melbourne, Australia, Alphonse Gangitano ran a protection racket along the famous Lygon Street during the 1990s. In Sicily, Italy, officials say that 80% of businesses in the city of Palermo pay pizzo, or protection money, to the Sicilian Mafia. In Ciudad Juárez, Mexico, when the Mexican Drug War escalated in 2008, criminal groups like the Juárez Cartel saw their financial backbone threatened and began asking for protection money from businesses ranging from convenience stores to clubs and restaurants with the threat of burning down the business, kidnapping the owners or killing everyone inside with assault rifles. In the early history of post-Soviet Russia, law enforcement was too underfunded and poorly trained to protect businesses and enforce contracts. Most businesses had to join a protection racket (known as a krysha, the Russian word for "roof") run by local gangsters. In the United Kingdom in the 1950s and 60s the Kray twins ran protection rackets in the East End of London. Chauth, demanded by Sambhaji and Peshva Brahmins during Mahratta Invasions of Bengal and Mahratta Sackings of Goa and Bombay-Bassein. == Government protection rackets == Government officials may demand bribes to look the other way or extort something of value from citizens or corporations in the form of a kickback. It need not always be money. A lucrative job after leaving office may have been in exchange for protection offered when in office. Payment may also show up indirectly in the form of a campaign contribution. Stopping governments agencies as a whole, and buying protection in the government is called regulatory capture. == See also == == References == Outrageous Betrayal: The Dark Journey of Werner Erhard from est to Exile is a non-fiction book written by freelance journalist Steven Pressman and first published in 1993 by St. Martin's Press. The book gives an account of Werner Erhard's early life as Jack Rosenberg, his exploration of various forms of self-help techniques, and his foundation of Erhard Seminars Training "est" and later of Werner Erhard and Associates and of the est successor course, "The Forum". Pressman details the rapid financial success Erhard had with these companies, as well as controversies relating to litigation involving former participants in his courses. The work concludes by going over the impact of a March 3, 1991 60 Minutes broadcast on CBS where members of Erhard's family made allegations against him, and Erhard's decision to leave the United States. Representatives of Werner Erhard and of Landmark Worldwide, the successor company to The Forum, regarded the book as being "defamatory". There are no references or citations provided in the book. == Author == Pressman worked as a journalist after graduating from college in 1977. He worked as a journalist for Orange City News, the Los Angeles Daily Journal, California Lawyer magazine, and Congressional Quarterly's Weekly Report. During his time performing research for and writing Outrageous Betrayal, Pressman published articles for the Legal Times newspaper and wrote articles and served as a senior editor for California Republic. In 1993, Pressman worked as a San Francisco-based legal journalist for California Lawyer. == Research == In the "Acknowledgments" section of Outrageous Betrayal, Pressman wrote that he relied upon both named and unnamed sources for information in the book, in addition to "previously published accounts, court transcripts, depositions, and other documents in which various individuals have recounted earlier conversations". In an article on fair use for Columbia Journalism Review, Pressman noted that he "gathered reams of written materials -- some of it private and confidential -- that were helpful in drawing a comprehensive portrait of my subject". In the Daily Journal, Pressman wrote that legal counsel for the book's publisher insisted on numerous changes to the book "in order to reduce, if not eliminate, the possibility of a successful suit for copyright infringement".By 1993, Pressman and St. Martin's Press had received approximately two dozen letters from Erhard's attorney Walter Maksym, though Erhard's representatives had yet to see the book itself. Maksym told the San Francisco Daily Journal in March 1993 that he wanted to "fact check the book", because he believed that "this is a first-time unknown author who apparently has interviewed only people who have negative things to say", and stated "We have cautioned the publisher that they are responsible for the accuracy of the book." Charlie Spicer, a senior editor at St. Martin's Press, described the actions of Erhard's representatives with regard to the book as "a desperate campaign by someone with something to hide". The author himself made specific reference to his legal support, mentioning "the potential legal rapids that confront authors writing these days about controversial subjects".: 278  == Contents == In Outrageous Betrayal, Steven Pressman gives a chronological account of Erhard's life and businesses, from high-school years through his formation of companies that delivered awareness training and the later controversies surrounding his business and family life. The book goes into detail regarding his early life as Jack Rosenberg and his name-change to Werner Erhard, his move to California, and the initial inspirations behind the training that would become "est". Pressman writes that Erhard took inspiration from the self-help course Mind Dynamics, cybernetics, from the books Think and Grow Rich by Napoleon Hill, and Psycho-Cybernetics by Maxwell Maltz, and from Scientology and the writings of L. Ron Hubbard. He also notes how an attorney skilled in tax law helped Erhard in forming his first awareness-training company, Erhard Seminars Training.Pressman notes how Erhard and his businesses became successful within two years of foundation, and writes that his awareness-training programs trained over half a million people in his courses and brought in tens of millions of dollars in revenue. The book then describes controversies relating to both Erhard's businesses and his reported treatment of his family. Pressman also describes the successor company to Est, Werner Erhard and Associates, and Erhard's decision to sell the "technology" of his course The Forum to his employees and to leave the United States. The book's epilogue includes a firsthand account of a Landmark Forum seminar led by the former Est-trainer Laurel Scheaf in 1992. == Reception == St. Martin's Press first published Outrageous Betrayal in 1993, and Random House published a second edition of the text in 1995.An analysis in Kirkus Reviews, noting the choice of title by the author, asserted that Pressman: "makes no pretense to objectivity here." Kirkus Reviews criticized the book, saying "What the author dramatically fails to provide by bearing down on the negative (to the extent that nearly all his informants denounce est and its founder) is any real understanding of est's teachings--and of why they appealed so deeply to so many." Paul S. Boyer, professor of history at the University of Wisconsin–Madison, reviewed the book in The Washington Post. Boyer wrote that the book "nicely recounts the bizarre tale" of Werner Erhard, saying "Pressman tells his fascinating story well." However he also commented that the book gives "only the sketchiest historical context" of est and its roots in societal experiences.A review by Mary Carroll published in the American Library Association's Booklist noted that the controversy surrounding Erhard was not new, but she wrote that "Pressman pulls the details together effectively." Carroll went on to comment: "Outrageous Betrayal is a disturbing but fascinating object lesson in the power of charisma divorced from conscience." Frances Halpern of the Los Angeles Times called the book a "damning biography".In 1995, Outrageous Betrayal was cited in a report on the United States Department of Transportation by the United States House of Representatives Committee on Appropriations in a case unrelated to Erhard or Est. This was in reference to a Congressional investigation of Gregory May and controversial trainings given by his company Gregory May Associates (GMA) to the Federal Aviation Administration. The testimony given stated that, according to Outrageous Betrayal, a member of GMA's board had been influenced by Erhard Seminars Training and the Church of Scientology.Novelist and journalist Dan Wakefield, in his review of the book in Tricycle: the Buddhist Review, criticized Pressman for failing to speak with people who had positive things to say about est. Pressman described the est training as "a mish-mash of self-help theories, common-sense psychology, and dime-store ideas of motivation" while also praising the program for helping him personally in dealing with alcoholism. Wakefield also cites an opinion survey which suggests that most est participants had positive experiences with it. == See also == Human Potential Movement Journalism sourcing Large Group Awareness Training == Notes == == References == Annichiarico, Mark (September 1, 1993). "Outrageous Betrayal: The Dark Journey of Werner Erhard from Est to Exile (review)". Library Journal. 118 (14): 207. Bader, Barbara (Editor) (July 15, 1976). "Getting It". Kirkus Reviews. 44 (Part II, Section No. 14): 821.CS1 maint: extra text: authors list (link) Berzins, Zane (February 6, 1977). "Getting It". The New York Times Book Review. The New York Times Company. 82: 25. Boyer, Paul (December 9, 1993). "Book World - Erhard, From est to Worst". The Washington Post. p. D2. Carroll, Mary (September 1, 1993). "Pressman, Steven. Outrageous Betrayal". Booklist. American Library Association. 90 (1): 7: Adult Books, Non-fiction, General Works, Philosophy & Psychology. Denison, Charles Wayne (June 1995). "The children of EST: A study of the experience and perceived effects of a large group awareness training". Dissertation Abstracts International. Ann Arbor, Michigan: University Microfilms International. 55 (12–B): 5564. ISSN 0419-4217. Fisher, Jeffrey D.; Cohen Silver, Roxane; Chinsky, Jack M.; Goff, Barry; Klar, Yechiel (1990). Evaluating a Large Group Awareness Training. New York: Springer-Verlag. ISBN 0-387-97320-6. Kirkus Reviews staff (August 1, 1993). "Outrageous Betrayal. (Book Review)". Kirkus Reviews. Kirkus Associates, LP., Nielsen Company. 61: 986. Retrieved 2007-11-20. McGurk, William S. (June 1977). "Was Ist est? Context: by KO in round 1. == References == The 1998 Verano de Escándalo (Spanish for "Summer of Scandal") was the second annual Verano de Escandalo professional wrestling show promoted by AAA. The show took place on September 18, 1998, in Madero, Tamaulipas, Mexico. The main event featured steel cage match between the teams of Heavy Metal and Blue Demon Jr. and Kick Boxer and Abismo Negro. The stipulation of the main event was that if the team of Heavy Metal and Blue Demon Jr. lost referee Guicho Dominguez would be referee El Tirante's "slave" for a week. If Kick Boxer and Abismo Negro lost El Tirantes would be Guicho Dominguez's slave for a week Facts: Answer: Badr Hari

Question: Who was once considered the best kick boxer in the world, however he has been involved in a number of controversies relating to his "unsportsmanlike conducts" in the sport and crimes of violence outside of the ring. Badr Hari (Berber: ⴱⴰⴷⵔ ⵀⴰⵔⵉ, Arabic: بدر هاري‎; born 8 December 1984) is a Moroccan-Dutch kickboxer. He is a former K-1 Heavyweight champion, It's Showtime Heavyweight world champion, and a K-1 World Grand Prix 2008 and 2009 finalist. Nicknamed The Golden Boy, he is regarded as one of the greatest professional kickboxers of all time.Combat Press ranked him as a top ten heavyweight kickboxer between January and November 2016. == Early life == Badr Hari was born and raised in Amsterdam, the capital of the Netherlands. He began kickboxing at the age of seven under the guidance of former World Champion Mousid Akamrane. As a teenager, he trained at the Sitan Gym of Mohammed Aït Hassou. When the Sitan Gym moved to Rotterdam, he joined Chakuriki Gym, run by Thom Harinck. Hari fought under the Dutch flag until he lost to Stefan Leko in 2005. Hari, who tried to publicly address the audience after his defeat, was booed so loudly that no one could make out his words. He expressed disappointment in the Dutch fans: "I thought to myself, I have never witnessed such ungratefulness." From then on Hari has represented Morocco and stopped working with Harinck. Mike Passenier became his new coach. == Kickboxing == === Early career === At the age of seven, Hari was sent by his father to the kickboxing gym to learn how to defend himself from bullies in the neighborhood. People quickly realized he was a natural talent and from the age of 11 he was fighting regularly as a junior. In his teenage years he worked with the Harinck at Chakuriki Gym and he started to become well known on the Amsterdam scene.In January 2005, Hari left Chakuriki Gym and joined Simon Rutz's It's Showtime team. After a few months of training at the Mejiro Gym he temporarily returned to Harinck's for a couple of weeks. Since then he has been coached by Mike Passenier, who has also trained Joerie Mes, Bjorn Bregy and Melvin Manhoef. === K-1 === Hari fought two matches against Leko in 2005; the first took place at an It's Showtime 2005 event in June 2005. Hari started trash talk between him and Leko before being knocked out by Leko's spinning back kick.Hari got his opportunity for revenge in November 2005 when he entered the K-1 World Grand Prix 2005 tournament as a reserve fighter against Leko, and made his K-1 World GP debut at the age of 20. Hari knocked out Leko by a spinning back high kick to the jaw at 1:30 in the second round.Hari returned to the ring at the K-1 World Grand Prix 2006 Final Elimination in Osaka, Japan, against Ruslan Karaev. Karaev hurt Badr with a straight right that left Hari slouching over in the corner before kicking Hari in the face. Hari was counted out by the referee but he and his corner immediately protested that the kick was a foul. When the referee did not respond, Hari and his corner men caused a commotion and refused to leave the ring until they were escorted out by K-1 officials. Hari left in anger and trashed his changing room.Despite being knocked out, Hari was picked as a reserve fighter again in the K-1 Grand Prix 2006 Finals against Paul Slowinski. He won the fight by unanimous decision. Hari then fought Nicholas Pettas at the K-1 Premium 2006 Dynamite!! event and broke Pettas' left shoulder in the second round with a right high kick.Hari fought Karaev again at the K-1 World GP 2007 in Yokohama. Their matchup was one of two bouts to qualify for the first K-1 heavyweight title match, scheduled on 28 April 2007 in Hawaii. Hari beat Karaev in the second round. === K-1 Heavyweight champion === ==== Title reign ==== Hari was scheduled to face Yusuke Fujimoto for the inaugural K-1 Heavyweight Championship at K-1 World GP 2007 in Hawaii on 28 April 2007. Hari began the bout in his usual aggressive manner and knocked Fujimoto down with a left straight, early on in the round. Hari pressured as the fight resumed and knocked Fujimoto out with a head kick at the 56 second mark of the bout.Four months later, Hari was scheduled to fight a rematch with Peter Graham, in a non-title bout, at K-1 World GP 2007 in Hong Kong on 5 August 2007. Graham won their previous fight, at K-1 World Grand Prix 2006 in Auckland on 5 March 2006, by a third-round knockout. Hari won the rematch by unanimous decision, with scores of 30–27, 30–28 and 30–27.Hari was scheduled to face Doug Viney in a non-title bout at K-1 World GP 2007 in Seoul Final 16 on 29 September 2007. He won the fight by a second-round knockout, dropping Viney with a right cross.Hari was scheduled to face the two-time K-1 Heavyweight World Grand Prix winner Remy Bonjasky at K-1 World GP 2007 Final on 8 December 2007. Bonjasky won the fight by majority decision, thus snapping Hari's six fight winner streak.Following this loss, Hari was scheduled to face the 2000 K-1 World Grand Prix runner-up Ray Sefo in another non-title bout at K-1 World GP 2008 in Yokohama on 13 April 2008. Hari overwhelmed Sefo early on, knocking him down several times enroute to a first-round knockout victory.Hari was scheduled to make the first defense of his K-1 heavyweight title against Glaube Feitosa at K-1 World GP 2008 in Fukuoka on 29 June 2008. He won the fight by a first-round knockout.After making his first title defense, Hari was scheduled to face Domagoj Ostojic at K-1 World GP 2008 in Hawaii on 9 August 2008. Hari won the fight by a first-round knockout.A month later, Hari was scheduled to face the 7'2 Choi Hong-man at K-1 World Grand Prix 2008 in Seoul Final 16 on 27 September 2008. It was Choi's first fight in nine months, as he was forced out of the sport due to a brain tumor. Hari was awarded a technical knockout victory, after Choi's corner threw in the towel. ==== K-1 Heavyweight Grand Prix ==== Hari participated in the 2008 K-1 heavyweight Grand Prix, held at K-1 World GP 2008 Final on 6 December 2008. The fight was held before a sellout crowd at the Yokohama Arena, for a prize of $400,000. Hari was scheduled to face the three-time K-1 Grand Prix winner Peter Aerts in the tournament quarterfinals. Hari won the fight by a second-round technical knockout, knocking Aerts down several times in both the first and second rounds. Advancing to the tournament semifinals, Hari faced Errol Zimmerman. He won the fight by a third-round knockout.Hari fought a rematch with Remy Bonjasky in the tournament finals. The two of them previously met at K-1 World GP 2007 Final on 8 December 2007, with Bonjasky winning by majority decision. Bonjasky was more dominant in the first round of the rematch and knocked Hari down with a head kick near the end of the round. The pivotal moment of the fight came in the second round, after Hari threw Bonjasky down to the mat off of a caught kick. Hari followed up with several strikes to the downed opponent, which was an egregious breakage of K-1's rules. As referee Nobuaki Kakuda was pulling Hari away from his opponent, Hari furthermore stomped on Bonjasky. Hari was disqualified for unsportsmanlike conduct. He remained unapologetic for his behavior, stating: "Remy's corner was screaming at him to stay down. I came to fight and he didn't. He's a great actor."Due to his behavior in the tournament final, Hari was stripped of the K-1 heavyweight title. Hari then briefly moved away from K-1, and was scheduled to face Alistair Overeem at Dynamite!! 2008 on December 31, 2008. Hari suffered a first-round knockout. === It's Showtime Heavyweight champion === Hari made his It's Showtime debut against Frederic Sinistra at Fights at the Border presents: It's Showtime 2009 on February 8, 2009. He won the fight by first-round knockout.Hari was scheduled to fight the three-time K-1 World Grand Prix winner Semmy Schilt for the It's Showtime World Heavyweight title at It's Showtime 2009 Amsterdam on December 5, 2009. He won the fight by a first-round technical knockout. ==== K-1 Heavyweight Grand Prix ==== Hari was scheduled to face Zabit Samedov at K-1 World Grand Prix 2009 Final 16 on September 26, 2009, in the qualifying round of the 2009 K-1 World Grand Prix. He won the fight by a first-round body shot knockout.Hari took part in the 2009 K-1 World Grand Prix 2009 Final, held on December 5, 2009. He was scheduled to fight a trilogy match with Ruslan Karaev in the tournament quarterfinals. Each held a knockout victory over the other. Hari won their third meeting by a 38 second knockout. Hari fought a rematch with Alistair Overeem in the tournament semifinals. He was more successful in their second meeting, and won by a first-round knockout. Hari fought another rematch in the tournament finals, against Semmy Schilt. Hari knocked Schilt out after 45 seconds just seven months prior. Schilt won the tournament final by a first-round knockout. ==== It's Showtime title reign ==== Hari was scheduled to make the first defense of his It's Showtime heavyweight title against Mourad Bouzidi at It's Showtime 2010 Prague on February 13, 2010. Hari won the fight by a second-round knockout.Hari was scheduled to face Alexey Ignashov at K-1 World Grand Prix 2010 in Yokohama on April 3, 2010. He won the fight by unanimous decision.Hari was scheduled to make the second defense of his It's Showtime heavyweight title against Hesdy Gerges at It's Showtime 2010 Amsterdam on May 29, 2010. Gerges won the fight by disqualification, after Hari threw an illegal kick. ==== Post-title reign ==== Hari was scheduled to face Gregory Tony at It's Showtime 2011 Lyon on May 14, 2011. He won the fight by a first-round technical knockout.Hari was scheduled to face Gökhan Saki at It's Showtime 2012 in Leeuwarden on January 28, 2012. He won by a second-round knockout.Hari was scheduled to face the 2012 SUPERKOMBAT World Grand Prix winner Anderson Silva at K-1 World MAX 2012 World Championship Tournament Final 16 on May 27, 2012. He won the fight by unanimous decision.Hari was scheduled to fight a rematch with Zabit Samedov in the quarterfinals of the K-1 World Grand Prix 2012 Final, held on March 5, 2012. Although he won by unanimous decision, Hari was unable to advance to the semifinals due to injury. === LFS and GFC === Two months later, Hari was scheduled to fight a trilogy match with Zabit Samedov at the inaugural Legend Fighting Show event on May 25, 2013. Samedov won the fight by a second-round knockout.Hari fought a rematch with Alexey Ignashov at the second Legend Fighting Show event on November 9, 2013. Hari won the fight by unanimous decision.Hari participated in the Global Fighting Championship heavyweight tournament, held on May 29, 2014. He was scheduled to fight 1998 K-1 European Grand Prix winner Stefan Leko in the tournament semifinals. Hari won the fight by a first-round knockout, and advance to the finals where he faced Peter Graham. The two of them fought twice previously, with Graham winning by knockout and Hari winning by decision. Hari won their third fight by a first-round knockout.Hari was scheduled to face Arnold Oborotov at GFC Fight Series 2 on October 16, 2014. He won the fight by a first-round body shot knockout.Hari was scheduled to face Ismael Londt at Akhmat Fight Show on August 22, 2015. He won the fight by a third-round technical knockout. === Glory === ==== Hari vs. Verhoeven I ==== Hari was scheduled to make his Glory debut against the reigning Heavyweight Champion Rico Verhoeven at Glory: Collision on October 12, 2016. Hari appeared to have won the first round, opening a cut on Verhoeven's nose. Verhoeven was more aggressive in the second round and landed knee in the clinch which broke Hari's arm. As Hari was unable to continue fighting, Verhoeven was awarded the technical knockout victory. ==== Hari vs. Gerges ==== On 3 March 2018, Hari fought Gerges. Hari won the fight by unanimous decision, but a year after the fight it was revealed that both fighters had used sports supplements that contained prohibited substances; as a result, both fighters were suspended. Hari failed a drug test prior to Glory 51: Rotterdam, and was issued with a 19-month suspension after tests on samples provided indicated a violation of Netherlands rules regarding prohibited substances for competitive athletes. Gerges, who faced Hari at the event, was also issued with an official reprimand. ==== Hari vs. Verhoeven II ==== Hari was scheduled to challenge Rico Verhoeven for the Glory Heavyweight Championship in his first post-suspension fight. The bout was set for Glory 74: Arnhem on 21 December 2019. In the sold-out GelreDome, in front of 30 000 fans, Verhoeven won the fight by a third-round technical knockout. Hari once again found early success, knocking Verhoeven down in both the first and third rounds. Early on in the third round however, Hari suffered a broken ankle from a missed kick, once again rendering him unable to continue competing.Aside from selling out the arena, the rematch also drew 3.5 million viewers, an estimated 53% of the live television audience in the Netherlands, which was the second highest viewership of a live sports broadcast, in Dutch television history. ==== Hari vs. Adegbuyi ==== On 19 December 2020, Hari fought the #2 ranked Glory heavyweight contender, Benjamin Adegbuyi in a Glory Heavyweight Championship Eliminator at Glory 76. The fight was originally planned to take place on 20 June, but was postponed multiple times due to the COVID-19 pandemic. On 13 September, Glory announced the event would take place on 7 November, only for it be postponed again, when Hari announced that he tested positive for COVID-19 on 19 October. Hari lost the fight by KO in the third round after being kicked by Adegbuyi. Glory vice-chairman Scott Rudmann revealed the following day that Hari suffered a double break in his nose on knockout. ==== Hari vs. Wrzosek ==== It was announced on 31 May 2021, that Hari would face the #8 ranked Glory heavyweight contender Arkadiusz Wrzosek. The bout was scheduled as the main event of Glory 78: Arnhem, held on 4 September 2021. Hari had a great start to the bout and managed to knock Wrzosek down three times with body shots before the midway point of the fight. Halfway through the second round however, Wrzosek landed a head kick which knocked Hari out, extending his winless streak to five fights. == Personal life == === Relationships and children === Hari is married to Daphne Romani and has four daughters and a son. The family currently lives in Morocco. === Legal issues === Hari has been arrested multiple times since 2006 on various assault charges, and gained a reputation for violent behavior. A psychologist who spoke to Hari in relation to one of his trials concluded that his success as an athlete and celebrity status, combined with a lack of personal guidance, resulted in narcissistic personality traits. About his violent eruptions, Hari has said: "I am able to explode at any moment. [...] When my brakes are off, it's just one big clump of explosion, chaos and noise, and I become blind to it all. [...] A storm, a hurricane, a disaster. [...] There just is a certain aggression inside of me, of which I don't know what to do with and neither where it comes from." At his conviction on 21 February 2014, the district attorney described Hari as an individual who is very short-tempered, indulges in vulgar power display, and demonstrates aggressive and intimidating behavior which is characterized by a high "do-you-even-know-who-I-am caliber".Late October 2012, an indictment was handed to Hari in his holding cell, which contained nine criminal charges against Hari: eight crimes of violence and one moving violation, the latter of which is from an incident in March 2010 where a pedestrian sustained injuries. Crimes of violence include: 20 February 2010 Club Blinq. The bouncer of Club Blinq is assaulted by several perpetrators one of which is said to be Hari. 6 March 2010 Albert Cuyp Market. Hari drives his car into the Albert Cuyp Street, which was closed to vehicle traffic, and has an accident with a pedestrian severely injuring her leg. 1–29 July 2011 Spuistraat: Hari is accused of assaulting his ex-girlfriend Rosa in her apartment in Spuistraat and the destruction of her property. 17 July 2011 Club Air: Jeroen van de Berg, the owner of the Club Air and an Italian guest are assaulted. Jeroen suffers serious damage to his teeth due to a kick to the head. 2 December 2011 Cooldown Cafe: Hari is caught on camera in "The Cooldown Cafe" assaulting Olivier, the stepbrother of his ex-girlfriend. 8 July 2012 Sensation White: Dutch millionaire entrepreneur Koen Everink is severely assaulted at a dance event in the Amsterdam Arena. Everink suffered a broken nose and eye socket and a broken ankle, which required several surgical procedures. The public prosecutor stated that numerous witnesses had pointed the finger at Hari.In July 2012 Hari surrendered to police as he feared "being arrested by a SWAT team" to come forth and deny his involvement in an alleged assault on Everink, who claimed Hari was responsible for inflicting his face and leg injuries including a broken ankle, and further allegations of assault made by an Amsterdam nightclub owner. The latter alleged that he had also been attacked by Hari, saying that he "suffered a broken jaw and lost teeth after being kicked in the head" during an altercation at his nightclub and that in light of Everink's seeking to press charges, he would do the same.As is procedure in the Netherlands for crimes that carry a statutory minimum four-year prison sentence or more, Hari was detained in prison whilst awaiting trial. On 9 November 2012 a court in Amsterdam allowed Hari to return home until his trial on the condition that he not visit any horeca establishments (hotels, restaurants and café establishments), or contact witnesses, with the exception of his girlfriend Estelle Cruijff. The day following his release he was spotted violating this condition by eating out at a deli with Cruijff. He also made contact with two witnesses of the incident. As a result, Hari was arrested again by police in Amsterdam and was sentenced to be detained again, this time for three months, with his eventual release in January 2013.On 21 January 2013 a court in Amsterdam determined that Hari should again be released from his pre-trial detention, this time with the condition that he could not visit catering establishments between the hours of 8:00 PM and 8:00 AM. By this point the main witnesses in the case had been heard; and the court deemed it unnecessary to further detain Hari. After Hari's release he resumed training with the intention of returning to the ring. His trial was reportedly set to take place in March 2013.On 21 February 2014 the district court in Amsterdam sentenced him to prison for 1+1⁄2 years. His legal team and the prosecution filed an immediate appeal. The Court of Appeal found him guilty of aggravated assault, noting in particular that each of his assaults was preceded by a relatively mild quarrel and that to his victims his violent behaviour came as a complete surprise, leaving them no chance to defend themselves. He was sentenced to two years in prison, of which ten months were suspended. Since he had already spent eight months in pre-arrest, he still had to serve half a year in prison. In addition, he had to pay his victims compensation of €45,000 in total, and the judgement was upheld by the Supreme Court of the Netherlands in 2017.Hari was reportedly arrested in Dubai following his tournament win at Global FC 3 on 29 May 2014, and he was detained and questioned by police over an alleged incident from late 2011 or early 2012 before being released, according to his lawyer. Hari himself refuted the reports. === Music === In 2007, Hari released a hip-hop song with Dutch-Moroccan rapper Appa entitled "Stap Maar In De Ring" ("Step Into The Ring"). == Championships and accomplishments == 2007 K-1 Heavyweight champion (One successful title defense) 2008 K-1 World Grand Prix runner up 2009 It's Showtime Heavyweight champion (One successful title defense) 2009 K-1 World Grand Prix runner up 2014 GFC Fight Series 1 Heavyweight Tournament Champion 2020 Glory Fight of the Year vs. Benjamin Adegbuyi at Glory 76: Rotterdam == Kickboxing record == == See also == List of male kickboxers List of K-1 champions List of It's Showtime champions == References == == External links == Profile at Glory A protection racket is a type of racket and a scheme of organized crime perpetrated by a potentially hazardous group, usually a criminal organization, which guarantees protection outside the sanction of the law to a business, entity, or individual from violence, looting, arson, robbery, and other such threats, often in situations or regions in which such threats may often not be effectively prevented or addressed by the prevailing system of law and order or local government, in exchange for the extorted payments in cash or kind. The perpetrators of the protection racket may offer these services to protect vulnerable targets from other dangerous individuals and groups or may simply offer to refrain from themselves carrying out threats on the targets, and usually both of these forms of protection are implied in the racket. In many cases, there exists an actual and legitimate outside threat to the target of the protection racket, and the racketeers will in fact protect the target; however, often the racketeers will themselves coerce or threaten the business or targeted individual or entity into accepting the protection, often with the threat, implicit or otherwise, that failing to acquire these protection services will lead to the racketeers themselves contributing to the existing problem. In some instances, the potential threat to the target may be caused by the same group that offers to solve it, but that fact may be concealed in order to ensure continual patronage. In other words, at least ostensibly, the protection racket is a racket that sells security, traditionally physical security. Through the credible threat of violence, the racketeers deter people from swindling, robbing, injuring, sabotaging or otherwise harming their clients. Protection rackets tend to appear in markets in which the police and judiciary cannot be counted on to provide legal protection, because of incompetence (as in weak, corrupt, or failed states, or in cases in which the state does not provide adequate or any protection for certain ethnic or socioeconomic groups), illegality (when the targeted entity is involved in black markets), and/or where other forms of mistrust of the state and government protection exist. Protection rackets are indistinguishable in practice from extortion rackets and distinguishable from private security by some degree of implied threat that the racketeers themselves may attack the business if it fails to pay for their protection. A distinction is possible between a "pure" extortion racket in which the racketeers might agree only not to attack a business and a broader protection racket offering some real private security in addition to such extortion. The criminals might agree to defend a business from any attack by either themselves or third parties (other criminal gangs). However, in reality, that distinction is doubtful, because extortion racketeers may have to defend their clients against rival gangs to maintain their profits. By corollary, criminal gangs may have to maintain control of territories (turfs), as local businesses may collapse if forced to pay for protection from too many rackets, which then hurts all parties involved. Certain scholars, such as Diego Gambetta, classify criminal organizations engaged in protection racketeering as "mafia", as the racket is popular with both the Sicilian Mafia and Italian-American Mafia. == Overview == A protection racket is an operation where criminals provide protection to persons and properties, settle disputes and enforce contracts in markets where the police and judicial system cannot be relied upon. Diego Gambetta's The Sicilian Mafia (1996) and Federico Varese's The Russian Mafia (2001) define the mafia as a type of organized crime group that specializes in the provision of private protection. Protection racketeers or mafia groups operate mostly in the black market, providing buyers and sellers the security they need for smooth transactions; but empirical data collected by Gambetta and Varese suggests that mafia groups are able to offer private protection to corporations and individuals in legal markets when the state fails to offer sufficient and efficient protection to the people in need. Two elements distinguish racketeers from legal security firms. The first element is their willingness to deploy violent forms of retribution (going as far as murder) that fall outside the limits the law normally extends to civilian security firms. The other element is that racketeers are willing to involve themselves in illegal markets. Recent studies show that mafia groups or gangs are not the only form of protection racket or extra-legal protector, and another important form of protection racket is corrupt networks consisting of public officials, especially those from criminal justice agencies. For example, Wang's The Chinese Mafia (2017) examines protection rackets in China and suggests two types of extra-legal protectors, namely the Black Mafia (local gangs) and the Red Mafia (networks of corrupt government officials). Wang's narrative suggests that local gangs are quasi-law enforcers in both legal and illegal markets, and corrupt public officials are extra-legal protectors, safeguarding local gangs, protecting illegal entrepreneurs in the criminal underworld, offering protection to businesspeople, and selling public appointments to buyers. == Territorial monopolies == A protection racketeer cannot tolerate competition within his sphere of influence from another racketeer. If a dispute erupted between two clients (e.g. businessmen competing for a construction contract) who are protected by rival racketeers, the two racketeers would have to fight each other to win the dispute for their respective clients. The outcomes of such fights can be unpredictable, and neither racketeer would be able to guarantee a victory for his client. This would make their protection unreliable and of little value; their clients would likely dismiss them and settle the dispute by other means. Therefore, racketeers negotiate territories in which they can monopolize the use of violence in settling disputes.: 68–71  These territories may be geographical, or they may be a certain type of business or form of transaction. == Providing genuine protection == Sometimes racketeers will warn other criminals that the client is under their protection and that they will punish anyone who harms the client. Services that the racketeers may offer may include the recovery of stolen property or punishing vandals. The racketeers may even advance the interests of the client by forcing out (or otherwise hindering or intimidating) unprotected competitors.Protection from theft and vandalism is one service the racketeer may offer. For instance, in Sicily, mafiosi know all the thieves and fences in their territory, and can track down stolen goods and punish thieves who attack their clients. Protection racketeers establish what they hope will be indefinitely long bonds with their clients. This allows the racketeers to publicly declare a client to be under their protection. Thus, thieves and other predators will have little confusion as to who is and is not protected. Protection racketeers are not necessarily criminals. In A Short History of Progress, Ronald Wright notes on p. 49, "The warrior caste, supposedly society's protectors, often become protection racketeers. In times of war or crisis, power is easily stolen from the many by the few on a promise of security. The more elusive or imaginary the foe, the better for manufacturing consent." == Examples == Danegeld, was a protection tax paid by Christendom to stop Viking raids. During the late medieval and early modern era in the Scottish Marches, local farmers would often need to make payments to the Border Reivers as a form of protection money to ensure they were not attacked. These agreements were called "Black mal", where "mal" was an Old Norse word meaning agreement. The word blackmail entered the English language in 1530 as a result, but the word's meaning has changed since. In Melbourne, Australia, Alphonse Gangitano ran a protection racket along the famous Lygon Street during the 1990s. In Sicily, Italy, officials say that 80% of businesses in the city of Palermo pay pizzo, or protection money, to the Sicilian Mafia. In Ciudad Juárez, Mexico, when the Mexican Drug War escalated in 2008, criminal groups like the Juárez Cartel saw their financial backbone threatened and began asking for protection money from businesses ranging from convenience stores to clubs and restaurants with the threat of burning down the business, kidnapping the owners or killing everyone inside with assault rifles. In the early history of post-Soviet Russia, law enforcement was too underfunded and poorly trained to protect businesses and enforce contracts. Most businesses had to join a protection racket (known as a krysha, the Russian word for "roof") run by local gangsters. In the United Kingdom in the 1950s and 60s the Kray twins ran protection rackets in the East End of London. Chauth, demanded by Sambhaji and Peshva Brahmins during Mahratta Invasions of Bengal and Mahratta Sackings of Goa and Bombay-Bassein. == Government protection rackets == Government officials may demand bribes to look the other way or extort something of value from citizens or corporations in the form of a kickback. It need not always be money. A lucrative job after leaving office may have been in exchange for protection offered when in office. Payment may also show up indirectly in the form of a campaign contribution. Stopping governments agencies as a whole, and buying protection in the government is called regulatory capture. == See also == == References == Outrageous Betrayal: The Dark Journey of Werner Erhard from est to Exile is a non-fiction book written by freelance journalist Steven Pressman and first published in 1993 by St. Martin's Press. The book gives an account of Werner Erhard's early life as Jack Rosenberg, his exploration of various forms of self-help techniques, and his foundation of Erhard Seminars Training "est" and later of Werner Erhard and Associates and of the est successor course, "The Forum". Pressman details the rapid financial success Erhard had with these companies, as well as controversies relating to litigation involving former participants in his courses. The work concludes by going over the impact of a March 3, 1991 60 Minutes broadcast on CBS where members of Erhard's family made allegations against him, and Erhard's decision to leave the United States. Representatives of Werner Erhard and of Landmark Worldwide, the successor company to The Forum, regarded the book as being "defamatory". There are no references or citations provided in the book. == Author == Pressman worked as a journalist after graduating from college in 1977. He worked as a journalist for Orange City News, the Los Angeles Daily Journal, California Lawyer magazine, and Congressional Quarterly's Weekly Report. During his time performing research for and writing Outrageous Betrayal, Pressman published articles for the Legal Times newspaper and wrote articles and served as a senior editor for California Republic. In 1993, Pressman worked as a San Francisco-based legal journalist for California Lawyer. == Research == In the "Acknowledgments" section of Outrageous Betrayal, Pressman wrote that he relied upon both named and unnamed sources for information in the book, in addition to "previously published accounts, court transcripts, depositions, and other documents in which various individuals have recounted earlier conversations". In an article on fair use for Columbia Journalism Review, Pressman noted that he "gathered reams of written materials -- some of it private and confidential -- that were helpful in drawing a comprehensive portrait of my subject". In the Daily Journal, Pressman wrote that legal counsel for the book's publisher insisted on numerous changes to the book "in order to reduce, if not eliminate, the possibility of a successful suit for copyright infringement".By 1993, Pressman and St. Martin's Press had received approximately two dozen letters from Erhard's attorney Walter Maksym, though Erhard's representatives had yet to see the book itself. Maksym told the San Francisco Daily Journal in March 1993 that he wanted to "fact check the book", because he believed that "this is a first-time unknown author who apparently has interviewed only people who have negative things to say", and stated "We have cautioned the publisher that they are responsible for the accuracy of the book." Charlie Spicer, a senior editor at St. Martin's Press, described the actions of Erhard's representatives with regard to the book as "a desperate campaign by someone with something to hide". The author himself made specific reference to his legal support, mentioning "the potential legal rapids that confront authors writing these days about controversial subjects".: 278  == Contents == In Outrageous Betrayal, Steven Pressman gives a chronological account of Erhard's life and businesses, from high-school years through his formation of companies that delivered awareness training and the later controversies surrounding his business and family life. The book goes into detail regarding his early life as Jack Rosenberg and his name-change to Werner Erhard, his move to California, and the initial inspirations behind the training that would become "est". Pressman writes that Erhard took inspiration from the self-help course Mind Dynamics, cybernetics, from the books Think and Grow Rich by Napoleon Hill, and Psycho-Cybernetics by Maxwell Maltz, and from Scientology and the writings of L. Ron Hubbard. He also notes how an attorney skilled in tax law helped Erhard in forming his first awareness-training company, Erhard Seminars Training.Pressman notes how Erhard and his businesses became successful within two years of foundation, and writes that his awareness-training programs trained over half a million people in his courses and brought in tens of millions of dollars in revenue. The book then describes controversies relating to both Erhard's businesses and his reported treatment of his family. Pressman also describes the successor company to Est, Werner Erhard and Associates, and Erhard's decision to sell the "technology" of his course The Forum to his employees and to leave the United States. The book's epilogue includes a firsthand account of a Landmark Forum seminar led by the former Est-trainer Laurel Scheaf in 1992. == Reception == St. Martin's Press first published Outrageous Betrayal in 1993, and Random House published a second edition of the text in 1995.An analysis in Kirkus Reviews, noting the choice of title by the author, asserted that Pressman: "makes no pretense to objectivity here." Kirkus Reviews criticized the book, saying "What the author dramatically fails to provide by bearing down on the negative (to the extent that nearly all his informants denounce est and its founder) is any real understanding of est's teachings--and of why they appealed so deeply to so many." Paul S. Boyer, professor of history at the University of Wisconsin–Madison, reviewed the book in The Washington Post. Boyer wrote that the book "nicely recounts the bizarre tale" of Werner Erhard, saying "Pressman tells his fascinating story well." However he also commented that the book gives "only the sketchiest historical context" of est and its roots in societal experiences.A review by Mary Carroll published in the American Library Association's Booklist noted that the controversy surrounding Erhard was not new, but she wrote that "Pressman pulls the details together effectively." Carroll went on to comment: "Outrageous Betrayal is a disturbing but fascinating object lesson in the power of charisma divorced from conscience." Frances Halpern of the Los Angeles Times called the book a "damning biography".In 1995, Outrageous Betrayal was cited in a report on the United States Department of Transportation by the United States House of Representatives Committee on Appropriations in a case unrelated to Erhard or Est. This was in reference to a Congressional investigation of Gregory May and controversial trainings given by his company Gregory May Associates (GMA) to the Federal Aviation Administration. The testimony given stated that, according to Outrageous Betrayal, a member of GMA's board had been influenced by Erhard Seminars Training and the Church of Scientology.Novelist and journalist Dan Wakefield, in his review of the book in Tricycle: the Buddhist Review, criticized Pressman for failing to speak with people who had positive things to say about est. Pressman described the est training as "a mish-mash of self-help theories, common-sense psychology, and dime-store ideas of motivation" while also praising the program for helping him personally in dealing with alcoholism. Wakefield also cites an opinion survey which suggests that most est participants had positive experiences with it. == See also == Human Potential Movement Journalism sourcing Large Group Awareness Training == Notes == == References == Annichiarico, Mark (September 1, 1993). "Outrageous Betrayal: The Dark Journey of Werner Erhard from Est to Exile (review)". Library Journal. 118 (14): 207. Bader, Barbara (Editor) (July 15, 1976). "Getting It". Kirkus Reviews. 44 (Part II, Section No. 14): 821.CS1 maint: extra text: authors list (link) Berzins, Zane (February 6, 1977). "Getting It". The New York Times Book Review. The New York Times Company. 82: 25. Boyer, Paul (December 9, 1993). "Book World - Erhard, From est to Worst". The Washington Post. p. D2. Carroll, Mary (September 1, 1993). "Pressman, Steven. Outrageous Betrayal". Booklist. American Library Association. 90 (1): 7: Adult Books, Non-fiction, General Works, Philosophy & Psychology. Denison, Charles Wayne (June 1995). "The children of EST: A study of the experience and perceived effects of a large group awareness training". Dissertation Abstracts International. Ann Arbor, Michigan: University Microfilms International. 55 (12–B): 5564. ISSN 0419-4217. Fisher, Jeffrey D.; Cohen Silver, Roxane; Chinsky, Jack M.; Goff, Barry; Klar, Yechiel (1990). Evaluating a Large Group Awareness Training. New York: Springer-Verlag. ISBN 0-387-97320-6. Kirkus Reviews staff (August 1, 1993). "Outrageous Betrayal. (Book Review)". Kirkus Reviews. Kirkus Associates, LP., Nielsen Company. 61: 986. Retrieved 2007-11-20. McGurk, William S. (June 1977). "Was Ist est? Context: If Kick Boxer and Abismo Negro lost El Tirantes would be Guicho Dominguez's slave for a week. == Production == === Background === First held during the summer of 1997 the Mexican professional wrestling, company AAA began holding a major wrestling show during the summer, most often in September, called Verano de Escándalo ("Summer of Scandal"). The Verano de Escándalo show was an annual event from 1997 until 2011, then AAA did not hold a show in 2012 and 2013 before bringing the show back in 2014, but this time in June, putting it at the time AAA previously held their Triplemanía show. In 2012 and 2013 Triplemanía XX and Triplemanía XXI was held in August instead of the early summer. The show often features championship matches or Lucha de Apuestas or bet matches where the competitors risked their wrestling mask or hair on the outcome of the match. In Lucha Libre the Lucha de Apuetas match is considered more prestigious than a championship match and a lot of the major shows feature one or more Apuesta matches. The 1998 Verano de Escándalo show was the second show in the series. === Storylines === The Verano de Escándalo show featured six professional wrestling matches with different wrestlers involved in pre-existing, scripted feuds, plots, and storylines. Wrestlers were portrayed as either heels (referred to as rudos in Mexico, those that portray the "bad guys") or faces (técnicos in Mexico, the "good guy" characters) as they followed a series of tension-building events, which culminated in a wrestling match or series of matches. == Results == == References == Facts: Answer: Badr Hari

Question: Which actress played the part of fictitious character Kimberly Ann Hart, in the franchise built around a live action superhero television series taking much of its footage from the Japanese tokusatsu 'Super Sentai'? Context: December 27, 2007.CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) Official website at Toei Company Official website at Super-Sentai.net Official website at Nippon Columbia Power Rangers is an American entertainment and merchandising franchise built around a live-action superhero television series, based on the Japanese tokusatsu franchise Super Sentai. Produced first by Saban Entertainment, second by BVS Entertainment, later by Saban Brands, and today by SCG Power Rangers and Hasbro, the Power Rangers television series takes much of its footage from the Super Sentai television series, produced by Toei Company. The first Power Rangers entry, Mighty Morphin Power Rangers, debuted on August 28, 1993, and helped launch the Fox Kids programming block of the 1990s, during which it catapulted into popular culture along with a line of action figures and other toys by Bandai. By 2001, the media franchise had generated over $6 billion in toy sales.Despite initial criticism that its action violence targeted child audiences, the franchise has been commercially successful. As of 2021, Power Rangers consists of 28 television seasons of 21 different themed series and three theatrical films released in 1995, 1997, and 2017. In 2010, Haim Saban, creator of the series, regained ownership of the franchise Facts: Power Rangers is an American entertainment and merchandising franchise built around a live-action superhero television series, based on the Japanese tokusatsu franchise Super Sentai. Produced first by Saban Entertainment, second by BVS Entertainment, later by Saban Brands, and today by SCG Power Rangers and Hasbro, the Power Rangers television series takes much of its footage from the Super Sentai television series, produced by Toei Company. Answer: Amy Jo Johnson

Question: Which actress played the part of fictitious character Kimberly Ann Hart, in the franchise built around a live action superhero television series taking much of its footage from the Japanese tokusatsu 'Super Sentai'? Context: In 2010, Haim Saban, creator of the series, regained ownership of the franchise. It was previously owned for seven years by The Walt Disney Company. In 2018, Hasbro was named the new master toy licensee. Shortly afterwards, Saban Brands and Hasbro announced that the latter would acquire the franchise and the rest of the former's entertainment assets in a $522 million deal, with the first products from Hasbro becoming available in early 2019. == Premise == Since Power Rangers derives most of its footage from the Super Sentai series, it features many hallmarks that distinguish it from other superhero series. Each series revolves around a team of youths recruited and trained by a mentor to morph into the eponymous Power Rangers, able to use special powers and pilot immense assault machines, called Zords, to overcome the periodic antagonists. In the original series Mighty Morphin, the wizard Zordon recruits "teenagers with attitude" against Rita Repulsa.When "morphed," the rangers become powerful superheroes wearing color-coded skin-tight spandex suits and helmets with opaque visors; identical except in individual rangers' color, helmet design, and minor styling such as incorporating a skirt. Morphed Rangers generally possess enhanced strength, durability, agility and combat prowess. Some possess superhuman or psychic abilities such as super-speed, element manipulation, extra-sensory perception or invisibility. In addition, Facts: Answer: Amy Jo Johnson

Question: Which actress played the part of fictitious character Kimberly Ann Hart, in the franchise built around a live action superhero television series taking much of its footage from the Japanese tokusatsu 'Super Sentai'? Context: 23): Akira Kubodera (窪寺 昭, Kubodera Akira) Strange Woman Clorinda (怪女クロリンダ, Kaijo Kurorinda, 26): Makiko Kuno (クノ 真季子, Kuno Makiko) Natsuki's father (33 & 34): Keisuke Tsuchiya (土屋 圭輔, Tsuchiya Keisuke) Natsuki's mother (33 & 34): Eri Tanaka (たなか えり, Tanaka Eri) Toshiro Tanbara (丹原 敏郎, Tanbara Toshirō, 37): Tetsuo Morishita (森下 哲夫, Morishita Tetsuo) Manager Wakabayashi (若林マネージャー, Wabayashi Manējā, 37): Tatsuya Nōmi (能見 達也, Nōmi Tatsuya) == International broadcast == == Songs == Opening theme"GoGo Sentai Boukenger" (轟轟戦隊ボウケンジャー, Gōgō Sentai Bōkenjā) Lyrics: Yūho Iwasato Composition: Nobuo Yamada Arrangement: Seiichi Kyōda Artist: NoBEnding theme"Boukensha ON THE ROAD" (冒険者 ON THE ROAD, Bōkensha On Za Rōdo, "Adventurers on the Road") Lyrics: Yūho Iwasato Composition: YOFFY Arrangement: Psychic Lover & Kenichirō Ōishi Artist: Psychic Lover == Notes == == References == == External links == Official website at TV Asahi at the Wayback Machine (archived December 16, 2016) Official website at Toei Company at the Wayback Machine (archived December 18, 2013) Official website at Super-Sentai.net Official website at Bandai at the Wayback Machine (archived July 4, 2008) Kimberly Ann Hart is a fictitious character in the Power Rangers universe. Played by American actress Amy Jo Johnson during the first three seasons of the show, plus on the two feature films of the franchise, Kimberly has the longest tenure of any female ranger in the series' history, and fourth overall. She is possibly the best remembered as the first Pink Ranger and first Pink Ninja Ranger from the first entry of the franchise Mighty Morphin Power Rangers. Kimberly was the Pink Ranger for nearly three years before she was written off the show as having given up her powers for good to Zordon's new pink ranger Katherine Hillard, to participate at the Pan Global Games in Florida Facts: Kimberly Ann Hart is a fictitious character in the Power Rangers universe. Played by American actress Amy Jo Johnson during the first three seasons of the show, plus on the two feature films of the franchise, Kimberly has the longest tenure of any female ranger in the series' history, and fourth overall. Answer: Amy Jo Johnson

Question: Which actress played the part of fictitious character Kimberly Ann Hart, in the franchise built around a live action superhero television series taking much of its footage from the Japanese tokusatsu 'Super Sentai'? Context: Kimberly was the Pink Ranger for nearly three years before she was written off the show as having given up her powers for good to Zordon's new pink ranger Katherine Hillard, to participate at the Pan Global Games in Florida. == Character history == === Mighty Morphin Power Rangers === Kimberly is one of the original five Power Rangers chosen by Zordon when Rita Repulsa attacked Earth following her release from containment. She, along with her close friends Jason Lee Scott, Zack Taylor, Billy Cranston and Trini Kwan, was one of the five teens chosen by Zordon to receive a great power, drawn from the spirits of the prehistoric animals. Kimberly receives the Pterodactyl Power Coin and the Pterodactyl Dinozord, thus becoming the Pink Power Ranger. Kimberly starts the series as a stereotypical valley girl, but with a heightened awareness for her friends. Throughout the series, Facts: Answer: Amy Jo Johnson

Question: Which actress played the part of fictitious character Kimberly Ann Hart, in the franchise built around a live action superhero television series taking much of its footage from the Japanese tokusatsu 'Super Sentai'? Context: Boy!! 1987: Hikari Sentai Maskman 1989: Kousoku Sentai Turboranger 1993: Gosei Sentai Dairanger 1994: Ninja Sentai Kakuranger 1994: Super Sentai World 1994: Toei Hero Daishugō 1995: Chouriki Sentai Ohranger 2001: Hyakujuu Sentai Gaoranger: The Fire Mountain Roars 2002: Ninpuu Sentai Hurricaneger: Shushutto The Movie 2003: Bakuryū Sentai Abaranger DELUXE: Abare Summer is Freezing Cold! 2004: Tokusou Sentai Dekaranger The Movie: Full Blast Action 2005: Mahō Sentai Magiranger The Movie: Bride of Infershia ~Maagi Magi Giruma Jinga~ 2006: GoGo Sentai Boukenger The Movie: The Greatest Precious 2007: Juken Sentai Gekiranger: Nei-Nei! Hou-Hou! Hong Kong Decisive Battle 2008: Engine Sentai Go-onger: Boom Boom! Bang Bang! GekijōBang!! 2009: Engine Sentai Go-onger vs. Gekiranger 2009: Samurai Sentai Shinkenger the Movie: The Fateful War 2010: Samurai Sentai Shinkenger vs. Go-onger: GinmakuBang!! 2010: Tensou Sentai Goseiger: Epic on the Movie 2011: Tensou Sentai Goseiger vs. Shinkenger: Epic on Ginmaku 2011: Gokaiger Goseiger Super Sentai 199 Hero Great Battle 2011: Kaizoku Sentai Gokaiger the Movie: The Flying Ghost Ship 2012: Kaizoku Sentai Gokaiger vs. Space Sheriff Gavan: The Movie 2012: Kamen Rider × Super Sentai: Super Hero Taisen 2012: Tokumei Sentai Go-Busters the Movie: Protect the Tokyo Enetower! 2013: Tokumei Sentai Go-Busters vs. Kaizoku Sentai Gokaiger: The Movie 2013: Kamen Rider × Super Sentai × Space Sheriff: Super Hero Taisen Z 2013: Zyuden Sentai Kyoryuger: Gaburincho of Music 2014: Zyuden Sentai Kyoryuger vs. Go-Busters: The Great Dinosaur Battle! Farewell Our Eternal Friends 2014: Heisei Riders vs Facts: Answer: Amy Jo Johnson

Question: Which actress played the part of fictitious character Kimberly Ann Hart, in the franchise built around a live action superhero television series taking much of its footage from the Japanese tokusatsu 'Super Sentai'? Context: Go-Busters: The Great Dinosaur Battle! Farewell Our Eternal Friends 2014: Heisei Riders vs. Shōwa Riders: Kamen Rider Taisen feat. Super Sentai 2014: Ressha Sentai ToQger the Movie: Galaxy Line S.O.S. 2015: Ressha Sentai ToQger vs. Kyoryuger: The Movie 2015: Super Hero Taisen GP: Kamen Rider 3 2015: Shuriken Sentai Ninninger the Movie: The Dinosaur Lord's Splendid Ninja Scroll! 2016: Shuriken Sentai Ninninger vs. ToQger the Movie: Ninja in Wonderland 2016: Doubutsu Sentai Zyuohger the Movie: The Exciting Circus Panic! 2017: Doubutsu Sentai Zyuohger vs. Ninninger the Movie: Super Sentai's Message from the Future 2017: Kamen Rider × Super Sentai: Ultra Super Hero Taisen 2017: Uchu Sentai Kyuranger the Movie: Gase Indaver Strikes Back 2018: Kaitou Sentai Lupinranger VS Keisatsu Sentai Patranger en Film 2019: Kishiryu Sentai Ryusoulger the Movie: Time Slip! Dinosaur Panic 2020: Kishiryu Sentai Ryusoulger VS Lupinranger VS Patranger 2020: Mashin Sentai Kiramager: Episode Zero 2021: Mashin Sentai Kiramager The Movie: Bee-Bop Dream 2021: Kikai Sentai Zenkaiger The Movie: Red Battle! All Sentai Rally!! 2021: Kishiryu Sentai Ryusoulger Special Chapter: Memory of Facts: Answer: Amy Jo Johnson

Question: Which actress played the part of fictitious character Kimberly Ann Hart, in the franchise built around a live action superhero television series taking much of its footage from the Japanese tokusatsu 'Super Sentai'? Context: Rangers Engine Force, Power Rangers Jungle Force, Power Rangers Miracle Force, Power Rangers Captain Force, Power Rangers Go-Busters, Power Rangers Dino Force, Power Rangers Train Force, Power Rangers Ninja Force, Power Rangers Animal Force, Power Rangers Galaxy Force, Power Rangers Dino Soul and Power Rangers Lupin Force VS Patrol Force, respectively. Furthermore, Power Rangers Dino Force has the South Korea-exclusive sequel called Power Rangers Dino Force Brave. === Latin America === Choushinsei Flashman and Choujuu Sentai Liveman were broadcast in Bolivia, Ecuador and Peru in the early 1990s, and as reruns in the early 2000s. Flashman arrived with Spanish dubbing done in Brazil and Liveman in Venezuela. Dengeki Sentai Changeman, Flashman, Maskman and Goggle V were broadcast in Brazil. The first season to air was Changeman in 1988, on the TV Manchete channel (now RedeTV), and caused a tremendous impact in its time, considered a cult classic.In the early 1990s, the Sentai broadcasts in Latin America were replaced by Power Rangers. === United States === After Honolulu's KIKU-TV had success with Android Kikaider (marketed as Kikaida) and Kamen Rider V3 in the 1970s, multiple Super Sentai series, including Himitsu Sentai Gorenger and Battle Fever J, were brought to the Hawaiian market, broadcast in Japanese with English subtitles by JN Productions. In 1985, Marvel Comics produced a pilot for an American adaptation of Taiyo Sentai Sun Vulcan, but the show was rejected by the major US TV networks. In 1986, Saban Productions produced a pilot for an American adaptation of Choudenshi Bioman titled Bio Man Facts: Answer: Amy Jo Johnson

Question: Which actress played the part of fictitious character Kimberly Ann Hart, in the franchise built around a live action superhero television series taking much of its footage from the Japanese tokusatsu 'Super Sentai'? Context: In 1986, Saban Productions produced a pilot for an American adaptation of Choudenshi Bioman titled Bio Man. In 1987, some episodes of Kagaku Sentai Dynaman were dubbed and aired as a parody on the USA Network television show Night Flight. Starting in 1993, footage from Super Sentai was extensively used in the American-produced Power Rangers franchise. On 25 July 2014, Shout! Factory announced that they would release Kyōryū Sentai Zyuranger on DVD in the United States. Since then, Shout! has been the official distributor of Super Sentai DVDs in North America, and as of 2019 has released all subsequent series up to Ninpuu Sentai Hurricaneger, plus Chōjin Sentai Jetman. Beginning in 2016, Super Sentai episodes would be available on demand on ShoutFactoryTV.com. These episodes can only be viewed in North America. == Merchandise == As of March 2021, Bandai Namco has sold 30.89 million Super Sentai shape-changing model robots since 1979. == References == == External links == Official Super Sentai Website (in Facts: Answer: Amy Jo Johnson

Question: What is the length of the track where the 2013 Liqui Moly Bathurst 12 Hour was staged? Context: Mount Panorama Circuit is a motor racing track located in Bathurst, New South Wales, Australia. It is situated on a hill with the dual official names of Mount Panorama and Wahluu and is best known as the home of the Bathurst 1000 motor race held each October, and the Bathurst 12 Hour event held each February. The track is a 6.213 km (3.861 mi) long street circuit, which is used as a public road when no racing events are being run, with many residences which can only be accessed from the circuit. The track has an unusual design by modern standards, with a 174-metre (571 ft) vertical difference between its highest and lowest points, and grades as steep as 1:6.13. From the start-finish line, the track can be viewed in three sections; the short pit straight and then a tight left turn into the long, steep Mountain straight; the tight, narrow section across the top of the mountain itself; and then the long, downhill section of Conrod Straight, with the very fast Chase and the turn back onto the pit straight to complete the lap. Historically, the racetrack has been used for a wide variety of racing categories, including everything from open-wheel racers to motorcycles. However, the factors that make the track so unusual, and tighter modern safety standards, make it unlikely that major race meetings for vehicles other than closed-bodied cars will be held there again Facts: Answer: 6.213 km long

Question: What is the length of the track where the 2013 Liqui Moly Bathurst 12 Hour was staged? Context: However, the factors that make the track so unusual, and tighter modern safety standards, make it unlikely that major race meetings for vehicles other than closed-bodied cars will be held there again. As a public road, on non-race days and when it is not closed off during the day as part of a racing event, Mount Panorama is open to the public. Cars can drive in both directions around the circuit for no charge. A strict speed limit of 60 km/h (37 mph) is enforced, and police regularly patrol the circuit. The National Motor Racing Museum is located next to the Mount Panorama Circuit. The venue's infield and pit parking will serve as the home of the 2022 World Athletics Cross Country Championships. == Early history == Bathurst, a town 200 km (125 mi) west of Sydney, is located on the traditional country of the Wiradjuri people. The hill upon which the Mount Panorama track lies is also known by its traditional name Wahluu, which means “young man’s initiation place”.The area's racing history dates back to the 1900s. A man by the name of Dr. Machattie persuaded two local builders to drive from Melbourne to Facts: Answer: 6.213 km long

Question: What is the length of the track where the 2013 Liqui Moly Bathurst 12 Hour was staged? Context: Porsche Cayman, KTM X-Bow GT4, Ginetta G55 and Aston Martin Vantage GT4. 55 cars were entered (the largest field since the 2007 revival) and 51 cars started, with four entries withdrawn following crashes in practice and qualifying. The race was won by Craig Lowndes, Jamie Whincup and Toni Vilander driving a Ferrari 488 GT3 entered by Maranello Motorsport. == Class structure == 2017 the first year all-professional driver rosters were permitted. Previously, teams were required one unseeded driver in each entry.Cars competed in the following four classes. Class A – GT3 Outright Class APP (GT3 Pro) – for driver combinations with no unseeded drivers. Class APA (GT3 Pro-Am) – for driver combinations including one unseeded driver. Class AAM (GT3 Am) – for driver combinations including two or three unseeded drivers. Class B – GT3 Cup Cars Class C – GT4 Class I – Invitational == Official results == Bold denotes category winner. Race time of winning car: 12:00:36.966 Fastest race lap: 2:02.908 – Toni Vilander == References == == External links == Official website 2017 Liqui-moly Bathurst 12 Hour – 12 Hour Category Supplementary Regulations, as archived at web Facts: Answer: 6.213 km long

Question: What is the length of the track where the 2013 Liqui Moly Bathurst 12 Hour was staged? Context: 908 – Toni Vilander == References == == External links == Official website 2017 Liqui-moly Bathurst 12 Hour – 12 Hour Category Supplementary Regulations, as archived at web.archive.org Race Information - 2017 Liqui-Moly Bathurst 12 Hour, www.bathurst12hour.com.au, as archived at web.archive.org The 2013 Liqui Moly Bathurst 12 Hour was an endurance race for a variety of GT and touring car classes, including: GT3 cars, GT4 cars, Group 3E Series Production Cars and Dubai 24 Hour cars. The event, which was staged at the Mount Panorama Circuit, near Bathurst, New South Wales, Australia, on 10 February 2013, was the eleventh running of the Bathurst 12 Hour. The race also incorporated the opening round of the 2013 Australian GT Championship. The Australian GT Championship was to compete as the first hour only and cars were permitted to enter for only that hour or to cross-enter for both the first hour and continue for the endurance race. There were 53 starters in the race, the largest field since the Bathurst 12 Hour event moved to GT orientation in 2011. == Class structure == Cars competed in the following six classes. Class A – GT3 Outright Class B – GT3 Cup Cars Class C – GT4 Class D – Production (High Performance) Class E – Production (Performance) Class I1 – Invitational (under 3000cc) Class I2 – Invitational (between 3001cc & 4000cc) Class I3 – Invitational (over 4000cc)Classes D & E were open to Facts: The 2013 Liqui Moly Bathurst 12 Hour was an endurance race for a variety of GT and touring car classes, including: GT3 cars, GT4 cars, Group 3E Series Production Cars and Dubai 24 Hour cars. The event, which was staged at the Mount Panorama Circuit, near Bathurst, New South Wales, Australia, on 10 February 2013, was the eleventh running of the Bathurst 12 Hour. Answer: 6.213 km long

Question: What is the length of the track where the 2013 Liqui Moly Bathurst 12 Hour was staged? Context: to finish the race. The car recommenced racing in the last five laps and the team returned the borrowed part following the end of the race. == Official result == ^1 – Tony Quinn was unable to drive in the race following a crash during the first hour of the race. He was replaced by Matt Kingsley. Note: Class winners are shown in Bold Race time of winning car: 12:03:4.5192 Fastest race lap: 2:06.8714 – Matt Griffin == References == == External links == Official website The 2016 Intercontinental GT Challenge was the first season of the Intercontinental GT Challenge. The season featured three rounds — after the cancellation of the 6 Hours of the Americas - starting with Liqui Moly Bathurst 12 Hour on 7 February and the season concluded with the Sepang 12 Hours on 10 December. == Calendar == On 29 January it was announced that the 6 Hours of the Americas would be cancelled with the official reason a lack of entrants Facts: Answer: 6.213 km long

Question: What is the length of the track where the 2013 Liqui Moly Bathurst 12 Hour was staged? Context: == Calendar == On 29 January it was announced that the 6 Hours of the Americas would be cancelled with the official reason a lack of entrants. The test days of the Blancpain GT Series Endurance Cup were only four days after the event, so the European teams would be cutting it close for both events. Instead, the organizers postponed the race for a year, but there were no plans to run the race. == Entry list == === Intercontinental GT Challenge entries === === Am Drivers entries === It is unknown which drivers competed for the Am Drivers' championship at Round 1 at Bathurst, besides those who scored points. No drivers entered for the Am Drivers' championship at Round 3 at Sepang. == Race results == == Championship standings == Scoring systemChampionship points were awarded for the first ten positions in each race. Entries were required to complete 75% of the winning car's race distance in order to be classified and earn points. Individual drivers were required to participate for a minimum of 25 minutes in order to earn championship points in any race. A manufacturer only received points for its two highest placed cars in each round. === Drivers' championships === The results indicate the classification relative to other drivers in the series, not the classification in the race. ==== Am Drivers ==== === Manufacturers' championship === == See also == Intercontinental GT Challenge == Notes == == References == == External links == Official website The 2014 Liqui Moly Bathurst 12 Hour was an endurance race for a Facts: Answer: 6.213 km long

Question: The 337th Flight Test Squadron (337 FLTS) was most recently part of the 46th Test Wing and based at McClellan Air Force Base, a former United States Air Force base located in the North Highlands area of Sacramento County, in which US state? Context: Operated === === Awards and campaign === == References == === Notes === Explanatory notes Citations === Bibliography === This article incorporates public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency website http://www.afhra.af.mil/. Craven, Wesley F; Cate, James L, eds. (1955). The Army Air Forces in World War II. VI, Men & Planes. Chicago, Illinois: University of Chicago Press. LCCN 48003657. Endicott, Judy G. (1998). Active Air Force Wings as of 1 October 1995 and USAF Active Flying, Space, and Missile Squadrons as of 1 October 1995 (PDF). Air Force History and Museums Program. Washington, DC: Office of Air Force History. ASIN B000113MB2. Retrieved 2 July 2014. Maurer, Maurer, ed. (1983) [1961]. Air Force Combat Units of World War II (PDF) (reprint ed.). Washington, DC: Office of Air Force History. ISBN 0-912799-02-1. Maurer, Maurer, ed. (1982) [1969]. Combat Squadrons of the Air Force, World War II (PDF) (reprint ed.). Washington, DC: Office of Air Force History Facts: Answer: California

Question: The 337th Flight Test Squadron (337 FLTS) was most recently part of the 46th Test Wing and based at McClellan Air Force Base, a former United States Air Force base located in the North Highlands area of Sacramento County, in which US state? Context: Washington, DC: Office of Air Force History. ISBN 0-405-12194-6. Mueller, Robert (1989). Air Force Bases, Vol. I, Active Air Force Bases Within the United States of America on 17 September 1982 (PDF). Washington, DC: Office of Air Force History. ISBN 0-912799-53-6. Ravenstein, Charles A. (1984). Air Force Combat Wings, Lineage & Honors Histories 1947–1977. Washington, DC: Office of Air Force History. ISBN 0-912799-12-9. Wilson, Art (2008). Runways in the Sand. Blythe, California: Art Wilson. ISBN 978-0-615-21889-2. OCLC 316309702. LCC D769.85.C21 B598 2008 McClellan Air Force Base (1935–2001) is a former United States Air Force base located in the North Highlands area of Sacramento County, 7 miles (11 km) northeast of Sacramento, California. == History == For the vast majority of its operational lifetime, McClellan was a logistics and maintenance facility for a wide variety of military aircraft, equipment and supplies. Initially known as the Pacific Air Depot and Sacramento Air Depot, in 1939 the base was renamed for Major Hezekiah McClellan, a pioneer in arctic aeronautical tests. Born in 1894, he died on 25 May 1936 when his Consolidated P-30 which he was flight testing crashed near Centerville, Ohio.The depot went through several name changes, finishing its life in 1995 as the Sacramento Air Logistics Center (SALC). The SALC reported to the Air Force Logistics Command (AFLC) and later the Air Force Materiel Command (AFMC). In 1986, the U.S. Air Force established the McClellan Aviation Museum on what was then McClellan Air Force Base. The museum was later chartered by Facts: McClellan Air Force Base (1935–2001) is a former United States Air Force base located in the North Highlands area of Sacramento County, 7 miles (11 km) northeast of Sacramento, California. Answer: California

Question: The 337th Flight Test Squadron (337 FLTS) was most recently part of the 46th Test Wing and based at McClellan Air Force Base, a former United States Air Force base located in the North Highlands area of Sacramento County, in which US state? Context: to 35,000 ft (10,668 m) in 1957. The next major track extension occurred in 1974 when the rails from the Edwards Air Force Base test track were shipped to Holloman and added to the existing tracks to give a new total length of 50,771 ft (15,475 m). During this upgrade, a third rail, approximately 15,000 ft (4,572 m), was added for high-speed, narrow-gauge sleds. In 2000, pulldown extensions of 149 ft (46.4 m) were added to the north end of each rail, bringing the two primary rails to 50,917 feet (15,536 m). The last major upgrade to the primary rail system occurred in 2002, when the narrow-gauge track was lengthened to 20,379 ft (6,212 m). The HHSTT currently holds the world land speed record for rocket sleds set in April 2003, at Mach 8.6, or 9,465 feet per second (2,885 meters per second), or 6,453.409 miles per hour (10,385.755 kilometres per hour). == Capabilities == As of April 2014, over 12,400 sled tests have been performed at the HHSTT Facts: Answer: California

Question: The 337th Flight Test Squadron (337 FLTS) was most recently part of the 46th Test Wing and based at McClellan Air Force Base, a former United States Air Force base located in the North Highlands area of Sacramento County, in which US state? Context: == Capabilities == As of April 2014, over 12,400 sled tests have been performed at the HHSTT. The first sled tests were performed in 1950; the facility has been in continuous operation since. The HHSTT is unusual within the DoD Test and Evaluation community because it has organic management, engineering, fabrication, and test-operation capabilities in one location. This ability to provide a "one-stop-shop" reduces test costs and schedule issues associated with geographically-separated project functions. A wide variety of tests have been performed at the HHSTT, including aircraft crew-escape systems, rain and particle erosion tests, impact testing, weapons dispense testing, electronic warfare, guidance system testing, and a wide array of aerodynamic tests. Because of the HHSTT's location on a military reservation in a sparsely populated area, tests may be performed in a secure environment. These large areas of open space may also be used to test items that are explosive, ballistic, or otherwise hazardous. == Facilities == The most prominent feature of the facility is the rail system (similar in appearance to railroad tracks) used to launch rocket-powered test vehicles known as "sleds". The rail system is located just east of the White Sands National Park, and consists of a concrete foundation known as the girder that supports the two primary rails and a single tertiary rail. The westernmost rail is known as "A rail", followed by the adjacent "B rail" and "C rail." The alignment of the rails is nearly north–south. All three rails are fabricated from heavy-duty Facts: Answer: California

Question: The 337th Flight Test Squadron (337 FLTS) was most recently part of the 46th Test Wing and based at McClellan Air Force Base, a former United States Air Force base located in the North Highlands area of Sacramento County, in which US state? Context: 2006 – 30 June 2010 Eglin Air Force Base, Florida, 24 April 2019 – present === Aircraft === McDonnell Douglas/Boeing C-17 Globemaster III, 1989-1995 Boeing YAL-1 Airborne Laser, 2006-2012 Lockheed Martin C-130 Hercules (All variants) 2019–present == See also == List of United States Air Force test squadrons == References == === Notes === Explanatory Notes Citations === Bibliography === This article incorporates public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency website http://www.afhra.af.mil/. Norton, Bill (2001). Boeing C-17 Globemaster III. Warbird Tech. Volume 30. North Branch, Minnesota: Specialty Press. ISBN 978-1-58007-040-9. == External links == The 337th Flight Test Squadron was most recently part of the 46th Test Wing and based at McClellan Air Force Base, California. It performed depot acceptance testing until being inactivated with the closure of McClellan on 13 July 2001. == History == === World War II === Activated in 1942 at Keflavik, Iceland, equipped with Lockheed P-38 Lightnings Facts: The 337th Flight Test Squadron was most recently part of the 46th Test Wing and based at McClellan Air Force Base, California. Answer: California

Question: The 337th Flight Test Squadron (337 FLTS) was most recently part of the 46th Test Wing and based at McClellan Air Force Base, a former United States Air Force base located in the North Highlands area of Sacramento County, in which US state? Context: == History == === World War II === Activated in 1942 at Keflavik, Iceland, equipped with Lockheed P-38 Lightnings. Mission was to intercept and destroy German planes that on occasion attempted to attack Iceland or that appeared in that area on reconnaissance missions. Returned to the United States in November 1942 as a IV Fighter Command Lightning Replacement Training Unit (RTU). Trained P-38 pilots in California and Washington State until phaseout of Lightning training in March 1944. === Air defense === Reactivated in 1953 as an Air Defense Command interceptor squadron. Performed air defense mission over Minneapolis and Upper Midwest United States, 1953–1955 with Northrop F-89D Scorpions. Reassigned to air defense of Boston and New England with North American F-86D Sabres. In 1957 began re-equipping with the North American F-86L Sabre, an improved version of the F-86D which incorporated the Semi Automatic Ground Environment, or SAGE computer-controlled direction system for intercepts. The service of the F-86L destined to be quite brief, since by the time the last F-86L conversion was delivered, the type was already being phased out in favor of supersonic interceptors. Received new Lockheed F-104A Starfighter interceptor aircraft in early 1958, the third ADC squadron to receive the F-104. In addition, the squadron received the two-seat, dual-control, combat trainer F-104B. The performance of the F-104B was almost identical to that of the F-104A, but the lower internal fuel capacity reduced its effective range considerably. However, the F-104A was not very well suited for service as an interceptor. Its low range was a problem for North American air defense, and its lack of Facts: Answer: California

Question: The 1988 American comedy film, The Great Outdoors, starred a four-time Academy Award nominee, who received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame in what year? Context: Actor in a Single Performance. Other television appearances included Campbell Summer Soundstage ("The Test Case"), Justice ("The Crisis"), The Elgin Hour ("Floodtide"), and a TV version of Best Foot Forward (1954). === Laurel Productions and The Bob Cummings Show === In July 1954, Cummings formed his own independent film production company, Laurel Productions, Incorporated. The company's name had several affiliations to Cummings: his youngest daughter was named Laurel Ann Cummings; the street he and his family lived on was named Laurel Way; his wife's grandmother's name was Laurel; and finally, the fact that Laurel & Hardy had given Cummings his film debut back in 1933. His wife Mary Elliott was appointed president of Laurel Productions. In July 1954, Cummings filmed the pilot for his television show, The Bob Cummings Show, and would go on to produce 173 episodes. Cummings intended to produce a film titled The Damned through Laurel Productions, from a novel by John D. MacDonald and to be written and directed by Frank Tashlin. In December 1954, Cummings and George Burns formed Laurmac Productions, with the hope of co-producing a feature film in May 1955.In January 1955, The Bob Cummings Show began airing, and went through 1959. Cummings starred on the successful NBC sitcom, The Bob Cummings Show (known as Love That Bob in reruns), where he played Bob Collins, a former World War II pilot who became a successful professional photographer Facts: Answer: 2006

Question: The 1988 American comedy film, The Great Outdoors, starred a four-time Academy Award nominee, who received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame in what year? Context: Cummings starred on the successful NBC sitcom, The Bob Cummings Show (known as Love That Bob in reruns), where he played Bob Collins, a former World War II pilot who became a successful professional photographer. As a bachelor in 1950s Los Angeles, the character considered himself quite the ladies' man. The sitcom was noted for some very risqué humor for its time.A popular feature of the program was Cummings's portrayal of his elderly grandfather. His co-stars were Rosemary DeCamp as his sister Margaret MacDonald; Dwayne Hickman as his nephew Chuck MacDonald; and Ann B. Davis, in her first television success, as his assistant Charmaine "Schultzy" Schultz. When Cummings appeared on the NBC interview program Here's Hollywood, he was seen by Nunnally Johnson, who cast him opposite Betty Grable in How to Be Very, Very Popular (1955) at Fox, which turned out to be Grable's last film. Cummings's contract was amended to allow him time off to rehearse and record his TV show.Around this time, Cummings said he had made 78 films, and "I always had the feeling I was distinguished for none of them. Hollywood's never been really hot about me. I was always second choice. I used to say to Facts: Answer: 2006

Question: The 1988 American comedy film, The Great Outdoors, starred a four-time Academy Award nominee, who received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame in what year? Context: == References == === Bibliography === == External links == Robert Cummings at IMDb Robert Cummings at AllMovie Robert Cummings at the Internet Broadway Database Robert Cummings at Find a Grave "Bob Cummings Biography." Finding aid author: Garrett Schroath (2014). "Robert Cummings papers". Prepared for the L. Tom Perry Special Collections, Provo, Utah. The Great Outdoors is a 1988 American comedy film directed by Howard Deutch, and written and produced by John Hughes. It stars Dan Aykroyd, John Candy, Stephanie Faracy and Annette Bening in her film debut. The film follows two families spending time on vacation in Wisconsin. == Plot == Chicagoan Chester "Chet" Ripley (John Candy), his wife Connie (Stephanie Faracy), and their two sons, Buckley "Buck" and Ben, are vacationing at a lake resort in Pechoggin, Wisconsin, for the summer. All goes as planned until Connie's sister, Kate (Annette Bening), her investment broker husband, Roman Craig (Dan Aykroyd), and their mostly-silent twin daughters, Mara and Cara, unexpectedly arrive uninvited Facts: The Great Outdoors is a 1988 American comedy film directed by Howard Deutch, and written and produced by John Hughes. It stars Dan Aykroyd, John Candy, Stephanie Faracy and Annette Bening in her film debut. Answer: 2006

Question: The 1988 American comedy film, The Great Outdoors, starred a four-time Academy Award nominee, who received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame in what year? Context: All goes as planned until Connie's sister, Kate (Annette Bening), her investment broker husband, Roman Craig (Dan Aykroyd), and their mostly-silent twin daughters, Mara and Cara, unexpectedly arrive uninvited. Ghost stories after the family BBQ include one of a man-eating grizzly bear that Chet met directly when he was younger. Chet says that while he and Connie were honeymooning at the same lake, he was attacked by a giant grizzly bear (Bart the Bear). When he fired at it with a shotgun, the buckshot shaved the hair off the top of the bear's head and from then on, it was known as the "Bald-Headed Bear" of Clare County. After Roman pulls Chet around the lake on an impromptu water ski ride with his rented speedboat, tensions between the families erupt. Chet is ready to pack up and go home, even as his teenage son Buck tries to romance a local girl, Cammie. The budding romance goes well until Chet is challenged to eat a 96-ounce steak called "the Old 96'er" at a family dinner which causes Buck to break their date. Buck tries to apologize to Cammie for being late, but Cammie refuses to speak to him. Connie and Kate bond at a local bar when the conversation drifts to Kate's feelings of loneliness with Roman despite their wealth. Later, just at the peak of tension between families, Roman tells of the time at his and Kate's wedding when he overheard a conversation between Chet and their father-in-law describing how they think Roman is a crooked businessman. Roman then tells Chet why he came up to visit: Facts: Answer: 2006

Question: The 1988 American comedy film, The Great Outdoors, starred a four-time Academy Award nominee, who received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame in what year? Context: Bening (born May 29, 1958) is an American actress. She began her career on stage with the Colorado Shakespeare Festival company in 1980, and played Lady Macbeth in 1984 at the American Conservatory Theater. She was nominated for the 1987 Tony Award for Best Featured Actress in a Play for her Broadway debut in Coastal Disturbances and for the 2019 Tony Award for Best Actress in a Play for All My Sons. She is a four-time Academy Award nominee for the films The Grifters (1990), American Beauty (1999), Being Julia (2004), and The Kids Are All Right (2010). In 2006, she received a film star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame. Bening won the BAFTA Award for Best Actress and the Screen Actors Guild Award for Performance by a Female Actor in a Leading Role for American Beauty, two Golden Globe Awards for Being Julia and The Kids Are All Right, and was nominated for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Miniseries or a Movie for Mrs. Harris. In 2019, she played the roles of Supreme Intelligence and Mar-Vell / Wendy Lawson in the Marvel Cinematic Universe's Captain Marvel, which became her highest-grossing release. == Early life == Bening was born in Topeka, Kansas, to Shirley Katherine (née Ashley) and Arnett Grant Bening. Her mother was a church singer and soloist, and her father was a sales training consultant and insurance salesman Facts: She is a four-time Academy Award nominee for the films The Grifters (1990), American Beauty (1999), Being Julia (2004), and The Kids Are All Right (2010). In 2006, she received a film star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame. Answer: 2006

Question: The 1988 American comedy film, The Great Outdoors, starred a four-time Academy Award nominee, who received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame in what year? Context: Her mother was a church singer and soloist, and her father was a sales training consultant and insurance salesman. Her parents, natives of Iowa, were practicing Episcopalians and conservative Republicans. She is of mostly German and English descent.The youngest of four children, she has an older sister Jane, and two older brothers Bradley and Byron. The family moved to Wichita, Kansas, in 1959, where she spent her early childhood. In 1965, her father took a job with a company in San Diego, California, and they moved there. She began acting in junior high school, playing the lead in The Sound of Music. She graduated in 1975 from Patrick Henry High School, where she studied drama. She then spent a year working as a cook on a charter boat taking fishing parties out on the Pacific Ocean, and scuba diving for recreation. Bening attended San Diego Mesa College, then graduated with a degree in Theatre Arts at San Francisco State University. == Career == === 1980s === Bening began her career on stage with the Colorado Shakespeare Festival company in 1980, and appeared in Facts: Answer: 2006

Question: The 1988 American comedy film, The Great Outdoors, starred a four-time Academy Award nominee, who received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame in what year? Context: appeared in the made-for-television movies and on popular television series that included Ally McBeal, four episodes of Spin City, and four episodes of The Guardian. Her work on the latter show earned her a third Emmy nomination in 2004. == Personal life == === Relationships === Fawcett began dating Lee Majors in the late 1960s. She was married to Majors from 1973 to 1982, although the couple separated in 1979. They had no children. Throughout her marriage (and despite the separation) she used the name Farrah Fawcett-Majors in her screen credits. In 1979, Fawcett became romantically involved with actor Ryan O'Neal, and they had a son named Redmond James Fawcett O'Neal, who was born in 1985. In 1994, Fawcett told TV Guide that their relationship had some troubles. "Sometimes Ryan breaks my heart, but he's also responsible for giving me confidence in myself," she said. Fawcett ended the relationship after she caught him in bed with actress Leslie Stefanson in 1997. After their split, O'Neal's daughter Tatum O'Neal alleged that he physically abused Fawcett. "He had a terrible temper and was very violent Facts: Answer: 2006

Question: The 1988 American comedy film, The Great Outdoors, starred a four-time Academy Award nominee, who received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame in what year? Context: "He had a terrible temper and was very violent. He beat her up," she said. Fawcett and O'Neal rekindled their relationship in 2001. On June 22, 2009, The Los Angeles Times and Reuters reported that Ryan O'Neal had said that Fawcett had agreed to marry him as soon as she felt strong enough.From 1997 to 1998, Fawcett was in a relationship with Canadian filmmaker James Orr, who was the writer and producer of Man of the House, the Disney feature film in which she co-starred with Chevy Chase and Jonathan Taylor Thomas. The relationship ended when Orr was arrested, charged, and later convicted of beating Fawcett during a 1998 fight.Fawcett dated Longhorn football star Greg Lott while they were undergrads at the University of Texas. Lott said they rekindled their romance in 1998 and had a “a loving, consensual, one-on-one relationship" until she died in 2009. He claimed Ryan O'Neal kept him from seeing Fawcett in her final days. "He kept me from seeing the love of my life before she died," he told ABC News. In Fawcett's living trust she left nothing for O'Neal, but she left $100,000 for Lott. Lott insisted Fawcett's relationship with O'Neal was just for show. "Everything she did with Ryan, including all of those so-called reality shows they made together, was just Hollywood fantasy, something she had to do to Facts: Answer: 2006

Question: Gunmen from Laredo starred which narrator of "Frontier"? Context: father appears in The Lone Gunmen pilot, the two had not spoken for some time. Melvin Frohike (Tom Braidwood) was a former 1960s radical and the oldest of the three. Though a skilled computer hacker, Frohike was primarily the photography specialist for the newsletter. Frohike had a lascivious attitude toward women. However, he had a more purely romantic attitude towards Dana Scully; when she was gravely ill in the episode "One Breath", Frohike appeared at the hospital in a tailored suit carrying a bouquet. His unique sense of fashion made him stand out: leather jackets, black vests, combat boots, fingerless gloves, etc. Frohike considered himself the "action man" of the trio and would often be seen doing very intense stunts (many rigged to look more impressive than they really were). Despite his childish scraps with Langly and others, Frohike's age and experience gave him a kind of quiet wisdom that occasionally surfaced when he consoled his friends about the sorry nature of their lives. In The Lone Gunmen episode "Tango de los Pistoleros", Frohike was revealed to be a former tango champion who danced under the stage name "El Lobo". Richard Langly (Dean Haglund) was the most confrontational and youngest of the three Facts: Answer: Walter Darwin Coy

Question: Gunmen from Laredo starred which narrator of "Frontier"? Context: Richard Langly (Dean Haglund) was the most confrontational and youngest of the three. He was a big fan of The Ramones, he enjoyed critiquing the scientific inaccuracies of the short-lived sci-fi series Earth 2, and he had a long-running competition with Frohike over who was a better computer hacker. He also had "a philosophical aversion to having his image bounced off a satellite". His nickname was "Ringo". Langly was a Dungeons & Dragons player (as "Lord Manhammer") and enjoyed videogames like Quake. In the Lone Gunmen episode "Like Water for Octane", it is revealed that Langly is a "32-year-old virgin". At some point during his life he uploaded a part of his mind into a computer server, which activated when he died. In the 2018 X-Files episode "This", the part of his mind he had uploaded contacted Fox Mulder and Dana Scully, and told them to destroy the server. When they did, it was revealed he was still “alive” in the backup he created. === Associates === Fox Mulder (David Duchovny) – an FBI Special agent who was in charge of The X-Files. Mulder first met the trio when they first formed, and they would prove to be his longtime allies and friends. He turned to The Lone Gunmen numerous Facts: Answer: Walter Darwin Coy

Question: Gunmen from Laredo starred which narrator of "Frontier"? Context: playwright Jeff Fiske adapted C.S. Lewis' The Screwtape Letters for an Off-Broadway run in 2010. Following a well-reviewed season, The Screwtape Letters began a four-year national tour. In September 2013, McLean brought an adaption of C.S. Lewis' The Great Divorce to New York City for development; the play premiered in Phoenix, Arizona, in December that year and toured nationally in 2014. A revised revival of The Great Divorce opened Off-Broadway on Theatre Row in December 2019 and has since begun a national tour under the direction of Broadway veteran Christa Scott-Reed. Other FPA productions include the original C.S. Lewis on Stage: The Most Reluctant Convert, written and performed by McLean and co-directed with Executive Producer Ken Denison of Aruba Productions in 2016; Martin Luther on Trial, co-written by McLean and playwright and drama professor Chris Cragin-Day, in December 2016; the first New York City revival of William Nicholson's Shadowlands in 2018; Robert Bolt's A Man for All Seasons in 2019; and the world premiere of Paradise Lost by Tom Dulack, a retelling of John Milton's poem of the same name, in January 2020. In addition to its New York season, FPA presented Imagine This! in 2018 and 2019, a series of staged readings of works under consideration for future production Facts: Answer: Walter Darwin Coy

Question: Gunmen from Laredo starred which narrator of "Frontier"? Context: In addition to its New York season, FPA presented Imagine This! in 2018 and 2019, a series of staged readings of works under consideration for future production. The 2019 lineup included Malcolm & Teresa by Charles McHugh Gallagher, George Orwell's Animal Farm adapted by Ian Wooldridge and an adaptation of An Interview with God by screenwriter Ken Aguado. == Personal life == McLean is married to Sharon McLean, and they have two grown daughters and four grandchildren. They live in New York City. == References == Walter Darwin Coy (January 31, 1909 – December 11, 1974) was an American stage, radio, film, and, principally, television actor. He was best known for narrating the NBC western anthology series, Frontier, which aired early Sunday evenings in the 1955–1956 season, and as John Wayne's murdered brother in the film classic The Searchers (1956). == Early years == Originally from Great Falls, Montana, Coy was the son of Theodore Coy, who had a furniture store. The family moved to Seattle, Washington, around 1923. He played varsity football at the University of Washington and majored in dramatics.Before Coy became an actor, he worked at salmon canneries in Alaska. In 1929, he moved to New York. During World War II, he served in the Army. == Career == Coy performed on Broadway from Facts: Walter Darwin Coy (January 31, 1909 – December 11, 1974) was an American stage, radio, film, and, principally, television actor. He was best known for narrating the NBC western anthology series, Frontier, which aired early Sunday evenings in the 1955–1956 season, and as John Wayne's murdered brother in the film classic The Searchers (1956). Answer: Walter Darwin Coy

Question: Gunmen from Laredo starred which narrator of "Frontier"? Context: to Tombstone (1960). === Other television roles === Coy portrayed Jason Farrel in the ABC soap opera Flame in the Wind (1965), King Zorvac in the syndicated science fiction series Rocky Jones, Space Ranger (1954): 905 and Jason in the ABC serial A Time for Us.: 1085 He appeared in the anthology series Schlitz Playhouse of Stars and Four Star Playhouse (four times each) and The Loretta Young Show (three times). He played a Confederate States of America general in the 1959 episode entitled "Corporal Hardy" of another anthology series, Alcoa Theatre. He played Dr. Steele in the 1960 episode "The House in Order" on NBC's The Barbara Stanwyck Show. Coy also appeared in all three of Rod Cameron's 1950s syndicated series, City Detective, State Trooper, and Coronado 9. Coy played future U.S. President Thomas Jefferson in the 1955 episode "Eli Whitney Invents the Cotton Gin (May 27, 1793)" on the CBS anthology You Are There, a look at the inventor Eli Whitney and the cotton gin, which greatly enhanced the cultivation of cotton. He portrayed U.S. Senator and 1860 Democratic presidential nominee Stephen A. Douglas of Illinois in the 1957 episode "Springfield Incident" of CBS's The 20th Century Fox Hour. He also played a prosecutor on the same series in 1956 in the episode "The Last Patriarch" Facts: Answer: Walter Darwin Coy

Question: Gunmen from Laredo starred which narrator of "Frontier"? Context: He also played a prosecutor on the same series in 1956 in the episode "The Last Patriarch". Coy made four guest appearances on Perry Mason, including the role of murder victim Denver Leonard in the 1960 episode, "The Case of the Prudent Prosecutor." Other guest-starring roles in drama include Crusader, The Pepsi-Cola Playhouse, Crossroads, Whirlybirds, U.S. Marshal, Rescue 8, The Lineup, East Side/West Side, Mr. Adams and Eve, Mike Hammer, The Defenders, The Man from U.N.C.L.E., Navy Log, Tightrope, Lock-Up, Lassie, Ironside, M Squad, and I Spy. Coy also appeared in two comedies, McKeever and the Colonel and Hazel. Coy's last television role was as Chief Blackfish on the NBC series Daniel Boone in the 1970 episode "How to Become a Goddess". == Death == Coy died of congestive heart failure at the age of 65 in Santa Maria, California. == Selected filmography == == References == == External links == Walter Coy at IMDb Walter Coy at the Internet Broadway Database Gunmen from Laredo is a 1959 American Western film produced and directed by Wallace MacDonald, which stars Robert Knapp, Jana Davi, and Walter Coy. == Cast list == Robert Knapp as Gil Reardon Jana Davi as Rosita Facts: Gunmen from Laredo is a 1959 American Western film produced and directed by Wallace MacDonald, which stars Robert Knapp, Jana Davi, and Walter Coy. Answer: Walter Darwin Coy

Question: Gunmen from Laredo starred which narrator of "Frontier"? Context: Knight, Inception), Robert Richardson (Platoon, JFK, Django Unchained), Ari Aster (Hereditary, Midsommar), and many others. == AFI programs == === AFI Catalog of Feature Films === The AFI Catalog, started in 1968, is a web-based filmographic database. A research tool for film historians, the catalog consists of entries on more than 60,000 feature films and 17,000 short films produced from 1893 to 2011, as well as AFI Awards Outstanding Movies of the Year from 2000 through 2010. Early print copies of this catalog may also be found at local libraries. === AFI Life Achievement Award === === AFI Awards === Created in 2000, the AFI Awards honor the ten outstanding films ("Movies of the Year") and ten outstanding television programs ("TV Programs of the Year"). The awards are a non-competitive acknowledgment of excellence. The awards are announced in December, and a private luncheon for award honorees takes place the following January. === AFI Maya Deren Award === === AFI 100 Years... series === The AFI 100 Years.. Facts: Answer: Walter Darwin Coy

Question: Gunmen from Laredo starred which narrator of "Frontier"? Context: . series, which ran from 1998 to 2008 and created jury-selected lists of America's best movies in categories such as Musicals, Laughs and Thrills, prompted new generations to experience classic American films. The juries consisted of over 1,500 artists, scholars, critics, and historians. Citizen Kane was voted the greatest American film twice. === AFI film festivals === AFI operates two film festivals: AFI Fest in Los Angeles, and AFI Docs (formally known as Silverdocs) in Silver Spring, Maryland, and Washington, D.C. ==== AFI Fest ==== AFI Fest is the American Film Institute's annual celebration of artistic excellence. It is a showcase for the best festival films of the year and an opportunity for master filmmakers and emerging artists to come together with audiences in the movie capital of the world. It is the only festival of its stature that is free to the public. The Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences recognizes AFI Fest as a qualifying festival for the Short Films category for the annual Academy Awards. The festival has paid tribute to numerous influential filmmakers and artists over the years, including Agnès Varda, Pedro Almodóvar and David Lynch as guest artistic directors, and has screened scores of films that have produced Oscar nominations and wins. ==== AFI Docs ==== Held annually in June, AFI Docs (formerly Silverdocs) is a documentary festival in Washington, D.C. The festival attracts over 27,000 documentary enthusiasts. Facts: Answer: Walter Darwin Coy

Question: Human Error" is the season finale of the third season of a tv show that aired on what network? Context: Official website "Human Error" is the twenty-fourth episode and season finale of the third season of "House" and the seventieth episode overall. The second season of the American dramedy-mystery television series Desperate Housewives commenced airing in the United States on September 25, 2005 and concluded on May 21, 2006. The season continues the story of the Wisteria Lane residents, while their seemingly perfect lives in the suburban neighborhood are shaken by the arrival of the mysterious Betty Applewhite. Broadcast in the Sunday night time slot at 9.00 ET, the season aired twenty-four regular episodes, including a two-part season finale. In addition, three clip shows were produced for the season, in order to put the previous events of the show in perspective. "All the Juicy Details" aired before the eleventh episode, detailing the most memorable events of the season's first half, whereas "The More You Know, The Juicier It Gets", which aired before the twentieth episode, prepared the viewers for the highly anticipated season finale. "Time to Come Clean" aired three weeks before the inception of the third season, and reviewed the previous mysteries of the series before introducing the new story lines. The second season had fourteen roles receiving star billing, out of whom eleven were part of the first season's main cast Facts: "Human Error" is the twenty-fourth episode and season finale of the third season of "House" and the seventieth episode overall. Answer: Fox

Question: Human Error" is the season finale of the third season of a tv show that aired on what network? Context: The second season had fourteen roles receiving star billing, out of whom eleven were part of the first season's main cast. The main story lines of the season were Susan Mayer's relationship with her former husband, Gabrielle Solis' upcoming motherhood, Lynette Scavo's return to work and the death of Bree Van de Kamp's husband. The season received mainly negative reviews from television critics, noting Marc Cherry's lack of involvement in the production as one of the main reasons for the series' decreasing quality. Cherry has since said that he regrets most of the second season and that ABC's decision to order an additional episode for the season forced the series to work on an abbreviated schedule. However, the main cast members, as well as the guest stars, received critical acclaim, resulting in numerous awards and nominations. The highest-rated episode of the season was the season premiere, watched by 28.36 million viewers, with a 10.1 rating, being the series' second highest-rated episode to date. Buena Vista Home Entertainment officially released the season on DVD in the United States and Canada on August 29, 2006. == Production == Marc Cherry, Tom Spezialy, and Michael Edelstein returned as executive producers for the second season of the series. Screenwriter Kevin Murphy also Facts: Answer: Fox