Datasets:

gabrielaltay

/

hacdc-wikipedia

like 0

[ { "plaintext": "The Chemical Coast is a section of Union and Middlesex counties in New Jersey located along the shores of the Arthur Kill, across from Staten Island, New York. The name is taken from the Conrail Chemical Coast Line, an important component in the ExpressRail system serving marine terminals in the Port of New York and New Jersey.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 93425, 93437, 21648, 429693, 127062, 1298050, 44246184, 676393, 4948091 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 35, 40 ], [ 45, 54 ], [ 67, 77 ], [ 110, 121 ], [ 135, 158 ], [ 187, 194 ], [ 246, 257 ], [ 273, 289 ], [ 297, 328 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The name was first used by Conrail to designate a freight railway line that served several chemical plants in the area. The rail line was started by the Perth Amboy and Elizabethport Railroad in 1871. However, the company ran out of capital during the panic of 1873 and was purchased by the Central Railroad of New Jersey (CNJ).", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 1399844, 21022630, 184959, 1049990 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 27, 34 ], [ 153, 191 ], [ 252, 265 ], [ 291, 321 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The CNJ operated both freight and passenger service along the line into the twentieth century, referring to it as the Perth Amboy and Elizabethport Branch. Passenger trains to Bay Head Junction, Atlantic Highlands, Freehold and Atlantic City (including the Blue Comet) utilized the line. There were passenger stations at Newark Airport, Elizabethport, Carteret, and Sewaren. At Elizabethport the CNJ also operated a car repair shop. Passenger service along the line ended in 1967 with the advent of the Aldene Plan when the Bay Head trains (the line's only remaining commuter service) were moved to Newark Penn Station. In 1976 Conrail took over ownership of the line and operation of the substantial freight business the line generated.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 11363512, 136974, 125470, 106211, 24397028, 248492, 125778, 125403, 125445, 1803482, 988352 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 176, 193 ], [ 195, 213 ], [ 215, 223 ], [ 228, 241 ], [ 257, 267 ], [ 321, 335 ], [ 337, 350 ], [ 352, 360 ], [ 366, 373 ], [ 503, 514 ], [ 599, 618 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The CNJ constructed a two-track bridge over lower Newark Bay in 1864, and upgraded it to a dual pair of four-track lift bridges known collectively as the CRRNJ Newark Bay Bridge in 1926. This bridge offered a route and service through Bayonne and access to the Communipaw Terminal with ferry service to New York City. After the Conrail takeover the bridge between Bayonne and Elizabethport was demolished in the 1980s, but some of the stone piers were left standing along the shores of Newark Bay.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 430939, 3983997, 125230, 4004350 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 50, 60 ], [ 154, 177 ], [ 235, 242 ], [ 261, 280 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 1872 the Singer Manufacturing Company of New York opened a factory in Elizabethport along Trumbull Street next to the intersection of", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 38477 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 12, 40 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "the CNJ mainline with the Perth Amboy and Elizabethport Branch. In 1873 Singer became a New Jersey corporation. The factory survived a major fire on May 6 and 7, 1890. During World War II much of the production capacity of the factory was shifted to", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 32927 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 175, 187 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "war related work, with M1911 pistols being one of several items produced at Elizabethport.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 176537 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 23, 35 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The factory was shut down in the late 1960s.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The brick factory built by Singer served as an industrial park in 2009.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 512940 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 47, 62 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 1907 John D. Rockefeller, the founder of the Standard Oil company, acquired several hundred acres of the former Morse family estate between Linden and Elizabeth for what would become the Bayway Refinery. Construction of the facility took place the following year and the first crude oil stills were fired up on January 2, 1909. The facility underwent", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 186300, 28931, 125784, 125778, 2523930 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 8, 27 ], [ 48, 60 ], [ 143, 149 ], [ 154, 163 ], [ 190, 205 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "a series of ownership changes and capacity expansions throughout the twentieth century. By 2002 it was owned by ConocoPhillips.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 319730 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 112, 126 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Shell Oil Company opened a terminal facility on a former Boynton farm property along Arbor Street in Sewaren in 1928. The terminal was transferred to the Motiva Enterprises Shell subsidiary during the twentieth century and expanded to a storage capacity with connections to the Colonial pipeline and barge docks on the Arthur Kill in addition to the rail connections.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 468593, 5602661, 2945580, 7873071 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 21 ], [ 159, 177 ], [ 284, 301 ], [ 306, 311 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The facility now handles gasoline, diesel fuel, jet fuel, ethanol, and fuel mixtures.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 23639, 81761, 1205435, 10048 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 25, 33 ], [ 35, 46 ], [ 48, 56 ], [ 58, 65 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Emissions from the area's chemical plants have been blamed for some serious health problems that have been observed among residents of neighborhoods on Staten Island situated directly across the Arthur Kill, specifically an elevated rate of cancer found to exist among long-time denizens of Travis. Strange though not necessarily unpleasant odors often waft across the Arthur Kill, and affect air quality not only on Staten Island's West Shore where Travis is located, but parts of the island's South Shore and Mid-Island regions as well.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 127062, 105219, 1426611, 1350662, 450296, 1350370 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 152, 165 ], [ 241, 247 ], [ 291, 297 ], [ 435, 445 ], [ 497, 508 ], [ 513, 523 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "A freight line connection from New Jersey to the Staten Island Railway, via the Chemical Coast line, has been restored as of late 2006, and is operated by the Morristown and Erie Railway under contract with the State of New Jersey. The railroad bridge over the Arthur Kill waterway has also been restored, and at least one freight train has made the crossing in 2006 from New Jersey to Staten Island. Plans are to reactivate the North Shore of the Staten Island Railway to allow freight shipments to and from the recently revamped Howland Hook Marine Terminal.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 317138, 37161587, 21648, 429693, 1572603 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 49, 70 ], [ 159, 186 ], [ 220, 230 ], [ 261, 272 ], [ 531, 559 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The current Chemical Coast connection to Staten Island is freight service only, although separate plans are also being studied to reactivate passenger service on the North Shore Branch on Staten Island. Some of these latter proposals would run passenger trains to Cranford Junction, while others call for a western terminus at either the former Arlington or Port Ivory stations on Staten Island.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 84548, 21123651, 1769249 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 264, 281 ], [ 345, 354 ], [ 358, 368 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In August 2006, the Linden Terminal intermodal facility started operating on Point Tremley along the Arthur Kill in Linden. The facility transfers ethanol for fuel use between barges, rail cars, trucks, and temporary storage tanks.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Ethanol transshipment", "target_page_ids": [ 361123, 429693, 125784, 10048 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 36, 46 ], [ 101, 112 ], [ 116, 122 ], [ 147, 154 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In May 2007, The Star-Ledger reported that New Jersey based biodiesel producer Fuel Bio \"is trying to plant a green footprint on New Jersey's notorious Chemical Coast.\" The company is a producer of biofuels located inside of New York Terminals, whose production facility is located in Elizabeth, New Jersey across the Arthur Kill from Staten Island.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Biodiesel production", "target_page_ids": [ 1001928, 21648, 188551, 19333601, 125778, 21648, 127062 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 13, 28 ], [ 43, 53 ], [ 60, 69 ], [ 79, 87 ], [ 285, 294 ], [ 296, 306 ], [ 335, 348 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "On October 25th, 1972, an oil barge docked in Carteret, exploding and causing fires and oil slicks in Arthur Kill.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Incidents", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "A fire broke out at the GATX oil tank farm and docking facilities in Carteret, New Jersey on April 12th, 1973.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Incidents", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "In 1995, at an Amoco fuel storage depot in Carteret, a spray of fuel vapor created a fire.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Incidents", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "At 4:55 AM on Friday, September 29th, 2000, a tank car carrying more than of butane derailed while switching off to a siding along the Chemical Coast line in Woodbridge, New Jersey. Residents of 163 houses were evacuated while the cleanup effort took place. The car was rerailed and put back into service undamaged later that day.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Incidents", "target_page_ids": [ 1185548, 25432202, 1093599, 125454 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 46, 54 ], [ 78, 84 ], [ 85, 93 ], [ 159, 181 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "An accidental gas explosion killed three workers and injured a fourth at the Acetylene Service Company plant in Perth Amboy on January 25th, 2005.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Incidents", "target_page_ids": [ 125436 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 112, 123 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "At 10:16 AM on Thursday, March 12th, 2009, a tank car carrying isopropyl acetate through Carteret developed a leak. Conrail contacted the Carteret Fire Department and the Middlesex County Hazmat Response Team for assistance. The leak was fixed by 12:04 PM after a spill of had already taken place.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Incidents", "target_page_ids": [ 3755309, 125403, 1399844, 1476975 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 63, 80 ], [ 89, 97 ], [ 116, 123 ], [ 188, 194 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 2012, as a result of Hurricane Sandy, a storage facility owned by Motiva Enterprises, LLC ruptured and spilled 350,000 gallons of fuel into Arthur Kill.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Incidents", "target_page_ids": [ 37423368 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 24, 39 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "On July 5th, 2016 at the Freeport McMoRan facility in Carteret, four chemical drums ruptured and emitted fumes; several firefighters were taken to the hospital for exposure.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Incidents", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Related railroads:", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Central Railroad of New Jersey (1839–1976)", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 1049990 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 31 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Conrail Shared Assets Operations", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 1298050 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 33 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Easton and Amboy Railroad", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 8333944 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 26 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Newark and New York Railroad", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 26997173 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 29 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Perth Amboy and Elizabethport Railroad (1869–1873)", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 21022630 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 39 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Perth Amboy and Woodbridge Railroad", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 21517631 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 36 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Port Reading Railroad", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 3640593 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 22 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Penns Grove Secondary", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 40023657 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 22 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Nearby watercourses:", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Arthur Kill", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 429693 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 12 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Elizabeth River", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 17057070 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 16 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Morses Creek", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 6199371 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 13 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Piles Creek", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 52760227 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 12 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Rahway River", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 627027 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 13 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Other topics:", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Bayway Refinery", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 2523930 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 16 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Port Reading Refinery", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 2523979 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 22 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Port of Paulsboro", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 39888819 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 18 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Raritan Bayshore", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 5107134 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 17 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " T. A. Gillespie Company Shell Loading Plant explosion, in nearby South Amboy", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 12157024 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 54 ] ] } ]

[ "Geography_of_Union_County,_New_Jersey", "History_of_Union_County,_New_Jersey", "Geography_of_Middlesex_County,_New_Jersey", "Conrail_lines", "Norfolk_Southern_Railway_lines", "CSX_Transportation_lines", "Port_of_New_York_and_New_Jersey", "Transportation_in_Union_County,_New_Jersey", "Transportation_in_Middlesex_County,_New_Jersey" ]

[]

[ { "plaintext": "Leo Ford (born Leo John Hilgeford; July 5, 1957 – July 17, 1991) was an American pornographic actor who appeared in gay pornographic films and bisexual pornographic movies and magazines in the 1980s. He was born in Dayton, Ohio.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 17322723, 10851639, 21378368, 238253, 2280162, 8253 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 81, 99 ], [ 116, 138 ], [ 143, 151 ], [ 152, 171 ], [ 176, 185 ], [ 215, 227 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 1989, Ford was crowned King of the Beaux Arts Ball in New York City. His Queen was Melissa Slade.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Career", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Ford paired with David Alan Reis aka \"Lance\" in Leo & Lance and Blonds Do It Best, Leo and Lance directed by William Higgins; Blonds Do It Best directed by Richard Morgan. In his starring role for the film Games, directed by Steve Scott, Ford played a medal-winning swimmer in the Gay Games competition, with Al Parker playing a photographer assigned to take professional portraits of the athlete. In a scene that foreshadowed what happened to Ford in real life, his character had a severe motorcycle accident that left him hospitalized and in a coma.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Career", "target_page_ids": [ 178975, 1422105, 5721 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 281, 290 ], [ 309, 318 ], [ 546, 550 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Ford had a relationship with cult actor Divine. The two traveled together and he made appearances at clubs in which Divine was contracted to perform. After Divine's death, Ford began a relationship with Craig Markle. Ford and Markle lived together in Los Angeles and Hawaii and raised tropical birds. After Ford's death Markle ran a travel agency and oversaw Ford's collection of pictures from his career.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Private life", "target_page_ids": [ 204702 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 40, 46 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Ford died July 17, 1991 when his motorcycle was struck by a truck making an illegal turn onto Sunset Boulevard. Ford suffered massive head trauma and died two days later. Craig Markle was riding with him but suffered only minor injuries. Ford was cremated and his ashes sent to San Francisco, where after a wake at Josie's Bar they were scattered near the Golden Gate Bridge.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Death", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Best of Leo Ford", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Selected videography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Blondes Do It Best (1986)", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Selected videography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Colossal Cocks 5", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Selected videography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Flashbacks (J. Brian) (1980)", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Selected videography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Games (1983)", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Selected videography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Leo & Lance (1983)", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Selected videography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "New York City Pro (1982)", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Selected videography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "A Night at Alfies", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Selected videography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Sailor in the Wild (1983)", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Selected videography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Sex in the Great Outdoors (1980–1984)", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Selected videography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Spokes (1983)", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Selected videography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Stiff Sentence (1986)", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Selected videography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Style (1982)", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Selected videography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "William Higgins Class Reunion (1983)", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Selected videography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Summer Of Scott Noll (1981)", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Selected videography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Best Bi Far #1", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Selected videography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Passion by Fire: The Big Switch 2", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Selected videography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "True Crimes of Passion''", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Selected videography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " List of pornographic movie studios", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 2219249 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 35 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " List of male performers in gay porn films", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 10851639 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 42 ] ] } ]

[ "1957_births", "1991_deaths", "American_male_pornographic_film_actors", "LGBT_pornographic_film_actors", "LGBT_actors_from_the_United_States", "LGBT_people_from_Ohio", "Motorcycle_road_incident_deaths", "Male_actors_from_Dayton,_Ohio", "Pornographic_film_actors_from_Ohio", "Road_incident_deaths_in_California", "20th-century_American_male_actors", "20th-century_LGBT_people" ]

[]

[ { "plaintext": "Ra'ad bin Zeid (; born 18 February 1936) is the son of Prince Zeid of the Hashemite House and Princess Fahrelnissa Zeid (Fakhr un-nisa or Fahr-El-Nissa), a Turkish noblewoman. Upon the death of his father on 18 October 1970, he inherited the position as head of the former Royal Houses of Iraq. Ra'ad has lived in London and Paris.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 1323645, 197833, 1328444, 7515928, 17867, 22989 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 55, 66 ], [ 74, 83 ], [ 94, 119 ], [ 289, 293 ], [ 314, 320 ], [ 325, 330 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Raad was born in Berlin, where his father was Iraqi ambassador at the time. He is an agnatic grandson of king Hussein of Hejaz, his father prince Zeid being king Hussein's youngest son. As such he is a first cousin of kings Talal of Jordan and Ghazi of Iraq.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Early life", "target_page_ids": [ 3354, 24942, 408415, 408439, 201287 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 17, 23 ], [ 85, 92 ], [ 110, 126 ], [ 224, 239 ], [ 244, 257 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Raad's paternal first cousin once removed was Faisal II, the last king of Iraq, who was killed at the age of 23 in a bloody coup d'état on 14 July 1958 (Crown Prince Abd-al-Illah was also killed). Following the revolution, Prince Zeid, Raad's father, was recognized as the Head of the Royal House of Iraq by his remaining agnatic co-heirs of Jordan. They continued to live in London, where the family resided during the coup, as Zeid was the Iraqi ambassador there.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Early life", "target_page_ids": [ 33574178, 15091191, 391056, 17867, 7515928 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 46, 55 ], [ 124, 151 ], [ 166, 178 ], [ 376, 382 ], [ 442, 446 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Raad himself succeeded his father as all such at the latter's death in 1970 in exile in France.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Early life", "target_page_ids": [ 5843419 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 88, 94 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "He was educated in Alexandria, Egypt, and at Christ's College, Cambridge, where he graduated BA in 1960, promoted to MA in 1963.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Education and career", "target_page_ids": [ 3080, 8087628, 31805, 1445268 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 19, 29 ], [ 31, 36 ], [ 45, 72 ], [ 105, 119 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "After receiving his Cambridge degree, Raad was appointed as Chamberlain of the Royal Court of Jordan, in Amman, and afterwards worked there in civil administration and charitable organizations. He was an aide and a close confidant of his cousins kings Hussein and Abdullah II of Jordan.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Education and career", "target_page_ids": [ 25978572, 10411674, 7515964, 45007, 1176679, 80608, 164053 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 20, 29 ], [ 60, 71 ], [ 94, 100 ], [ 105, 110 ], [ 168, 191 ], [ 252, 259 ], [ 264, 285 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Prince Raad married at Södertälje, Sweden, 30 June 1963 (civil), and at the Royal Palace, Amman, on 5 August 1963, Swedish-born Margaretha Inga Elisabeth Lind, henceforward known as Majda Ra'ad, President of Al-Hussein Society and Director of Bandak Foundation, born in Arboga on 5 September 1942, daughter of Sven Gustav Lind and wife Carin Inga Birgitta Gunlaug Grönwall, daughter of Eugen Assar Alexius Grönwall and wife, Signe Maria Svensson, and an illegitimate descendant of the House of Vasa through King Charles XI of Sweden. They have five children:", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Marriage and children", "target_page_ids": [ 1021708, 5058739, 45007, 5058739, 57849098, 57849098, 1020354, 187610, 104943 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 23, 33 ], [ 35, 41 ], [ 90, 95 ], [ 115, 122 ], [ 128, 158 ], [ 182, 193 ], [ 270, 276 ], [ 485, 498 ], [ 512, 532 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Zeid bin Ra'ad - Jordanian diplomat, served as United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights from 2014 to 2018. Born 26 January 1964, married to Sarah Butler They have 3 children, Ra'ad bin Zeid (born 17 May 2001), Hala bint Zeid (born 13 March 2003) and Azizah.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Marriage and children", "target_page_ids": [ 7245241, 57846490 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 15 ], [ 150, 162 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Mired bin Ra'ad - born 11 June 1965, married to Dina Khalifeh. They have 3 children, Shirin bint Mir'ed (born 19 May 1993), Rakan bin Mir'ed (born 20 November 1995) and Jafar bin Mir'ed (Born: 4 September 2002).", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Marriage and children", "target_page_ids": [ 46882226, 58963509 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 16 ], [ 49, 62 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Firas bin Ra'ad - born 12 October 1969, married to Dana Nabil Toukan. They have 3 children, Safa (born 26 July 2001), Haya (born 7 March 2003) and Hashem (born 31 October 2010).", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Marriage and children", "target_page_ids": [ 54778494, 23313841 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 52, 62 ], [ 63, 69 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Faisal bin Ra'ad - born 6 March 1975, graduated from Brown University, and married to . She worked with MSNBC NBC News in Baghdad covering the Iraq war. She's the daughter of Munjid Sukhtian. They have 3 children, Hanan (born 3 September 2006), Mariam (born: 25 July 2008) and Hussein (born April 2013).", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Marriage and children", "target_page_ids": [ 159846, 167284 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 105, 110 ], [ 111, 119 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Fakhrelnissa bint Ra'ad - born 11 January 1981, graduated from Brown University in 2002 and UCL in 2004. Artist known as Nissa Raad. Married in 2005 (divorced in 2017). She has 3 children, Radwan Hajjar (born 8 August 2006), Faisal Hajjar (born 14 December 2007) and a daughter Lana Hajjar (born 30 April 2012).", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Marriage and children", "target_page_ids": [ 66977505 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 24 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Prince Raad's position as the head of the Royal House of Iraq is in contention with Sharif Ali Bin al-Hussein (a descendant of Hussein of Hejaz's granddaughter, sister and male cousin, but not in male line from king Hussein) who is another pretender to the Iraqi throne and the leader of the Iraqi Constitutional Monarchy.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Royal House of Iraq", "target_page_ids": [ 350781, 526207, 70790 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 84, 109 ], [ 240, 249 ], [ 292, 321 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Malaysia: Honorary Commander of the Order of the Defender of the Realm (P.M.N.) (1965)", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Honour", "target_page_ids": [ 9197829 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 37, 71 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Ra'ad bin Zeid", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] } ]

[ "1936_births", "People_from_Berlin", "House_of_Hashim", "Honorary_Knights_Grand_Cross_of_the_Royal_Victorian_Order", "Politics_of_Iraq", "Pretenders_to_the_Iraqi_throne", "Alumni_of_Christ's_College,_Cambridge", "Living_people", "Knights_Grand_Cross_of_the_Order_of_Isabella_the_Catholic", "Commandeurs_of_the_Légion_d'honneur", "Grand_Cross_of_the_National_Order_of_Merit_(France)", "Recipients_of_the_Order_of_the_Sacred_Treasure,_1st_class", "Knights_Grand_Cross_of_the_Order_of_Merit_of_the_Italian_Republic", "Commanders_Grand_Cross_of_the_Order_of_the_Polar_Star", "Grand_Cordons_of_the_Order_of_Independence_(Jordan)", "Grand_Officers_of_the_Order_of_Leopold_II", "Recipients_of_the_Grand_Decoration_with_Sash_for_Services_to_the_Republic_of_Austria", "Honorary_Commanders_of_the_Order_of_the_Defender_of_the_Realm" ]

[ "Ra'ad ibn Zayd" ]

[ { "plaintext": "West Pennant Hills is a suburb in the Hills District of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. West Pennant Hills is located 20km north-west of the Sydney central business district in the local government areas of The Hills Shire and Hornsby Shire. It is located halfway between Parramatta and Hornsby at the border of the North Shore and Greater Western Sydney. Pennant Hills is a separate suburb to the east with its own postcode.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 1170356, 27862, 21654, 4689264, 1740289, 761173, 907323, 1024560, 160458, 463154, 593771, 717277, 1110694 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 38, 52 ], [ 56, 62 ], [ 64, 79 ], [ 81, 90 ], [ 145, 177 ], [ 185, 207 ], [ 211, 226 ], [ 231, 244 ], [ 276, 286 ], [ 291, 298 ], [ 320, 331 ], [ 336, 358 ], [ 360, 373 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "West Pennant Hills is a residential suburb with a commercial area located at Thompsons Corner, also the site of the suburb's government primary school, West Pennant Hills Public School.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Commercial area", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Cherrybrook railway station is located to the north of West Pennant Hills near Castle Hill Road and nearby there is another shopping complex on Coonara Avenue, where a Woolworths, restaurants and several other small shops are located.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Commercial area", "target_page_ids": [ 31269880, 3434993 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 27 ], [ 168, 178 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Thompsons Corner is named after Andrew Thompson (1773-1810), a convict (see Scotland Island), who received a grant of in 1796 opposite the signal station in Pennant Hills. Workmen on the railway from Strathfield to Hornsby established a camp and stores depot there in about 1890. During Lachlan Macquarie's governorship (1810–21), a timbersawing establishment stood near today's Thompsons Corner. In those early days the pit-sawyers roamed the countryside, and the saw pits were set up at various places close to forest areas. In the early 1990s, one of the last mills was demolished, having stood at the bottom of Hill Road.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 2579874 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 76, 91 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The suburb was named for both its geological features and its man-made additions. When Sydney was first established, 'Pennant Hills', applied to the range of hills stretching north from Parramatta. The Pennant refers to a flag pole erected on the area's highest point. During the first years of the Sydney settlement this flag pole with its pennant was a form of early communication between the government in Parramatta and the governor's outer Sydney residence. It was used to signal to Parramatta that the governor was returning to Parramatta after spending time at his retreat in the outer areas of Sydney. When his horse-drawn carriage went past Thompsons Corner, the pennant would be raised and as this was in clear sight of the Parramatta garrison, they would prepare for his return in a few days. Local stories twist this system to say that when the pennant was raised the soldiers would have to stop drinking and clean up the streets after running amok in his absence.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 1177214, 160458 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 341, 348 ], [ 734, 744 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 1850, at a time when the combined population of Field of Mars Common and Castle Hill numbered fewer than 3,000 people, Henry Parkes approved, on behalf of the Board of National Education in New South Wales, the appointment of local patrons for the commencement of Pennant Hills Public School. Botany, Fort Street, Smithfield and Pennant Hills were the first metropolitan schools under the control of the newly constituted Board. The school first opened under the name of Pennant Hills Public School when the township of Pennant Hills was centred on the ridge at the intersection of Pennant Hills and Castle Hill Roads, which was a trading point on the way north. When the railway station line came through the area, a new school was built in 1925 closer to the railway station, to be known as 'Pennant Hills East'. West was added to the name of the original school and it became 'Pennant Hills West' and eventually the area around Thompsons Corner became known as West Pennant Hills.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 301816 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 122, 134 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Pennant Hills Post Office opened on 1 January 1867 and was renamed West Pennant Hills on 1 August 1898, due to the Pennant Hills Railway Station office (opened two months earlier) being given the name Pennant Hills.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "West Pennant Hills was split off from Pennant Hills as a separate suburb on 23 August 1986.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Tourist attractions include the Cumberland State Forest and the Koala Park Sanctuary.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Parks and recreation", "target_page_ids": [ 22870763, 30196782 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 32, 55 ], [ 64, 84 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "At the , West Pennant Hills recorded a population of 16,374. Of these: ", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Population", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " The median age was 41 years. Children aged 0–14 years made up 18.5% of the population and people aged 65 years and over made up 15.4% of the population.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Population", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " 59.7% of people were born in Australia. The most common countries of birth were China 6.7%, India 3.6%, Hong Kong 3.5%, England 3.5% and Sri Lanka 1.9%.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Population", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " 63.0% of people only spoke English at home. Other languages spoken at home included Mandarin 8.5%, Cantonese 7.4%, Korean 2.2%, Hindi 2.2% and Arabic 1.4%.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Population", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " The most common responses for religion were Catholic 25.0%, No Religion 24.2% and Anglican 15.8%.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Population", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Len Beadell - explorer", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Notable people", "target_page_ids": [ 645510 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 11 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Dominic Perrottet - Premier of New South Wales", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Notable people", "target_page_ids": [ 31458821, 24654 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 17 ], [ 20, 46 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Damien Tudehope - politician", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Notable people", "target_page_ids": [ 46273504 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 15 ] ] } ]

[ "Suburbs_of_Sydney", "The_Hills_Shire", "Hornsby_Shire", "Populated_places_established_in_1796" ]

[ "West Pennant Hills, New South Wales", "West Pennant Hills, New South Wales, Australia", "West Pennant" ]

[ { "plaintext": "Mayumi Yamamoto (山本真由美 Yamamoto Mayumi; born May 11, 1984) is a Japanese actress.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 21504235 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 73, 80 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Kanjani Knight (Guest appearance)", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Filmography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "幽霊(ゴースト)ママ (Regular cast member)", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Filmography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "新・京都迷宮案内", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Filmography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "てるてる家族 (Teruteru Kazoku)", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Filmography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "GET01 (Regular cast member)", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Filmography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "エンタメニュースショー　GET (Entamenyuusushou)", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Filmography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "おしえて (Oshiete)", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Filmography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Ashita wa Kitto... (2001)", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Filmography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Anata ni Fusawashii (2020)", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Filmography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "(in Japanese)", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] } ]

[ "1984_births", "Living_people", "Japanese_actresses" ]

[]

[ { "plaintext": "The Hankyoreh (, literally \"The Korean Nation\" or \"One Nation\") is a centre-left liberal daily newspaper in South Korea. It was established in 1988 after widespread purges forced out dissident journalists, and was envisioned as an alternative to existing newspapers, which were regarded as unduly influenced by the authoritarian government at the time. When it launched, it claimed to be \"the first newspaper in the world truly independent of political power and large capital.\" As of 2016, it has been voted as the most trusted news organization by Korean journalists for nine consecutive years but also it is the least influential news outlet by the survey. It has online editions in English, Chinese, and Japanese.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 39766736, 937745, 27019, 43954077 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 69, 80 ], [ 81, 88 ], [ 108, 119 ], [ 315, 339 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The newspaper was originally established as Hankyoreh Shinmun () on 15 May 1988 by ex-journalists from the Dong-a Ilbo and Chosun Ilbo. At the time, government censors were in every newsroom, newspaper content was virtually dictated by the Ministry of Culture & Information, and newspapers had nearly the same articles on every page. Hankyoreh was intended to provide an independent, left-leaning and liberal-nationalist alternative to mainstream newspapers regarded as blindly pro-business and opposed to national reunification. To underscore its patriotism and its break with tradition, the Hankyoreh became the first daily to completely reject the use of hanja and use only hangul; it continues to make only limited use of the Latin alphabet and limits the use of loanwords. It was also the first newspaper in Korea to be printed horizontally instead of vertically.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 2017422, 207349, 6131049, 908242, 61104, 158772, 18306, 59787, 2651813 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 107, 118 ], [ 123, 134 ], [ 401, 408 ], [ 409, 420 ], [ 506, 528 ], [ 658, 663 ], [ 730, 744 ], [ 767, 775 ], [ 833, 867 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Hankyoreh is the most critical of Japan among major South Korean media outlets. On October 7, 2016, it published article arguing that South Korea's anti-imperialist \"anti-Japan\" () sentiment, and the far-right racist \"hate of Korea\" () in Japan were very completely different, and that it was wrong to conflate the two. In particular, the newspaper argues that Korea's \"anti-Japan\" does not lead to racism and hate crimes against the Japanese, and is a legitimate emotion of the affected country. However, the newspaper has criticized racism against Japanese living in Korea rather than conservative media. (Hankyoreh takes a liberal-nationalist position that discrimination against the Japanese as a minority living in South Korea is not politically correct, but opposition to the state of Japan is politically correct.) The Hankyoreh known as the most pro-European media in South Korea. When Britain decided on Brexit, Hankyoreh criticized Britain's choice in an editorial on June 24, 2016.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Stances on political issues", "target_page_ids": [ 15573, 44494572, 631596, 41688778 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 38, 43 ], [ 152, 168 ], [ 858, 870 ], [ 917, 923 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "On the conflictual nature of the territorial sovereignty of the Liancourt Rocks (Dokdo in Korean, Takeshima in Japanese), although exceeded by the Chosun Ilbo in its coverage, the Hankyoreh's coverage has been described in “A Comparative Analysis of News Coverage of Dokdo Island” by Yoon Youngchul and E Gwangho as reflecting the foreign policy interest of South Korea versus the Japan.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Stances on political issues", "target_page_ids": [ 15083928 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 64, 79 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In line with the newspaper's nationalism and aspirations for reunification, its reporting of inter-Korean and East Asian affairs is based on its editorial policy seeking reconciliation, stability and peaceful co-prosperity through dialogue rather than pressure on government of North Korea. In terms of national affairs, Cheongwadae, Office of the President, studies on the editorial policies of South Korean newspapers have found that the \"Hankyoreh Shinmun, which published its first issue early in the Roh Tae Woo administration, has shown little fluctuation from administration to administration. Hankyoreh also runs a \"Hankyoreh Foundation for Reunification and Culture\" as a forum for advocacy of peace and reunification on the Korean peninsula. Notwithstanding the newspaper's support for democracy, human rights, and free speech in South Korea, in June 2009, the Hankyoreh described the arrest and imprisonment of two US journalists in North Korea, condemned by Reporters Without Borders as a sham trial, as a \"not entirely negative signal\" of North Korea's openness to communicate.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Stances on political issues", "target_page_ids": [ 5345872, 1173684, 23143408, 526054 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 264, 289 ], [ 321, 332 ], [ 895, 955 ], [ 970, 995 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Other legacies of its early dissident history include a strong emphasis on human rights in South Korea, a position it continues to hold today together with several international organizations have criticized South Korea for its retreat in democracy, human rights and press freedom. The Hankyoreh's advocacy of human rights also extends to North Koreans and tends to support normalization of relations with the U.S. and have been critical of approaches towards improving the situation by encouraging system collapse such as the Lefkowitz approach and absorption by South Korea or by encouraging defections.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Stances on political issues", "target_page_ids": [ 1565499 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 339, 352 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Hankyoreh opposes censorship and wiretapping and encourages active debate on news that is circulated, and like many newspapers in South Korea, is opposed to circulation of graphic news content and took a strong stance in the instance of the video footage of Kim Sun-il's death in Iraq. It strongly endorsed the 2008 \"mad cow protests\" as a victory for \"substantive democracy\" over merely \"procedural democracy.\" It strongly encouraged coverage of the 2008 demonstrations and a greater understanding of \"candlelight spirit\" that academics are referring to as an emergence of a new social movement and form of democracy in South Korea that protests policy development on trade, liberalization of public education, the privatization of health, and the environmental consequences of a cross-country canal project without substantial public opinion gathering.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Stances on political issues", "target_page_ids": [ 744003, 26975662 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 262, 272 ], [ 315, 338 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Hankyoreh has campaigned for higher standards of ethics in journalism since its founding and had initiated a campaign against journalists' taking bribes, which had been customary in the industry in South Korea until the late 1990s.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Stances on political issues", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The Hankyoreh has a fairly favorable view of feminism, LGBT rights, opposes discrimination against ethnic minorities and supports political correctness. However, some editorials criticized political correctness. Hankyoreh's shows a favorable tone for Democratic Party of Korea, but opposes their somewhat socially conservative approach to LGBT rights.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Stances on political issues", "target_page_ids": [ 45084659, 6760490, 23213, 42316753 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 45, 53 ], [ 55, 66 ], [ 130, 151 ], [ 251, 276 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Hankyoreh has been critical of Korean big business and conglomerates that overwhelm the market, the Korean university entrance system, widening income disparities in Korean society, while maintaining a generally favorable attitude towards organized labor, and the redistribution of income.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Stances on political issues", "target_page_ids": [ 338409 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 35, 54 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Hankyoreh departed from established convention by relying more on sales, periodic private donation campaigns, and the sale of stock, rather than advertising from major corporations to sustain itself. The newspaper currently has more than 60,000 citizen shareholders, none of whom have a more than one percent share. Core shareholders include students, professors, lawyers, writers, liberals and urban industrial workers. The company remains intentionally unlisted to avoid hostile takeover; it has also never shown three consecutive years of profit, one of the requirements for listing. Readership of the newspaper is evenly distributed between provinces and the major metropolitan areas, of which 63.2% were in their twenties and thirties, and 44.5% were college graduates. Hankyoreh's readership is mostly of low to middle class income.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Stances on political issues", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "After three decades in print, Hankyoreh's subscriber base is still comparatively small. Its circulation of about 600,000 readers, puts it at one third the size of any of the three major dailies (the Chosun Ilbo, JoongAng Ilbo, and Dong-a Ilbo), though still ahead of specialist economic dailies. It is the fourth largest newspaper in Korea. Hankyoreh's editorial content consists of strident criticism of the three major newspapers. It has also endorsed boycott campaigns of companies that advertise in its competitors.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Stances on political issues", "target_page_ids": [ 207349, 2776686, 2017422 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 199, 210 ], [ 212, 225 ], [ 231, 242 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 2009, Hankyoreh joined Amnesty International, the Broadcaster Producers Association of Korea, and other civic groups airing concern atypical behavior by prosecutors in the detention Korean TV channel MBC journalists and the attack on press freedom in South Korea. Although there has been controversy over for distortions in MBC's reporting on US beef imports, acts of arresting journalists and continued persecution of the press has been a primary concern for the Hankyoreh and other international journalist organizations.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Stances on political issues", "target_page_ids": [ 18947898, 1673907, 26975662 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 26, 47 ], [ 203, 206 ], [ 346, 361 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In April 2020, the Hankyoreh became the first mainstream paper in Korea to establish a newsroom team dedicated to climate change. The climate section is called \"ClimateChange&\" and covers topics such as nuclear power, environmental and ecological destruction, endangered and at-risk species, and green pledges. The paper has been critical of nuclear power for safety concerns, and has published multiple editorials condemning Japan for its plans to release treated water from the Fukushima nuclear catastrophe into the ocean.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Stances on political issues", "target_page_ids": [ 22153, 846000, 22153, 31162817 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 203, 216 ], [ 218, 258 ], [ 342, 355 ], [ 480, 509 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The paper's series \"Climate Crisis and Human Rights\" earned it the Journalists Association of Korea and National Human Rights Commission of Korea's 11th annual \"Human Rights Reporting Prize\" in 2022, with the selection committee stating it had \"highly appraised the series' on-the-ground coverage of lives uprooted by climate change, which shows that the climate crisis is ultimately an issue of inequality and justice, and its ability to unravel the climate crisis from the perspective of human rights.\"", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Stances on political issues", "target_page_ids": [ 20816166 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 104, 145 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 2014, it partnered with a comic artists union, Toonion, to create a global creative content company called RollingStory, which launched an online sharing platform, Spottoon, for South Korean digital comics in 2015.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Stances on political issues", "target_page_ids": [ 52572572 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 167, 175 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Cine 21", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Hankyoreh Media Group", "target_page_ids": [ 42939282 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 8 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " HuffPost Korea (joint venture with HuffPost News, a division of BuzzFeed)", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Hankyoreh Media Group", "target_page_ids": [ 1890505, 23940206 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 15 ], [ 65, 73 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Hankyoreh Education", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Hankyoreh Media Group", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Hankyoreh Book Publishing (HaniBook)", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Hankyoreh Media Group", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Modoo Media", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Hankyoreh Media Group", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Modoo Communications", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Hankyoreh Media Group", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " News Bang", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Hankyoreh Media Group", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Media of South Korea", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 6128452 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 20 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Liberalism in South Korea", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 937745 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 25 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "List of newspapers in South Korea", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 4278015 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 33 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Culture of South Korea", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 339421 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 22 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Democratic Party of Korea", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 42316753 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 25 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Justice Party (South Korea)", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 37317865 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 27 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Korean nationalism", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 908242 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 18 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "386 Generation", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 24343762 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 14 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Gangnam leftist", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 718094 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 15 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "About The Hankyoreh ", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "International edition (web only)", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Homepage of Cine21, film weekly by The Hankyoreh ", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Homepage of Hankyoreh21, weekly newsmagazine ", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Homepage of Economy21, business weekly ", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] } ]

[ "The_Hankyoreh", "1988_establishments_in_South_Korea", "Centre-left_newspapers", "Civic_nationalism", "Korean-language_newspapers", "Korean_nationalist_organizations", "Liberal_media_in_South_Korea", "Liberalism_in_South_Korea", "Mapo_District", "Mass_media_in_Seoul", "Nationalist_newspapers", "Newspaper_companies_of_South_Korea", "Newspapers_published_in_South_Korea", "Newspapers_established_in_1988" ]

[ "hani.co.kr" ]

[ { "plaintext": "WWD may refer to:", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Cape May Airport, in New Jersey, United States", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 8706546 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 17 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Westward Airways (Nebraska), a defunct American airline", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 8151599 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 28 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Wildwood (Amtrak station), in Florida, United States", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 20765838 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 26 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Women's Wear Daily, a fashion-industry trade journal", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 3158329 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 19 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Woolwich Dockyard railway station, in London", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 1585924 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 34 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "World Water Day, an annual observance day about freshwater", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 1552902 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 15 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " World Wetlands Day, an annual observance day about wetlands", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 7359182 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 19 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Wrong-way driving, the act of driving a motor vehicle against the direction of traffic", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 13433313 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 18 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Walking with Dinosaurs, a documentary television miniseries ", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 1195805 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 23 ] ] } ]

[]

[]

[ { "plaintext": "Skrikjofossen (also called Krikjofossen) is a waterfall in Ullensvang Municipality in Vestland county, Norway. The falls are located about southeast of the village of Lofthus. Its total height is , while the tallest single drop is . It tumbles down from the Hardanger Plateau.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 69442, 178104, 60890018, 21241, 42957660, 1587863 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 46, 55 ], [ 59, 82 ], [ 86, 94 ], [ 103, 109 ], [ 169, 176 ], [ 260, 277 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " List of waterfalls", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 72687 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 19 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " List of waterfalls by type", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 27005675 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 27 ] ] } ]

[ "Ullensvang", "Waterfalls_of_Vestland" ]

[]

[ { "plaintext": "John Howard Yoder (December 27, 1927–December 30, 1997) was an American theologian and ethicist best known for his defense of Christian pacifism. His most influential book was The Politics of Jesus, which was first published in 1972. Yoder was a Mennonite and wrote from an Anabaptist perspective. He spent the latter part of his career teaching at the University of Notre Dame.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 27968837, 3295060, 8476957, 21904306, 20798, 2934, 146269 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 72, 82 ], [ 87, 95 ], [ 126, 144 ], [ 176, 197 ], [ 246, 255 ], [ 274, 284 ], [ 353, 377 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 1992, media reports emerged that Yoder had sexually abused women in preceding decades, with as many as over 50 complainants. The Anabaptist Mennonite Biblical Seminary acknowledged in a statement from 2014 that sexual abuse had taken place and it had been tolerated partly because he was the leading Mennonite theologian of his day and partly because there were not the safeguards in place that there are today.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 4147129 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 132, 170 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Yoder was born on December 29, 1927, near Smithville, Ohio. He earned his undergraduate degree from Goshen College where he studied under the Mennonite theologian Harold S. Bender. He completed his Doctor of Theology degree at the University of Basel, Switzerland, studying under Karl Barth, Oscar Cullmann, Walther Eichrodt, and Karl Jaspers.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Life", "target_page_ids": [ 129956, 22199, 743375, 20798, 2975453, 2065969, 427614, 26748, 229201, 1973826, 5794154, 332245 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 42, 52 ], [ 54, 58 ], [ 100, 114 ], [ 142, 151 ], [ 163, 179 ], [ 198, 216 ], [ 231, 250 ], [ 252, 263 ], [ 280, 290 ], [ 292, 306 ], [ 308, 324 ], [ 330, 342 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "After the Second World War, Yoder traveled to Europe to direct relief efforts for the Mennonite Central Committee. Yoder was instrumental in reviving European Mennonites following the war. Upon returning to the United States, he spent a year working at his father's greenhouse business in Wooster, Ohio.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Life", "target_page_ids": [ 32927, 483272, 129958 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 10, 26 ], [ 86, 113 ], [ 289, 296 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Yoder began his teaching career at Goshen Biblical Seminary. He was Professor of Theology at Goshen Biblical Seminary and Mennonite Biblical Seminary (the two seminaries that formed what is now called Anabaptist Mennonite Biblical Seminary) from 1958 to 1961 and from 1965 to 1984. While still teaching at Associated Mennonite Biblical Seminary, he also began teaching at the University of Notre Dame, where he became a Professor of Theology and eventually a Fellow of the Institute for International Peace Studies.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Life", "target_page_ids": [ 4147129, 4147129, 146269 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 35, 59 ], [ 201, 239 ], [ 376, 400 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Yoder sexually abused over 100 women during the 1970s and 1980s while at Anabaptist Mennonite Biblical Seminary. The abuse was widely rumored, but not acted upon even when board members became aware of the numerous accusations. The Elkhart Truth first reported on the allegations June 29, 1992. The seminary has acknowledged Yoder's crimes against women and has apologized for not acting on them at the time.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Life", "target_page_ids": [ 6272419 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 228, 245 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Yoder died on December 30, 1997, one day after his 70th birthday. His personal papers are housed at the Mennonite Church USA Archives.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Life", "target_page_ids": [ 33105637 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 104, 133 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Yoder is best remembered for his work related to Christian ethics. Rejecting the assumption that human history is driven by coercive power, Yoder argued that it was rather God– working in, with, and through the nonviolent, nonresistant community of disciples of Jesus– who has been the ultimate motivational force in human affairs. When a Christian church in the past made alliances with political rulers, it was because it had lost confidence in this truth.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Thought", "target_page_ids": [ 3295060, 178755, 743365 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 49, 65 ], [ 211, 221 ], [ 223, 235 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "He called the arrangement whereby the state and the church each supported the goals of the other Constantinianism, and he regarded this arrangement as a dangerous and constant temptation. He argued that the early Church was a socially subversive community because of their shared life focusing on the Kingdom of God rather than the kingdoms of any mere man, but later after the rise of Constantine the Great the more worldly focused Church came to covet desire temporal power and political influence. Yoder called this the Constantinian shift. He further argued that Jesus himself rejected this temptation, even to the point of dying a horrible and cruel death. The resurrection of Jesus from the dead was, in this view, God's way of vindicating Christ's unwavering obedience, as well as setting the example of a life laid down in serving and loving others, for all who claim to follow Jesus. Constantine Revisited: Leithart, Yoder, and the Constantinian Debate (2013), edited by John D. Roth, is a collection of essays by Christian pacifists addressing the scholarly debate between Yoder and Peter Leithart about the nature of the Emperor Constantine's impact on Christianity. In his book Constanttine Revisited,' Leithart opposed Yoder's argument that God preferred Christians to focus on the spiritual needs around them and to build the Kingdom of God, rejecting coercion for a life of service, thereby remaining a politically powerless, physically defenseless minority.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Thought", "target_page_ids": [ 8549421, 7236, 711665, 15326414, 8229385, 7236 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 97, 113 ], [ 386, 407 ], [ 523, 542 ], [ 980, 992 ], [ 1093, 1107 ], [ 1141, 1152 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Likewise, Yoder argued, the primary responsibility of Christians is not to take over society and impose their convictions and values on people who don't share their faith, but to \"be the church.\" By refusing to return evil for evil, by living in peace, sharing goods, and doing deeds of charity such as caring for widows and orphans as opportunities arise, the church witnesses, says Yoder, to the fact that an alternative to a society based on violence or the threat of violence has been made possible by the life, death, resurrection and teachings of Jesus. The Kingdom of God comes to rule in a different way, by one heart at a time yielding to the love of God. Yoder claims that the church thus lives in the conviction that God calls Christians to imitate the way of Christ in his absolute obedience, even if it leads to their deaths, for they, too, will finally be vindicated in resurrection.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Thought", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "In bringing traditional Mennonite convictions to the attention of a wider critical audience, Yoder reenergized stale theological debates over foundational Christian ecclesiological, Christological, and ethical beliefs. Yoder rejected Enlightenment presuppositions, epitomized by Immanuel Kant, about the possibility of a universal, rational ethic. Abandoning the search for a universal ethic underlying Christian and non-Christian morality, as well as attempts to \"translate\" Christian convictions into a common moral parlance, he argued that what is expected of Christians, morally, need not be binding for all people. Yoder defended himself against charges of incoherence and hypocrisy by arguing for the legitimacy of moral double standards, and by pointing out that since world affairs are ultimately governed by God's providence, Christians are better off being the Church, than following compromised moral systems that try to reconcile biblical revelation with the necessities of governance.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Thought", "target_page_ids": [ 651997, 7355, 30758, 14631, 18842088, 653913 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 165, 180 ], [ 182, 196 ], [ 234, 247 ], [ 279, 292 ], [ 680, 689 ], [ 729, 745 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Of his many books, the most widely recognized has undoubtedly been The Politics of Jesus (1972); it has been translated into at least ten languages. In it, Yoder argues against popular views of Jesus, particularly those views held by Reinhold Niebuhr, which he believed to be dominant at the time. Niebuhr argued for a realist philosophy, which Yoder felt failed to take seriously the call or person of Jesus Christ. After showing what he believed to be inconsistencies of Niebuhr's perspective, Yoder attempted to demonstrate by an exegesis of the Gospel of Luke and parts of Paul's letter to the Romans that, in his view, a radical Christian pacifism was the most faithful approach for the disciple of Christ. Yoder argued that being Christian is a political standpoint and that Christians ought not ignore that calling.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "The Politics of Jesus", "target_page_ids": [ 204706, 4435315, 1095706, 12491, 9961, 8476957 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 234, 250 ], [ 320, 327 ], [ 404, 409 ], [ 550, 564 ], [ 599, 605 ], [ 635, 653 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Politics of Jesus was ranked by the evangelical magazine Christianity Today as the fifth most important religious book of the 20th century.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "The Politics of Jesus", "target_page_ids": [ 10370, 695888 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 40, 51 ], [ 61, 79 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "According to articles in The Elkhart Truth, allegations that Yoder had sexually abused, harassed, and assaulted women circulated for decades and became known in wider Christian circles, but were never publicly acknowledged until 1992. After repeated institutional failures to address these abuses a group of victims threatened to engage in a public protest at a Bethel College (in North Newton, Kansas) conference where Yoder was to be a speaker. The college President rescinded Yoder's invitation, the student newspaper reported the story, and one of the victims reported that Bethel was \"the first institution in the church that has taken this seriously\". The Elkhart Truth articles detail extensive allegations of harassment of students and others.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Sexual abuse", "target_page_ids": [ 6272419, 844162, 114613 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 25, 42 ], [ 362, 376 ], [ 381, 401 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "From the summer of 1992 to the summer of 1996, Yoder submitted to the discipline of the Indiana–Michigan Conference of the Mennonite Church for allegations of sexual misconduct. Yoder's writing in the unpublished 1995 book The Case for Punishment suggested he believed he was the innocent scapegoat of a conspiracy. Upon the conclusion of the process, the church urged Yoder \"to use his gifts of writing and teaching.\"", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Sexual abuse", "target_page_ids": [ 34905958 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 88, 115 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Despite the allegations of abuse, Yoder's obituary in The New York Times did not mention any improprieties. Sixteen years after his death, in October 2013, The New York Times ran an article discussing the allegations, quoting one of the complainants Carolyn Heggen who claimed that more than 50 women \"said that Mr. Yoder had touched them or made advances.\" The article also discussed the recent formation of a support group for victims.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Sexual abuse", "target_page_ids": [ 30680 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 54, 72 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "More recently, the Mennonite church and Christian peace theologians are actively trying to come to grips with the sexual abuse– and apparent institutional cover-up– which taints the legacy of John Howard Yoder.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Sexual abuse", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "In October 2014, the governing board of Anabaptist Mennonite Biblical Seminary (AMBS) released the following statement:", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Sexual abuse", "target_page_ids": [ 4147129 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 40, 78 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Seminary leaders held an AMBS-based gathering, including a Service of Lament, Confession, and Hope on the weekend of March 21–22, 2015.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Sexual abuse", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The historian Rachel Waltner Goossen was commissioned by Mennonite Church USA to produce a complete report chronicling Yoder's sexual abuse and church responses to it, which was published in January 2015.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Sexual abuse", "target_page_ids": [ 426812 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 57, 77 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Christian and Capital Punishment (1961)", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Selected works", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Christ and the Powers (translator) by Hendrik Berkhof (1962)", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Selected works", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The Christian Pacifism of Karl Barth (1964)", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Selected works", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The Christian Witness to the State (1964)", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Selected works", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Discipleship as Political Responsibility (1964)", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Selected works", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Reinhold Niebuhr and Christian Pacifism (1968)", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Selected works", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Karl Barth and the Problem of War (1970)", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Selected works", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The Original Revolution: Essays on Christian Pacifism (1971)", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Selected works", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Nevertheless: The Varieties and Shortcomings of Religious Pacifism (1971)", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Selected works", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The Politics of Jesus (1972)", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Selected works", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The Legacy of Michael Sattler, editor and translator (1973)", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Selected works", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The Schleitheim Confession, editor and translator (1977)", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Selected works", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Christian Attitudes to War, Peace, and Revolution: A Companion to Bainton (1983)", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Selected works", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "What Would You Do? A Serious Answer to a Standard Question (1983)", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Selected works", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "God's Revolution: The Witness of Eberhard Arnold, editor (1984)", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Selected works", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The Priestly Kingdom: Social Ethics as Gospel (1984)", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Selected works", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "When War Is Unjust: Being Honest In Just-War Thinking (1984)", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Selected works", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " He Came Preaching Peace (1985)", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Selected works", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The Fullness of Christ: Paul's Revolutionary Vision of Universal Ministry (1987)", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Selected works", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The Death Penalty Debate: Two Opposing Views of Capital Punishment (1991)", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Selected works", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "A Declaration of Peace: In God's People the World's Renewal Has Begun (with Douglas Gwyn, George Hunsinger, and Eugene F. Roop) (1991)", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Selected works", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Body Politics: Five Practices of the Christian Community Before the Watching World (1991)", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Selected works", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The Royal Priesthood: Essays Ecclesiological and Ecumenical (1994)", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Selected works", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Authentic Transformation: A New Vision of Christ and Culture (with Glen Stassen and Diane Yeager) (1996)", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Selected works", "target_page_ids": [ 4828586 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 67, 79 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "For the Nations: Essays Evangelical and Public (1997)", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Selected works", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "To Hear the Word (2001)", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Selected works", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Preface to Theology: Christology and Theological Method (2002)", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Selected works", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Karl Barth and the Problem of War, and Other Essays on Barth (2003)", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Selected works", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The Jewish-Christian Schism Revisited (2003)", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Selected works", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Anabaptism and Reformation in Switzerland: An Historical and Theological Analysis of the Dialogues Between Anabaptists and Reformers (2004)", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Selected works", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The War of the Lamb: The Ethics of Nonviolence and Peacemaking (2009)", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Selected works", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Christian Attitudes to War, Peace and Revolution (2009)", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Selected works", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Nonviolence: A Brief History– The Warsaw Lectures (2010)", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Selected works", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Theology of Mission: A Believers Church Perspective (2014)", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Selected works", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "(1988) The Evangelical Round Table: The Sanctity of Life (Volume 3)", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Selected works", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "(1991) Declaration on Peace: In God's People the World's Renewal Has Begun", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Selected works", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "(1997) God's Revolution: Justice, Community, and the Coming Kingdom", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Selected works", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Christian anarchism", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 371351 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 20 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Liberation theology", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 37349 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 20 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " List of peace activists", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 38646474 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 24 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Oak Grove Mennonite Church", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 5235164 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 27 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Peace and conflict studies", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 1546697 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 27 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Peace churches", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 650490 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 15 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Radical Christianity", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 662502 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 21 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Yoder Index. \"A searchable index of the writings of John Howard Yoder\" by John Nugent, Branson Parler, and Jason Vance.", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " by Nathan Hobby with James Patton", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Remembering John Howard Yoder, by Stanley Hauerwas, First Things", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Articles and video of John Howard Yoder, New online articles and video of Yoder, by Jesus Radicals", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "John H. Yoder Reading Room, Online texts by and on Yoder (Tyndale Seminary)", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "John Howard Yoder Digital Collection, Primarily unpublished works by Yoder, (by Goshen College Mennonite Historical Library, Anabaptist Mennonite Biblical Seminary, and Mennonite Church USA Archives)", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] } ]

[ "1927_births", "1997_deaths", "20th-century_American_philosophers", "20th-century_American_theologians", "20th-century_Anabaptists", "20th-century_Protestant_theologians", "Academics_from_Indiana", "Academics_from_Ohio", "American_Christian_pacifists", "American_Christian_theologians", "American_ethicists", "American_Mennonites", "American_sex_offenders", "American_tax_resisters", "Christian_ethicists", "Christian_Peace_Conference_members", "Christian_radicals", "Christians_from_Indiana", "Christians_from_Ohio", "Goshen_College_alumni", "Mennonite_theologians", "Nonviolence_advocates", "Peace_and_conflict_scholars", "People_from_Elkhart,_Indiana", "People_from_Smithville,_Ohio", "University_of_Basel_alumni", "University_of_Notre_Dame_faculty", "Anabaptist_philosophers", "Mennonite_writers" ]

[ "John H. Yoder" ]

[ { "plaintext": "Natsuko Yamamoto (山本奈津子 Yamamoto Natsuko) is a Japanese actress.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "セーラー服百合族 (Seiraafuku yurizoku) (1983)", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Filmography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "セーラー服百合族２ (Seiraafuku yurizoku 2) (1983)", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Filmography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " (1984)", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Filmography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "夕ぐれ族 (Yuugurezoku) (1984)", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Filmography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "不純な関係 (Fujun na kankei) (1984)", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Filmography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "ロリータ妻　微熱 (1984)", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Filmography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "OL百合族 19歳 (OL yurizoku jyukyu sai) (1984)", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Filmography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The Shogunate's Harem (大奥十八景; Ooku jyuhakkei) (1986)", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Filmography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "春らんまん結婚記 (Haruranmen kekkon-ki?) (1987)", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Filmography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "花園の迷宮(1988)", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Filmography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "絶対やせる　電エース　宇宙大怪獣ギララ登場！／宇宙怪獣小進撃！(2007)", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Filmography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Official site (in Japanese)", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "JMDb profile (in Japanese)", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] } ]

[ "Japanese_actresses", "Living_people", "Year_of_birth_missing_(living_people)" ]

[]

[ { "plaintext": "Krister Olofson Stendahl (21 April 1921 – 15 April 2008) was a Swedish theologian and New Testament scholar, and Church of Sweden Bishop of Stockholm. He also served as professor and professor emeritus at Harvard Divinity School.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 5058739, 27968837, 21433, 392707, 70665, 3303393, 1074613 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 63, 70 ], [ 71, 81 ], [ 86, 99 ], [ 100, 107 ], [ 113, 129 ], [ 130, 149 ], [ 205, 228 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Stendahl received his doctorate in New Testament studies from Uppsala University with his dissertation The school of St. Matthew and its use of the Old Testament (1954). He was later Professor at the Divinity School at Harvard University, where he also served as dean, before being elected Bishop of Stockholm in 1984. Stendahl was the second director of the Center for Religious Pluralism at the Shalom Hartman Institute in Jerusalem. After retiring in 1989, he returned to the United States, and was Mellon Professor of Divinity Emeritus at the Harvard Divinity School. He also taught at Brandeis University. Bishop Stendahl was an honorary fellow of the Graduate Theological Foundation. In 1971, Stendahl was awarded an honorary Doctor of Divinity (D.D.) degree from Whittier College.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Life", "target_page_ids": [ 188886, 21433, 31801, 1074613, 18426501, 4092, 26741, 15019640, 16043, 3434750, 1074613, 81223, 38871325, 407681 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 22, 31 ], [ 35, 48 ], [ 62, 80 ], [ 200, 215 ], [ 219, 237 ], [ 290, 296 ], [ 300, 309 ], [ 397, 421 ], [ 425, 434 ], [ 479, 492 ], [ 547, 570 ], [ 590, 609 ], [ 657, 688 ], [ 770, 786 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Stendahl is perhaps most famous for his publication of the article \"The Apostle Paul and the Introspective Conscience of the West\". This article, along with the later publication of the book Paul Among Jews and Gentiles, conveys a new idea in Pauline studies suggesting that scholarship dating all the way back to Augustine may miss the context and thesis of Paul. His main point revolves around the early tension in Christianity between Jewish Christians and Gentile converts. According to Stendahl, the main concern of Paul's writings on Jesus' role, and salvation by faith, is the problem of the inclusion of gentile (Greek) Torah observers into God's covenant. He specifically argues that later interpreters of Paul have assumed a hyper-active conscience when they have begun exegesis of his works. As a result, they have suggested an overly psychological interpretation of the apostle Paul, that Paul himself would most likely not have understood at all for himself.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Life", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Stendahl actively participated in The Villanova University Theology Institute founded by Professor Joseph Papin who directed the Institute and edited its publications between 1967 and 1974.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Life", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Through his interest in the Jewish context of the New Testament, Stendahl developed an interest in Jewish Studies and was active in Jewish–Christian dialogue.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Life", "target_page_ids": [ 1230430, 311005 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 99, 113 ], [ 132, 157 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Stendahl is credited with creating Stendahl's three rules of religious understanding, which he presented in a 1985 press conference in Stockholm, Sweden, in response to vocal opposition to the building of a temple there by The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. His rules are as follows:", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Life", "target_page_ids": [ 5935 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 223, 270 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "When you are trying to understand another religion, you should ask the adherents of that religion and not its enemies.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Life", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Don't compare your best to their worst.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Life", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Leave room for \"holy envy.\" (By this Stendahl meant that you should be willing to recognize elements in the other religious tradition or faith that you admire and wish could, in some way, be reflected in your own religious tradition or faith.)", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Life", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "He died six days before his 87th birthday.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Life", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Stendahl, Krister. The school of St. Matthew, and its use of the Old Testament. Uppsala: C. W. K. Gleerup, Lund, 1954; 2nd ed. 1968.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Selected bibliography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Stendahl, Krister. Scrolls and the New Testament. NY: Harper, 1967; SCM Press, 1958. Reprint ", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Selected bibliography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Stendahl, Krister. The Bible and the Role of Women. Philadilphia: Fortress Press, 1966. ", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Selected bibliography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Runyon, Theodore and Krister Stendahl. What the Spirit is Saying to the Churches: Essays. Hawthorn Books, 1975. ", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Selected bibliography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Stendahl, Krister. Paul Among Jews and Gentiles and Other Essays. Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1976. ", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Selected bibliography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Stendahl, Krister. Meanings: The Bible As Document and As Guide. Fortress Press, 1984. ", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Selected bibliography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Stendahl, Krister. Holy Week Preaching. Philadelphia : Fortress Press, 1985. ", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Selected bibliography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Stendahl, Krister. Final Account: Paul's Letter to the Romans. Augsburg Fortress, 1995. ", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Selected bibliography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Stendahl, Krister. Energy for Life: Reflections on a Theme: \"Come Holy Spirit, Renew the Whole Creation\". Paraclete Press, 1999. ", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Selected bibliography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Nickelsburg, George and George Macrae, eds. Christians Among Jews and Gentiles: Essays in Honor of Krister Stendahl on His 65th Birthday. Fortress Press, 1986. ", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Selected bibliography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Horsley, Richard A., ed. ''Paul and Politics: Ekklesia, Israel, Imperium, Interpretation. Trinity Press, 2000. ", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Selected bibliography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Stendahl, Krister. \"The Role of the Bible in the Theology of the Future,\" The Dynamic in Christian Thought, Villanova Theological Symposium, Volume I, Ed. Joseph Papin (Villanova University Press,1970), pp.44–51.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Selected bibliography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Stendahl, Krister. \"On Earth as it is in Heaven - Dynamics in Christian Eschatology\", The Escaton: A Community of Love, Villanova Theological Symposium, Volume V, Ed. Joseph Papin (Villanova University Press, 1971), pp.57–68.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Selected bibliography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Stendahl, Krister, \"A Letter in Honor of Dr. Papin\", Transcendence and Immanence, Reconstruction in the Light of Process Thinking, Festschrift in Honor of Joseph Papin, ed. Joseph Armenti (The Abbey Press: St. Meinrad, 1972), p.5.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Selected bibliography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "A taped address to the Annual Assembly of the Massachusetts Council of Churches, December 9, 1972 is in the Harvard Divinity School Library at Harvard Divinity School in Cambridge, Massachusetts.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [ 1074613, 5685 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 143, 166 ], [ 170, 194 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Writings of Krister Stendahl, from Harvard Divinity School Faculty Writings File", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Personal reflections about Bishop Stendahl and his ministry", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] } ]

[ "1921_births", "2008_deaths", "Harvard_Divinity_School_faculty", "Swedish_theologians", "Lutheran_bishops_of_Stockholm", "20th-century_Lutheran_bishops", "20th-century_Protestant_theologians" ]

[ "Krister Olofson Stendahl" ]

[ { "plaintext": "Basketball at the 1980 Summer Olympics was the tenth appearance of the sport of basketball as an official Olympic medal event. It was held from July 20 to July 30 at the Olympiiski Indoor Stadium and at the CSKA Sports Palace, both located in Moscow, Russian SFSR, Soviet Union. Finals of men's events were held 30 July at the Olympiiski Indoor Stadium.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 3921, 82785, 2695055, 7439700, 4771163, 19004, 24795561, 26779 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 10 ], [ 18, 38 ], [ 80, 125 ], [ 170, 195 ], [ 207, 225 ], [ 243, 249 ], [ 251, 263 ], [ 265, 277 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Due to the American-led boycott of the 1980 Summer Olympics, the United States and other nations withdrew from the tournament. The 1980 Olympics marked the second time that the United States men's team did not win the gold medal in Olympic basketball; Yugoslavia won gold in the men's tournament and the Soviet Union in the women's competition.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 1958265, 89611, 1438129, 23589833 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 11, 59 ], [ 65, 78 ], [ 253, 263 ], [ 305, 317 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "A NOC may enter up to one men's team with 12 players and up to one women's team with 12 players. Automatic qualifications were granted to the host country for both events, plus the winning team at the 1978 FIBA World Championship and the gold medal winners at the 1976 Summer Olympics. The remaining spots were decided by corresponding continental qualifying tournaments for the men's competition, and in a tournament held months before the Olympic Games in Varna, Bulgaria for the women's event.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Qualification", "target_page_ids": [ 1217591, 12511617, 408698, 86762 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 2, 5 ], [ 201, 229 ], [ 264, 284 ], [ 458, 473 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Withdrew from the tournament.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Qualification", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Replacement teams.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Qualification", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Men's tournament:", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Format", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Three round-robin groups of four teams were formed, where the top two from each one advanced to the final round, and the remaining teams to the classification round.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Format", "target_page_ids": [ 939742 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 7, 18 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Both the final and classification round groups consisted of another round-robin of six teams each where results between teams from the same preliminary group were carried over. The top two teams from the final round competed for the gold medal, while third and fourth places for bronze.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Format", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " With the exception of the first four places, the final standings were decided by the corresponding places in each group.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Format", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Women's tournament:", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Format", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " One round-robin group is formed containing all six teams, where the top two compete for the gold medal, while the third and fourth places compete for the bronze medal in an additional match.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Format", "target_page_ids": [ 939742 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 5, 16 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " The remaining two teams finish with their group rank in the final standings.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Format", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Tie-breaking criteria:", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Format", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Head to head results", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Format", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Goal average (not the goal difference) between the tied teams", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Format", "target_page_ids": [ 961668 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 13 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Goal average of the tied teams for all teams in its group", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Format", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The top two teams from each group advance to the final round group, while the remaining teams compete for 8th through 12th places in the classification group. Hosts Soviet Union and the world champions Yugoslavia advanced undefeated to the final round. Meanwhile, qualification in Group C was closely contested between Italy, Cuba and Australia, which ended up being decided by a third tiebreaker in favor of the first two teams.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Men's tournament", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Results between Poland vs. Senegal, Australia vs. Sweden and Czechoslovakia vs. India were carried over from the preliminary round.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Men's tournament", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The first two places in the final round compete for the gold medal, while the third and fourth places compete for the bronze. The remaining teams' group ranking determines their positions in the final standings. The host nation failed to compete for the gold in spite of finishing the preliminary round undefeated, due to losses against the other two group leaders Yugoslavia and especially Italy, since the result from that match served as tiebreaker, giving the latter a passport to the gold medal match. The Soviet Union then won the bronze against Spain. Yugoslavia earned their first gold medal in men's basketball at this Olympic Games.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Men's tournament", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Results from Yugoslavia vs. Spain, Italy vs. Cuba and Soviet Union vs. Brazil were carried over from the preliminary round.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Men's tournament", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The women's tournament was decided in a round robin group with all six teams. The first two places competed for the gold medal, while the third and fourth places for the bronze. The remaining teams retain their group ranks for the final standings. The host nation finished the group phase undefeated and won the gold against Bulgaria. Yugoslavia would go on to win the bronze medal against Hungary.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Women's tournament", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Basketball at the 1980 Summer Olympics – Men's team rosters", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 57894946 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 60 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Basketball at the 1980 Summer Olympics – Women's team rosters", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 57906721 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 62 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "1980 Olympic Games: Tournament for Men, FIBA Archive.", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "References", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "1980 Olympic Games: Tournament for Women, FIBA Archive.", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "References", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Men Basketball Olympic Games Moscow (URS) 1980 – 20–30.07 todor66.com.", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "References", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Women Basketball Olympic Games Moskva (URS) 1980 – 20–30.07 todor66.com.", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "References", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] } ]

[ "Basketball_at_the_1980_Summer_Olympics", "Basketball_at_the_Summer_Olympics", "1980_Summer_Olympics_events", "1980_in_basketball", "International_basketball_competitions_hosted_by_the_Soviet_Union" ]

[]

[ { "plaintext": "The 2001 FIFA Confederations Cup was the fifth FIFA Confederations Cup and the third to be organised by FIFA. It was also the first in which the original hosts, Saudi Arabia, did not participate (they were the nation who founded the tournament, previously known as the King Fahd Cup). The tournament was played from 30 May to 10 June 2001, and co-hosted by South Korea and Japan, who were also hosts for the 2002 FIFA World Cup finals. It was won by France, beating hosts Japan 1–0, with a goal from Patrick Vieira.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 592115, 11049, 1032359, 52622, 250197, 993546, 229730 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 47, 70 ], [ 104, 108 ], [ 161, 173 ], [ 408, 427 ], [ 450, 456 ], [ 472, 477 ], [ 500, 514 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "By winning the tournament, France became the second team to simultaneously be World Cup champions, continental champions and Confederations Cup winners, after Brazil in 1997.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 149286 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 159, 165 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The eight teams were split into two groups of four, in which each team plays each of the others once, with the top two in each group advancing to the semi-finals.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Africa", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Match referees", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Gamal Al-Ghandour", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Match referees", "target_page_ids": [ 9140878 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 18 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Felix Tangawarima", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Match referees", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Asia", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Match referees", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Ali Bujsaim", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Match referees", "target_page_ids": [ 9139971 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 12 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Lu Jun", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Match referees", "target_page_ids": [ 10779640 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 7 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Europe", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Match referees", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Hugh Dallas", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Match referees", "target_page_ids": [ 5565981 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 12 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Hellmut Krug", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Match referees", "target_page_ids": [ 8129132 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 13 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Kim Milton Nielsen", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Match referees", "target_page_ids": [ 2613543 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 19 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "North America, Central America and Caribbean", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Match referees", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Benito Archundia", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Match referees", "target_page_ids": [ 5562902 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 17 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Carlos Batres", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Match referees", "target_page_ids": [ 8920322 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 14 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Oceania", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Match referees", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Simon Micallef", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Match referees", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "South America", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Match referees", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Byron Moreno", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Match referees", "target_page_ids": [ 1975092 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 13 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Óscar Ruiz", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Match referees", "target_page_ids": [ 5589741 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 11 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "A total of 31 goals were scored by 24 different players. None of them are credited as an own goal.", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Statistics", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "2 goals", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Statistics", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Shaun Murphy", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Statistics", "target_page_ids": [ 5274257 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 13 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Eric Carrière", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Statistics", "target_page_ids": [ 5284807 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 14 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Robert Pires", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Statistics", "target_page_ids": [ 553772 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 13 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Patrick Vieira", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Statistics", "target_page_ids": [ 229730 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 15 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Sylvain Wiltord", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Statistics", "target_page_ids": [ 1460156 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 16 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Takayuki Suzuki", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Statistics", "target_page_ids": [ 1478068 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 16 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Hwang Sun-hong", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Statistics", "target_page_ids": [ 3565374 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 15 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "1 goal", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Statistics", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Josip Skoko", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Statistics", "target_page_ids": [ 2553988 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 12 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Clayton Zane", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Statistics", "target_page_ids": [ 2792752 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 13 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Washington", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Statistics", "target_page_ids": [ 5757618 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 11 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Carlos Miguel", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Statistics", "target_page_ids": [ 24096510 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 14 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Ramon", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Statistics", "target_page_ids": [ 11813208 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 6 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Bernard Tchoutang", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Statistics", "target_page_ids": [ 8097244 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 18 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Patrick M'Boma", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Statistics", "target_page_ids": [ 1386195 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 15 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Steve Marlet", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Statistics", "target_page_ids": [ 3317878 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 13 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Nicolas Anelka", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Statistics", "target_page_ids": [ 1053227 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 15 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Youri Djorkaeff", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Statistics", "target_page_ids": [ 1028629 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 16 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Marcel Desailly", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Statistics", "target_page_ids": [ 413244 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 16 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Shinji Ono", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Statistics", "target_page_ids": [ 500694 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 11 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Akinori Nishizawa", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Statistics", "target_page_ids": [ 5321864 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 18 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Hiroaki Morishima", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Statistics", "target_page_ids": [ 5321709 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 18 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Hidetoshi Nakata", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Statistics", "target_page_ids": [ 222889 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 17 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Yoo Sang-chul", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Statistics", "target_page_ids": [ 1385024 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 14 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Víctor Ruiz", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Statistics", "target_page_ids": [ 29966436 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 12 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "FIFA Confederations Cup Korea/Japan 2001, FIFA.com", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "2001 FIFA Confederations Cup Official Site (Archived)", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "FIFA Technical Report", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Regulations", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] } ]

[ "2001_FIFA_Confederations_Cup", "FIFA_Confederations_Cup_tournaments", "International_association_football_competitions_hosted_by_South_Korea", "International_association_football_competitions_hosted_by_Japan", "2001_in_Japanese_football", "2001_in_South_Korean_football", "2001_in_Australian_soccer", "Brazil_at_the_2001_FIFA_Confederations_Cup", "2000–01_in_French_football", "2000–01_in_Mexican_football", "2001_in_Canadian_soccer", "2001_in_Cameroonian_football", "May_2001_sports_events_in_Asia", "June_2001_sports_events_in_Asia", "2001_in_association_football" ]

[ "FIFA Confederations Cup 2001", "2017 FIFA Confederations Cup" ]

[ { "plaintext": "Albert Maurice Hackett (February 16, 1900 – March 16, 1995) was an American actor, dramatist and screenwriter most noted for his collaborations with his partner and wife Frances Goodrich.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 39262, 53016, 1448004 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 83, 92 ], [ 97, 109 ], [ 170, 186 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Hackett was born in New York City, the son of actress Florence Hackett (née Hart) and Maurice Hackett. He attended Professional Children's School and started out as a child actor, appearing on stage and in films. His brother was actor Raymond Hackett. Their stepfather was the early film actor Arthur V. Johnson, who married their mother Florence around 1910. His sister-in-law was Blanche Sweet, Raymond's second wife.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Early years", "target_page_ids": [ 645042, 34349807, 1691417, 30731768, 3957669, 2692224 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 20, 33 ], [ 54, 70 ], [ 115, 145 ], [ 235, 250 ], [ 294, 311 ], [ 382, 395 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Hackett acted in many films, including Anne of Green Gables (1919). His Broadway credits as a performer include Mr. and Mrs. North (1941), Up Pops the Devil (1930), Mirrors (1928), Off-Key (1927), Twelve Miles Out (1925), The Nervous Wreck (1923), Up the Ladder (1922), Just a Woman (1914) and The Happy Marriage (1909). His Broadway credits as a writer include The Diary of Anne Frank (1955 and 1997), The Great Big Doorstep (1942), Bridal Wise (1932), Everybody's Welcome (1931) and Up Pops the Devil (1930).", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Career", "target_page_ids": [ 3344052 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 39, 59 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Soon after marrying screenwriter Frances Goodrich, the couple moved to Hollywood in the late 1920s to write the screenplay for their stage success Up Pops the Devil for Paramount Pictures. In 1933, they signed a contract with MGM and remained with the studio until 1939. Among their earliest assignments was writing the screenplay for The Thin Man (1934). They were encouraged by director W. S. Van Dyke to use the writing of Dashiell Hammett as a basis only and to concentrate on providing witty exchanges for the principal characters, Nick and Nora Charles (played by William Powell and Myrna Loy). The resulting film became one of the year's major hits, and the script, considered to show a modern relationship in a realistic manner for the first time, was considered groundbreaking, although it preceded enforcement of the Motion Picture Production Code.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Career", "target_page_ids": [ 1448004, 53849, 22918, 58819, 61175, 21554680, 736184, 144853, 144860, 13699021, 147369, 167816 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 33, 49 ], [ 71, 80 ], [ 169, 187 ], [ 226, 229 ], [ 335, 347 ], [ 380, 388 ], [ 389, 403 ], [ 426, 442 ], [ 537, 558 ], [ 570, 584 ], [ 589, 598 ], [ 827, 857 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Hacketts received Academy Award for Screenplay nominations for The Thin Man, After the Thin Man (1936), Father of the Bride (1950) and Seven Brides for Seven Brothers (1955). They won Writers Guild of America awards for Easter Parade (1949), Father's Little Dividend (1951), Seven Brides for Seven Brothers (1954) and The Diary of Anne Frank (1959), and were nominated for In the Good Old Summertime (1949), Father of the Bride (1950) and The Long, Long Trailer (1954). They also won a Pulitzer Prize for Drama and the New York Drama Critics' Circle award for their original play The Diary of Anne Frank. Some of their other films include Another Thin Man (1939) and It's a Wonderful Life (1946).", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Recognition", "target_page_ids": [ 61845, 144637, 80944, 60174, 253561, 918091, 3880325, 242821, 3535920, 2268241, 48716, 8548239, 7900445, 144640, 60164 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 22, 50 ], [ 81, 99 ], [ 108, 127 ], [ 139, 170 ], [ 188, 212 ], [ 224, 237 ], [ 246, 270 ], [ 322, 345 ], [ 377, 403 ], [ 443, 465 ], [ 490, 514 ], [ 523, 553 ], [ 584, 607 ], [ 643, 659 ], [ 671, 692 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "{| class=\"wikitable\"", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Filmography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "|-", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Filmography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "! Year", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Filmography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "! Title", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Filmography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "! Role", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Filmography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "! Notes", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Filmography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "|-", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Filmography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "|1912|| My Princess || Davey || Short", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Filmography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "|-", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Filmography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "|1912|| A College Girl || Tommy - Jean's Brother || Short", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Filmography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "|-", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Filmography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "|1912|| In After Years || Little Roy Wilson || Short", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Filmography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "|-", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Filmography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "|1912|| The Violin's Message || Bennie Vane - Blossom's Younger Brother || Short", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Filmography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "|-", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Filmography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "|1912|| The Wooden Bowl || The Grandson || Short", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Filmography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "|-", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Filmography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "|1912|| The Spoiled Child || Albert Harrold - the Younger Son || Short", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Filmography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "|-", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Filmography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "|1912|| Just Pretending || Albert Mills - the Little Boy || Short", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Filmography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "|-", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Filmography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "|1912|| Two Boys || Albert Manning || Short", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Filmography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "|-", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Filmography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "|1913|| Annie Rowley's Fortune || Annie's 2nd Brother || Short", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Filmography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "|-", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Filmography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "|1913|| The School Principal || Tommy Moriarty || Short", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Filmography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "|-", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Filmography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "|1913|| The Yarn of the 'Nancy Belle''' || Child || Short", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Filmography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "|-", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Filmography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "|1914|| The Lost Child || The Little Boy || Short", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Filmography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "|-", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Filmography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "|1914|| Codes of Honor || Robert Bowditch as a boy (uncredited) || Short", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Filmography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "|-", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Filmography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "|1914|| The Lie || Bobbie Phillips - the Little Boy || Short", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Filmography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "|-", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Filmography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "|1914|| A Prince of Peace || || Short", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Filmography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "|-", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Filmography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "|1914|| The House Party || Jack Carstairs - Son || Short", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Filmography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "|-", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Filmography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "|1915|| Black Fear || George Martindale ||", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Filmography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "|-", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Filmography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "|1918|| The Venus Model || Boy ||", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Filmography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "|-", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Filmography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "|1919|| Come Out of the Kitchen || Charles Daingerfield ||", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Filmography", "target_page_ids": [ 40936988 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 8, 31 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "|-", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Filmography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "|1919|| The Career of Katherine Bush || Bert Bush ||", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Filmography", "target_page_ids": [ 43801853 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 8, 36 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "|-", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Filmography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "|1919|| Anne of Green Gables || Robert ||", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Filmography", "target_page_ids": [ 3344052 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 8, 28 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "|-", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Filmography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "|1920|| Away Goes Prudence || Jimmie Ryan ||", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Filmography", "target_page_ids": [ 32980634 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 8, 26 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "|-", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Filmography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "|1920|| The Good-Bad Wife || Leigh Carter ||", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Filmography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "|-", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Filmography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "|1921|| Molly O || Billy O'Dair ||", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Filmography", "target_page_ids": [ 14963701 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 8, 15 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "|-", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Filmography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "|1922|| The Country Flapper || Hopp Jumpp ||", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Filmography", "target_page_ids": [ 58387336 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 8, 27 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "|-", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Filmography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "|1922|| A Woman's Woman || Kenneth Plummer ||", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Filmography", "target_page_ids": [ 66010280 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 8, 23 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "|-", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Filmography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "|1922|| The Darling of the Rich || Fred Winship ||", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Filmography", "target_page_ids": [ 60846978 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 8, 31 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "|-", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Filmography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "|1930|| Whoopee! || Chester Underwood ||", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Filmography", "target_page_ids": [ 10294220 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 8, 16 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "|}", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Filmography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Holmstrom, John. The Moving Picture Boy: An International Encyclopaedia from 1895 to 1995'', Norwich, Michael Russell, 1996, p.16.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "References", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] } ]

[ "1900_births", "1995_deaths", "American_male_screenwriters", "Pulitzer_Prize_for_Drama_winners", "20th-century_American_dramatists_and_playwrights", "American_male_dramatists_and_playwrights", "20th-century_American_male_writers", "20th-century_American_male_actors", "American_male_stage_actors", "American_male_film_actors", "American_male_silent_film_actors", "American_male_child_actors", "Male_actors_from_New_York_City", "20th-century_American_screenwriters" ]

[ "Albert Maurice Hackett" ]

[ { "plaintext": "Frances Goodrich (December 21, 1890 – January 29, 1984) was an American actress, dramatist, and screenwriter, best known for her collaborations with her partner and husband Albert Hackett. She received the Pulitzer Prize for Drama with her husband in 1956 for The Diary of Anne Frank which had premiered the previous year.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 1447999, 48716, 7900445 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 173, 187 ], [ 206, 230 ], [ 260, 283 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Goodrich was born in Belleville, New Jersey, the daughter of Madeleine Christy (née Lloyd) and Henry Wickes Goodrich. The family moved to nearby Nutley, New Jersey when Goodrich was two. She attended Collegiate School in Passaic, New Jersey, and graduated from Vassar College in 1912, and attended the New York School of Social Work from 1912 to 1913. She married actor Robert Ames in 1917 (divorced 1923), writer Hendrik Willem van Loon in 1927 (divorced 1930), and writer Albert Hackett in 1931. Goodrich and Hackett remained married until she died. Goodrich was Jewish.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Personal life", "target_page_ids": [ 4455558, 252991, 1170604, 21040298, 400770, 1447999, 1131183 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 200, 217 ], [ 261, 275 ], [ 302, 332 ], [ 370, 381 ], [ 414, 437 ], [ 474, 488 ], [ 565, 571 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Muckraking writer Henry Demarest Lloyd was Goodrich's uncle.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Personal life", "target_page_ids": [ 15653433 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 18, 38 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Soon after she left the New York School of Social Work, Goodrich began the acting portion of her career at the Players Club in New York City. From there she went to Northampton, Massachusetts, where she acted in stock theater. Her acting credits on Broadway included Perkins (1918), Daddy Long Legs (1918), Fashions for Men (1922), Queen Victoria (1923), A Good Bad Woman (1925), Skin Deep (1927), and Excess Baggage (1927).", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Career", "target_page_ids": [ 9240113 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 111, 123 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Not long after marrying Hackett, the couple settled in Hollywood in the late 1920s to write the screenplay for their stage success Up Pops the Devil for Paramount Pictures. In 1933, they signed a contract with MGM and remained with them until 1939. Among their early assignments was writing the screenplay for The Thin Man (1934). They were encouraged by director W.S. Van Dyke to use the writing of Dashiell Hammett as a basis only and to concentrate on providing witty exchanges for the principal characters, Nick and Nora Charles (played by William Powell and Myrna Loy). The resulting film was one of the major hits of the year, and the script was considered to show a modern relationship in a realistic manner for the first time.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Career", "target_page_ids": [ 22918, 58819, 61175, 736184, 144853, 144860, 13699021, 147369 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 153, 171 ], [ 210, 213 ], [ 310, 322 ], [ 364, 377 ], [ 400, 416 ], [ 511, 532 ], [ 544, 558 ], [ 563, 572 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The couple received Academy Award for Screenplay nominations for The Thin Man, After the Thin Man (1936), Father of the Bride (1950) and Seven Brides for Seven Brothers (1955). They won Writers Guild of America awards for Easter Parade (1949), Father's Little Dividend (1951), Seven Brides for Seven Brothers (1954), and The Diary of Anne Frank (1959), as well as nominations for In the Good Old Summertime (1949), Father of the Bride (1950) and The Long, Long Trailer (1954). They also won a Pulitzer Prize for Drama for their play The Diary of Anne Frank. Some of their other films include: Another Thin Man (1939) and It's a Wonderful Life (1946).", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Career", "target_page_ids": [ 61845, 144637, 80944, 60174, 253561, 918091, 3880325, 242821, 3535920, 2268241, 48716, 7900445, 144640, 60164 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 20, 48 ], [ 79, 97 ], [ 106, 125 ], [ 137, 168 ], [ 186, 210 ], [ 222, 235 ], [ 244, 268 ], [ 321, 344 ], [ 380, 406 ], [ 446, 468 ], [ 493, 517 ], [ 533, 556 ], [ 593, 609 ], [ 621, 642 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Goodrich died from lung cancer on January 29, 1984 at the age of 93 in New York City.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Death", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] } ]

[ "1890_births", "1984_deaths", "American_women_screenwriters", "Deaths_from_cancer_in_New_York_(state)", "Deaths_from_lung_cancer", "People_from_Belleville,_New_Jersey", "People_from_Nutley,_New_Jersey", "Pulitzer_Prize_for_Drama_winners", "Vassar_College_alumni", "Columbia_University_alumni", "Columbia_University_School_of_Social_Work_alumni", "American_women_dramatists_and_playwrights", "20th-century_American_dramatists_and_playwrights", "20th-century_American_women_writers", "Screenwriters_from_New_Jersey", "Tony_Award_winners", "Jewish_American_screenwriters", "20th-century_American_screenwriters", "20th-century_American_Jews", "20th-century_American_actresses", "American_stage_actresses", "Broadway_theatre_people" ]

[]

[ { "plaintext": "Falsterbo Canal () is a short canal that allows ships to pass inside Falsterbo, Skanör and Ljunghusen from the Baltic to the Öresund. Falsterbo, Skanör and Ljunghusen lie on the Skanör-Falsterbo peninsula (now essentially an island which is called \"Näset\").", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 2659789, 2659791, 6529303, 3335, 55268, 1109506 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 69, 78 ], [ 80, 86 ], [ 91, 101 ], [ 111, 117 ], [ 125, 132 ], [ 178, 194 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "During the Second World War when the Germans mined extensively outside Falsterbonäset at the Falsterborev (Falsterbo reef) in 1939, Sweden concluded that a canal was needed between Höllviken and Ljunghusen to allow safe passage of coastal traffic. The canal was completed, allowing ship passage on August 1, 1941. ", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 32927, 21212 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 11, 27 ], [ 37, 44 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "There had been previous attempts at canals in this location; in 1884 Mårten Dahn proposed to the Parliament of Sweden that he would build a canal to allow ships to pass here. In 1896 fishermen in Skanör actually began to construct a canal here, but gave up due because of the difficulty of the task.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 158651 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 97, 117 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The canal contains a sluice that can shut in order to prevent high currents through the canal when the difference in water level between the seas is large. On the north mouth of the canal there is a harbour which is well suited for small boats. Today no heavy traffic passes through the canal and it is practically a passage and harbour for small craft. ", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 316061 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 21, 27 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In earlier times the bridge over the canal opened upon demand at the judgment of the canal master, but in later years it is only opened following a fixed schedule.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "During the Second World War, the canal was at times used by Danes fleeing to Sweden. The ferry between Copenhagen and Rønne on the Danish island Bornholm passed through the canal, and while waiting at the sluice, people would use the opportunity to jump to safety on Swedish territory.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 32927, 419786, 5166, 144286, 3776 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 11, 27 ], [ 60, 65 ], [ 103, 113 ], [ 118, 123 ], [ 145, 153 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Information from the municipality", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Press release about the canal", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] } ]

[ "Canals_in_Sweden", "Canals_opened_in_1941" ]

[]

[ { "plaintext": "Robert Stanley \"Bob\" Barton (February 13, 1925 – January 28, 2009) was the chief architect of the Burroughs B5000 and other computers such as the B1700, a co-inventor of dataflow architecture, and an influential professor at the University of Utah.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 4524, 332693, 1416356, 1325032, 32097 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 98, 107 ], [ 108, 113 ], [ 146, 151 ], [ 170, 191 ], [ 229, 247 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "His students at Utah have had a large role in the development of computer science.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Barton designed machines at a more abstract level, not tied to the technology constraints of the time. He employed high-level languages and a stack machine in his design of the B5000 computer. Its design survives in the modern Unisys Burroughs MCP. His work with stack machine architectures was the first implementation in a mainframe computer.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 510078, 61274, 966244, 510078, 20266 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 142, 155 ], [ 227, 233 ], [ 234, 247 ], [ 263, 276 ], [ 325, 343 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Barton died on January 28, 2009, in Portland, Oregon, at age of 83.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 23503 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 36, 52 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Barton was born in New Britain, Connecticut in 1925 and received his BA in 1948, and his MS in 1949 in Mathematics, from the University of Iowa. His early experience with computers was when he worked in the IBM Applied Science Department in 1951.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Career", "target_page_ids": [ 256932, 241119, 40379651 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 19, 43 ], [ 125, 143 ], [ 207, 210 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 1954, he joined the Shell Oil Company Technical Services, working on programming applications. He worked at Shell Development, a research group in Texas where he worked with a Burroughs/Datatron 205 computer. In 1958, he studied Irving Copi and Jan Łukasiewicz's work on symbolic logic and Polish notation, and considered its application to arithmetic expression processing on a computer.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Career", "target_page_ids": [ 468593, 55475782, 4352005, 305064, 25056 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 23, 40 ], [ 179, 201 ], [ 232, 243 ], [ 248, 263 ], [ 293, 308 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Barton joined Burroughs Corporation, ElectroData Division, in Pasadena, California in the late 1950s. He managed a system programming group in 1959 which developed a compiler named BALGOL for the language ALGOL 58 on the Burroughs 220 computer.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Career", "target_page_ids": [ 4524, 92408, 5739, 944870, 55475782 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 14, 35 ], [ 62, 82 ], [ 166, 174 ], [ 205, 213 ], [ 221, 234 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 1960, he became a consultant for Beckman Instruments working on data collection from satellite systems, for Lockheed Corporation working on satellite systems and organizing of data processing services, and for Burroughs continuing to work on the design concepts of the B5000.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Career", "target_page_ids": [ 1255677, 50042 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 36, 55 ], [ 111, 131 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "After an assignment in Australia in 1963 for Control Data Corporation, he returned in 1965 to join the Computer Science staff of the Department of Electrical Engineering at the University of Utah where, from 1968 to 1973, his colleagues included David C. Evans, Ivan Sutherland, and Thomas Stockham. His Ph.D. students at the University of Utah were Duane Call, cofounder of Computer System Architects; Alan Ashton, cofounder of WordPerfect; and Al Davis, University of Utah professor of computer science. Other Utah students that he influenced included: Alan Kay, James H. Clark cofounder of Silicon Graphics, John Warnock, cofounder of Adobe Systems, Ed Catmull of Pixar, Henri Gouraud (Gouraud shading) and Bui Tuong Phong (Phong shading).", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Career", "target_page_ids": [ 58032, 32097, 1352651, 78122, 2413931, 3493143, 33767, 21694389, 1449, 98668, 28013, 208594, 1955, 174051, 78969, 307473, 55913, 1858859, 171645 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 45, 69 ], [ 177, 195 ], [ 246, 260 ], [ 262, 277 ], [ 283, 298 ], [ 403, 414 ], [ 429, 440 ], [ 446, 454 ], [ 555, 563 ], [ 565, 579 ], [ 593, 609 ], [ 611, 623 ], [ 638, 651 ], [ 653, 663 ], [ 667, 672 ], [ 674, 687 ], [ 689, 704 ], [ 710, 725 ], [ 727, 740 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "After 1973, he devoted his full-time to Burroughs Systems Research in La Jolla, San Diego, California, working on new computer architectures and systems programming.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Career", "target_page_ids": [ 165081 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 70, 101 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " IEEE 1977 W. Wallace McDowell Award Recipient. “For his innovative architectural computer concepts, such as stack processing, data stored with self-describing tags, and the direct execution of higher level languages, as embodied in the B-5000 and successor machines”", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Awards", "target_page_ids": [ 12764701 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 11, 36 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Barton was the first recipient of the ACM/IEEE Computer Society Eckert–Mauchly Award in 1979: For his outstanding contributions in basing the design of computing systems on the hierarchical nature of programs and their data.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Awards", "target_page_ids": [ 4466513 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 65, 85 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Charter Computer Pioneer by the IEEE Computer Society for his work in Language Directed Architecture.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Awards", "target_page_ids": [ 56938 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 33, 37 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "\"Systems programmers are the high priests of a low cult.\" (1967)", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Quotes", "target_page_ids": [ 2490371 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 47, 55 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " \"Robert S. Barton: IEEE 1977 W. Wallace McDowell Award Recipient\"", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "References", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Waychoff, Richard, \"Stories about the B5000 and people who were there\", April 9, 1979", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " The Early History of Smalltalk by Alan C. Kay", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " History of the School of Computing – University of Utah", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " History of the College of Engineering – University of Utah (see pp.52, 63)", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " A Critical Review of the State of the Programming Art", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] } ]

[ "Computer_hardware_engineers", "Burroughs_Corporation_people", "1925_births", "2009_deaths", "University_of_Iowa_alumni", "University_of_Utah_faculty", "Unisys" ]

[ "Robert Stanley Barton", "Bob Barton" ]

[ { "plaintext": "Telecom Development Company Afghanistan (TDCA) is a telecommunications consortium in Afghanistan. Its projects include Roshan (telco), the brand name for their GSM services. The consortium is led by Aga Khan Fund for Economic Development and consists of Monaco Telecom International and Telia Company. ", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 33094374, 286537, 737, 14890632, 18950900, 12808, 14203955, 34924471, 30004 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 52, 69 ], [ 71, 81 ], [ 85, 96 ], [ 119, 133 ], [ 139, 149 ], [ 160, 163 ], [ 199, 237 ], [ 254, 282 ], [ 287, 300 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Communications in Afghanistan", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 6684 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 29 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Roshan (telco)", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 14890632 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 14 ] ] } ]

[ "Telecommunications_companies_of_Afghanistan" ]

[]

[ { "plaintext": "The Burroughs B6x00-7x00 instruction set includes the set of valid operations for the Burroughs B6500, ", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "B7500 and later Burroughs large systems, including the current (as of 2006) Unisys Clearpath/MCP systems; it does not include the instruction for other Burroughs large systems including the B5000, B5500, B5700 and the B8500. These unique machines have a distinctive design and instruction set. Each word of data is associated with a type, and the effect of an operation on that word can depend on the type. Further, the machines are stack based to the point that they had no user-addressable registers.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 332693, 61274, 1613344 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 16, 39 ], [ 76, 82 ], [ 299, 303 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "As you would expect from the unique architecture used in these systems, they also have an interesting instruction set. Programs are made up of 8-bit syllables, which may be Name Call, be Value Call or form an operator, which may be from one to twelve syllables in length. There are less than 200 operators, all of which fit into 8-bit syllables. If we ignore the powerful string scanning, transfer, and edit operators, the basic set is only about 120 operators. If we remove the operators reserved for the operating system such as MVST and HALT, the set of operators commonly used by user-level programs is less than 100. The Name Call and Value Call syllables contain AddressCouples; the Operator syllables either use no addresses or use control words and descriptors on the stack.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Overview", "target_page_ids": [ 47772, 50627334, 860030 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 102, 117 ], [ 143, 157 ], [ 296, 305 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Since there are no programmer-addressable registers, most of the register manipulating operations required in other architectures are not needed, nor are variants for performing operations between pairs of registers, since all operations are applied to the top of the stack. This also makes code files very compact, since operators are zero-address and do not need to include the address of registers or memory locations in the code stream. Some of the code density was due to moving vital operand information elsewhere, to 'tags' on every data word or into tables of pointers. Many of the operators are generic or polymorphic depending on the kind of data being acted on as given by the tag. The generic opcodes required fewer opcode bits but made the hardware more like an interpreter, with less opportunity to pipeline the common cases.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Overview", "target_page_ids": [ 486432, 1718105, 261811 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 206, 215 ], [ 268, 273 ], [ 615, 626 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "For example, the instruction set has only one ADD operator. It had to fetch the operand to discover whether this was an integer add or floating point add. Typical architectures require multiple operators for each data type, for example add.i, add.f, add.d, add.l for integer, float, double, and long data types. The architecture only distinguishes single and double precision numbers integers are just reals with a zero exponent. When one or both of the operands has a tag of 2, a double precision add is performed, otherwise tag 0 indicates single precision. Thus the tag itself is the equivalent of the operator .i, .f, .d, and .l extension. This also means that the code and data can never be mismatched.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Overview", "target_page_ids": [ 14563, 99491, 22656 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 385, 393 ], [ 421, 429 ], [ 455, 463 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Two operators are important in the handling of on-stack data Value Call (VALC) and Name Call (NAMC). These are two-bit operators, 00 being VALC and 01 being NAMC. The following six bits of the syllable, concatenated with the following syllable, provide the address couple. Thus VALC covers syllable values 0000 to 3FFF and NAMC 4000 to 7FFF.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Overview", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "VALC is another polymorphic operator. If it hits a data word, that word is loaded to the top of stack. If it hits an IRW, that is followed, possibly in a chain of IRWs until a data word is found. If a PCW is found, then a function is entered to compute the value and the VALC does not complete until the function returns.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Overview", "target_page_ids": [ 1718105 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 96, 101 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "NAMC simply loads the address couple onto the top of the stack as an IRW (with the tag automatically set to 1).", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Overview", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Static branches (BRUN, BRFL, and BRTR) used two additional syllables of offset. Thus arithmetic operations occupied one syllable, addressing operations (NAMC and VALC) occupied two, branches three, and long literals (LT48) five. As a result, code was much denser (had better entropy) than a conventional RISC architecture in which each operation occupies four bytes. Better code density meant fewer instruction cache misses and hence better performance running large-scale code.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Overview", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "In the following operator explanations remember that A and B are the top two stack registers. Double precision extensions are provided by the X and Y registers; thus the top two double precision operands are given by AX and BY. (Mostly AX and BY is implied by just A and B.)", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Overview", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Add top two stack operands (B := B + A or BY := BY + AX if double precision)", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Arithmetic operators", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Subtract (B - A)", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Arithmetic operators", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Multiply with single or double precision result", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Arithmetic operators", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Extended multiply with forced double precision result", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Arithmetic operators", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Divide with real result", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Arithmetic operators", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Divide with integer result", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Arithmetic operators", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Return remainder after division", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Arithmetic operators", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Integerize truncated", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Arithmetic operators", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Integerize rounded", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Arithmetic operators", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Integerize rounded with double precision result", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Arithmetic operators", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Change sign", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Arithmetic operators", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Join two singles to form a double", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Arithmetic operators", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Split a double to form two singles", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Arithmetic operators", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Input convert destructive convert BCD number to binary (for COBOL)", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Arithmetic operators", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Input convert update convert BCD number to binary (for COBOL)", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Arithmetic operators", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Set to single precision rounded", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Arithmetic operators", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Set to single precision truncated", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Arithmetic operators", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Set to double precision", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Arithmetic operators", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Pack destructive", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Arithmetic operators", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Pack update", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Arithmetic operators", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Unpack signed destructive", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Arithmetic operators", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Unpack signed update", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Arithmetic operators", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Unpack absolute destructive", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Arithmetic operators", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Unpack, absolute update", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Arithmetic operators", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Set external sign", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Arithmetic operators", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Read and clear overflow flip flop", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Arithmetic operators", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Read true/false flip flop", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Arithmetic operators", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Is B < A?", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Comparison operators", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Is B >= A?", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Comparison operators", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Is B > A?", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Comparison operators", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Is B <= A?", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Comparison operators", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Is B = A?", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Comparison operators", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Is B <> A?", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Comparison operators", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Does B have the same bit pattern as A, including the tag", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Comparison operators", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Logical bitwise and of all bits in operands", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Logical operators", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Logical bitwise or of all bits in operands", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Logical operators", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Logical bitwise complement of all bits in operand", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Logical operators", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Logical bitwise equivalence of all bits in operands", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Logical operators", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Branch unconditional (offset given by following code syllables)", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Branch and call operators", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Dynamic branch unconditional (offset given in top of stack)", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Branch and call operators", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Branch if last result false (offset given by following code syllables)", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Branch and call operators", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Dynamic branch if last result false (offset given in top of stack)", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Branch and call operators", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Branch if last result true (offset given by following code syllables)", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Branch and call operators", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Dynamic branch if last result true (offset given in top of stack)", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Branch and call operators", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Exit current environment (terminate process)", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Branch and call operators", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Step and branch (used in loops; operand must be SIW)", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Branch and call operators", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Execute a procedure call as given by a tag 7 PCW, resulting in an RCW at D[n] + 1", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Branch and call operators", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Return from current routine to place given by RCW at D[n] + 1 and remove the stack frame", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Branch and call operators", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Bit set (bit number given by syllable following instruction)", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Bit and field operators", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Dynamic bit set (bit number given by contents of B)", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Bit and field operators", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Bit reset (bit number given by syllable following instruction)", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Bit and field operators", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Dynamic bit reset (bit number given by contents of B)", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Bit and field operators", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Field isolate (field given in syllables following instruction)", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Bit and field operators", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Dynamic field isolate (field given in top of stack words)", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Bit and field operators", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Field transfer (field given in syllables following instruction)", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Bit and field operators", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Dynamic field transfer (field given in top of stack words)", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Bit and field operators", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Field insert (field given in syllables following instruction)", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Bit and field operators", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Dynamic field insert (field given in top of stack words)", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Bit and field operators", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Count binary ones in the top of stack word (A or AX)", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Bit and field operators", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Scale left", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Bit and field operators", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Dynamic scale left", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Bit and field operators", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Scale right", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Bit and field operators", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Dynamic scale right", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Bit and field operators", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Scale right save", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Bit and field operators", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Dynamic scale right save", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Bit and field operators", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Scale right final", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Bit and field operators", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Dynamic scale right final", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Bit and field operators", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Scale right round", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Bit and field operators", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Dynamic scale right round", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Bit and field operators", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Load following code word onto top of stack", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Literal operators", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Set top of stack to following 16 bits in code stream", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Literal operators", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Set top of stack to following code syllable", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Literal operators", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Shortcut for LT48 0", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Literal operators", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Shortcut for LT48 1", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Literal operators", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Index create a pointer (copy descriptor) from a base (MOM) descriptor", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Descriptor operators", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Index and load name (resulting in an indexed descriptor)", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Descriptor operators", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Index and load value (resulting in a data value)", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Descriptor operators", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Evaluate descriptor (follow address chain until data word or another descriptor found)", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Descriptor operators", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Push down stack register", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Stack operators", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Pop top of stack", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Stack operators", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Exchange top two words of stack", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Stack operators", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Rotate stack up (top three words)", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Stack operators", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Rotate stack down (top three words)", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Stack operators", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Duplicate top of stack", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Stack operators", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Mark stack (build a new stack frame resulting in an MSCW on the top,", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Stack operators", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "\t followed by NAMC to load the PCW, then parameter pushes as needed, then ENTR)", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Stack operators", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Insert an MSCW in the B register.", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Stack operators", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Fetch a value onto the stack as described above", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Stack operators", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Place an address couple (IRW stack address) onto the stack as described above", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Stack operators", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Convert an IRW as placed by NAMC into an SIRW which references data in another stack.", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Stack operators", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Move to stack (process switch only done in one place in the MCP)", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Stack operators", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Store destructive (if the target word has an odd tag throw a memory protect interrupt,", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "Store operators", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "\t store the value in the B register at the memory addressed by the A register.", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "Store operators", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "\t Delete the value off the stack.", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "Store operators", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Store non-destructive (Same as STOD but value is not deleted handy for F := G := H := J expressions).", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "Store operators", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Overwrite destructive, STOD ignoring read-only bit (for use in MCP only)", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "Store operators", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Overwrite non-destructive, STON ignoring read-only bit (for use in MCP only)", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "Store operators", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The Load instruction could find itself tripping on an indirect address, or worse, a disguised call to a call-by-name thunk routine.", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "Load operators", "target_page_ids": [ 838142, 2977119, 632562 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 54, 70 ], [ 104, 116 ], [ 117, 122 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Load the value given by the address (tag 5 or tag 1 word) on the top of stack.", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "Load operators", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "\t Follow an address chain if necessary.", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "Load operators", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Load transparent load the word referenced by the address on the top of stack", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "Load operators", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "These were used for string transfers usually until a certain character was detected in the source string.", "section_idx": 12, "section_name": "Transfer operators", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "All these operators are protected from buffer overflows by being limited by the bounds in the descriptors.", "section_idx": 12, "section_name": "Transfer operators", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Transfer while false, destructive (forget pointer)", "section_idx": 12, "section_name": "Transfer operators", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Transfer while false, update (leave pointer at end of transfer for further transfers)", "section_idx": 12, "section_name": "Transfer operators", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Transfer while true, destructive", "section_idx": 12, "section_name": "Transfer operators", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Transfer while true, update", "section_idx": 12, "section_name": "Transfer operators", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Transfer words, destructive", "section_idx": 12, "section_name": "Transfer operators", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Transfer words, update", "section_idx": 12, "section_name": "Transfer operators", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Transfer words, overwrite destructive", "section_idx": 12, "section_name": "Transfer operators", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Transfer words, overwrite update", "section_idx": 12, "section_name": "Transfer operators", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Translate transfer a source buffer into a destination converting characters as given in a translate table.", "section_idx": 12, "section_name": "Transfer operators", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Transfer while less, destructive", "section_idx": 12, "section_name": "Transfer operators", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Transfer while less, update", "section_idx": 12, "section_name": "Transfer operators", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Transfer while greater or equal, destructive", "section_idx": 12, "section_name": "Transfer operators", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Transfer while greater or equal, update", "section_idx": 12, "section_name": "Transfer operators", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Transfer while greater, destructive", "section_idx": 12, "section_name": "Transfer operators", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Transfer while greater, update", "section_idx": 12, "section_name": "Transfer operators", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Transfer while less or equal, destructive", "section_idx": 12, "section_name": "Transfer operators", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Transfer while less or equal, update", "section_idx": 12, "section_name": "Transfer operators", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Transfer while equal, destructive", "section_idx": 12, "section_name": "Transfer operators", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Transfer while equal, update", "section_idx": 12, "section_name": "Transfer operators", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Transfer while not equal, destructive", "section_idx": 12, "section_name": "Transfer operators", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Transfer while not equal, update", "section_idx": 12, "section_name": "Transfer operators", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Transfer unconditional, destructive", "section_idx": 12, "section_name": "Transfer operators", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Transfer unconditional, update", "section_idx": 12, "section_name": "Transfer operators", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "These were used for scanning strings useful in writing compilers.", "section_idx": 13, "section_name": "Scan operators", "target_page_ids": [ 27701, 5739 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 29, 36 ], [ 55, 64 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "All these operators are protected from buffer overflows by being limited by the bounds in the descriptors.", "section_idx": 13, "section_name": "Scan operators", "target_page_ids": [ 4373 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 39, 54 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Scan while false, destructive", "section_idx": 13, "section_name": "Scan operators", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " String isolate", "section_idx": 13, "section_name": "Scan operators", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Scan while true, destructive", "section_idx": 13, "section_name": "Scan operators", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Scan while true, update", "section_idx": 13, "section_name": "Scan operators", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Scan while less, destructive", "section_idx": 13, "section_name": "Scan operators", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Scan while less, update", "section_idx": 13, "section_name": "Scan operators", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Scan while greater or equal, destructive", "section_idx": 13, "section_name": "Scan operators", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Scan while greater or equal, update", "section_idx": 13, "section_name": "Scan operators", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Scan while greater, destructive", "section_idx": 13, "section_name": "Scan operators", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Scan while greater, update", "section_idx": 13, "section_name": "Scan operators", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Scan while less or equal, destructive", "section_idx": 13, "section_name": "Scan operators", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Scan while less or equal, update", "section_idx": 13, "section_name": "Scan operators", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Scan while equal, destructive", "section_idx": 13, "section_name": "Scan operators", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Scan while equal, update", "section_idx": 13, "section_name": "Scan operators", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Scan while not equal, destructive", "section_idx": 13, "section_name": "Scan operators", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Scan while not equal, update", "section_idx": 13, "section_name": "Scan operators", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Compare characters less, destructive", "section_idx": 13, "section_name": "Scan operators", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Compare characters less, update", "section_idx": 13, "section_name": "Scan operators", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Compare characters greater or equal, destructive", "section_idx": 13, "section_name": "Scan operators", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Compare characters greater or equal, update", "section_idx": 13, "section_name": "Scan operators", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Compare character greater, destructive", "section_idx": 13, "section_name": "Scan operators", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Compare character greater, update", "section_idx": 13, "section_name": "Scan operators", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Compare characters less or equal, destructive", "section_idx": 13, "section_name": "Scan operators", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Compare characters less or equal, update", "section_idx": 13, "section_name": "Scan operators", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Compare character equal, destructive", "section_idx": 13, "section_name": "Scan operators", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Compare character equal, update", "section_idx": 13, "section_name": "Scan operators", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Compare characters not equal, destructive", "section_idx": 13, "section_name": "Scan operators", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Compare characters not equal, update", "section_idx": 13, "section_name": "Scan operators", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Set interval timer", "section_idx": 14, "section_name": "System", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Enable external interrupts", "section_idx": 14, "section_name": "System", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Disable external interrupts", "section_idx": 14, "section_name": "System", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Scan in initiate IO read, this changed on different architectures", "section_idx": 14, "section_name": "System", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Scan out initiate IO write, this changed on different architectures", "section_idx": 14, "section_name": "System", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Set tag (not allowed in user-level processes)", "section_idx": 14, "section_name": "System", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Read tag", "section_idx": 14, "section_name": "System", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Hardware pseudo operator", "section_idx": 14, "section_name": "System", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Set processor register (highly implementation dependent, only used in lower levels of MCP)", "section_idx": 14, "section_name": "System", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Read processor register (highly implementation dependent, only used in lower levels of MCP)", "section_idx": 14, "section_name": "System", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Make PCW", "section_idx": 14, "section_name": "System", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Halt the processor (operator requested or some unrecoverable condition has occurred)", "section_idx": 14, "section_name": "System", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Escape to extended (variable instructions which were less frequent)", "section_idx": 15, "section_name": "Other", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Occurs index builds an occurs index word used in loops", "section_idx": 15, "section_name": "Other", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Linked list lookup Follow a chain of linked words until a certain condition is met", "section_idx": 15, "section_name": "Other", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Masked search for equal Similar to LLLU, but testing a mask in the examined words for an equal value", "section_idx": 15, "section_name": "Other", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Table enter edit destructive", "section_idx": 15, "section_name": "Other", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Table enter edit, update", "section_idx": 15, "section_name": "Other", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Execute single micro destructive", "section_idx": 15, "section_name": "Other", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Execute single micro update", "section_idx": 15, "section_name": "Other", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Execute single micro, single pointer update", "section_idx": 15, "section_name": "Other", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " No operation", "section_idx": 15, "section_name": "Other", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Invalid operator (hex code FF)", "section_idx": 15, "section_name": "Other", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "User operators unassigned operators could cause interrupts into the operating system so that algorithms could be written to provide the required functionality", "section_idx": 15, "section_name": "Other", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "These were special operators for sophisticated string manipulation, particularly for business applications.", "section_idx": 16, "section_name": "Edit operators", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Move with insert insert characters in a string", "section_idx": 16, "section_name": "Edit operators", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Move with float", "section_idx": 16, "section_name": "Edit operators", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Skip forward source character", "section_idx": 16, "section_name": "Edit operators", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Skip reverse source characters", "section_idx": 16, "section_name": "Edit operators", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Reset float", "section_idx": 16, "section_name": "Edit operators", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " End float", "section_idx": 16, "section_name": "Edit operators", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Move numeric unconditional", "section_idx": 16, "section_name": "Edit operators", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Move characters", "section_idx": 16, "section_name": "Edit operators", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Insert overpunch", "section_idx": 16, "section_name": "Edit operators", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Insert sign", "section_idx": 16, "section_name": "Edit operators", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Skip forward destination character", "section_idx": 16, "section_name": "Edit operators", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Skip reverse destination characters", "section_idx": 16, "section_name": "Edit operators", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Insert unconditional", "section_idx": 16, "section_name": "Edit operators", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Insert conditional", "section_idx": 16, "section_name": "Edit operators", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " End edit", "section_idx": 16, "section_name": "Edit operators", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] } ]

[ "Instruction_processing", "Instruction_set_architectures", "Instruction_set_listings" ]

[]

[ { "plaintext": "Duende or tener duende (\"to have duende\") is a Spanish term for a heightened state of emotion, expression and authenticity, often connected with flamenco. The term derives from \"dueño de casa\" (master of the house), which similarly inspired the duende of folklore.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 30531158, 11558, 10017322 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 110, 122 ], [ 145, 153 ], [ 245, 263 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "El duende is the spirit of evocation. It comes from inside as a physical/emotional response to art. It is what gives you chills, makes you smile or cry as a bodily reaction to an artistic performance that is particularly expressive. Folk music in general, especially flamenco, tends to embody an authenticity that comes from a people whose culture is enriched by diaspora and hardship; vox populi, the human condition of joys and sorrows. Drawing on popular usage and Spanish folklore, Federico García Lorca first developed the aesthetics of Duende in a lecture he gave in Buenos Aires in 1933, \"Juego y teoría del duende\" (\"Play and Theory of the Duende\").", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Origins of the term", "target_page_ids": [ 100031, 255919 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 486, 507 ], [ 573, 585 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "According to Christopher Maurer, editor of \"In Search of Duende\", at least four elements can be isolated in Lorca's vision of duende: irrationality, earthiness, a heightened awareness of death, and a dash of the diabolical. The duende is an earth spirit who helps the artist see the limitations of intelligence, reminding them that \"ants could eat him or that a great arsenic lobster could fall suddenly on his head\"; who brings the artist face-to-face with death, and who helps them create and communicate memorable, spine-chilling art. The duende is seen, in Lorca's lecture, as an alternative to style, to mere virtuosity, to God-given grace and charm (what Spaniards call \"ángel\"), and to the classical, artistic norms dictated by the muse. Not that the artist simply surrenders to the duende; they have to battle it skillfully, \"on the rim of the well\", in \"hand-to-hand combat\". To a higher degree than the muse or the angel, the duende seizes not only the performer but also the audience, creating conditions where art can be understood spontaneously with little, if any, conscious effort. It is, in Lorca's words, \"a sort of corkscrew that can get art into the sensibility of an audience... the very dearest thing that life can offer the intellectual.\" The critic Brook Zern has written, of a performance of someone with duende, \"it dilates the mind's eye, so that the intensity becomes almost unendurable... There is a quality of first-timeness, of reality so heightened and exaggerated that it becomes unreal...\".", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Origins of the term", "target_page_ids": [ 22317523 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 174, 192 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Lorca writes: \"The duende, then, is a power, not a work. It is a struggle, not a thought. I have heard an old maestro of the guitar say, 'The duende is not in the throat; the duende climbs up inside you, from the soles of the feet.' Meaning this: it is not a question of ability, but of true, living style, of blood, of the most ancient culture, of spontaneous creation.\" Lorca, in his lecture, quotes Manuel Torre: \"everything that has black sounds in it, has duende.\" [i.e. emotional 'darkness'] ... This 'mysterious power which everyone senses and no philosopher explains' is, in sum, the spirit of the earth, the same duende that scorched the heart of Nietzsche, who searched in vain for its external forms on the Rialto Bridge and in the music of Bizet, without knowing that the duende he was pursuing had leaped straight from the Greek mysteries to the dancers of Cadiz or the beheaded, Dionysian scream of Silverio's siguiriya.\" ... \"The duende's arrival always means a radical change in forms. It brings to old planes unknown feelings of freshness, with the quality of something newly created, like a miracle, and it produces an almost religious enthusiasm.\" ... \"All arts are capable of duende, but where it finds greatest range, naturally, is in music, dance, and spoken poetry, for these arts require a living body to interpret them, being forms that are born, die, and open their contours against an exact present.\"", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Origins of the term", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Although perhaps not ideal illustrations of the spirit of the term, the following are examples applied to contemporary, non-flamenco contexts:", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Contemporary music", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "In March 2005 Jan Zwicky (University of Victoria) used the notion of duende in the context of contemporary music at a symposium organised by Continuum Contemporary Music & the Institute for Contemporary Culture at the Royal Ontario Museum, an event televised by Big Ideas:", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Contemporary music", "target_page_ids": [ 295748, 32098, 330217, 338359 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 14, 24 ], [ 26, 48 ], [ 94, 112 ], [ 218, 238 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "[The second way music can be new is] when it possesses duende: \"black sounds\", as Lorca called them, the dark counterpoise to Apollo's light, music in which we hear death sing.... Duende lives in blue notes, in the break in a singer's voice, in the scrape of resined horsehair hitting sheep gut. We are more accustomed to its presence in jazz and the blues, and it is typically a feature of music in performance, or music in which performance and composition are not separate acts. But it is also audible in the work of classically oriented composers who are interested in the physical dimensions of sound, or in sound as a physical property of the world. Even if it is structurally amorphous or naïvely traditional, music whose newness lies in its duende will arrest our attention because of its insistence on honouring the death required to make the song: we sense the gleam of the knife, we smell the blood...", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Contemporary music", "target_page_ids": [ 594 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 126, 134 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In reflecting on the key images of Western music's two-part invention — the duende of the tortoise and the radiance of Apollonian emotional geometry — we are reminded that originality is truly radical, that it comes from the root, from the mythic origins of the art.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Contemporary music", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "(Note: in Greek mythology, Hermes killed a tortoise to create the first lyre, which he traded to Apollo who was enamored by its music.).", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Contemporary music", "target_page_ids": [ 594 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 55, 76 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Australian music artist Nick Cave discussed his interpretation of duende in his lecture pertaining to the nature of the love song (Vienna, 1999):", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Contemporary music", "target_page_ids": [ 87536 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 24, 33 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In his brilliant lecture entitled \"The Theory and Function of Duende\" Federico García Lorca attempts to shed some light on the eerie and inexplicable sadness that lives in the heart of certain works of art. \"All that has dark sound has duende\", he says, \"that mysterious power that everyone feels but no philosopher can explain.\" In contemporary rock music, the area in which I operate, music seems less inclined to have its soul, restless and quivering, the sadness that Lorca talks about. Excitement, often; anger, sometimes: but true sadness, rarely, Bob Dylan has always had it. Leonard Cohen deals specifically in it. It pursues Van Morrison like a black dog and though he tries to he cannot escape it. Tom Waits and Neil Young can summon it. It haunts Polly Harvey. My friends the Dirty Three have it by the bucket load. The band Spiritualized are excited by it. Tindersticks desperately want it, but all in all it would appear that duende is too fragile to survive the brutality of technology and the ever increasing acceleration of the music industry. Perhaps there is just no money in sadness, no dollars in duende. Sadness or duende needs space to breathe. Melancholy hates haste and floats in silence. It must be handled with care.\"", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Contemporary music", "target_page_ids": [ 100031, 4637590, 19965375, 78262, 30519, 87985, 169214, 35235242, 450037, 612662 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 70, 91 ], [ 554, 563 ], [ 583, 596 ], [ 634, 646 ], [ 708, 717 ], [ 722, 732 ], [ 758, 770 ], [ 787, 798 ], [ 836, 849 ], [ 869, 881 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "All love songs must contain duende. For the love song is never truly happy. It must first embrace the potential for pain. Those songs that speak of love without having within in their lines an ache or a sigh are not love songs at all but rather Hate Songs disguised as love songs, and are not to be trusted. These songs deny us our humanness and our God-given right to be sad and the air-waves are littered with them. The love song must resonate with the susurration of sorrow, the tintinnabulation of grief. The writer who refuses to explore the darker regions of the heart will never be able to write convincingly about the wonder, the magic and the joy of love for just as goodness cannot be trusted unless it has breathed the same air as evil — the enduring metaphor of Christ crucified between two criminals comes to mind here — so within the fabric of the love song, within its melody, its lyric, one must sense an acknowledgement of its capacity for suffering.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Contemporary music", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Fort Worth-based band, the Quaker City Night Hawks, features a song called \"Duendes\" on their 2016 album \"El Astronauta\".", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Contemporary music", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Pulitzer prize winning poet Tracy K. Smith published a book of poetry about desire, entitled Duende (2018); the collection opens with a quote from Lorca about Duende.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Contemporary literature", "target_page_ids": [ 7074381 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 29, 43 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " The Duende appears frequently in Giannina Braschi's poetry, drama, and philosophy. In Empire of Dreams, the Duende appears in pastoral poems as well as in the ars poetica (\"Poetry is this screaming madwoman\"). In her book United States of Banana, Braschi writes a lyric essay about the \"Hierarchy of Inspiration\", which features the Duende, Angel, Muse, and Daemon as distinct forces of artistic inspiration. She also published a treatise on the poet-artist about Lorca's treatment of the Duende.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Contemporary literature", "target_page_ids": [ 9550804, 5679416, 46656018, 204406, 39054246, 37397075, 5709846, 19404136, 71180, 458981 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 34, 50 ], [ 72, 82 ], [ 87, 103 ], [ 127, 135 ], [ 223, 246 ], [ 265, 276 ], [ 301, 312 ], [ 342, 347 ], [ 349, 353 ], [ 359, 365 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Flamenco", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 11558 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 9 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " \"Three Might Be Duende\" by They Might Be Giants, a song on the album Join Us.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 31089, 31438213 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 28, 48 ], [ 70, 77 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Hirsch, Edward (2003) The Demon and the Angel: Searching for the Source of Artistic Inspiration. Harcourt Brace International. ", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Sources", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Nick Cave's Love Song Lecture, October 21, 2000", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Sources", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "García Lorca, Federico; Maurer, Christopher (Ed.) (1998) In Search of Duende''. New Directions ", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Sources", "target_page_ids": [ 100031 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 22 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " García Lorca - Theory and Play Of The Duende, Translated by A. S. Kline © 2007 All Rights Reserved.", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Filipino Folklore: Dwende", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Jazz Institute of Chicago - article on Miles Davis & duende in jazz ", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Documentary-scene illustrating Duende in Flamenco-song", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Flamenco", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] } ]

[ "Flamenco", "Spanish_art", "Spanish_words_and_phrases" ]

[]

[ { "plaintext": "\"The Road Not Taken\" is a narrative poem by Robert Frost, first published in the August 1915 issue of The Atlantic Monthly, and later published as the first poem in the collection Mountain Interval of 1916. Its central theme is the divergence of paths, both literally and figuratively, although its interpretation is noted for being complex and potentially divergent.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 451981, 25951, 149743, 5828134 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 26, 40 ], [ 44, 56 ], [ 102, 122 ], [ 180, 197 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The first 1915 publication differs from the 1916 republication in Mountain Interval: In line 13, \"marked\" is replaced by \"kept\" and a dash replaces a comma in line 18.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Frost spent the years 1912 to 1915 in England, where among his acquaintances was the writer Edward Thomas. Thomas and Frost became close friends and took many walks together. One day, as they were walking together, they came across two roads. Thomas was indecisive about which road to take, and in retrospect often lamented that they should have taken the other one. After Frost returned to New Hampshire in 1915, he sent Thomas an advance copy of \"The Road Not Taken\". Thomas took the poem seriously and personally, and it may have been significant in Thomas' decision to enlist in World War I. Thomas was killed two years later in the Battle of Arras.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Background", "target_page_ids": [ 46758, 4764461, 993445 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 92, 105 ], [ 583, 594 ], [ 637, 652 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The poem consists of four stanzas of five lines each. With the rhyme scheme as 'ABAAB', the first line rhymes with the third and fourth, and the second line rhymes with the fifth. The meter is basically iambic tetrameter, with each line having four two-syllable feet, though in almost every line, in different positions, an iamb is replaced with an anapest.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Characteristics", "target_page_ids": [ 28263, 359104, 3705586, 187425, 187406 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 26, 32 ], [ 63, 75 ], [ 203, 220 ], [ 324, 328 ], [ 349, 356 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "\"The Road Not Taken\" reads naturally or conversationally, beginning as a kind of photographic depiction of a quiet moment in yellow woods. The variation of its rhythm gives naturalness, a feeling of thought occurring spontaneously, affecting the reader's sense of expectation. In one of the few lines containing strictly iambs, the more regular rhythm supports the idea of a turning towards an acceptance of a kind of reality: \"Though as for that the passing there … \" In the final line, the way the rhyme and rhythm work together is significantly different, and catches the reader off guard.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Characteristics", "target_page_ids": [ 187425 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 321, 326 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "\"The Road Not Taken\" is one of Frost's most popular works. Yet, it is a frequently misunderstood poem, often read simply as a poem that champions the idea of \"following your own path\". Actually, it expresses some irony regarding such an idea. A critique in The Paris Review by David Orr described the misunderstanding this way:", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Analysis", "target_page_ids": [ 21514028, 1056621, 27963519 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 215, 220 ], [ 260, 276 ], [ 280, 289 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "<blockquote>\"The poem’s speaker tells us he 'shall be telling,' at some point in the future, of how he took the road less traveled…yet he has already admitted that the two paths 'equally lay / In leaves' and 'the passing there / Had worn them really about the same.' So the road he will later call less traveled is actually the road equally traveled. The two roads are interchangeable.'''' </blockquote>", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Analysis", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Frost himself wrote the poem as a joke for his friend Edward Thomas, who was often indecisive about which route to take when the two went walking. A New York Times book review on Brian Hall's 2008 biography Fall of Frost'' states: \"Whichever way they go, they're sure to miss something good on the other path.\" Regarding the \"sigh\" that is mentioned in the last stanza, it may be seen as an expression of regret or of satisfaction. However, there is significance in the difference between what the speaker has just said of the two roads, and what he will say in the future. According to Lawrance Thompson, Frost's biographer, as Frost was once about to read the poem, he commented to his audience, \"You have to be careful of that one; it's a tricky poem—very tricky,\" perhaps intending to suggest the poem's ironic possibilities.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Analysis", "target_page_ids": [ 46758, 8498535, 61332743 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 54, 67 ], [ 149, 175 ], [ 587, 604 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Thompson suggests that the poem's narrator is \"one who habitually wastes energy in regretting any choice made: belatedly but wistfully he sighs over the attractive alternative rejected.\" Thompson also says that when introducing the poem in readings, Frost would say that the speaker was based on his friend Edward Thomas. In Frost's words, Thomas was \"a person who, whichever road he went, would be sorry he didn't go the other. He was hard on himself that way.\"", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Analysis", "target_page_ids": [ 46758 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 307, 320 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 3 audio readings of The Road Not Taken", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Critical essays on \"The Road Not Taken\"", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] } ]

[ "1915_poems", "1900s_poems", "Poetry_by_Robert_Frost", "American_poems", "Modernist_poems", "Works_originally_published_in_American_magazines", "Works_originally_published_in_literary_magazines" ]

[]

[ { "plaintext": "Shambuka (, IAST: śambūka) is a character in the Valmiki Ramayana. According to the story, Shambuka, a shudra ascetic, was killed by Rama for attempting to perform tapas in violation of dharma, the bad karma resulting from which caused the death of a Brahmin's son.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 557097, 44245, 343429, 19377014, 1358357, 8753, 16864, 244747 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 12, 16 ], [ 49, 65 ], [ 103, 109 ], [ 133, 137 ], [ 164, 169 ], [ 186, 192 ], [ 202, 207 ], [ 251, 258 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "This story is treated as a later interpolation to Valmiki's Ramayana, being created at a later period in opposition to Brahmins. It is found in the Uttara Kanda, which is the final section of the text.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 2193441, 44245 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 33, 46 ], [ 148, 160 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "When Rama was ruling Ayodhya, a Brahmin approached the court and told everyone that his young son has died due to the misrule of Rama. Rama immediately called a meeting with all his ministers and enquired about the cause of this. The sage Narada told him that this has happened due to violation of a rule of tapas (austerities). Narada informed him that a shudra was performing tapas, which was prohibited in the age of Treta, as oppose to the current age of Kaliyuga when every Varnas including Shudra are allowed to do penance. So Rama went in search of the shudra and found the place where Shambuka was performing penance. After confirming that Shambuka is indeed a shudra, Rama killed him. The gods praised Rama for this act and congratulated him for protecting their interests and for not allowing shudra to attain heaven in person. Brahmin's son was also resurrected.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Story", "target_page_ids": [ 19377014, 42098, 244747, 234075, 1358357, 343429, 1315968, 175074, 343429 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 5, 9 ], [ 21, 28 ], [ 32, 39 ], [ 239, 245 ], [ 308, 313 ], [ 356, 362 ], [ 420, 425 ], [ 459, 467 ], [ 496, 502 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Authors such as Rabindranath Tagore, Mahatma Gandhi treat the character of Shambukha as interpolation. The Pushtimarg Vaishnavite tradition points out that the Ramayana refers to other shudras, such as Shabari, who lived in the forest. Shambuka therefore deliberately violated dharma in order to get Rama's attention, and attained salvation when he was beheaded. The celebrated Kannada poet Kuvempu, in his play Shudra Tapasvi shows Rama as having to both carry out his duty by punishing Shambuka, and simultaneously protect Shambuka, as a pious and devout sage, from persecution, and thereby turns the story into a critique of Brahminical attitudes and a defense of Rama.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Reception", "target_page_ids": [ 5052533, 19379, 3056537, 7866009, 2347624, 37445, 966831 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 16, 35 ], [ 37, 51 ], [ 107, 117 ], [ 118, 126 ], [ 202, 209 ], [ 378, 385 ], [ 391, 398 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In his seminal work Annihilation of Caste, B. R. Ambedkar points out the story of Shambuka while criticizing the varna system. He argues that not only it is impossible to accurately classify people into four definite classes but that the varna system faces the problem of the transgressor. He further explains that unless the transgressor is punished, men will not keep to their respective classes i.e. the whole system will collapse. In the Ramayana, according to Ambedkar, Rama ensured that transgression did not happen in his kingdom by killing Shambuka.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Reception", "target_page_ids": [ 42274593, 197522, 682929, 19377014 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 20, 41 ], [ 43, 57 ], [ 113, 118 ], [ 475, 479 ] ] } ]

[ "Characters_in_the_Ramayana", "Hinduism-related_controversies" ]

[]

[ { "plaintext": "Teleonomy is the quality of apparent purposefulness and of goal-directedness of structures and functions in living organisms brought about by natural processes like natural selection. The term derives from the Greek \"τελεονομία\", compound of two Greek words, τέλος, from τελε-, (\"end\", \"goal\", \"purpose\") and νόμος nomos (\"law\"). Teleonomy is sometimes contrasted with teleology, where the latter is understood as a purposeful goal-directedness brought about through human or divine intention. Teleonomy is thought to derive from evolutionary history, adaptation for reproductive success, and/or the operation of a program. Teleonomy is related to programmatic or computational aspects of purpose.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 21147, 148363, 51188560, 9236 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 165, 182 ], [ 246, 251 ], [ 369, 378 ], [ 530, 539 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Colin Pittendrigh, who coined the term in 1958, applied it to biological phenomena that appear to be end-directed, hoping to limit the much older term teleology to actions planned by an agent who can internally model alternative futures with intention, purpose and foresight:", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Relationship with teleology", "target_page_ids": [ 31329449, 51188560, 44525775 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 17 ], [ 151, 160 ], [ 242, 251 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 1965 Ernst Mayr cited Pittendrigh and criticized him for not making a \"clear distinction between the two teleologies of Aristotle\"; evolution involves Aristotle's material causes and formal causes rather than efficient causes. Mayr adopted Pittendrigh's term, but supplied his own definition:", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Relationship with teleology", "target_page_ids": [ 9238, 4599105, 4599105, 4599105 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 8, 18 ], [ 166, 180 ], [ 186, 198 ], [ 212, 227 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Richard Dawkins described the properties of \"archeo-purpose\" (by natural selection) and \"neo-purpose\" (by evolved adaptation) in his talk on the \"Purpose of Purpose\". Dawkins attributes the brain's flexibility as an evolutionary feature in adapting or subverting goals to making neo-purpose goals on an overarching evolutionary archeo-purpose. Language allows groups to share neo-purposes, and cultural evolution - occurring much faster than natural evolution - can lead to conflict or collaborations.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Relationship with teleology", "target_page_ids": [ 25867 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 15 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In behavior analysis, Hayne Reese made the adverbial distinction between purposefulness (having an internal determination) and purposiveness (serving or effecting a useful function). Reese implies that non-teleological statements are called teleonomic when they represent an \"if A then C\" phenomenon's antecedent; where, teleology is a consequent representation. The concept of purpose, as only being the teleology final cause, requires supposedly impossible time reversal; because, the future consequent determines the present antecedent. Purpose, as being both in the beginning and the end, simply rejects teleology, and addresses the time reversal problem. In this, Reese sees no value for teleology and teleonomic concepts in behavior analysis; however, the concept of purpose preserved in process can be useful, if not reified. A theoretical time-dimensional tunneling and teleological functioning of temporal paradox would also fit this description without the necessity of a localized intelligence. Whereas the concept of a teleonomic process, such as evolution, can simply refer to a system capable of producing complex products without the benefit of a guiding foresight.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Relationship with teleology", "target_page_ids": [ 540801, 239517, 804755, 804778, 967315, 967315, 9236 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 3, 20 ], [ 43, 52 ], [ 303, 313 ], [ 337, 347 ], [ 460, 473 ], [ 908, 924 ], [ 1062, 1071 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 1966 George C. Williams approved of the term in the last chapter of his Adaptation and Natural Selection; a critique of some current evolutionary thought. In 1970, Jacques Monod, in Chance and Necessity, an Essay on the Natural Philosophy of Modern Biology, suggested teleonomy as a key feature that defines life:", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Relationship with teleology", "target_page_ids": [ 582215, 547527, 11086011 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 8, 26 ], [ 167, 180 ], [ 185, 205 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 1974 Ernst Mayr illustrated the difference in the statements:", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Relationship with teleology", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " \"The Wood Thrush migrates in the fall in order to escape the inclemency of the weather and the food shortages of the northern climates.\"", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Relationship with teleology", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " \"The Wood Thrush migrates in the fall and thereby escapes the inclemency of the weather and the food shortages of the northern climates.\"", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Relationship with teleology", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Subsequently, philosophers like Ernest Nagel further analysed the concept of goal-directedness in biology and by 1982, philosopher and historian of science David Hull joked about the use of teleology and teleonomy by biologists:", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Relationship with teleology", "target_page_ids": [ 1216778, 3047135 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 32, 44 ], [ 156, 166 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The concept of teleonomy was largely developed by Mayr and Pittendrigh to separate biological evolution from teleology. Pittendrigh's purpose was to enable biologists who had become overly cautious about goal-oriented language to have a way of discussing the goals and orientations of an organism's behaviors without inadvertently invoking teleology. Mayr was even more explicit, saying that while teleonomy certainly operates on the level of organisms, the process of evolution itself is necessarily non-teleonomic.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Relationship to evolution", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " This attitude towards the role of teleonomy in the evolutionary process is the consensus view of the modern synthesis.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Relationship to evolution", "target_page_ids": [ 97536 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 102, 118 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Evolution largely hoards hindsight, as variations unwittingly make \"predictions\" about structures and functions which could successfully cope with the future, and which participate in a process of natural selection that culls the unfit, leaving the fit to the next generation. Information accumulates about functions and structures that are successful, exploiting feedback from the environment via the selection of fitter coalitions of structures and functions. Robert Rosen has described these features as an anticipatory system which builds an internal model based on past and possible future states.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Relationship to evolution", "target_page_ids": [ 410804, 11545, 275026, 1126216 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 25, 34 ], [ 365, 373 ], [ 463, 475 ], [ 511, 530 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 1962, Grace A. de Laguna's \"The Role of Teleonomy in Evolution\" attempted to show how different stages of evolution were characterized by different types of teleonomy. de Laguna points out that humans have oriented teleonomy so that the teleonomic goal is not restricted to the reproduction of humans, but also to cultural ideals.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Relationship to evolution", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "In recent years, a few biologists believe that the separation of teleonomy from the process of evolution has gone too far. Peter Corning notes that behavior, which is a teleonomic trait, is responsible for the construction of biological niches, which is an agent of selection. Therefore, it would be inaccurate to say that there was no role for teleonomy in the process of evolution, since teleonomy dictates the fitness landscape according to which organisms are selected. Corning calls this phenomenon \"teleonomic selection\".", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Relationship to evolution", "target_page_ids": [ 17811632 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 124, 137 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Dutch Jewish philosopher Baruch Spinoza defined conatus as the tendency for individual things to persist in existence, meaning the pursuit of stability within the internal relations between their individual parts, in a similar way to homeostasis.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Philosophy", "target_page_ids": [ 3408, 13980 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 29, 43 ], [ 238, 249 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Spinoza also rejected the idea of finalism and asserted nature does not pursue specific goals and acts in a deterministic although non-directed way.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Philosophy", "target_page_ids": [ 80757 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 34, 42 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In teleology, Kant's positions as expressed in Critique of Judgment, were neglected for many years because in the minds of many scientists they were associated with vitalist views of evolution. Their recent rehabilitation is evident in teleonomy, which bears a number of features, such as the description of organisms, that are reminiscent of the Aristotelian conception of final causes as essentially recursive in nature. Kant's position is that, even though we cannot know whether there are final causes in nature, we are constrained by the peculiar nature of the human understanding to view organisms teleologically. Thus the Kantian view sees teleology as a necessary principle for the study of organisms, but only as a regulative principle, and with no ontological implications.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Philosophy", "target_page_ids": [ 14631, 549047, 168322, 4599105 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 14, 18 ], [ 47, 67 ], [ 165, 173 ], [ 374, 385 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Talcott Parsons, in the later part of his working with a theory of social evolution and a related theory of world-history, adopted the concept of teleonomy as the fundamental organizing principle for directional processes and his theory of societal development in general. In this way, Parsons tried to find a theoretical compromise between voluntarism as a principle of action and the idea of a certain directionality in history.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Philosophy", "target_page_ids": [ 54041, 1571390, 329948, 14847186 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 15 ], [ 67, 83 ], [ 240, 260 ], [ 341, 352 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Teleonomy is closely related to concepts of emergence, complexity theory, and self-organizing systems. It has extended beneath biology to be applied in the context of chemistry. Some philosophers of biology resist the term and still employ \"teleology\" when analyzing biological function and the language used to describe it, while others endorse it.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Current status", "target_page_ids": [ 37436, 37438, 286947 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 44, 53 ], [ 55, 72 ], [ 78, 101 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Anthropic principle", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 2792 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 19 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Autopoiesis", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 269190 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 11 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Conatus", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 6273584 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 7 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Naturalism (philosophy)", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 42796964 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 23 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Orthogenesis", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 1062901 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 12 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Religious naturalism", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 1854919 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 20 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Theistic evolution", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 328815 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 18 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "T-symmetry", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 151013 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 10 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Allen, C., M. Bekoff, G. Lauder, eds., Nature's Purposes: Analyses Of Function and Design in Biology. MIT Press, 1998. ()", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Mayr, Ernst, The Growth of Biological Thought. Diversity, Evolution, and Inheritance. Cambridge (MA): Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1982 : pp.47–51 (differentiating four kinds of teleology).", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [ 9238 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 12 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Mayr, Ernst, What Makes Biology Unique?: Considerations on the Autonomy of a Scientific Discipline, Cambridge University Press, 2004. ().", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [ 9238 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 12 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Ruse, Michael Darwin and Design, Harvard University Press; 2004. ()", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [ 1439425 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 14 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Merriam Webster definition", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Nonlinearity and Teleology", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Biological Information", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] } ]

[ "Teleology", "Evolution", "Concepts_in_metaphysics" ]

[]

[ { "plaintext": "Proto-Semitic is the hypothetical reconstructed proto-language ancestral to the Semitic languages. There is no consensus regarding the location of the Proto-Semitic Urheimat; scholars hypothesize that it may have originated in the Levant, the Sahara, or the Horn of Africa, and the view that it arose in the Arabian Peninsula has also been common historically.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 4651912, 9930002, 26919, 454015, 18138, 325363, 62142, 47858 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 34, 47 ], [ 48, 62 ], [ 80, 97 ], [ 165, 173 ], [ 231, 237 ], [ 243, 249 ], [ 258, 272 ], [ 308, 325 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Semitic language family is considered part of the broader macro-family of Afroasiatic languages.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 599 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 78, 99 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The earliest attestations of a Semitic language are in Akkadian, dating to around the 24th to 23rd centuries BC (see Sargon of Akkad) and the Eblaite language, but earlier evidence of Akkadian comes from personal names in Sumerian texts around the 28th century BC.. One of the earliest known Akkadian inscriptions was found on a bowl at Ur, addressed to the very early pre-Sargonic king Meskiagnunna of Ur (c. 2485–2450 BC) by his queen Gan-saman, who is thought to have been from Akkad.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Dating", "target_page_ids": [ 50515, 21476708, 1733454, 65677, 32047 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 55, 63 ], [ 117, 132 ], [ 142, 158 ], [ 222, 230 ], [ 337, 339 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The earliest text fragments of West Semitic are snake spells in Egyptian pyramid texts, dated around the mid-third millennium BC.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Dating", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Since all modern Semitic languages can be traced back to a common ancestor, Semiticists have placed importance on locating the Urheimat of the Proto-Semitic language. The Urheimat of the Proto-Semitic language may be considered within the context of the larger Afro-Asiatic family to which it belongs.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Urheimat", "target_page_ids": [ 10420378 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 76, 86 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The previously-popular hypothesis of an Arabian Urheimat has been largely abandoned since the region could not have supported massive waves of emigration before the domestication of camels in the 2nd millennium BC.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Urheimat", "target_page_ids": [ 142586, 6598 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 165, 178 ], [ 182, 188 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "There is also evidence that Mesopotamia and adjoining areas of modern Syria were originally inhabited by a non-Semitic population. That is suggested by non-Semitic toponyms preserved in Akkadian and Palaeosyrian languages.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Urheimat", "target_page_ids": [ 144869 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 164, 172 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "A Bayesian analysis performed in 2009 suggests an origin for all known Semitic languages in the Levant around 3750 BC, with a later single introduction from South Arabia into the Horn of Africa around 800 BC. This statistical analysis could not, however, estimate when or where the ancestor of all Semitic languages diverged from Afroasiatic. It thus neither contradicts nor confirms the hypothesis that the divergence of ancestral Semitic from Afroasiatic occurred in Africa.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Urheimat", "target_page_ids": [ 49571, 2575443, 62142 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 2, 10 ], [ 157, 169 ], [ 179, 193 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Christopher Ehret has hypothesized that genetic analyses (specifically those of Y chromosome phylogeography and TaqI 49a,f haplotypes) shows populations of proto-Semitic speakers may have moved from the Horn of Africa or southeastern Sahara northwards to the Nile Valley, northwest Africa, the Levant, and Aegean.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Urheimat", "target_page_ids": [ 893938 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 17 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Edward Lipiński believes that support for an African origin is provided by what he describes as a possible relationship between a pre-Semitic Afroasiatic language and the Niger–Congo languages, whose Urheimat probably lies in Nigeria–Cameroon. According to this theory, the earliest wave of Semitic speakers entered the Fertile Crescent via Israel and Syria and eventually founded the Akkadian Empire. Their relatives, the Amorites, followed them and settled Syria before 2500 BC. Late Bronze Age collapse in Israel led the southern Semites southwards, where they reached the highlands of Yemen after the 20th century BC. Those crossed back to the Horn of Africa between 1500 and 500 BC.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Urheimat", "target_page_ids": [ 28926822, 5334607, 21601, 21383, 5447, 39715, 1566, 42944976, 5823212 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 15 ], [ 45, 51 ], [ 171, 192 ], [ 226, 233 ], [ 234, 242 ], [ 320, 336 ], [ 385, 400 ], [ 423, 431 ], [ 481, 505 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Proto-Semitic had a simple vowel system, with three qualities *a, *i, *u, and phonemic vowel length, conventionally indicated by a macron: *ā, *ī, *ū. This system is preserved in Akkadian, Ugaritic and Classical Arabic.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Phonology", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The reconstruction of Proto-Semitic was originally based primarily on Arabic, whose phonology and morphology (particularly in Classical Arabic) is extremely conservative, and which preserves as contrastive 28 out of the evident 29 consonantal phonemes. Thus, the phonemic inventory of reconstructed Proto-Semitic is very similar to that of Arabic, with only one phoneme fewer in Arabic than in reconstructed Proto-Semitic, with and merging into Arabic and becoming Arabic . As such, Proto-Semitic is generally reconstructed as having the following phonemes (as usually transcribed in Semitology):", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Phonology", "target_page_ids": [ 803, 547964, 22980 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 70, 76 ], [ 126, 142 ], [ 554, 561 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The reconstructed phonemes *s *z *ṣ *ś *ṣ́ *ṯ̣, which are shown to be phonetically affricates in the table above, may also be interpreted as fricatives (), as discussed below. This was the traditional reconstruction and is reflected in the choice of signs.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Phonology", "target_page_ids": [ 66419, 11762 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 83, 92 ], [ 141, 151 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Proto-Semitic consonant system is based on triads of related voiceless, voiced and \"emphatic\" consonants. Five such triads are reconstructed in Proto-Semitic:", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Phonology", "target_page_ids": [ 37612, 598329, 578505 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 65, 74 ], [ 76, 82 ], [ 88, 96 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Dental stops *d *t *ṭ", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Phonology", "target_page_ids": [ 69193, 29480 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 7 ], [ 8, 12 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Velar stops *g *k *ḳ (normally written *g *k *q)", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Phonology", "target_page_ids": [ 32819, 29480 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 6 ], [ 7, 11 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Dental sibilants *z *s *ṣ", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Phonology", "target_page_ids": [ 69193, 202352 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 7 ], [ 8, 16 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Interdental (written *ḏ *ṯ *ṯ̣)", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Phonology", "target_page_ids": [ 1134983 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 12 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Lateral (normally written *l *ś *ṣ́)", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Phonology", "target_page_ids": [ 18678 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 8 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The probable phonetic realization of most consonants is straightforward and is indicated in the table with the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). Two subsets of consonants, however, deserve further comment.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Phonology", "target_page_ids": [ 14761 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 111, 142 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The sounds notated here as \"emphatic consonants\" occur in nearly all Semitic languages as well as in most other Afroasiatic languages, and they are generally reconstructed as glottalization in Proto-Semitic. Thus, *ṭ, for example, represents . See below for the fricatives/affricates.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Phonology", "target_page_ids": [ 578505, 1793933 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 28, 46 ], [ 175, 189 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In modern Semitic languages, emphatics are variously realized as pharyngealized (Arabic, Aramaic, Tiberian Hebrew (such as ), glottalized (Ethiopian Semitic languages, Modern South Arabian languages, such as ), or as tenuis consonants (Turoyo language of Tur Abdin such as ); Ashkenazi Hebrew and Maltese are exceptions and emphatics merge into plain consonants in various ways under the influence of Indo-European languages (Sicilian for Maltese, various languages for Hebrew).", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Phonology", "target_page_ids": [ 598714, 803, 2303, 763275, 1834548, 2376350, 1980080, 1243531, 491565, 763272, 19031, 14848, 467199 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 65, 79 ], [ 81, 87 ], [ 89, 96 ], [ 98, 113 ], [ 139, 166 ], [ 168, 198 ], [ 217, 233 ], [ 236, 251 ], [ 255, 264 ], [ 276, 292 ], [ 297, 304 ], [ 401, 424 ], [ 426, 434 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "An emphatic labial *ṗ occurs in some Semitic languages, but it is unclear whether it was a phoneme in Proto-Semitic.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Phonology", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " The classical Ethiopian Semitic language Geʽez is unique among Semitic languages for contrasting all three of , , and . While and occur mostly in loanwords (especially from Greek), there are many other occurrences whose origin is less clear (such as hepʼä 'strike', häppälä 'wash clothes').", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Phonology", "target_page_ids": [ 69495, 11887 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 42, 47 ], [ 176, 181 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " According to Hetzron, Hebrew developed an emphatic labial phoneme ṗ to represent unaspirated in Iranian and Greek.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Phonology", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The reconstruction of Proto-Semitic has nine fricative sounds that are reflected usually as sibilants in later languages, but whether all were already sibilants in Proto-Semitic is debated:", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Phonology", "target_page_ids": [ 202352 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 92, 101 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Two voiced fricatives that eventually became, for example, for both in Hebrew and Geʽez (/ð/ in early Geʽez), but and in Arabic respectively", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Phonology", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Four voiceless fricatives", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Phonology", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " () that became in Hebrew but in Arabic and /s/ in Geʽez (/θ/ in early Geʽez)", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Phonology", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " () that became in Hebrew but in Arabic and Geʽez", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Phonology", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " () that became (transcribed ś) in Hebrew but in Arabic and /ɬ/ in Geʽez", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Phonology", "target_page_ids": [ 1384075 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 31, 32 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " () that became in Hebrew, Arabic and Geʽez", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Phonology", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Three emphatic fricatives ()", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Phonology", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The precise sound of the Proto-Semitic fricatives, notably of , , and , remains a perplexing problem, and there are various systems of notation to describe them. The notation given here is traditional and is based on their pronunciation in Hebrew, which has traditionally been extrapolated to Proto-Semitic. The notation , , is found primarily in the literature on Old South Arabian, but more recently, it has been used by some authors to discuss Proto-Semitic to express a noncommittal view of the pronunciation of the sounds. However, the older transcription remains predominant in most literature, often even among scholars who either disagree with the traditional interpretation or remain noncommittal.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Phonology", "target_page_ids": [ 1087591 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 368, 385 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The traditional view, as expressed in the conventional transcription and still maintained by some of the authors in the field is that was a voiceless postalveolar fricative (), was a voiceless alveolar sibilant () and was a voiceless alveolar lateral fricative (). Accordingly, is seen as an emphatic version of () as a voiced version of it () and as an emphatic version of (). The reconstruction of as lateral fricatives (or affricates) is certain although few modern languages preserve the sounds. The pronunciation of as is still maintained in the Modern South Arabian languages (such as Mehri), and evidence of a former lateral pronunciation is evident in a number of other languages. For example, Biblical Hebrew baśam was borrowed into Ancient Greek as balsamon (hence English \"balsam\"), and the 8th-century Arab grammarian Sibawayh explicitly described the Arabic descendant of , now pronounced in the standard pronunciation or in Bedouin-influenced dialects, as a pharyngealized voiced lateral fricative . (Compare Spanish alcalde, from Andalusian Arabic al-qāḍī \"judge\".)", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Phonology", "target_page_ids": [ 524895, 31849137, 524849, 2376350, 2864086, 763213, 148363, 909813, 524848, 706811 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 141, 173 ], [ 185, 212 ], [ 227, 263 ], [ 562, 592 ], [ 602, 607 ], [ 713, 728 ], [ 753, 766 ], [ 841, 849 ], [ 1000, 1024 ], [ 1058, 1075 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The primary disagreements concern whether the sounds were actually fricatives in Proto-Semitic or whether some were affricates and whether the sound designated was pronounced (or similar) in Proto-Semitic, as the traditional view posits, or had the value of . The issue of the nature of the \"emphatic\" consonants, discussed above, is partly related (but partly orthogonal) to the issues here as well.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Phonology", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "With respect to the traditional view, there are two dimensions of \"minimal\" and \"maximal\" modifications made:", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Phonology", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "In how many sounds are taken to be affricates. The \"minimal affricate\" position takes only the emphatic as an affricate . The \"maximal affricate\" position additionally posits that were actually affricates while was actually a simple fricative .", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Phonology", "target_page_ids": [ 66419 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 35, 44 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In whether to extend the affricate interpretation to the interdentals and laterals. The \"minimal extension\" position assumes that only the sibilants were affricates, and the other \"fricatives\" were in fact all fricatives, but the maximal update extends the same interpretation to the other sounds. Typically, that means that the \"minimal affricate, maximal extension\" position takes all and only the emphatics are taken as affricates: emphatic were . The \"maximal affricate, maximal extension\" position assumes not only the \"maximal affricate\" position for sibilants but also that non-emphatic were actually affricates.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Phonology", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Affricates in Proto-Semitic were proposed early on but met little acceptance until the work of Alice Faber (1981) who challenged the older approach. The Semitic languages that have survived often have fricatives for these consonants. However, Ethiopic languages and Modern Hebrew, in many reading traditions, have an affricate for .", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Phonology", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The evidence for the various affricate interpretations of the sibilants is direct evidence from transcriptions and structural evidence. However, the evidence for the \"maximal extension\" positions that extend affricate interpretations to non-sibilant \"fricatives\" is largely structural because of both the relative rarity of the interdentals and lateral obstruents among the attested Semitic language and the even-greater rarity of such sounds among the various languages in which Semitic words were transcribed. As a result, even when the sounds were transcribed, the resulting transcriptions may be difficult to interpret clearly.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Phonology", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The narrowest affricate view (only was an affricate ) is the most accepted one. The affricate pronunciation is directly attested in the modern Ethiopic languages and Modern Hebrew, as mentioned above, but also in ancient transcriptions of numerous Semitic languages in various other languages:", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Phonology", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Transcriptions of Ge'ez from the period of the Axumite Kingdom (early centuries AD): ṣəyāmo rendered as Greek τζιαμω tziamō.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Phonology", "target_page_ids": [ 69495, 20609804 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 19, 24 ], [ 48, 63 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " The Hebrew reading tradition of as clearly goes back at least to medieval times, as shown by the use of Hebrew () to represent affricates in early New Persian, Old Osmanli Turkic, Middle High German etc. Similarly, Old French c was used to transliterate : Hebrew \"righteousness\" and \"land (of Israel)\" were written cedek, arec.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Phonology", "target_page_ids": [ 4843726, 30018, 406293, 320082 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 151, 162 ], [ 176, 182 ], [ 184, 202 ], [ 219, 229 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " There is also evidence of an affricate in Ancient Hebrew and Phoenician . Punic was often transcribed as ts or t in Latin and Greek or occasionally Greek ks; correspondingly, Egyptian names and loanwords in Hebrew and Phoenician use to represent the Egyptian palatal affricate ḏ (conventionally described as voiced but possibly instead an unvoiced ejective ).", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Phonology", "target_page_ids": [ 46918 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 253, 261 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Aramaic and Syriac had an affricated realization of until some point, as is seen in Classical Armenian loanwords: Aramaic 'bundle, bunch' → Classical Armenian crar .", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Phonology", "target_page_ids": [ 1585032 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 86, 104 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The \"maximal affricate\" view, applied only to sibilants, also has transcriptional evidence. According to Kogan, the affricate interpretation of Akkadian is generally accepted.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Phonology", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Akkadian cuneiform, as adapted for writing various other languages, used the signs to represent affricates. Examples include /ts/ in Hittite, Egyptian affricate in the Amarna letters and the Old Iranian affricates in Elamite.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Phonology", "target_page_ids": [ 350137, 351025, 733355, 3402027, 496416 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 19 ], [ 135, 142 ], [ 171, 185 ], [ 194, 205 ], [ 221, 228 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Egyptian transcriptions of early Canaanite words with use affricates ( for , for ).", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Phonology", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " West Semitic loanwords in the \"older stratum\" of Armenian reflect as affricates , .", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Phonology", "target_page_ids": [ 3820725 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 13 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Greek borrowing of Phoenician 𐤔 to represent /s/ (compare Greek Σ), and 𐤎 to represent (compare Greek Ξ) is difficult to explain if then had the value in Phoenician, but it is quite easy to explain if it actually had the value (even more so if had the value ).", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Phonology", "target_page_ids": [ 1384075, 420994, 1769193, 166742 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 31, 32 ], [ 66, 67 ], [ 74, 75 ], [ 106, 107 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Similarly, Phoenician uses 𐤔 to represent sibilant fricatives in other languages rather than 𐤎 until the mid-3rd century BC, which has been taken by Friedrich/Röllig 1999 (pp.27–28) as evidence of an affricate pronunciation in Phoenician until then. On the other hand, Egyptian starts using s in place of earlier to represent Canaanite s around 1000 BC. As a result, Kogan assumes a much earlier loss of affricates in Phoenician, and he assumes that the foreign sibilant fricatives in question had a sound closer to than . (A similar interpretation for at least Latin s has been proposed by various linguists based on evidence of similar pronunciations of written s in a number of early medieval Romance languages; a technical term for this \"intermediate\" sibilant is voiceless alveolar retracted sibilant.) However, it is likely that Canaanite was already dialectally split by that time and the northern, Early Phoenician dialect that the Greeks were in contact with could have preserved the affricate pronunciation until c. 800 BC at least, unlike the more southern Canaanite dialects that the Egyptians were in contact with, so that there is no contradiction.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Phonology", "target_page_ids": [ 25401, 31849137 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 701, 718 ], [ 773, 810 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "There is also a good deal of internal evidence in early Akkadian for affricate realizations of . Examples are that underlying |||| were realized as ss, which is more natural if the law was phonetically |||| → , and that shift to before , which is more naturally interpreted as deaffrication.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Phonology", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Evidence for as also exists but is somewhat less clear. It has been suggested that it is cross-linguistically rare for languages with a single sibilant fricative to have as the sound and that is more likely. Similarly, the use of Phoenician 𐤔 , as the source of Greek Σ s, seems easiest to explain if the phoneme had the sound of at the time. The occurrence of for in a number of separate modern Semitic languages (such as Neo-Aramaic, Modern South Arabian, most Biblical Hebrew reading traditions) and Old Babylonian Akkadian is then suggested to result from a push-type chain shift, and the change from to \"pushes\" out of the way to in the languages in question, and a merger of the two to occurs in various other languages such as Arabic and Ethiopian Semitic.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Phonology", "target_page_ids": [ 420994, 4196433, 2376350, 487237 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 272, 273 ], [ 430, 441 ], [ 443, 463 ], [ 579, 590 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "On the other hand, it has been suggested that the initial merged s in Arabic was actually a \"hissing-hushing sibilant\", presumably something like (or a \"retracted sibilant\"), which did not become until later. That would suggest a value closer to (or a \"retracted sibilant\") or for Proto-Semitic since and would almost certainly merge directly to [s]. Furthermore, there is various evidence to suggest that the sound for existed while was still . Examples are the Southern Old Babylonian form of Akkadian, which evidently had along with as well as Egyptian transcriptions of early Canaanite words in which are rendered as . (ṯ is an affricate and the consensus interpretation of š is , as in Modern Coptic.)", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Phonology", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Diem (1974) suggested that the Canaanite sound change of → would be more natural if *š was than if it was . However, Kogan argues that, because was at the time, the change from to is the most likely merger, regardless of the exact pronunciation of while the shift was underway.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Phonology", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Evidence for the affricate nature of the non-sibilants is based mostly on internal considerations. Ejective fricatives are quite rare cross-linguistically, and when a language has such sounds, it nearly always has so if was actually affricate , it would be extremely unusual if was fricative rather than affricate . According to Rodinson (1981) and Weninger (1998), the Greek placename Mátlia, with tl used to render Ge'ez ḍ (Proto-Semitic *ṣ́), is \"clear proof\" that this sound was affricated in Ge'ez and quite possibly in Proto-Semitic as well.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Phonology", "target_page_ids": [ 69495 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 501, 506 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The evidence for the most maximal interpretation, with all the interdentals and lateral obstruents being affricates, appears to be mostly structural: the system would be more symmetric if reconstructed that way.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Phonology", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The shift of to h occurred in most Semitic languages (other than Akkadian, Minaean, Qatabanian) in grammatical and pronominal morphemes, and it is unclear whether reduction of began in a daughter proto-language or in Proto-Semitic itself. Some thus suggest that weakened may have been a separate phoneme in Proto-Semitic.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Phonology", "target_page_ids": [ 9815530, 9815676 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 76, 83 ], [ 85, 95 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Proto-Semitic is reconstructed as having non-phonemic stress on the third mora counted from the end of the word, i.e. on the second syllable from the end, if it has the structure CVC or CVː (where C is any consonant and V is any vowel), or on the third syllable from the end, if the second one had the structure CV.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Phonology", "target_page_ids": [ 196565 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 74, 78 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Proto-Semitic allowed only syllables of the structures CVC, CVː, or CV. It did not permit word-final clusters of two or more consonants, clusters of three or more consonants, hiatus of two or more vowels, or long vowels in closed syllables.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Phonology", "target_page_ids": [ 316354, 1512215 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 101, 109 ], [ 175, 181 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Most roots consisted of three consonants. However, it appears that historically the three-consonant roots had developed from two-consonant ones (this is suggested by evidence from internal as well as external reconstruction). To construct a given grammatical form, certain vowels were inserted between the consonants of the root. There were certain restrictions on the structure of the root: it was impossible to have roots where the first and second consonants were identical, and roots where the first and third consonants were identical were extremely rare.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Phonology", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "See Semitic languages for a fuller discussion of the outcomes of the Proto-Semitic sounds in the various daughter languages.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Phonology", "target_page_ids": [ 26919 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 21 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "See table at Proto-Afroasiatic language.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Phonology", "target_page_ids": [ 3415272 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 13, 39 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Three cases are reconstructed: nominative (marked by *-u), genitive (marked by *-i), accusative (marked by *-a)..", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Grammar", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "There were two genders: masculine (marked by a zero morpheme) and feminine (marked by *-at/*-t and *-ah/-ā). The feminine marker was placed after the root, but before the ending, e.g.: *ba‘l- ‘lord, master’ > *ba‘lat- ‘lady, mistress’, *bin- ‘son’ > *bint- ‘daughter’. Besides, there was a small group of feminine nouns that didn’t have formal markers: *’imm- ‘mother’, ‘ewe’, *’atān- ‘she-donkey’, *‘ayn- ‘eye’, *birk- ‘knee’", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Grammar", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "There were three numbers: singular, plural and dual (only in nouns).", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Grammar", "target_page_ids": [ 42169 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 47, 51 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "There were two ways to mark the plural:", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Grammar", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " affixation", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Grammar", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " masculine nouns formed their nominative by means of the marker *-ū, their genitive and accusative by *-ī, i.e., by lengthening the vowel of the singular case suffix;", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Grammar", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " feminines also formed their plural by lengthening a vowel — namely, by means of the marker *-āt;", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Grammar", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " apophonically (by changing the vocalisation pattern of the word, as seen e.g. in Arabic: kātib ‘writer’ — kuttāb ‘writers’) — only in the masculine.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Grammar", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The dual was formed by means of the markers *-ā in the nominative and *-āy in the genitive and accusative.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Grammar", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The endings of the noun:", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Grammar", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Like most of its daughter languages, Proto-Semitic has one free pronoun set, and case-marked bound sets of enclitic pronouns. Genitive case and accusative case are only distinguished in the first person.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Grammar", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "For many pronouns, the final vowel is reconstructed with long and short positional variants; this is conventionally indicated by a combined macron and breve on the vowel (e.g. ā̆).", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Grammar", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The Semitic demonstrative pronouns are usually divided into two series: those showing a relatively close object and those showing a more distant one. Nonetheless, it is very difficult to reconstruct Proto-Semitic forms on the basis of the demonstratives of the individual Semitic languages.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Grammar", "target_page_ids": [ 380304 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 12, 33 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "A series of interrogative pronouns are reconstructed for Proto-Semitic: *man ‘who’, *mā ‘what’ and *’ayyu ‘of what kind’ (derived from *’ay ‘where’).", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Grammar", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Reconstruction of the cardinal numerals from one to ten (masculine):", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Grammar", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "All nouns from one to ten were declined as singular nouns with the exception of the numeral ‘two’, which was declined as a dual. Feminine forms of all numbers from one to ten were produced by the suffix *-at. In addition, if the name of the object counted was of the feminine gender, the numbers from 3 to 10 were in the masculine form and vice versa.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Grammar", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The names of the numerals from 11 to 19 were formed by combining the names of the unit digits with the word ‘ten’. Twenty’ was expressed by the dual form of ‘ten’, and the names of the ten digits from 30 to 90 were plural forms of the corresponding unit digits. Besides, Proto-Semitic also had designations for hundred (*mi’t-), thousand (*li’m-) and ten thousand (*ribb-).", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Grammar", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Ordinal numerals can’t be reconstructed for the protolanguage because of the great diversity in the descendant languages.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Grammar", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Traditionally, two conjugations are reconstructed for Proto-Semitic — a prefix conjugation and a suffix conjugation. According to a hypothesis that has garnered wide support, the prefix conjugation was used with verbs that expressed actions, and the suffix conjugation was used with verbs that expressed states.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Grammar", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The prefix conjugation is reconstructed as follows:", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Grammar", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The suffix conjugation is reconstructed as follows:", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Grammar", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Verb stems are divided into basic () and derived. The basic ones consist of a three-consonant root with thematic vowels. Among the derived ones, one distinguishes stems with a geminated middle consonant (), stems with a lengthened first vowel, causative stems (formed by means of the prefix *ša-), nouns with the prefix *na-/*ni-, stems with the suffix *-tV-, stems that consist of a reduplicated biconsonantal root and stems with a geminated final consonant.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Grammar", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "From the basic stems, an active participle was formed on the pattern CāCiC, the passive one on the patterns CaCīC and CaCūC.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Grammar", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "From the derived stems, the participles were formed by means of the prefix *mu-, while the vocalisation of the active ones was a-i and that of the passive ones was a-a (on this pattern, for example, the Arabic name muḥammad is formed from the root ḥmd ‘to praise’.)", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Grammar", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The imperative mood was formed only for the second person, and the form for the singular masculine was the pure stem:", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Grammar", "target_page_ids": [ 197864 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 19 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Three conjunctions are reconstructed for Proto-Semitic:", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Grammar", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " *wa ’and’;", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Grammar", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " *’aw ’or’;", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Grammar", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " *šimmā ’if’.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Grammar", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The Proto-Semitic language was a language of nominative-accusative alignment, which is preserved in most of its descendant languages.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Grammar", "target_page_ids": [ 604774 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 45, 76 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The basic word order of Proto-Semitic was VSO (verb — subject — direct object), and the modifier usually followed its head.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Grammar", "target_page_ids": [ 4768787, 37354, 594590, 201457 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 42, 45 ], [ 47, 51 ], [ 54, 61 ], [ 64, 77 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Reconstruction of the Proto-Semitic lexis provides more information about the life of Proto-Semites and helps in the search for their Urheimat.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Grammar", "target_page_ids": [ 454015 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 134, 142 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Thus, it is possible to reconstruct religious terms ( ‘deity’, ‘to perform a sacrifice’, ‘to anoint’, ‘be holy’, ‘to forbid, excommunicate’ *ṣalm- ‘idol’), agricultural terms (*ḥaḳl- ‘field’, *ḥrṯ ‘to plough’, *ḏrʻ ‘to sow’, *ʻṣ́d ‘to harvest’, *dyš ‘to thresh’, *ḏrw ‘to winnow’, *gurn- ‘threshing-floor’, *ḥinṭ- ‘wheat’, *kunāṯ- ‘emmer’, *duḫn- ‘millet’), animal husbandry terms (*’immar- ‘ram’, *raḫil- ‘ewe’, *‘inz- ‘goat’, *śaw- ‘a herd of sheep’, *ṣ́a’n- ‘a herd of sheep and goats’, ‘to shear sheep’, *r‘y ‘to graze (animals)’, *šḳy ‘to guide to a watering place’, *’alp- ‘bull’, *ṯawr- ‘buffalo’, *ḫzr-/*ḫnzr- ‘pig’, *kalb- ‘dog’, *ḥimār- ‘donkey’, *’atān- ‘she-donkey’, *ḥalab- ‘milk’, *lašad- ‘cream’, *ḫim’at- ‘butter’), terms of daily life (*bayt- ‘house’, *dalt- ‘door’, *kussi’- ‘chair’, *‘arś- ‘bed’, *kry ‘to dig’, *bi’r- ‘well’, *śrp ‘to kindle, *’iš- ‘fire’, *ḳly ‘to roast’, *laḥm- ‘food’), technological terms (*ṣrp ‘to smelt’, *paḥḥam- ‘coal’, *kasp- ‘silver’, *kupr- ‘bitumen’, *kuḥl- ‘antimony’, *napṭ- ‘petrol’, *ḥabl- ‘rope’, *ḳašt- ‘bow’, *ḥaṱw- ‘arrow’). Many words are useful for the identification of the Semitic Urheimat (*ti’n- ‘fig’, *ṯūm- ‘garlic’, *baṣal- ‘onion’, ‘palm tree’, *dibš- ‘date honey’, *buṭn- ‘pistachio’, *ṯaḳid- ‘almond’, *kammūn- ‘cumin’).", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Grammar", "target_page_ids": [ 25414, 45087159, 80329, 68676, 3731174, 627, 5051958, 36858, 89367, 37977, 219640, 19167553, 2391490, 4269567, 55526, 19714, 46183, 8637, 262642, 951407, 15105978, 11145, 5987, 27119, 657, 898, 23639, 219810, 51513, 26626775, 50469, 51258, 45715, 40584, 1064, 47863730 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 36, 45 ], [ 55, 60 ], [ 78, 87 ], [ 92, 101 ], [ 152, 156 ], [ 160, 178 ], [ 293, 308 ], [ 319, 324 ], [ 336, 341 ], [ 352, 358 ], [ 362, 378 ], [ 425, 429 ], [ 624, 627 ], [ 638, 641 ], [ 653, 659 ], [ 693, 697 ], [ 727, 733 ], [ 782, 786 ], [ 799, 804 ], [ 815, 818 ], [ 844, 848 ], [ 875, 879 ], [ 963, 967 ], [ 978, 984 ], [ 995, 1002 ], [ 1013, 1021 ], [ 1032, 1038 ], [ 1064, 1067 ], [ 1078, 1083 ], [ 1165, 1168 ], [ 1178, 1184 ], [ 1196, 1201 ], [ 1206, 1215 ], [ 1247, 1256 ], [ 1268, 1274 ], [ 1287, 1292 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The words ‘buffalo’ and ‘horn’ are suspected to be borrowings from Proto-Indo-European or vice versa (for and certain other words). Besides, Sergei Starostin adduces several dozens of Semito-Indo-European correspondences, which he considers to be borrowings into Proto-Semitic from Proto-Anatolian or a disappeared branch of Proto-Indo-European.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Grammar", "target_page_ids": [ 559297, 1434851, 5287063 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 69, 88 ], [ 144, 160 ], [ 285, 300 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "See List of Proto-Semitic stems (appendix in Wiktionary).", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Comparative vocabulary and reconstructed roots", "target_page_ids": [ 156658 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 45, 55 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Afroasiatic language", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 599 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 21 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Afroasiatic Urheimat", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 23665489 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 21 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Ancient Semitic-speaking peoples", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 50034083 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 33 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Prehistory of the Middle East", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 489526 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 30 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Proto-Afroasiatic language", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 3415272 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 27 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Proto-Indo-European language", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 559297 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 29 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Huehnergard, John. (2003) \"Akkadian ḫ and West Semitic ḥ.\" Studia Semitica 3, ed. Leonid E. Kogan & Alexander Militarev. Moscow: Russian State University for the Humanities. pp.102–119. ", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Sources", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Kienast, Burkhart. (2001). Historische semitische Sprachwissenschaft.", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Sources", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Semitic etymology", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Semitic Roots Repository", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] } ]

[ "4th-millennium_BC_establishments", "Semitic_languages", "Semitic_linguistics", "Proto-languages" ]

[ "Proto-Semitic language" ]

[ { "plaintext": "Eyehategod (also abbreviated and referred to as EHG) is an American sludge metal band from New Orleans, Louisiana who formed in 1988. They have become one of the better known bands to emerge from the NOLA metal scene. Their core lineup has remained consistent since the band's inception, with the exception of the bassist (the role of which has been filled by several musicians over the years), until the death of drummer Joey LaCaze in 2013. As of 2021, the band has released seven studio albums.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 633816, 53842, 11787372 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 68, 80 ], [ 91, 113 ], [ 200, 216 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Eyehategod have noted the Melvins, Carnivore, The Obsessed, Discharge, Black Flag, Corrosion of Conformity, Black Sabbath, Celtic Frost, Confessor, and Saint Vitus as key influences to their sound. Heavy, detuned, and bluesy guitar riffs dominate the band's discography. They are combined with walls of feedback, and tortured vocals, with lyrical themes centered around substance abuse, to create a harsh misanthropic vibe.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 159481, 1477182, 209022, 965518, 103363, 900136, 4314, 169887, 3616970, 1065542, 3352, 180201, 176695, 102959, 47172 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 26, 33 ], [ 35, 44 ], [ 46, 58 ], [ 60, 69 ], [ 71, 81 ], [ 83, 106 ], [ 108, 121 ], [ 123, 135 ], [ 137, 146 ], [ 152, 163 ], [ 218, 223 ], [ 232, 236 ], [ 303, 311 ], [ 370, 385 ], [ 405, 417 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The band were friends with grindcore group Anal Cunt and performed with them for the first show after their frontman Seth Putnam was revived from his 2004 coma. Putnam had previously filled in for Mike Williams at a show in New Orleans during Mardi Gras in 1996. Williams was out of town at the time.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 13137, 522641, 12469206 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 27, 36 ], [ 43, 52 ], [ 117, 128 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Jimmy Bower and Joey LaCaze founded the band on April 20, 1988 (in accordance with 4/20 in cannabis culture), and they recruited Mark Schultz, Steve Dale and vocalist Chris Hilliard. Hilliard would later leave the group early on, and would be replaced by Mike Williams. The band then recorded two demos Garden Dwarf Woman Driver (1989) and Lack of Almost Everything (1990); the latter was sent out to various labels. They eventually got signed to the small French label Intellectual Convulsion, and released their first album In the Name of Suffering in 1990. The album had a far more primitive and raw sound than later releases (as it was recorded by the inexperienced band members for only $1,000), and had a more hardcore feel to it. The label dissolved with only a couple of thousand copies having been printed, so the band had to find a new label. They soon signed with Century Media however, who re-released In the Name of Suffering on December 1, 1992, as it is known today. Also in 2006, In the Name of Suffering was re-issued with four bonus tracks. These four tracks were the same as those on the original demo Lack of Almost Everything.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 145891, 4837132, 4104994, 73010, 325707 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 83, 107 ], [ 255, 268 ], [ 526, 550 ], [ 716, 724 ], [ 875, 888 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Eyehategod then went on to record Take as Needed for Pain in 1993, with new bassist Mark Schultz who had also contributed on In The Name Of Suffering. The album was recorded at Studio 13, a small recording studio working from the 13th floor of an abandoned department store on Canal Street in New Orleans. The band played daily during this period to put down tracks for the album. At the time, Mike Williams was homeless (having been thrown out by his former girlfriend) and living in an abandoned, flea-infested room above a strip club just a few minutes away from the studio. The sound of Take as Needed for Pain seemed much closer to what the members intended than the material on In the Name of Suffering, and it shows a cleaner, more distinct sound with better defined riffs. The southern rock, blues, and doom influences are also more distinctly felt on this album. After the release of the album, the band toured extensively with acts such as Chaos UK, Buzzov*en, White Zombie and Corrosion of Conformity. After touring, the band members briefly spread out in different directions. Mike Williams busied himself contributing to Metal Maniacs magazine. Jimmy Bower played drums on Crowbar's Broken Glass as well as Down's debut album, NOLA. Brian Patton recorded Soilent Green's debut album, Pussysoul.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 4105515, 249171, 163211, 3352, 171851, 11858500, 11312494, 34127, 900136, 2375077, 1071601, 4530448, 157598, 1127931, 16819404, 16104489 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 34, 57 ], [ 257, 273 ], [ 785, 798 ], [ 800, 805 ], [ 811, 815 ], [ 950, 958 ], [ 960, 969 ], [ 971, 983 ], [ 988, 1011 ], [ 1134, 1147 ], [ 1186, 1193 ], [ 1196, 1208 ], [ 1220, 1224 ], [ 1240, 1244 ], [ 1268, 1281 ], [ 1297, 1306 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The band had been recording several demos, which were released on various seven-inch records and splits on various labels, but finally in 1995 settled down to record an album, with Pepper Keenan of Corrosion of Conformity as producer, and new bassist Vince LeBlanc, which would be named Dopesick. At the time, Mike Williams was living in Clinton Hill, Brooklyn in New York City, and so had to travel between there and New Orleans frequently for the recording sessions. The recording sessions were infamously chaotic, and involved the studio owner reportedly calling Century to ask if the band were insane, and threatening to kick them out. This particular incident occurred after Mike Williams had attempted to record the sound of smashing glass for the introduction to the album, by smashing a bottle on the floor of the studio. In the process he slashed his hand open badly and bled all over the studio floor (this recording did make it to the record as the introduction to the first track, \"My Name is God (I Hate You)\"). One of the band members then apparently smeared the words \"Hell\" and \"Death to Pigs\" in Mike's blood. Brian Patton and Joey LaCaze then flew out to San Francisco to mix the album. This album was far more chaotic than their previous, but still retained the distinct southern, bluesy feel, distancing it from In the Name of Suffering. The band then embarked on a US tour in the spring of 1996 to support the album, supporting White Zombie and Pantera, bringing their music to a far wider audience, raising the profile of sludge metal, and becoming (in)famous as one of its founding acts.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 4902477, 1921313, 4104272, 395295, 5098574, 21338090, 34127, 142805, 633816 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 97, 103 ], [ 181, 194 ], [ 287, 295 ], [ 338, 360 ], [ 1084, 1088 ], [ 1190, 1193 ], [ 1449, 1461 ], [ 1466, 1473 ], [ 1544, 1556 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Eyehategod then went through a period of internal disputes, and went on unofficial hiatus as its members scattered again to record and tour with their various side-projects; namely Soilent Green, Corrosion of Conformity and Crowbar. Eventually, in 2000, the band reconvened (again with a new bassist, this time Daniel Nick) to compile their various Take as Needed for Pain and Dopesick era singles, seven inches and split records into one record, Southern Discomfort. This reconvention gave them the impetus to knuckle down and record another album, and that album was 2000's Confederacy of Ruined Lives. The album was a much more polished, sober affair, and so sounded distinctly more like a sequel to Take as Needed for Pain than Dopesick. After its release, the band then toured extensively, embarking on a world tour for the first time, with dates in Europe and Japan.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 4105736, 4105989 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 447, 466 ], [ 576, 603 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "By 2001, the members of Eyehategod had continued juggling with various side-projects. During this time, Down recorded their second album, and Bower formed the mostly instrumental band, The Mystick Krewe of Clearlight, as well as Soilent Green releasing their third album. Mike Williams also founded Outlaw Order and Arson Anthem. During all this activity, Eyehategod found time to compile and release their live album 10 Years of Abuse (and Still Broke) (which was mainly released due to a contractual obligation with Century Media), and record and release yet more split records and 7inches. With the release of their live album, the band were free of their contract with Century, and chose to sign to Emetic Records (with their fifth and current bassist, Gary Mader) for the release of their 2005 stop-gap compilation album, Preaching the \"End-Time\" Message, much in the vein of Southern Discomfort, but this time with some unreleased studio tracks.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 4140270, 1448032, 6132804, 4106301, 4108767 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 185, 216 ], [ 299, 311 ], [ 316, 328 ], [ 418, 453 ], [ 827, 859 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Following the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina, singer Mike Williams and his ex-girlfriend Alicia Morgan (a member of sludge metal band, 13) were arrested in Morgan City, Louisiana on a narcotics charge. Williams spent 91 days in the Morgan City Jail, and kicked his heroin habit.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 2569378, 4837132, 633816, 115772, 38079, 115772 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 27, 44 ], [ 53, 66 ], [ 116, 128 ], [ 156, 178 ], [ 184, 193 ], [ 232, 243 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "With the help of his Eyehategod bandmates and supporters such as Phil Anselmo, Williams was released from jail on December 2, 2005. The band played a set at the 2006 Mardi Gras festival, the first since the disaster. Emetic Records released a various artists tribute album to Eyehategod on March 20, 2007, titled For the Sick. On August 29, 2008, the band celebrated their 20-year anniversary with a show at One Eyed Jacks in New Orleans. The band played a few shows in the American South in May 2009, and are on tour the same winter. They also performed at Hellfest in France in June.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 432650, 38482, 528282, 10265856, 8644558 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 65, 77 ], [ 166, 176 ], [ 259, 272 ], [ 313, 325 ], [ 558, 566 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Jimmy Bower announced in an interview that Eyehategod are still active and preparing a new album. The band played at the Inferno festival in Oslo, Norway, on April 1, 2010, and also played two sets at the Roadburn festival later that month. Eyehategod performed a new song called \"New Orleans Is the New Vietnam\" during their set at their July 1, 2011 show in Roskilde Festival, Denmark.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 284539 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 361, 378 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Drummer Joey LaCaze died on August 23, 2013, from respiratory failure. Earsplit PR issued a press release on the life and death of LaCaze. The release states, \"Doctors confirmed to family members that the cause of death was respiratory failure. He also suffered from long term asthma.\" He had recently come back from a European tour and had celebrated his 42nd birthday.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "On October 31, 2013, the band announced that Aaron Hill would be taking LaCaze's place as drummer.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "In May 2014, the band released a self-titled full-length album on Phil Anselmo's label Housecore Records. This album is the last featuring Joey LaCaze on drums.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 43125406, 432650, 432650 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 33, 44 ], [ 66, 78 ], [ 87, 104 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "On August 4, 2016, Williams announced Anselmo would be filling in for him at a show in New Orleans and the 7th annual GwarBBQ. Williams cited \"serious health issues\" that prevented him from being physically able to perform.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "On September 22, 2016, Earsplit PR announced that Randy Blythe of Lamb of God would be filling in for Williams for the entire duration of the following month's tour with Discharge and Toxic Holocaust.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 1827401, 676331 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 50, 62 ], [ 66, 77 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "On December 16, 2016, Williams underwent liver transplant surgery.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "By July 2018, Eyehategod had begun working on their sixth studio album, which was initially planned to be released in 2019. The band announced on their Facebook page on October 14, 2020, that the album was finished. Two months later, A History of Nomadic Behavior was revealed as the title of the new album, which was released on March 12, 2021.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 67078438 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 234, 263 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "While Jimmy Bower was busy playing drums for Down, the other four members of Eyehategod formed a side-project called Outlaw Order (abbreviated to OO%). The band released a limited edition 7\" EP in 2003 called Legalize Crime, which has since been re-released on CD with a bonus live track and is available through Eyehategod's webstore. The criminal theme is apparently because at the time of the band's formation all five of the members were on probation, and have consistently been in trouble with the law. Mark Shultz is currently serving a prison sentence and so has been replaced by Justin Grisoli.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Outlaw Order", "target_page_ids": [ 157598, 156540, 156702, 8689960, 406786 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 45, 49 ], [ 188, 190 ], [ 191, 193 ], [ 209, 223 ], [ 445, 454 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The band released their debut album, Dragging Down the Enforcer, on November 10, 2008.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Outlaw Order", "target_page_ids": [ 19466093 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 37, 63 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Current", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Members", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Jimmy Bower guitars (1988–present)", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Members", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Mike Williams vocals (1988–present)", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Members", "target_page_ids": [ 4837132 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 14 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Gary Mader bass (2002–present)", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Members", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Aaron Hill drums (2013–present)", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Members", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Former", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Members", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Chris Hillard – vocals (1988)", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Members", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Joey LaCaze – drums (1988–2013; died 2013)", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Members", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Steve Dale bass (19881992)", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Members", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Mark Schultz guitars (1988–1992), bass (19921995)", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Members", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Vince LeBlanc bass (19961999)", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Members", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Daniel Nick bass (20002001)", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Members", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Brian Patton guitars (1993–2018, live in 2019 and 2022)", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Members", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "In the Name of Suffering (1990)", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Discography", "target_page_ids": [ 4104994 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 24 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Take as Needed for Pain (1993)", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Discography", "target_page_ids": [ 4105515 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 23 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Dopesick (1996)", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Discography", "target_page_ids": [ 4104272 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 8 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Confederacy of Ruined Lives (2000)", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Discography", "target_page_ids": [ 4105989 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 27 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Eyehategod (2014)", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Discography", "target_page_ids": [ 43125406 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 10 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "A History of Nomadic Behavior (2021)", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Discography", "target_page_ids": [ 67078438 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 29 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Music of New Orleans", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 11787372 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 20 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Emetic Records' Eyehategod section", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Q&A with Eyehategod", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " 20th Anniversary show Photos", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] } ]

[ "American_sludge_metal_musical_groups", "American_doom_metal_musical_groups", "Heavy_metal_musical_groups_from_Louisiana", "Musical_groups_from_New_Orleans", "Musical_groups_established_in_1988", "Musical_quartets", "Political_music_groups" ]

[ "EHG" ]

[ { "plaintext": " is a Japanese actress. Prior to marrying director Banmei Takahashi in 1982, she went by her maiden name . She debuted in the 1970 film High School Student Blues. Her second film, おさな妻, earned her the Golden Arrow Award for Newcomer of the Year.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 25806056, 32489690 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 51, 67 ], [ 201, 219 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 1981 she appeared in the Nikkatsu Roman Porno film Love Letter, a fictionalized account of the life of poet Mitsuharu Kaneko, which Nikkatsu hoped would appeal to both male and female audiences. In 1982 she was the female lead in her husband Banmei Takahashi's launch into mainstream film, Tattoo Ari. In 2008, she won the Mainichi Film Award for Best Supporting Actress for her work in Fumiko no Umi. She was given Mainichi's Tanaka Kinuyo Award in 2010.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 469330, 1226693, 15972700, 25806227, 3724747, 474131 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 28, 36 ], [ 37, 48 ], [ 111, 127 ], [ 293, 303 ], [ 326, 345 ], [ 430, 443 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "High School Student Blues (1970)", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Filmography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Osanazuma (1970)", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Filmography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Just for You (1970)", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Filmography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The Forbidden Fruit (1970)", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Filmography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Games(1971)", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Filmography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Rise, Fair Sun (1973) as Haruko", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Filmography", "target_page_ids": [ 27920314 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 14 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Mainline to Terror (1975) as Tomoko Kimihara", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Filmography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The Gate of Youth (1975) as Hate Hiiragi", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Filmography", "target_page_ids": [ 45627482 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 17 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Gambare Wakadaishō", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Filmography", "target_page_ids": [ 38414084 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 18 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Love Letter (1981)", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Filmography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Tattoo Ari (1982) as Michiyo", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Filmography", "target_page_ids": [ 25806227 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 10 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Dai Nippon Teikoku (1982) as Miyo Arai", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Filmography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Lake of Illusions (1982)", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Filmography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Wolf (1982)", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Filmography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Love Letter (1985)", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Filmography", "target_page_ids": [ 25851185 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 10 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Jiro's Story (1987)", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Filmography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Door (1988)", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Filmography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Otokotachi no kaita e) (1996)", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Filmography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Gendai ninkyoden (1997)", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Filmography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Magnitude (1997)", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Filmography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Uzumaki (2000)", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Filmography", "target_page_ids": [ 1233247 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 7 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Drug (2001)", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Filmography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Legendary Crocodile Jake and His Fellows (2004)", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Filmography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Fumiko no Umi (2007)", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Filmography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Be Sure to Share (2009)", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Filmography", "target_page_ids": [ 34866660 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 16 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Akai Tama (2015)", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Filmography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Summer Blooms (2018)", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Filmography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Taiyō ni Hoero! (1972–74) as Nobuko Uchida (Shinko)", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Filmography", "target_page_ids": [ 34587971 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 16 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Tokugawa Ieyasu (1983)", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Filmography", "target_page_ids": [ 42927479 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 16 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Nobunaga: King of Zipangu (1992), Rui", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Filmography", "target_page_ids": [ 13242187 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 36, 39 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Aoi (2001), Orin", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Filmography", "target_page_ids": [ 45696697 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 4 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Seibu Keisatsu Special (2004)", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Filmography", "target_page_ids": [ 46557141 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 23 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Official site ", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Keiko Takahashi at Japanese Movie Database", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [ 11861447 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 20, 43 ] ] } ]

[ "1955_births", "Living_people", "Japanese_actresses", "Pink_film_actors", "People_from_Hokkaido" ]

[]

[ { "plaintext": "Kari Yrjänä Suomalainen (15 October 1920, in Helsinki – 10 August 1999, in Valkeakoski) was Finland's most famous political cartoonist, known as Kari. His cartoons appeared daily in Helsingin Sanomat from 1951 to 1991 and they became popular throughout the nation. While most of them comment on current politics, some are based on everyday life. Suomalainen received many awards for his work, including the National Cartoonist Society (US) award in 1959, Puupäähattu in 1984 and Pro Finlandia in 1989. He was also appointed honorary professor in 1977.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 13696, 550897, 10577, 205531, 212884, 21646, 1618856, 20646803 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 45, 53 ], [ 75, 86 ], [ 92, 99 ], [ 114, 134 ], [ 182, 199 ], [ 407, 434 ], [ 479, 492 ], [ 533, 542 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Kari's maternal grandfather was Finnish sculptor Emil Wikström, and his younger sister was the opera singer and director Saskia Suomalainen, Maaria Eira.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 12224002, 67111453 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 49, 62 ], [ 142, 153 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Before Helsingin Sanomat, Suomalainen drew illustrations for multiple magazines, particularly for Lukemista kaikille. During World War II, Suomalainen tried various tasks (unsuccessfully) but finally became an official war artist in a TK company (propaganda company), and was promoted to rank of sergeant. After the war, he worked for Seura magazine, drawing the main illustration for various stories.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Career", "target_page_ids": [ 1003203, 68332230 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 219, 229 ], [ 235, 245 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 1950, he gave a proposal to the chief editor of Helsingin Sanomat that he would start drawing daily political cartoons, according to the example of foreign newspapers. Suomalainen's first cartoon appeared in the start of the year 1950, showing an infant boy (the symbol of the New Year) contemplating two toys: a tank and a dove carrying an olive branch. The boy is saying: \"Tank... or dove? I want them both!\". Suomalainen started drawing daily political cartoons in Helsingin Sanomat in the year 1951, during Juho Kusti Paasikivi's presidency.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Career", "target_page_ids": [ 21637, 164616 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 280, 288 ], [ 514, 534 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "One of Suomalainen's most favourite characters was Urho Kekkonen, whom he drew as a bald man with an angular chin and huge eyeglasses. When Kekkonen became president in 1956, Suomalainen stopped, for a while, using the character, due to an \"unwritten law\" forbidding caricaturing the president. Suomalainen published a cartoon of himself weeping at Kekkonen's portrait, saying he \"felt like a man who has just lost a gold mine\". Later, Suomalainen continued using the Kekkonen character.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Career", "target_page_ids": [ 32048 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 51, 64 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Other famous Suomalainen characters include president Mauno Koivisto (a man with thick eyebrows and a strand of hair pointing upwards), prime minister Kalevi Sorsa (a cross between a man and a duck – in Finnish, sorsa means ‘duck’) and the artist himself (a short, rotund man with long, black hair and a mushroom-shaped hat).", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Career", "target_page_ids": [ 164615, 211075, 37674 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 54, 68 ], [ 151, 163 ], [ 225, 229 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Suomalainen was known of his political cartoons and he often drew his characters by political party category. They were:", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Career", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " A fat priest with a military helmet on his head represented the National Coalition Party. The helmet was removed in the 1990s and replaced with a top hat.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Career", "target_page_ids": [ 56435, 23707, 92357, 132151, 224532 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 3, 6 ], [ 7, 13 ], [ 21, 29 ], [ 30, 36 ], [ 65, 89 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " A skinny worker dressed in an overall represented the Social Democratic Party of Finland.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Career", "target_page_ids": [ 2810349, 857255, 33622731 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 3, 9 ], [ 10, 16 ], [ 55, 89 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " A fat, red-nosed yokel with stubble in ragged clothes and a scarf around the neck represented the Communist Party of Finland.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Career", "target_page_ids": [ 56435, 2153531, 493247, 258800 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 3, 6 ], [ 18, 23 ], [ 61, 66 ], [ 99, 125 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " A fat landlord/farmer represented the Agrarian Union and when it changed its name to Centre Party, he drew the character with collared shirt, tie and a fedora hat. ", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Career", "target_page_ids": [ 56435, 538368, 58688, 241868, 481671 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 3, 6 ], [ 7, 15 ], [ 16, 22 ], [ 86, 98 ], [ 153, 159 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Small parties were drawn with short and skinny characters. ", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Career", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " The People's Party (liberals) were drawn with a ridiculously exaggerated white collar.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Career", "target_page_ids": [ 958112 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 30 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " The Swedish People's Party was a small snob with a moustache, in a suit and with a bowler hat.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Career", "target_page_ids": [ 219789 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 5, 27 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " The Christian Party was represented by a small man in black körtti suit.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Career", "target_page_ids": [ 224539, 28036229 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 5, 20 ], [ 61, 67 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Veikko Vennamo himself often represented his own party, as did Emil Skog and Aarre Simonen.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Career", "target_page_ids": [ 2376132, 43972787, 44048389 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 15 ], [ 64, 73 ], [ 78, 91 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Initially they were drawn with realistic proportions, but then they became exaggerated into cartoonish proportions. He also used the same motifs to draw a variety of characters; for example, the skinny guy and the fat guy in the city.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Career", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "A top hat over a character used to refer to the incumbent cabinet and ministers.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Career", "target_page_ids": [ 468335, 32187890, 739237 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 2, 9 ], [ 58, 65 ], [ 70, 78 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "One cartoon, based on Ilya Repin's painting Barge Haulers on the Volga, created an international hubbub in 1958: Nikita Khrushchev, on the barge pulled by Eastern bloc countries, is shouting \"Imperialists!\" to the US and UK on the shore.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Career", "target_page_ids": [ 658556, 26227232, 42558, 97477 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 22, 32 ], [ 44, 70 ], [ 113, 130 ], [ 155, 167 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Suomalainen and the newspapers editor-in-chief Janne Virkkunen had an quarrel in 1991, after Helsingin Sanomat refused to publish Kari's cartoons criticizing Somali refugees, because they were considered to be too racist. He kept on drawing even after that and his cartoons were published in several minor Finnish newspapers on a more irregular basis.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Career", "target_page_ids": [ 29969532, 10146484, 25613 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 47, 62 ], [ 158, 164 ], [ 214, 220 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "A film, Kari ja hänen 9 presidenttiään, was made by documentary filmmaker Juho Gartz in 1994.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Career", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Suomalainen died in 1999 at the age of 78.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Career", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] } ]

[ "1920_births", "1999_deaths", "Artists_from_Helsinki", "Finnish_cartoonists", "Finnish_humorists", "Finnish_editorial_cartoonists", "Finnish_military_personnel_of_World_War_II" ]

[ "Kari Yrjänä Suomalainen" ]

[ { "plaintext": "The European Trade Union Confederation (ETUC) is the major trade union organisation representing workers at the European level. In its role as a European social partner, the ETUC works both in a consulting role with the European Commission and negotiates agreements and work programmes with European employers. It coordinates the national and sectoral policies of its affiliates on social and economic matters, particularly in the framework of the EU institutional processes, including European economic governance and the EU Semester.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 17626, 9317, 9974, 314993 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 59, 70 ], [ 112, 120 ], [ 220, 239 ], [ 300, 309 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The ETUC was established in 1973, to coordinate and represent workers and their trade unions at the European level, and has grown as more countries have joined the EU.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "At present, the ETUC represents almost 45 million workers across Europe, belonging to 89 national trade union confederations from 39 European countries, and 10 European Industry Federations. It includes both a Women's Committee and Youth Committee, which represent the interests of these two groups within its membership respectively.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Representativeness and constitution", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "In cooperation with the European Trade Union Institute, the ETUC has set up UnionMigrantNet, a network of trade union contact points within the member states, with the aim of assisting migrants and their families. The ETUC coordinates the activities of the 45 Interregional Trade Union Councils (IRTUCs), which organise trade union cooperation across national borders in the EU and defend the right to free movement of workers.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Representativeness and constitution", "target_page_ids": [ 50124776 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 24, 54 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Other trade union structures operating under the auspices of the ETUC are Eurocadres (Council of European Professional and Managerial Staff) and the European Federation of Retired and Older People (FERPA).", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Representativeness and constitution", "target_page_ids": [ 3174732 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 74, 84 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Currently, the General Secretary of the organisation is Luca Visentini, from the Italian Labour Union (UIL), who was elected in 2015. The President is Rudy de Leeuw, from the General Labour Federation of Belgium (FGTB). The two Deputy General Secretaries are Veronica Nilsson and Peter Scherrer, and the Confederal Secretaries are Liina Carr, Esther Lynch, Montserrat Mir Roca, and Thiébaut Weber.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Representativeness and constitution", "target_page_ids": [ 51390668, 4940260 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 56, 70 ], [ 81, 101 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The ETUC's delegate congress, which takes place every four years, approves and amends the constitution and elects its leadership team. All policies and activities are agreed by affiliates' representatives, who maintain their own independence. The 13th congress took place in Paris on 29 September-2 October 2015.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Representativeness and constitution", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The ETUC's mission is to encourage European unity, peace and stability, enabling working people and their families to enjoy full human, civil, social and employment rights and high living standards. To achieve this, it promotes the European social model, combining sustainable economic growth with ever-improving living and working conditions, including full employment, well-functioning social dialogue and industrial relations, social protection, equal opportunities, good quality jobs, social inclusion, and an open and democratic policy-making process that involves citizens fully in the decisions that affect them.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Mission and activities", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "At the 2015 Paris Congress, the ETUC agreed on a Manifesto and an Action Programme for four years until 2019. These documents focus on three objectives:", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Mission and activities", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " A strong economy that serves the people", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Mission and activities", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Stronger unions for democratic values and democracy at work", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Mission and activities", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " A core of ambitious social standards", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Mission and activities", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "A strong economy", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Mission and activities", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The ETUC works with all the EU governing bodies: Presidency, Council, Commission and Parliament. Its right to represent the interests of European workers in the formulation of EU macroeconomic and employment policy is articulated in the EU Treaty. It takes part in bi-annual Tripartite Social Summits; responds to European Commission proposals; liaises with a cross-party Intergroup of MEPs in the European Parliament; and coordinates trade union participation in a number of advisory bodies, including the tripartite EU agencies for vocational training (CEDEFOP), improvement of living and working conditions (Eurofound), and health and safety (EU-OSHA). It works closely with the Workers' Group in the Economic and Social Committee.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Mission and activities", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "At the meetings of the Macroeconomic Dialogue (MED), established in 1998, the social partners discuss economic policy with the EU Economic and Financial Affairs Council (ECOFIN), the European Central Bank (ECB), and the commission. The ETUC wants greater trade union participation in economic governance at both EU and national levels.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Mission and activities", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The ETUC supports public investment, a green economy, fair taxation and quality jobs for all. It opposes precarious work and austerity policies.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Mission and activities", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Stronger unions", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Mission and activities", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The ETUC regards collective bargaining and social dialogue, and workplace and industrial democracy as key to innovation, productivity and growth in Europe. It therefore promotes capacity building for trade unions across Europe.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Mission and activities", "target_page_ids": [ 38499314 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 78, 98 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The social dialogue between the ETUC and European employers supplements the national social dialogues in the Member States. The ETUC supports European Works Councils, and workers' consultation and participation in decision-making.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Mission and activities", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "EU cross-industry social dialogue was formally launched in 1985, with the support of former Commission President Jacques Delors. It has evolved through three stages:", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Mission and activities", "target_page_ids": [ 165718 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 113, 127 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "I – (1985–1991) Bipartite activities culminated in the adoption of resolutions, declarations and common opinions, which did not have a binding effect.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Mission and activities", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "II – (1992–1999) An accord between the social partners, signed on 31 October 1991 and subsequently annexed to the 1992 Maastricht Treaty in the form of a Social Protocol, enabled European social partner agreements to have legal force through a Council decision. In 1997, the agreement was written into the Treaty of Amsterdam (Articles 154 and 155 TFEU).", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Mission and activities", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "European social dialogue led to the implementation of three framework agreements (parental leave in 1995 – revised in 2009, part-time work in 1997, and fixed-term contracts in 1999) via EU Directives.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Mission and activities", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "III – (1999–2005) In December 2001, the European social partners presented a \"common contribution\" to the Laeken European Council. In accordance with the 1991 agreement (Art. 155 par 2 TFEU), this moved towards greater independence and autonomy of the social dialogue.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Mission and activities", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Since 2002, the social partners have concluded autonomous agreements on:", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Mission and activities", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Telework (2002)", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Mission and activities", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Work-related stress (2004)", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Mission and activities", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Harassment and violence at work (2007)", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Mission and activities", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Inclusive labour markets (2010)", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Mission and activities", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " A framework of actions for the lifelong development of competencies and qualifications (2002), a framework of actions on gender equality (2005), and a framework of actions on youth employment (2013).", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Mission and activities", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "These are implemented by the social partners themselves at national, regional and enterprise level. The social partners' new Multiannual Work Programme runs until 2017 and foresees an accord on active ageing.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Mission and activities", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "In the field of collective bargaining and wage policy, the ETUC has coordinated affiliates' activities since 1999. From 2012, the ETUC also started to coordinate trade union participation in EU economic governance and the Semester process. Every year the ETUC updates its priorities and initiatives on industrial relations and wage developments, with a view to improving working and living conditions across Europe, to achieve better wages for all workers, ensure equal treatment, combat inequalities, support capacity building for sound industrial relations and promote collective bargaining in all EU countries.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Mission and activities", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The ETUC favours a holistic approach to workers' involvement, including stronger information and consultation rights, board-level participation in European company forms, and support for European Works Councils. The ETUC presses for information and consultation for workers, in particular, to anticipate change or company restructuring (to cut job losses), and throughout the subcontracting chain.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Mission and activities", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Ambitious social standards", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Mission and activities", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The ETUC is committed to pursuing social progress across the EU – an objective enshrined in the EU Treaty. It, therefore, calls for high-quality public services and social protection, gender equality, worker mobility, and high health and safety standards, with an end to social dumping and discrimination.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Mission and activities", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The ETUC defends the European social model as a key factor in promoting not only social justice and cohesion but also economic growth, productivity and competitiveness in the EU.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Mission and activities", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "When necessary, the ETUC pursues its vision of Social Europe through direct action, such as Euro-demonstrations and campaigns, and works with civil society partners to achieve social justice and progress for workers and their families across Europe.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Mission and activities", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The ETUC is recognised by the European Union, by the Council of Europe and by the European Free Trade Association as the only representative cross-sectoral trade union organisation at the European level.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Mission and activities", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Future challenges", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Mission and activities", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "At its Congress in Paris, the ETUC launched a broad discussion on the role and future of trade unionism in Europe, in the face of globalisation and austerity policies affecting society in Europe and the rest of the world.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Mission and activities", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The discussion has been widened to address the future of the EU, facing challenges like the refugee emergency, Brexit, rising populism and xenophobia, and widespread discontent among citizens and workers about their economic and social conditions.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Mission and activities", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The ETUC is launching campaigns and actions, including on a fairer, sustainable economic model, quality job creation, just transition and fair trade, higher pay and wage convergence for European workers, better protection for disadvantaged, precarious and self-employed workers, and more democracy at work, in the economy and in EU institutions.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Mission and activities", "target_page_ids": [ 24537627 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 118, 133 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Confederation of European Business", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 1408610 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 35 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " EU labour law", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 22677863 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 14 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " French labour law", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 28353118 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 18 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " German labour law", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 22677643 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 18 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " UK labour law", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 402027 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 14 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Unió Sindical d'Andorra", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 42973095 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 24 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " European Social Model", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " European Social Partners", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " European Petition for high-quality public services, accessible to all", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Solidarity in the Economic Crisis. Challenges and Expectations for European Trade Unions (Publication by the Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung for the ETUC Congress in Athens 2011)", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Christophe Degryse (with Pierre Tilly), 1973–2013 : 40 years of history of the European Trade Union Confederation, European Trade Union Institute, 2013, ", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] } ]

[ "European_Trade_Union_Confederation", "Labor_relations", "Trade_unions_established_in_1973", "1973_establishments_in_Europe" ]

[ "ETUC" ]

[ { "plaintext": "Papyrus Harris I is also known as the Great Harris Papyrus and (less accurately) simply the Harris Papyrus (though there are a number of other papyri in the Harris collection). Its technical designation is Papyrus British Museum EA 9999. At 41 metres long, it is \"the longest known papyrus from Egypt, with some 1,500 lines of text.\" It was found in a tomb near Medinet Habu, across the Nile river from Luxor, Egypt, and purchased by collector Anthony Charles Harris (17901869) in 1855; it entered the collection of the British Museum in 1872.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 23664, 8087628, 2019839, 21244, 177097, 12974304, 4675 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 282, 289 ], [ 295, 300 ], [ 362, 374 ], [ 387, 397 ], [ 403, 415 ], [ 444, 466 ], [ 520, 534 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Its editio princeps is the 1876 \"Facsimile of an Egyptian Hieratic papyrus of the reign of Ramses III\" published by the British Museum.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 4193686 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 19 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The hieratic text of the papyrus consists of a list of temple endowments and a brief summary of the entire reign (1186–1155 BC) of king Ramesses III of the Twentieth dynasty of Egypt. Ramesses III claims to have captured hundreds of thousands of foreign slaves;", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Text", "target_page_ids": [ 98099, 23294, 144531, 28830264 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 12 ], [ 131, 135 ], [ 136, 148 ], [ 156, 182 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "“I brought back in great numbers those that my sword has spared, with their hands tied behind their backs before my horses, and their wives and children in tens of thousands, and their livestock in hundreds of thousands. I imprisoned their leaders in fortresses bearing my name, and I added to them chief archers and tribal chiefs, branded and enslaved, tattooed with my name, their wives and children being treated in the same way.”", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Text", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Its historical section mentions that Setnakhte, Ramesses III's father and predecessor, restored order and stability to Egypt after a time of internal civil conflict, expelling Asiatic followers of Irsu. Ramesses III himself reorganized the state bureaucracy and the army. He fought wars against the Peoples of the Sea and claims to have subdued them and made them subjects of Egypt. The Edomites too were subjugated. In the west he stopped the incursions of the Libyans and Meshwesh and settled them in the western Nile delta. His economic activities included the digging of a great well at Ayan, an expedition to Punt, an ill-defined region in the Horn of Africa, the importation of copper from Atika, and an expedition to the Sinai peninsula which returned with precious stones. Improving the quality of life of the ordinary Egyptian he had trees planted for shade, he protected women so they might go freely wherever they wanted, and, when Egypt was at peace, its foreign mercenaries lived with their families in garrison towns. Overall, he was convinced of having greatly bettered the lot of all inhabitants of Egypt, natives or foreigners.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Text", "target_page_ids": [ 795192, 3683323, 324954, 21492813, 1953926, 22216173, 27644 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 37, 46 ], [ 197, 201 ], [ 299, 317 ], [ 387, 391 ], [ 474, 482 ], [ 614, 618 ], [ 728, 743 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The text itself was composed during the reign of Ramesses IV, Ramesses III's son and successor.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Text", "target_page_ids": [ 795108 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 49, 60 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " List of ancient Egyptian papyri", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 17244709 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 32 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Rhind Mathematical Papyrus", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 9210114 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 26 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Papyrus Harris 500", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 12946596 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 18 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Erichsen, Wolja. 1933. Papyrus Harris I: hieroglyphische Transkription. Bibliotheca aegyptiaca 5. Brussel: Fondation égyptologique reine Élisabeth", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "References", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Grandet, Pierre. 1994. Le papyrus Harris I (BM 9999). 2 vols. Bibliothèque d'Étude 109/12. Cairo: Imprimerie de l'Institut français d'archéologie orientale du Caire", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "References", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Grandet, Pierre. 1999. Le papyrus Harris I: Glossaire. Bibliothèque d'Étude 129. Cairo: Imprimerie de l'Institut français d'archéologie orientale du Caire", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "References", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Breasted, James Henry. 1906. Ancient Records of Egypt, Chicago, Part Four, §§ 151 to 412", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "References", "target_page_ids": [ 13814927 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 29, 53 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "British Museum webpage on the Papyrus", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "British Museum webpage on a scene from the Papyrus", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "August Eisenlohr's German edition of the Harris Papyrus at the Internet Archive", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] } ]

[ "Extra-biblical_references_to_Canaan", "Ancient_Egyptian_objects_in_the_British_Museum", "Egyptian_papyri" ]

[]

[ { "plaintext": "Enterprise architecture (EA) is an analytical discipline that provides methods to comprehensively define, organize, standardize, and document an organization’s structure and interrelationships in terms of certain critical business domains (physical, organizational, technical, etc.) characterizing the entity under analysis. The goal of EA is to create an effective representation of the business enterprise that may be used at all levels of stewardship to guide, optimize, and transform the business as it responds to real-world conditions. EA serves to capture the relationships and interactions between domain elements as described by their processes, functions, applications, events, data, and employed technologies. ", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "As practitioners of enterprise architecture, enterprise architects support an organization’s strategic vision by acting to align people, process and technology decisions with actionable goals and objectives that result in quantifiable improvements toward achieving that vision. The practice of enterprise architecture:", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Overview", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "It helps business and IT managers to figure out the best strategies to support and enable business development and business change – in relation to the business information systems that the business depends on.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Overview", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The term enterprise can be defined as describing an organizational unit, organization, or collection of organizations that share a set of common goals and collaborate to provide specific products or services to customers.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Topics", "target_page_ids": [ 2226687, 105070, 303330 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 52, 71 ], [ 73, 85 ], [ 155, 166 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In that sense, the term enterprise covers various types of organizations, regardless of their size, ownership model, operational model, or geographical distribution. It includes those organizations' complete socio-technical systems, including people, information, processes, and technologies.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Topics", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The term architecture refers to fundamental concepts or properties of a system in its environment, embodied in its elements, relationships, and in the principles of its design and evolution.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Topics", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Understood as a socio-technical system, the term enterprise defines the scope of the enterprise architecture.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Topics", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Perspectives, or beliefs, held by enterprise architecture practitioners and scholars, with regards to the meaning of the enterprise architecture, typically gravitate towards one or a hybrid of three schools of thought:", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Topics", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Enterprise IT design – the purpose of EA is the greater alignment between IT and business concerns. The main purpose of enterprise architecture is to guide the process of planning and designing the IT/IS capabilities of an enterprise in order to meet desired organizational objectives. Typically, architecture proposals and decisions are limited to the IT/IS aspects of the enterprise; other aspects only serve as inputs.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Topics", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Enterprise integrating – According to this school of thought, the purpose of EA is to achieve greater coherency between the various concerns of an enterprise (HR, IT, Operations, etc.) including the linking between strategy formulation and execution. Typically, architecture proposals and decisions encompass all the aspects of the enterprise.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Topics", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Enterprise ecosystem adaptation – the purpose of EA is to foster and maintain the learning capabilities of enterprises so that they may be sustainable. Consequently, a great deal of emphasis is put on improving the capabilities of the enterprise to improve itself, to innovate and to coevolve with its environment. Typically, proposals and decisions encompass both the enterprise and its environment.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Topics", "target_page_ids": [ 118450 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 269, 277 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "One’s belief with regards to the meaning of enterprise architecture will impact how one sees its purpose, its scope, the means of achieving it, the skills needed to conduct it, and the locus of responsibility for conducting it", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Topics", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "According to the standard ISO/IEC/IEEE 42010, the product used to describe the architecture of a system is called an architectural description. In practice, an architectural description contains a variety of lists, tables, and diagrams. These are models known as views. In the case of enterprise architecture, these models describe the logical business functions or capabilities, business processes, human roles and actors, the physical organization structure, data flows and data stores, business applications and platform applications, hardware, and communications infrastructure.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Topics", "target_page_ids": [ 11521286, 342977, 864364, 1423177, 1037763 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 26, 44 ], [ 382, 398 ], [ 463, 472 ], [ 478, 488 ], [ 491, 511 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The UK National Computing Centre EA best practice guidance states:", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Topics", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Normally an EA takes the form of a comprehensive set of cohesive models that describe the structure and functions of an enterprise. The individual models in an EA are arranged in a logical manner that provides an ever-increasing level of detail about the enterprise.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Topics", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The architecture of an enterprise is described with a view to improving the manageability, effectiveness, efficiency, or agility of the business, and ensuring that money spent on information technology (IT) is justified.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Topics", "target_page_ids": [ 36674345 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 179, 201 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Paramount to changing the enterprise architecture is the identification of a sponsor. His/her mission, vision, and strategy, and the governance framework define all roles, responsibilities, and relationships involved in the anticipated transformation. Changes considered by enterprise architects typically include:", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Topics", "target_page_ids": [ 985364 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 104, 110 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " innovations in the structure or processes of an organization", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Topics", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " innovations in the use of information systems or technologies ", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Topics", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " the integration and/or standardization of business processes, and ", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Topics", "target_page_ids": [ 27065 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 24, 39 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " improving the quality and timeliness of business information.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Topics", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "A methodology for developing and using architecture to guide the transformation of a business from a baseline state to a target state, sometimes through several transition states, is usually known as an enterprise architecture framework. A framework provides a structured collection of processes, techniques, artifact descriptions, reference models, and guidance for the production and use of an enterprise-specific architecture description.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Topics", "target_page_ids": [ 1155691, 4658644, 58210484 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 65, 93 ], [ 203, 236 ], [ 309, 330 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The benefits of enterprise architecture are achieved through its direct and indirect contributions to organizational goals. It has been found that the most notable benefits of enterprise architecture can be observed in the following areas:", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Benefits", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Organizational design – Enterprise architecture provides support in the areas related to design and re-design of the organizational structures during mergers, acquisitions or during general organizational change.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Benefits", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Organizational processes and process standards – Enterprise architecture helps enforce discipline and standardization of business processes, and enable process consolidation, reuse, and integration.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Benefits", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Project portfolio management – Enterprise architecture supports investment decision-making and work prioritization.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Benefits", "target_page_ids": [ 2826751 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 29 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Project management – Enterprise architecture enhances the collaboration and communication between project stakeholders. Enterprise architecture contributes to efficient project scoping and to defining more complete and consistent project deliverables.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Benefits", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Requirements engineering – Enterprise architecture increases the speed of requirement elicitation and the accuracy of requirement definitions, through publishing of the enterprise architecture documentation.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Benefits", "target_page_ids": [ 981981 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 25 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " System development - Enterprise architecture contributes to optimal system designs and efficient resource allocation during system development and testing.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Benefits", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " IT management and decision making – Enterprise architecture is found to help enforce discipline and standardization of IT planning activities and to contribute to a reduction in time for technology-related decision making.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Benefits", "target_page_ids": [ 1098368 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 14 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " IT value – Enterprise architecture helps reduce the system's implementation and operational costs, and minimize replication of IT infrastructure services across business units.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Benefits", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " IT complexity – Enterprise architecture contributes to a reduction in IT complexity, consolidation of data and applications, and to better interoperability of the systems.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Benefits", "target_page_ids": [ 41285 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 140, 156 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " IT openness – Enterprise architecture contributes to more open and responsive IT as reflected through increased accessibility of data for regulatory compliance, and increased transparency of infrastructure changes.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Benefits", "target_page_ids": [ 5404610, 10356765, 1464132 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 59, 63 ], [ 68, 78 ], [ 139, 160 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " IT risk management – Enterprise architecture contributes to the reduction of business risks from system failures and security breaches. Enterprise architecture helps reduce risks of project delivery.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Benefits", "target_page_ids": [ 30047898 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 19 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Documenting the architecture of enterprises is done within the U.S. Federal Government in the context of the Capital Planning and Investment Control (CPIC) process.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Examples", "target_page_ids": [ 3434750, 195149, 5387804 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 63, 67 ], [ 68, 86 ], [ 109, 148 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Federal Enterprise Architecture (FEA) reference model guides federal agencies in the development of their architectures.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Examples", "target_page_ids": [ 2772942 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 35 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Companies such as Independence Blue Cross, Intel, Volkswagen AG and InterContinental Hotels Group use enterprise architecture to improve their business architectures as well as to improve business performance and productivity.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Examples", "target_page_ids": [ 20416426, 14617, 32652, 1134282, 1352745, 424899 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 18, 41 ], [ 43, 48 ], [ 50, 63 ], [ 68, 97 ], [ 188, 208 ], [ 213, 225 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "For various understandable reasons, commercial organizations rarely publish substantial enterprise architecture descriptions. However, government agencies have begun to publish architectural descriptions they have developed. Examples include:", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Examples", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " US Department of the Interior ", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Examples", "target_page_ids": [ 70904 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 30 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " US Department of Defense Business Enterprise Architecture, or the 2008 BEAv5.0 version", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Examples", "target_page_ids": [ 7279897 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 25 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Treasury Enterprise Architecture Framework ", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Examples", "target_page_ids": [ 20584571 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 43 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Establishing enterprise architecture, as accepted, recognized, functionally integrated and fully involved concept at operational and tactical levels is identified as one of the biggest challenges facing Enterprise Architects today and one of the main reasons why many EA-Initiatives fail.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Challenges", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Despite the benefits that enterprise architecture claims to provide, for more than a decade, writers and organizations raised concerns about enterprise architecture as an effective practice. Here is a partial list of those objections:", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Criticism", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " In 2007, computer scientist Ivar Jacobson (a major contributor to UML and pioneer in OO software development) gave his assessment of enterprise architecture: \"Around the world introducing an Enterprise Architecture EA has been an initiative for most financial institutions (banks, insurance companies, government, etc.) for the last five years or so, and it is not over. I have been working with such companies and helped some of them to avoid making the worst mistakes. Most EA initiatives failed. My guess is that more than 90% never really resulted in anything useful.\"", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Criticism", "target_page_ids": [ 1127106 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 29, 42 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " In a 2007 report, on enterprise architecture, Gartner predicted that \"... by 2012 40% of [2007’s] enterprise architecture programs will be stopped.\"", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Criticism", "target_page_ids": [ 250363 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 47, 54 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " A 2008 study performed by Erasmus University Rotterdam and software company IDS Scheer concluded that two-thirds of enterprise architecture projects failed to improve business and IT alignment.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Criticism", "target_page_ids": [ 20671412 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 77, 87 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " In a 2009 article, industry commentator Dion Hinchcliffe wrote that traditional enterprise architecture might be \"broken\": \"At its very best, enterprise architecture provides the bright lines that articulate the full range of possibilities for a business, even describing how to go about getting there. ... Recently there’s a growing realization that traditional enterprise architecture as it’s often practiced today might be broken in some important way. What might be wrong and how to fix it are the questions du jour.\"", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Criticism", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " In 2011, federal enterprise architecture consultant Stanley Gaver released a report that examined problems within the United States federal government’s enterprise architecture program. Mr. Gaver concluded that the federal enterprise architecture program had mostly failed; this conclusion was corroborated by a similar one made by the federal government at an October 2010 meeting that was held to determine why the federal enterprise architecture program was not \"as influential and successful as in the past.\"", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Criticism", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "A key concern about EA has been the difficulty in arriving at metrics of success, because of the broad-brush and often opaque nature of EA projects.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Criticism", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "According to the Federation of Enterprise Architecture Professional Organizations (FEAPO), enterprise architecture interacts with a wide array of other disciplines commonly found in business settings. According to FEAPO:", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Relationship to other disciplines", "target_page_ids": [ 41115946 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 17, 81 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "As enterprise architecture has emerged in various organizations, the broad reach has resulted in this business role being included in the information technology governance processes of many organizations. While this may imply that enterprise architecture is closely tied to IT, it should be viewed in the broader context of business optimization in that it addresses business architecture, performance management, and process architecture, as well as more technical subjects.", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Relationship to other disciplines", "target_page_ids": [ 766527, 8838846, 41501 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 138, 171 ], [ 367, 388 ], [ 390, 412 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Discussions of the intersection of enterprise architecture and various IT practices have been published by various IT analysis firms. Gartner and Forrester have stressed the important relationship of enterprise architecture with emerging holistic design practices such as Design Thinking and User Experience Design. Analyst firm Real Story Group suggested that enterprise architecture and the emerging concept of the digital workplace were \"two sides to the same coin.\" The Cutter Consortium describes enterprise architecture as an information and knowledge-based discipline.", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Relationship to other disciplines", "target_page_ids": [ 4503966, 7945684, 23419644, 5722785 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 272, 287 ], [ 292, 314 ], [ 330, 346 ], [ 418, 435 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The enterprise architecture of an organization is too complex and extensive to document in its entirety, so knowledge management techniques provide a way to explore and analyze these hidden, tacit, or implicit areas. In return, enterprise architecture provides a way of documenting the components of an organization and their interaction, in a systemic and holistic way that complements knowledge management.", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Relationship to other disciplines", "target_page_ids": [ 72896, 72896 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 108, 128 ], [ 387, 407 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In various venues, enterprise architecture has been discussed as having a relationship with Service Oriented Architecture, a particular style of application integration. Research points to enterprise architecture promoting the use of SOA as an enterprise-wide integration pattern.", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Relationship to other disciplines", "target_page_ids": [ 666924 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 92, 121 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The first publication to use the exact term enterprise architecture was a National Institute of Standards Special Publication on the challenges of information system integration. The overview states \"This panel addressed the role of architectures and standards in support of management throughout an enterprise.\"", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 21888, 21296224, 19881 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 74, 105 ], [ 233, 246 ], [ 275, 285 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "This original use is often incorrectly attributed to John Zachman's 1987 paper, which did not use the term \"Enterprise Architecture\". The scope of the report by the NIST \"enterprise architecture\" panel may be directly compared to Zachman's current thinking presented in the 1987 article which is as follows: \"With increasing size and complexity of the Implementations of Information systems it Is necessary to use some logical construct (or architecture) for defining and controlling the interfaces and the Integration of all of the components of the system. The discussion is limited to architecture and does not include a strategic planning methodology.\"", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 8307264, 8307264, 228569, 21296224, 227101, 620667 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 53, 65 ], [ 230, 239 ], [ 563, 573 ], [ 588, 600 ], [ 624, 642 ], [ 643, 654 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In the 1989 NIST article, enterprise architecture is described as consisting of several levels. The top-level is \"Business Unit Architecture\". The document describes this as follows: \"A Business Unit may portray either a total corporate entity or a corporate sub-unit. Architecture at this level establishes a framework for satisfying both internal information needs and the information and data needs to be imposed by external organizations. These external organizations include cooperating organizations, customers, and federal agencies. The information and data needs at this level impose requirements to be satisfied at lower levels of the architecture, with increasing attention to technical considerations.\"", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 161228, 18985062, 18985040, 105070, 511556, 234206, 489674, 68753 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 147, 155 ], [ 349, 360 ], [ 391, 395 ], [ 428, 441 ], [ 480, 505 ], [ 507, 516 ], [ 522, 538 ], [ 674, 683 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The 1989 NIST document continues: \"The representation of the Business Unit architecture shows organizational units and their relationships, as well as specific standards, policies, and procedures that enable or constrain the accomplishment of the overall enterprise mission.\"", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 18934904, 375091, 52979063 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 160, 169 ], [ 171, 179 ], [ 185, 194 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "By examination, the evidence shows that Zachman's concept was the creation of an individual information system, perhaps composed of subsystems, optimized for a business case. However, the NIST conception describes the management of all the information systems in a business unit which may be the whole enterprise.", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 20550772, 25879157, 8286675, 1511035, 21888, 6978, 237495, 39206 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 20, 28 ], [ 81, 91 ], [ 132, 142 ], [ 160, 173 ], [ 188, 192 ], [ 193, 203 ], [ 240, 259 ], [ 265, 273 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Zachman did not use the exact term \"enterprise architecture\" in a publication until several years later.", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 226691 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 66, 77 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Origins of enterprise architecture", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 1448049 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 35 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Enterprise architecture artifacts", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 58210484 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 34 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Enterprise architecture framework", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 4658644 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 34 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Architectural pattern (computer science)", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 5277267 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 41 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Architecture of Integrated Information Systems", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 1800584 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 47 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Architecture of Interoperable Information Systems", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 35959361 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 50 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " John Zachman, promoter of enterprise architecture", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 8307264 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 13 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Enterprise Architecture Service Life Cycle - SOMF", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 12943175 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 50 ] ] } ]

[ "Enterprise_architecture", "Information_science", "Systems_engineering" ]

[ "EA" ]

[ { "plaintext": "Kid Brands, Inc. () was a company that designed, developed and distributed infant and juvenile branded products. These products were distributed through mass market, baby super stores, specialty, food, drug, independent, and e-commerce retailers worldwide.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The company’s operating business were composed of four wholly owned subsidiaries: Kids Line, LLC; LaJobi, Inc.; Sassy, Inc.; and CoCaLo, Inc. These subsidiaries designed and marketed branded infant and juvenile products in a number of complementary categories, including infant bedding and related nursery accessories and décor, food preparation and nursery appliances, and diaper bags (Kids Line and CoCaLo); nursery furniture and related products (LaJobi); and developmental toys and feeding, bath and baby care items with features that addressed the various stages of an infant’s early years (Sassy). In addition to the company’s branded products, the company also marketed certain categories or products under various licenses, including Carter’s, Disney, Graco, and Serta.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Kid Brands was founded in 1963 was based in East Rutherford, New Jersey. The company had operations in southern California, New Jersey, Michigan, and in some foreign countries.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 136878, 5407, 21648, 18859 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 44, 71 ], [ 112, 122 ], [ 124, 134 ], [ 136, 144 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The company, formerly known as Russ Berrie and Company, was named after its founder, the late Mr. Russell Berrie (1933-2002, aged 69), originated as a maker of stuffed animals, other toys and gifts.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "As it transitioned into a pure play infant and juvenile company, it acquired the following companies:", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Sassy, Inc. (July 2002)", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Kids Line LLC (December 2004)", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "CoCaLo, Inc. and LaJobi, Inc. (April 2008)", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "In December 2008, the company divested its gift business operations to The Russ Companies, Inc. (TRC), previously The Encore Group. The Company retained the Russ and Applause brands, and licensed them to TRC.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 24743952 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 166, 174 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "By April 2011, The Russ Companies filed for Chapter 7 Liquidation Bankruptcy and no longer exists as an entity.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "To support the company’s focus on growing a leadership position in the infant and juvenile industry, on September 23, 2009, Russ Berrie received shareholder approval to change its corporate name to Kid Brands, Inc. Along with the new name, the company’s common stock began trading under the symbol .", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The Shining Stars program was introduced in partnership with the International Star Registry. Russ Berrie's Shining Star Friends product line was introduced to market the program.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Shining Stars", "target_page_ids": [ 387792 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 65, 92 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "A message on the Shining Stars website states that, \"Russ Berrie Inc. the licensor of the Shining Stars brand filed for Chapter 7 Bankruptcy on 26th April 2011 and therefore we apologize that the Shining Stars website associated with the Russ Berrie Shining Star products is no longer maintained.\"", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Shining Stars", "target_page_ids": [ 1136991, 63474 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 110, 115 ], [ 120, 140 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The promise of a second generation of Shining Star toys in 2012 had failed to materialize by the beginning of 2013, with no further updates having been made as of January 2016.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Shining Stars", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The Russ Berrie Institute for Professional Sales at William Paterson University is named after Russ Berrie.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Philanthropy", "target_page_ids": [ 294328 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 52, 79 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 1993, Russ Berrie made a gift of $1 million to build a new performing arts center and learning facility at Ramapo College, in Mahwah, New Jersey called, \"The Angelica and Russ Berrie Center for Performing Arts\".", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Philanthropy", "target_page_ids": [ 12992614, 124989 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 110, 124 ], [ 129, 147 ] ] } ]

[ "Companies_listed_on_the_New_York_Stock_Exchange", "Companies_based_in_Bergen_County,_New_Jersey", "Manufacturing_companies_established_in_1963", "Toy_companies_of_the_United_States", "1963_establishments_in_New_Jersey", "2008_mergers_and_acquisitions" ]

[]

[ { "plaintext": "The Boston Athenaeum is one of the oldest independent libraries in the United States. It is also one of a number of membership libraries, for which patrons pay a yearly subscription fee to use Athenaeum services. The institution was founded in 1807 by the Anthology Club of Boston, Massachusetts. It is located at 10 1/2 Beacon Street on Beacon Hill.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 6202804, 2115063, 24437894, 1645518, 8492465, 1085764 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 116, 136 ], [ 258, 272 ], [ 276, 282 ], [ 284, 297 ], [ 324, 337 ], [ 341, 352 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Resources of the Boston Athenaeum include a large circulating book collection; a public gallery; a rare books collection of over 100,000 volumes; an art collection of 100,000 paintings, sculptures, prints, drawings, photographs, and decorative arts; research collections including one of the world's most important collections of primary materials on the American Civil War; and a public forum offering lectures, readings, concerts, and other events. Special treasures include the largest portion of President George Washington's library from Mount Vernon; Houdon busts of Washington, Benjamin Franklin, and Lafayette once owned by Thomas Jefferson; a first edition copy of Audubon's The Birds of America; a 1799 set of Goya's Los caprichos; portraits by Gilbert Stuart, Chester Harding, and John Singer Sargent; and one of the most extensive collections of contemporary artists' books in the United States.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 863, 11968, 152271, 75196, 11968, 3986, 156068, 29922, 16317, 6679000, 10868, 2968943, 339307, 1682857, 105373 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 355, 373 ], [ 510, 529 ], [ 543, 555 ], [ 557, 563 ], [ 573, 583 ], [ 585, 602 ], [ 608, 617 ], [ 632, 648 ], [ 674, 683 ], [ 684, 704 ], [ 720, 726 ], [ 727, 740 ], [ 755, 769 ], [ 771, 786 ], [ 792, 811 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Boston Athenaeum is also known for the many prominent writers, scholars, and politicians who have been members, including Ralph Waldo Emerson, Nathaniel Hawthorne, Louisa May Alcott, Oliver Wendell Holmes Sr., Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr., John Quincy Adams, Margaret Fuller, Francis Parkman, Amy Lowell, John F. Kennedy, and Edward M. Kennedy.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 26202, 21787, 18002, 517143, 517136, 15654, 311144, 436834, 196773, 5119376, 184136 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 126, 145 ], [ 147, 166 ], [ 168, 185 ], [ 187, 212 ], [ 214, 239 ], [ 241, 258 ], [ 260, 275 ], [ 277, 292 ], [ 294, 304 ], [ 306, 321 ], [ 327, 344 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 1803, a young Harvard graduate by the name of Phineas Adams established the magazine The Monthly Anthology, or Magazine of Polite Literature. Adams left the New England area in 1804, having insufficient funds to continue the periodical; however, the printers Munroe and Francis convinced other young men to contribute to and continue the magazine under the new title of The Monthly Anthology and Boston Review. By 1805, these young men founded the Anthology Society.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 18426501, 43199240, 2119691, 2115063 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 17, 24 ], [ 263, 281 ], [ 374, 413 ], [ 452, 469 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Boston Athenaeum was founded in 1807 by members of the Anthology Society, literary individuals who began with a plan to have a reading room. The first librarian, William Smith Shaw, and the new trustees had ambitious plans for the Athenaeum, basing their vision on the Athenæum and Lyceum in Liverpool, England. Their vision was expanded to include a library encompassing books in all subjects in English and foreign languages, a gallery of sculptures and paintings, collections of coins and natural curiosities, and even a laboratory. This ambitious design has developed over the past two hundred years with some changes in focus (e.g., there is no chemistry lab) but remaining true to the ideal expressed in the institution's seal, chosen in 1814: Literarum fructus dulces, meaning \"Sweet are the Fruits of Letters.\"", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 2115063, 41292352, 23052557 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 59, 76 ], [ 167, 185 ], [ 274, 293 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The first yearly subscriptions were sold for ten dollars; only members were allowed to enter the Athenaeum's rooms, although they could bring guests. The Athenaeum's collections were initially non-circulating, meaning that even members could not check out books to take home.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "At first, the Boston Athenaeum rented rooms, then in 1809 bought a small house adjacent to the King's Chapel Burying Ground, and in 1822 moved into a mansion on Pearl Street, where a lecture hall and gallery space were added within four years.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 9718960 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 95, 123 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 1823, Shaw stepped down as librarian, and the King's Chapel Library and the Theological Library belonging to the Boston Association of Ministers were deposited in the Athenaeum. Work was begun on a shelf catalog in 1827. That same year, the art gallery was established, and the first annual exhibition opened. Measures were undertaken in 1830 to turn the collections into a circulating library. Once the Athenaeum became a circulating library, only four books were allowed to be checked out at a time.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 1115597 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 49, 62 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "By the early 1840s, Boston was a fast-growing city, and Pearl Street was built up commercially, with warehouses crowding around the Athenæum building. The trustees moved to construct a new building in order to facilitate access to the Athenaeum. Land was acquired on Beacon Street overlooking the Old Granary Burying Ground, and the cornerstone was laid in 1847.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 24437894, 8492465, 1076661 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 20, 26 ], [ 268, 281 ], [ 298, 324 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 1849, the current location opened at 10½ Beacon Street. It was the first space designed for the Boston Athenaeum's specific needs. The first floor held the sculpture gallery; the second, the library; and the third, the paintings gallery.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The architect was Edward Clarke Cabot, an artist and dilettante whose design was selected because his ingenious arch over graves in the Granary Burial Ground allowed more space on all floors above the basement level. The neo-Palladian façade of \"Patterson sandstone\" was unique in Boston and remains so today.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 2159930, 592136 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 18, 37 ], [ 221, 234 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Boston Athenaeum included sculptures by John Frazee.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 34530696 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 44, 55 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Charles Ammi Cutter became librarian in 1869, succeeding William Frederick Poole. Until this point, work had been uninspired on the comprehensive catalog of the library's holdings. The Athenaeum's exhibition area opened up when the Museum of Fine Arts moved the collections into their own space overlooking Copley Square. Cutter took advantage of the space, using it to spread out the collections and to revise and complete the five-volume catalog. He created his own classification system, known as Expansive Classification, in order to revise and finish the five-volume catalog. Later, the Cutter system became the basis for the Library of Congress classification system; the sections of call number used to alphabetically designate authors’ names are still known as \"Cutter numbers\" in the Library of Congress system.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 531719, 2455047, 1189247, 7515, 18944081 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 19 ], [ 57, 80 ], [ 233, 252 ], [ 501, 525 ], [ 632, 651 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Many of the Trustees at the Boston Athenaeum participated in the movement to create a separate museum in Boston. In the years 1872–1876, Boston's Museum of Fine Arts exhibited in the Athenaeum's gallery space while waiting for construction of its building to be complete. There would be no more annual exhibitions; shelves were installed and the library spread to the first and third floors.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 1189247 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 146, 165 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "From 1913–1914, the Boston Athenaeum employed the architectural firm of Bigelow and Wadsworth to expand the building. The fourth and fifth floors were set back so as not to disrupt the symmetry of the façade. This renovation fireproofed the building and expanded the space, including the addition of the beautiful fifth floor reading room and the fourth floor Trustees’ Room. At the same time, much-needed shelving was installed in the form of a drum stack — a ten-story Snead stack occupying a semi-circular space from the basement to the third floor.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 2147205 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 72, 93 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Boston Athenaeum was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1966. Between 1999 and 2002, the Boston Athenaeum underwent a major renovation to update its climate control system, gain more space for books, and add new gallery space on the first floor.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 404013 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 36, 62 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In May 2020, Leah Rosovsky was appointed as Stanford Calderwood Director of the Athenaeum.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The Athenæum had long owned two famous, unfinished portraits of George and Martha Washington. They had been on loan to the Boston Museum of Fine Art since 1876, but eventually the Athenæum, needing money, asked the Museum to purchase them outright, which the Museum declined to do. ", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 11968, 161547, 1189247 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 64, 70 ], [ 75, 92 ], [ 123, 148 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Athenæum then agreed to sell the portraits to the National Portrait Gallery (an arm of the Smithsonian Institution in Washington, D.C.) for $5million; when this agreement became public in April 1979, there was strong public opposition to it in Boston but the National Portrait Gallery argued that the portraits were of national historic value and belonged in the Smithsonian.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 537406, 65828 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 54, 79 ], [ 95, 118 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "A campaign by prominent Bostonians to raise $5million to keep the portraits in Massachusetts fell well short of its goal. The Athenæum refused to lower the $5million price, which it called a significant discount from the portraits' market value.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The City of Boston sued to forestall the sale, naming Massachusetts Attorney General Francis X. Bellotti (whose office the Commonwealth's constitution designates as \"custodian of public property\") in the suit, and this led to Bellotti to declare that the portraits could not be sold without his permission.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 5061091, 6750330 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 54, 84 ], [ 85, 104 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In early 1980, the National Portrait Gallery and the Boston Museum of Fine Arts agreed to jointly purchase the portraits, which would then spend alternating three-year terms at each institution.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Hannah Adams", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 3720705 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 13 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " John Adams ", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 10410626 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 11 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " John Quincy Adams", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 15654 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 18 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Louisa May Alcott", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 18002 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 18 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Cyrus Alger", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 34381764 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 12 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Erastus Brigham Bigelow", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 1795882 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 24 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Nathaniel Bowditch", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 362075 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 19 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Uriah Boyden", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 834349 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 13 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Josiah Cooke, Jr.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 14843162 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 18 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Charles Ammi Cutter", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 531719 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 20 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Ralph Waldo Emerson", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 26202 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 20 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Margaret Fuller", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 311144 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 16 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Samuel Griswold Goodrich", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 2333094 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 25 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Augustus Addison Gould", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 969823 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 23 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Nathaniel Hawthorne", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 21787 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 20 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Oliver Wendell Holmes, Sr.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 517143 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 27 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 517136 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 27 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " John Jay Chapman", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 7016393 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 17 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " John Fitzgerald Kennedy", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 5119376 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 24 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Edward M. Kennedy", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 184136 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 18 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Amy Lowell", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 196773 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 11 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Paul Moody", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 837647 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 11 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Daniel Treadwell", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 3045844 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 17 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Francis Parkman", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 436834 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 16 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The mission of the Boston Athenaeum is to engage all who seek knowledge by making accessible the library's collections and spaces, thereby inspiring reflection, discourse, creative expression, and joy.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Mission statement", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The Athenaeum's holdings currently include over 600,000 volumes, and the collections' strengths focus on Boston and New England history, biography, British and American literature, as well as fine and decorative arts. The Boston Athenaeum's rare and circulating books, maps and manuscripts reflect the collecting interests of the Library as it has narrowed its focus from encyclopedic in the 19th century to an emphasis on the humanities and its large, historic collection of art includes paintings, sculpture, prints, photographs, and decorative arts. Over 260 book funds, the oldest and largest of which was endowed by John Bromfield, Jr. in 1845, support the addition of more than 3,000 volumes per year to the collection.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Holdings", "target_page_ids": [ 43062701 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 621, 640 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In addition to catalogs of special collections such as the catalog of the Washington Collection, the Athenaeum printed the following general-purpose catalogs of books in its collection before creating a card catalog in 1903:", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Holdings", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " 1810 Catalogue of the books in the Boston Athenaeum. 267 pp.8° ", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Holdings", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " 1827 Catalogue of books in the Boston Athenaeum : to which are added the by-laws of the institution, and a list of its proprietors and subscribers. 356 pp.8°", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Holdings", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " 1830 Catalogue of books added to the Boston Athenaeum since the publication of the catalogue in January 1827. 64 pp.8°", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Holdings", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " 1831 Catalogue of tracts, scientific and alphabetical index. 5 v.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Holdings", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " 1834 Catalogue of books added to the Boston Athenaeum in 1830–1833. 80 pp.8°", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Holdings", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " 1840 Catalogue of books added to the Boston Athenaeum, since the publication of the catalogue in January, 1827. 179 pp.8°", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Holdings", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " 1849 Shelf Lists, 1849.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Holdings", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " 1863–1868 List of books added to the library of the Boston Athenaeum. 6 v. 8°", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Holdings", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " 1868–1871 List of books added to the library of the Boston Athenaeum. 17 nos. 8°", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Holdings", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " 1877–1896 List of additions. Second Series. No. 1–354. September 1, 187 to March 2, 1896. 1472 pp. sm. 4°", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Holdings", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " 1874 Catalogue of the library of the Boston Athenaeum. 1807–1871. 5 v. 3402 pp. l. 8°", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Holdings", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The first catalog, that of 1810, was compiled by the Rev. Joseph McKean.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Holdings", "target_page_ids": [ 46737381 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 53, 71 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Athenaeum has digitized a wide range of its holdings, and continues to do so. The digitized holdings are described on-line and are an effort to make them more accessible to researchers, students, Athenaeum members, and scholars.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Holdings", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "A few examples from the many collections in the digital library:", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Holdings", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Henry Schoolcraft Collection of Books in Native American Languages ", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Holdings", "target_page_ids": [ 496213 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 18 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Confederate States of America Imprint Collection - stamps, paper currency, and financial documents ", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Holdings", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Art Deco Designs by Cartier", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Holdings", "target_page_ids": [ 1726650 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 21, 28 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Rare bookbindings from George Washington’s personal library ", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Holdings", "target_page_ids": [ 11968 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 24, 41 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Alice Mason Civil War Photography,", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Holdings", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Since 2013, the Athenaeum has made its extensive on-going lecture series available to a wider audience through Vimeo, an open video platform.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Holdings", "target_page_ids": [ 7482183 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 111, 116 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "A few examples of the special collections:", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Holdings", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Portions of the personal libraries of Cardinal Cheverus, Henry Knox, and George Washington.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Holdings", "target_page_ids": [ 2650011, 233146, 11968 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 39, 56 ], [ 58, 68 ], [ 74, 91 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " The Groome Gypsy Collection, the Danforth Alchemy Collection, and the Merrymount Press Collection.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Holdings", "target_page_ids": [ 1078595, 5541709, 2140335 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 5, 11 ], [ 34, 42 ], [ 72, 88 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The collections include many areas that are not documented elsewhere, e.g, the newspapers from the Confederate States of America Imprint Collection", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Holdings", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " In the 1998 film A Civil Action, the Boston Athenaeum is used as a stand-in for the Harvard Club of New York.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "In popular culture", "target_page_ids": [ 1367581, 11638845 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 18, 32 ], [ 85, 109 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "List of National Historic Landmarks in Boston", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 18298317 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 45 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "National Register of Historic Places listings in northern Boston, Massachusetts", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 35017265 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 79 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " William Smith Shaw, Memoir of the Boston Athenaeum with the Act of Incorporation and Organization of the Institution. Boston, MA: Munroe & Francis, 1807.Google books", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [ 41292352 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 19 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Josiah Quincy III, The History of the Boston Athenaeum, with Biographical Notices of its Deceased Founders. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Metcalf and Company, 1851. Google books", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [ 2820559 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 2, 19 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " The Athenæum Centenary, The Influence and History of the Boston Athenaeum from 1807 to 1907 with a Record of its Officers and Benefactors and a Complete List of Proprietors. Boston, The Boston Athenæum, 1907. Google books", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Robert F. Perkins, Jr. & William J. Gavin III, editors, The Boston Athenaeum Art Exhibition Index, 1827-1874. Boston, MA: The Boston Athenæum, 1980.", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The Boston Athenaeum website", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Flickr. George Washington (The Athenæum Portrait)", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Simmons panel on Athenæum history, 2010", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] } ]

[ "Art_museums_and_galleries_in_Massachusetts", "Cultural_history_of_Boston", "Culture_of_Boston", "Libraries_established_in_1807", "Landmarks_in_Beacon_Hill,_Boston", "Libraries_in_Beacon_Hill,_Boston", "Libraries_on_the_National_Register_of_Historic_Places_in_Massachusetts", "Library_buildings_completed_in_1849", "Museums_in_Boston", "National_Historic_Landmarks_in_Boston", "Neoclassical_architecture_in_Massachusetts", "Renaissance_Revival_architecture_in_Massachusetts", "Subscription_libraries_in_the_United_States", "1807_establishments_in_Massachusetts", "Rare_book_libraries_in_the_United_States", "Historic_district_contributing_properties_in_Massachusetts", "Museums_established_in_1807", "National_Register_of_Historic_Places_in_Boston", "Research_libraries_in_the_United_States" ]

[]

[ { "plaintext": "Mihara Mitsuhiro (三原光尋; born 1964 in Kyoto, Japan) is a Japanese film director.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 37652, 15573 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 37, 42 ], [ 44, 49 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "真夏のビタミン (Manatsu no bitamin; lit. \"Midsummer vitamin\") (1994)", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Filmography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "風の王国 (kaze no oukoku; lit. \"Kingdom of the wind\") (1995)", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Filmography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "燃えよピンポン (Legend of Blood, Sweat & Tears) (1999)", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Filmography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "絵里に首ったけ (Amen, Somen and Rugger Men!) (2000)", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Filmography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "あしたはきっと・・・ (Ashita wa kitto...) (2001)", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Filmography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "ドッジGoGo! (Dojji GoGo!) (2002)", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Filmography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "村の写真集 (Mura no shashinshuu, lit. \"Village Photobook\") (2004)", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Filmography", "target_page_ids": [ 26762368, 26762368 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 7, 26 ], [ 34, 51 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "スキトモ (Sukitomo) (2007)", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Filmography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " しあわせのかおり (Flavor of Happiness) (2008)", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Filmography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "JMDb profile (in Japanese)", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] } ]

[ "1964_births", "Living_people", "Japanese_film_directors", "Crystal_Simorgh_recipients" ]

[ "Mihara Mitsuhiro" ]

[ { "plaintext": "Poland raised the 2nd Polish Armoured Regiment in France on 29 January 1940 as the 2nd Tank Battalion and fought under this title in the French campaign of 1940. Members of the regiment reformed in Scotland on 13 November 1942 after the fall of France adopting the designation of 2nd Armoured Regiment. The reconstituted unit returned to France in late July 1944 as a part of the 10th Armoured Cavalry Brigade, 1st (Polish) Armoured Division. . Its most memorable action in Normandy being it first, one fought at Saint-Aignan on 8 August 1944; a battle which is still commemorated annually by the regiment.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 22936, 228080, 166653, 26994, 228080, 3148411, 431120, 21724, 675170 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 6 ], [ 137, 152 ], [ 177, 185 ], [ 198, 206 ], [ 233, 251 ], [ 380, 409 ], [ 411, 442 ], [ 474, 482 ], [ 513, 525 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Following the Normandy campaign the unit saw action in Belgium, the Netherlands and Germany. The cease-fire in May 1945 found them in northwestern Germany.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 6723726, 3343, 21148 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 14, 31 ], [ 55, 62 ], [ 68, 79 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Today the traditions of the regiment are continued by the modern 10th (Polish) Armoured Brigade stationed in Świętoszów, Poland.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 7049272 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 109, 119 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Stanisław Maczek, Avec mes blindés, Paris: Presses de la Cité, 1967", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [ 337156 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 17 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " John Marteinson and Michael McNorgan, The Royal Canadian Armoured Corps: An Illustrated History, Robin Brass Studio, 2000.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Canadian War Museum", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Sources", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] } ]

[ "Military_units_and_formations_established_in_1940", "Military_units_and_formations_of_Poland_in_World_War_II", "Regiments_of_Poland" ]

[ "2 Pułk Pancerny", "2 Pulk Pancerny", "2nd Armored Regiment, Polish Army", "2nd Polish Armoured Regiment", "Polish 2nd Armoured Regiment" ]

[ { "plaintext": "André Isaac (15 August 1893 Châlons-sur-Marne, France – 9 February 1975 Paris, France), better known as Pierre Dac, was a French humorist. During World War II, Pierre Dac was one of the speakers of the BBC's Radio Londres service to occupied France. He produced a series of satirical songs which were broadcast on the station. After the war, he participated in a comic duet with the humorist Francis Blanche.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 99185, 227177, 22989, 244717, 32927, 19344654, 18098824, 5020586, 34230397 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 28, 45 ], [ 47, 53 ], [ 72, 77 ], [ 79, 85 ], [ 146, 158 ], [ 202, 205 ], [ 208, 221 ], [ 233, 248 ], [ 392, 407 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "A very active freemason, initiated in 1926 at \"Les Inséparables d'Osiris\" lodge in Paris, he created a parodic and slang masonic rite \"Le rite des Voyous\" still practiced in some French lodges.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 11227 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 14, 23 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Dac is also the creator of the comic term \"Schmilblick.\"", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 4559795 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 43, 54 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Radio Surprises (1940)", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Filmography", "target_page_ids": [ 50187773 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 16 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Good Enough to Eat (1951)", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Filmography", "target_page_ids": [ 57638351 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 19 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " La Famille Anodin (1956) (TV)", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Filmography", "target_page_ids": [ 29336550 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 18 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " La Belle Américaine (1961)", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Filmography", "target_page_ids": [ 29407504 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 20 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Ne jouez pas avec les Martiens (1968)", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Filmography", "target_page_ids": [ 25339011 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 31 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Le Petit Baigneur (1968)", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Filmography", "target_page_ids": [ 30034694 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 18 ] ] } ]

[ "People_from_Châlons-en-Champagne", "1893_births", "1975_deaths", "French_humorists", "French_chansonniers", "French_male_writers", "French_Freemasons", "Recipients_of_the_Resistance_Medal", "Recipients_of_the_Croix_de_Guerre_1914–1918_(France)", "Recipients_of_the_Croix_de_Guerre_1939–1945_(France)", "Chevaliers_of_the_Légion_d'honneur", "Burials_at_Père_Lachaise_Cemetery", "20th-century_French_male_singers", "20th-century_French_male_writers" ]

[ "André Isaac" ]

[ { "plaintext": "Julio Carreras (h) (born August 19, 1949) is an Argentine author of 12 books and former guerrilla fighter.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 18951905, 12720 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 48, 57 ], [ 88, 97 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Born in San Pedro de Guasayán, Santiago del Estero, he studied piano, guitar and the plastic arts from the age of 4 till 14, when he began playing the electric guitar in rock bands.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 27209874, 520542, 23034, 11846, 423343, 25423 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 8, 29 ], [ 31, 50 ], [ 63, 68 ], [ 70, 76 ], [ 85, 97 ], [ 170, 174 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 1972 he founded the artists' movement SER, which brought about the Primer Recital de Rock Nacional del Noroeste Argentino (July 1, 1972). His fiancée, Clara Ledesma Medina, was the core of this important movement. With this group, they published a magazine and with their many young adherents they turned to literacy work in poor neighborhoods.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 18456 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 311, 319 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "January 6, 1973 Clara died. The young writer, on the verge of suicide, went to Córdoba where he began to work as a journalist for the magazines Posición, Patria Nueva, and as correspondent for the daily El Mundo of Buenos Aires. With his new fiancée, he became a militant in the Ejército Revolucionario del Pueblo (ERP, \"People's Revolutionary Army, associated with the Partido Revolucionario de los Trabajadores PRT, \"Workers' Revolutionary Party\") in 1972.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 241269, 255919, 432893, 2115571 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 79, 86 ], [ 215, 227 ], [ 279, 313 ], [ 370, 412 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "At this time he was already a fugitive from the police, after an assault on the military barracks of Villa María. That same year Julio married Gloria Gallegos, also militant of PRT-ERP. In August 1975 his first daughter Anahí was born. At about this time, the writer became political leader of the PRT and military leader of the ERP in the zone Este de Córdoba (Department of San Justo). In January 1976 he fell into the hands of the police; his wife was also detained while looking for a lawyer.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 557736 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 101, 112 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "During this period the Argentine government was undertaking the systematic massacre of guerrillas, unionists, university leaders, and political militants known as the Dirty War. Carreras and his wife were miraculously saved by having been arrested just before the military coup, but were brutally tortured. They also survived eight months of internment in a concentration camp.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 17626, 344068, 25914154, 191537 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 99, 108 ], [ 167, 176 ], [ 273, 277 ], [ 358, 376 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 1981 Gloria was freed; Carreras was freed in 1982. Shortly afterwards he was summoned by the bishopric of Mailín to paint 31 gigantic murals in a sanctuary constructed in the middle of the desert. This commission gave him the money to buy his first home.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 2115695 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 109, 115 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Because of the torture and detention he suffered under the military dictatorship in Argentina, was compensated in 1994 by an opinion of the International Tribunal in The Hague.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Carreras worked as director of the cultural section of the daily El Liberal in Santiago del Estero, and contributed pieces to several magazines in Argentina and abroad.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 592815 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 79, 98 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Julio Carreras (h) also founded the Asociación de Periodistas de Internet (2000). He is a member of the Grupo de Reflexión Rural (GRR) and of INIsmo (an international avant-garde artistic current founded in Paris in 1980. Some of his principal books are: El Jinete Oscuro, Abelardo, El Malamor, cueRtos, Ciclo de Anton Tapia, Vidas de Cain, El misterio del mal, Bertozzi, Fulgor de los damascos, Un largo adiós.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 76095, 22989 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 167, 178 ], [ 207, 212 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "\"The Malamor gathers stories that move the story fluently testimonial fantastic realism. Some of these 28 stories (which include\" The Marriage \") recreates an infinite present accurate as illogical us into the unsettling whirl of dreams\" . Enrique Butti, newspaper El Litoral, Santa Fe, Culture section (on storybook The Malamor, editorial Quipu, 1992).", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Some opinions about the work of Carreras", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "For its part, Patricia Iezzi, who made his PhD thesis on \"Poetics and Poetry of Julio Carreras (h) for the Facoltà 'di Lingue e Letterature Straniera - University of Pescara, Italy, says:\" One of the stories arouses more wonder is the \"Black Hand Chusa\" irony, exhibitionism, boastfulness eccentricity and decorate to this character with the withered hand, Uta, who had been in the Salamanca and must address a series of surreal events and unbelievable situations. Impacts the universality of this story. \"", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Some opinions about the work of Carreras", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Sergio de Agostino, and Mestre Doutor em Espanhola Literature and Hispanic-American University of São Paulo, Brazil, he said, also on the Malamor: \"I was struck by his very tight language proficiency at a time when the majority does not value due to the shape and thus sacrifice style. \"", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Some opinions about the work of Carreras", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Racing This book has also awakened thoughts of Bachelor of Arts Univ NY Jorge Covarrubias, Newspaper Editor for Latin America at Associated Press International. Covarrubias said in a lengthy commentary which we extract a few paragraphs:", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Some opinions about the work of Carreras", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "\"The Malamor I felt awful. It made me remember the movie Cat People, with that mixture of sensuality and fierceness within a fantasy.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Some opinions about the work of Carreras", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Black chusa hand is the classic descent into hell, with the submission to demanding tests, which ends with the utmost simplicity to round out the earthy anecdote. (...)", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Some opinions about the work of Carreras", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The idiot reminds me of a Borges story in which innocence personified destroys his benefactor.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Some opinions about the work of Carreras", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Man one time is one of the most successful. Wonderful sense of mystery and development, symbolized and frozen in an expression in a photograph. (...)", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Some opinions about the work of Carreras", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "I leave for the final Fog in the trees because, obviously in my opinion is the best. I loved its atmosphere of mystery surround suggestive. Reminded me of Howard Phillips Lovecraft and still has some of Henry James ... \"(Taken from Wikipedia in Spanish)", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Some opinions about the work of Carreras", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Culture and Nation. Published by the Department of Culture of the province of Santiago del Estero. 1987.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "References", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Anniversary Book - Newspaper The Liberal. 1988. Editorial El Liberal. Santiago del Estero, Argentina.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "References", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "History of Santiago del Estero. Municipality of the Capital. Santiago del Estero, Argentina, 2003.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "References", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "José Andrés Rivas. \"Santiago en sus letras\". Antología Criticotemática de las Letras Santiagueñas. Editorial de la Universidad Nacional de Santiago del Estero. 1989.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "References", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Diario El Liberal. Santiago del Estero.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "References", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Gabriele-Aldo Bertozzi, Inismo Spagnolo e Argentino. Solfanelli, 1992.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "References", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Wikipedia - Spanish", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "References", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "El Ortiba - Culture magazine", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "References", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " INIsmo", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "References", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Tesis, Patricia Iezzi, Univ. G. D'Annunzio, Pescara, Italy", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "References", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Monstropedia.org", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "References", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "e-Books, in Google Books", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "his blog ", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Christ and Antichrist (interview, poorly translated into English) ", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Cultura Santiagueña - Biblioteca Jorge W. Abalos ", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "El Jinete Oscuro - Novela (spanish)", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] } ]

[ "1949_births", "People_from_Santiago_del_Estero_Province", "Argentine_male_writers", "Living_people" ]

[]

[ { "plaintext": "Shah Azizur Rahman (; 23 November 1925 – 1 September 1989) was a Bangladeshi politician who served as the Prime Minister of Bangladesh. However, he was the subject of considerable controversy for his collaboration with the Pakistan Army against the struggle to Independence of Bangladesh.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 461887, 1965925 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 106, 134 ], [ 223, 236 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Shah Azizur Rahman was born in Kushtia, Bengal (now in Bangladesh) on 23 November 1925. He received his Bachelor of arts degree in English Language and Literature from Calcutta University and went on to study at Dhaka University. He held the position of general secretary in All Bengal Muslim Student League from 1945 to 1947. As a student political leader, Rahman participated in the Bengal Provincial Muslim League and the Pakistan movement. After the partition of India he served as joint secretary of East Pakistan Muslim League. He was opposed to the Bengali Language movement of 1952. He would remain active in Bengali and national politics in Pakistan, becoming a vocal opponent of Bengali leader Sheikh Mujibur Rahman and his Awami League, which advocated greater autonomy for East Pakistan.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Early life", "target_page_ids": [ 2064101, 54615131, 1026286, 1133033, 23235, 246089, 404861, 10312 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 31, 38 ], [ 385, 416 ], [ 425, 442 ], [ 556, 581 ], [ 650, 658 ], [ 704, 725 ], [ 734, 746 ], [ 785, 798 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Rahman was the general secretary of the East Pakistan Muslim League from 1952 to 1958. In 1962 he participated in the Pakistan National Assembly elections from Kushtia but lost. He joined the National Democratic Front led by Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy in 1962. In March 1964 he joined the Awami League and was subsequently elected vice-president of the Pakistan Awami League. In 1965 he was elected to the National Assembly from Kushtia and served as the deputy leader of the opposition from 1965 to 1969. He was one of the defense lawyers in the Agartala conspiracy case. At the outbreak of the Bangladesh Liberation War, Rahman supported the Pakistani state forces and denounced the Bengali nationalist struggle. He led the Pakistani delegation to the United Nations in November 1971, where he would emphatically deny that the Pakistan Army's Operation Searchlight had degenerated into genocide. In 1971, following the defeat of Pakistan in the Bangladesh Liberation War, Rahman was arrested under the collaborators act but was released in 1973 under a general amnesty by President Sheikh Mujib. In the post-war period, authorities estimated that over a million people had been killed in Bangladesh by Pakistani state forces and collaborating militias. Rahman would continue to lobby Muslim nations in the Middle East to decline diplomatic recognition to Bangladesh.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Political career", "target_page_ids": [ 4462787, 672766, 1965936, 12441 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 546, 570 ], [ 595, 620 ], [ 844, 865 ], [ 887, 895 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "After the assassination of Sheikh Mujib, he joined the revived Muslim League in Bangladesh in 1976. He then joined the newly founded Bangladesh Nationalist Party of President Ziaur Rahman in 1978 and was made the minister of labor and industry in Rahmans cabinet. When Ziaur Rahman had become the President of Bangladesh, he initially decided to appoint Mashiur Rahman Jadu Mia as prime minister, but after Mashiur's sudden death on 12 March 1979, Shah Azizur Rahman was appointed to the office on 15 April 1979. It is believed that Ziaur Rahman preferred candidates such as Badruddoza Chowdhury or Saifur Rahman for the job. However, he also wanted the party's parliamentarians to choose their leader through a secret ballot, which the Shah Aziz managed to win so that Ziaur Rahman could not ignore him.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Political career", "target_page_ids": [ 309760, 308460, 40142500, 728930, 5542447, 98066 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 133, 161 ], [ 175, 187 ], [ 354, 377 ], [ 575, 595 ], [ 599, 612 ], [ 662, 678 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "As prime minister, Shah Azizur Rahman helped ratify the infamous Indemnity Act promulgated by Khondaker Mostaq Ahmed. Shah Azizur Rahman also helped Zia organize the Bangladesh Nationalist Party, which won the 1979 parliamentary elections. After the assassination of Ziaur Rahman in 1981, Shah Azizur Rahman continued to serve as prime minister. Although he was retained in that post by the new President Abdus Sattar, both Sattar and Rahman were overthrown in a military coup led by army chief Hossain Mohammad Ershad in 1982.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Political career", "target_page_ids": [ 5804324, 1256500, 6050741, 1148296, 728960 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 65, 78 ], [ 94, 116 ], [ 250, 279 ], [ 405, 417 ], [ 495, 518 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Rahman died in Dhaka on 1 September 1989 at the age of 63.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Death", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Bangladesh Observer", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] } ]

[ "1925_births", "1989_deaths", "Bangladesh_Nationalist_Party_politicians", "Prime_Ministers_of_Bangladesh", "2nd_Jatiya_Sangsad_members", "Pakistani_MNAs_1965–1969", "20th-century_Bengalis", "People_from_Kushtia_District" ]

[]

[ { "plaintext": "Pluto Water was a trademark for a strongly laxative natural water product which was marketed in the United States in the early 20th century. The water's laxative properties were from its high native content of mineral salts, with the active ingredient listed as sodium and magnesium sulfate, which are known as natural laxatives. The water's high native content of mineral salts generally made it effective within one hour of ingestion, a fact the company emphasized in their promotional literature. Company advertisements stated the laxative was effective from a half-hour to two hours after ingestion. In 1919, it took 450 railroad cars to transport the bottler’s output.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 18935023, 168526, 3434750, 794439, 246267 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 18, 27 ], [ 43, 51 ], [ 100, 113 ], [ 262, 268 ], [ 273, 290 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The water was bottled at the French Lick Springs, in French Lick, Indiana, a location with natural mineral springs that was also the source of the competing Sprudel Water.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Distribution", "target_page_ids": [ 24547471, 112521, 316612 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 29, 48 ], [ 53, 73 ], [ 99, 114 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The water's high native content of mineral salts generally made it effective as a laxative within one hour of ingestion, a point emphasized in the company's promotional literature. Company advertisements stated the laxative was effective from a half-hour to two hours after ingestion. The active ingredient of Pluto water was listed as sodium and magnesium sulfate, which are known as natural laxatives. The water also contains a number of other minerals, most notably lithium salts. The sale of Pluto water was halted in 1971 when lithium became a controlled substance.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Laxative properties", "target_page_ids": [ 794439, 246267, 17561, 2471575 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 336, 342 ], [ 347, 364 ], [ 470, 477 ], [ 550, 570 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Advertised as \"America's Laxative\", Pluto Water used the slogan \"When Nature Won't, PLUTO Will\". The bottle and many advertisements featured an image of Pluto, the Roman god of the underworld, reflecting the water's underground origin.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Advertising", "target_page_ids": [ 98694 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 153, 158 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Charles Butterworth's character in the 1931 movie Illicit, mentions Pluto Water, when making a \"Toast to water\" then listing different waters.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Popular culture", "target_page_ids": [ 5949331, 39052987 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 20 ], [ 51, 58 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Pluto Water was the main subject of the novel So Cold the River (2010) by Michael Koryta.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Popular culture", "target_page_ids": [ 29538210 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 74, 88 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In Sanford and Son season 3, episode 7, Grady (Whitman Mayo) mentions Pluto Water to Julio (Gregory Sierra).", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Popular culture", "target_page_ids": [ 208208, 1254092, 2421164 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 3, 18 ], [ 47, 59 ], [ 92, 106 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Louis Armstrong writes about his mother giving him Pluto Water to help cure lockjaw in the first chapter of his autobiography, \"Satchmo, My Life in New Orleans\".", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Popular culture", "target_page_ids": [ 18313 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 15 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Kurt Vonnegut references Pluto water in his first novel, “Player Piano,” in chapter 28, while setting the scene of the dystopian tavern ‘The Dutch,’ where: “in almost every hand was the drink fashionable that season, benedictine and Pluto water, with a sprig of mint.”", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Popular culture", "target_page_ids": [ 16861, 2394009 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 13 ], [ 217, 228 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Lithia water", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 9621772 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 12 ] ] } ]

[ "Bottled_water_brands", "Laxatives", "Orange_County,_Indiana" ]

[]

[ { "plaintext": "Marco Rota (; born September 18, 1942) is an Italian Disney comic artist who served as editor-in-chief of Disney Italia from 1974 to 1988.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 385155, 188408, 31581900 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 45, 52 ], [ 53, 72 ], [ 106, 119 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Rota was born in Milan. His first comic work, , was published in 1958 in the magazine . During the 1960s, he drew stories of Superman and Batman, as well as erotic comics.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Life and career", "target_page_ids": [ 36511, 28381, 4335, 6976280 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 17, 22 ], [ 126, 134 ], [ 139, 145 ], [ 158, 171 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Rota made his first Disney comic using the Mickey Mouse character in 1971. He would go on, however, to work primarily with Donald Duck and Scrooge McDuck stories. His best-known Disney-related work is Andold \"Wild Duck\" Temerary, Donald's dark age Scottish alter ego; as well as the 1984 story From Egg to Duck (), Donald's biography.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Life and career", "target_page_ids": [ 20859, 19179331, 29378, 2018532 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 43, 55 ], [ 124, 135 ], [ 140, 154 ], [ 202, 229 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In addition to working with established characters, Rota also does original work. As of 2012, he works for the Danish publisher Egmont.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Life and career", "target_page_ids": [ 76972, 6509149 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 111, 117 ], [ 128, 134 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Marco Rota at the Lambiek Comiclopedia", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [ 17615210 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 18, 38 ] ] } ]

[ "1942_births", "Living_people", "Artists_from_Milan", "Italian_comics_artists", "Italian_comics_writers", "Disney_comics_writers", "Disney_comics_artists" ]

[]

[ { "plaintext": "Symphony No. 6 \"Sinfonia semplice\", (no opus number), FS 116. In August 1924 Danish composer Carl Nielsen began working on a Sixth Symphony, which turned out to be his last. By the end of October he wrote to Carl Johan Michaelsen:", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 140802, 46921871, 97817, 44114 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 40, 51 ], [ 54, 56 ], [ 93, 105 ], [ 131, 139 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The first movement was finished at the end of November while he was in Copenhagen, and the second movement was composed during Christmas. At the end of January 1925 he traveled to the French Riviera with his wife.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 266388 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 184, 198 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "While he had been in Copenhagen, Nielsen had composed the third movement, but he now had to put the symphony aside to work on a commission for incidental music to Ebbe Skammelsen, which was to be performed at the Open Air Theatre in the deer park. He completed the Ebbe Skammelsen score immediately before his sixtieth birthday on June9. While traveling to Damgaard in the middle of July 1925, Nielsen was able to continue work on his symphony.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The last movement was finally completed on December5, 1925. The first performance was given by the Chapel Royal Orchestra on December 11. The Copenhagen reviewers were confused by the style of the new Symphony. Nielsen had called it \"Sinfonia semplice\" (Simple Symphony). It has remained the least performed of all six symphonies.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 5027123 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 99, 121 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 2 flutes, 1st flute doubles piccolo", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Instrumentation", "target_page_ids": [ 10553, 82848 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 3, 8 ], [ 29, 36 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 2 oboes", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Instrumentation", "target_page_ids": [ 22206 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 3, 7 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 2 clarinets in A (later in B flat)", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Instrumentation", "target_page_ids": [ 6433 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 3, 11 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 2 bassoons", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Instrumentation", "target_page_ids": [ 4207 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 3, 10 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 4 horns in F", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Instrumentation", "target_page_ids": [ 11456 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 3, 7 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 2 trumpets in F", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Instrumentation", "target_page_ids": [ 30353 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 3, 10 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 3 trombones (2 tenor, 1 bass)", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Instrumentation", "target_page_ids": [ 29837 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 3, 11 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Tuba", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Instrumentation", "target_page_ids": [ 30961 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 5 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Timpani", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Instrumentation", "target_page_ids": [ 140758 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 8 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Glockenspiel", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Instrumentation", "target_page_ids": [ 52873 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 13 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Xylophone", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Instrumentation", "target_page_ids": [ 52867 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 10 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Triangle", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Instrumentation", "target_page_ids": [ 159494 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 9 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Cymbals", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Instrumentation", "target_page_ids": [ 5671 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 7 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Snare drum", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Instrumentation", "target_page_ids": [ 27188 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 11 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Bass drum", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Instrumentation", "target_page_ids": [ 42279 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 10 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Strings", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Instrumentation", "target_page_ids": [ 10696096 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 8 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "There are four movements:", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Description", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Tempo giusto", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Description", "target_page_ids": [ 338960 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 7, 13 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Humoreske: Allegretto", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Description", "target_page_ids": [ 5075011, 30967 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 10 ], [ 12, 22 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Proposta seria: Adagio", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Description", "target_page_ids": [ 30967 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 17, 23 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Tema con variazioni: Allegro", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Description", "target_page_ids": [ 699883, 448251, 30967 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 5 ], [ 10, 20 ], [ 22, 29 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "According to Robert W. Simpson, from the second edition of his book on Nielsen, this work may be partially autobiographical; the composer had just experienced a tremendous success with his Fifth symphony, but had also suffered a series of heart attacks. He was to write several more works, but in the remaining six years of his life, the atmosphere of his works began to change.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Description", "target_page_ids": [ 155105, 2545942, 20556798 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 13, 30 ], [ 189, 203 ], [ 239, 252 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "As with many other works by Nielsen starting as early as his first symphony, this symphony uses \"progressive tonality\", not only starting in one key (G major), and ending in another (B-flat), but making the change part of the drama of the work.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Description", "target_page_ids": [ 8287730 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 97, 117 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The chiming of a glockenspiel opens the symphony, followed by a melody in octaves played by the violins. This is followed in turn by active and very characteristic figures in the winds.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Description", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "As in the fifth symphony there is an early hint of the key B-flat in which the symphony will eventually close, since the wind response hits that B-flat as an on-and-off note in an otherwise G major passage. The mood of the opening gives way to fugal unrest and, eventually, two chaotic and disturbing outbursts (Simpson believes these reflect Nielsen's heart attacks, in a manner of speaking, though he does not claim that the piece is programmatic), before again quieting, to a lightly scored but unsettled close in A-flat.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Description", "target_page_ids": [ 2545942, 1969913, 23442958, 10897, 280626, 1969923 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 10, 24 ], [ 59, 65 ], [ 121, 125 ], [ 244, 249 ], [ 436, 448 ], [ 517, 523 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Humoreske is for winds and percussion alone. In the notes Nielsen wrote for the symphony's premiere, he said that wind and percussion in the movement \"quarrel, each sticking to his own tastes and inclinations\"; Nielsen went on to liken this to the musical world of the time.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Description", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Proposta seria. To paraphrase Simpson, again, several passages in this movement circle around as though snakes chasing for-the-moment lost tails.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Description", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Fanfare, theme and variations, fanfare-reprise and coda, on a fairly unstable theme in B-flat. The ninth variation, just before the fanfare-reprise and coda, has a sound and affect like that of the Humoreske— Simpson likens it to a grinning skeleton; as in many sets of variations, it is preceded by a minor key variation (a variation in the parallel minor), but one that is so protracted that when its last minor cadence arrives it is difficult to grasp as one whole variation. The critic Robert Layton has described this as a lament.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Description", "target_page_ids": [ 569398, 196567, 427277 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 7 ], [ 51, 55 ], [ 342, 356 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The last note of the piece is a sustained low B-flat played loudly on two bassoons.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Description", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Books", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Sources", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " See pages 105–123. Reprinted by Hyperion Press .", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Sources", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " See pages 112–136.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Sources", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Scores", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Sources", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] } ]

[ "Symphonies_by_Carl_Nielsen", "1925_compositions" ]

[ "Sinfonia semplice" ]

[ { "plaintext": "The Skåne Market or Scania market (Danish Skånemarkedet, Swedish Skånemarknaden) was a major fish market for herring which took place annually in Scania during the Middle Ages. From around 1200, it became one of the most important events for trade around the Baltic Sea and made Scania into a major distribution center for West-European goods bound for eastern Scandinavia. The Scania Market continued to be an important trade center for 250 years and was a cornerstone of the Hanseatic League's wealth.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 7332666, 49890, 16749103, 18836, 3335, 33800, 26740, 14105 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 93, 104 ], [ 109, 116 ], [ 146, 152 ], [ 164, 175 ], [ 259, 269 ], [ 323, 334 ], [ 361, 372 ], [ 477, 493 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The fair took place from August 24 to October 9, mainly in locations between the two Scanian towns of Skanör and Falsterbo at the southern mouth of Öresund, with much of the connected industry spread out on the surrounding peninsula, but Køge, Dragør, Copenhagen, Malmö, Helsingborg, Simrishamn, Ystad, and Trelleborg were also part of the Scania Market. Since the fishermen erected their trading booths and temporary shops close to the area where the herring was spawning, the exact locations of the Scania Market changed from year to year.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 2659791, 2659789, 55268, 20645243, 20528344, 5166, 19021, 1019398, 1019386, 1019377, 10437069, 19653966 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 102, 108 ], [ 113, 122 ], [ 148, 155 ], [ 238, 242 ], [ 244, 250 ], [ 252, 262 ], [ 264, 269 ], [ 271, 282 ], [ 284, 294 ], [ 296, 301 ], [ 307, 317 ], [ 464, 472 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The basis for the market's popularity was the rich herring fishing around the Falsterbo Peninsula. Legend tells that the herring fishery off the Scanian coast was so rich, that one could scoop up the fish with one's hands. After a visit to the region in 1364, the French crusader Philippe de Mezieres wrote: \"Two months a year, that is in September and October, the herring travel from one sea to the other through the Sound, by order of God, in such large numbers that it is a great wonder, and so many pass through the sound in these months, that at several places one can cut them with a dagger.\" As early as the 12th century the peninsula had become a centre for the herring trade; the Scanian name for the town Falsterbo was Falsterbothe, which meant \"the booths for fish from Falster\". The 13th-century German chronicler Arnold of Lübeck, author of Chronicon Slavorum, wrote that the Danes had wealth and an abundance of everything thanks to the yearly catches of herring at the Scanian coast. The laws of the city of Leiden in the 15th century stated that all herring sellers selling herring other than from Scania, should warn their customers with a clear marking.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Herring trade and salt import", "target_page_ids": [ 36581, 1109506, 5843419, 4412145, 199992, 2659789, 11867, 7507, 23793618, 796842, 46599 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 59, 66 ], [ 78, 97 ], [ 264, 270 ], [ 271, 279 ], [ 280, 300 ], [ 717, 726 ], [ 810, 816 ], [ 817, 827 ], [ 828, 844 ], [ 856, 874 ], [ 1025, 1031 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The demand for herring during this period was great; it was a fairly inexpensive source of protein for the populations around the Baltic during the winter and the Catholic Church demanded fasting (from meat), in Christ's following, in connection with Lent. Due to the large production and the great demand, the Scania Market became the most important North European market in the 14th century.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Herring trade and salt import", "target_page_ids": [ 23634, 606848, 187886, 1095706, 21324653 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 91, 98 ], [ 163, 178 ], [ 188, 195 ], [ 212, 218 ], [ 251, 255 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "During the fishing season, the necessary salt and barrels for conservation came from Hanseatic Lüneburg and were provided by Hanseatic traders mainly from Lübeck. Lübeck also, to some extent, provided the Scanians with an additional work force, so called \"gill-women\" who cleaned the fish, ensuring a swift salting of the landed fish.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Herring trade and salt import", "target_page_ids": [ 1605200, 640764, 149352, 17750, 40579 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 41, 45 ], [ 50, 56 ], [ 95, 103 ], [ 155, 161 ], [ 256, 260 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The fishing trade was closely regulated by the Danish crown, with special rules regarding issues such as the fishing nets' mesh size, enforced by special bailiffs who policed the trade. Royal governors were installed in castles at Skanør and Falsterbo to collect customs and act as judicial and administrative leaders.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Danish taxation", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Apart from the fishermen and the local fish traders, merchants from Lübeck and other Hanseatic towns, as well as from England, Scotland, Flanders, and Normandy, came to the herring market to buy and sell herring, but also to trade in other goods with the Scandinavian merchants, landowners and peasants. Traders arrived from Denmark, eastern Norway and Sweden, as well as the rest of the Baltic. A wide variety of goods were traded, among them horses, butter, iron, tar, grain, and handicraft products from the North, Prussia, and Livonia.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Danish taxation", "target_page_ids": [ 9316, 26994, 10878, 21724, 21241, 5058739, 13645, 46183, 14734, 1566231, 6700, 49690, 371248, 18448 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 118, 125 ], [ 127, 135 ], [ 137, 145 ], [ 151, 159 ], [ 342, 348 ], [ 353, 359 ], [ 444, 449 ], [ 452, 458 ], [ 460, 464 ], [ 466, 469 ], [ 471, 476 ], [ 482, 492 ], [ 518, 525 ], [ 531, 538 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The fishing and the Scania Market yielded a large income to the Danish Crown, and made together with the Sound Toll the state virtually independent of tax incomes for extended periods of time. A good fishing year in the 14th century could mean an export of 300,000 barrels of herring; and it is estimated that one third of the Danish king's income came from the Scania Market.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Danish taxation", "target_page_ids": [ 20714373, 3972465, 30297 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 64, 76 ], [ 105, 115 ], [ 151, 154 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Most of the 14th century was characterized by strife and wars between Danish kings and the Hansa. According to a German view, the Danes got herring \"for nothing from God\"—only to sell it dearly. As opposed to Stockholm and Bergen, which had Scandinavia's largest Hanseatic colonies, the Danish towns of the Scania Market did not encourage large permanent settlements of Hansa merchants; most of the merchants arrived in the summer and went back home after the end of the market.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Strife between Denmark and the Hanseatic League", "target_page_ids": [ 26741, 56494 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 209, 218 ], [ 223, 229 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 1367, the Hansa towns allied themselves with Sweden, Mecklenburg, and Holstein, and the Confederation of Cologne went to war against Denmark and Norway. With the Treaty of Stralsund in 1370, a peace was settled that left the Hanseatic League in control of the fortifications at the Scania Market and along the rest of Öresund for 15years.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Strife between Denmark and the Hanseatic League", "target_page_ids": [ 5058739, 20193, 179403, 13327677, 128936 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 48, 54 ], [ 56, 67 ], [ 73, 81 ], [ 91, 115 ], [ 165, 184 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The abundance of herring around Scania abruptly ceased in the beginning of the 15th century and the region lost its importance as a trading place.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Strife between Denmark and the Hanseatic League", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "History of Scania", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 531179 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 17 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Old Salt Route", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 105353 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 14 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Scanian Market - by Oresundstid", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] } ]

[ "Trading_posts_of_the_Hanseatic_League", "History_of_Lübeck", "Scania", "Fish_markets" ]

[]

[ { "plaintext": "Who Threw the Overalls in Mrs. Murphy's Chowder? is a popular song, sometimes known as \"Who Threw the Overalls in Mistress Murphy's Chowder\". It was written by George L. Geifer in 1898 and originally recorded by Edward M. Favor in 1901. It was later recorded by Bing Crosby on December 6, 1945 and included in his album", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 5174938, 4010 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 212, 227 ], [ 262, 273 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "St. Patrick's Day. Julie Andrews included the song in her album Don't Go in the Lion's Cage Tonight (1962).", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 46809825, 78239 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 17 ], [ 19, 32 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The song describes an incident in which a pair of worn-out overalls are found in a batch of Mrs. Murphy's large pot of chowder. Tim Nolan, who discovered the overalls, immediately assumes it was a prank, and promises to inflict pain on \"the mick that threw the overalls ... \". Mistress Murphy, upon realizing the ruckus, admits that she forgot to take the overalls out of the pot after she had been using it for laundry earlier in the day, at which point Nolan apologizes and the group puts music to his words and sing (the chorus).", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 554255, 46316, 11014515 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 59, 67 ], [ 119, 126 ], [ 241, 245 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The song has enjoyed some popularity with Irish-Americans and association with the Saint Patrick's Day holiday and is sometimes played during the holiday. Some versions of the song have been edited to remove elements of the song that can be construed to disparage the Irish. ", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 170023 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 83, 102 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The song was used in the 1943 film Coney Island when it was performed by Charles Winninger, Phil Silvers, George Montgomery and Frank Orth and later reprised by Winninger at the piano.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 7511763, 5639710, 310022, 1586807, 13528078 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 35, 47 ], [ 73, 90 ], [ 92, 104 ], [ 106, 123 ], [ 128, 138 ] ] } ]

[ "Bing_Crosby_songs", "1898_songs", "Novelty_songs" ]

[]

[ { "plaintext": "F. Springer (15 January 1932 – 7 November 2011) was the pseudonym of Carel Jan Schneider, a Dutch foreign service diplomat and writer.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 1167814 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 98, 113 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Schneider was born in Batavia, Dutch East Indies. He spent World War II in a Japanese internment camp, and subsequently lived and worked in New Guinea, New York, Bangkok, Brussels, Dhaka, Luanda, East Berlin (where he served as the penultimate ambassador), and Tehran all of which have served as locations for the novels and stories which he has published.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 354064, 32927, 20611456, 645042, 56615, 56656, 18402, 9483, 57654 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 22, 48 ], [ 60, 72 ], [ 141, 151 ], [ 153, 161 ], [ 163, 170 ], [ 182, 187 ], [ 189, 195 ], [ 197, 208 ], [ 262, 268 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "His laconic style has been compared to that of F. Scott Fitzgerald or Graham Greene, and he often adopts an ironic perspective on his often tragic subject matter, such as in Teheran, een zwanezang (\"Tehran, a swansong\"), a love story set against the background of the Iranian Revolution. Especially important in his work are the Dutch East Indies and the concept of () \"Times Gone By\", a nostalgia for life in the former Dutch colonies in the East.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 12505972, 65463, 28551255, 347268 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 47, 66 ], [ 70, 83 ], [ 174, 196 ], [ 268, 286 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "For Bougainville he received the Ferdinand Bordewijk award in 1982 and was awarded the Constantijn Huygens Prize for his entire work in 1995. He died in The Hague.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 23664310, 1228067, 27119098, 30269 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 16 ], [ 33, 52 ], [ 87, 112 ], [ 154, 163 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "1962 – Bericht uit Hollandia (stories)", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Partial bibliography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "1969 – De gladde paal van macht. Een politieke legende (novel)", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Partial bibliography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "1974 – Tabee, New York (novel)", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Partial bibliography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "1977 – Zaken overzee (stories)", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Partial bibliography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "1981 – Bougainville. Een gedenkschrift (novel)", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Partial bibliography", "target_page_ids": [ 23664310 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 7, 38 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "1985 – Quissama. Een relaas (novel)", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Partial bibliography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "1990 – Sterremeer. Een romance (novella)", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Partial bibliography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "1991 – Teheran, een zwanezang (novel)", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Partial bibliography", "target_page_ids": [ 28551255 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 7, 29 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "1993 – Bandoeng-Bandung. Een novelle (novella)", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Partial bibliography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "1998 – Kandy. Een terugtocht (novel)", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Partial bibliography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "2001 – Verzameld werk (collected works)", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Partial bibliography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "2005 – Bangkok, een elegie (novel)", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Partial bibliography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "2010 – Quadriga (novel)", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Partial bibliography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] } ]

[ "1932_births", "2011_deaths", "20th-century_Dutch_novelists", "20th-century_Dutch_diplomats", "Dutch_male_novelists", "People_from_Batavia,_Dutch_East_Indies", "World_War_II_civilian_prisoners_held_by_Japan", "Constantijn_Huygens_Prize_winners", "Ferdinand_Bordewijk_Prize_winners", "20th-century_Dutch_male_writers" ]

[ "Carel Jan Schneider" ]

[ { "plaintext": "Hardanger is a traditional district in the western part of Norway, dominated by the Hardangerfjord and its inner branches of the Sørfjorden and the Eid Fjord. It consists of the municipalities of Ullensvang, Eidfjord, Ulvik and Kvam, and is located inside the county of Vestland.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 1436926, 1436846, 21241, 1047731, 24259573, 57101595, 178104, 178106, 178109, 178112, 220056, 60890018 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 15, 35 ], [ 43, 55 ], [ 59, 65 ], [ 84, 98 ], [ 129, 139 ], [ 148, 157 ], [ 196, 206 ], [ 208, 216 ], [ 218, 223 ], [ 228, 232 ], [ 260, 266 ], [ 270, 278 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The area is dominated by the vast Hardangervidda plateau in the east and the large Folgefonna glacier on the central Folgefonna peninsula. The district was selected as the millennium site for the old Hordaland county.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 1587863, 2254526, 55011502, 171185 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 34, 48 ], [ 83, 93 ], [ 172, 187 ], [ 200, 209 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In the early Viking Age, before Harald Fairhair, Hardanger was a petty kingdom with its capital at Kinsarvik.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 32538, 56251, 1757175, 7130461 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 13, 23 ], [ 32, 47 ], [ 65, 78 ], [ 99, 108 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Old Norse form of the name was Harðangr. The first element is derived from the ethnonym hǫrðar, or from harðr meaning \"hard\" (referring to wind and weather). The last element is angr \"tight fjord\" (the name originally belonged to the fjord, now called Hardangerfjord).", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Etymology", "target_page_ids": [ 22666, 2369055, 43598, 1047731 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 13 ], [ 92, 98 ], [ 194, 199 ], [ 256, 270 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The region is one of Norway's most important sources of fruit and constitutes approximately 40% of the national fruit production, including apple, plum, pear, cherry and redcurrant. Apples have been cultivated in Hardanger since the 14th century, the agricultural experience brought by English monks who first arrived at Lyse Abbey in 1146. The climate, soil and seasonal conditions of the region are believed to be particularly beneficial to the growth of apples. In 2005, juice produced from Hardanger apples became Norway's third product to be granted protection of origin name, with applications pending for other regional produce.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Agriculture", "target_page_ids": [ 10843, 18978754, 56884, 24278, 54773, 709548, 419369, 5985813, 67867254 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 56, 61 ], [ 140, 145 ], [ 147, 151 ], [ 153, 157 ], [ 159, 165 ], [ 170, 180 ], [ 294, 298 ], [ 321, 331 ], [ 555, 580 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 2006, an Ulvik farmer and producer of sparkling cider, Nils Lekve of Hardanger Saft og Siderfabrikk, successfully navigated the narrow and complex directives of Norwegian alcohol laws, and completed a distribution agreement with monopoly alcoholic beverage outlet Vinmonopolet, making Hardanger Sider Sprudlande available for national sale by July 2006. Lekve's efforts earned him a top 3 finalist nomination for the Bygdeutviklingsprisen (), awarded by Innovasjon Norge.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Agriculture", "target_page_ids": [ 19614253, 4001761, 9275964 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 51, 56 ], [ 267, 279 ], [ 457, 473 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Hardanger embroidery is a type of whitework that takes its name from that region. It is made with geometric designs of kloster (blocks), \"ships\", diamonds, and other embroidery techniques. It is worked on Hardanger or linen fabric which has a \"count\" of 22 to 29 threads per inch. Traditionally it is worked on white fabric with white cotton thread but in recent years other colors and threads are popular. Norwegian bunads (Hardangerbunad, native costumes) from that region often feature this embroidery on the bottom of the white apron.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Food and crafts", "target_page_ids": [ 87842, 3379226, 904722, 60855916 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 20 ], [ 34, 43 ], [ 417, 422 ], [ 425, 439 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Hardanger also lends its name to the Hardanger fiddle which was originally produced there.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Food and crafts", "target_page_ids": [ 466601 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 37, 53 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Krotekake is a type of lefse unique to the region.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Food and crafts", "target_page_ids": [ 13729302, 1136752 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 9 ], [ 23, 28 ] ] } ]

[ "Districts_of_Vestland", "Petty_kingdoms_of_Norway", "Millennium_sites" ]

[]

[ { "plaintext": "Jan Marius Romein (30 October 1893 16 July 1962) was a Dutch historian, journalist, literary scholar and professor of history at the University of Amsterdam. A Marxist and a student of Huizinga, Romein is remembered for his popularizing books of Dutch national history, jointly authored with his wife Annie Romein-Verschoor. His work has been translated into English, German, French, Italian, Polish, Indonesian and Japanese.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 10772350, 15928, 1904053, 982984, 27182401 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 62, 71 ], [ 73, 83 ], [ 161, 168 ], [ 186, 194 ], [ 302, 324 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Born in Rotterdam, Romein married the writer and historian Annie Romein-Verschoor (1895–1978) on 14 August 1920.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Biography", "target_page_ids": [ 26049, 27182401 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 8, 17 ], [ 59, 81 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Romein began writing while studying humanities at the University of Leiden (1914–1920). Of his professors the historian Johan Huizinga inspired him the most. During his studies and impressed by the First World War and the Russian Revolution he became interested in Marxism. He translated Franz Mehring's biography on Karl Marx into Dutch (1921; with an introductory essay). After a stay of seven months in Denmark, where Romein's friend and former fellow student Hans Kramers had become the assistant of the physicist Niels Bohr, the couple moved to Amsterdam in 1921. Romein became an editor of the daily De Tribune of the young Communistische Partij Holland (CPH, Communist Party of Holland). In addition, he worked as a freelance writer and translator. Already in 1916-1918 he published a Dutch translation of Romain Rolland's Jean Christophe (10 vols., with an introductory essay). In 1924 he received his doctoral degree, with the highest distinction, at the University of Leiden with the dissertation Dostoyevsky in the Eyes of Western Critics. In 1927 he left the communist party, but he remained interested in Marxism and in the political development of the Soviet Union and of Asia. After publishing a book on the history of the Eastern Roman Empire (Byzantium, 1928) he translated and edited the Harmsworth's Universal History of the World into Dutch, in co-operation with other historians (1929–1932, 9 vols.), with three added chapters written by himself. His first book publication in the field of Dutch history was a pioneering study on the history of Dutch historical writing during the Middle Ages (1932). His most famous books include a history of The Low Countries (1934) and a four-volume work with 36 short biographies of important Dutch (1938–1940), both in cooperation with his wife and fellow historian Annie Romein-Verschoor. In 1939, Romein was appointed professor of history at the University of Amsterdam. He survived World War II after being held hostage as a prisoner for three months by the German police in the notorious Amersfoort police detention camp, and returned to writing and teaching. In 2011 Jan Romein and his wife were posthumously awarded the title \"Righteous among the Nations\" by Yad Vashem in Jerusalem, for offering a hiding place to two persecuted Jewish fellow-citizens during the German occupation.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Biography", "target_page_ids": [ 86373, 982984, 25762, 1904053, 1530336, 16743, 21210, 844, 1074358, 236590, 13111480, 26779, 689, 16972981, 637072, 101640, 181963, 16043 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 54, 74 ], [ 120, 134 ], [ 222, 240 ], [ 265, 272 ], [ 288, 301 ], [ 317, 326 ], [ 518, 528 ], [ 550, 559 ], [ 630, 659 ], [ 813, 827 ], [ 830, 845 ], [ 1166, 1178 ], [ 1186, 1190 ], [ 1238, 1258 ], [ 1945, 1957 ], [ 2052, 2062 ], [ 2225, 2235 ], [ 2239, 2248 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 1937, he published an essay on technology called \"The dialectics of progress\" (in Dutch: \"De dialectiek van de vooruitgang\") in which he describes a phenomenon called the \"Law of the handicap of a head start\" (\"Wet van de remmende voorsprong\"), as part of the series \"The unfinished past\" (in Dutch: \"Het onvoltooid verleden\"). This article was also published in German as \"Dialektik des Fortschritts\" in: Mass und Wert. Zweimonatsschrift für freie deutsche Kultur (eds. Thomas Mann and Konrad Falke), vol. 2 (Zurich, Switzerland, 1939).", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Biography", "target_page_ids": [ 10176765, 10176765, 30085 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 57, 79 ], [ 175, 210 ], [ 474, 485 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 1946, Annie Romein received a copy of Anne Frank's diary which she tried to have published. When she was unsuccessful, she gave the diary to her husband, who wrote the first article about the diary and its writer, for the newspaper Het Parool. Interest raised by his article led to the diary being published the following year. Romein was interested in the (auto)biographical approach to history. During the years of German occupation he wrote a book on this, which was published in 1946 (German translation 1948) and is still regarded as an informative and original contribution to the historiography of the genre. Also in 1946, he introduced the theory of history as a subject in the academic curriculum.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Biography", "target_page_ids": [ 804581, 264064 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 41, 51 ], [ 235, 245 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Soon after the beginning of the Cold War his marxist conceptions, though undogmatic, had placed him in relative isolation, and in 1949 he was denied entry to the United States for an intended speaking engagement at an international scholarly conference in Princeton of which he was one of the initiators. Instead, he was welcomed as a guest professor in the young republic of Indonesia during the 1951–1952 academic year. ", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Biography", "target_page_ids": [ 325329, 3434750 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 32, 40 ], [ 162, 175 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "He devoted the latter part of his life to writing a history of Europe during the 25-year period from 1889 to 1914: The Watershed of Two Eras. Europe in 1900, which was published posthumously in 1967 (English edition 1978). According to various reviewers it \"is a highly successful attempt at writing an analysis and synthesis of European history between the years 1890 and the outbreak of the First World War\", the decades during which Europe's supremacy in the world started waning. \"This is one of the best books of its kind of integrated history. (...) Romein has successfully integrated the various branches of history - economic, cultural and political - without being stilted. (...) This work can be read with great profit by the highly educated general reader, the undergraduate history major, the advanced graduate student, and the professional historian.\" The book devotes chapters to all aspects of European history during this period: not only economic, social, cultural and political history, but also the developments in science, medicine, law and criminology, psychology, literature, art, women emancipation, religion and atheism, education etc. The American Historical Review concluded: \"the book is a treasury of illuminating fact and perceptive commentary.\" ", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Biography", "target_page_ids": [ 9239 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 63, 69 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Due to a chronic illness, which became manifest in 1959, he limited his professorship at the University of Amsterdam to solely Theoretical History. He died in Amsterdam in July 1962.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Biography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Romein held Marxist views and was active within the Communist Party of Holland (CPH) from 1917 onwards, initially as a secretary for the communist parliamentarian Willem van Ravesteyn, then as a high-ranking editor of the party's daily De Tribune. When internal struggles led to a Moscow-backed \"palace revolution\" in 1925, Romein sided with Van Ravesteyn and David Wijnkoop, and as a result was forced out of the Tribune'''s editorial board. Expulsion from the party for continued support of Wijnkoop followed in 1927, ending Romein's direct involvement in politics.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Political views", "target_page_ids": [ 36626747, 34366867 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 163, 183 ], [ 360, 374 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Romein's Marxism made him a controversial figure and affected his career when in 1938 he was a candidate for a professorship at the Municipal University of Amsterdam, where professors were appointed by the municipal council. On the one hand, the liberals and right-wing factions disliked Romein for his continued support of the Soviet Union; on the other hand, the communist faction headed by Romein's old friend Wijnkoop were upset about his openly criticizing of Soviet show trials, two years earlier. This criticism, however, won him some sympathy within SDAP faction. A majority that included Wijnkoop's communists voted against Romein's appointment. A year later, when a different professorship was vacant, Romein was appointed professor of Dutch history, this time with support from Wijnkoop and despite a vehement campaign against his candidature.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Political views", "target_page_ids": [ 20646803, 19280734, 26779, 40549288, 4410230 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 111, 124 ], [ 246, 254 ], [ 328, 340 ], [ 472, 483 ], [ 558, 562 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In the Cold War years of the early 1950s, Romein and his collaborators became relatively isolated. He condemned the Soviet crackdown on the 1956 Hungarian uprising, in a pamphlet that simultaneously denounced the French and British involvement in Egypt during the Suez Crisis.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Political views", "target_page_ids": [ 325329, 351949, 58568 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 7, 15 ], [ 140, 163 ], [ 264, 275 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In English:", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Main works", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " \"Theoretical History\", in: Journal of the History of Ideas, vol. 9, 1948, no. 1, pp.53–64.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Main works", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " A World on the Move; a history of colonialism and nationalism in Asia and North Africa from the turn of the century to the Bandung Conference (compiled following an outline of events and dates prepared by J.M. Romein and W.F. Wertheim, who also have written the introductory chapters; captions and running text by H.M. van Randwijk. Transl. from the Dutch by James S. Holmes and A. van Marle), 1956.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Main works", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " \"The Common Human Pattern; the origin and scope of historical theories\", in: Delta, review of arts, life and thought in the Netherlands, Summer 1959, pp.5–20.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Main works", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " The Asian Century: A History of Modern Nationalism in Asia (with Jan Erik Romein, transl. by R.T. Clark, with a foreword by K.M. Panikkar), 1962. German edition 1958, Indonesian ed. 1958, Japanese ed. 1961; Italian ed. 1969.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Main works", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " \"Change and Continuity in History: The Problem of the 'turnover',\" in: Delta, review of arts, life and thought in the Netherlands, Spring 1963, pp.27–40.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Main works", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " \"The Significance of the Comparative Approach in Asian Historiography. The National and Social Revolution in Asia and the Time Factor\", in: An Introduction to Indonesian Historiography. Eds. Soedjatmoko, Mohammed Ali, G.J. Resink, George McT. Kahin, 1965 (3rd ed. 1975), pp.380–394.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Main works", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " History of Mankind: Culture and Scientific Development, Volume VI: The Twentieth Century (part of a UNESCO-project). Authors/editors: Caroline F. Ware, K. M. Panikkar, and Jan M. Romein, 1966.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Main works", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " The Watershed of Two Eras. Europe in 1900 (transl. Arnold J. Pomerans. With a biographical and bibliographical introduction by Harry J. Marks, a foreword by Annie Romein-Verschoor, and a preface by Maarten C. Brands), 1978 (first paperback ed. 1982).", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Main works", "target_page_ids": [ 51211737 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 52, 70 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Books in Dutch, German, Italian, Polish and Bahasa:", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Main works", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Dostojewskij in de Westersche critiek. Een hoofdstuk uit de geschiedenis van den literairen roem [Dostoyevsky in the Eyes of Western Critics. A chapter from the history of literary fame], 1924 (doctoral dissertation, cum laude, University of Leiden).", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Main works", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Byzantium. Geschiedkundig overzicht van staat en beschaving in het Oost-Romeinsche Rijk [Byzantium. Historical survey of state and civilisation in the Eastern Roman Empire], 1928.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Main works", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Geschiedenis van de Noord-Nederlandsche geschiedschrijving in de Middeleeuwen; Bijdrage tot de beschavingsgeschiedenis [History of the Northern-Dutch Historiography during the Middle Ages. A contribution to civilisation history], 1932.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Main works", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " De Lage Landen bij de zee. Geïllustreerde geschiedenis van het Nederlandse volk van Duinkerken tot Delfzijl [The Low Lands by the Sea. An illustrated history of the Dutch people from Dunkirk to Delfzyl], 1934 (8th, rev. & augm. ed. 1979).", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Main works", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Het onvoltooid verleden [The Unfinished Past. Essays], 1937 (2nd, augm. ed. 1948).", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Main works", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Erflaters van onze beschaving. Nederlandse gestalten uit zes eeuwen (with Annie Verschoor), 4 vols. [Legators of our Civilization. Dutch Figures from Six Centuries], 1938–1940 (13th ed., in one vol., illustr. 1979). Abridged German edition (transl. U. Huber-Noodt): Ahnherren der holländischen Kultur. Vierzehn Lebensbilder mit 13 Porträts, 1946 (2nd ed. 1961).", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Main works", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " De biografie, een inleiding [The Biography; an introduction], 1946 (2nd ed. 1951). German edition (transl. U. Huber-Noodt): Die Biographie; Einführung in ihre Geschichte und ihre Problematik, 1948. ", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Main works", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Theoretische Geschiedenis [Theoretical History], 1946. Eng. ed.: Theoretical History, in: Journal of the History of Ideas, vol. 9, 1948, pp.53–64. German ed.: Theoretische Geschichte. In: Schweizer Beiträge zur Allgemeinen Geschichte, Bern, vol. 5, 1947, pp.5–27. ", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Main works", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Apparaat voor de studie der geschiedenis [Apparatus for the study of history], 1949 (9th rev. & augm. ed. 1979). ", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Main works", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " In de Hof der Historie. Kleine encyclopaedie der theoretische geschiedenis [In the Court of History. A Short Encyclopedia of Theoretical History], 1951 (2nd ed. 1963).", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Main works", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " 1. Kebangunan Asia. – 2. Pengertian kerdja di Timur dan Barat, 1953.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Main works", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Asia bergolak, setengah abad sedjarah Asia dalam lebih dari 600 gambar 1900 sampai sekarang, oleh J.M. Romein dan W.F. Wertheim; teks-teks penghubung oleh H.M. van Randwijk, dan terdjemahan oleh Amal Hamzah, 1954.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Main works", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Aera Asia. Terdjadinja, perkembangan dan kemenangan Nasionalisme di Asia dalam abad ke-20. Diselenggarakan bersama-sama dengan J.E. Romein; dan terdjemahan oleh Nur Tugiman (Indonesian translation of The Asian Century), 1958.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Main works", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Das Jahrhundert Asiens, Geschichte des modernen asiatischen Nationalismus; in Zusammenarbeit mit J.E. Romein, übersetzt von H. Jolenberg, 1958.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Main works", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Over integrale geschiedschrijving [On the writing of Integral History], 1958.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Main works", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Op het breukvlak van twee eeuwen [On the Watershed of Two Centuries], 2 vols., 1967 (2nd ed., in one vol., with sub-title: De westerse wereld rond 1900 [The Western World around 1900]. Illustr. 1976); Eng. transl. 1978, first paperback edition 1982.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Main works", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Il secolo dell'Asia. Imperialismo occidentale e rivoluzione asiatica nel secolo XX. Prefaz.di Ernesto Ragionieri. Torino: Einaudi, 1969 (Italian translation of The Asian Century).", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Main works", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Twórcy kultury holenderskiej [Makers of the Dutch culture]. Polish translation by Jerzy Hummel of Erflaters van onze beschaving. Warszawa: Państwowy Instytut Wydawniczy (Warsaw: State Institute for Publishers), 1973; 308 p.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Main works", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Historische lijnen en patronen. Een keuze uit de essays'' [Historical headlines and patterns. Selected Essays], 1971 (with a preface by Maarten C. Brands; 2nd ed. 1976).", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Main works", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Het Parool, April 3, 1946. first published discussion of Anne Frank's diary.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Jan M. Romein, \"The Significance of the Comparative Approach in Asian Historiography. The National and Social Revolution in Asia and the Time Factor\", in: An Introduction to Indonesian Historiography. Eds. Soedjatmoko, Mohammed Ali, G.J. Resink, George McT. Kahin (Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press, 1965), pp. 380-394.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] } ]

[ "1893_births", "1962_deaths", "Writers_from_Rotterdam", "20th-century_Dutch_historians", "Dutch_Righteous_Among_the_Nations", "20th-century_Dutch_journalists", "Anne_Frank" ]

[ "Jan Marius Romein", "J.M. Romein", "J. Romein" ]

[ { "plaintext": "Auditory neuropathy (AN) is a hearing disorder in which the outer hair cells of the cochlea are present and functional, but sound information is not transmitted sufficiently by the auditory nerve to the brain. Hearing loss with AN can range from normal hearing sensitivity to profound hearing loss.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 134971, 3121834 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 84, 91 ], [ 181, 195 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "A neuropathy usually refers to a disease of the peripheral nerve or nerves, but the auditory nerve itself is not always affected in auditory neuropathy spectrum disorders. Prevalence in the population is relatively unknown. Neonates with high risk factors for hearing loss have a prevalence of up to 40% (Vignesh, Jaya, & Muraleedharan 2016). These high-risk factors are: hypoxia, low birth weight, premature birth, hyperbilirubinemia, jaundice, and aminoglycoside antibiotic treatments (NIDCD, 2018).", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 608317, 13292, 1973352, 429542, 68344, 65980, 617210 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 2, 12 ], [ 372, 379 ], [ 381, 397 ], [ 399, 414 ], [ 416, 434 ], [ 436, 444 ], [ 450, 464 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Based on clinical testing of subjects with auditory neuropathy, the disruption in the stream of sound information has been localized to one or more of three probable locations: the inner hair cells of the cochlea, the synapse between the inner hair cells and the auditory nerve, or a lesion of the ascending auditory nerve itself.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Possible sites of lesion", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Diagnosis is possible after a test battery, that must necessarily include the following: the auditory brainstem response and otoacoustic emissions. Auditory brainstem response should be tested with both polarities (helps in identifying cochlear microphonics).", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Diagnosing auditory neuropathy", "target_page_ids": [ 6259764, 1374330, 32401778 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 93, 120 ], [ 125, 146 ], [ 236, 257 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Auditory Neuropathy can be diagnosed with a battery of tests including Otoacoustic Emissions (OAE), Auditory Brainstem Response (ABR), and acoustic reflexes. The classic AN paradigm would include present OAEs indicating normal outer hair cell function, absent or abnormal ABR with presence of the cochlear microphonic, and absent acoustic reflexes. Other tests would include pure-tone and speech audiometry. AN patients can have a range of hearing thresholds with difficulty in speech perception. Patients with auditory neuropathy spectrum disorders have to date never been shown to have normal middle ear muscle reflexes at 95 dB HL or less despite having normal otoacoustic emissions.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Diagnosing auditory neuropathy", "target_page_ids": [ 8410 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 628, 633 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Auditory neuropathy can occur spontaneously, or in combination with diseases like Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease and Friedreich's ataxia. AN can have either congenital or acquired causes. AN can be due to genetic factors in syndromic, non-syndromic, and mitochondrial related patterns. Approximately 40% of AN cases are estimated to have a genetic cause.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Diagnosing auditory neuropathy", "target_page_ids": [ 7845, 1602117 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 82, 109 ], [ 114, 133 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "It appears that regardless of the audiometric pattern (hearing thresholds) or of their function on traditional speech testing in quiet the vast majority of those affected have very poor hearing in background noise situations.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Diagnosing auditory neuropathy", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "When testing the auditory system, there really is no characteristic presentation on the audiogram.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Residual auditory function", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "When diagnosing someone with auditory neuropathy, there is no characteristic level of functioning either. People can present relatively little dysfunction other than problems of hearing speech in noise, or can present as completely deaf and gaining no useful information from auditory signals.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Residual auditory function", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Hearing aids are sometimes prescribed, with mixed success.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Residual auditory function", "target_page_ids": [ 520289 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 12 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "FM systems in combination with hearing aids or cochlear implants could increase success of these amplification devices.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Residual auditory function", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Some people with auditory neuropathy obtain cochlear implants, also with mixed success.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Residual auditory function", "target_page_ids": [ 241649 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 44, 61 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Universal Newborn Hearing Screenings (UNHS) is mandated in a majority of the United States. Auditory neuropathy is sometimes difficult to catch right away, even with these precautions in place. Parental suspicion of a hearing loss is a trustworthy screening tool for hearing loss, too; if it is suspected, that is sufficient reason to seek a hearing evaluation from an audiologist.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Screening", "target_page_ids": [ 1050386 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 369, 380 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In most parts of Australia, hearing screening via AABR testing is mandated, meaning that essentially all congenital (i.e., not those related to later onset degenerative disorders) auditory neuropathy cases should be diagnosed at birth.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Screening", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Auditory neuropathy spectrum disorder", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 21408323 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 37 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Auditory processing disorder", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 12328438 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 28 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Cochlear implant", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 241649 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 16 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Sensorineural hearing impairment", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 1187487 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 32 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Auditory neuropathy: What is it and what can we do about it? from the LSU Medical School", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Auditory Neuropathy Information site", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Auditory Neuropathy by Timothy C. Hain", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Auditory Neuropathy. (2018, March 16). Retrieved from neuropathy", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Interacoustics. (2016). Cochlear Microphonics CM. Retrieved from ", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] } ]

[ "Audiology", "Deafness" ]

[ "Auditory dys-synchrony", "Auditory Neuropathy Spectrum Disorder", "Familial auditory neuropathy", "Auditory Neuropathy", "ANSD", "Progressive auditory neuropathy" ]

[ { "plaintext": "Clive Gladstone Robertson (born 17 December 1965) is an English actor perhaps best known for his roles on the soap opera Sunset Beach, the Canadian science fiction series Starhunter, and the 2010 science fiction computer game The Interactive Movie.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 21504235, 644760, 2004357, 2684105 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 64, 69 ], [ 121, 133 ], [ 139, 147 ], [ 171, 181 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Born in Devizes, Wiltshire, England, Robertson spent much of his younger life abroad, living in such places as Singapore, Cyprus and the Netherlands, with his family following his RAF fighter pilot father. He was sent back to England at the age of eight, and was a boarder at Marlborough College. After leaving he attended the Oxford School of Business, where he gained a degree in business and management, before starting a career in marketing.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Biography", "target_page_ids": [ 450789, 51231, 27318, 5593, 21148, 25679, 172020 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 8, 15 ], [ 17, 26 ], [ 111, 120 ], [ 122, 128 ], [ 137, 148 ], [ 180, 183 ], [ 276, 295 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "After attending a one-year course at London drama school Arts Educational, Robertson launched his professional acting career playing the lead role of Alan Turing in the play Breaking the Code. He appeared in several plays and TV productions over the next few years, before, in 1996, deciding to try his luck in Hollywood. He landed the role of Ben Evans in Aaron Spelling's new daytime drama Sunset Beach. Robertson played the part for three years, also appearing as his character's evil identical twin, Derek.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Biography", "target_page_ids": [ 1208, 644760, 276310, 644760, 644760 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 150, 161 ], [ 344, 353 ], [ 357, 371 ], [ 392, 404 ], [ 504, 509 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "After the cancellation of the show in December 1999, Robertson moved into behind the camera work, building a career as a writer and producer. He made his return to TV in 2003, playing interplanetary bounty hunter Travis Montana in one season of the Canadian sci-fi series Starhunter. He also appeared in the soap General Hospital in a recurring role, and worked alongside Julia Roberts, lending his voice to the animated movie The Ant Bully. He has also acted in several computer games and played the lead role in the 2010 science fiction epic The Interactive Movie, which included a large amount of live-action footage of Robertson.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Biography", "target_page_ids": [ 2684105, 716091, 16553, 3288399 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 272, 282 ], [ 313, 329 ], [ 372, 385 ], [ 427, 440 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Robertson starred as Theodore Crawford in the MyNetworkTV telenovela Wicked Wicked Games, and subsequently starred in the movie Crazy Girls Undercover.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Biography", "target_page_ids": [ 4162621, 12354665, 7743982 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 46, 57 ], [ 58, 68 ], [ 69, 88 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Robertson was married to Australian actress/writer Libby Purvis, whom he met at drama school. The pair moved to America together for him to take the role on Sunset Beach, and married in 1999 on Richard Branson's private island, Necker Island. They split up in 2003 and divorced the following year. They have two children, born October 2002, Alexander and Amelia, who live with their mother in her native Australia. In September 2007 Robertson married his second wife, the linguist and creator of the 'Early Lingo' educational DVD series Caryn Antonini, in Venice, Italy. Their son Cristiano was born in February 2010. Their second son Nicholas was born in August 2012. They live in Los Angeles.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Personal life", "target_page_ids": [ 4689264, 1448109, 3434750, 93759, 2614257 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 25, 34 ], [ 51, 63 ], [ 112, 119 ], [ 194, 209 ], [ 228, 241 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Robertson works designing and building houses when he is not acting.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Personal life", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Topper (1992)", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Filmography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Cinderumplestiltskin (TV movie) (1993)", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Filmography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " The Bill (episode \"No Name, No Number\") (1994) - B Team P.C.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Filmography", "target_page_ids": [ 12319016 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 9 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " London Bridge (1995)", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Filmography", "target_page_ids": [ 14403695 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 14 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Paparazzo (1995) - Marine Officer on leave", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Filmography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Before the Killing Starts (TV movie) (1995)", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Filmography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Sunset Beach (403 episodes) (1997-1999) - Ben Evans, Derek Evans", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Filmography", "target_page_ids": [ 644760 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 13 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " V.I.P. (episode \"Diagnosis Val\") (2002) - Dr. Hank Jonas", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Filmography", "target_page_ids": [ 1820210 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 7 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Starhunter (22 episodes) (2002-2004) - Travis Montana", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Filmography", "target_page_ids": [ 2684105 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 11 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " European Assault (2005) - Additional Voices", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Filmography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " The Ant Bully (2006) - Hova's Wasp (voice)", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Filmography", "target_page_ids": [ 8796061 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 14 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Wicked Wicked Games (62 episodes) (2006-2007) - Theodore Crawford", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Filmography", "target_page_ids": [ 7743982 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 20 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Crazy Girls Undercover (2008) - Damon Archer", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Filmography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " The Interactive Movie (video game) (2010) - Captain John O'Neil", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Filmography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Clive Robertson Latest news about Clive and his career", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Love Clive Robertson Fansite", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Official Darkstar Website ", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Darkstar on Facebook Latest news on DARKSTAR", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] } ]

[ "English_male_soap_opera_actors", "People_educated_at_Marlborough_College", "1965_births", "Living_people", "People_from_Devizes" ]

[ "Clive Gladstone Robertson" ]

[ { "plaintext": "Lorenzo Cristóbal Manuel Batlle y Grau (August 10, 1810 in Montevideo May 8, 1887 in Montevideo) was the president of Uruguay from 1868 to 1872.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 38261, 25025952 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 59, 69 ], [ 106, 126 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "He was the son of a wealthy merchant loyal to the Spanish crown. Lorenzo Batlle's son José Batlle y Ordóñez, nephew Luis Batlle Berres and grand-nephew Jorge Batlle Ibáñez would also serve as presidents of Uruguay.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Family background and early career", "target_page_ids": [ 511579, 5463041, 387595 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 86, 107 ], [ 116, 134 ], [ 152, 171 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Lorenzo Batlle was a military officer and one of the distinguished members of the Colorado Party. He served as Minister of War three times (1847-1851, 1853-1854 and 1865-1868). He was Minister of Finance from 1856 to 1857. ", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Family background and early career", "target_page_ids": [ 588643, 21191282 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 82, 96 ], [ 184, 203 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In March 1868 interim President Pedro Varela stepped down from the Presidency.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Family background and early career", "target_page_ids": [ 35685025 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 32, 44 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "He was elected President of Uruguay, serving from 1868 to 1872.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "President of Uruguay", "target_page_ids": [ 25025952 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 15, 35 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "His presidency failed because of a pre-existing monetary crisis. His attempts to control the country failed and, as a result, a civil war and military uprising erupted, culminating in his presidency and ushering in an era of dictatorship.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "President of Uruguay", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "He died as a poor man in 1887, but was respected as an historical figure for his attempts to help the country.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Death", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " List of political families", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 1209852 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 27 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Colorado Party (Uruguay)", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 588643 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 25 ] ] } ]

[ "1810_births", "1887_deaths", "People_from_Montevideo", "Presidents_of_Uruguay", "Uruguayan_people_of_Catalan_descent", "Ministers_of_Economics_and_Finance_of_Uruguay", "Defence_ministers_of_Uruguay", "Colorado_Party_(Uruguay)_politicians", "19th-century_Uruguayan_people", "Uruguayan_National_Army_generals" ]

[]

[ { "plaintext": "Sentiment may refer to:", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Feelings, and emotions", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 163390, 10406 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 7 ], [ 14, 21 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Public opinion, also called sentiment", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 216170 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 14 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Sentimentality, an appeal to shallow, uncomplicated emotions at the expense of reason", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 1639158 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 14 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Sentimental novel, an 18th-century literary genre", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 3596332 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 17 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Market sentiment, optimism or pessimism in financial and commodity markets", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 2852956 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 16 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Sentiment analysis, automatic detection of opinions embodied in text", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 6435232 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 18 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "News sentiment, automatic detection of opinions embodied in news", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 21118575 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 14 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Sentiment (film), a 2003 Czech drama film", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 56467827 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 16 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Sentiments (album), Sahib Sahib", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 50405393 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 18 ] ] } ]

[]

[]

[ { "plaintext": "John Lowell (June 17, 1743 – May 6, 1802) was a delegate to the Congress of the Confederation, a Judge of the Court of Appeals in Cases of Capture under the Articles of Confederation, a United States district judge of the United States District Court for the District of Massachusetts and a United States Circuit Judge of the United States Circuit Court for the First Circuit.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 3470589, 45365981, 691, 834368, 915466, 1352224 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 64, 93 ], [ 110, 146 ], [ 157, 182 ], [ 186, 214 ], [ 222, 284 ], [ 326, 375 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Born on June 17, 1743, in Newburyport, Province of Massachusetts Bay, British America, Lowell graduated from Harvard University in 1760 and read law in 1763. He entered private practice in Newburyport from 1763 to 1771, 1773, and 1775. He was a selectman for Newburyport from 1771 to 1772, in 1774, and in 1776. In the spring of 1774, he signed addresses complimenting royal governors Thomas Hutchinson and Thomas Gage, but made a public apology for doing so at the end of the year. He served in the Massachusetts militia as a major in 1776 during the American Revolutionary War. He continued private practice in Boston, Massachusetts from 1777 to 1778, and from 1779 to 1781. After moving to Boston, Lowell became the leading attorney in Massachusetts representing privateer claims before the Admiralty Court, which formed the basis of his fortune. Of the 1100 privateering claims handled in Boston, Lowell was lead counsel in approximately 700, and assistant counsel in half the rest. He was a member of the Massachusetts House of Representatives in 1778, and from 1780 to 1782. He was a delegate to the Massachusetts constitutional convention in 1780. He was a delegate to the Congress of the Confederation (Continental Congress) from 1782 to 1783. He was a Judge of the Court of Appeals in Cases of Capture under the Articles of Confederation starting in 1783. He was a member of a commission on the boundary between Massachusetts and New York in 1784. He was a member of the Massachusetts Senate from 1784 to 1785. From his practice of the law and shipping ventures John was able to acquire a large estate and a considerable sum of money throughout his lifetime and despite not being from the richest family growing up he was able to raise the value of the Lowell name.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Education and career", "target_page_ids": [ 116755, 502904, 4544202, 18426501, 21189546, 223391, 223419, 771, 24437894, 1645518, 722246, 3470589, 38322, 45365981, 691, 8210131, 722240 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 26, 37 ], [ 39, 68 ], [ 70, 85 ], [ 109, 127 ], [ 140, 148 ], [ 385, 402 ], [ 407, 418 ], [ 552, 578 ], [ 613, 619 ], [ 621, 634 ], [ 1010, 1048 ], [ 1180, 1209 ], [ 1211, 1231 ], [ 1274, 1310 ], [ 1321, 1346 ], [ 1439, 1447 ], [ 1480, 1500 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "As a member of the Massachusetts constitutional convention of 1780, Lowell is best remembered for authoring Article I and his insistence upon its adoption into the Bill of Rights, \"All men are born free and equal, and have certain natural, essential and inalienable rights, among which may be reckoned the right of enjoying and defending their lives and liberties...\"", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Education and career", "target_page_ids": [ 9119240 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 164, 178 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Lowell's son, the Rev. Charles Lowell, D.D., wrote in a personal letter eight decades later, \"My father introduced into the Bill of Rights the clause by which Slavery was abolished in Massachusetts... and when it was adopted, exclaimed: 'Now there is no longer Slavery in Massachusetts, it is abolished and I will render my services as a lawyer gratis to any slave suing for his freedom if it is withheld from him...' and he did so defend the negro slave against his master under this clause of the constitution which was declared valid by the Massachusetts Supreme Court in 1783, and since that time Slavery in Mass. has had no legal standing.\"", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Education and career", "target_page_ids": [ 527456 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 544, 571 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "During Lowell's service, the Congress of the Confederation met in the library of Nassau Hall at Princeton University and \"congratulated George Washington on his successful termination of the war, received the news of the signing of the definitive treaty of peace with Great Britain, and welcomed the first foreign minister—from the Netherlands—accredited to the United States.\"", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Education and career", "target_page_ids": [ 23922, 11968, 13530298, 21148 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 96, 116 ], [ 136, 153 ], [ 268, 281 ], [ 332, 343 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Lowell was nominated by President George Washington on September 24, 1789, to the United States District Court for the District of Massachusetts, to a new seat authorized by . He was confirmed by the United States Senate on September 26, 1789, and received his commission on September 26, 1789. His service terminated on February 20, 1801, due to his elevation to the First Circuit.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Federal judicial service", "target_page_ids": [ 11968, 915466, 24909346 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 34, 51 ], [ 82, 144 ], [ 200, 220 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Lowell was nominated by President John Adams on February 18, 1801, to the United States Circuit Court for the First Circuit, to the new Chief Judge seat authorized by . He was confirmed by the Senate on February 20, 1801, and received his commission the same day. His service terminated on May 6, 1802, due to his death in Roxbury, Massachusetts.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Federal judicial service", "target_page_ids": [ 10410626, 1352224, 224696 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 34, 44 ], [ 74, 123 ], [ 323, 330 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 1778, John Lowell became an original trustee of Phillips Academy. In 1780, Lowell became a charter member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. In 1787, he was elected to the American Philosophical Society.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Membership", "target_page_ids": [ 174145, 391882, 283120 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 51, 67 ], [ 116, 153 ], [ 186, 216 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Lowell's ancestor, Percival, a merchant, came from Bristol, England, to Newbury, Province of Massachusetts Bay, in 1639, and his father, John, was the first minister of Newburyport, where he officiated from 1726 to 1767.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Family", "target_page_ids": [ 36741, 9316, 116754, 41251415 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 51, 58 ], [ 60, 67 ], [ 72, 79 ], [ 137, 141 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Lowell married his first wife, Sarah (January 14, 1745 – May 5, 1772), sister of Stephen Higginson, on January 8, 1767. They had three children, including John Lowell Jr. (1769–1840). John Lowell Jr.'s descendants include businessmen John Amory Lowell, Augustus Lowell, and Ralph Lowell; federal judges John Lowell and James Arnold Lowell; and siblings author and innovator Percival Lowell, Harvard President A. Lawrence Lowell, and poet Amy Lowell. Lowell's wife Sarah died on May 5, 1772.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Family", "target_page_ids": [ 1211490, 10878435, 3820799, 840209, 553484, 21824884, 21824880, 24033, 509544, 196773 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 81, 98 ], [ 155, 170 ], [ 234, 251 ], [ 253, 268 ], [ 274, 286 ], [ 303, 314 ], [ 319, 338 ], [ 374, 389 ], [ 409, 427 ], [ 438, 448 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Lowell married his second wife, Susanna (1754–1777), on May 31, 1774. Together they had two children, including Francis Cabot Lowell (1775–1817), a businessman and namesake of Lowell, Massachusetts. Descendants of Francis Cabot include businessman and philanthropist John Lowell Jr., federal judge Francis Cabot Lowell, and architect Guy Lowell. Susanna died on March 30, 1777.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Family", "target_page_ids": [ 306727, 116848, 1528354, 6338863, 1750241 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 112, 132 ], [ 176, 182 ], [ 267, 282 ], [ 298, 318 ], [ 334, 344 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "On December 25, 1778, Lowell married his third wife, Rebecca (1747–1816). They had four children, including Charles Russell Lowell Sr. (1782–1861). Charles Russell's son was the American poet James Russell Lowell; his grandsons included the American Civil War figure Charles Russell Lowell and Boston banker and family lawyer William Lowell Putnam. His great-great-grandson was the poet Robert Lowell.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Family", "target_page_ids": [ 4968507, 254091, 863, 2557470, 3526891, 341721 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 108, 134 ], [ 192, 212 ], [ 241, 259 ], [ 267, 289 ], [ 326, 347 ], [ 387, 400 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Other notable children of the daughters and granddaughters of John Lowell include mathematician Julian Coolidge, and writer and biographer Ferris Greenslet.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Family", "target_page_ids": [ 4379392, 6126741 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 96, 111 ], [ 139, 155 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Pietas et Gratulatio, a poem (1761)", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Publications", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Oration on James Bowdoin the elder (delivered January 26, 1795), Memoirs of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, v. 2 (prefix)", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Publications", "target_page_ids": [ 392863 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 12, 25 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Admiralty court", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 221208 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 16 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " List of delegates to the Continental Congress", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 220990 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 46 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Continental Congress", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 38322 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 21 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Boston Brahmin", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 509342 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 15 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Nassau Hall", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 1965410 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 12 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Treaty of Paris (1783)", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 191926 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 23 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Constitution of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " The Massachusetts Historical Society", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " American Academy of Arts and Sciences", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] } ]

[ "1743_births", "1802_deaths", "18th-century_American_politicians", "18th-century_American_judges", "American_people_of_English_descent", "Continental_Congressmen_from_Massachusetts", "Fellows_of_the_American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences", "Harvard_University_alumni", "Judges_of_the_United_States_circuit_courts", "Judges_of_the_United_States_District_Court_for_the_District_of_Massachusetts", "Lawyers_from_Boston", "People_from_Newburyport,_Massachusetts", "People_of_colonial_Massachusetts", "Phillips_Academy", "Politicians_from_Newburyport,_Massachusetts", "United_States_federal_judges_appointed_by_George_Washington", "United_States_federal_judges_appointed_by_John_Adams", "Members_of_the_American_Philosophical_Society" ]

[]

[ { "plaintext": "The Irish Film Classification Office (IFCO) () is the organisation responsible for films, television programmes, and some video game classification and censorship within Ireland. Where restrictions are placed by the IFCO, they are legally binding.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 14560 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 170, 177 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Prior to 21 July 2008, the office was branded as the Irish Film Censor's Office, and was previously known as simply the Film Censor's Office, or, in legal references, the office of the Official Censor of Films, which was the official title of the head of the office prior to that date. The head of the office is the Director of Film Classification.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The Irish Film Censor's Office was set up in 1923, in accordance with the Censorship of Films Act, 1923. This law was amended in 1925, 1930, 1970, and 1992; and a substantial revision of the law occurred in the Video Recordings Act, 1989 which extended the remit of the office to the regulation of the video importation and supply industry. On 21 July 2008 the Civil Law (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act 2008 came into force. Section 70 changes some of the provisions with regard censorship of films in the State. Section 71 renames the Film Censor as the Director of Film Classification and consequent to this, the Irish Film Censor's Office became the Irish Film Classification Office.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Background", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The office consists of 21 staff members:", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Staff", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Acting Director of Film Classification – George Sinclair", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Staff", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Deputy Director – Vacant", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Staff", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "10 Assistant Classifiers", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Staff", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Office Manager", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Staff", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "6 Civil Servants from the Department of Justice", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Staff", "target_page_ids": [ 3257964, 3214141 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 2, 16 ], [ 26, 47 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "2 Projectionists", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Staff", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The 10 assistant classifiers are paid €168 per day and are entitled to claim expenses on top of this. According to a freedom of information request granted to the Irish edition of the Sunday Times the assistant classifiers claimed €306,683 in fees and €52,569 of expenses in 2007; €339,608 in fees and €49,898 of expenses in 2008; and €162,263 in fees and €21,401 of expenses for the first half of 2009. This equates to a payment of approximately €60 per film rated.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Staff", "target_page_ids": [ 163152, 2313472 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 117, 139 ], [ 163, 196 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Before 1965, there were no certificates and all films were tailored for a general audience, resulting in several bans and cuts (no doubt also due to extremely conservative societal standards). As of 2004, 2,500 theatrical films had been banned and about 11,000 cut, largely from before the overhaul.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Certificates", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Public controversy over the office's harsh methods came to a head in late 1964 - in 1963 alone, 31 films were rejected and 156 were cut. Critically acclaimed hits were no exception - Dr. Strangelove was cut, including Ripper's reference to Communists trying to \"sap and impurify all of our precious bodily fluids\" with fluoridated water, and Irish-shot medical drama Of Human Bondage was banned due to the heroine dying of syphilis. Even after the ban was overturned the following year, it still received an over-18's certificate with cuts - nude sculptures made by Auguste Rodin were removed from the background of the title sequence.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Certificates", "target_page_ids": [ 8695, 14693181, 2065 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 183, 198 ], [ 367, 383 ], [ 566, 579 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The appointment of a new Justice Minister, Brian Lenihan, in October 1964 coincided with this outrage. He met with the Cinema and Theatre Association in November to consider their views and even proposed to view recently banned films, including Of Human Bondage. On 28 November, Lenihan announced he'd be appointing a new Film Appeals Board and would be able to reform censorship without changing existing legislation - film correspondent Fergus Linehan pointed out that the 1923 Act explicitly supported age certification:", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Certificates", "target_page_ids": [ 264648 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 43, 56 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Lenihan announced the new Appeals board in January 1965, which came into effect on 18 January. Their main task was to begin enforcing limited certificates (alongside the general certificate), which were as follows, according to the Appeals Board chairman:", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Certificates", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Over 16", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Certificates", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Over 18", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Certificates", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Young persons under 12 years of age must be accompanied by an adult", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Certificates", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Educational", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Certificates", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "All bar the last are still enforced today under different names.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Certificates", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The current cinematic certificates were announced in December 2004 at the European Conference of Film Classifiers in Paris and introduced on 1 January 2005. In November 2005, a public campaign was launched to raise awareness of them, including booklets, posters, stickers and an animated certificate produced by Brown Bag Films which drew attention to their relatively new website.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Certificates", "target_page_ids": [ 22989, 4330825 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 117, 122 ], [ 312, 327 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " G – General: Suitable for all", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Certificates", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " PG – Parental Guidance: Suitable for children aged eight and older; parents are advised to accompany younger children.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Certificates", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " 12A – Minimum age for admission is 12, but younger children can be admitted if accompanied by an adult (12PG between 1 June 2001 – 1 January 2005).", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Certificates", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " 15A – Minimum age for admission is 15, but younger children can be admitted if accompanied by an adult (15PG between 1 June 2001 – 1 January 2005).", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Certificates", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " 16 – Minimum age for admission is 16; younger viewers will not be admitted under any circumstance (introduced on 1 January 2005).", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Certificates", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " 18 – Minimum age for admission is 18; younger viewers will not be admitted under any circumstance.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Certificates", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "These were introduced on 1 September 1994:", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Certificates", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " G – Fit for viewing by persons generally", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Certificates", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " 12RA – Fit for viewing by persons generally, but in the case of a child under 12 years, only in the company of a responsible adult.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Certificates", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " 15 – Fit for viewing by persons aged 15 or more.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Certificates", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " 18 – Fit for viewing by persons aged 18 or more.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Certificates", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "From that date it was an offence to trade uncertified videos, which carried fines of up to £1000 and a maximum sentence of three years. Additional rates came in at £180 per rental title, £80 per sale title and £20 per advert/trailer. This limited the market, especially for London distributors whose releases previously went to Ireland automatically.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Certificates", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "In 1996, the 12RA certificate was officially replaced by PG and 12, although releases still used it into the 2000s.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Certificates", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The current certificates for home video formats such as DVD and Blu-ray that are issued are:", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Certificates", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " G – General: Suitable for all", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Certificates", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " PG – Suitable for general viewing, but parents are advised to watch with children younger than 12 years old.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Certificates", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " 12 – Suitable for people aged 12 and over, and not to be supplied to someone below that age.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Certificates", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " 15 – Suitable for people aged 15 and over, and not to be supplied to someone below that age.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Certificates", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " 18 – Suitable for people aged 18 and over, and not to be supplied to someone below that age.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Certificates", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "A retired certificate only used on home video is:", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Certificates", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " 12RA (no longer issued) Not suitable for people aged younger than 12 unless they view with an adult, and not to be supplied to someone below that age. The \"RA\" stands for \"Responsible Adult\". Retired around 2003 (officially replaced in 1996).", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Certificates", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "This is the crossover, or change, in a certificate that will happen when a film which has been shown in cinemas, is released on home video, but this only applies if:", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Certificates", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " There is no extra material (bonuses, trailers, etc.) which is not appropriate to the main feature, and would cause it to receive a higher certificate.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Certificates", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " The film has not been edited (material taken out, etc.) in a way which would cause the main feature to receive a lower certificate.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Certificates", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The standard crossovers are as follows:", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Certificates", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Note: The certificate \"12RA\" did not have a corresponding cinematic certificate, and thus, did not have a standard crossover (certain 12A films received the certificate before it was withdrawn in the mid-2000s).", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Certificates", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "If the two rules above apply to a film's home video release, then, generally, it will be re-rated completely, but this does not mean certificates will always coincide for all formats, as occasionally (usually the DVD or Blu-ray) one edition will contain extra features while the other does not, causing one to be re-rated, and the other to take a Standard Crossover (for instance, a film which received a 15A certificate in cinemas may have received a 15 certificate on VHS but an 18 certificate on DVD; usually DVDs in these circumstances would carry a label on the reverse, informing viewers of this).", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Certificates", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Until February 2009, the home video certificates were always the certificate surrounded by an octagon, followed by the words \"FILM CENSOR'S OFFICE\" and \"OIFIG SCRÚDÓIR NA SCANNÁN\", which were then surrounded by another, larger, octagon. The colours were cyan and white, but the order they appear in varied. Although the Office was renamed in July 2008, these continued to bear the old name until February 2009, when they were altered to read \"IRISH FILM CLASSIFICATION OFFICE\" and its Irish equivalent.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Certificates", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Unlike the BBFC in the UK, which prior to PEGI ratings becoming legally enforceable in the UK on 30 July 2012 rated video games that met certain criteria (such as very graphic violence), the Irish Film Censor's Office does not usually rate video games, leaving ratings to PEGI, unless the game's content is deemed prohibitable under section 3 (1) of the Act.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Certificates", "target_page_ids": [ 19359987, 1019617 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 11, 15 ], [ 272, 276 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "IFCO ratings for video games were introduced in 2001 and retired in 2003. Although the Silent Hill Collection was released in 2006, it contained re-releases of the second and third games, which were rated and released in 2001 and 2003 respectively.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Certificates", "target_page_ids": [ 1955720, 3652578 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 164, 170 ], [ 175, 180 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Only 9 games have ever been submitted to and rated by the IFCO:", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Certificates", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Despite the lack of legally binding ratings, most (if not all) video game retailers attempt to prohibit the sale of PEGI 18+ rated games to people under the age of 18, and prior to PEGI ratings the same was done with BBFC 18 ratings on games (the same packaging is usually used in games sold in Ireland as in the UK).", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Certificates", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The only prohibition notice for a video game was issued for Manhunt 2 in 2007.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Certificates", "target_page_ids": [ 8806210 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 60, 69 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "All decisions made with regard to certification, may be appealed for up to 6 months after the certificate is initially issued. An appeal is issued to the Classification of Films Appeal Board.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Appeals", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Works may also be submitted for re-classification after seven years since the original certification have passed (not an appeal per se, but rather seen as an update of classification based on current standards).", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Appeals", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The most recent example of a (failed) appeal is The First Purge, which received an 18 certificate for strong bloody violence, sustained threat and disturbing scenes. The distributor (Universal Pictures) argued the case for a 16 certificate:", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Appeals", "target_page_ids": [ 55124278, 170326 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 48, 63 ], [ 183, 201 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "A. Anarchy and Election Year both received 16 certificates, for \"frequent strong bloody violence, disturbing sequences, strong threat of sexual violence\" and \"strong bloody violence throughout\" respectively. The distributor also mentioned the film's 15 certificate in the UK, which is consistent throughout the franchise.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Appeals", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "After first being viewed on 15 June, it was re-viewed on 21 June when the Appeal Board stuck by the original decision.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Appeals", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Ger Connolly wrote back, explaining the decision in greater detail:", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Appeals", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Films may be refused a certificate, e.g. on grounds of obscenity. Such films may not be shown in public cinemas or sold in shops, but are not ipso facto banned and have been shown at film festivals and art house clubs such as the Irish Film Theatre and Irish Film Institute. These may also show films which have not been submitted for certification, as the submission fee may be prohibitive if a film is screened only a few times at a small venue.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Refusals and bans", "target_page_ids": [ 540784, 34484226, 3206372 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 202, 211 ], [ 230, 248 ], [ 253, 273 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Prohibitions and revocations, with justification, are listed in the official gazette, Iris Oifigiúil, under the headings of PROHIBITION ORDER and REVOCATION ORDER.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Refusals and bans", "target_page_ids": [ 535956 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 86, 100 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Despite the recommendations in the 2000 review of certification that no further films be banned, bans are still occasionally issued, although usually overturned on appeal. Boy Eats Girl, a 2005 movie, was initially banned, with the option of a cut being provided to the producers. On appeal, the film was passed uncut, and granted a 15A rating, although the video certificate was raised to 18.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Refusals and bans", "target_page_ids": [ 4531990 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 172, 185 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Movies which are never submitted for cinema release in Ireland are occasionally banned on attempted video releases, although only one such order was made in 2004, banning the pornographic Anabolic Initiations 5, with the appeals board upholding the censor's order. One order was issued in 2005, reiterating the ban on Deep Throat. The only order in 2006 banned the pornographic film Steal Runaway.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Refusals and bans", "target_page_ids": [ 461563 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 318, 329 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Films and videos prohibited by the Classifier/Censor include:", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Refusals and bans", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "For a more detailed list with dates and justification, see Film censorship in the Republic of Ireland", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Refusals and bans", "target_page_ids": [ 35159482 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 59, 101 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Like many systems of entertainment classification, the IFCO has received criticism for several decisions they have made in the past. The board has been described as too zealous and conservative. Many titles that receive 15 certificates from the BBFC are rated 18 by the IFCO. DVD examples include Kick-Ass and Black Swan. Rarer cinema examples (which bypass the 16 rating) include Free Fire and You Were Never Really Here.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Criticism", "target_page_ids": [ 21282769, 24480838, 46969943, 51401885 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 297, 305 ], [ 310, 320 ], [ 381, 390 ], [ 395, 421 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "However, the IFCO are more lenient with strong language than the BBFC are, especially with very strong language (e.g. 'cunt'). Examples include Frost/Nixon and The Visitor receiving 15 certificates in the UK but PG's in Ireland despite the use of the stronger term 'motherfucker', and Gone Girl receiving an 18 in the UK but a 15 (on video) in Ireland despite four aggressive uses of 'cunt'. The 2014 documentary Red Army received a 15 in the UK but a 12A in Ireland for a single use of 'cocksucker' (although the video rating was upgraded to 15).", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Criticism", "target_page_ids": [ 12130331, 16606034, 83019, 39507756, 1440655, 43871501 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 144, 155 ], [ 160, 171 ], [ 266, 278 ], [ 285, 294 ], [ 308, 310 ], [ 413, 421 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Three titles in particular drew criticism of the board: Election, But I'm a Cheerleader and Brokeback Mountain. All three were rated 18 in Ireland and 15 in the UK, although Brokeback Mountain was rated 16 for cinema release because the system is different than for video releases (it was only an 18 on video) - But I'm a Cheerleader was re-rated 15 in 2021.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Criticism", "target_page_ids": [ 689969, 770156, 1623960, 1623960, 770156 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 56, 64 ], [ 66, 87 ], [ 92, 110 ], [ 174, 192 ], [ 312, 333 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The IFCO is established on a statutory basis and thus the appeals procedure is final. Thus, when a film or video game is banned, there can be no further appeal, but the work may be resubmitted after seven years.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Criticism", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " British Board of Film Classification - the equivalent body to the IFCO in the United Kingdom", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 19359987 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 37 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Censorship in the Republic of Ireland", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 1139618 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 38 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Film censorship in the Republic of Ireland", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 35159482 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 43 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Television content rating systems", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 955071 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 34 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " – official site", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Irish Film Censors' Records - searchable calendar at Trinity College Dublin, mostly from period 1923-38", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [ 142298 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 54, 76 ] ] } ]

[ "Motion_picture_rating_systems", "Mass_media_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland", "Entertainment_rating_organizations", "Censorship_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland", "Government_agencies_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland", "Department_of_Justice_(Ireland)" ]

[ "IFCO", "Irish Film Censor's Office" ]

[ { "plaintext": "The Manchu alphabet () is the alphabet used to write the now nearly-extinct Manchu language. A similar script is used today by the Xibe people, who speak a language considered either as a dialect of Manchu or a closely related, mutually intelligible language. It is written vertically from top to bottom, with columns proceeding from left to right.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 153218, 179890, 8657037, 871470 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 76, 91 ], [ 131, 142 ], [ 156, 164 ], [ 228, 249 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "According to the (; ), in 1599 the Jurchen leader Nurhaci decided to convert the Mongolian alphabet to make it suitable for the Manchu people. He decried the fact that while illiterate Han Chinese and Mongolians could understand their respective languages when read aloud, that was not the case for the Manchus, whose documents were recorded by Mongolian scribes. Overriding the objections of two advisors named Erdeni and G'ag'ai, he is credited with adapting the Mongolian script to Manchu. The resulting script was known as () — the \"script without dots and circles\".", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 822141, 30876078, 12024724 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 36, 43 ], [ 51, 58 ], [ 82, 100 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 1632, Dahai added diacritical marks to clear up a lot of the ambiguity present in the original Mongolian script; for instance, a leading k, g, and h are distinguished by the placement of no diacritical mark, a dot, and a circle, respectively. This revision created the standard script, known as () — the \"script with dots and circles\". As a result, the Manchu alphabet contains little ambiguity. Recently discovered manuscripts from the 1620s make clear, however, that the addition of dots and circles to Manchu script began before their supposed introduction by Dahai.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 8439 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 21, 38 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Dahai also added the tulergi hergen (\"foreign/outer letters\"): ten graphemes to facilitate Manchu to be used to write Chinese, Sanskrit, and Tibetan loanwords. Previously, these non-Manchu sounds did not have corresponding letters in Manchu.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Sounds that were transliterated included the aspirated sounds k' (Chinese pinyin: k, ), k (g, ), x (h, ); ts' (c, ); ts (ci, ); sy (si, ); dz (z, ); c'y (chi, ); j'y (zhi, ); and ž (r, ).", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 3134 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 45, 54 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "By the middle of the nineteenth century, there were three styles of writing Manchu in use: standard script (ginggulere hergen), semi-cursive script (gidara hergen), and cursive script (lasihire hergen). Semicursive script had less spacing between the letters, and cursive script had rounded tails.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The Manchu alphabet was also used to write Chinese. A modern example is in Manchu: a Textbook for Reading Documents, which has a comparative table of romanizations of Chinese syllables written in Manchu letters, Hànyǔ Pīnyīn and Wade–Giles. Using the Manchu script to transliterate Chinese words is a source of loanwords for the Xibe language. Several Chinese-Manchu dictionaries contain Chinese characters transliterated with Manchu script. The Manchu versions of the Thousand Character Classic and Dream of the Red Chamber are actually the Manchu transcription of all the Chinese characters.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 23588, 33883, 8657037, 843013, 263009 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 212, 224 ], [ 229, 239 ], [ 329, 342 ], [ 469, 495 ], [ 500, 524 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In the Imperial Liao-Jin-Yuan Three Histories National Language Explanation ( ) commissioned by the Qianlong Emperor, the Manchu alphabet is used to write Evenki (Solon) words. In the Pentaglot Dictionary, also commissioned by the Qianlong Emperor, the Manchu alphabet is used to transcribe Tibetan and Chagatai (related to Uyghur) words.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 265949, 526549, 36303397, 43483830, 5070772, 202337, 341860 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 100, 116 ], [ 155, 161 ], [ 163, 168 ], [ 184, 204 ], [ 291, 298 ], [ 303, 311 ], [ 324, 330 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Despite its alphabetic nature, the Manchu \"alphabet\" was traditionally taught as a syllabary to reflect its phonotactics. Manchu children were taught to memorize the shapes of all the syllables in the language separately as they learned to write and say right away \"la, lo\", etc., instead of saying \"l, a — la\"; \"l, o — lo\"; etc. As a result, the syllables contained in their syllabary do not contain all possible combinations that can be formed with their letters. They made, for instance, no such use of the consonants l, m, n and r as English; hence if the Manchu letters s, m, a, r and t were joined in that order, a Manchu would not pronounce them as \"smart\".", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Method of teaching", "target_page_ids": [ 26820, 249914 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 83, 92 ], [ 108, 120 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Today, it is still divided among experts on whether the Manchu script is alphabetic or syllabic. In China, it is considered syllabic, and Manchu is still taught in this manner, while in the West it is treated like an alphabet. The alphabetic approach is used mainly by foreigners who want to learn the language, as studying the Manchu script as a syllabary takes longer.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Method of teaching", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The syllables in Manchu are divided into twelve categories called uju (literally \"head\") based on their syllabic codas (final phonemes). Here lists the names of the twelve uju in their traditional order:a, ai, ar, an, ang, ak, as, at, ab, ao, al, am.Each uju contains syllables ending in the coda of its name. Hence, Manchu only allows nine final consonants for its closed syllables, otherwise a syllable is open with a monophthong (a uju) or a diphthong (ai uju and ao uju).The syllables in an uju are further sorted and grouped into three or two according to their similarities in pronunciation and shape. For example, a uju arranges its 131 licit syllables in the following order:a, e, i; o, u, ū; na, ne, ni; no, nu, nū;", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Method of teaching", "target_page_ids": [ 44911 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 104, 118 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "ka, ga, ha; ko, go, ho; kū, gū, hū;", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Method of teaching", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "ba, be, bi; bo, bu, bū; pa, pe, pi; po, pu, pū;", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Method of teaching", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "sa, se, si; so, su, sū; ša, še, ši; šo, šu, šū;", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Method of teaching", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "ta, da; te, de; ti, di; to, do; tu, du;", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Method of teaching", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "la, le, li; lo, lu, lū; ma, me, mi; mo, mu, mū;", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Method of teaching", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "ca, ce, ci; co, cu, cū; ja, je, ji; jo, ju, jū; ya, ye; yo, yu, yū;", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Method of teaching", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "ke, ge, he; ki, gi, hi; ku, gu, hu; k'a, g'a, h'a; k'o, g'o, h'o;", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Method of teaching", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "ra, re, ri; ro, ru, rū;", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Method of teaching", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "fa, fe, fi; fo, fu, fū; wa, we;", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Method of teaching", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "ts'a, ts'e, ts; ts'o, ts'u; dza, dze, dzi, dzo, dzu;", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Method of teaching", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "ža, že, ži; žo, žu; sy, c'y, jy.In general, while syllables in the same row resemble each other phonetically and visually, syllables in the same group (as the semicolons separate) bear greater similarities.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Method of teaching", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The Manchu alphabet has two kinds of punctuation: two dots (), analogous to a period; and one dot (), analogous to a comma. However, with the exception of lists of nouns being reliably punctuated by single dots, punctuation in Manchu is inconsistent, and therefore not of much use as an aid to readability.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Punctuation", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The equivalent of the question mark in Manchu script consists of some special particles, written at the end of the question.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Punctuation", "target_page_ids": [ 1546865, 95478 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 70, 77 ], [ 78, 87 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Jurchens of a millennium ago became the ancestors of the Manchus when Nurhaci united the Jianzhou Jurchens (1593–1618) and his son subsequently renamed the consolidated tribes as the \"Manchu\". Throughout this period, the Jurchen language evolved into what we know as the Manchu language. Its script has no relation to the Manchu alphabet, however. The Jurchen script was instead derived from the Khitan script, itself derived from Chinese characters.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Jurchen script", "target_page_ids": [ 166321, 55023, 30876078, 822141, 1424163, 153218, 18863945, 7859951 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 12 ], [ 18, 32 ], [ 74, 81 ], [ 93, 110 ], [ 225, 241 ], [ 275, 290 ], [ 356, 370 ], [ 400, 413 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Manchu alphabet is included in the Unicode block for Mongolian.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Unicode", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Mongolian script", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 12024724 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 17 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Transliterations of Manchu", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 27339557 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 27 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Clear Script", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 3747600 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 12 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Abkai — Unicode Manchu/Sibe/Daur Fonts and Keyboards", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Manchu alphabet", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Manchu script generator (Romanization → Manchu script (also for download))", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " ManchuFont — an OpenType font for Manchu writing", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [ 194776 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 17, 25 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Jurchen Script", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] } ]

[ "Alphabets", "Manchu_language", "1599_introductions", "Letters_with_final_form" ]

[ "Manchu script" ]

[ { "plaintext": "Gerrit Bolkestein (; 9 October 1871 8 September 1956) was a Dutch politician and member of the Free-thinking Democratic League.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 22986, 862995 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 67, 77 ], [ 96, 127 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Bolkestein was the Minister for Education, Art and Science from 1939 until 1945, and was part of the Dutch government-in-exile from 1940. In early 1944 he gave a radio address from London in which he said that after the war he would collect written evidence from Dutch people relating to the oppression they had endured during the Nazi occupation. Among those who heard the broadcast was Anne Frank who had been keeping a diary for two years, which she had spent multiple years in hiding. His comment that he was particularly interested in diaries and letters, led Frank to edit what had originally been a diary kept for her own amusement. Frank later died in Bergen-Belsen concentration camp, but her partially edited diary was saved, and eventually published in 1947.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 79873, 15368428, 17867, 31045316, 804581, 150011 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 101, 126 ], [ 162, 167 ], [ 181, 187 ], [ 331, 335 ], [ 388, 398 ], [ 661, 693 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Bolkestein is the grandfather of prominent market liberal Frits Bolkestein. He is buried at Zorgvlied cemetery.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 19280734, 328326, 35314049 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 50, 57 ], [ 58, 74 ], [ 92, 110 ] ] } ]

[ "1871_births", "1956_deaths", "Politicians_from_Amsterdam", "Free-thinking_Democratic_League_politicians", "Ministers_of_Education_of_the_Netherlands" ]

[]

[ { "plaintext": "Sven Nys (; born 17 June 1976) is a former professional cyclist competing in cyclo-cross and mountain bike. With two world championships, seven world cups, and over 140 competitive victories, he is considered one of the best cyclo-cross racers of his generation, and remains a prominent figure in cyclo-cross. Apart from cyclo-cross, Nys is also fivefold national mountainbike champion, and has competed in that discipline in two Olympic games.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 857311, 857099, 134572 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 56, 63 ], [ 77, 88 ], [ 93, 106 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Born in Bonheiden, Belgium, Nys began racing BMX at the age of 8. He won eight BMX national titles before switching to cyclocross, a more popular sport in Belgium. He won the under-23 world championship in 1997 and 1998, beating another Belgian, Bart Wellens. Nys moved to the elite category in 1998–1999, joining the Dutch team.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Career overview", "target_page_ids": [ 156163, 3343, 38103, 1525447 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 8, 17 ], [ 19, 26 ], [ 45, 48 ], [ 246, 258 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In the elite class he won the Superprestige competition and came third in the national championships. The next season, he won the Superprestige again, ended the World Cup as leader and became Belgian champion. This made him favourite for the 2000 world championship. But his Rabobank management told him not to beat his teammate, the Dutchman Richard Groenendaal. Groenendaal sprinted away from the start and Nys was forced to hold back and not help another Belgian, Mario De Clercq, chase him. Groenendaal won and Nys, who came third, was criticised in Belgium for choosing team over country. The Royal Belgian Cycling League demanded an explanation. It became more forgiving but the head coach, Erik De Vlaeminck, remained unconvinced.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Career overview", "target_page_ids": [ 1358925, 22309191, 11466186, 5680791, 8339259, 9583829, 3386188 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 30, 43 ], [ 161, 170 ], [ 242, 265 ], [ 343, 362 ], [ 467, 482 ], [ 598, 626 ], [ 697, 714 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Nys blamed an injury for not winning a season-long competition or championship in 2000–2001. A year later he won the World Cup and the Superprestige again. In the world championships that year he came third after being outsprinted by De Clercq and Tom Vannoppen. The following season Nys won the Superprestige for the fourth time as well as the Gazet van Antwerpen trophy for a first time. He became Belgian champion again, but Wellens won the world championship and the World Cup.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Career overview", "target_page_ids": [ 53051471, 7670432 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 248, 261 ], [ 345, 371 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Wellens dominated 2003–2004. Nys' chance for the World Cup ended when other Belgians sprinted past him, taking points. Nys was angry that his countrymen had allowed Groenendaal, a Dutchman, to win the World Cup rather than him. That evening Nys decided from then on to ride for himself.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Career overview", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Nys won everything of importance and at the end of 2004–2005 won the national and world championships, ended number one in the UCI rankings and World Cup, the Superprestige and the Gazet van Antwerpen Trophy. He is the only cyclo-crosser to achieve such dominance. Nys came close to repeating the feat the following season but he gave up in the world championship after a fall on the last lap.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Career overview", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Nys won all eight Superprestige races in 2006–2007. In the Superprestige he won 13 races from Hoogstraten in 2005 to Asper Gaver in 2007. That season he won the World Cup and the Gazet van Antwerpen trophy again, but neither the national or world championship. The national involved a lot of running, not Nys' talent, and were won by Wellens. At the world championship in Hooglede-Gits Nys fell three times: over Wellens, who fell because a television motor had hit one of the road markers; over Erwin Vervecken; and because of an error of his own. He finished 11th.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Career overview", "target_page_ids": [ 7266379 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 496, 511 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The following season, Nys won the World Cup, the Superprestige and the Gazet van Anterwerpen trophy again. He also won his fifth national championship. The Dutchman Lars Boom became champion of the world and Zdeněk Štybar took the silver, both barely 22 at the time. Nys, already nearing 32, came third.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Career overview", "target_page_ids": [ 9290593, 15245354 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 165, 174 ], [ 208, 221 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Nys switched teams from Rabobank to Landbouwkrediet-Tönissteiner. Niels Albert, 2008's U23 world champion, joined the elite category that season, giving Nys another opponent. But Nys won all the season-long competitions and the national championship. Albert won the world championship, Štybar was second and Nys third. The Belgian press referred to Albert, Štybar and Nys as De Grote Drie (The Big Three), it was clear that Nys' years of absolute domination were behind him.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Career overview", "target_page_ids": [ 7114786, 7382524, 15434933 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 36, 64 ], [ 66, 78 ], [ 80, 105 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In his second mountain bike race Nys won the Belgian championship and then came ninth at the Olympic Games in 2008. On 31 December 2006 Nys won his 150th race with the elites, at Diegem. Four years later, he scored his 300th career win at the Koppenbergcross, one of the toughest races in the season.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Career overview", "target_page_ids": [ 188773, 77745, 8987629, 8982244 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 14, 27 ], [ 93, 106 ], [ 179, 185 ], [ 243, 258 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Nys was appointed as a member of the inaugural UCI Athletes' Commission in 2011.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Career overview", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "In 2013 Nys won the world championship a second time. He said his career was now complete.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Career overview", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "On 10 February 2013, Nys won his 60th race in the Superprestige.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Career overview", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "On 22 November 2015, Nys won the Koksijde round of the UCI Cyclo-cross World Cup in Belgium, his fiftieth victory in the series. His win came seventeen years and a day after his first World Cup victory.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Career overview", "target_page_ids": [ 22309191 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 55, 80 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Sven Nys called a halt to his career on 5–6 March 2016 at an event called \"Merci Sven\" which was held at the Antwerp Sportpaleis (Belgium).", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Career overview", "target_page_ids": [ 2785812 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 117, 128 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "After ending his active cyclocross career Nys bought the cyclocross team Telenet–Fidea Lions of which he is the general manager. He is also a motivational speaker, during his keynotes he shares information about his experiences during his cycling career.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Career overview", "target_page_ids": [ 16001302 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 73, 92 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "1998–1999 (13)", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Major results", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " 1st Overall Superprestige", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Major results", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "1st Ruddervoorde", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Major results", "target_page_ids": [ 8983545 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 16 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "1st Sint-Michielsgestel", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Major results", "target_page_ids": [ 68491417 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 23 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "1st Gieten", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Major results", "target_page_ids": [ 4627107 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 10 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "1st Sivelle", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Major results", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "1st Wetzikon", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Major results", "target_page_ids": [ 2212045 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 12 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 1st in Tabor (WC)", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Major results", "target_page_ids": [ 245363 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 8, 13 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 1st Eeklo", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Major results", "target_page_ids": [ 38558167 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 5, 10 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 1st Zonnebeke", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Major results", "target_page_ids": [ 9031996 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 5, 14 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "1999–2000 (21)", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Major results", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " 1st National Championships", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Major results", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " 1st Overall UCI World Cup", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Major results", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "1st Safenwill", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Major results", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "1st Leudelange", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Major results", "target_page_ids": [ 2309083 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 14 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 1st Overall Superprestige", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Major results", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "1st Ruddervoorde", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Major results", "target_page_ids": [ 8983545 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 16 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "1st Gieten", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Major results", "target_page_ids": [ 4627107 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 10 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "1st Hoogstraten", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Major results", "target_page_ids": [ 156833 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 15 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "1st Surhuisterveen", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Major results", "target_page_ids": [ 6925901 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 18 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 1st Silvelle", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Major results", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " 1st Wetzikon", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Major results", "target_page_ids": [ 2212045 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 5, 13 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "2000–2001 (7)", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Major results", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " UCI World Cup", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Major results", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "1st Zolder", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Major results", "target_page_ids": [ 1359186 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 10 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "1st Zeddam", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Major results", "target_page_ids": [ 9557442 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 10 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Superprestige", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Major results", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "1st Diegem", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Major results", "target_page_ids": [ 8313439 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 10 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "2001–2002 (10)", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Major results", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " 1st Overall World Cup", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Major results", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "1st Monopoli", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Major results", "target_page_ids": [ 3714563 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 12 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "1st Wetzikon", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Major results", "target_page_ids": [ 2212045 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 12 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 1st Overall Superprestige", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Major results", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "1st Asper-Gavere", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Major results", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "1st Gieten", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Major results", "target_page_ids": [ 4627107 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 10 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "2002–2003 (17)", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Major results", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " 1st National Championships", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Major results", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " 1st Overall UCI ranking", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Major results", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " 1st Overall Superprestige", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Major results", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "1st Ruddervoorde", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Major results", "target_page_ids": [ 8983545 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 16 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "1st Sint-Michielsgestel", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Major results", "target_page_ids": [ 68491417 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 23 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "1st Gieten", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Major results", "target_page_ids": [ 4627107 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 10 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "1st Hoogstraten", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Major results", "target_page_ids": [ 156833 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 15 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " UCI World Cup", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Major results", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "1st Liévin", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Major results", "target_page_ids": [ 276984 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 10 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "1st Hoogerheide", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Major results", "target_page_ids": [ 26970504 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 15 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 1st Overall GvA Trophy", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Major results", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "2003–2004 (10)", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Major results", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " UCI World Cup", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Major results", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "1st Torino", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Major results", "target_page_ids": [ 19450529 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 10 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "1st Sankt-Wendel", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Major results", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "1st Wetzikon", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Major results", "target_page_ids": [ 2212045 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 12 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Superprestige", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Major results", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "1st Sint-Michielsgestel", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Major results", "target_page_ids": [ 68491417 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 23 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 1st Eeklo", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Major results", "target_page_ids": [ 38558167 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 5, 10 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "2004–2005 (25)", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Major results", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " 1st World Championships", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Major results", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " 1st National Championships", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Major results", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " 1st UCI-ranking", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Major results", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " 1st Overall UCI World Cup", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Major results", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "1st Wetzikon", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Major results", "target_page_ids": [ 2212045 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 12 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "1st Milan", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Major results", "target_page_ids": [ 36511 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 9 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "1st Hofstade", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Major results", "target_page_ids": [ 8968570 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 12 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "1st Nommay", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Major results", "target_page_ids": [ 15606430 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 10 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "1st Hoogerheide", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Major results", "target_page_ids": [ 26970504 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 15 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "1st Lanarvilly", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Major results", "target_page_ids": [ 14749045 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 14 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 1st Overall Superprestige", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Major results", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "1st Ruddervoorde", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Major results", "target_page_ids": [ 8983545 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 16 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "1st Asper-Gavere", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Major results", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "1st Gieten", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Major results", "target_page_ids": [ 4627107 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 10 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "1st Vorselaar", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Major results", "target_page_ids": [ 156848 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 13 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 1st Overall GvA Trophy", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Major results", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "1st Overijse", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Major results", "target_page_ids": [ 14974708 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 12 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "2005–2006 (27)", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Major results", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " 1st National Championships", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Major results", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " 1st UCI ranking", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Major results", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " 1st Overall UCI World Cup", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Major results", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "1st Kalmthout", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Major results", "target_page_ids": [ 156081 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 13 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "1st Tabor", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Major results", "target_page_ids": [ 245363 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 9 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "1st Pijnacker", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Major results", "target_page_ids": [ 2126161 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 13 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "1st Wetzikon", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Major results", "target_page_ids": [ 2212045 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 12 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "1st Milan", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Major results", "target_page_ids": [ 36511 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 9 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "1st Hofstade", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Major results", "target_page_ids": [ 8968570 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 12 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "1st Hooglede", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Major results", "target_page_ids": [ 154375 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 12 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "1st Liévin", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Major results", "target_page_ids": [ 276984 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 10 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 1st Overall Superprestige", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Major results", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "1st Hamme-Zogge", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Major results", "target_page_ids": [ 154914 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 15 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "1st Asper-Gavere", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Major results", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "1st Vorselaar", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Major results", "target_page_ids": [ 156848 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 13 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 1st Overall GvA Trophy", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Major results", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " 1st Eeklo", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Major results", "target_page_ids": [ 38558167 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 5, 10 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "2006–2007 (28)", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Major results", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " 1st UCI ranking", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Major results", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " 1st Overall UCI World Cup", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Major results", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "1st Aigle", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Major results", "target_page_ids": [ 532983 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 9 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "1st Kalmthout", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Major results", "target_page_ids": [ 156081 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 13 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "1st Pijnacker", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Major results", "target_page_ids": [ 2126161 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 13 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "1st Koksijde", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Major results", "target_page_ids": [ 154410 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 12 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "1st Igorre", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Major results", "target_page_ids": [ 2882674 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 10 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "1st Nommay", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Major results", "target_page_ids": [ 15606430 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 10 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "1st Hoogerheide", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Major results", "target_page_ids": [ 26970504 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 15 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 1st Overall Superprestige", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Major results", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "1st Ruddervoorde", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Major results", "target_page_ids": [ 8983545 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 16 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "1st Sint-Michielsgestel", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Major results", "target_page_ids": [ 68491417 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 23 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "1st Asper-Gavere", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Major results", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "1st Gieten", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Major results", "target_page_ids": [ 4627107 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 10 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "1st Hamme-Zogge", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Major results", "target_page_ids": [ 154914 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 15 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "1st Diegem", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Major results", "target_page_ids": [ 8313439 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 10 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "1st Hoogstraten", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Major results", "target_page_ids": [ 156833 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 15 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "1st Vorselaar", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Major results", "target_page_ids": [ 156848 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 13 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 1st Overall GvA Trophy", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Major results", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " 1st Overijse", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Major results", "target_page_ids": [ 14974708 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 5, 13 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 1st Eeklo", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Major results", "target_page_ids": [ 38558167 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 5, 10 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "2007–2008 (21)", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Major results", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " 1st National Championships", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Major results", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " 1st UCI ranking", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Major results", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " UCI World Cup", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Major results", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "1st Tabor", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Major results", "target_page_ids": [ 245363 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 9 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "1st Koksijde", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Major results", "target_page_ids": [ 154410 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 12 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "1st Igorre", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Major results", "target_page_ids": [ 2882674 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 10 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "1st Hofstade", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Major results", "target_page_ids": [ 8968570 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 12 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 1st Overall Superprestige", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Major results", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "1st Ruddervoorde", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Major results", "target_page_ids": [ 8983545 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 16 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "1st Hamme-Zogge", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Major results", "target_page_ids": [ 154914 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 15 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "1st Gavere", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Major results", "target_page_ids": [ 155063 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 10 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "1st Veghel", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Major results", "target_page_ids": [ 74731 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 10 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "1st Diegem", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Major results", "target_page_ids": [ 8313439 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 10 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 1st Overall GvA Trophy", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Major results", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "1st Oudenaarde", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Major results", "target_page_ids": [ 155147 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 14 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "1st Hasselt", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Major results", "target_page_ids": [ 172050 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 11 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "1st Essen", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Major results", "target_page_ids": [ 173973 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 9 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "1st Baal", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Major results", "target_page_ids": [ 8719902 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 8 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 1st Neerpelt", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Major results", "target_page_ids": [ 37945423 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 5, 13 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 1st Harderwijk", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Major results", "target_page_ids": [ 118613 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 5, 15 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 1st Dottignies", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Major results", "target_page_ids": [ 175267 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 5, 15 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 1st Asteasu-Guipúzcoa", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Major results", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " 1st Middelkerke", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Major results", "target_page_ids": [ 38066836 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 5, 16 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 1st Otegem", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Major results", "target_page_ids": [ 154345 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 5, 11 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 1st Surhuisterveen", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Major results", "target_page_ids": [ 6925901 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 5, 19 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "2008–2009 (18)", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Major results", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " 1st National Championships", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Major results", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " 1st UCI ranking", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Major results", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " 1st Overall UCI World Cup", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Major results", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "1st Kalmthout", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Major results", "target_page_ids": [ 156081 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 13 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "1st Igorre", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Major results", "target_page_ids": [ 2882674 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 10 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "1st Milan", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Major results", "target_page_ids": [ 36511 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 9 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 1st Overall Superprestige", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Major results", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "1st Ruddervoorde", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Major results", "target_page_ids": [ 8983545 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 16 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "1st Gavere", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Major results", "target_page_ids": [ 155063 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 10 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "1st Hamme-Zogge", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Major results", "target_page_ids": [ 154914 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 15 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 1st Overall GvA Trophy", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Major results", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "1st Oudenaarde", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Major results", "target_page_ids": [ 155147 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 14 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "1st Essen", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Major results", "target_page_ids": [ 173973 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 9 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 1st Neerpelt", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Major results", "target_page_ids": [ 37945423 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 5, 13 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 1st Dottenijs", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Major results", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " 1st Eernegem", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Major results", "target_page_ids": [ 4762370 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 5, 13 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 1st Middelkerke", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Major results", "target_page_ids": [ 38066836 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 5, 16 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 1st Maldegem", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Major results", "target_page_ids": [ 154933 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 5, 13 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "2009–2010 (15)", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Major results", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " 1st National Championships", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Major results", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " UCI World Cup", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Major results", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "1st Kalmthout", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Major results", "target_page_ids": [ 156081 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 13 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Superprestige", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Major results", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "1st Ruddervoorde", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Major results", "target_page_ids": [ 8983545 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 16 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "1st Gieten", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Major results", "target_page_ids": [ 4627107 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 10 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "1st Zonhoven", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Major results", "target_page_ids": [ 175137 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 12 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 1st Overall GvA Trophy", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Major results", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "1st Oudenaarde", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Major results", "target_page_ids": [ 155147 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 14 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "1st Loenhout", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Major results", "target_page_ids": [ 48657291 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 12 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "1st Baal", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Major results", "target_page_ids": [ 8719902 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 8 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "1st Lille", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Major results", "target_page_ids": [ 50116 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 9 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 1st Woerden", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Major results", "target_page_ids": [ 118686 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 5, 12 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 1st Niel", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Major results", "target_page_ids": [ 8982276 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 5, 9 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 1st Middelkerke", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Major results", "target_page_ids": [ 38066836 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 5, 16 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 1st Zonnebeke", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Major results", "target_page_ids": [ 9031996 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 5, 14 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 1st Lebbeke", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Major results", "target_page_ids": [ 154916 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 5, 12 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 1st Antwerpen", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Major results", "target_page_ids": [ 8967708 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 5, 14 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "2010–2011 (14)", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Major results", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " 1st UCI ranking", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Major results", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " 1st Overall Superprestige", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Major results", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "1st Gavere", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Major results", "target_page_ids": [ 155063 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 10 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "1st Hamme-Zogge", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Major results", "target_page_ids": [ 154914 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 15 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "1st Hoogstraten", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Major results", "target_page_ids": [ 156833 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 15 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " GvA Trophy", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Major results", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "1st Oudenaarde", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Major results", "target_page_ids": [ 155147 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 14 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "1st Essen", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Major results", "target_page_ids": [ 173973 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 9 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "1st Baal", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Major results", "target_page_ids": [ 8719902 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 8 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 1st Overijse", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Major results", "target_page_ids": [ 14974708 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 5, 13 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 1st Neerpelt", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Major results", "target_page_ids": [ 37945423 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 5, 13 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 1st Erpe-Mere", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Major results", "target_page_ids": [ 154885 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 5, 14 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 1st Ronse", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Major results", "target_page_ids": [ 155148 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 5, 10 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 1st Niel", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Major results", "target_page_ids": [ 8982276 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 5, 9 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 1st Maldegem", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Major results", "target_page_ids": [ 9259371 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 5, 13 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 1st Asteasu", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Major results", "target_page_ids": [ 2875348 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 5, 12 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 1st Lebbeke", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Major results", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "2011–2012 (17)", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Major results", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " 1st National Championships", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Major results", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " UCI World Cup", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Major results", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "1st Plzeň", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Major results", "target_page_ids": [ 29246074 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 9 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "1st Koksijde", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Major results", "target_page_ids": [ 8969060 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 12 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "1st Namur", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Major results", "target_page_ids": [ 38008255 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 9 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 1st Overall Superprestige", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Major results", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "1st Gieten", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Major results", "target_page_ids": [ 8987754 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 10 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " GvA Trophy", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Major results", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "1st Baal", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Major results", "target_page_ids": [ 8719902 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 8 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 1st Antwerpen", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Major results", "target_page_ids": [ 8967708 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 5, 14 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 1st Laarne", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Major results", "target_page_ids": [ 154915 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 5, 11 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 1st Leuven", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Major results", "target_page_ids": [ 37945717 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 5, 11 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 1st Neerpelt", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Major results", "target_page_ids": [ 37945423 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 5, 13 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 1st Niel", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Major results", "target_page_ids": [ 8982276 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 5, 9 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 1st Overijse", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Major results", "target_page_ids": [ 14974708 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 5, 13 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 1st Eeklo", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Major results", "target_page_ids": [ 38558167 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 5, 10 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "2012–2013 (18)", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Major results", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " 1st World Championships", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Major results", "target_page_ids": [ 37881321 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 6, 25 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " World Cup", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Major results", "target_page_ids": [ 37030643 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 10 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "1st Koksijde", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Major results", "target_page_ids": [ 8969060 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 12 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "1st Roubaix", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Major results", "target_page_ids": [ 8967763 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 11 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "1st Heusden-Zolder", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Major results", "target_page_ids": [ 38008702 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 18 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 1st Overall Superprestige", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Major results", "target_page_ids": [ 37176136 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 13, 26 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "1st Ruddervoorde", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Major results", "target_page_ids": [ 8983545 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 16 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "1st Zonhoven", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Major results", "target_page_ids": [ 40904628 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 12 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "1st Hamme-Zogge", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Major results", "target_page_ids": [ 8987542 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 15 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "1st Gavere", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Major results", "target_page_ids": [ 8987488 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 10 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "1st Hoogstraten", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Major results", "target_page_ids": [ 8983641 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 15 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " BPost Bank Trophy", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Major results", "target_page_ids": [ 37422506 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 18 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "1st Oudenaarde", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Major results", "target_page_ids": [ 8982244 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 14 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "1st Hasselt", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Major results", "target_page_ids": [ 8982295 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 11 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 1st Neerpelt", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Major results", "target_page_ids": [ 37945423 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 5, 13 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 1st Kalmthout", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Major results", "target_page_ids": [ 8968380 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 5, 14 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 1st Overijse", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Major results", "target_page_ids": [ 14974708 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 5, 13 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 1st Sint-Niklaas", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Major results", "target_page_ids": [ 8728205 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 5, 17 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 1st Bredene", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Major results", "target_page_ids": [ 59514989 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 5, 12 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 1st Eeklo", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Major results", "target_page_ids": [ 38558167 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 5, 10 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 1st Lebbeke", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Major results", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "2013–2014 (16)", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Major results", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " 1st National Championships", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Major results", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " 1st Overall Superprestige", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Major results", "target_page_ids": [ 40904435 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 13, 26 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "1st Zonhoven", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Major results", "target_page_ids": [ 40904628 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 12 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "1st Gavere", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Major results", "target_page_ids": [ 8987488 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 10 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "1st Diegem", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Major results", "target_page_ids": [ 8987629 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 10 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "1st Hoogstraten", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Major results", "target_page_ids": [ 8983641 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 15 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 1st Overall bpost bank trophy", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Major results", "target_page_ids": [ 41098916 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 13, 30 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "1st Ronse", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Major results", "target_page_ids": [ 44091942 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 9 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "1st Hasselt", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Major results", "target_page_ids": [ 8982295 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 11 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "1st Loenhout", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Major results", "target_page_ids": [ 8983413 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 12 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "1st Baal", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Major results", "target_page_ids": [ 8719902 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 8 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "1st Lille", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Major results", "target_page_ids": [ 8983448 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 9 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 1st Overijse", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Major results", "target_page_ids": [ 14974708 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 5, 13 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 1st Las Vegas", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Major results", "target_page_ids": [ 45361356 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 5, 14 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 1st Zonnebeke", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Major results", "target_page_ids": [ 9031996 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 5, 14 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 1st Leuven", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Major results", "target_page_ids": [ 37945717 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 5, 11 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 1st Lebbeke", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Major results", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " 1st Niel", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Major results", "target_page_ids": [ 8982276 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 5, 9 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "2014–2015 (4)", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Major results", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " BPost Bank Trophy", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Major results", "target_page_ids": [ 44075905 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 18 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "1st Ronse", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Major results", "target_page_ids": [ 44091942 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 9 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 1st Las Vegas", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Major results", "target_page_ids": [ 45361356 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 5, 14 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 1st Neerpelt", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Major results", "target_page_ids": [ 37945423 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 5, 13 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 1st Niel", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Major results", "target_page_ids": [ 8982276 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 5, 9 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "2015–2016 (2)", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Major results", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " World Cup", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Major results", "target_page_ids": [ 47853101 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 10 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "1st Koksijde", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Major results", "target_page_ids": [ 8969060 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 12 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 1st Hasselt", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Major results", "target_page_ids": [ 8982295 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 5, 12 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "NP: not participated", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Major results", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "NH: not held", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Major results", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "DNF: did not finish", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Major results", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "NR: no ranking for individuals", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Major results", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Up until the season 2011–2012, this competition was called the Gazet van Antwerpen Trophy (GvA).", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Major results", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "2004–2005", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Major results", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " 1st National Championships", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Major results", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "2006–2007", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Major results", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " 1st National Championships", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Major results", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " 1st Apeldoorn", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Major results", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " 1st Gieten", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Major results", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "2008–2009", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Major results", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " 1st Averbode", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Major results", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "2009–2010", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Major results", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " 1st Gooik", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Major results", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " 1st Sankt Vith", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Major results", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " 1st Geraardsbergen", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Major results", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " 1st Averbode", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Major results", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " 1st Belgian Cup", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Major results", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "2010–2011", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Major results", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " 1st Boom", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Major results", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " 1st Geraardsbergen", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Major results", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " 1st Belgian Cup", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Major results", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "2011–2012", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Major results", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " 1st Antwerp", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Major results", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " 1st Sankt Vith", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Major results", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " 1st Geraardsbergen", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Major results", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " 1st Belgian Cup", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Major results", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "2012–2013", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Major results", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " 1st National Championships", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Major results", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "2013–2014", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Major results", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " 1st National Championships", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Major results", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "2014–2015", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Major results", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " 1st National Championships", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Major results", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "2006", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Major results", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " 8th Overall Tour of Belgium", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Major results", "target_page_ids": [ 5851933 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 13, 28 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "2007", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Major results", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " 1st Internationale Wielertrofee Jong Maar Moedig", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Major results", "target_page_ids": [ 47394008 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 5, 49 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "2008", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Major results", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " 10th Omloop der Kempen", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Major results", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "2011", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Major results", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " 9th Internationale Wielertrofee Jong Maar Moedig", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Major results", "target_page_ids": [ 47394008 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 5, 49 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "2012", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Major results", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " 5th Circuit de Wallonie", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Major results", "target_page_ids": [ 51061429 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 5, 24 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "2014", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Major results", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " 6th Internationale Wielertrofee Jong Maar Moedig", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Major results", "target_page_ids": [ 47394008 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 5, 49 ] ] } ]

[ "1976_births", "Living_people", "Belgian_male_cyclists", "Cyclo-cross_cyclists", "Cyclists_at_the_2008_Summer_Olympics", "Cyclists_at_the_2012_Summer_Olympics", "Olympic_cyclists_of_Belgium", "People_from_Bonheiden", "UCI_Cyclo-cross_World_Champions_(men)", "Cyclists_at_the_2015_European_Games", "European_Games_competitors_for_Belgium", "Sportspeople_from_Antwerp_Province", "Belgian_cyclo-cross_champions" ]

[ "The Cannibal from Baal", "De Kannibaal van Baal" ]

[ { "plaintext": "NHK Science & Technology Research Laboratories (STRL, ), headquartered in Setagaya, Tokyo, Japan, is responsible for technical research at NHK, Japan's public broadcaster.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 335947, 15573, 147782 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 74, 89 ], [ 91, 96 ], [ 139, 142 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Work done by the STRL includes research on direct-broadcast satellite (BS), Integrated Services Digital Broadcasting, high-definition television, and ultra-high-definition television.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 7527410, 7174575, 272231, 16315657, 47262026 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 43, 69 ], [ 71, 73 ], [ 76, 116 ], [ 118, 144 ], [ 150, 182 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "On May 9, 2013, NHK and Mitsubishi Electric announced that they had jointly developed the first High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC) encoder for 8K Ultra HD TV, which is also called Super Hi-Vision (SHV). The HEVC encoder supports the Main 10 profile at Level 6.1 allowing it to encode 10-bit video with a resolution of 7680 × 4320 at 60 fps. The HEVC encoder has 17 3G-SDI inputs and uses 17 boards for parallel processing with each board encoding a row of 7680 × 256 pixels to allow for real time video encoding. The HEVC encoder was shown at the NHK Science & Technology Research Laboratories Open House 2013 that took place from May 30 to June 2.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 147782, 1075261, 22163753, 418775 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 16, 19 ], [ 24, 43 ], [ 96, 124 ], [ 366, 372 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " NHK", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 147782 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 4 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " NHK Twinscam", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 36697181 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 13 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Ultra-high-definition television (UHDTV)", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 47262026 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 33 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC) – Video codec that supports resolutions up to 8K UHDTV (7680 × 4320)", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 22163753 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 29 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "STRL - Japanese", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "STRL - English", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "NHK Open House 2013 - English", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] } ]

[ "NHK", "Mass_media_in_Tokyo", "Television_technology", "Engineering_research_institutes", "Scientific_organizations_established_in_1930", "Audio_engineering", "Radio_technology", "Research_institutes_in_Japan", "Sound_production_technology", "Sound_recording_technology", "1930_establishments_in_Japan" ]

[]

[ { "plaintext": "The Annals of the Kingdom of Ireland () or the Annals of the Four Masters (Annála na gCeithre Máistrí) are chronicles of medieval Irish history. The entries span from the Deluge, dated as 2,242 years after creation to AD 1616.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 7507, 18836, 23426573, 601839, 1656672 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 107, 116 ], [ 121, 129 ], [ 130, 143 ], [ 171, 177 ], [ 194, 214 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Due to the criticisms by 17th century Irish historian Tuileagna Ó Maol Chonaire, the text was not published in the lifetimes of any of the participants.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Publication delay", "target_page_ids": [ 31467732 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 54, 79 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The annals are mainly a compilation of earlier annals, although there is some original work. They were compiled between 1632 and 1636, allegedly in a cottage beside the ruins of Donegal Abbey, just outside Donegal Town. At this time, however, the Franciscans had a house of refuge by the River Drowes in County Leitrim, just outside Ballyshannon, and it was here, according to others, that the Annals were compiled. The patron of the project was Fearghal Ó Gadhra, MP, a Gaelic lord in Coolavin, County Sligo.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Text", "target_page_ids": [ 46590708, 996491, 27446104, 98066, 10288875, 42307906 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 178, 191 ], [ 206, 218 ], [ 446, 463 ], [ 465, 467 ], [ 471, 477 ], [ 486, 494 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The chief compiler of the annals was Brother Mícheál Ó Cléirigh from Ballyshannon, who was assisted by, among others, Cú Choigcríche Ó Cléirigh, Fearfeasa Ó Maol Chonaire and Cú Choigríche Ó Duibhgeannáin. Although only one of the authors, Mícheál Ó Cléirigh, was a Franciscan friar, they became known as \"the Four Friars\" or in the original Irish, . The Anglicized version of this was \"the Four Masters\", the name that has become associated with the annals themselves.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Text", "target_page_ids": [ 24470954, 1374836, 991587, 17179866, 31454085, 1710783, 64176, 312753 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 37, 44 ], [ 45, 63 ], [ 69, 81 ], [ 118, 143 ], [ 145, 170 ], [ 175, 204 ], [ 266, 276 ], [ 277, 282 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The annals are written in Irish. The several manuscript copies are held at Trinity College Dublin, the Royal Irish Academy, University College Dublin, and the National Library of Ireland.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Text", "target_page_ids": [ 142298, 646512, 41537643, 1019310 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 75, 97 ], [ 103, 122 ], [ 124, 149 ], [ 159, 186 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The first substantial English translation (starting at AD 1171) was published by Owen Connellan in 1846. The Connellan translation included the annals from the eleventh to the seventeenth centuries. The only version to have a four-colour frontispiece, it included a large folding map showing the location of families in Ireland. This edition, neglected for over 150 years, was republished in the early twenty-first century. The original Connellan translation was followed in the 1850s by a full translation by the historian John O'Donovan. The translation was funded by a government grant of £1,000 obtained by the notable mathematician Sir William Rowan Hamilton while he was president of the Royal Irish Academy.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Translation", "target_page_ids": [ 30139946, 5018192, 39817, 646512 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 81, 95 ], [ 525, 539 ], [ 638, 664 ], [ 695, 714 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Annals are one of the principal Irish-language sources for Irish history up to 1616. While many of the early chapters are essentially lists of names and dates, the later chapters, dealing with events of which the authors had first-hand accounts, are much more detailed.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Translation", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "As a historical source, the Annals are largely limited to the accounts of the births, deaths and activities of the Gaelic nobility of Ireland and the wider social trends or events are up for contemporary historians to establish.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Importance", "target_page_ids": [ 412491 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 115, 141 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "On the other hand, the Annals, as one of the few prose sources in Irish from this period, also provide a valuable insight into events such as the Desmond Rebellions and the Nine Years War from a Gaelic Irish perspective.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Importance", "target_page_ids": [ 1572510, 1572901 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 146, 164 ], [ 173, 187 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The early part of this work is based upon the Lebor Gabála. Today, most scholars regard the Lebor Gabála as primarily myth rather than history. It appears to be mostly based on medieval Christian pseudo-histories, but it also incorporates some of Ireland's native pagan mythology. Scholars believe the goal of its writers was to provide an epic history for Ireland that could compare to that of the Israelites or the Romans, and which reconciled native myth with the Christian view of history. It is suggested, for example, that there are six 'takings' to match the Six Ages of the World. Medievalist academic Mark Williams writes of Lebor Gabála Érenn that it is a \"highly influential Middle Irish prose-and-verse treatise [...] written in order to bridge the chasm between Christian world-chronology and the prehistory of Ireland\".", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Importance", "target_page_ids": [ 589936, 1380321 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 46, 58 ], [ 567, 588 ] ] }, { "plaintext": ", 7 volumes, Royal Irish Academy:", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Editions and translations", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": ": English, Irish", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Editions and translations", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": ": English, Irish", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Editions and translations", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": ": English, Irish", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Editions and translations", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": ": English, Irish", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Editions and translations", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": ": English, Irish", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Editions and translations", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": ": English, Irish *", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Editions and translations", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "* The appendix of volume 6 contains pedigrees of a small selection of the Gaelic Irish nobility, pp.2377 ff.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Editions and translations", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Irish annals", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 3047920 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 13 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " The Chronicle of Ireland", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 7754560 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 25 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Cite AFM for citing the Annal in articles at Wikipedia", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Catholic Encyclopedia: Annals of the Four Masters", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "List of Published Texts at CELT — University College Cork's Corpus of Electronic Texts project has the full text of the annals online, both in the original Irish and in O'Donovan's translation.", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [ 738094, 37364964 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 34, 57 ], [ 60, 86 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Irish Script On Screen — The ISOS project at the Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies has high-resolution digital images of the Royal Irish Academy's copy of the Annals.", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [ 1222691 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 49, 86 ] ] } ]

[ "1630s_books", "17th-century_documents", "17th-century_history_books", "Donegal_(town)", "Irish_chronicles", "Irish_texts", "Irish-language_literature" ]

[ "Annals of the Kingdom of Ireland" ]

[ { "plaintext": "MHK can refer to:", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Manhattan Regional Airport, Kansas, USA, IATA code", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 1337254 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 27 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Member of the House of Keys, the Lower House of Tynwald, the Isle of Man Parliament", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 302449 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 28 ] ] } ]

[]

[]

[ { "plaintext": "The Gymnopédies (), or Trois Gymnopédies, are three piano compositions written by French composer and pianist Erik Satie. He completed the whole set by 2 April 1888, but they were at first published individually: the first and the third in 1888, the second in 1895.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 23034, 9956 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 52, 57 ], [ 110, 120 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The work's unusual title comes from the French form of gymnopaedia, the ancient Greek word for an annual festival where young men danced naked – or perhaps simply unarmed. The source of the title has been a subject of debate. Satie and his friend Alexis Roland-Manuel maintained that he adopted it after reading Gustave Flaubert's novel Salammbô, while others see a poem by J. P. Contamine de Latour as the source of Satie's inspiration, since the first Gymnopédie was published in the magazine La Musique des familles in the summer of 1888 together with an excerpt of Latour's poem Les Antiques, where the term appears.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 216060, 3748358, 12307, 1935323, 52581153 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 55, 66 ], [ 247, 267 ], [ 312, 328 ], [ 337, 345 ], [ 374, 399 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "However, it remains uncertain whether the poem was composed before the music. Satie may have picked up the term from a dictionary such as Dominique Mondo's Dictionnaire de Musique, where gymnopédie is defined as a \"nude dance, accompanied by song, which youthful Spartan maidens danced on specific occasions\", following a similar definition from Jean-Jacques Rousseau's Dictionnaire de Musique.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 15941 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 346, 367 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In November 1888, the third Gymnopédie was published. The second Gymnopédie did not appear until 1895, and its impending publication was announced in several editions of the Chat Noir and Auberge du Clou magazines. As a whole, the three pieces were published in 1898.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 2465341 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 174, 183 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Pierre Puvis de Chavannes' symbolist paintings may have been an inspiration for the atmosphere Satie wanted to evoke with his Gymnopédies.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 164378, 95157 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 25 ], [ 27, 36 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "These short, atmospheric pieces are written in time, with each sharing a common theme and structure.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Music", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The melodies of the pieces use deliberate, but mild, dissonances against the harmony, producing a piquant, melancholy effect that matches the performance instructions, which are to play each piece \"painfully\" (douloureux), \"sadly\" (triste), or \"gravely\" (grave). The first few bars of Gymnopédie No. 1 (shown below) consist of an alternating progression of two major seventh chords, the first on the subdominant, G, and the second on the tonic, D.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Music", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "By the end of 1896, Satie's popularity was waning and financial situation deteriorating. Claude Debussy, a friend of Satie's whose popularity was on the rise, helped draw public attention to Satie’s work. In February 1897, Debussy orchestrated the third and first Gymnopédies.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Reception", "target_page_ids": [ 6260 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 89, 103 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "From the second half of the 20th century on, the Gymnopédies were often erroneously described as part of Satie's body of furniture music, perhaps because of John Cage's interpretation of them. Collectively, the Gymnopédies are regarded as an important precursor to modern ambient music.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Legacy", "target_page_ids": [ 2037363, 65954, 55319 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 121, 136 ], [ 157, 166 ], [ 272, 285 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The first and second Gymnopédies were arranged by Dick Halligan for the group Blood, Sweat & Tears under the title \"Variations on a Theme by Erik Satie\" on the group's eponymous album, released in 1968. The recording received a Grammy Award the following year for Best Contemporary Instrumental Performance. In 1980, Gary Numan produced a track called \" (First Movement)\", which appeared on the B-side of the single \"We Are Glass\". A sample of Gymnopédie No. 1 is featured in the 2001 Janet Jackson single \"Someone to Call My Lover\", peaking at number 3 on the Billboard Hot 100. Gymnopédies have been heard in numerous movies and television shows. Examples include the documentary Man on Wire, Wes Anderson's The Royal Tenenbaums, and Woody Allen's Another Woman, all of which use Gymnopédie No. 1 in their soundtracks. The 2010 Japanese animated drama film The Disappearance of Haruhi Suzumiya prominently features all three Gymnopédies, and they are included in the film's soundtrack release as a bonus disc, including Satie's Gnossiennes and his composition \"Je te veux\". Mother 3 also features Gymnopédie No. 1 in its soundtrack as Leder's Gymnopedie. In 2007, arranged the first and the third Gymnopédie for The 12 Cellists of the Berlin Philharmonic. Jack DeJohnette included a tribute to Gymnopédies in his 2016 album Return. In 2018, Fernando Perdomo included a portion of Gymnopedie No. 1 on his album Out to Sea. In 2021, violinist Fenella Humphreys released an arrangement of Gymnopedie No.1 for violin.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Legacy", "target_page_ids": [ 5237627, 148356, 3086979, 250028, 46014, 2945295, 60070, 1685881, 423161, 15526709, 524149, 223268, 32901, 2421509, 24666418, 2625806, 16692346, 1445554, 36393686, 511533, 60035060, 22539403, 61018493 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 50, 63 ], [ 78, 98 ], [ 168, 183 ], [ 228, 240 ], [ 317, 327 ], [ 417, 429 ], [ 485, 498 ], [ 507, 531 ], [ 561, 578 ], [ 683, 694 ], [ 696, 708 ], [ 711, 731 ], [ 737, 748 ], [ 751, 764 ], [ 860, 896 ], [ 1031, 1042 ], [ 1064, 1074 ], [ 1077, 1085 ], [ 1216, 1258 ], [ 1260, 1275 ], [ 1328, 1334 ], [ 1345, 1361 ], [ 1445, 1462 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Public Domain sheet music of the Gymnopédies, Mutopia Project ", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [ 161599 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 47, 62 ] ] } ]

[ "Gymnopédies", "1888_compositions", "Compositions_by_Erik_Satie", "Compositions_for_solo_piano", "Ancient_Greece_in_art_and_culture" ]

[ "Gymnopedies" ]

[ { "plaintext": "Gymnopedie may refer to:", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Gymnopaedia, a festival or dance in ancient Greece", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 216060 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 11 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Gymnopédies, a series of three compositions by French composer Erik Satie", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 1448154, 9956 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 11 ], [ 63, 73 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Gymnopedies, a series of three compositions by Australian-American composer Peggy Glanville Hicks ", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 2147744 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 76, 97 ] ] } ]

[]

[]

[ { "plaintext": "Jörg Wilhalm was an early 16th-century German fencing master, hatmaker, and citizen of Augsburg.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 152735, 858344, 37787 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 39, 45 ], [ 46, 53 ], [ 87, 95 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "There are six fechtbuchs attributed to Wilhalm:", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 858519 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 14, 23 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 1522 Cod.I.6.4°.5, 47 folia, Augsburg University library, bought by Paulus Hector Mair in 1552.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 1332596 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 69, 87 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 1522 Cod.I.6.2°.3, 43 folia, Augsburg University library, bought by Mair in 1561.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " 1523 Cod.I.6.2°.2, 72 folia, Augsburg University library, bought by Mair in 1544.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " 1523 Cgm 3711, 102 folia, München.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 19058 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 27, 34 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Cgm 3712, 212 folia, München.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " MS 862", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 2056971 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 7 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "MS Cgm 3711 is peculiar in that some of the fencers are represented in humorous carnival costumes.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Fechtbuch", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 858519 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 10 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Historical European Martial Arts", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 858344 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 33 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Hils, Hans-Peter, Meister Johann Liechtenauers Kunst des langen Schwertes, Lang (1985).", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "References", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] } ]

[ "German_historical_fencers", "Hat_makers", "Year_of_birth_missing", "Year_of_death_missing" ]

[]

[ { "plaintext": "Richard Valentine Pitchford (24 November 1895 13 November 1973) was a master magician under the name Cardini, whose career spanned almost half a century. Born in Britain, he worked chiefly in the United States of America.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 628336, 25152964 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 71, 77 ], [ 78, 86 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Richard Valentine Pitchford was born in Wales on 24 November 1895, in the Mumbles, in Swansea. Some sources use the incorrect year of 1899.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Biography", "target_page_ids": [ 252576, 46394 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 74, 81 ], [ 86, 93 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "He joined the British Army during World War I, where he passed time in the trenches by practicing card manipulations. One result of his many hours of practising outdoors in frigid weather was that he developed the ability to perform card manipulations while wearing gloves. After being injured in battle, he continued to hone his magic skills in a hospital.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Biography", "target_page_ids": [ 4887, 4764461, 182255 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 14, 26 ], [ 34, 45 ], [ 75, 81 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "After an unsuccessful attempt to establish himself as a stage magician in British variety, he travelled to Australia, where he performed initially as Val Raymond before adopting the name Cardini. His new name advertised his mastery of card manipulation and paid homage to the most famous magician of the era, Houdini. Cardini subsequently performed in Canada and then entered the United States from British Columbia. While working his way across the United States, he met Swan Walker in Chicago, who became his wife in 1927 and lifelong assistant. In New York City, Cardini became an almost immediate success, as audiences (and magicians) had never seen such an act. Cardini enhanced his performance by incorporating his magic tricks into a skit. Sleight of hand, gestures, and the appearance and disappearance of objects were all precisely timed to music.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Biography", "target_page_ids": [ 53395, 3392, 6886, 645042, 51610 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 309, 316 ], [ 399, 415 ], [ 487, 494 ], [ 551, 564 ], [ 741, 745 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "He performed in New York at The Palace, Radio City Music Hall, Copacabana and other prominent nightclubs and reviews, and in London at the London Palladium. In 1933, he gave a Royal Variety Performance for King George V and Queen Mary.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Biography", "target_page_ids": [ 1756737, 170810, 1311903, 243023, 522656, 46823, 48419 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 28, 38 ], [ 40, 61 ], [ 63, 73 ], [ 139, 155 ], [ 176, 201 ], [ 211, 219 ], [ 224, 234 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 1945 he became president of the Magician's Guild, at the death of Theodore Hardeen.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Biography", "target_page_ids": [ 21356410, 4878075 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 35, 51 ], [ 69, 85 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 1957 at the age of 62 he appeared on one of the few magic television shows broadcast at that time, Festival of Magic.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Biography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "He died on 13 November 1973 in Gardiner, New York.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Biography", "target_page_ids": [ 28071604 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 31, 49 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The 2012 documentary Deceptive Practice includes archival footage and commentary on Cardini's career.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Legacy", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "On 13 November 2013, 30 years after his death, Cardini was recognised by his grand-nephew and fellow magician, Randy Pitchford. Pitchford funded the development of a museum exhibit, in honor of Cardini, located at The Magic Castle in Hollywood, California. The exhibit can be found in the Inner Circle of the Magic Castle, where the Houdini exhibit previously located. The exhibit showcases some of the most important artifacts from Cardini's act.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Legacy", "target_page_ids": [ 6494470, 30872476, 53849 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 111, 126 ], [ 214, 230 ], [ 234, 243 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Among his many acclamations was the New England Magic Society's proclamation of Cardini as the \"greatest exponent of pure sleight of hand the world has ever known\" (1958). He was honoured in 1970 with the title \"Master Magician\", which was awarded at the Magic Castle, Los Angeles, and presented by Tony Curtis. In 1999 he was named one of Magic Magazine's Top Magicians of the 20th Century. He served as President of the Society of American Magicians in 1941–1942. In 1960 The Magic Circle in London honoured him with the Silver Wand Award.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Awards", "target_page_ids": [ 30872476, 68375, 2183330, 3668646, 656521 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 255, 267 ], [ 299, 310 ], [ 340, 354 ], [ 422, 451 ], [ 475, 491 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Official Cardini Website, maintained by his descendants", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Richard Pitchford - Articles about Cardini", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] } ]

[ "1895_births", "1973_deaths", "British_magicians", "British_Army_personnel_of_World_War_I", "British_Army_soldiers", "People_from_Swansea", "Vaudeville_performers", "British_emigrants_to_the_United_States" ]

[]

[ { "plaintext": "Immanuel Lutheran College may refer to:", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Immanuel Lutheran College (Hong Kong), a secondary school in Hong Kong", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 3587920 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 38 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Immanuel Lutheran College (North Carolina), a former a high school, college, and seminary in Greensboro, North Carolina", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 67134999 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 42 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Immanuel Lutheran College (Eau Claire), a high school, college, and seminary in Eau Claire, Wisconsin", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 2707371 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 39 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Immanuel Lutheran College, Buderim, a primary and secondary college run by the Lutheran Church of Australia", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 16707331 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 34 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Immanuel College (disambiguation)", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 21789680 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 34 ] ] } ]

[]

[]

[ { "plaintext": "The True Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints or True Mormon Church was a denomination of the Latter Day Saint movement. It was founded in the spring of 1844 in Nauvoo, Illinois, by leaders dissenting from the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 420883, 111261, 420967 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 101, 126 ], [ 168, 184 ], [ 217, 260 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The True Church's president was William Law, a former counselor to the movement's founder, Joseph Smith (then President of the Church). Law was joined by his brother, Wilson Law, along with Robert D. Foster, Charles A. Foster, Francis M. Higbee, Chauncey L. Higbee and Charles Ivins. Members of the True Church believed that \"Mormonism\" as it had been originally practiced was true, but that the practice of plural marriage in particular was a corruption. William Law did not claim to be a prophet, but merely the president of the church. The church taught that Smith was a \"fallen prophet\".", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 4031060, 328115, 32387701, 387981, 40652506, 40652377, 40685671, 40652887, 40673873, 40708325, 21023, 157430 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 32, 43 ], [ 54, 63 ], [ 91, 103 ], [ 110, 133 ], [ 167, 177 ], [ 190, 206 ], [ 208, 225 ], [ 227, 244 ], [ 246, 264 ], [ 269, 282 ], [ 326, 335 ], [ 408, 423 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "This group was responsible for printing the Nauvoo Expositor, which was also critical of Smith and polygamy, leading to his death and contributing to the expulsion of the Latter Day Saints from Nauvoo.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 183660, 9045538 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 44, 60 ], [ 124, 129 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Steven L. Shields, Divergent Paths of the Restoration: A History of the Latter Day Saint Movement, Restoration Research, Los Angeles: 1990, p.29.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "References", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Nauvoo [Illinois] Expositor, vol. 1, no. 1, June 7, 1844, Publishers: William Law et alia. See text and facsimile.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "References", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] } ]

[ "1844_establishments_in_Illinois", "Christian_denominations_established_in_the_19th_century", "Defunct_Latter_Day_Saint_denominations", "Latter_Day_Saint_movement_in_Illinois", "Organizations_based_in_Illinois", "Pre–succession_crisis_denominations_in_the_Latter_Day_Saint_movement", "Religious_organizations_established_in_1844" ]

[]

[ { "plaintext": " is a Japanese actress. She played the role of villain in the horror film Carved as the Kuchisake-Onna a malevolent vengeful spirit who killed many children.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 13682670, 3047116, 39372044 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 74, 80 ], [ 88, 102 ], [ 116, 131 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Mizuno starred in Takanori Tsujimoto's action films Hard Revenge Milly and Hard Revenge Milly: Bloody Battle. She also starred in Sion Sono's 2011 film Guilty of Romance.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Career", "target_page_ids": [ 5072584, 33013950 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 130, 139 ], [ 152, 169 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Kunoichi Ninpocho (1991)", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Filmography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Honban Joyu (1992)", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Filmography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Kunoichi Ninpocho 2: Sei Shojo no Hiho (1992)", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Filmography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Sadistic Mariya (1992)", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Filmography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Shura no Jakushi: Narumi 2 (1993)", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Filmography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Nekketsu Golf Club (1994)", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Filmography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Raiden (1994)", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Filmography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Shoot (1994)", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Filmography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Daishitsuren (1995)", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Filmography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Attack of Legion (1996)", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Filmography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " The Movie (1998), Yukino Kashiwagi", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Filmography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Genjitsu no Tsuzuki Yume no Owari (1999)", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Filmography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Senrigan (2000)", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Filmography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Bayside Shakedown 2 (2003), Yukino Kashiwagi", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Filmography", "target_page_ids": [ 1512550 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 20 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " My Lover Is a Sniper (2004)", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Filmography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Negotiator (2005)", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Filmography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Zukan ni Nottenai Mushi (2007)", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Filmography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Carved (2007)", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Filmography", "target_page_ids": [ 13682670 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 7 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Wenny Has Wings (2008)", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Filmography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Sasori: Prisoner 701 (2008)", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Filmography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Hard Revenge Milly (2008)", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Filmography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Hard Revenge Milly: Bloody Battle (2009)", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Filmography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Castle Under Fiery Skies (2009)", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Filmography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Waya! Uchuu Ichi no Osekkai Daisakusen (2011)", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Filmography", "target_page_ids": [ 32571554 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 39 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Guilty of Romance (2011)", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Filmography", "target_page_ids": [ 33013950 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 18 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Dead Mine (2012)", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Filmography", "target_page_ids": [ 40093948 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 10 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " I'll Give It My All... Tomorrow (2013)", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Filmography", "target_page_ids": [ 38639963 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 32 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Sweet Bean (2015)", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Filmography", "target_page_ids": [ 46501251 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 11 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " The Brightest Roof in the Universe (2020)", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Filmography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " To Every You I've Loved Before (2022), Shiori's mother (voice)", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Filmography", "target_page_ids": [ 68740085 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 31 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " To Me, The One Who Loved You (2022), Shiori's mother (voice)", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Filmography", "target_page_ids": [ 68740085 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 29 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Itoko Doshi (1992)", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Filmography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Yume Miru Koro o Sugitemo (1994)", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Filmography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Koibito yo (1995)", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Filmography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Natural Ai no Yukue (1996)", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Filmography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Tsubasa o Kudasai! (1996)", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Filmography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Age 35 Koishikute (1996)", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Filmography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Best Partner (1997)", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Filmography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Shokuinshitsu (1997)", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Filmography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Bayside Shakedown (1997)", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Filmography", "target_page_ids": [ 1512452 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 18 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Hotel (1998)", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Filmography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Team (1999)", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Filmography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Kanojotachi no Jidai (1999)", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Filmography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Salaryman Kintaro (1999)", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Filmography", "target_page_ids": [ 9353011 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 18 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Oyaji (2000)", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Filmography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Hanamura Daisuke (2000)", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Filmography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Beautiful Life (2000)", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Filmography", "target_page_ids": [ 495091 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 15 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Koi ga Shitai x3 (2001)", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Filmography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Joshiana (2001)", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Filmography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Shiawase no Shippo (2002)", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Filmography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Hatsutaiken (2002)", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Filmography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Koibumi (2003)", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Filmography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Okaasan to Issho (2003)", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Filmography", "target_page_ids": [ 26782554 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 17 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Tobosha (2004)", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Filmography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Dream (2004)", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Filmography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Slow Start (2007)", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Filmography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Galileo (2007)", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Filmography", "target_page_ids": [ 14683355 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 8 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Hakui no Namida (2013)", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Filmography", "target_page_ids": [ 38966205 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 16 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " The Flying PR Room (2013)", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Filmography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Jiken Kyūmeii: Imat no Kiseki (2013)", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Filmography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Umi no Ue no Shinryōjo Episode 10 (2013)", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Filmography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Team Bachisuta 4 (2014)", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Filmography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Jiken Kyūmeii2: Imat no Kiseki (2014)", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Filmography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Kazoku Gari (2014)", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Filmography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Masshiro (2015)", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Filmography", "target_page_ids": [ 46674658 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 9 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " I'm Home (2015)", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Filmography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " 37.5°C no Namida (2015)", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Filmography", "target_page_ids": [ 46794815 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 17 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Love Song (2016)", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Filmography", "target_page_ids": [ 50381186 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 10 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Scarlet (2019–20)", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Filmography", "target_page_ids": [ 61836157 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 8 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " The Way of the Househusband (2020)", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Filmography", "target_page_ids": [ 62854254 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 28 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Genderless Danshi ni Aisareteimasu (2021)", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Filmography", "target_page_ids": [ 67114545 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 36 ] ] } ]

[ "1974_births", "Actors_from_Mie_Prefecture", "Japanese_film_actresses", "Japanese_television_actresses", "Living_people", "People_from_Yokkaichi", "20th-century_Japanese_actresses", "21st-century_Japanese_actresses" ]

[]

[ { "plaintext": "Frances Kathleen Oldham Kelsey (July 24, 1914 – August 7, 2015) was a Canadian-American pharmacologist and physician. As a reviewer for the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), she refused to authorize thalidomide for market because she had concerns about the lack of evidence regarding the drug's safety. Her concerns proved to be justified when it was shown that thalidomide caused serious birth defects. Kelsey's career intersected with the passage of laws strengthening FDA oversight of pharmaceuticals. Kelsey was the second woman to receive the President's Award for Distinguished Federal Civilian Service, awarded to her by John F. Kennedy in 1962.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 24354, 11632, 51078, 321263, 180121, 4963604, 5119376 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 89, 103 ], [ 146, 174 ], [ 207, 218 ], [ 397, 409 ], [ 496, 511 ], [ 556, 616 ], [ 636, 651 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Born in Cobble Hill, British Columbia, Kelsey attended St. Margaret's School from 1928–1931 in the provincial capital, graduating at age 15. From 1930–1931, she attended Victoria College (now University of Victoria). She then enrolled at McGill University, where she received both a B.Sc. (1934) and an M.Sc. (1935) in pharmacology. Encouraged by one of her professors, she \"wrote to EMK Geiling, M.D., a noted researcher [who] was starting up a new pharmacology department at the University of Chicago, asking for a position doing graduate work\". Geiling, unaware of spelling conventions with respect to Francis and Frances, presumed that Frances was a man and offered her the position, which she accepted, starting work in 1936.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Birth and education", "target_page_ids": [ 3814906, 14668955, 32388, 3653526, 7954643, 32127 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 8, 37 ], [ 55, 76 ], [ 95, 117 ], [ 170, 186 ], [ 238, 255 ], [ 481, 502 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "During Kelsey's second year, Geiling was retained by the FDA to research unusual deaths related to elixir sulfanilamide, a sulfonamide medicine. Kelsey assisted on this research project, which showed that the 107 deaths were caused by the use of diethylene glycol as a solvent. The next year, the United States Congress passed the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act of 1938. That same year she completed her studies and received a Ph.D. in pharmacology at the University of Chicago. Working with Geiling led to her interest in teratogens, drugs that cause congenital malformations (birth defects).", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Birth and education", "target_page_ids": [ 11077785, 499685, 2240709, 37431, 31756, 1271173, 223011, 321263 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 99, 119 ], [ 123, 134 ], [ 246, 263 ], [ 269, 276 ], [ 297, 319 ], [ 331, 367 ], [ 529, 538 ], [ 558, 582 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Upon completing her Ph.D., Oldham joined the University of Chicago faculty. In 1942, like many other pharmacologists, Oldham was looking for a synthetic cure for malaria. As a result of these studies, Oldham learned that some drugs are able to pass through the placental barrier. During her work, she also met fellow faculty member Fremont Ellis Kelsey, whom she married in 1943.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Early career", "target_page_ids": [ 20423, 67166 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 162, 169 ], [ 261, 269 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "While on the faculty at the University of Chicago, Kelsey was awarded her M.D. during 1950. She supplemented her teaching with work as an editorial associate for the American Medical Association Journal for two years. Kelsey left the University of Chicago in 1954, decided to take a position teaching pharmacology at the University of South Dakota, and moved with her husband and two daughters to Vermillion, South Dakota, where she taught until 1957.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Early career", "target_page_ids": [ 282197, 541941, 266680, 134785 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 166, 194 ], [ 195, 202 ], [ 321, 347 ], [ 397, 421 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "She became a dual citizen of Canada and the United States in the 1950s in order to continue practicing medicine in the U.S., but retained strong ties to Canada where she continued to visit her siblings regularly until late in life.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Early career", "target_page_ids": [ 30876330 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 13, 25 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 1960, Kelsey was hired by the FDA in Washington, D.C. At that time, she \"was one of only seven full-time and four young part-time physicians reviewing drugs\" for the FDA. One of her first assignments at the FDA was to review an application by Richardson-Merrell for the drug thalidomide (under the tradename Kevadon) as a tranquilizer and painkiller with specific indications to prescribe the drug to pregnant women for morning sickness. Although it had been previously approved in Canada and more than 20 European and African countries, she withheld approval for the drug and requested further studies. Despite pressure from thalidomide's manufacturer Grünenthal, Kelsey persisted in requesting additional information to explain an English study that documented peripheral neuritis, a nervous system side effect. She also requested data showing the drug was not harmful to the fetus.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Work at the FDA and thalidomide", "target_page_ids": [ 18825359, 51078, 236300, 241717, 1335515, 608317 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 246, 264 ], [ 278, 289 ], [ 423, 439 ], [ 590, 605 ], [ 656, 666 ], [ 766, 785 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Kelsey's insistence that the drug should be fully tested prior to approval was vindicated when the births of deformed infants in Europe were linked to thalidomide ingestion by their mothers during pregnancy. Researchers discovered that the thalidomide crossed the placental barrier and caused serious birth defects. She was hailed on the front page of The Washington Post as a heroine for averting a similar tragedy in the U.S. Morton Mintz, author of The Washington Post article, said \"[Kelsey] prevented… the birth of hundreds or indeed thousands of armless and legless children.\" Kelsey insisted that her assistants, Oyama Jiro and Lee Geismar, as well as her FDA superiors who backed her strong stance, deserved credit as well. The narrative of Kelsey's persistence was used to help pass rigorous drug approval regulation in 1962.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Work at the FDA and thalidomide", "target_page_ids": [ 67166, 321263, 102226, 2982647 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 264, 272 ], [ 301, 313 ], [ 352, 371 ], [ 428, 440 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "After Morton Mintz broke the story in July 1962, there was a substantial public outcry. The Kefauver Harris Amendment was passed unanimously by Congress in October 1962 to strengthen drug regulation. Companies were required to demonstrate the efficacy of new drugs, report adverse reactions to the FDA, and request consent from patients participating in clinical studies. The drug testing reforms required \"stricter limits on the testing and distribution of new drugs\" to avoid similar problems. The amendments, for the first time, also recognized that \"effectiveness [should be] required to be established prior to marketing.\"", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Work at the FDA and thalidomide", "target_page_ids": [ 7452877 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 92, 117 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "As a result of her blocking American approval of thalidomide, Kelsey was awarded the President's Award for Distinguished Federal Civilian Service by John F. Kennedy on August 7, 1962, becoming the second woman so honoured. After receiving the award, Kelsey continued her work at the FDA. There she played a key role in shaping and enforcing the 1962 amendments. She also became responsible for directing the surveillance of drug testing at the FDA.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Work at the FDA and thalidomide", "target_page_ids": [ 4963604, 5119376 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 85, 145 ], [ 149, 164 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Kelsey retired from the FDA in 2005, at age 90, after 45 years of service.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Work at the FDA and thalidomide", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Kelsey continued to work for the FDA while being recognised for her earlier work. She was still working at the FDA's Center for Drug Evaluation and Research in 1995 and was appointed deputy for scientific and medical affairs. In 1994, the Frances Kelsey Secondary School in Mill Bay, British Columbia, was named in her honour. ", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Later life and death", "target_page_ids": [ 8338259, 8581141, 5522595 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 117, 156 ], [ 239, 270 ], [ 274, 300 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 2010, the FDA presented Kelsey with the first Drug Safety Excellence Award and named the annual award after her, announcing that it would be given to one FDA staff member annually. In announcing the awards, Center Director Steven K. Galson said \"I am very pleased to have established the Dr. Frances O. Kelsey Drug Safety Excellence Award and to recognize the first recipients for their outstanding accomplishments in this important aspect of drug regulation.\"", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Later life and death", "target_page_ids": [ 17609618 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 226, 242 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Kelsey turned 100 in July 2014, and shortly thereafter, in the fall of 2014, she moved from Washington, D.C., to live with her daughter in London, Ontario. In June 2015, when she was named to the Order of Canada, Mercédes Benegbi, a thalidomide victim and the head of the Thalidomide Victims Association of Canada, praised Kelsey for showing strength and courage by refusing to bend to pressure from drug company officials, and said \"To us, she was always our heroine, even if what she did was in another country.\"", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Later life and death", "target_page_ids": [ 195007, 40353, 160112, 53404002 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 7, 17 ], [ 139, 154 ], [ 196, 211 ], [ 213, 229 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Kelsey died in London, Ontario, on August 7, 2015, at the age of 101, less than 24 hours after Ontario's Lieutenant-Governor, Elizabeth Dowdeswell, visited her home to present her with the insignia of Member of the Order of Canada for her role against thalidomide.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Later life and death", "target_page_ids": [ 43153073 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 126, 146 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 1962 • President's Award for Distinguished Federal Civilian Service", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Legacy and awards", "target_page_ids": [ 4963604 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 8, 68 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 1963 • Gold Key Award from University of Chicago, Medical and Biological Sciences Alumni Association", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Legacy and awards", "target_page_ids": [ 32127, 4099669 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 28, 49 ], [ 51, 58 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 1994 • Chosen as the namesake for Frances Kelsey Secondary School which opened in 1995.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Legacy and awards", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " 2000 • Inducted into the National Women's Hall of Fame", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Legacy and awards", "target_page_ids": [ 1034056 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 26, 55 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 2001 • Named a Virtual Mentor for the American Medical Association", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Legacy and awards", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " 2006 • Foremother Award from the National Center for Health Research", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Legacy and awards", "target_page_ids": [ 29773145 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 34, 69 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 2010 • Recipient of the first Dr. Frances O. Kelsey Award for Excellence and Courage in Protecting Public Health given out by the FDA", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Legacy and awards", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " 2012 • Honorary doctor of science degree from Vancouver Island University", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Legacy and awards", "target_page_ids": [ 876966 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 47, 74 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 2015 • Named to the Order of Canada", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Legacy and awards", "target_page_ids": [ 160112 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 21, 36 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " European Medicines Agency", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 1427054 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 26 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " .", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " .", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " . This was drawn from oral history interviews conducted in 1974, 1991, and 1992; presentation, Founder's Day, St. Margaret's School, Duncan, B. C., 1987; and presentation, groundbreaking, Frances Kelsey School, Mill Bay, B. C., 1993.", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " .", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " . Library of Congress catalog entry.", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " .", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " .", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " .", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " .", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " .", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] } ]

[ "1914_births", "2015_deaths", "American_civil_servants", "American_centenarians", "American_pharmacologists", "Canadian_centenarians", "Canadian_emigrants_to_the_United_States", "Canadian_pharmacologists", "Women_pharmacologists", "20th-century_Canadian_physicians", "20th-century_American_physicians", "Canadian_women_physicians", "Food_and_Drug_Administration_people", "McGill_University_Faculty_of_Science_alumni", "Members_of_the_Order_of_Canada", "People_from_the_Cowichan_Valley_Regional_District", "University_of_Chicago_alumni", "University_of_Chicago_faculty", "University_of_South_Dakota_faculty", "Victoria_College,_British_Columbia_alumni", "20th-century_American_women_physicians", "Women_centenarians", "Members_of_the_Society_of_Woman_Geographers", "Recipients_of_the_President's_Award_for_Distinguished_Federal_Civilian_Service", "American_women_academics", "20th-century_Canadian_women_scientists", "21st-century_American_women" ]

[ "Frances Kathleen Oldham Kelsey" ]

[ { "plaintext": "Isaac Low (April 13, 1735 July 25, 1791) was an American merchant in New York City who served as a member of the Continental Congress, where he signed the Continental Association. He later served as a delegate to the New York Provincial Congress. Though originally a Patriot, he later joined the Loyalist cause in the American Revolution.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 645042, 38322, 909298, 14126247, 1146973, 1146288, 1973 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 71, 84 ], [ 115, 135 ], [ 157, 180 ], [ 219, 247 ], [ 269, 276 ], [ 298, 306 ], [ 320, 339 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Low was born on April 13, 1735, at Raritan Landing in Piscataway, Province of New Jersey. He was the son of Cornelius Low Jr. and Johanna (née Gouverneur) Low and the brother of Nicholas Low. His father was a well-established merchant and shipper who built the Cornelius Low House, an extant 1741 Georgian mansion, and brought prominence to the community of Raritan Landing. Low's family was descended from German, Dutch and French Huguenot settlers.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Early life", "target_page_ids": [ 4276702, 125437, 486979, 2037726, 1256470, 2681926, 4276972, 75899 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 35, 50 ], [ 54, 64 ], [ 66, 88 ], [ 140, 143 ], [ 144, 154 ], [ 179, 191 ], [ 262, 281 ], [ 433, 441 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Low served as a tax commissioner for the New York provincial government during the French and Indian War. Low was a prominent merchant in New York City, with various firms including Lott & Low. He had large real estate holdings, built up sizable trade, and had interests in a slitting mill. Low was chosen as a delegate to the Stamp Act Congress in 1763. Although he accumulated a fortune that placed him in the upper ranks of colonial New York's merchant leaders, he was \"nowhere near its absolute pinnacle.\"", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Career", "target_page_ids": [ 39062, 4974408, 646170 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 83, 104 ], [ 277, 290 ], [ 328, 346 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "He was an active speaker against taxation without representation and the chairman of New York City's Committee of Correspondence in 1765. He became chairman of New York City's Committee of Sixty in 1774. Low was named one of nine delegates from New York to the First Continental Congress in 1774 and to New York Provincial Congress the following year where he pursued a moderate approach towards the British. In 1775, he was a founder and the first president of the New York Chamber of Commerce.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Career", "target_page_ids": [ 773546, 1138115, 13920912, 1730443, 14126247, 18157283 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 33, 64 ], [ 101, 128 ], [ 176, 194 ], [ 261, 287 ], [ 303, 331 ], [ 466, 494 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Opposed to armed conflict with the British Crown, Low quit the Patriot cause after the Declaration of Independence was announced in 1776 and relocated to New Jersey, where he was imprisoned on suspicion of treason by the New Jersey Convention. He was eventually released after George Washington intervened, but after collaboration with the British occupation forces in New York, his property was confiscated after the New York assembly passed a motion of attainder in 1779. Four years later, Low emigrated to England where he died in 1791.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Career", "target_page_ids": [ 31874, 31292, 11968 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 87, 114 ], [ 206, 213 ], [ 277, 294 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Low married Margarita Cuyler (1738–1802) in 1760, a scion of the powerful Schuyler and Van Cortlandt families. Both her father, Cornelis Cuyler, and brother, Abraham Cuyler, were mayors of Albany. Another brother, General Cornelius Cuyler, was a British Army officer during the French Revolutionary Wars, who served as Lt. Gov. of Portsmouth and was created a Baronet of St John's Lodge. Together, Isaac and Margarita were the parents of one child, Isaac Low Jr., who was educated in French and became a British army commissary-general.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Personal life", "target_page_ids": [ 11702087, 11702181, 55192750, 50200259, 52106, 48809814, 4887, 233039, 11652689, 31902892 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 74, 82 ], [ 87, 109 ], [ 129, 144 ], [ 159, 173 ], [ 190, 196 ], [ 224, 240 ], [ 248, 260 ], [ 280, 305 ], [ 321, 343 ], [ 362, 388 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Low died in Cowes on the Isle of Wight, Great Britain, on July 25, 1791. Although a family tradition holds that his wife joined him, probate records hold that she died in Albany in 1802.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Personal life", "target_page_ids": [ 352551, 15102, 158019 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 12, 17 ], [ 25, 38 ], [ 40, 53 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " LOW, Isaac (1735-1791) Guide to Research Papers", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] } ]

[ "1735_births", "1791_deaths", "Members_of_the_New_York_Provincial_Congress", "Continental_Congressmen_from_New_York_(state)", "18th-century_American_politicians", "People_from_Piscataway,_New_Jersey", "Tax_Commissioners_of_New_York_(state)", "Cuyler_family", "Signers_of_the_Continental_Association" ]

[]

[ { "plaintext": "Zhukiv (Ukrainian Жуків), is a major village in Ternopil Raion of Ternopil Oblast, Ukraine. It is located about 8km north of Berezhany, beside the hill named Huk. Zhukiv belongs to Berezhany urban hromada, one of the hromadas of Ukraine.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 46279, 23616872, 494931, 31750, 2226081, 66991773, 10908583 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 8, 17 ], [ 48, 62 ], [ 66, 81 ], [ 83, 90 ], [ 125, 134 ], [ 181, 204 ], [ 217, 224 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "It is the native village of the famous Ukrainian writer Bohdan Lepky.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 12074259 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 56, 68 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Zhukiv is located on banks of the river Zolota Lypa near Mountain Him, which is the largest mountain in Zhukiv.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Population - 828 persons (2014). Yards - 240.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The first written mention - 1420. Then Zhukiv received Magdeburg rights owned settlement was J. Labonte of Zhukiv.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 188298 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 55, 71 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "1530 Zhukiv - Mikolay Sieniavski property.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "In 1626 as a result of the attack Tatar village was destroyed by 54%.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "In 1880 there lived and worked Sylvester Lepky (pen name Mark Marian Murawa). There he is buried. He was the father of Bohdan Lepky.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Until 18 July 2020, Zhukiv belonged to Berezhany Raion. The raion was abolished in July 2020 as part of the administrative reform of Ukraine, which reduced the number of raions of Ternopil Oblast to three. The area of Berezhany Raion was merged into Ternopil Raion.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 7237293 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 39, 54 ] ] } ]

[ "Villages_in_Berezhany_Raion", "Magdeburg_rights" ]

[]

[ { "plaintext": "Tragano (Greek, Modern: Τραγανό, Ancient/Katharevousa: -on) is a town and a former municipality in Elis, West Greece, Greece. Since the 2011 local government reform it is part of the municipality Pineios, of which it is a municipal unit. The municipal unit has an area of 41.475km2. Tragano is situated in a flat, rural area, north of the river Pineios. It is 2km east of Stafidokampos, 4km east of Andravida, 3km north of Agia Mavra, 5km northwest of Avgeio and 8km northeast of Gastouni. It is 2km southeast of the Andravida Air Base.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 11887, 295277, 2513752, 321948, 460907, 12108, 31384896, 2108290, 5293844, 323007, 1071126, 1076312, 683236, 19023055 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 9, 14 ], [ 41, 53 ], [ 83, 95 ], [ 99, 103 ], [ 105, 116 ], [ 118, 124 ], [ 196, 203 ], [ 345, 352 ], [ 372, 385 ], [ 399, 408 ], [ 423, 433 ], [ 452, 458 ], [ 480, 488 ], [ 517, 535 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The municipal unit Tragano is subdivided into the following communities:", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Subdivisions", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Tragano", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Subdivisions", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Agia Mavra", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Subdivisions", "target_page_ids": [ 1071126 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 10 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Simiza", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Subdivisions", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The community Tragano consists of the town Tragano (population 2,509 in 2011) and the small villages Markopoulo, Olga and Pigadi. Markopoulo is 1km east of Tragano town centre. Its population was 125 in 2011. Olga is 3km east of Tragano, and its population was 672 in 2011. Pigadi is 7km east of Tragano, population 41 in 2011.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Subdivisions", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "List of settlements in Elis", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 681704 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 27 ] ] } ]

[ "Populated_places_in_Elis" ]

[]

[ { "plaintext": "Food and Drug Administration, Maharashtra State, is Maharashtra's primary instrument of consumer protection. It is a law enforcement agency. In 1970, the Government of Maharashtra entrusted the responsibility of enforcement of the Prevention of Food Adulteration Act, 1954 to FDA which is when it got its present name.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 20629, 18576029, 2440212 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 30, 41 ], [ 88, 107 ], [ 154, 179 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Official website", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " FDA cancels medical store license of whistle-blower", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] } ]

[ "State_agencies_of_Maharashtra", "Pharmacy_in_India", "1970_establishments_in_Maharashtra", "Government_agencies_established_in_1970" ]

[]

[ { "plaintext": "Prince Franciszek Lubomirski (died 1721) was a Polish noble (szlachcic).", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 29050 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 61, 70 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "He was the son of Court and Grand Marshal Stanisław Herakliusz Lubomirski and Elżbieta Doenhoff.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 1430216 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 28, 41 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "He was owner of Rzeszów, Połonne and Łańcut, and General of the Crown Army. In 1721 he committed suicide.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 74604, 4437760, 652263 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 16, 23 ], [ 25, 32 ], [ 37, 43 ] ] } ]

[ "17th-century_births", "1721_deaths", "Year_of_birth_unknown", "Lubomirski_family", "Suicides_in_Poland" ]

[]

[ { "plaintext": "Romanian hip hop first emerged in 1982, along with the break-dancing movement which became very popular in the 1980s. However, Romanian hip hop was developed in the early 1990s, when American rappers hit the European charts. Most notable Romanian hip hop artists come from Bucharest, Romania's capital and largest city and most notable trap from Craiova and Bucharest. The genre is currently growing in popularity in Europe.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 2528975, 25445, 18945847, 36877, 265713, 36877 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 55, 68 ], [ 127, 134 ], [ 136, 143 ], [ 273, 282 ], [ 346, 353 ], [ 358, 367 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Romanian Revolution of 1989 was the main precursor of Romanian hip hop. Liberalization made the import of foreign hip hop tapes much easier. An underground market of tape exchanges among teens started flourishing in the early 90s. From just listening to hip hop to making hip hop there was only a small step. The first Romanian hip hop group was Vorbire Directă (Direct Speech) founded in late 1992, their first song being released in 1993 on UniPlus Radio. However, the first hip hop album was released only in 1995 by R.A.C.L.A. and was called Rap-Sodia efectului defectului (Defect Effect Rap-sody).", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Summary", "target_page_ids": [ 930692, 4368892, 31454782 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 31 ], [ 524, 534 ], [ 550, 580 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Names such as Paraziții, B.U.G. Mafia, M&G, Renegații, Da Hood Justice, Delikt, Dublu Sens, Morometzii and countless others started appearing between 1993 and 1995. Some of these early groups are still active today. The first songs were about politics, the struggle of life in post-communist Romania and crimes. The first hip hop concert in Romania took place on May 14, 1993 at Sala Polivalentă in Bucharest, which included guest performers from France such as Alliance Ethnik, Sléo, Démocrates D and Ragga Sonic.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Summary", "target_page_ids": [ 1425707, 409812, 36872968, 5843419, 15186982 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 14, 23 ], [ 25, 37 ], [ 379, 395 ], [ 447, 453 ], [ 462, 477 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The divergence between east coast hip hop and west coast hip hop was soon imported into Romania with the creation of the Cartel (\"Cartelul\") representing the west coast with groups like B.U.G. Mafia, La Familia, Il-Egal, Dana Marijuana, Don Baxter, M&G, and of RANS - \"The Cry of National Agony - Syndicate\" (\"Răcnetul Agoniei Naționale - Sindicat\") representing the east coast with groups like R.A.C.L.A., Paraziții, Da Hood Justice, Ghetto Dacii, Delikt. However, this conflict was short-lived, and by the end of the 1990s there was peace among hip hop artists in Romania.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Summary", "target_page_ids": [ 171272, 171290, 409812, 11805431, 4368892 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 23, 41 ], [ 46, 64 ], [ 186, 198 ], [ 200, 210 ], [ 395, 405 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The most notable songs released in this period were \"Pantelimonu' Petrece\" and \"Hoteluri\" by B.U.G. Mafia in 1996 and 1997, \"A vorbi e ușor\" by Parazitii in 1997, \"Cei care te calcă pe cap\" and \"Gara de Nord\" by R.A.C.L.A. in 1997 and 1998 respectively.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Summary", "target_page_ids": [ 409812, 1425707, 4368892 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 93, 105 ], [ 144, 153 ], [ 212, 222 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "1998 and 1999 brought a much better sound to Romanian hip-hop due to competing recording studios. Albums such as \"De cartier\" (Hood-like) by B.U.G. Mafia, \"Nicăieri nu-i ca acasă\" (There's no place like home) by La Familia and especially \"Nici o problemă\" (Not a problem) by Paraziții had a far better sound quality then anything previously released.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Summary", "target_page_ids": [ 409812, 11805431, 1425707 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 141, 153 ], [ 212, 222 ], [ 275, 284 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Since the turn of the millennium, even though they have received only sporadic radio and TV airplay, B.U.G. Mafia and Paraziții have earned a cult status among Romanians, and they are still popular to this day. B.U.G. Mafia were the first Romanian rap group to perform outside Romania, touring in Italy, Spain, Germany and the United Kingdom.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Summary", "target_page_ids": [ 409812, 1425707, 409812, 14532, 26667, 11867, 31717 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 101, 113 ], [ 118, 127 ], [ 211, 223 ], [ 297, 302 ], [ 304, 309 ], [ 311, 318 ], [ 327, 341 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In the late 2000s, besides the commercial success of La Familia member Puya, a new wave of rappers such as Guess Who, Grasu XXL, Spike, Cabron, Maximilian, Tranda, Nane and the groups C.T.C. and Specii rose to prominence, some of them dominating the charts. Some current old-school-inspired groups and artists include Haarp Cord, El Nino, Jianu, Zale, Nimeni Altu', Vescan and Phunk B.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Summary", "target_page_ids": [ 25358792, 9896053 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 107, 116 ], [ 184, 190 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 2012, trap music was introduced in Romania by Andrei Bozeanu (Boz). Boz, from Olteniţa, founded the ChoppaMusicGroup record company in the same year. Boz is known for his collaborations with US trap artists such as Future and Young Thug", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Summary", "target_page_ids": [ 34768335, 41620875 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 218, 224 ], [ 229, 239 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "This allowed the emergence of other rappers, such as Satra B.E.N.Z., Viktor Cage, Shift, Golani, Lino Golden, Amuly, Azteca, lan, Kiv-u, Lil Cojo, Aerozen, Bvcovia, abi, Tussin, xZeT, NMW group. Other well-known artists such as DOC, Deliric, Nane, Arkanian, Blvck Matias and Alex Velea have released trap songs.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Summary", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "A documentary about the history of Romanian Hip-Hop under the name \"From the Shadows / Din Umbre\" was set to be released in 2015.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Summary", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] } ]

[ "Romanian_hip_hop" ]

[]

[ { "plaintext": "Modern French 100mm naval guns are multipurpose artillery pieces (anti-air, anti-ship, and shore bombardment), capable of a high rate of fire. Most modern French warships are or were equipped with one of its versions.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "At the end of the Second World War, the French Navy was equipped with guns of numerous calibres, most of which were obsolete. In 1953, the STCAN of Paris, under engineer Tonnelé, drafted the design of a multi-purpose 100mm gun. The gun was designed to be effective for anti-aircraft defence, anti-ship combat, and shore bombardment fire support.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 32927, 146640, 1597900, 511891 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 18, 34 ], [ 269, 282 ], [ 292, 301 ], [ 314, 331 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The first model of the family, \"modèle 53\", was tested at sea on the escort Le Brestois in 1958 and the escort aviso Victor Schoelcher in 1961.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The most common version, modèle 68, features a completely automatic action and control. The ammunition is stored in a magazine underneath the turret, and fed to the gun by a lift operated by a team of two. A flexible pipe allows feeding the gun under any orientation.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Description", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Rounds of ammunition are fed automatically; after firing, the empty shell casing is ejected through an evacuation door on the front of the turret. Cooling is provided by water circulating in layers of steel around the tube of the gun, and by an injection of air and water after every shot.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Description", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The turret can be used in three modes:", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Description", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Remote control by the main weapon control system, from the Operation Center", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Description", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Remote control from a secondary weapon control system", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Description", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Manual control by the joystick at the left of the gun (except the 100TR version)", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Description", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "In manual mode, a team of two serve the turret: the gunner, at the left of the gun, uses a joystick to point the gun, and optic ranging and aiming instruments to direct the fire; the observer monitors the operations from the back of the turret.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Description", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Aiming is performed by two electric motors, one for the elevation (left of the turret) and the other for the traverse (right of the turret). Two hydraulic systems feed the gun. The gun can also be moved manually for maintenance.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Description", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Since it is usually installed on the bow deck of warships, these turrets are often exposed to breaking waves and humidity. To prevent corrosion and mechanical problems, the turret is made water-tight with rubber joints. The muzzle itself is sealed by a rubber tampion, which can be shot through in case of emergency.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Description", "target_page_ids": [ 1133040 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 260, 267 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The plexiglas viewbay used to manually aim the gun is usually protected by a steel cover.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Description", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Over the years, the 100mm turret went through several improvements, notably bringing more reliable operation and increased firing rate, new ammunition optimized to shoot down missiles, and compatibility with modern firing computers. Four main versions of French 100mm guns can be cited:", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Versions", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Modèle 53: the first shell had to be fed manually, with subsequent shots taking advantage of recoil to load automatically, firing at up to 60 rounds per minute. Employs electro-mechanical fire control, with two manual command stations on the front of the turret. ", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Versions", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Modèle 64 is a direct offspring of the 53, with a 78 round/min rate of fire. This version can be connected to modern firing computers.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Versions", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Modèle 68 In this model, the turret was lightened and can load the first round automatically, but rate of fire is reduced back to 60 rounds per minute. This version may operate with automatic action and control with only one manual station remaining as a backup. This version was later improved to the CADAM standard (Cadence Améliorée, \"improved rate of fire\"), restoring the 78 rounds/min rate of fire. A derivative is the modèle 100 TR (used on thes), mechanically similar to the 68, but with a stealth armour. The manual control has been removed.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Versions", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Compact: This weapon has only been exported to China (see also China's Type 210 100 mm naval gun), Malaysia, Portugal and Saudi Arabia. It is even lighter than the modèle 68, at only 19 metric tons including gunhouse (14 metric ton alone), deck and magazine. Later Mk 2 versions also fire faster, at up to 90 rounds per minute. However, it is also limited to firing short bursts of no more than 6 rounds.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Versions", "target_page_ids": [ 8755534 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 72, 97 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The 100mm gun has been used in the French navy on most warships equal or greater than avisos (the A69 especially, built and exported in 20 units). The aircraft carrier , with her MBDA Aster-only defence, is the main exception. Also, Horizon CNGF frigates are equipped with the 76 mm Oto-Melara gun.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Usage", "target_page_ids": [ 1866980, 480243, 650837, 2399470 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 86, 91 ], [ 179, 189 ], [ 233, 245 ], [ 277, 297 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The 100mm has been sold abroad, and is used by the navies of Argentina, Belgium, China, Portugal, Turkey, Brazil, Saudi Arabia, Bulgaria & Germany (mounted on s and s; both classes are now retired), and others. Belgian s equipped with the system were sold to Bulgaria in 2004-2008.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Usage", "target_page_ids": [ 490409, 4084788, 24918, 349303, 3972882, 12960, 3972882 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 61, 70 ], [ 72, 79 ], [ 81, 86 ], [ 114, 126 ], [ 128, 136 ], [ 139, 146 ], [ 259, 267 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 4.5 inch Mark 8 naval gun: contemporary standard naval gun for British ships", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 8135797 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 26 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 5\"/54 caliber Mark 45 gun: contemporary standard naval gun for US ships", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 3443696 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 26 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " AK-130: contemporary 130mm twin standard naval gun mounting for Russian ships", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 53044646 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 7 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Otobreda 127/54 Compact and Otobreda 127/64: contemporary 127mm naval gun from Italian manufacturer Oto Melara", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 8894758, 18008751, 1883992 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 24 ], [ 29, 44 ], [ 101, 111 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " NavWeaps French Naval Guns", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Le canon de 100mm (Netmarine.net)", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] } ]

[ "Naval_guns_of_France", "100_mm_artillery", "Military_equipment_introduced_in_the_1950s" ]

[ "100mm French gun" ]

[ { "plaintext": "George March Hinkle (November 13, 1801 – November 9, 1861) was an early leader in the Latter Day Saint movement.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 420883 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 86, 111 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Hinkle was born in Jefferson County, Kentucky, to Michael Hinkle and Nancy Higgins. George married Sarah Ann Stark (or Adams), who died in 1844 or 1845. He subsequently married the widow Mary Loman Hartman, and she outlived him. Hinkle lived in Iowa where he was commissioned a colonel in the militia. He died in 1861 and is buried in Hamilton Cemetery in Pleasanton, Iowa.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Personal life", "target_page_ids": [ 95585, 26810748, 112975 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 19, 45 ], [ 245, 249 ], [ 356, 372 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "George joined the Church of Christ in 1832. He sat on the church's high council in Far West, Missouri, and led the settlement of De Witt, Missouri. He was commissioned a colonel in the Missouri militia and was the commander of the militia in predominantly Mormon Caldwell County. During the 1838 Mormon War at the siege of Far West, Hinkle negotiated a peace with Colonel Lucas of the Missouri militia, which included the surrender of church leaders to the custody of Colonel Lucas. This \"custody\" eventually resulted in imprisonment in Liberty Jail. In making the agreement, Hinkle told Joseph Smith to walk into the militia's camp to discuss the matter. John P. Greene, \"an authorized representative of the Mormons,\" portrayed Hinkle's actions as \"deceit and stratagem\" and \"treachery.\" Smith would later win a lawsuit against Hinkle for the cost of personal property taken from Smith's home by Hinkle after Smith was taken into custody. Hinkle was excommunicated on March 17, 1839, along with John Corrill and W. W. Phelps, who had also met with Colonel Lucas.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Church of Christ", "target_page_ids": [ 420967, 1468144, 1095609, 122574, 18925, 94684, 780740, 1063276, 12490361, 10338, 3965453, 1460128 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 18, 34 ], [ 67, 79 ], [ 83, 101 ], [ 129, 146 ], [ 256, 262 ], [ 263, 278 ], [ 291, 306 ], [ 537, 549 ], [ 656, 670 ], [ 951, 965 ], [ 996, 1008 ], [ 1013, 1025 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Still a believer after his excommunication, in 1840 Hinkle founded a Latter Day Saint denomination known as the Church of Jesus Christ, the Bride, the Lamb's Wife. Its membership drew primarily from members who had dissented from the church when it was headquartered in Far West in 1838.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Church of Jesus Christ, the Bride, the Lamb's Wife", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The church was organized by Hinkle on June 24, 1840; it held its first conference in the town of Moscow, Iowa Territory, on November 20, 1842.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Church of Jesus Christ, the Bride, the Lamb's Wife", "target_page_ids": [ 18057555, 452784 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 97, 103 ], [ 105, 119 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In September 1843, John C. Bennett attended a conference of Hinkle's church. After this conference, Bennett began writing about the Mormon \"Doctrine of Marrying for Eternity,\" which Hinkle appears to have conveyed to Bennett.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Church of Jesus Christ, the Bride, the Lamb's Wife", "target_page_ids": [ 1930985 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 19, 34 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Richard P. Howard, The Church through the Years, Independence, Missouri: Herald House, 1992, p.305.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Sources", "target_page_ids": [ 5834487 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 73, 85 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Lavina Fielding Anderson, Lucy's Book, Salt Lake City, Utah: Signature Books, 2001, p.826.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Sources", "target_page_ids": [ 1886383, 2893690 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 24 ], [ 61, 76 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "John P. Greene, Facts Relative to the Expulsion of the Mormons or Latter-day Saints from the State of Missouri under the 'Exterminating Order, Cincinnati, Ohio: R. P. Brooks, 1839, p.25.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Sources", "target_page_ids": [ 12490361 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 14 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "John C. Bennett, letter to the editor, Hawk-Eye and Iowa Patriot, October 28, 1843.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Sources", "target_page_ids": [ 1930985 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 15 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Biography of George Hinkle, Joseph Smith Papers (accessed January 9, 2012)", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Sources", "target_page_ids": [ 16065942 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 28, 47 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Steven L. Shields, Divergent Paths of the Restoration: A History of the Latter Day Saint Movement, Restoration Research, Los Angeles: 1990, p.25.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Sources", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] } ]

[ "1801_births", "1838_Mormon_War", "1861_deaths", "American_Latter_Day_Saint_leaders", "American_Latter_Day_Saints", "Latter_Day_Saint_leaders", "Leaders_in_the_Church_of_Christ_(Latter_Day_Saints)", "People_excommunicated_by_the_Church_of_Christ_(Latter_Day_Saints)", "Religious_leaders_from_Louisville,_Kentucky", "Religious_leaders_from_Missouri" ]

[ "George March Hinkle" ]

[ { "plaintext": "Torah reading (; ) is a Jewish religious tradition that involves the public reading of a set of passages from a Torah scroll. The term often refers to the entire ceremony of removing the scroll (or scrolls) from the Torah ark, chanting the appropriate excerpt with special cantillation (trope), and returning the scroll(s) to the ark.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 15624, 25414, 30067, 979022, 855808, 622915 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 25, 31 ], [ 32, 41 ], [ 42, 51 ], [ 113, 125 ], [ 217, 226 ], [ 274, 286 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "It is also commonly called \"laining\" (lein is also spelt lain, leyn, layn; from the Yiddish , which means \"to read\").", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Regular public reading of the Torah was introduced by Ezra the Scribe after the return of the Judean exiles from the Babylonian captivity ( BCE), as described in the Book of Nehemiah. In the modern era, Orthodox Jews practice Torah reading according to a set procedure almost unchanged since the Talmudic era. In the 19th and 20th centuries CE, Reform Judaism and Conservative Judaism have made adaptations to the practice of Torah reading, but the basic pattern of Torah reading has usually remained the same:", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 30343, 9839, 69313, 58224, 4362, 22518, 30345, 26036, 6623 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 30, 35 ], [ 54, 58 ], [ 63, 69 ], [ 117, 137 ], [ 166, 182 ], [ 203, 216 ], [ 296, 304 ], [ 345, 359 ], [ 364, 384 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "As a part of the morning or afternoon prayer services on certain days of the week or holidays, a section of the Pentateuch is read from a Torah scroll. On Shabbat (Saturday) mornings, a weekly section (known as a sedra or parashah) is read, selected so that the entire Pentateuch is read consecutively each year. On seventh day afternoons, second days, and fifth days, the beginning of the following seventh day's portion is read. On Jewish holidays, Rosh Chodesh, and fast days, special sections connected to the day are read.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 30343, 28809, 30665676, 827482, 16147, 829377, 1928632, 22387473 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 112, 122 ], [ 155, 162 ], [ 213, 218 ], [ 222, 230 ], [ 434, 449 ], [ 451, 463 ], [ 469, 478 ], [ 480, 496 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Many Jews observe an annual holiday, Simchat Torah, to celebrate the completion of the year's cycle of readings.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 332243 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 37, 50 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The introduction of public reading of the Torah by Ezra the Scribe after the return of the Judean exiles is described in Nehemiah Chapter 8. However, the reading of the Torah three times a week (albeit not as many verses) goes back to the times of Moshe.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Origins and history of the practice", "target_page_ids": [ 30343, 9839, 4362, 19374924 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 42, 47 ], [ 51, 55 ], [ 121, 129 ], [ 249, 254 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The mitzvah of Torah reading was based on the Biblical commandment of Hakhel (Deuteronomy 31:10–13), by which once every 7 years the entire people was to be gathered, \"men, women and children,\" and hear much of Deuteronomy, the final volume of the Pentateuch, read to them (see the closing chapters of the Talmudic tractate Sotah) by the King.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Origins and history of the practice", "target_page_ids": [ 8547, 30345, 25252109 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 78, 89 ], [ 306, 314 ], [ 324, 329 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Torah reading is discussed in the Mishna and Talmud, primarily in tractate Megilla.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Origins and history of the practice", "target_page_ids": [ 19518, 30345, 9384278 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 34, 40 ], [ 45, 51 ], [ 66, 82 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "It has been suggested that the reading of the Law was due to a desire to controvert the views of the Samaritans with regard to the various festivals, for which reason arrangements were made to have the passages of the Pentateuch relating to those festivals read and expounded on the feast-days themselves.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Origins and history of the practice", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "An alternative triennial cycle of Torah readings also existed at that time, a system whereby each week the portion read was approximately a third of the current. According to the Jewish Encyclopedia, the triennial cycle \"was the practice in Palestine, whereas in Babylonia the entire Pentateuch was read in the synagogue in the course of a single year.\" As late as 1170 Benjamin of Tudela mentioned Egyptian congregations that took three years to read the Torah.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Origins and history of the practice", "target_page_ids": [ 225815, 1349711, 1935334 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 179, 198 ], [ 370, 388 ], [ 399, 421 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Joseph Jacobs, in the Jewish Encyclopedia article mentioned, notes that the transition from the triennial to the annual reading of the Law and the transference of the beginning of the cycle to the month of Tishri are attributed by Sándor Büchler to the influence of Abba Arika, also known as \"Rab\" or \"Rav\" (175–247 CE), a Jewish Talmudist who lived in Babylonia, and who established at Sura the systematic study of the rabbinic traditions, which, using the Mishnah as text, led to the compilation of the Talmud:", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Origins and history of the practice", "target_page_ids": [ 5076629, 5325825, 2670, 420116 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 13 ], [ 231, 245 ], [ 266, 276 ], [ 387, 391 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The current practice in Orthodox synagogues follows the annual/Babylonian cycle. At the time of the Jewish Encyclopedia's publication (1901–06), the author noted that there were only \"slight traces of the triennial cycle in the four special Sabbaths and in some of the passages read upon the festivals, which are frequently sections of the triennial cycle, and not of the annual one\".", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Origins and history of the practice", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "In the 19th and 20th centuries, some Conservative (as evidenced in the Etz Hayim chumash) and most Reform, Reconstructionist and Renewal congregations have switched to a triennial cycle, where the first third of each parashah is read one year, the second third the next year and the final third in a third year. This must be distinguished from the ancient practice, which was to read each seder in serial order regardless of the week of the year, completing the entire Torah in three (or three and a half) years in a linear fashion.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Origins and history of the practice", "target_page_ids": [ 15087980, 1810735 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 71, 80 ], [ 81, 88 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The first segment (of seven) of each weekly parashah from the Torah is read during the morning services on Mondays and Thursdays. The entire weekly parashah is read on Saturdays. Most major and minor festival and fast days have a unique Torah reading devoted to that day. The Torah is also read during afternoon services on Saturdays, fasts, and Yom Kippur.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Occasions when the Torah is read", "target_page_ids": [ 827482, 16161, 28809, 16147, 34382 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 44, 52 ], [ 95, 103 ], [ 168, 177 ], [ 200, 222 ], [ 346, 356 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "When the Torah is read in the morning, it comes after Tachanun or Hallel, or, if these are omitted, immediately after the Amidah. The Torah reading is followed by the recitation of the Half Kaddish.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Occasions when the Torah is read", "target_page_ids": [ 6645537, 1236379, 213399, 16776 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 54, 62 ], [ 66, 72 ], [ 122, 128 ], [ 190, 197 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "When the Torah is read during the afternoon prayers, it occurs immediately before the Amidah.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Occasions when the Torah is read", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The term \"Torah reading\" is often used to refer to the entire ceremony of taking the Torah scroll (or scrolls) out of its ark, reading excerpts from the Torah with a special tune, and putting the scroll(s) back in the Ark.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Procedure", "target_page_ids": [ 979022, 622915 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 85, 97 ], [ 166, 178 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Torah scroll is stored in an ornamental cabinet, called a holy ark (), designed specifically for Torah scrolls. The Holy Ark is usually found in the front of the sanctuary, and is a central element of synagogue architecture. When needed for reading, the Torah is removed from the ark by someone chosen for the honor from among the congregants; specific prayers are recited as it is removed. The Torah is then carried by the one leading the services to the bimah — a platform or table from which it will be read; further prayers are recited by the congregation while this is done.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Procedure", "target_page_ids": [ 855808, 570855, 157955, 2144587 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 62, 70 ], [ 335, 346 ], [ 424, 452 ], [ 460, 465 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Ikuv keriah, no longer practiced, was a procedure by which community members could have their grievances addressed by interfering with the service at the time the Torah was removed from the Ark.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Procedure", "target_page_ids": [ 55482009 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 11 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In the Sefardic tradition, the Torah is lifted before the reading, and this is called \"Levantar,\" Spanish for \"to lift up\". In the Yemenite tradition, the Torah remains in a resting position while just the parchment is raised.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Procedure", "target_page_ids": [ 150185, 18910757, 348787 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 7, 15 ], [ 98, 105 ], [ 131, 139 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In Ashkenazic tradition, lifting is called \"Hagbaha\" and is now usually done after the reading. The order was a matter of medieval dispute but the position of the Kol Bo, lifting before, eventually lost to that of Moses Isserles and is followed in only a few Ashkenazic communities. Two honorees are called: the Magbiah (\"lifter\") performs Hagbaha (\"lifting [of the Torah]\") and displays the Torah's Hebrew text for all to see, after which the Golel (\"roller\") performs Gelila (\"rolling\" [of the Torah]\") and puts on the cover, belt, crown, and/or other ornaments (this role, originally distinguished, is now often given to minors). In Conservative, Reform, Reconstructionist, and some Open Orthodox congregations, these roles may also be performed by a woman. The respective titles for women are \"Magbihah\" and \"Golelet\". Rashi says on Megillah 32a that these roles were originally performed by the same honoree.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Procedure", "target_page_ids": [ 150184, 9182385, 1226858, 7906553 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 3, 13 ], [ 163, 169 ], [ 214, 228 ], [ 686, 699 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "As the Hagbaha is performed, the congregation points toward the Torah scroll with their pinky fingers and recites Deut. 4:44, \"And this is the Law which Moses set before the people of Israel\", adding, \"on the word of the LORD, by hand of Moses.\" The custom of pointing has no clear origin. The medieval Ashkenazic custom (according to Moses Isserles) was to bow toward the scroll during Hagbaha; pointing with the pinky, first recorded as a \"Russian\" custom by the 1912 Jewish Encyclopedia, was codified by the Me'am Loez in 1969. Twentieth-century additions to the Me'am Loez were written by an Ashkenazi, Shmuel Kroizer, but the Sephardic prestige of the work has helped the custom become near-universal among both Sephardic and Ashkenazi Jews.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Procedure", "target_page_ids": [ 1226858, 7259748 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 335, 349 ], [ 511, 521 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In Ashkenazic congregations, the Magbiah will usually sit holding the scroll until after the Haftarah is performed and the chazzan takes it from him to return it to the ark. In some congregations, the scroll is instead placed on the bimah or handed to a different honoree (frequently a minor) to sit and hold.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Procedure", "target_page_ids": [ 2144587 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 233, 238 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "A synagogue official, called a gabbai, then calls up several people (men in most Orthodox and some Conservative congregations, men and women in others, and both men and women at Reform congregations) in turn, to be honored with an aliyah (, pl. aliyot; \"ascent\" or \"going up\"). The honoree, or oleh (plural olim), stands at the bima and recites a blessing, after which either the oleh or, more usually, a designated reader reads a section of the day's Torah portion, followed by another blessing recited by the oleh. ", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Procedure", "target_page_ids": [ 48559, 30865149, 22518, 6623, 26036 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 2, 11 ], [ 31, 37 ], [ 81, 89 ], [ 99, 111 ], [ 178, 184 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "There are always at least three aliyot in a given Torah-reading service:", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Procedure", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "On Saturday mornings, there are seven olim, the maximum of any day, but more may be added if desired, by subdividing these seven aliyot or repeating passages (according to the custom of some communities). When a festival or Yom Kippur coincides with Shabbat the readings are divided into seven aliyot instead of five or six.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Procedure", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "In most congregations, the oleh does not himself read the Torah aloud. Rather, he stands near it while a practiced expert, called a ba'al keri'ah (\"one in charge of reading\"; sometimes ba'al kore), reads the Torah, with cantillation, for the congregation. In some congregations the oleh follows along with the expert, reading in a whisper. In Yemenite communities, the oleh reads the portion himself, while another person, usually a young boy, recites the targum after each verse.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Procedure", "target_page_ids": [ 47765179, 622915, 348787, 30377 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 132, 145 ], [ 220, 232 ], [ 343, 351 ], [ 456, 462 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In both Orthodox and Conservative congregations, it is common practice to give out an aliyah to a man (or woman, in Conservative congregations) who has just recovered from a serious illness, or returned from a long trip, or survived some other significant danger, in order to allow him (or her) to recite a special blessing, known as \"benching gomel\".", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Procedure", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Aliyot are also given to a groom-to-be, or in egalitarian congregations, the bride-to-be and groom-to-be, together, in a pre-wedding ceremony known as an \"aufruf\".", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Procedure", "target_page_ids": [ 4691143 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 155, 161 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In Jewish custom, baby boys are named in a special ceremony, known as a brit milah, but baby girls are often named during the Torah reading on Shabbat or a holiday, with the father (in non-egalitarian congregations) or both parents (in egalitarian congregations) being called up for an aliyah prior to the naming, and a special blessing for the baby.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Procedure", "target_page_ids": [ 4768 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 72, 82 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "According to Orthodox Judaism, the first oleh (person called to read) is a kohen and the second a levi; the third oleh is Yisr'el, Jews who are neither kohen nor levi. Regarding subsequent Aliyot (4-7 on the Sabbath), according to the Ashkenazic tradition, these must be given to Yisr'elim, whereas according to the Sephardic tradition, they can be given to anyone. (This assumes that such people are available; there are rules in place for what is done if they are not.) The first two aliyot are referred to as \"Kohen \" and \"Levi,\" while the rest are known by their number (in Hebrew). This practice is also followed in some but not all Conservative synagogues. Reform and Reconstructionist Judaism have abolished special ritual roles for the descendants of the Biblical priestly and levitical castes.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Procedure", "target_page_ids": [ 22518, 28159267, 72346, 70577, 6623, 26036, 26037 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 13, 29 ], [ 35, 45 ], [ 75, 80 ], [ 99, 103 ], [ 642, 654 ], [ 667, 673 ], [ 678, 695 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Each oleh, after being called to the Torah, approaches it, recites a benediction, a portion is read, and the oleh concludes with another benediction. Then the next oleh is called.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Procedure", "target_page_ids": [ 30876253 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 69, 80 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The gabbai recites a Hebrew verse upon calling the first person to the Torah. After that, men are called with: \"Ya'amod (Let him arise), [Hebrew Name] ben (son of) [Father's Hebrew name] [Ha-Kohen (the Kohen) / Ha-Levi (the Levite)] (the name of the Aliyah in Hebrew).\" In synagogues where women may receive aliyot, women are called with \"Ta'amod (Let her arise), [Hebrew Name] bat (daughter of) [Father's Hebrew name] [Ha-Kohen (the Kohen) / Ha-Levi (the Levite)] (the name of the Aliyah in Hebrew).\"", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Procedure", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "These aliyot are followed by half-kaddish. When the Torah is read in the afternoon, kaddish is not recited at this point, but rather after the Torah has been returned to the Ark.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Procedure", "target_page_ids": [ 16776 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 34, 41 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The oleh hastens from his seat to the desk, going directly to the desk without any interruptions. Although around the world, including North America, many congregations will have a trained scroll reader for the actual recitation, the very considerable honor of the reading is attributed to the oleh. If there was a previous portion read, the previous oleh then steps aside from the desk. The oleh takes his place at the desk facing the open scroll, the verse where his portion begins is pointed out for him, he may kiss the scroll (usually by kissing the corner of his prayer shawl or the Torah wrapping and then touching that to the margin – not the writing – of the scroll), and then he may close his eyes, or avert his face, or otherwise indicate that the blessing he is about to recite is not being read from the text of the Torah. While reciting the blessings he holds both handles of the scroll, and if the actual scroll reading is done by someone else, the oleh steps to the side but continues to hold with one hand one of the scroll's handles.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Procedure", "target_page_ids": [ 148411 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 569, 581 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The preliminary blessing", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Procedure", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The oleh says, preferably in a confident voice (as this is a call for a congregational response):", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Procedure", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "בָּרְכוּ אֶת יְיָ הַמְבֹרָךְ׃ ", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Procedure", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Bar'chu es Adonai ham'vorach. ", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Procedure", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "You will bless The Lord the Blessed one.° (° or \"who is to be blessed \")", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Procedure", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The congregation responds with the traditional blessing:", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Procedure", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "בָּרוּךְ יְיָ הַמְבֹרָךְ לְעוֹלָם וָעֶד׃ ", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Procedure", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Baruch Adonai ham'vorach l'olam va'ed.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Procedure", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Bless The Lord who is (to be) blessed forever and eternally.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Procedure", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The oleh now repeats the blessing just uttered by the congregation.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Procedure", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The oleh will then say: ", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Procedure", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "בָּרוּךְ אַתָּה יְיָ אֱלֹהֵינוּ מֶלֶךְ הָעוֹלָם׃ ", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Procedure", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "אֲשֶׁר בָּחַר בָּנוּ מִכָּל הָעַמִּים וְנָתַן לָנוּ אֶת תּוֹרָתוֹ׃ ", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Procedure", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "בָּרוּךְ אַתָּה יְיָ נוֹתֵן הַתּוֹרָה׃ ", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Procedure", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Baruch atah Adonai, Eloheynu melech ha'olam. ", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Procedure", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Asher bachar banu mikol ha'amim v'nosan lanu es toraso. ", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Procedure", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Baruch atah Adonai, nosayn hatorah.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Procedure", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Blessed are You, O Lord our God, king of all existence,", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Procedure", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Who chose us from among all nations and who gave us your Torah. ", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Procedure", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Blessed are You, O Lord, who gives the Torah.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Procedure", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " [Congregation: ] Amen.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Procedure", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The concluding benediction", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Procedure", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The portion of the Torah is then read. If a more skilled person is doing the recitation, the oleh will follow the reading (using the scroll or a printed book) in a subdued voice, as will the members of the congregation. When the portion is finished, the oleh then says the concluding benediction:", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Procedure", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "בָּרוּךְ אַתָּה יְיָ אֱלֹהֵינוּ מֶלֶךְ הָעוֹלָם׃ ", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Procedure", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "אֲשֶׁר נָתַן לָנוּ תּוֹרַת אֶמֶת׃ ", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Procedure", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "וְחַיֵי עוֹלָם נָטַע בְּתוֹכֵנוּ׃ ", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Procedure", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "בָּרוּךְ אַתָּה יְיָ נוֹתֵן הַתּוֹרָה׃ ", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Procedure", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Baruch atah Adonai, Eloheynu melech ha'olam.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Procedure", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Asher nosan lanu Toras emes.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Procedure", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Ve'chayay olam nota besohaynu. ", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Procedure", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Baruch atah Adonai, nosayn ha-torah.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Procedure", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Blessed are You, O Lord our God, king of all existence,", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Procedure", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Who has given us the Torah of the truth,", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Procedure", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "and life everlasting within us.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Procedure", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Blessed are You, O Lord, who gives the Torah.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Procedure", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " [Congregation: ] Amen.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Procedure", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "At this point, if the oleh has recently been in danger of death (such as serious sickness or surgery or an airplane flight or captivity), he will add the Birkhat HaGomel – a blessing of thanks to God \"who has dealt kindly with me\". The officiant may add a benediction for the oleh's good health, and there are some other blessings that may be added depending on the situation. The oleh will kiss the scroll again, and may shake hands with the oleh of the previous portion, who now returns to his seat, and if there is another portion to be read, the oleh steps aside for the next oleh, stands beside the desk while the next oleh reads his portion, shakes his hand and offers felicitation, thanks the officiant and the actual scroll reader for the honor he has received, and then returns to his seat – but slowly, as if reluctant to leave the scroll, and probably will pause on the way to accept the felicitations of various members of the congregation.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Procedure", "target_page_ids": [ 30876253 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 154, 169 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In North America, and elsewhere, many congregations extend the honor of an aliyah to visitors or new members, to members who have recently attained a major life event, and to the relatives of the bar mitzvah boy. Refusing an aliyah is regarded as an insult to the Torah itself. It would be desirable that anyone who might expect such an honor would rehearse these blessings beforehand in order to do a creditable performance when the occasion occurs.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Procedure", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "After the reading, if the Torah is not in a wooden case, the Golel (\"roller\") performs Gelila (\"rolling up\"), then binds the Torah with a sash and replaces the Torah's cover. This honor is sometimes given to a child under Bar Mitzvah age.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Procedure", "target_page_ids": [ 52526 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 222, 233 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "On days when a haftarah is read (see Haftarah below), there is a final aliyah after the kaddish, called maftir. The person called to that aliyah, as well, is known as \"the maftir.\" On holidays, maftir is read from the Torah verses describing the sacrifices brought in the Temple in Jerusalem on that particular holiday. In progressive synagogues alternative readings are read. On Saturday, the maftir is a repetition of the last few verses of the parsha.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Procedure", "target_page_ids": [ 16776, 1448292, 30526, 876106 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 88, 95 ], [ 104, 110 ], [ 272, 291 ], [ 447, 453 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "When the Torah is read on the afternoon of a fast day (and on Yom Kippur), the third aliyah is considered the maftir, and is followed immediately by the haftarah.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Procedure", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "On Saturday and holiday mornings, as well as on Tisha B'av in the morning (in many communities), the afternoons of fast days (in many communities) and Yom Kippur, the Torah reading concludes with the haftarah – a reading from one of the Books of Prophets. The haftarah usually relates in some way to either the Torah reading of that day, a theme of the holiday, or the time of year.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Procedure", "target_page_ids": [ 16147, 311176, 45707 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 16, 23 ], [ 48, 58 ], [ 237, 254 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Torah scroll is then put back in its ark to the accompaniment of specific prayers.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Procedure", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The Chazzan takes the Torah scroll in his right arm and recites \"Let them praise the name of HaShem, for his name alone will have been exalted.\" The congregation then responds with Psalm 148, verses 13–14.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Procedure", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The cycle of weekly readings is fixed. Because the Hebrew calendar varies from year to year, two readings are sometimes combined so that the entire Pentateuch is read over the course of a year.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "What is read", "target_page_ids": [ 13782 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 51, 66 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "On Shabbat mornings, the weekly Torah portion (parashah) is read. It is divided into seven aliyot (see above for more on aliyot).", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "What is read", "target_page_ids": [ 28809, 827482 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 3, 10 ], [ 25, 45 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "On Monday and Thursday mornings (except if there is another special reading) and on Saturday afternoons, a small section of the upcoming week's parashah is read, divided into three aliyot", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "What is read", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "On Jewish holidays, the reading relates to the day. For example, on Passover the congregation reads various sections of the Pentateuch that relate to that holiday.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "What is read", "target_page_ids": [ 16147, 23059 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 3, 18 ], [ 68, 76 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "When multiple special occasions occur at the same time, there is a standard order of precedence. Generally speaking, when major Jewish holidays occur on Shabbat the holiday portion is read, although divided into the seven portions for Shabbat rather than the number appropriate for the holiday — there is a special reading for when Shabbat coincides with the Chol HaMoed (intermediate days) of Passover or Sukkot. However, when Shabbat coincides with minor holidays, such as Rosh Chodesh (New month) or Hanukkah, the regular reading for Shabbat is read, plus an additional reading (maftir) relevant to the occasion. The additional reading is read from a second scroll if available. On rare occasions, such as when a Rosh Chodesh falls on a Shabbat that also commemorates another occasion, such as Hanukkah or when one of the four special additional readings read prior to Passover, there are two additional readings and three scrolls (if available) are read.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "What is read", "target_page_ids": [ 16147, 28809, 28809, 28809, 4100126, 23059, 28622, 28809, 829377, 7388, 28809, 1448292, 829377, 7388, 23059 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 128, 143 ], [ 153, 160 ], [ 235, 242 ], [ 332, 339 ], [ 359, 370 ], [ 394, 402 ], [ 406, 412 ], [ 428, 435 ], [ 475, 487 ], [ 503, 511 ], [ 537, 544 ], [ 582, 588 ], [ 716, 728 ], [ 797, 805 ], [ 872, 880 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "On Simchat Torah (), the order of weekly readings is completed, and the day is celebrated with various customs involving the Torah. The Torah is read at night – a unique occurrence, preceded by seven rounds of song and dance (hakafot, sing. hakafah; some communities have hakafot without subsequently reading the Torah.) During the hakafot, most or all of the synagogue's Torah scrolls are removed from the Holy Ark, and carried around the Bimah by members of the congregation.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Simchat Torah", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "On the day of Simchat Torah (in Judaism, day follows night), some communities repeat the seven rounds of song and dance to varying degrees, while in others the Torah scrolls are only carried around the Bimah (seven times) symbolically. Afterwards, many communities have the custom of calling every member of the congregation for an aliyah, which is accomplished by repeatedly re-reading the day's five aliyot. The process is often expedited by splitting the congregants into multiple rooms, to each of which a Torah is brought for the reading.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Simchat Torah", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Following the regular aliyot, the honor of Hatan Torah (\"Groom of the Torah\") is given to a distinguished member of the congregation, who is called for an aliyah in which the remaining verses of the Torah are read, to complete that year's reading. Another member of the congregation is honored with Hatan Bereishit (\"Groom of Genesis\"), and receives an aliyah in which the first verses of the Torah, containing the creation account of Genesis, are read (a second copy of the Torah is usually used, so that the first need not be rolled all the way to the beginning while the congregants wait). Afterwards, the services proceed in the usual manner, with the maftir and haftarah for Simchat Torah.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Simchat Torah", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The Talmud states that \"anyone can be called up to read from the Torah, even a minor and even a woman, but our sages taught that we do not call a woman on account of Kevod Hatzibur\" (the dignity of the congregation; Megillah 23a). This statement is mirrored in the Shulchan Aruch, Orach Hayim 282:3.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Women and Torah reading", "target_page_ids": [ 30345, 590078, 149176 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 10 ], [ 216, 224 ], [ 265, 279 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Based on this in most Orthodox congregations, only men are called to the Torah. This term is interpreted in numerous ways by various sources.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Women and Torah reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "It would slight the community because it would appear to others that the men in the community were not well educated enough to read from the Torah because it was assumed that a community would not have a woman read from the Torah if there were men who could do so. ", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Women and Torah reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "It imposes unnecessary bother on the congregation, or that disturbs the seriousness and propriety of the synagogue service.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Women and Torah reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "A women is not a worthy representative of the community.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Women and Torah reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "It is a social construct and in the time of the Talmud and Shulchan Aruch women were not significant members of society.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Women and Torah reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Other opinions permit women to participate in regular Torah reading on Shabbat. This opinion has been advocated by Rabbi Mendel Shapiro and Professor Rabbi Daniel Sperber among others. These communities identify themselves as \"partnership minyanim\". These innovations are not accepted in Orthodox communities.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Women and Torah reading", "target_page_ids": [ 28809, 4405632, 4398209, 4655178 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 71, 78 ], [ 121, 135 ], [ 156, 170 ], [ 227, 247 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "A growing number of Modern Orthodox congregations have added either all-female prayer groups, where women are permitted to read. The Chief Rabbi of the Commonwealth, Rabbi Ephraim Mirvis stated that women were not permitted to read from the Torah in the United Synagogues.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Women and Torah reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "In congregations who call women to the Torah through either a women's minyan or a partnership minyan, girls attain Bat Mitzvah at the age of 12 as in other Orthodox congregations rather than 13 (as in some Conservative and liberal congregations). In all-women's services, it is often customary to call a Bat Kohen (daughter of a Kohen) and a Bat Levi (daughter of a Levite) for the first and second aliyah. In partnership minyan services, only men are called for the Kohen and Levi aliyah (unless there is no Kohen present)", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Women and Torah reading", "target_page_ids": [ 52526, 72346, 72346, 70577, 70577 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 115, 126 ], [ 304, 313 ], [ 329, 334 ], [ 342, 350 ], [ 366, 372 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Most but not all Conservative congregations permit women to have an aliyah for at least part of the reading. Many Conservative congregations, and nearly all Reform, Reconstructionist, and Renewal congregations, practice complete gender egalitarianism.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Women and Torah reading", "target_page_ids": [ 10113 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 236, 250 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Conservative Judaism generally follows practices for Torah reading similar to Orthodox Judaism except that:", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Conservative Judaism", "target_page_ids": [ 22518 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 78, 94 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " In most but not all Conservative synagogues, women can receive an aliyah and can chant from the Torah out loud (\"leyn\"). This has been an option for Conservative synagogues since 1955.", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Conservative Judaism", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "In some Conservative synagogues, women who are B'not Kohen (daughter of a Kohen) or B'not Levi (daughter of a Levite) can be called for the first or second aliyot. In Israel and some congregations in North America, only men are permitted to be called for the Kohen and Levite aliyot even if women can be called for the other aliyot.", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Conservative Judaism", "target_page_ids": [ 72346, 70577, 72346, 70577 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 47, 58 ], [ 84, 94 ], [ 259, 264 ], [ 269, 275 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Some Conservative synagogues do not call a Kohen or a Levite first at all, although Conservative Judaism as a whole retains some elements of special tribal roles.", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Conservative Judaism", "target_page_ids": [ 72346, 70577 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 43, 48 ], [ 54, 60 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Some Conservative congregations use a triennial cycle, reading approximately a third of the Torah every year and completing the reading in three years.", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Conservative Judaism", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "In addition to changes mentioned above for Conservative Judaism, these movements generally practice:", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Reform, Reconstructionist, and Renewal Judaism", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " complete gender egalitarianism;", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Reform, Reconstructionist, and Renewal Judaism", "target_page_ids": [ 10113 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 17, 31 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " abolition of tribal distinctions among kohen, levi, and yisrael on grounds of egalitarianism. In some cases (such as Bar or Bat Mitzvah ceremonies) only one person will read the text;", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Reform, Reconstructionist, and Renewal Judaism", "target_page_ids": [ 10113 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 79, 93 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " aliyot may be given out as a means of honoring members for their contributions to the congregation instead of on the basis of the ancient castes.", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Reform, Reconstructionist, and Renewal Judaism", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " abridgement of the portion read (sometimes by instituting a triennial cycle) and reducing of the number of aliyot (most congregations);", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Reform, Reconstructionist, and Renewal Judaism", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " some congregations may modify the order of the portions read;", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Reform, Reconstructionist, and Renewal Judaism", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " main Shabbat service on Friday night with Torah reading (some Reform congregations);", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Reform, Reconstructionist, and Renewal Judaism", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " some synagogues will give the option for the reader either to chant or simply read aloud the text;", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Reform, Reconstructionist, and Renewal Judaism", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Aliyah (Torah)", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 22596093 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 14 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Weekly Torah portion", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 827482 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 20 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Hebrew cantillation", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 622915 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 19 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Haftarah", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 632362 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 8 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Minyan", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 570855 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 6 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Sefer Torah", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 979022 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 11 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Torah ark", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 855808 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 9 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Yom Tov Torah readings", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 22387473 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 22 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Torah study", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 142703 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 11 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Yad", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 2019515 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 3 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Qur'an reading, in Islam", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 4401729 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 14 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Lesson, in Christianity", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 2262883 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 6 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Bible study, private or small group reading predominantly in Protestant Christianity", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 1609486 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 11 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Gidon Rothstein, \"Women’s Aliyyot in Contemporary Synagogues.\" Tradition 39(2), Summer 2005.", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Joel B. Wolowelsky, \"On Kohanim and Uncommon Aliyyot.\" Tradition 39(2), Summer 2005.", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Aryeh A. Frimer and Dov I. Frimer, \"Women, Kri'at haTorah and Aliyyot (with an Addendum on Partnership Minyanim)\", Tradition, 46:4 (Winter 2013), 67–238, Hebrew translation.", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [ 47759829 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 16 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Hyperlinked table of Torah readings", "section_idx": 12, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Summary of Reading by Weekly Parasha", "section_idx": 12, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Akhlah: Torah readings for children", "section_idx": 12, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Torah´s Studies", "section_idx": 12, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Text, transliteration and recording of Torah blessings", "section_idx": 12, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] } ]

[ "Torah_reading", "Mincha", "Shabbat", "Shacharit", "Torah" ]

[ "Keri'at haTorah", "Keriyat haTorah", "Krias haTora", "Kri'at haTorah", "Kriyas haTora", "Qeri'at ha-Torah", "Qeriyat ha-Torah", "Kriyat haTorah" ]

[ { "plaintext": "Rufus Matthew Jones (January 25, 1863 June 16, 1948) was an American religious leader, writer, magazine editor, philosopher, and college professor. He was instrumental in the establishment of the Haverford Emergency Unit (a precursor to the American Friends Service Committee). One of the most influential Quakers of the 20th century, he was a Quaker historian and theologian as well as a philosopher. He is the only person to have delivered two Swarthmore Lectures.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 38776954, 4812151, 5101167 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 243, 277 ], [ 346, 352 ], [ 448, 466 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Jones was born into an old Quaker family in South China, Maine where he attended services at the Pond Meeting House and then the newer South China Meeting House. In 1885 he graduated from Haverford College in Pennsylvania, and stayed on to earn his M.A. there in 1886. From 1893 to 1912 he was the editor of the Friends' Review (later called The American Friend); from this position he tried unsuccessfully to unite the divided body of Quakers. In 1901 Jones received another M. A., from Harvard. He also began teaching philosophy and psychology at Haverford in 1893 and continued to do so until retiring in 1934. From 1898 to 1936 he served on the board of trustees of Bryn Mawr College.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Early life and education", "target_page_ids": [ 1448994, 24928836, 24929072, 170686, 23332, 18426501, 220852 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 44, 62 ], [ 97, 115 ], [ 135, 160 ], [ 188, 205 ], [ 209, 221 ], [ 488, 495 ], [ 670, 687 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 1917 he helped found the American Friends Service Committee. In 1927 Jones took a trip to Asia at the invitation of the YMCA. His main purpose was to address missionaries in China, but he made stops in Japan, India, and Palestine as well. While in India, Jones visited Mahatma Gandhi and the birthplace of the Buddha. This trip helped Jones formulate a new approach to mission – that of giving humanitarian aid to people while respecting other religions and not aggressively converting people to one's own religion. In 1938 he went with George Walton and D. Robert Yarnall on a mission to Nazi Germany to try to help Jewish people there after the Kristallnacht.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Career", "target_page_ids": [ 87241, 19379, 3395, 55251571, 83530 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 123, 127 ], [ 274, 288 ], [ 315, 321 ], [ 560, 577 ], [ 652, 665 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Jones worked hard at soothing some of the hurt from the 19th Century split among Friends and had some success. Jones wrote extensively on the topic of mysticism, which is one of the chief aspects of the Quaker faith. In 1948, he was awarded an honorary Doctor of Letters (Litt.D.) degree from Whittier College.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Career", "target_page_ids": [ 1717234, 29174999, 407681 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 56, 74 ], [ 151, 160 ], [ 293, 309 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "He distinguished between negating or negative mysticism (making contact with an impersonal force) and affirming or affirmative mysticism (making contact with a personal being). He upheld that God is a personal being with whom human beings could interact. He wrote in The Trail of Life in the Middle Years, \"The essential characteristic of [mysticism] is the attainment of a personal conviction by an individual that the human spirit and the divine Spirit have met, have found each other, and are in mutual and reciprocal correspondence as spirit with Spirit.\" At the same time that he distinguished between negative and affirmative mysticism, he asserted that all negative mystics occasionally take the affirmative approach and that all affirmative mystics tread the negative path from time to time. He exerted a major influence on the life and work of theologian Howard Thurman, who studied with him from 1929–1930.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Career", "target_page_ids": [ 1268957 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 864, 878 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Jones was a member of the Laymen's Commission that toured mission fields in Asia and produced A Laymen's Inquiry after One Hundred Years (1932). The conclusions of this inquiry reflect his views as outlined above.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Career", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Jones died in 1948 at age 85, in Haverford, Pennsylvania.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Career", "target_page_ids": [ 608515 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 33, 56 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Books", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Bibliography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Eli and Sybil Jones: Their Life and Work. Philadelphia: Porter & Coates, 1889.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Bibliography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Practical Christianity. Philadelphia: John C. Winston & Co., 1899.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Bibliography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The Society of Friends in Kennebec County, Maine. New York: H.W. Blake & Co., 1892.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Bibliography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "A Dynamic Faith. London: Headley Brothers, 1901.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Bibliography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Fourth edition. London: Headley Brothers, 1920.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Bibliography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Social Law in the Spiritual World: Studies in Human and Divine Inter-Relationship. Philadelphia: John C. Winston Co., 1904.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Bibliography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Practical Christianity, new and enlarged edition. Philadelphia: John C. Winston Co., 1905.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Bibliography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The Double Search: Studies in Atonement and Prayer. Philadelphia: John C. Winston Co., 1906.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Bibliography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The Abundant Life, 1908.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Bibliography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Studies in Mystical Religion. London: Macmillan and Co., 1909.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Bibliography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Second edition. London: Macmillan and Co., 1919.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Bibliography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Stories of Hebrew Heroes. Illustrated by George Soper. London: Headley Brothers, 1911.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Bibliography", "target_page_ids": [ 11654129 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 41, 53 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Quakers in the American Colonies. London: Macmillan and Co., 1911.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Bibliography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "A Boy's Religion from Memory. Philadelphia: Ferris & Leach, 1913.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Bibliography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Spiritual Reformers in the 16th and 17th Centuries. London: Macmillan and Co., 1914.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Bibliography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The Inner Life. New York: The Macmillan Company, 1916.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Bibliography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Second edition. New York: The Macmillan Company, 1917.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Bibliography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "St. Paul the Hero. New York: The Macmillan Company, 1917.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Bibliography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The World Within. New York: The Macmillan Company, 1918.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Bibliography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The Story of George Fox. New York: The Macmillan Company, 1919.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Bibliography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "A Service of Love in War Time: American Friends Relief Work in Europe, 1917-1919. New York: The Macmillan Company, 1920.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Bibliography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The Remnant. London: The Swarthmore Press, 1920.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Bibliography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The Later Periods of Quakerism, 1921", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Bibliography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Spiritual Energies in Daily Life, 1922.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Bibliography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The Church's Debt to Heretics, 1924?.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Bibliography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Finding the Trail of Life. New York: The Macmillan Company, 1926.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Bibliography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The Faith and Practice of the Quakers, 1927.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Bibliography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The Trail of Life in College. New York: The Macmillan Company, 1929.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Bibliography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Some Exponents of Mystical Religion, 1930.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Bibliography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Pathways to the Reality of God, 1931.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Bibliography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "A Preface to Christian Faith In a New Age, 1932.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Bibliography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The Trail of Life in the Middle Years. New York: The Macmillan Company, 1934.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Bibliography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The Testimony of the Soul, 1936.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Bibliography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The Eternal Gospel, 1938.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Bibliography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The Flowering of Mysticism, 1939.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Bibliography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Spirit in Man, 1941.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Bibliography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "A Small-Town Boy, 1941.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Bibliography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The Radiant Life, 1944.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Bibliography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The Luminous Trail, 1947.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Bibliography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "A Call to what is Vital, 1948.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Bibliography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The Luminous Trail", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Bibliography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "New Eyes for Invisibles", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Bibliography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Articles, Lectures and Pamphlets", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Bibliography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "\"Historical Sketches of Yearly Meetings, No. 1: Baltimore Yearly Meeting\", The Friends Review, November 30, 1893.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Bibliography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "\"The Message of Quakerism: Two Addresses.\" London: Headley Brothers, 1901.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Bibliography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "\"The Atonement.\" 1905.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Bibliography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "\"Quakerism: A Religion of Life.\" The first Swarthmore Lecture, delivered May 18, 1908. London: Headley Brothers, 1908.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Bibliography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "\"Quakerism: A Religion of Life.\" Second edition. London: Headley Brothers, 1912.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Bibliography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "\"A More Excellent Way.\" New York: Association Press, 1916.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Bibliography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "\"The Quakers.\" In The Religious History of New England: King's Chapel Lectures. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1917.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Bibliography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "\"Religion as Reality, Life and Power.\" William Penn Lectures. Philadelphia: Walter H. Jenkins, 1919.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Bibliography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "\"The Nature and Authority of Conscience.\" The Swarthmore Lecture, delivered August, 1920. London: The Swarthmore Press, 1920.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Bibliography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "\"Mystical Experience.\" In The Atlantic Monthly, May 1942.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Bibliography", "target_page_ids": [ 149743 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 26, 46 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "As Editor", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Bibliography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "George Fox, an autobiography; edited with an introduction and notes by Rufus M. Jones. Philadelphia: Ferris & Leach, 1903.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Bibliography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Second edition. Philadelphia: Ferris & Leach, 1919.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Bibliography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The Beginnings of Quakerism, by William C. Braithwaite; with an introduction by Rufus M. Jones. London: Macmillan and Co., 1912.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Bibliography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Selections from the Writings of Clement of Alexandria. London: Headley Brothers, 1914.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Bibliography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Present Day Papers: A Monthly Journal for the Presentation of Vital and Spiritual Christianity. Volume 1. Haverford, PA, 1914.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Bibliography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The Record of a Quaker Conscience: Cyrus Pringle's Diary; with an introduction by Rufus M. Jones. New York: Macmillan, 1918.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Bibliography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "American philosophy", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 22943476 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 19 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "List of American philosophers", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 22943866 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 29 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Rufus M. Jones also authored \"SOME PROBLEMS OF LIFE\" Copyright MCMXXXVII. Set up, Electrotyped, Printed, and Bound By The Parthenon Press at Nashville Tennessee, U. S. A. Later reprinted by Cokesbury. Thank You Don J. Hewett, Pastor ret.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Online Books Page: Jones, Rufus Matthew (1863-1948).", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Bernet, Claus: \"Rufus Jones (1863-1948). Life and Bibliography of an American Scholar, Writer, and Social Activist. With a Foreword by Douglas Gwyn\", New York 2009, ", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Endy, Melvin B.: \"The Interpretation of Quakerism. Rufus Jones and His Critics\", in: Quaker History. The Bulletin of Friends’ Historical Association, 62, 1, 1981, 3-21", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Hedstrom, Matthews: \"Rufus Jones and Mysticism for the Masses\", in: Cross Currents, Summer 2004.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Kent, Stephen: Psychological and Mystical Interpretations of Early Quakerism. William James and Rufus Jones. In: Religion. A Journal of Religion and Religions, 17, 1987, 251–274.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Vining, Elizabeth Gray: Friend of Life. Philadelphia 1958. London 1959.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Profile at Quakers in the World", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Profile at Christian Mystics", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "\"The Trail of Life in the Middle Years,\" 1934 at Haverford College Quaker & Special Collections", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Rufus Matthew Jones material in Jones-Cadbury family papers at Haverford College Quaker & Special Collections.", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Rufus Jones", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] } ]

[ "1863_births", "1948_deaths", "19th-century_Christian_mystics", "20th-century_Christian_mystics", "American_Quakers", "American_philosophers", "American_historians", "American_male_non-fiction_writers", "Bryn_Mawr_College", "Protestant_mystics", "Christian_writers", "Haverford_College_alumni", "Harvard_University_alumni", "Philosophy_teachers", "Psychology_educators", "People_from_China,_Maine", "Historians_of_Quakerism", "Quaker_theologians", "Quaker_writers", "American_magazine_editors" ]

[ "Rufus Matthew Jones" ]

[ { "plaintext": "State Route 59 (SR 59) is an eastwest state highway in the U.S. state of Ohio, serving the Akron metropolitan area. The western terminus of State Route 59 is in downtown Akron at a partial interchange with the Interstate 76/Interstate 77 concurrency, and the eastern terminus is at State Route 5, east of Ravenna. The route is approximately long and was certified in 1969 over what had previously been part of SR 5. It serves as a major or as the primary east–west roadway for the cities of Cuyahoga Falls, Kent, Ravenna, and Stow, the village of Silver Lake, and Franklin and Ravenna Townships.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 332996, 18618239, 22199, 18913895, 129842, 1519666, 9510816, 5918342, 129739, 129846, 24577701, 129862, 129861, 1923856, 1923545 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 38, 51 ], [ 59, 69 ], [ 73, 77 ], [ 91, 114 ], [ 170, 175 ], [ 210, 223 ], [ 224, 237 ], [ 282, 295 ], [ 306, 313 ], [ 493, 507 ], [ 509, 513 ], [ 528, 532 ], [ 549, 560 ], [ 566, 574 ], [ 579, 586 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "State Route 59 traverses parts of Summit and Portage Counties, with a western terminus at a partial interchange with Interstates 76 and 77 in Akron and an eastern terminus at State Route 5 in Ravenna Township. The entire length of the road is included within the National Highway System, a network of routes deemed most important for the economy, mobility and defense of the nation.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Route description", "target_page_ids": [ 93027, 93036, 1519666, 9510816, 129842, 5918342, 1923545, 2259060 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 34, 40 ], [ 45, 52 ], [ 117, 131 ], [ 136, 138 ], [ 142, 147 ], [ 175, 188 ], [ 192, 208 ], [ 264, 287 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The western terminus of SR 59 is the Akron Innerbelt, a limited access highway originally meant to bypass downtown. The interchange with Interstates 76 and 77 is only partial, with direct access to SR 59 from eastbound 76/southbound 77 and direct access to westbound 76/northbound 77 from SR 59. Traffic going the opposite directions must use surface streets to access the other highway. Westbound SR 59 traffic wishing to access east 76 and south 77 must exit the freeway and follow Rhodes Avenue, while west 76 and north 77 traffic wishing to access eastbound SR 59 must use the Dart Avenue exit, accessing SR 59 via Russell Avenue, Rhodes Avenue, and Dart Avenue.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Route description", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "At Opportunity Parkway, SR 59 has its first of four junctions with State Route 261. After crossing Cedar Avenue and Exchange Street, SR 59 exits the freeway section and is known as Martin Luther King Boulevard. It passes under State Route 18 (Market Street) as it veers to the east and becomes a regular surface street with signalized intersections. The second of four junctions with SR 261 is at the All-America Bridge, which connects North High Street (261 West) and North Broadway Streets (261 East). After crossing Prospect Street, the roadway is known as Perkins Street. At State Route 8, eastbound SR 59 turns north and enters the freeway with SR 8 at Fountain Street, while westbound 59 exits the freeway at Goodkirk Street. ", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Route description", "target_page_ids": [ 3572452, 2375711, 17298468, 1037574 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 67, 82 ], [ 227, 241 ], [ 401, 419 ], [ 579, 592 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "State Routes 8 and 59 are cosigned for approximately , running north–south between exit 1B (Perkins Street) and exit 6 (Front Street). The third junction with SR 261 is at exit 3A (Tallmadge Avenue) and SR 59 enters the city of Cuyahoga Falls at exit 3B (Cuyahoga Falls Avenue/Howe Avenue). After passing downtown Cuyahoga Falls, SR 59 exits the freeway onto Front Street in Cuyahoga Falls and veers again to the east as a four-lane road. After passing into the village of Silver Lake, the roadway is known as Kent Road. As Kent Road, SR 59 continues into Stow, where it has a junction with State Route 91 (Darrow Road). ", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Route description", "target_page_ids": [ 129846, 129861, 129862, 3571826 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 228, 242 ], [ 473, 484 ], [ 556, 560 ], [ 591, 605 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Entering Portage County and Kent, SR 59 is part of West Main Street. At the intersection with Longmere Drive, SR 59 continues east onto Haymaker Parkway, a five-lane roadway that carries it over all three railroad lines in Kent and Cuyahoga River and bypasses downtown Kent to the south and east. Just west of the bridge over Cuyahoga River, southbound State Route 43 joins from South Mantua Street, while northbound 43 leaves at River Street. State Routes 43 and 59 are cosigned for a short distance, crossing the Cuyahoga River and two railroad lines. Just east of the bridge, at South Water Street, southbound 43 exits the concurrency, while northbound 43 enters. At Willow Street, SR 59 joins East Main Street and passes the campus of Kent State University. After leaving the Kent city limits into Franklin Township, the roadway is known as Kent–Ravenna Road. In Franklin Township, SR 59 meets the eastern terminus of SR 261, the fourth junction with 261. The route continues east into Ravenna Township and becomes West Main Street as it enters Ravenna. Continuing east into downtown Ravenna, the roadway becomes East Main Street after crossing Chestnut Street. Just east of the downtown area Freedom Street, SR 59 meets the southern terminus of State Route 88 and passes through the East Main Street Historic District. Just past the eastern city limits, in an area known as Cotton Corners, the roadway becomes Ravenna–Warren Road and intersects with State Routes 44 and 14 (Cleveland–East Liverpool Road). Just under east is the eastern terminus of SR 59 at a junction with State Route 5. Ravenna–Warren Road continues east as SR 5.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Route description", "target_page_ids": [ 24577701, 285581, 6120134, 16986, 1923856, 1923545, 129739, 5937965, 2614493, 6578280 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 28, 32 ], [ 232, 246 ], [ 353, 367 ], [ 739, 760 ], [ 802, 819 ], [ 990, 1006 ], [ 1049, 1056 ], [ 1250, 1264 ], [ 1455, 1470 ], [ 1475, 1477 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Outside of the freeway sections of the Martin Luther King Freeway and the portion cosigned with SR 8, the roadway is four or five lanes through Cuyahoga Falls, Silver Lake, Stow, and Kent. The road narrows to two or three lanes in between a railroad underpass just east of SR 261 in Franklin Township and Menough Road in Ravenna Township. It widens back to four lanes at Menough Road just west of the Ravenna city limits, and is four and five lanes as it enters Ravenna up to Sycamore Street, where it narrows to three lanes as it passes through downtown Ravenna. After passing through downtown Ravenna, the road widens back to five lanes at Linden Street east through the junction with State Routes 14 and 44. East of the 14/44 junction, it narrows back to two or three lanes for remaining portion to the eastern terminus at SR 5, which continues east as a two-lane road.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Route description", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "At the 1923 Ohio state highway renumbering, State Route 59 was assigned to the roadway between Norwalk and Elyria. By 1929, the western terminus was moved to Milan before being extended further west to Bellvue by 1930. The entire roadway was made part of State Route 113 by 1939.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 56370877, 129450, 129546, 150899, 150898, 2377750 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 7, 42 ], [ 95, 102 ], [ 107, 113 ], [ 158, 163 ], [ 202, 209 ], [ 255, 270 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The current State Route 59 was certified in 1969 with the eastern terminus at its current location and the western terminus at the intersection of North Main Street and Cuyahoga Falls Avenue in Akron, where it met SR 8. The general route was originally designated as part of State Route 36 from 1923 to 1932 and as State Route 5 from 1932 to 1969. The creation of SR 59 was part of a reroute of State Route 5 to a new southeastern bypass of Ravenna to end at Interstate 76 in Rootstown. State Route 585 was certified the same year for the portion of SR 5 between State Route 21 and Wooster. In its 1969 route, the western terminus of SR 59 was the intersection of East Cuayhoga Falls Avenue and North Main Street in the North Hill neighborhood of Akron, following the previous alignment of SR 5. SR 59 followed Cuyahoga Falls Avenue east, intersecting with the original end of the SR 8 expressway, then known as the SR 8 Bypass or 8-B. Just after the intersection with the expressway, SR 59 turned northward onto Front Street and followed Front Street and Second Avenue through Cuyahoga Falls. ", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 129739, 1923565, 3700711, 716446, 129958 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 441, 448 ], [ 476, 485 ], [ 487, 502 ], [ 563, 577 ], [ 582, 589 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "During the 1970s, multiple changes were made to the alignment of SR 59 as various projects were completed. The western end of SR 59 was rerouted onto the SR 8 Expressway and Akron Innerbelt as the Innerbelt, later named the Martin Luther King Freeway, was completed in phases between 1972 and 1986. The portion of SR 59 on Perkins Avenue was originally intended to be temporary until the northern leg of the Innerbelt was completed, and was officially designated at State Route 59T until August 2007. The section through Kent was rerouted onto the new Haymaker Parkway in 1975 after previously following West and East Main Streets through the city.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Designed after almost all other highway projects in Akron were completed, the Innerbelt, later named the Martin Luther King Freeway, was envisioned as a stretch; however the only portion that was ever built was a stretch near downtown Akron. The freeway is designed with six lanes and right-of-way for eight. It includes two collector streets along the entire corridor which, combined, are at some points as wide as the freeway itself. Planning and property acquisition began as early as 1968 and displaced thousands of residents, many of them minority and low-income residents, and over 100 businesses. The first portion of the freeway, between Exchange Street and Market Street, opened in 1972, while the next section, between Exchange Street and Howe Street, opened in 1978, and the interchange with I-76/I-77 in 1986.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "In 1999 Akron mayor Don Plusquellic suggested ripping up the northern end of the freeway, making it a city street, and developing the surrounding land. The idea was fostered by a trip to Milwaukee, in which Plusquellic saw the much-maligned Park East Freeway spur in that city's downtown removed in order to reuse the land. A similar plan presented in late 2014 proposed removal of the freeway north of the West Exchange Street overpass with an upgrade of the adjacent frontage roads to compensate. Construction relating to this plan started in early 2017. The city of Akron acquired the land with the abandoned roadways in 2021.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 4894014, 53117, 61404058, 420502 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 20, 35 ], [ 187, 196 ], [ 241, 258 ], [ 469, 482 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In July 2001, the city announced that the Innerbelt would be closed for several days while a commercial was being shot. The highway was also surveyed by the producers of the movie The Matrix Reloaded as a possible shooting spot of the highway scene. The idea was eventually scrapped, because in the event that the scene would have to be reshot, the time to reset all the cars in their start position would take too long.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 123417 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 181, 200 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "A 2022 article in the Akron Beacon Journal stated that the construction of the Innerbelt displaced a large number of Black residents within the city of Akron while devaluing the homes of those who stayed. The same article cited this, combined with the highway never being completed to its original destination in Kent, Ohio, as reasons for its gradual decommissioning through the late 2010s and early 2020s.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 2415962, 24577701 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 22, 42 ], [ 313, 323 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Note that the Akron Innerbelt does not have exit numbers on destination signage.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Major intersections", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " State Route 59 Endpoint Photos", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Innerbelt Initiative", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Akron Innerbelt; Martin Luther King Jr. Freeway (Photographs of the Innerbelt)", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] } ]

[ "State_highways_in_Ohio", "Transportation_in_Akron,_Ohio", "Kent,_Ohio", "Transportation_in_Portage_County,_Ohio", "Transportation_in_Summit_County,_Ohio", "Cuyahoga_Falls,_Ohio" ]

[]

[ { "plaintext": "MIS AG is a German vendor of corporate performance management software. It was founded in Darmstadt in 1988. Started as a consulting company and reseller of the Applix products, MIS AG developed their own product similar to TM/1. In 1997, MIS AG settled a legal dispute with Applix regarding intellectual property.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 338985, 52250, 2583024, 2281413 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 39, 61 ], [ 90, 99 ], [ 161, 167 ], [ 224, 228 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "MIS DecisionWare is a suite of Business Intelligence software:", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " MIS Alea - a MOLAP application server", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " MIS onVision (reporting on the Web)", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " MIS Plain (reporting in Excel, linked to MIS Alea and Microsoft Analysis Services and SAP B/W)", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 1234725 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 87, 94 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " MIS Common Object Store (storage of users rights and reports)", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " CubeWare Import Master (ETL)", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Bissantz DeltaMiner (Data Mining)", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "MIS DecisionWare Applications:", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " MIS Enterprise Planning", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " MIS Balanced Scorecard", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " MIS Subsidiary Management", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " MIS Financial Consolidation", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " MIS Risk Management", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "In October 2003, MIS AG was acquired by UK-based Systems Union Group.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 31717 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 40, 42 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In August 2006, Systems Union Group together with MIS AG was acquired by Infor.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 7760098 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 73, 78 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Infor", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] } ]

[ "Software_companies_established_in_1988", "Software_companies_of_Germany", "1988_establishments_in_West_Germany", "Companies_based_in_Hesse" ]

[]

[ { "plaintext": "Anderson Serangoon Junior College (ASRJC) is a junior college located in Yio Chu Kang, Singapore, opposite Yio Chu Kang MRT station, offering two-year pre-university courses leading to the Singapore-Cambridge GCE Advanced Level examinations. ASRJC was formed after the merger of Anderson Junior College (AJC) and Serangoon Junior College (SRJC) in 2019.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 28596930, 646868, 27318, 2292685, 31159739, 62612330, 2590498 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 47, 61 ], [ 73, 85 ], [ 87, 96 ], [ 107, 131 ], [ 189, 227 ], [ 279, 302 ], [ 313, 337 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "ASRJC houses the Elementz Laboratory, the MOE North Zone Centre of Excellence for Science, and Makers Lab. The college hosts the annual Elementz International Science Research Conference and Exhibition, an event that accords recognition to students from secondary school (upper secondary levels) and Junior Colleges who have conducted scientific research to showcase their findings.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "On 20 April 2017, it was announced that AJC would merge with SRJC, with the merged school located at the current site of AJC. According to MOE, the choice of schools to be merged are based on geographical proximity so as to maintain a good spread of schools across the country, adding that the sites for the merged schools were chosen based on accessibility to transport and quality of infrastructure.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 2904233 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 139, 142 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The merged school was named as Anderson Serangoon Junior College, which is a combination of the two schools' names, from 2019. SRJC principal, Manogaran Suppiah, became the founding principal. The merged school received its first batch of students in 2019. ", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The Anderson Junior College Hostel was planned and construction commenced in 2009. The hostel was opened in 2012, but was permanently closed from 2019 as MOE announced that demand for boarding places continue to fall and there are fewer international students in schools in Singapore.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Education Minister Ong Ye Kung announced in March 2019 that ASRJC will be rebuilt at the site of former AJC campus at Yio Chu Kang. While the rebuild is underway, the college will temporarily reoccupy the campus of former SRJC. The move was initially scheduled to take place in 2022, but was delayed twice, to 2023 and finally 2024.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 32440694 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 19, 30 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The college motto is Discere Servire – Non Mihi Solum, which is Latin for To Learn, To Serve – Not for Myself Alone. It is a combination of the previous mottos of Serangoon JC (Discere Servire) and Anderson JC (Non Mihi Solum).", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Identity and culture", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The college anthem is titled Discere Servire – Non Mihi Solum, similar to the college motto. It was personally penned by ASRJC's first principal, Mr Manogaran Suppiah.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Identity and culture", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "For competitive intra-school events, the school population is divided into four houses. These houses are based on classes, which are in turn based on the students' subject combinations:", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Identity and culture", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "A house committee is in charge of each house, with each house having a captain and vice-captain. The house committee is made up of student councillors.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Identity and culture", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The present Anderson Serangoon Junior College campus consists of 13 buildings (blocks). Under the JC Rejuvenation Programme, most of the present campus will be demolished and rebuilt from 2024 to 2027. During this period, ASRJC will move temporarily to the former campus of Serangoon Junior College.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Campus", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Anderson Serangoon Junior College offers both Arts and Science courses that leads up to the Singapore-Cambridge GCE Advanced Level examinations. ", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Academic information", "target_page_ids": [ 31159739 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 92, 130 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The college will be a Tamil Language Centre offering the Tamil Language Elective Programme (LEP) with effect from 2020 for students who excel in the language to pursue their passion for and interest in Tamil.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Academic information", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Official website", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Anderson Junior College Integrated Virtual Learning Environment (IVLE)", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Anderson Serangoon Junior College Portal", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "AJC Alumni Association", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] } ]

[ "Junior_colleges_in_Singapore", "Educational_institutions_established_in_2019", "Buildings_and_structures_in_Ang_Mo_Kio", "2019_establishments_in_Singapore", "Education_in_North-East_Region,_Singapore" ]

[ "AJC", "Anderson JC" ]

[ { "plaintext": "The so-called Codex Wallerstein or Vonn Baumanns Fechtbuch (Oettingen-Wallerstein Cod. I.6.4o.2, Augsburg University library) is a 16th-century convolution of three 15th-century fechtbuch manuscripts, with a total of 221 pages.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 3883548, 858519 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 97, 124 ], [ 178, 187 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The inside of the cover is inscribed 1549. Vom baumanns 108, suggesting that the manuscript belonged to one Michael Baumann, listed as a mercenary by profession in the tax registers of Augsburg between 1471 and 1495. The manuscript came in the possession of Paulus Hector Mair in 1556. After Mair's execution in 1579, the ms. may have passed to the library of Marcus Fugger, whose library was sold by his grandson in 1653, passing into the Oettingen-Wallerstein library.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 73374, 1332596, 43977276 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 137, 146 ], [ 258, 276 ], [ 440, 469 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Part A treats fighting with the longsword, dagger and messer. Part B is inserted in two parts, interrupting the first part, treating grappling. Parts A and B were made in c. 1470; the paper is dated to 1464/5 based on its watermark. Part A is considered a source for the fechtbuch of Albrecht Dürer of 1512. ", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Contents", "target_page_ids": [ 85846, 8972, 1080123, 1959282, 2402 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 32, 41 ], [ 43, 49 ], [ 54, 60 ], [ 133, 142 ], [ 284, 298 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Part C is somewhat older, made in the first half of the 15th century. The paper is dated to 1420 based on its watermark. It treats longsword, armored combat, stechschild and grappling.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Contents", "target_page_ids": [ 493913 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 142, 149 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The final page, fol. 109r, has a register, written in the hand of Paulus Hector Mair (foll. 109v and 110 are empty).", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Contents", "target_page_ids": [ 1332596 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 66, 84 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "3r-14v, 21r, 21v longsword techniques", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Contents", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "22r-28v dagger", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Contents", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "29r-32v messer", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Contents", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "15r-20v, 33r-74r grappling", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Contents", "target_page_ids": [ 1959282 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 17, 26 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "74v drawing of an armed robbery (with instructions for the robber to draw blood from the victim's neck for intimidation)", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Contents", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "[fol. 75 empty]", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Contents", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " 1r, a drawing of a fencer with various arms, still used as a title page in the convoluted ms. and inscribed with Paulus Hector's name.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Contents", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "1v-2r, a double page illustration showing a fighting arena with spectators", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Contents", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "76r-80v, 101r-102v longsword", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Contents", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "81r-91v, [fol. 92 empty] 93r-95v, 103r-108r armoured combat", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Contents", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "96r-96v, 98v judicial combat, Swabian law (with swords)", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Contents", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "97r-98r judicial combat, Franconian law (with clubs)", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Contents", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "98v-100v grappling (fol. 98v combines a grappling image with a judicial combat one)", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Contents", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "108v, image of a wedding ceremony.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Contents", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Fechtbuch", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 858519 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 9 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Historical European martial arts ", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 858344 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 32 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Hans Peter Hils: Fecht- und Ringbuch - vermischtes Kampfbuch. Munich 1991", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "References", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Rainer Leng, Fecht- und Ringbücher fascicle. 1/2 of vol. 4/2 of Katalog der deutschsprachigen illustrierten Handschriften des Mittelalters, eds. Hella Frühmorgen-Voss, Norbert H. Ott, Ulrike Bodemann, Christine Stöllinger-Löser, Munich, 2008, pp. 110-113 (Nr. 38.9.1).", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "References", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Rainer Welle, …vnd mit der rechten faust ein mordstuck - Baumanns Fecht- und Ringkampfhandschrift. Herbert Utz Verlag, 2014. .", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "References", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "G. Zabinski, 'Several Remarks on the Bloßfechen Section of Codex Wallerstein', Journal of Western Martial Art, April 2001.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "References", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "G. Zabinski, with B. Walczak, Codex Wallerstein, A Medieval Fighting Book from the Fifteenth Century on the Longsword, Falchion, Dagger, and Wrestling, Paladin Press, (2002), . ", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "References", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "media.bibliothek.uni-augsburg.de digital images hosted at Augsburg university", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "partial transcription at guerriers-avalon.org (messer portion)", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "partial transcription at schwertfechten.ch", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] } ]

[ "15th-century_illuminated_manuscripts", "Combat_treatises" ]

[]

[ { "plaintext": "Warren F. Parrish (January 10, 1803 – January 3, 1877) was a leader in the early Latter Day Saint movement. Parrish held a number of positions of responsibility, including that of scribe to church president Joseph Smith. Parrish and other leaders became disillusioned with Smith after the failure of the Kirtland Safety Society and left the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints. Upon leaving, he went to Kirtland, Ohio, with the other disaffected former church leaders and formed a short-lived church which they called the Church of Christ, after the original name of the church organized by Smith. This church disintegrated as the result of disagreement between church leaders, and Parrish later left Kirtland and became a Baptist minister.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 420883, 32387701, 170332, 420967, 129486 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 81, 106 ], [ 207, 219 ], [ 304, 327 ], [ 341, 384 ], [ 411, 425 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Parrish married Elizabeth Patten, the sister of David W. Patten, one of the original Latter Day Saint apostles. Patten records that on \"May 20, 1833, brother Brigham Young came to Theresa, Indian River Falls, where I had been bearing testimony to my relatives; and after preaching several discourses, he baptized my brothers Archibald and Ira Patten, Warren Parrish, Cheeseman and my mother and my sister, Polly.\"", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Activity in Latter Day Saint church", "target_page_ids": [ 1072762, 363753 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 48, 63 ], [ 102, 110 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In September 1834, Parrish and Patten traveled throughout upper Missouri together \"to preach the Gospel.\" Patten reports that \"we baptized twenty, during which time several instances of the healing power of God were made manifest.\"", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Activity in Latter Day Saint church", "target_page_ids": [ 19571 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 64, 72 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 1834, Joseph Smith said he received a revelation from God, calling for a militia to be raised in Kirtland which would then march to Missouri and \"redeem Zion.\" Parrish volunteered to join a group of about 200 men to form the militia, which became known as \"Zion's Camp.\"", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Activity in Latter Day Saint church", "target_page_ids": [ 20622, 1427721 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 76, 83 ], [ 260, 271 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 1835, Parrish joined the leadership of the church as a member of the First Quorum of Seventy.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Activity in Latter Day Saint church", "target_page_ids": [ 532256 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 88, 95 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Joseph Smith recorded in his journal that Parrish had been promised the ability to \"know of hidden things\" and be \"endowed with a knowledge of hidden languages.\" During the fall of 1835, Parrish, along with Oliver Cowdery, William W. Phelps and Frederick G. Williams, recorded the translation from the Joseph Smith Book of Abraham papyri as Joseph Smith dictated it. Parrish and Phelps under the direction of Smith also produced a set of documents called the \"Grammar & A[l]phabet of the Egyptian Language\" that accompanied the dictated translation. ", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Activity in Latter Day Saint church", "target_page_ids": [ 412847, 1460128, 2063552, 359954 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 207, 221 ], [ 223, 240 ], [ 245, 266 ], [ 315, 330 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In May 1836, Parrish traveled from Kirtland to Tennessee to join Patten and Wilford Woodruff. According to Woodruff, they traveled through Kentucky and Tennessee \"preaching the word of God, healing the sick, and the Spirit of God was with us and attended our ministrations.\" During this time, Parrish, Woodruff and Patten were arrested by a local sheriff at the urging of Matthew Williams, a Methodist minister, who claimed that they were making false prophecies. The group was accused of preaching \"that Christ would come the second time before this generation passed away\" and that \"four individuals should received the Holy Ghost within twenty-four hours.\" A mock trial was held in which they were not allowed to speak, at the end of which they were pronounced guilty. They were later released unharmed on the condition that they pay court costs and leave the area within ten days.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Activity in Latter Day Saint church", "target_page_ids": [ 30395, 419037, 16846, 669850 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 47, 56 ], [ 76, 92 ], [ 139, 147 ], [ 662, 672 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 1836, Joseph Smith organized the Kirtland Safety Society Antibanking Company, a joint-stock company with note issuing powers. Parrish later became the company's treasurer. Smith encouraged church members to invest in the Kirtland Safety Society. By 1837, the \"bank\" had failed, partly as the result of Parrish and other bank officers stealing funds. As a result of Parrish's role in this, he was excommunicated from the church. From this time forward, Parrish sought to destroy Joseph Smith and the church, and as a result Smith was forced to leave Kirtland. Soon after Smith and Sidney Rigdon left on July 26, 1837 a crisis formed within the church at Kirtland during their absence.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Dissent and conflict with Smith", "target_page_ids": [ 170332, 307520 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 36, 79 ], [ 583, 596 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In addition to Parrish, the failure of the bank caused a major rift among some other church leaders as well, who concluded that Smith could not be a true prophet if he could not foresee that the \"bank\" would be unsuccessful.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Dissent and conflict with Smith", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Parrish and those supporting him soon claimed ownership of the Kirtland Temple. Eliza R. Snow relates that Parrish and a group of others came into the temple during Sunday services \"armed with pistols and bowie-knives and seated themselves together in the Aaronic pulpits, on the east end of the temple, while father Smith [Joseph Smith, Sr.] and others, as usual, occupied those of the Melchizedek priesthood on the west.\" Parrish's group interrupted the services and, according to Snow \"a fearful scene ensuedthe apostate speaker becoming so clamorous that Father Smith called for the police to take that man out of the house, when Parrish, John Boynton, and others, drew their pistols and bowie-knives, and rushed down from the stand into the congregation; John Boynton saying he would blow out the brains of the first man who dared to lay hands on him.\" Police arrived and ejected the troublemakers, after which the services continued.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Dissent and conflict with Smith", "target_page_ids": [ 407711 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 80, 93 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Parrish wrote letters to several newspapers expressing his anger with church leaders, referring to them as \"infidels.\" In one such letter, Parrish claims that \"Martin Harris, one of the subscribing witnesses; has come out at last, and says he never saw the plates, from which the book purports to have been translated, except in vision; and he further says that any man who says he has seen them in any other way is a liar, Joseph not excepted; see new edition, Book of Covenants, page 170, which agrees with Harris's testimony.\" Wilford Woodruff recorded his reaction to some of Parrish's writings in his journal entry of April 4, 1838, stating that they were \"full of slander and falsehoods against Joseph Smith Jr.\"", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Dissent and conflict with Smith", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Parrish eventually led a group of dissenters that formed a new church based in Kirtland, which they called the Church of Christ, after the original name of the church organized by Joseph Smith. George A. Smith wrote that the group intended \"to renounce the Book of Mormon and Joseph Smith, and take the 'Mormon' doctrines to overthrow all the religions in the world, and unite all the Christian churches in one general band, and they to be its great leaders.\" Among those who associated themselves with this church was Martin Harris. Parrish's group believed that Joseph Smith had become a fallen prophet. By the beginning of 1838, Parrish's church had taken control of the Kirtland Temple as Smith and those loyal to him left Kirtland to gather in Far West, Missouri.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Dissent and conflict with Smith", "target_page_ids": [ 1072605, 411429, 1384194, 1095609 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 194, 209 ], [ 519, 532 ], [ 674, 689 ], [ 749, 767 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "A debate arose among Parrish's group regarding the validity of the Book of Mormon and the existing revelations, with Parrish, John F. Boynton, Luke S. Johnson, and several others claiming that it was all nonsense. George A. Smith reported: \"One of them told me that Moses was a rascal and the Prophets were tyrants, and that Jesus Christ was a despot, Paul a base liar and all religion a fudge. And Parrish said he agreed with him in principle.\" This resulted in a permanent division between Parrish's supporters and other leaders, including Martin Harris, who cautioned them not to reject the book. Cyrus Smalling, Joseph Coe and several others \"declared [Harris's] testimony was true.\" Parrish's church dissolved soon after this division.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Dissent and conflict with Smith", "target_page_ids": [ 3978, 1517847, 1080927, 43039313 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 67, 81 ], [ 126, 141 ], [ 143, 158 ], [ 616, 626 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "After the dissolution of his church, Parrish left Kirtland altogether. In 1844, Parrish was working as a Baptist minister for a salary of $500 per year. In 1850 Parrish was living in Mendon, New York, where he was listed as a \"clergyman\" by the census. By 1870, he had apparently lost his sanity and was living in Emporia, Kansas, where he died in 1877.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Dissent and conflict with Smith", "target_page_ids": [ 3979, 126635, 114705 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 105, 112 ], [ 183, 199 ], [ 314, 329 ] ] }, { "plaintext": ".", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "References", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": ".", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "References", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": ".", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "References", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": ".", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "References", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": ".", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "References", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": ".", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "References", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": ".", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "References", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": ".", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "References", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": ".", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "References", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": ".", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "References", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": ".", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "References", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": ".", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "References", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Grampa Bill's General Authority Pages", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Warren Parrish (1803–1877)", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] } ]

[ "1803_births", "1877_deaths", "Former_Latter_Day_Saints", "Converts_to_Mormonism", "American_Latter_Day_Saint_leaders", "American_Latter_Day_Saint_missionaries", "Baptist_ministers_from_the_United_States", "People_excommunicated_by_the_Church_of_Christ_(Latter_Day_Saints)", "People_from_Mendon,_New_York", "Doctrine_and_Covenants_people", "Latter_Day_Saint_missionaries_in_the_United_States", "Baptists_from_New_York_(state)" ]

[]

[ { "plaintext": "Stéphane Galland (born 27 October 1969) is a Belgian jazz drummer and composer.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "In 2018, the international jazz project called SHIJIN (with Stéphane Galland, saxophonist Jacques Schwarz-Bart, pianist Malcolm Braff, and bassist Laurent David) released their eponymous record SHIJIN on French independent record label alter-nativ.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 7263684, 47863329 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 90, 110 ], [ 211, 235 ] ] } ]

[ "Belgian_jazz_drummers", "1969_births", "Living_people", "Octurn_members", "Aka_Moon_members" ]

[ "Stephane Galland" ]

[ { "plaintext": "Raoping County (postal: Jaoping; ) is a county in eastern Guangdong Province, bordering Fujian Province to the east, and facing the South China Sea to the south. The city with the same name has 135,600 inhabitants (1990).", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 296902, 32044477, 65109, 88585, 74209 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 16, 22 ], [ 40, 46 ], [ 58, 76 ], [ 88, 103 ], [ 132, 147 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "It is under the jurisdiction of the prefecture-level city of Chaozhou. Teochew and Hakka (Raoping dialect) are spoken in Raoping.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 368703, 147447, 1095005, 33159632 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 36, 57 ], [ 61, 69 ], [ 71, 78 ], [ 90, 105 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Raoping is famous for its seafood and fruits.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Liu Kun", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Famous people", "target_page_ids": [ 56910945 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 8 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Zhang Jingsheng (Sexologist)", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Famous people", "target_page_ids": [ 61829239 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 29 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Chaoshan", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 1461079 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 9 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Official website of Raoping County Government", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] } ]

[ "County-level_divisions_of_Guangdong", "Chaozhou" ]

[]

[ { "plaintext": "Carlos Hernández or Hernandez may refer to:", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Carlos Hernández (footballer, born 1982), Costa Rican footballer", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Sports", "target_page_ids": [ 3030936 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 40 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Carlos Hernández (footballer, born 1990), Spanish footballer", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Sports", "target_page_ids": [ 40497432 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 40 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Carlos Hernández (footballer, born 1996), Colombian footballer", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Sports", "target_page_ids": [ 57487002 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 40 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Carlos Hernández (catcher) (born 1967), Venezuelan baseball catcher", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Sports", "target_page_ids": [ 679850 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 26 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Carlos Hernández (infielder) (born 1975), Venezuelan baseball infielder", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Sports", "target_page_ids": [ 682044 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 28 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Carlos Hernández (pitcher, born 1980) (born 1980), Venezuelan baseball pitcher", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Sports", "target_page_ids": [ 680054 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 37 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Carlos Hernández (pitcher, born 1997) (born 1997), Venezuelan baseball pitcher", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Sports", "target_page_ids": [ 62379096 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 37 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Carlos Hernández (boxer) (born 1971), Salvadoran American boxer", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Sports", "target_page_ids": [ 178623 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 24 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Carlos Morocho Hernández (1940–2016), Venezuelan boxer", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Sports", "target_page_ids": [ 274534 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 24 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Carlos Hernández Bailo (born 1958), Spanish racing cyclist", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Sports", "target_page_ids": [ 46290813 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 22 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Carlos Gabriel Hernández, Guatemalan professional racing cyclist", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Sports", "target_page_ids": [ 15245187 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 24 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Carlos Hernández (weightlifter, born 1972), Carlos Alexis Hernández, Cuban weightlifter", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Sports", "target_page_ids": [ 22394089 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 42 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Carlos Hernández (weightlifter, born 1983), Cuban weightlifter", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Sports", "target_page_ids": [ 51525826 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 42 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Carlos Hernández (politician) (born 1961), Cuban-born American politician", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Other", "target_page_ids": [ 33661605 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 29 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Charlie Hernández (born 1965), Puerto Rican politician", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Other", "target_page_ids": [ 38049680 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 17 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Carlos Hernández Vázquez (born 1983), Mexican filmmaker", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Other", "target_page_ids": [ 31486472 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 24 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Carlos Hernández (criminal) (1954–1999), American criminal accused of murder", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Other", "target_page_ids": [ 68356398 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 27 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Carlos Hernandez (writer) (born 1971), American author of science-fiction and fantasy", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Other", "target_page_ids": [ 69445970 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 25 ] ] } ]

[]

[ "Carlos Hernandez" ]

[ { "plaintext": "The Virginia House of Delegates is one of the two parts of the Virginia General Assembly, the other being the Senate of Virginia. It has 100 members elected for terms of two years; unlike most states, these elections take place during odd-numbered years. The House is presided over by the Speaker of the House, who is elected from among the House membership by the Delegates. The Speaker is usually a member of the majority party and, as Speaker, becomes the most powerful member of the House. The House shares legislative power with the Senate of Virginia, the upper house of the Virginia General Assembly. The House of Delegates is the modern-day successor to the Virginia House of Burgesses, which first met at Jamestown in 1619. The House is divided into Democratic and Republican caucuses. In addition to the Speaker, there is a majority leader, majority whip, majority caucus chair, minority leader, minority whip, minority caucus chair, and the chairs of the several committees of the House.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 426209, 1461886, 19183943, 1461886, 538644, 426209, 32432, 242056, 75804, 9428874, 2868828, 261703, 1234240, 1135424 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 63, 88 ], [ 110, 128 ], [ 289, 309 ], [ 538, 556 ], [ 562, 573 ], [ 581, 606 ], [ 666, 674 ], [ 675, 693 ], [ 714, 723 ], [ 759, 769 ], [ 774, 784 ], [ 785, 793 ], [ 834, 849 ], [ 889, 904 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Only Maryland, Virginia and West Virginia refer to their lower house as the House of Delegates.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 18858, 32432, 32905, 550187 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 5, 13 ], [ 15, 23 ], [ 28, 41 ], [ 57, 68 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The House of Burgesses was the first elected legislative body in the New World. Originally having 22 members, the House of Burgesses met from 1619 through 1632 in the choir of the church at Jamestown. From 1632 to 1699 the legislative body met at four different state houses in Jamestown. The first state house convened at the home of Colonial Governor Sir John Harvey from 1632 to 1656. The burgesses convened at the second state house from 1656 until it was destroyed in 1660. Historians have yet to precisely identify its location.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History and location", "target_page_ids": [ 242056, 2393552 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 22 ], [ 69, 78 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The House of Burgesses had its final meeting in May 1776, and the House of Delegates took its place in October of that year.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History and location", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The House has met in Virginia's Capitol Building, designed by Thomas Jefferson, since 1788. The legislative body met from 1788 to 1904 in what is known as today the Old Hall of the House of Delegates or commonly referred to as the Old House Chamber. The Old House Chamber is part of the original Capitol building structure. It measures 76 feet in width and is filled today with furnishings that resemble what the room would have looked like during its time of use. There are many bronze and marble busts of historic Virginians on display in the Old House Chamber, including: George Mason, George Wythe, Patrick Henry, Richard Henry Lee, and Meriwether Lewis. From 1904 to 1906, University of Virginia graduate and architect John K. Peeples designed and built compatible classical wings to the west and east side of the Capitol building. The new wings added to provide more space and serve as the legislative chambers in the Virginia General Assembly, the Senate of Virginia resides in the west chamber and the House of Delegates resides in the east chamber. The General Assembly members and staff operate from offices in the General Assembly Building, located in Capitol Square. Prior to 1788 the House of Delegates met in the Colonial Capital of Williamsburg.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History and location", "target_page_ids": [ 1543907, 29922, 224314, 261191, 76747, 26289, 215913 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 21, 48 ], [ 62, 78 ], [ 575, 587 ], [ 589, 601 ], [ 603, 616 ], [ 618, 635 ], [ 641, 657 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 1999, Republicans took control of the House of Delegates for the first time since Reconstruction (with the exception of a brief 2-year period in which the Readjuster Party was in the majority in the 1880s). The Republican Party held the majority until 2019, when the Democratic Party won a majority of the seats, thus regaining control of the House of Delegates. The majority was sworn in on January 8, 2020, after which Eileen Filler-Corn (D-Fairfax) was elected as the first female and Jewish Speaker of the Virginia House of Delegates.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History and location", "target_page_ids": [ 55040, 1412031, 26427715, 1131183 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 85, 99 ], [ 158, 174 ], [ 424, 442 ], [ 491, 497 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "On November 4, 2020, Virginia voters approved a constitutional amendment that removed the authority to redistrict congressional and state legislative districts from the General Assembly, and gave that power to a newly-established 16-member panel composed of eight lawmakers and eight non-lawmaker citizens. The maps created by this commission are subject to the approval of the General Assembly, but lawmakers cannot change the commission's lines.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History and location", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The annual salary for delegates is $17,640 per year. Each delegate represents roughly 84,702 people. Candidates for office must be at least 21 years of age at the time of the election, residents of the districts they seek to represent, and qualified to vote for General Assembly legislators. The regular session of the General Assembly is 60 days long during even numbered years and 30 days long during odd numbered years, unless extended by a two-thirds vote of both houses.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Salary and qualifications", "target_page_ids": [ 610452 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 11, 17 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Article IV, Section 3 of the Constitution of Virginia stipulates that the House of Delegates shall consist of between 90 and 100 members. It does not put any condition on the number of districts and only speaks of \"several house districts\". While there used to be multi-member districts, since 1982, there have been 100 districts electing one member each.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Composition", "target_page_ids": [ 1687624 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 29, 53 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "(The party control table shows the balance of power after each recent general election. The preceding Makeup table includes results of special elections since the last general election.)", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Composition", "target_page_ids": [ 155434 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 135, 151 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The House has 14 standing committees.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "House leadership", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The Virginia House of Delegates is reelected every two years, with intervening vacancies filled by special election. The list below contains the House delegates that are currently serving in the 162nd Virginia General Assembly, which convened in January 2022.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Members", "target_page_ids": [ 155434, 69224833 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 99, 115 ], [ 195, 226 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Marking the 400th anniversary of the House of Burgesses, the House Clerk's Office announced a new Database of House Members called \"DOME\" that chronicles the \"9,700-plus men and women who served as burgesses or delegates in the Virginia General Assembly over the past four centuries.\"", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Database of Members past and present", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " List of Virginia state legislatures", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 60299372 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 36 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Mace of the Virginia House of Delegates", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 22268350 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 40 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Political party strength in Virginia", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 18046721 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 37 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Redistricting in Virginia", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 53705852 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 26 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Virginia House of Delegates elections, 2017", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 52972234 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 44 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Members of the Virginia House of Delegates", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Virginia General Assembly Official website", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Project Vote Smart – State House of Virginia", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] } ]

[ "Virginia_General_Assembly", "State_lower_houses_in_the_United_States" ]

[ "House of Delegates of Virginia", "Va. House of Delegates" ]

[ { "plaintext": "Richard de Beaufré comte de Guyon (1813 12 October 1856) was a British-born Hungarian soldier, general in the Hungarian revolutionary army and Turkish pasha (Kurshid Pasha).", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 196470, 19097669, 17106358, 13275, 22041583 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 19, 24 ], [ 63, 70 ], [ 76, 85 ], [ 110, 119 ], [ 151, 156 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "He was born at Walcot, near Bath, Somerset, the son of Commander John Guyon RN (1767-1844), a shipmate and friend of the Duke of Clarence (later William IV of Britain), and descended from a French noble family.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Biography", "target_page_ids": [ 15080310, 41523, 248223, 43271 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 15, 21 ], [ 28, 42 ], [ 121, 137 ], [ 145, 166 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "After receiving a military education in England, Guyon fought against Dom Miguel in the Liberal Wars in Portugal.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Biography", "target_page_ids": [ 254402, 183729 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 70, 80 ], [ 88, 100 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 1832 Guyon entered the Austrian service joining the Hungarian Hussars; and was attached as aide-de-camp to General Baron Ignác Splényi (1772-1840), who had served at the Battle of Marengo and was captain-in-chief of the Hungarian noble bodyguard, and Standard Bearer of Hungary. Guyon married Baron Splényi's daughter, Baroness Marie, on 22 November 1838. They had two sons and a daughter together.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Biography", "target_page_ids": [ 232653, 239481, 157671 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 55, 71 ], [ 94, 106 ], [ 173, 190 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Until the outbreak of the Hungarian Revolution, Guyon led the life of a country gentleman on his estates near Komárom.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Biography", "target_page_ids": [ 9502317, 349035 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 26, 46 ], [ 110, 117 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "At the outbreak of the Hungarian Revolution, Guyon was among the first to offer his services to the national government as an officer of the Royal Hungarian Army, and played a prominent part in the struggle for independence during the Hungarian Revolution of 1848.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Biography", "target_page_ids": [ 39948387, 9502317 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 141, 161 ], [ 235, 263 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "During the retreat of Artúr Görgey's army, Guyon carried the mountain-pass of Branyiszko, and by that daring feat of his re-established the communication with the government at Debrecen, as also with the several other Hungarian army corps.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Biography", "target_page_ids": [ 383602, 10962969, 221746 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 22, 34 ], [ 78, 88 ], [ 177, 185 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "He won great distinction in the Battle of Pákozd (29 September 1848) and the Battle of Schwechat (30 October) and after the Battle of Kapolna (26 and 27 February 1849) was made a general.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Biography", "target_page_ids": [ 246490, 25371927, 3410413 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 32, 48 ], [ 77, 96 ], [ 124, 141 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "When, in April 1849, the garrison of the besieged Fortress of Komárom was to be apprised of the victorious approach of the national army, Guyon, with a detachment of hussars, cut his way through the enemy's lines, and announced the approaching relief.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Biography", "target_page_ids": [ 459385 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 50, 69 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "On 14 July 1849, Guyon defeated the imperial army led by Josip Jelačić in the Battle of Hegyes, one of the last Hungarian victories of the freedom war, which assured Southern Hungary for the revolutionary army keeping the road open for the leaders of the revolution to escape in the Ottoman Empire.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Biography", "target_page_ids": [ 663342, 45407307 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 57, 70 ], [ 78, 94 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The bloody Battle of Szőreg (5 August 1849) allowed General Henryk Dembiński, protected by the self-sacrificing ten battalions of Guyon, to retire to Temesvár, where the Battle of Temesvár, the last in the campaign, was fought and lost on 9 August. Guyon escaped to Turkey.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Biography", "target_page_ids": [ 25290895, 1041640, 60817, 3395580, 11125639 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 11, 27 ], [ 60, 76 ], [ 150, 158 ], [ 170, 188 ], [ 266, 272 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Two streets in Budapest are named after Count Guyon: Guyon Richárd Utca, and Guyon Kőz. Guyon's Hussar uniform is preserved on display at the Museum of Military History in the Buda Castle Quarter.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Biography", "target_page_ids": [ 36787, 48479520 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 15, 23 ], [ 176, 195 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 1852 Guyon entered the service of the Sultan without being required to change his faith.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Biography", "target_page_ids": [ 64647 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 41, 47 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Under the name of Kourshid Pasha, he, as a general of division, was Governor of Damascus, and at the beginning of the Crimean war, did much to organise the army of Kars. Guyon died of cholera at Scutari in 1856. According to the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography he was \"the first Christian to obtain the rank of pasha and a Turkish military command without being obliged to change his religion\".", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Biography", "target_page_ids": [ 2570585, 1120351, 7591, 344773, 232417 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 68, 88 ], [ 164, 168 ], [ 184, 191 ], [ 195, 202 ], [ 229, 268 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The 1863 Chambers Encyclopaedia states \"Indomitable courage, and an incessant care for the comfort of the troops under his command, were the chief features in Guyon's character\".", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Biography", "target_page_ids": [ 838577 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 9, 31 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Istanbul Military Museum holds a memorial bust of Guyon together with other Hungarian artifacts.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Biography", "target_page_ids": [ 2970585 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 28 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " This article incorporates text from the Chambers's Encyclopaedia 1863 edition.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "References", "target_page_ids": [ 838577 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 41, 65 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " A. W. Kinglake, The Patriot and the Hero General Guyon (1856).", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [ 975730 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 15 ] ] } ]

[ "1813_births", "1856_deaths", "People_from_Bath_and_North_East_Somerset", "19th-century_English_people", "19th-century_Austrian_people", "19th-century_Hungarian_people", "19th-century_Ottoman_military_personnel", "Hungarian_generals", "British_generals", "Hungarian_Revolution_of_1848", "Hungarian_people_of_British_descent", "Hungarian_exiles", "Turkish_people_of_British_descent", "Deaths_from_cholera", "Burials_at_Haydarpaşa_Cemetery", "British_expatriates_in_Hungary", "English_expatriates_in_Hungary" ]

[]

[ { "plaintext": "The law of consecration is a commandment in the Latter Day Saint movement in which adherents promise to dedicate their lives and material substance to the church. It was first referred to in 1831 by Joseph Smith.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 420883, 32387701 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 48, 73 ], [ 199, 211 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "On February 4, 1831, Smith received a revelation calling Edward Partridge to be the first bishop of the church. Five days later, on February 9, 1831, Smith received another revelation detailing the law of consecration.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Origins", "target_page_ids": [ 10242200, 2063465, 1236579 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 38, 48 ], [ 57, 73 ], [ 90, 96 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "As practiced by the Latter Day Saints in Smith's day, the law of consecration was for the support of the poor and to ensure that all members would be \"equal according to his family, according to his circumstances and his wants and needs.\" Adherents were asked to voluntarily deed, or consecrate, their property to the Church of Christ, and the church then would assign to each member a \"stewardship\" of property \"as much as is sufficient for himself and family.\" If consecrated property became more than was sufficient for the assigned steward, the \"residue\" was \"to be consecrated unto the bishop\" kept for the benefit of \"those who have not, from time to time, that every man who has need may be amply supplied and receive according to his wants.\"", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Origins", "target_page_ids": [ 339764, 1185902, 420967 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 275, 279 ], [ 284, 294 ], [ 318, 334 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Under Smith, members attempted to implement the law of consecration through the establishment of the United Order, but it was never fully instituted due to conflict and disagreements.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Origins", "target_page_ids": [ 1070051 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 101, 113 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "During the 1850s, Brigham Young, leader of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), attempted to revive the law of consecration. The US Congress used this practice to delay granting land ownership to Utah Territory. Under scrutiny from the national press and facing advancing federal troops, the church dropped the plan in 1857 in favor of the law of tithing. Since that time, the LDS Church has not asked its members to give all of their property to the church: leaders of the church have taught that members \"are not now required to live the law of consecration\". However, adherents covenant with God to accept the law of consecration as part of the temple endowment ceremony.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints", "target_page_ids": [ 5048, 5935, 452226, 49882002, 6085368, 20000880, 380683 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 18, 31 ], [ 43, 90 ], [ 221, 235 ], [ 365, 379 ], [ 606, 614 ], [ 673, 679 ], [ 680, 689 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In the 1970s, LDS Church apostle Bruce R. McConkie stated that \"[t]he law of consecration is that we consecrate our time, our talents, and our money and property to the cause of the Church: such are to be available to the extent they are needed to further the Lord's interests on earth.\"", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints", "target_page_ids": [ 363753, 909872 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 25, 32 ], [ 33, 50 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Rather than fully living the United Order to keep the law of consecration, members are asked to tithe their income to support the church, to pay a generous monthly fast offering to care for the poor, and to donate their time and talents in assisting in the operation of the church.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints", "target_page_ids": [ 49882002, 1276547 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 96, 101 ], [ 164, 177 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Adherents believe that the law of consecration will be fully practiced in the future, including during the thousand-year millennium after the Second Coming of Jesus.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints", "target_page_ids": [ 28554 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 142, 155 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In some Mormon fundamentalist sects, including the Fundamentalist Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints and the Apostolic United Brethren, adherents live the law of consecration by deeding their homes and other personal property to the church, which then administers it to the members as needed.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Mormon fundamentalism", "target_page_ids": [ 444486, 394889, 2330251 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 8, 29 ], [ 51, 109 ], [ 118, 143 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Bishop's storehouse", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 13026876 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 20 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Tithing (Latter Day Saints)", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 49882002 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 28 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "J. Reuben Clark, Jr., The United Order and the Law of Consecration (Salt Lake City, Utah: Deseret Book, 1945)", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "References", "target_page_ids": [ 2019696 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 20 ] ] }, { "plaintext": ".", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "References", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "William O. Nelson, \"To Prepare a People\", Ensign, January 1979.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "References", "target_page_ids": [ 625475 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 42, 48 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Stephen B. Oveson, \"Personal Consecration\", Liahona, September 2009", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "References", "target_page_ids": [ 15115795 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 45, 52 ] ] } ]

[ "Latter_Day_Saint_practices", "Latter_Day_Saint_terms", "Mormon_fundamentalism", "Christian_law", "1831_establishments_in_the_United_States", "1831_in_Christianity", "Church_of_Christ_(Latter_Day_Saints)", "Economy_and_Christianity" ]

[]

[ { "plaintext": "A ketubah (; ) is a Jewish marriage contract. It is considered an integral part of a traditional Jewish marriage, and outlines the rights and responsibilities of the groom, in relation to the bride. In modern practice, the ketubah has no agreed monetary value, and is seldom enforced by civil courts, except in Israel.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 16429 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 86, 113 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "According to the Babylonian Talmud, the ketubah was enacted by Simeon ben Shetach so that it might not be a light thing for a man to divorce his wife. The enactment provides for a man's wife to receive a fixed sum of money, usually accruing from his property, in the event of his divorcing her or of his predeceasing her. Thirteenth-century rabbi, Aharon HaLevi, adds a different reason, writing: \"Of the logic behind this one commandment, [we find] that the Torah has commanded us to perform an act before taking a wife, a matter that is intended to show that they are a couple united in wedlock before he lies down with her carnally, and that he not come upon her as one would do to a harlot, where there is no other act that precedes what goes on between them...\"", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 30345, 2323176, 1552810, 30343, 15157915 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 17, 34 ], [ 63, 81 ], [ 348, 361 ], [ 459, 464 ], [ 687, 693 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "At any rate, the rabbis in ancient times insisted on the marriage couple entering into the ketubah as a protection for the wife. It acted as a replacement of the biblical mohar – the price paid by the groom to the bride, or her parents, for the marriage (i.e., the bride price). The ketubah served as a contract, whereby the amount due to the wife (the bride-price) came to be paid in the event of the cessation of marriage, either by the death of the husband or divorce. The biblical mohar created a major social problem: many young prospective husbands could not raise the mohar at the time when they would normally be expected to marry. So, to enable these young men to marry, the rabbis, in effect, delayed the time that the amount would be payable, when they would be more likely to have the sum. The mechanism adopted was to provide for the mohar to be a part of the ketubah. Both the mohar and the ketubah amounts served the same purpose: the protection for the wife should her support by her husband (either by death or divorce) cease. The only difference between the two systems was the timing of the payment. A modern secular equivalent would be the entitlement to alimony in the event of divorce. ", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 51273, 47850053, 3223469, 98205 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 17, 22 ], [ 265, 276 ], [ 463, 470 ], [ 1175, 1182 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The ketubah amount served as a disincentive for the husband contemplating divorcing his wife: he would need to have the amount in order to be able to pay to his wife. Unless the husband pledged otherwise, the minimum obligation towards a man's virgin bride is 200 silver denaria (), known as the principal (or dower's price), and 100 silver denaria () for a man who married a widow or divorced woman. This was paid in full from a man's property in the event of his divorcing her during her lifetime, or of his pre-deceasing her. This same sum, according to Mishnaic exegete Obadiah Bartenura, who cites Maimonides, is always the weight of the 'Shekel of the Sanctuary' (Tyrian coinage), which for every 200 shekels in Tyrian coinage, only 25 were required to be pledged in a virgin's ketubah, a sum equivalent to 200 provincial silver denaria. Based on the anatomical weight of 25 shekels in Tyrian coinage, the minimum amount vouched in a virgin's ketubah amounted to 504 grams of fine silver.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 3223469, 751730, 19445, 146839 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 74, 83 ], [ 575, 592 ], [ 604, 614 ], [ 975, 980 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Monies pledged in a woman's ketubah can be written in local currencies, but must have the transactional market-value of the aforementioned weight in silver. Most ketubot also contain an additional liability, known as the \"additional jointure\" (Heb. = increment), whereby the groom pledges addition money to his bride. In Ashkenazi tradition, the custom is to consolidate these different financial obligations, or pledges, into one single, aggregate sum. In other Jewish communities, the custom was to write out all financial obligations as individual components. ", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The ketubah of Babatha, a 2nd-century woman who lived near the Dead Sea, was discovered in 1960 in the Cave of Letters.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 11175378, 8530, 10954719 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 15, 22 ], [ 63, 71 ], [ 103, 118 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Over two hundred ketubot were discovered, among other manuscripts, in the Cairo Geniza. They date between the 6th and 19th centuries and, whilst many consist of plain text, there are examples that use decorative devices such as micrography and illumination to elaborate them.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 603083, 789667, 92310 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 74, 86 ], [ 228, 239 ], [ 244, 256 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The content of the ketubah is in essence a two-way contract that formalizes the various requirements by Halakha (Jewish law) of a Jewish husband vis-à-vis his wife. The Jewish husband takes upon himself in the ketubah the obligation that he will provide to his wife three major things: clothing, food and conjugal relations, and also that he will pay her a pre-specified amount of cash in the case of a divorce. The principal endowment pledged in a ketubah is 200 zuz for a virgin, and 100 zuz otherwise (such as for a widow, a convert, or a divorced woman, etc.). Today, such pledges are made in local currency, and often exceed that of the principal. Thus the content of the ketubah essentially dictates the wife's rights in the marriage and provides for her security and protection. (Conservative Jews often include an additional paragraph, called the Lieberman clause, which stipulates that divorce will be adjudicated by a modern rabbinical court (a beth din) in order to prevent the creation of a chained wife.) The conditions written in the marriage contract may vary between communities, as in the case of the Yemenite ketubah, where the custom in Yemen was not to consolidate the different financial obligations, or pledges, into one single, aggregate sum as is practised by some communities. Rather, all financial obligations were written out as individual components, and had the same fixed sums for all persons. The Chief Rabbinate in Israel has sought to bring uniformity to the ketubah, particularly where Jewish communities in the Diaspora had upheld conflicting traditions.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Composition", "target_page_ids": [ 13873, 3484753, 6623, 11088134, 794946, 1989067, 48838033, 707573 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 104, 111 ], [ 464, 467 ], [ 787, 804 ], [ 855, 871 ], [ 955, 963 ], [ 1003, 1015 ], [ 1118, 1134 ], [ 1428, 1443 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "As in most contracts made between two parties, there are mutual obligations, conditions and terms of reciprocity for such a contract to hold up as good. Thus said R. Yannai: \"The conditions written in a ketubah, [when breached], are tantamount to [forfeiture of] the ketubah.\" A woman who denied coitus unto her husband, a condition of the ketubah, was considered legal grounds for forfeiture of her marriage contract, with the principal and additional jointure being written off.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Composition", "target_page_ids": [ 27069047 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 163, 172 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Mishna and Talmud Bavli record that the \"Beth-Din of Kohanim\" would oversee that the ketubah of a Bat-Kohen would contract the amount of four hundred Zuz (an increase from the standard amount of two hundred Zuz) in the event the Bat-Kohen would be given a Get (bill of divorce) – the increase was written as the base amount due the Bat-Kohen and not as a bonus.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Composition", "target_page_ids": [ 19518, 30345, 3484753, 3223469 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 10 ], [ 15, 27 ], [ 154, 157 ], [ 260, 263 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Talmud Yerushalmi opines that the Bat-Kohen who marries a non-Kohen receives that standard two hundred Zuz amount, as a penalty for not marrying within the greater family of Kohanim.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Composition", "target_page_ids": [ 619694 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 21 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Based on the research of A. Epstien, in his work \"Toldot HaKetubah B'Yisrael\", the recording of Four hundred Zuz in the ketubah of the Bat-Kohen was well in effect during the Amora period, but from thence onward, no mentioning of the increased amount is found in Rabbinic sources.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Composition", "target_page_ids": [ 81858 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 175, 180 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The ketubah is a significant popular form of Jewish ceremonial art. Ketubot have been made in a wide range of designs, usually following the tastes and styles of the era and region in which they are made. Today, styles and decorations on ketubahs are chosen by the couple as a representation of their personal styles. This is contrasting to other Jewish legal or sacred texts (such as the Talmud, Mishnah, etc.), which cannot be decorated. ", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Composition", "target_page_ids": [ 23794804, 30345, 19518 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 45, 66 ], [ 389, 395 ], [ 397, 404 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Traditional ketubot are not written in the Hebrew language, but in Aramaic, the lingua franca of Jews at the time ketubot became standardized. This was done in order to make sure the bride and groom understood the contract that was being signed. Many contemporary ketubot have translations into English or other vernacular languages or an accompanying vernacular text. Many Conservative Jews and other non-Orthodox Jews use ketubot written in Hebrew rather than in Aramaic. Others may use Aramaic ketubot but also have an additional official version in Hebrew.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Composition", "target_page_ids": [ 13450, 2303, 65373, 6623 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 43, 58 ], [ 67, 74 ], [ 80, 93 ], [ 376, 393 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In recent years ketubot have become available in a variety of formats as well as the traditional Aramaic text used by the Orthodox community. Available texts include Conservative text, using the Lieberman Clause, Reform, Egalitarian and Interfaith texts. Some congregations have texts available for same sex couples too. In addition, Secular Humanist and Anniversary texts are also available today.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Composition", "target_page_ids": [ 11088134 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 196, 212 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In a traditional Jewish wedding ceremony, the ketubah is signed by two witnesses and traditionally read out loud under the chuppah between the erusin and nissuin. Friends or distant relatives are invited to witness the ketubah, which is considered an honour; close relatives are prohibited from being witnesses. The witnesses must be halakhically valid witnesses, and so cannot be a blood relative of the couple. In Orthodox Judaism, women are also not considered to be valid witnesses. The ketubah is handed to the bride (or, more commonly, to the bride's mother) for safekeeping.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Usage", "target_page_ids": [ 4774439, 1750696, 25027698, 4774439, 22518 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 17, 40 ], [ 123, 130 ], [ 143, 149 ], [ 154, 161 ], [ 416, 432 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Ketubot are often hung prominently in the home by the married couple as a daily reminder of their vows and responsibilities to each other. ", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Usage", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "However, in some communities, the ketubah is either displayed in a very private section of the home or is not displayed at all. Various reasons given for this include the fact that the details specify personal details, prominent display may invite jealousy or fears of the evil eye. Historically, the ketubah specified whether the bride was a virgin. In Sephardic communities, it still specifies the actual contributions of the family to the new household and the divorce settlement; Ashkenazi communities have adopted the custom of having set amounts for all weddings.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Usage", "target_page_ids": [ 251794, 150185, 150184 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 273, 281 ], [ 354, 363 ], [ 484, 493 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "According to Jewish law, spouses are prohibited from living together if the ketubah has been destroyed, lost, or is otherwise unretrievable. In such case a second ketubah is made up (called a Ketubah De'irkesa), which states in its opening phrase that it comes to substitute a previous ketubah that has been lost.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Usage", "target_page_ids": [ 13873 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 13, 23 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Islamic marriage contract", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 2269617 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 26 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Quaker wedding", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 1409616 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 15 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Responsa on Ketubbot from the Rabbinical Assembly of Conservative Judaism", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [ 26137, 6623 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 31, 50 ], [ 54, 74 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Ketubbot collection, National Library of Israel", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [ 7160586 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 22, 48 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Art of the Ketubah: Decorated Jewish Marriage Contracts From the digital collection of the Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library at Yale University", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] } ]

[ "Jewish_marital_law", "Prenuptial_agreements", "Hebrew_words_and_phrases_in_Jewish_law" ]

[]

[ { "plaintext": "Rajnigandha () is a 1974 Hindi film directed by Basu Chatterjee. It is based on the short story \"Yahi Sach Hai\" by noted Hindi writer Mannu Bhandari. The movie starred Amol Palekar, Vidya Sinha and Dinesh Thakur in the lead.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 13652, 1976172, 4387541, 1230293, 7062615, 25878277 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 25, 30 ], [ 48, 63 ], [ 134, 148 ], [ 168, 180 ], [ 182, 193 ], [ 198, 211 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Rajnigandha went on to win the Best Picture, the Popular Award and the Critics Award at the Filmfare Awards in 1975. It was considered to have a realistic outlook of urban middle class on cinema in 1974, an era when potboilers were ruling Bollywood, a genre which was later called the Middle Cinema. The film was the first screen role of Vidya Sinha and first Hindi film of Amol Palekar, both of whom went on to work with Basu Chatterjee in many films. Rajnigandha was remade into Bengali in 2012 as Hothat Shedin.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 604431, 4246, 7062615, 1230293, 1976172 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 92, 107 ], [ 239, 248 ], [ 338, 349 ], [ 374, 386 ], [ 422, 437 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Deepa (Vidya Sinha) is a graduate student in Delhi who is in a long-term relationship with Sanjay (Amol Palekar), whom she plans to marry. Sanjay is a loquacious, humorous, and a good individual who is also rather lackadaisical and forgetful with no sense of punctuality.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Plot summary", "target_page_ids": [ 7062615, 1230293 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 7, 18 ], [ 99, 111 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "A job interview call from a college in Mumbai re-acquaints her with Navin (Dinesh Thakur) whom she had split up with under acrimonious circumstances. Navin is in every way the antithesis of Sanjay: He is very punctual and looks after her during her stay in Mumbai. Navin shows her the city and helps her with the job interview. This rekindles Deepa's feelings for him, and she finds herself torn between the two men and between her past and her present. Upon her return to Delhi, she feels that her first love (Navin) is her true love. She receives a letter stating that she has got the job in Mumbai. At the same time Sanjay comes to her house and tells her that he has got a promotion, which would require him to stay in Delhi. Deepa then feels that she should forget the past and marry Sanjay, opting not to move to Mumbai for the job.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Plot summary", "target_page_ids": [ 25878277 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 75, 88 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Amol Palekar Sanjay", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Cast and crew", "target_page_ids": [ 1230293 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 13 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Vidya Sinha Deepa Kapoor", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Cast and crew", "target_page_ids": [ 7062615 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 12 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Dinesh Thakur Naveen", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Cast and crew", "target_page_ids": [ 25878277 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 14 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Veena Goud Deepa's sister-in-law", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Cast and crew", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Rajeeta Thakur Ira", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Cast and crew", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Master Chicoo as Bunty", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Cast and crew", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Manju Maini as Bunty's mother", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Cast and crew", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Satya Prakash", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Cast and crew", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Biswajeet (special appearance)", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Cast and crew", "target_page_ids": [ 5936815 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 10 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Helen (special appearance)", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Cast and crew", "target_page_ids": [ 2278796 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 6 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Director : Basu Chatterjee", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Cast and crew", "target_page_ids": [ 1976172 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 12, 27 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Producer : Suresh Jindal", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Cast and crew", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Co-Producer : Kamal Saigal", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Cast and crew", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Editor : G. G. Mayekar", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Cast and crew", "target_page_ids": [ 64649192 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 10, 23 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Cinematographer : K. K. Mahajan", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Cast and crew", "target_page_ids": [ 32475572 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 19, 32 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Costume Designer : Shankhar Gokhale", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Cast and crew", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Audiographer : Kapil Chandra, Narendra Singh", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Cast and crew", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Lyrics : Yogesh Gaur", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Cast and crew", "target_page_ids": [ 36836518 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 10, 21 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Music Director : Salil Chowdhury", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Cast and crew", "target_page_ids": [ 2289091 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 18, 33 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The original story, Yahi Sach Hai (1960), written in diary format was by Mannu Bhandari, an important writer of the Nayi Kahani literary movement of Hindi literature in the 1960s. While writing the screenplay, Basu Chatterjee transposed the story from Kanpur and Kolkata to Delhi and Mumbai in the film.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Production", "target_page_ids": [ 296499, 363531 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 149, 165 ], [ 252, 258 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Director Basu Chatterjee's original cast was Shashi Kapoor, Sharmila Tagore and Amitabh Bachchan. Then he switched to Bengali actors, Aparna Sen and Samit Bhanja. Even classical dancer Mallika Sarabhai was to be cast as lead, but her final MBA exams clashed and eventually debutante Vidya Sinha got the role after she responded to one of the ads placed by Basu Chatterjee.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Production", "target_page_ids": [ 265130, 1094676, 1828, 1445730, 23307232, 290952 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 45, 58 ], [ 60, 75 ], [ 80, 96 ], [ 134, 144 ], [ 149, 161 ], [ 185, 201 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "This was the first Hindi film of Amol Palekar, who at that time was a less known theater actor. In an interview in 2015 with S.M. Irfan on Rajya Sabha TV, Palekar described the circumstances in which he made this switch to mainstream acting. During one of their meetings at the \"Film forum\" (one of the leading film societies of Bombay at that time) Basu Chatterjee showed Palekar the story \"Yahi Sach Hai\" by Mannu Bhandari to read. Once Palekar finished reading it, Chatterjee showed him the script that had been written based on this story. He thereafter asked him if he would like to play the leading role in it. Palekar, a trained artist from the JJ School of art and a theater actor had at that time worked in two Marathi films including Shaantata Court Chaalu Aahe, by Satyadev Dubey and Govind Nihalani.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Production", "target_page_ids": [ 37561260, 19189, 4387541, 2299491, 20617, 14713781, 14599714, 4530724 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 140, 154 ], [ 330, 336 ], [ 411, 425 ], [ 653, 669 ], [ 721, 728 ], [ 745, 772 ], [ 777, 791 ], [ 796, 811 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The principal photography of the film started with 20-day schedule in Mumbai in 1972, which wrapped up in 16 days. This was followed by a 15-day schedule in Delhi. However, after that the film's producer, Suresh Jindal who was also a first time film producer struggled for the next two years to obtain the remaining funding. A potential distributor even offered finance for the film if it was reshot with a different lead actor. The film was completed eventually in 1974 with same leads.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Production", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The film's music director was Salil Chowdhury rendered commercially successful tracks and the songs were written by Yogesh. Mukesh sang \"Kai Baar Yuheen Dekha hai,\" for which he won the National Film Award for Best Male Playback Singer.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Soundtrack", "target_page_ids": [ 2289091, 36836518, 1311275, 4723530 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 30, 45 ], [ 116, 122 ], [ 125, 131 ], [ 187, 236 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "On 6 September 1974, a trial show, where Rajshri Productions bought the Mumbai territory for distribution, the film was first released with single print at All India Radio's Akashwani theatre in South Mumbai. Thereafter through word of mouth, the film gained rapid publicity, and became a sleeper hit, spreading to many theatres. Actor Amol Palekar who made his Hindi film debut with the film, went on to make 'Debut Silver Jubilee Hatrick' with subsequent Basu Chatterjee films, Chhoti Si Baat (1975) and Chitchor (1976), and all Silver Jubilee hits in Mumbai.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Release", "target_page_ids": [ 6944084, 577473, 794112, 1230293, 7085998, 3888422 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 41, 60 ], [ 156, 171 ], [ 289, 300 ], [ 336, 348 ], [ 480, 494 ], [ 506, 514 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Listen to Rajnigandha songs online", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] } ]

[ "1974_films", "1970s_romantic_comedy_films", "1970s_Hindi-language_films", "Films_directed_by_Basu_Chatterjee", "Films_scored_by_Salil_Chowdhury", "Films_based_on_short_fiction", "Films_set_in_Mumbai", "Films_set_in_Delhi", "Films_shot_in_Mumbai", "Films_shot_in_Delhi", "Hindi_films_remade_in_other_languages", "1974_comedy_films" ]

[]

[ { "plaintext": "Michael Davenport may refer to:", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Mike Davenport (born 1968), American musician and convicted fraudster.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 21649033 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 15 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Michael Davenport (diplomat) (born 1961), British diplomat", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 60502555 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 29 ] ] } ]

[]

[]

[ { "plaintext": "Lewis Thornton Powell (April 22, 1844 – July 7, 1865), also known as Lewis Payne and Lewis Paine, was an American Confederate soldier who attempted to assassinate William Henry Seward as part of the Lincoln assassination plot. Wounded at the Battle of Gettysburg, he later served in Mosby's Rangers before working with the Confederate Secret Service in Maryland. John Wilkes Booth recruited him into a plot to kidnap Lincoln and turn the president over to the Confederacy, but then decided to assassinate Lincoln, Seward, and Vice President Andrew Johnson instead, and assigned Powell the task to kill Seward.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 293722, 81455, 4924254, 4849, 10884494, 4008338, 18858, 15919, 1624 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 114, 125 ], [ 163, 183 ], [ 199, 225 ], [ 242, 262 ], [ 283, 298 ], [ 323, 349 ], [ 353, 361 ], [ 363, 380 ], [ 541, 555 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Co-conspirator David Herold was to guide Powell to Seward's home, then help him escape, but fled before Powell was able to exit the Seward home. He arrived at the boarding house run by Mary Surratt, mother of co-conspirator John Surratt, three days later while the police were there conducting a search, and was arrested. Powell, Mary Surratt, Herold, and George Atzerodt were sentenced to death by a military tribunal, and executed at the Washington Arsenal.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 620778, 617904, 4211621, 770689, 3726463 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 15, 27 ], [ 185, 197 ], [ 224, 236 ], [ 356, 371 ], [ 440, 458 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Lewis Powell was born in Randolph County, Alabama, on April 22, 1844, to George Cader and Patience Caroline Powell. He was the youngest son in a family of eight children. Powell's father was ordained a Baptist minister in 1847, and in 1848, the family moved to Stewart County, Georgia, where his father had received an appointment as pastor of Beulah Church in the village of Green Hill. About this time, Powell's father freed the three slaves he owned. Powell and his siblings were all educated by their father, who was the local schoolmaster.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Early life", "target_page_ids": [ 81306, 3979, 96704 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 25, 49 ], [ 202, 218 ], [ 261, 284 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In his early years, Powell was described as quiet and introverted, and well liked by others. He enjoyed carving, fishing, singing, reading, and studying. He also loved attending church, Sunday school, and prayer meetings. He often nursed and cared for sick and stray animals, earning the nickname \"Doc\" from his sisters. Powell could also be immensely stubborn, and the entire family was well known for their hot tempers.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Early life", "target_page_ids": [ 654550, 5098423 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 186, 199 ], [ 205, 219 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "When Powell was 13, he jaw was broken by a mule kick, leaving the left side of his jaw more prominent. In 1859 the Powells were forced to sell their farm and they moved to the village of Bellville in Hamilton County, Florida. The following year, George Powell established a church in Apopka, a town on the border between Orange and Seminole County, and the family moved to a farm outside Live Oak Station in Suwannee County.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Early life", "target_page_ids": [ 72370, 109521, 73640, 75103, 109816, 75107 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 200, 224 ], [ 284, 290 ], [ 321, 327 ], [ 332, 347 ], [ 388, 404 ], [ 408, 423 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "On June 12, 1861, Lewis Powell left home and traveled to Jasper, Florida, where he enlisted in CompanyI of the 2nd Florida Infantry. He was accepted because he lied about his age– he claimed to be 19. Powell's unit fought in March and April1862, in the Peninsula Campaign. Powell became a battle-hardened and effective soldier. He won praise from his commanding officers, and claimed that when he shot his rifle he did so to kill– never to wound. He was alleged to have carried the skull of a Union soldier with him, which he used as an ashtray. His one-year enlistment having expired, Powell received a two-month furlough, during which time he returned home to visit his family. He re-enlisted at Jasper on May8, 1862. In November1862, Powell fell ill and was hospitalized at General Hospital No.11 in Richmond, Virginia. He returned to active duty within a few weeks, and fought in the Battle of Fredericksburg. His unit was then assigned to Third Corps, Army of Northern Virginia, which was organized at the beginning of 1863. Third Corps finally went into combat at the Battle of Gettysburg.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Military service", "target_page_ids": [ 109187, 22534037, 264756, 53274, 48833, 16721464, 4849 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 57, 72 ], [ 111, 131 ], [ 253, 271 ], [ 803, 821 ], [ 888, 912 ], [ 944, 982 ], [ 1074, 1094 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Powell was shot in the right wrist on July2. He was captured, and sent to a prisoner of war hospital at Pennsylvania College. Transferred to Camp Letterman, the vast medical field hospital northeast of Gettysburg, on July6, Powell worked as a nurse in the camp and at Pennsylvania College until September1, when he was turned over to the Provost Marshal. He was taken by train to Baltimore, Maryland, and—still a POW—began working on September2, at West Buildings Hospital. In Baltimore, Powell met and developed a relationship with a woman named Margaret \"Maggie\" Branson, who was volunteering as a nurse. It is believed that Branson assisted Lewis in escaping from the hospital on September7. Some historians contend that she actually provided him with a Union Army uniform.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Military service", "target_page_ids": [ 25008, 496690, 24653537, 26997138, 360126 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 76, 91 ], [ 104, 124 ], [ 338, 353 ], [ 380, 389 ], [ 757, 767 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Margaret Branson took Powell to her mother's boarding house at 16North Eutaw Street in Baltimore. Maryland was split during the Civil War. West of the Atlantic Fall Line the central and western parts of the state largely being settled by Germans from Pennsylvania and other Northerners during the 18th Century, tended to support the Union, as evidenced by Governor Thomas Holliday Hicks plan to stop secession by moving the Maryland General Assembly to Frederick, where on April 29, 1861, secession had been voted down 53–13, this taking place before Maryland was placed under martial law. East of the Fall line, the city of Baltimore and all of the land between the Mason-Dixon Line and the Potomac and the Eastern Shore for the most part was peopled by Confederate sympathizers, who either directly or indirectly aided the Confederacy. The few exceptions to this rule, such as Hicks successor Augustus Bradford had his home in North Baltimore burned to the ground in 1864 by Frederick native Confederate General Bradley T Johnson and his Maryland troops. Johnson was the first to concoct the idea of kidnapping President Lincoln while he was visiting the soldiers home, but whether there were any direct connections to Booth and Powell are unknown.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Military service", "target_page_ids": [ 324628 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 45, 59 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Branson boarding house was a well-known Confederate safe house and frequent rendezvous point for members of the Confederate Secret Service– the Confederacy's spy agency. Powell may have spent up to two weeks at the Branson house before heading south. While still in Maryland, he learned the location of Harry Gilmor and his \"Gilmor's Raiders\"—a unit of Confederate cavalry detached from Second Corps—and spent a few days with them. He crossed into Virginia and on September30, he ended up at the home of John Scott Payne, a prominent doctor and Confederate sympathizer who lived at Granville Tract, a plantation about from Warrenton. By now, Powell was wearing a ragged Confederate uniform, and Payne welcomed him into the home for a meal and a night's stay. They discussed the exploits of Colonel John S. Mosby's Mosby's Rangers, a large detached unit of partisans based in Warrenton. Powell joined Mosby the following day.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Military service", "target_page_ids": [ 501582, 4008338, 2331821, 10318925, 137599, 386503, 10884494, 3121306 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 56, 66 ], [ 116, 142 ], [ 307, 319 ], [ 391, 403 ], [ 628, 637 ], [ 803, 816 ], [ 819, 834 ], [ 861, 869 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "For more than a year, Powell served under Mosby. Mosby considered Powell to be one of his most effective soldiers, and Powell earned the nickname \"Lewis the Terrible\" for his ferocity and murderousness in combat. He lived as a civilian with the Paynes, putting on his uniform and participating in military activities only when conducting a partisan raid. Powell participated in a number of actions, including the Wagon Raids of October and November1863; the Battle of Loudoun Heights on January10, 1864; the battle of Second Dranesville on February20–21; the action at Mount Zion Church on July3 and 6; the Berryville Wagon Raid on August13; the Raid on Merritt's Cavalry Division in September; the Mansassas Gap Railroad Raid on October3–7; the Greenback Raid on October14; the Valley Pike Raid on October25; and the Rout of Blazer's Command on November17. This last raid proved to be a turning point for Powell. Union Army Lieutenant Richard R. Blazer was a noted Native American fighter who had been sent to destroy Mosby's Rangers. Instead, Blazer's unit was routed and Blazer captured. Powell and three others were given the privilege of taking Blazer to prison in Richmond, Virginia, in late November.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Military service", "target_page_ids": [ 12687302, 19482784, 15027361, 16819838, 21217 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 458, 483 ], [ 518, 536 ], [ 559, 586 ], [ 818, 842 ], [ 966, 981 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Powell's visit to Richmond changed him. He returned to Warrenton morose and introspective. Historian Michael W. Kauffman argues that Powell saw a Baltimore acquaintance in Richmond, and that turned his thoughts back to the time he had spent in September1863, romancing Margaret Branson and her sister, Mary, at the Branson boarding house. Powell biographer Betty Ownsbey, however, argues that his Richmond trip made him aware that the Confederate cause was lost, and his depression was caused by his desire to get out of the fighting. Several other historians claim that the Confederate Secret Service had already recruited him into its ranks during the previous year—with Mosby's consent—and that Powell's moodiness came from moral misgivings he had as he contemplated being sent north to assist with various kidnap plots against Abraham Lincoln.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Military service", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "It is known that Powell deserted on January1, 1865. He made his way to Richmond, where he sold his horse and purchased a ticket on a train headed for Alexandria. On January 13, he entered the Union Army's lines at Alexandria, claimed to be a civilian refugee, and—under the name \"Lewis Payne\"—took an oath of allegiance to the United States. On January14, Powell arrived in Baltimore and checked into Miller's Hotel. He made contact with the Bransons, and soon took up residence in their boarding house again. He used the name \"Lewis Payne\", and the Bransons introduced him to David Preston Parr, a merchant whose china shop was used for meetings, as a mail drop, and as a safe house for Confederate agents and spies. Over the next few weeks, Powell met frequently with Parr, a Confederate Secret Service agent.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Involvement in conspiracy", "target_page_ids": [ 18940583, 1718973 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 150, 160 ], [ 653, 662 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The same day that Powell arrived in Baltimore, John Surratt and Louis J. Weichmann purchased a boat at Port Tobacco in Charles County, Maryland. Surratt, and to a much lesser degree Weichmann, were members of a group led by John Wilkes Booth which planned to kidnap President Abraham Lincoln and spirit him into Virginia, where he could be turned over to Confederate military authorities. The boat was needed to ferry Lincoln across the Potomac River. The two men then traveled to Baltimore on January21. In testimony for the prosecution in June1865, Weichmann said that Surratt had $300 which he needed to give to a man in Baltimore. Although Surratt never revealed the man's name, the prosecution at Powell's 1865 trial attempted to show that this man was Lewis Powell. Historian Edward Steers Jr. agrees that it is likely that Surratt met Powell at this time, while historians David Griffin Chandler and Elizabeth Trindal present their meeting at Parr's China Hall store as fact.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Involvement in conspiracy", "target_page_ids": [ 3200603, 116405, 57203, 59308, 2153886 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 64, 82 ], [ 103, 115 ], [ 119, 143 ], [ 437, 450 ], [ 782, 799 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Either in late January or early February1865, Powell encountered John Wilkes Booth outside Barnum's Hotel in Baltimore. Booth treated Powell to lunch at the hotel, and recruited him into the plot to kidnap Lincoln. Powell became a fervent believer in Booth, and Booth came to trust Powell implicitly. Although several others had been part of the conspiracy for some time, Powell swiftly became the second most important person in the plot– next to John Surratt. Booth made arrangements for Powell to stay at Herndon House boarding house under the name \"Reverend Lewis Payne\" whenever he traveled to Washington, D.C. During this time, Powell used a variety of aliases in addition to \"Lewis Payne\", including use of the last names Hall, Kensler, Mosby, Paine, and Wood.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Involvement in conspiracy", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "In early February, Powell, using the alias \"Mr. Wood\", appeared at Mary Surratt's boarding house in Washington. Mary was John's mother, and she had taken up residence in the boarding house in the fall of 1864 after renting out her tavern in Surrattsville, Maryland, to former District of Columbia police officer John M. Lloyd. Powell asked for John Surratt, who was not at home. He then requested something to eat and a place to stay, and Mary granted both requests after her son returned home and vouched for \"Mr. Wood\". Powell told Louis J. Weichmann, who was a boarder in the house, that \"Wood\" was a clerk in Parr's china shop in Baltimore. Powell left the next day.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Involvement in conspiracy", "target_page_ids": [ 24749764, 11420889, 116514, 13713166, 3200603 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 67, 96 ], [ 227, 237 ], [ 241, 264 ], [ 312, 325 ], [ 534, 552 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Powell's role in the plot almost came to an end when, on March12, 1865, he beat a black maid at the Branson boarding house. She had him arrested and accused him of being a Confederate spy. It was a serious charge: Maryland was under martial law, and the Union Army's Provost Marshal had supervision over such cases. Using the name \"Lewis Paine\", Powell swore he was from Fauquier County, Virginia, and knew nothing about the war. Declaring he was only 18years old, he pretended to be stupid and not understand the English language too well. Lacking evidence that he was a spy, the Provost Marshal released Powell on March14. Powell took an oath of allegiance to the United States, and the Provost Marshal wrote on his allegiance form that \"Lewis Paine\" was to live north of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, for the duration of the war.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Involvement in conspiracy", "target_page_ids": [ 50477, 91325, 50585, 23332 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 233, 244 ], [ 371, 396 ], [ 774, 786 ], [ 788, 800 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The day before Powell was released, John Surratt sent a telegram to Parr in Baltimore, telling him to send Powell immediately to Washington. Powell was freed just in time to take the 6:00p.m. train to the capital. Powell arrived at the Surratt boarding house and identified himself as \"Reverend Lewis Payne\", a Baptist preacher. When members of the boarding house recognized him as Mr.Wood from several weeks earlier, Powell explained that he knew a Mr.Wood and that they had been confused. In a new suit, his demeanor suave and cultured—quite unlike his previous surly attitude—the members of the household accepted his explanation. But when \"Reverend Payne\" met with John Surratt, he claimed not to know him– even though on his previous visit he claimed to be a friend of John's. To Weichmann, this was highly suspicious behavior, but Mary said she was happy with \"Reverend Payne's\" explanations. Powell stayed for three days, then left.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Involvement in conspiracy", "target_page_ids": [ 30010 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 56, 64 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Powell was not the only conspirator to have arrived in the city. Booth had assembled his entire team—which consisted of John Surratt, Lewis Powell, Samuel Arnold, George Atzerodt, David Herold, and Michael O'Laughlen—because he wanted the men to plan to kidnap Lincoln the next time he attended a play at Ford's Theatre. Booth rented the President's Box at the theater on March15, and he provided tickets to Powell and Surratt so that they could familiarize themselves with the layout of the theater and how to gain access to the box. The two attended the theater as planned– in the company of two of Mary's female boarders.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Involvement in conspiracy", "target_page_ids": [ 6642588, 6611234, 408213 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 148, 161 ], [ 198, 216 ], [ 305, 319 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The group then had a late-night planning meeting at Gautier's Restaurant at 252Pennsylvania Avenue. It was the first time that Arnold and O'Laughlen met the others, and it was the first time Booth revealed his plan to kidnap Lincoln from Ford's Theatre. Booth assigned Powell—whom he called Mosby—the job of catching a handcuffed Lincoln as he was lowered from the president's box onto the stage. Arnold said that Powell, the strongest of the men, should be the one to subdue and handcuff Lincoln, not catch him from below. As the men argued, Booth kept altering his plan and Powell's role in it. Throughout the meeting, Arnold and O'Laughlen expressed their anger at Booth. They said they had joined a plot to kidnap Lincoln in the country, where the president would be unguarded and there was little chance of encountering a military patrol. Now Booth was changing that plan significantly, and they did not like it. The meeting broke up at 5:00a.m. after Arnold said trying to kidnap Lincoln from a theater full of people in the middle of the city was suicidal.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Involvement in conspiracy", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "On the morning of March 17, Booth learned that President Lincoln had been invited to attend a matinee theatrical performance at the Soldiers' Home. The Soldiers' Home was in a rural part of the District of Columbia about from the city limits (at that time Florida Avenue), and Lincoln usually visited the facility without an escort. The group met in front of the Surratt boarding house at 2:00p.m., to receive instructions from Booth. Booth sent Herold out to the Surratt tavern with equipment, and informed the others that they should wait at a local saloon while he rode out to the Soldier's Home to scout the area. When Booth arrived at the Soldier's Home, he learned that Lincoln had decided to address a group of Indiana soldiers at a downtown hotel instead. Powell and the other conspirators never left the tavern.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Involvement in conspiracy", "target_page_ids": [ 5167121, 2969300, 21883857 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 132, 146 ], [ 257, 271 ], [ 719, 726 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Powell returned to the Branson boarding house that evening, then traveled to New York City with Booth on March21. Powell stayed at the Revere House, a fashionable hotel, and later moved to a boarding house. There is evidence that Booth and Powell then traveled to Toronto, Upper Canada, a major center of Confederate activity. Richard Montgomery, a Confederate spy, said that he saw Powell meet with Jacob Thompson and Clement Claiborne Clay, the two heads of the Confederate Secret Service, in Toronto. On March23, Booth sent a coded telegram to Louis Weichmann, which John Surratt understood to mean that Powell should stay at the Herndon House after he returned to Washington. Powell returned to the capital on the night of March27, and checked into the Herndon House using the alias \"Kensler\". Powell joined Booth that night to watch a performance of the opera La Forza del Destino at Ford's Theatre.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Involvement in conspiracy", "target_page_ids": [ 64646, 1156401, 844259, 4008338, 521576 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 264, 271 ], [ 400, 414 ], [ 419, 441 ], [ 464, 490 ], [ 865, 885 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "On April 11, President Lincoln addressed a crowd from the balcony on the north side of the White House. In this speech, Lincoln discussed his plans for accepting the rebellious states back into the Union, and singled out Louisiana as the first he would like to see do so. Lincoln announced that he also wanted to see African Americans given the right to vote. Booth and Powell stood on the White House lawn listening to the speech. Booth seethed at the idea of giving blacks political power, and told Powell, \"That means nigger citizenship. Now, by God, I will put him through. That will be the last speech he will ever make.\"", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Involvement in conspiracy", "target_page_ids": [ 18130 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 221, 230 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "It is unclear just when Powell learned that the kidnap plot had turned to an assassination. There is testimony from the nurse attending the Secretary of State indicating that Powell may have learned of his role to assassinate Seward on Thursday, April 13. A man fitting Powell's description appeared at the Seward home that day to inquire about the Secretary's health. Powell himself was inconsistent. He once said he learned he was to kill Seward on the morning of Friday, April 14, but later claimed he did not know until the evening of April 14.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Lincoln assassination plot", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "On the afternoon of April 14, Booth learned that Abraham Lincoln would be attending a play at Ford's Theatre that night. Booth decided that the time had come to kill Lincoln. Booth sent David Herold to tell Powell the news. The two men probably spent the afternoon and early evening at the Canterbury Music Hall on Pennsylvania Avenue, where Powell met and possibly had a tryst with Mary Gardner, a performer there.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Lincoln assassination plot", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "At 8:45p.m. that night, Booth, Atzerodt, Herold, and Powell met in Powell's room at the Herndon House in Washington, D.C., where Booth assigned roles. They would strike that very night, Booth said. Powell (accompanied by Herold) was to go to the home of Secretary of State William H. Seward and kill him. Atzerodt was to assassinate Vice President Andrew Johnson. Booth was to murder Lincoln at Ford's Theatre.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Lincoln assassination plot", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "At about 10:10p.m., the same time Booth made his way to the unguarded presidential box at Ford's Theater, Powell was escorted to the Seward residence on Lafayette Square near the White House by David Herold. Seward had been injured in a carriage accident on April5, and suffered a concussion, broken jaw, broken right arm, and many serious bruises. Local newspapers reported that Seward was at home convalescing, so Powell and Herold knew where to find him. Powell was armed with a Whitney revolver and large knife, and wore black pants, a long overcoat, a grey vest, a grey dress coat, and a hat with a wide brim. Herold waited outside, holding Powell's horse. Powell knocked and rang the bell, and the door was answered by William Bell, Seward's African American maitre d'. Holding up a small bottle, Powell claimed that Seward's physician, T.S. Verdi, had sent some medicine to the house. Bell was suspicious, as Verdi had departed the home only an hour earlier and left instructions for Seward not to be disturbed. Bell asked Powell to wait, but Powell pushed past him and began mounting the stairs to the second-floor bedrooms.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Lincoln assassination plot", "target_page_ids": [ 25953181, 49051942, 2141762 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 153, 169 ], [ 725, 737 ], [ 765, 774 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Seward's son, Frederick W. Seward, appeared at the top of the steps. When Powell reached the second floor, he told Fredrick that he was delivering medicine, but Fredrick refused Powell's request. As Lewis Powell and Fredrick bickered over the medicine story, Seward's daughter, Fanny Seward, stuck her head out of her father's bedroom door and warned the men that Seward was sleeping. She then returned to the bedroom. Once Fanny went into her father's bedroom, Frederick asked Powell to leave. Powell was about to take a few steps, but he pulled out his revolver and pulled the trigger with the barrel of the gun against Frederick's head. The revolver misfired, and Powell pistol-whipped Frederick, knocking him to the floor. Bell fled the house, screaming \"Murder! Murder!\", and raced to the office of General Christopher C. Augur next door for help.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Lincoln assassination plot", "target_page_ids": [ 6876324, 23190091, 30221421, 6072746 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 14, 33 ], [ 278, 290 ], [ 674, 688 ], [ 812, 832 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Powell drew out his knife and burst through Seward's bedroom door. Inside were Seward's Army nurse, Sergeant George F. Robinson, and Fanny Seward. Powell slashed Robinson on the forearm, and the soldier fell. Lewis pushed Fanny aside and leapt onto the bed. He savagely began knifing Seward in the face and throat. Seward, however, was wearing a metal and canvas splint on his jaw, which deflected most of Powell's blows. However, Powell managed to cut through Seward's right cheek and along his right throat, causing a large amount of blood flow. Believing Seward to be dead, Powell hesitated. Terrified of Fanny's screams of “Murder!”, Herold fled on his own steed, leaving Lewis Powell on his own to escape from Seward's mansion. Just as John Wilkes Booth mortally wounded President Lincoln at Ford's Theatre, Seward's other son, Augustus Henry Seward, burst into the room. Powell stabbed him several times after Augustus dragged Powell onto the floor. Robinson and Augustus Seward wrestled with the strong, uninjured Powell. Powell stabbed Robinson in the shoulder and slashed a portion of Augustus' scalp from his head. ", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Lincoln assassination plot", "target_page_ids": [ 40121344, 40948101 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 100, 127 ], [ 833, 854 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Powell was confronted by State Department messenger Emerick \"Bud\" Hansell in the hallway. Hansell had just arrived at the house moments earlier and found the front door ajar. As Hansell turned to flee, Powell stabbed him in the back. Powell ran out of the house, yelling “I’m mad! I’m mad!” Then he threw his knife in the gutter of the street, got onto his waiting horse, and disappeared throughout the night.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Lincoln assassination plot", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Powell now realized that David Herold had abandoned him. Powell had almost no knowledge of the streets of Washington, D.C., and without Herold he had no way of locating the streets he was to use for his escape route. He mounted his horse, and began riding at a relatively slow pace north on 15th Street.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Lincoln assassination plot", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Powell's exact movements from the time he was seen cantering up 15th Street until the time he appeared at the Surratt boarding house three days later are not clear. It is well-established that he ended up (by riding or walking) in the far northeast part of the District of Columbia near Fort Bunker Hill, where he discarded his overcoat. In the overcoat pockets were Powell's riding gloves, a false mustache, and a piece of paper with Mary Gardner's name and hotel room number on it. Sources differ widely on what happened. Historian Ernest B. Furgurson says Powell's horse gave out near Lincoln Hospital (now Lincoln Park), a mile east of the United States Capitol on East Capitol Street. He then hid in \"a cemetery\" (without specifying which). Ownsbey says Powell hid in a tree for three days.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Lincoln assassination plot", "target_page_ids": [ 11968105, 4459284, 31979, 3999110 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 287, 303 ], [ 610, 622 ], [ 644, 665 ], [ 669, 688 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Historians William C. Edwards and Edward Steers Jr. claim Powell made it to both Fort Bunker Hill and Congressional Cemetery (at 18th and E Streets SE), while Ralph Gary claims that Powell hid out in a marble burial vault at Congressional Cemetery. Andrew Jampoler, however, says Powell just wandered the streets of the city. Whether Powell abandoned his horse, was thrown by it, or both is unclear, and Powell never gave a public or formal statement about what happened.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Lincoln assassination plot", "target_page_ids": [ 1198428 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 102, 124 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Powell decided to return to Surratt's boarding house to seek help. His clothes were somewhat bloody from the attack at Seward's home, and he dropped his hat at the Seward home. During much of the Victorian era, it was considered unseemly for any man (even a menial laborer) to be seen in public without a hat, and Powell would have been viewed with suspicion had he tried to enter the city without one. Ripping the sleeve from his undershirt, Powell placed the sleeve on his head in the hope that people would think it was a stocking cap. To complete his disguise as a common laborer, he then stole a pickaxe from a farmyard. Powell then headed for Surratt's.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Lincoln assassination plot", "target_page_ids": [ 32798, 384491, 1117328 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 196, 209 ], [ 525, 537 ], [ 601, 608 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Members of the Metropolitan Police Department of the District of Columbia already suspected John Surratt of complicity in Lincoln's murder, and had visited the Surratt boarding house for the first time as early as 2:00a.m. on April15, less than four hours after the attacks. Nothing incriminating was found. Federal authorities decided to make a second visit. Military investigators arrived at about 11:00p.m. on Monday, April17, to bring Mrs. Surratt and others in for questioning. As they were about to depart at 11:45p.m., Powell showed up on the doorstep. Powell claimed to be a menial laborer who had been hired that morning by Mrs. Surratt to dig a gutter in the street. He explained his arrival at the house by saying that he wanted to know what time he should begin work in the morning. His clothes aroused intense suspicion, as he wore rather good quality boots, pants, dress shirt, vest, and coat. His pickaxe seemed unused, and his hands were uncalloused and well manicured (unlike those of a common laborer). Mary denied knowing him. She would later claim that her extremely poor eyesight and the darkness of the room prevented her from recognizing Powell. Powell stood under a bright lamp just five feet from her when she made her denial.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Lincoln assassination plot", "target_page_ids": [ 1313586 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 15, 73 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Taken into custody, Powell was discovered to have a box of pistol cartridges, a compass, hair pomade, a brush and comb, two fine handkerchiefs, and a copy of his oath of allegiance (signed \"L. Paine\") in his pockets. These were not the possessions of a menial laborer. Although he claimed he was a poor man who barely earned a dollar a day for ditch-digging, Powell's wallet contained $25. About 3:00a.m. on April18, William Bell identified Powell as the man who assaulted Seward. Powell was formally arrested, and imprisoned aboard the , a Union monitor then at anchor in the Anacostia River at the Washington Navy Yard. A second identification was made around mid-morning on April 18 when Augustus Seward visited the Saugus and positively identified Powell as the man who attacked him and his father.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Lincoln assassination plot", "target_page_ids": [ 1086271, 210640, 666230, 470486 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 94, 100 ], [ 547, 554 ], [ 577, 592 ], [ 600, 620 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The federal government arrested a great many people for their role in the Lincoln assassination. Arrests included John T. Ford, owner of Ford's Theatre; Ford's brothers, James and Harry Clay Ford; John \"Peanuts\" Burroughs, the African American boy who unwittingly held Booth's horse in the alley behind Ford's Theatre; Mary Surratt's brother, John Zadoc \"Zad\" Jenkins; Surratt's boarder, 15-year-old Honora Fitzpatrick; and many others. Some, like Judson Jarboe, had merely seen one of the key conspirators walk by. All were released, although many were incarcerated for up to 40days or more.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Trial", "target_page_ids": [ 9282045 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 114, 126 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The most important prisoners were kept aboard monitors, to prevent escape as well as any effort to free them. Along with Powell on the Saugus were Michael O'Laughlen, Samuel Arnold, Edman Spangler, and George Atzerodt's cousin, Hartmann Richter– who had harbored Atzerodt for four days. Aboard the were David Herold, George Atzerodt—he was later moved to the Saugus—and the body of John Wilkes Booth. Samuel Mudd and Mary Surratt were held at the Old Capitol Prison– now the site of the United States Supreme Court Building.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Trial", "target_page_ids": [ 6636353, 28812, 387985, 2420742 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 182, 196 ], [ 402, 413 ], [ 448, 466 ], [ 488, 524 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Reporters were denied access to the prisoners, but photographer Alexander Gardner received clearance. On April27, Gardner began taking photographs of those who were caught up in the government's dragnet. One by one, each prisoner was brought on deck and photographed in a few positions. Gardner took far more photographs of Powell than anyone else. Powell obliged Gardner by posing seated, standing, with and without restraints, and modeling the overcoat and hat that he had worn the night of the Seward attacks. Among the most famous of the photographs is one in which Powell sits against the gun turret of the , staring into the camera in a modern fashion, relaxed and direct.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Trial", "target_page_ids": [ 1827174, 1430651 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 64, 81 ], [ 195, 202 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Powell's confinement was not easy. He was constantly shackled with a form of manacles known as \"lily irons\", a riveted handcuff that had two separate iron bands on each wrist that prevented bending of the wrist or use of the hands independently. Like all the male prisoners, a heavy iron ball at the end of a long chain was manacled to one of his legs. Shackles were riveted closed about the ankles, which caused Powell's feet to swell considerably. Like all the prisoners, he had only a straw pallet on which to sit or lie and a single blanket for warmth. The same meal was served four times a day: coffee or water, bread, salted pork, and beef or beef soup. On April29, all the prisoners aboard the monitors and at the Old Capitol Prison were moved to newly constructed cells at the Washington Arsenal.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Trial", "target_page_ids": [ 168072, 959506, 3726463 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 77, 85 ], [ 354, 362 ], [ 786, 804 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The prisoners were not permitted to bathe or wash until May 4, when all bindings and clothes were removed and they were permitted to bathe in cold water in the presence of a soldier. In early May, General John F. Hartranft, special provost marshal overseeing the prisoners, began improving the living conditions. Powell and the other prisoners began to receive fresh clothing—including undergarments—more frequently, more food, and writing instruments. When Powell was observed raising the iron ball to his head, Hartranft feared Powell might be contemplating suicide, and had the ball removed on June2. Living conditions improved again on June18, when the prisoners were given a box to sit on, outdoor exercise time each day, and reading material and chewing tobacco after each meal.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Trial", "target_page_ids": [ 443525, 1090058 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 205, 222 ], [ 752, 767 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "On April 22, Powell repeatedly banged his head into the iron walls of his cell aboard the Saugus. Whether it was a suicide attempt, as his jailers believed, or not, it deeply alarmed military officials. A canvas padded hood, with only a slit for the mouth and nostrils, was fashioned. Powell and all the other prisoners aboard the monitors were forced to wear them 24hours a day, seven days a week, to prevent any further suicide attempts. Only Mary Surratt and Mudd were not required to wear the hoods. Powell cried when the hood was placed on him. The hoods were hot, claustrophobic, and uncomfortable, and in the humid confines of the monitors in the steaming Washington summer, the prisoners suffered immensely. On June6, Hartranft ordered them removed except for Powell's.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Trial", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The apparent suicide attempt worried prison officials for another reason. Powell allegedly could not remember what state or country he had been born in or his age. Military personnel became concerned that he was insane or was being driven mad by his confinement. Three physicians were called in to determine his sanity, and on June17, he was interviewed for three hours and 40minutes by Major Thomas Akaryote and John T. Gray. The military tribunal later ruled him sane. With Booth dead and John Surratt still at large, Powell was the individual who knew most about the conspiracy, and government officials pressed him for information. Major Thomas T. Eckert spent hours with Powell over the weeks until his execution, trying to get him to talk.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Trial", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The trial of the alleged conspirators began on May 9. A military tribunal, rather than a civilian court, was chosen as the prosecutorial venue because government officials thought that its more lenient rules of evidence would enable the court to get to the bottom of what was then perceived by the public as a vast conspiracy. A military tribunal also avoided the possibility of jury nullification since federal officials worried that a jury drawn from the pro-Southern populace of the District of Columbia might free the prisoners. All eight alleged conspirators were tried simultaneously.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Trial", "target_page_ids": [ 487886, 180345 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 56, 73 ], [ 379, 397 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The prosecution was led by Judge Advocate General Brigadier General Joseph Holt, assisted by Assistant Judge Advocate General Colonel Henry Lawrence Burnett, and Judge Advocate Major John Bingham. A panel of nine judges, all military officers, sat in judgment over the accused. Conviction required a simple majority of judges, while imposition of the death sentence required a two-thirds majority. The only appeal was directly to the President of the United States.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Trial", "target_page_ids": [ 2622299, 1412477, 8115881, 1301454 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 27, 49 ], [ 68, 79 ], [ 134, 156 ], [ 183, 195 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "A room on the northeast corner of the third floor of the Arsenal was used as a courtroom. The prisoners sat together on long benches wearing wrist and ankle manacles and an armed guard on either side of each of them. The exception was Surratt, who sat in a chair unmanacled. Surratt and Powell received the most press attention during the trial.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Trial", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Powell did not have legal representation until the third day of the trial. James Mason Campbell, son-in-law of late Supreme Court Chief Justice Roger B. Taney, declined to represent him. On the second day, Burnett asked Colonel William E. Doster to assume Powell's defense. John Atzerodt had hired Doster to represent his brother, George Atzerodt, during the trial. Although reluctant since he had his hands full with one client, Doster agreed, but for weeks, Powell refused to speak to Doster.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Trial", "target_page_ids": [ 31739, 21833588 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 116, 143 ], [ 144, 158 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The prosecution opened its case against Powell on May 13. Weichmann tied Powell strongly to the Booth-led conspiracies against Lincoln. Slowly, the public realized that \"Lewis Payne,\" the name used to formally charge the individual with conspiracy, attempted murder, and murder, was really someone named Lewis Powell. Court testimony turned to other issues for a week before the prosecution's case against Powell resumed. Seward butler William Bell, Augustus Seward, and Sergeant George F. Robinson testified about the attack on the Secretary of State and identified Powell as the assailant. The Herndon House landlady testified that Powell rented a room from her, while two police officers discussed Powell's arrest. A long list of other witnesses testified about minor pieces of evidence– such as the discovery of Powell's knife in the gutter and the recovery of his abandoned horse.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Trial", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Bell's testimony proved to be a turning point. Powell was freed from his restraints and was obliged to put on his hat and overcoat. He placed his hands on Bell as if to shove him aside. Bell's reaction provoked much laughter in the courtroom, even from Powell. However, Powell was rattled by the testimony and finally agreed to speak with Doster about himself and his case. Powell expressed remorse for hurting Frederick Seward, but most of his discussion was disjointed and rambling, and he still could not remember his age or place of birth. Doster became convinced that Powell was half-witted. Although Powell revealed his real name, the name of his father, and where his parents lived, Powell's many fabrications left Doster too distrustful of those facts to act on them. Doster did not write to George Powell in Florida until nearly a month had passed.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Trial", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The defense opened its case on June 21. Doster's defense of Powell was essentially a plea for his life. The weight of evidence against Powell was so overwhelming that Doster never attempted to disprove his guilt. Rather, Doster characterized Powell's actions as those of a soldier who \"aimed at the head of a department instead of a corps\". On June 2, Doster suggested to the court that Powell was insane. Dr. Charles Henry Nichols, superintendent of the Government Hospital for the Insane, testified as to his belief that Powell was insane, as did the two guards who watched over Powell. However, despite additional examinations by a number of physicians, none of them found Powell insane. Many claimed he was stupid or slow-witted, but none found him insane.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Trial", "target_page_ids": [ 53830 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 455, 489 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Doster made one last bid to save Powell's life by arguing that Powell had not killed Lincoln or Seward and so his life should be spared. Doster ignored the conspiracy laws of the day, which incorporated the concept of vicarious liability, which meant that Powell was responsible for Lincoln's murder even if the original conspiracy were to kidnap, rather than kill, and even if Booth had acted to kill without Powell's knowledge or consent.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Trial", "target_page_ids": [ 3406102, 1389338 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 156, 166 ], [ 218, 237 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The nine judges of the military tribunal began considering the guilt and sentencing of the co-conspirators on June29. About an hour was spent considering each defendant's guilt. On June30, the tribunal began voting on the charges facing each individual. They disposed of the Herold and Atzerodt cases before considering Powell's guilt. He was found guilty of all charges, except the two counts of conspiracy with Edman Spangler. The tribunal sentenced Powell to death. President Johnson affirmed the verdicts and sentences on July5, following an inevitable appeal.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Execution", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "On July 6, the verdicts were made public. General Winfield Scott Hancock and General Hartranft began informing the prisoners of their sentences at noon the same day. Powell was the first to be told that he was found guilty and sentenced to die, and he accepted his fate stoically. Powell asked to see two ministers: Reverend Augustus P. Stryker, an Episcopalian minister at St.Barnabas Church in Baltimore and a Confederate sympathizer, and the Reverend Doctor Abram Dunn Gillette, a loyal Unionist and pastor at the First Baptist Church in Washington, D.C. Gillette arrived shortly after Powell made his request. Powell spent several hours with Gillette, whom he had seen preach in Baltimore in February1865. Powell told Gillette about his background, how he came to be involved in the conspiracy, and how much he regretted his actions, which he still justified as those of a soldier. Powell wept profusely during portions of their interview, and blamed Confederate leaders for his predicament.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Execution", "target_page_ids": [ 171498, 1214 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 50, 72 ], [ 349, 361 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Powell strenuously attempted to exonerate Mary Surratt. According to one source, Powell asked Gillette to bring Captain Christian Rath to him. Rath came, and Powell declared that Surratt knew nothing of the conspiracy and was innocent. Rath conferred with Eckert, and within an hour had taken down Powell's statement for consideration by President Johnson. Another source, however, says that it was the two Roman Catholic priests who were consoling Mary Surratt, Father Jacob Walter and Father B.F. Wiget, and Surratt's daughter, Anna, who visited Powell that evening and elicited the statement declaring Mrs. Surratt innocent. Whichever version is true (perhaps both), Powell's statement had no effect on anyone with authority to prevent Surratt's execution. Powell was the only one of the conspirators to make a statement exonerating Surratt.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Execution", "target_page_ids": [ 57646099 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 120, 134 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Gillette spent the night with Powell. The condemned man alternately wept and prayed, and fell asleep for three hours near dawn. Reverend Stryker was on his way to Washington, but would not receive permission to see Powell until noon the following day.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Execution", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "A gallows was constructed in the Arsenal courtyard high and large enough for all four condemned to be hanged at once. Powell asked to see General Hartranft and impressed upon him once more Mary Surratt's innocence. Hartranft wrote a memorandum to President Johnson outlining Powell's statement, adding that he believed Powell to be telling the truth. Powell then made a statement exonerating Atzerodt and declared that Atzerodt refused to kill Vice President Johnson even though Booth had ordered him to do so.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Execution", "target_page_ids": [ 428437 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 2, 9 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "At 1:15p.m., July 7, 1865, the prisoners were taken through the courtyard and up the steps of the gallows. Each prisoner's ankles and wrists were manacled. More than 1,000people, including government officials, members of the US armed forces, friends and family of the condemned, official witnesses, and reporters, watched from the Arsenal courtyard and the tops of its walls. Alexander Gardner, who had photographed Powell and the others two months before, photographed the execution for the government.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Execution", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Hartranft read the execution order as the condemned sat in chairs. White cloth was used to bind their arms to their sides, and to tie their ankles and thighs together. On Powell's behalf Gillette thanked the prison officials for their kindness, and said a prayer for Powell's soul; Powell's eyes filled with tears. Powell said, \"Mrs. Surratt is innocent. She doesn't deserve to die with the rest of us\".", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Execution", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The prisoners were asked to stand and move forward a few feet to the nooses. A white bag was placed over the head of each prisoner after the noose was put in place. Powell said to Rath through his hood, \"I thank you, goodbye.\"", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Execution", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Rath clapped his hands, and soldiers knocked the supports from under the drops. Surratt and Atzerodt seemed to die quickly. By contrast, Herold and Powell struggled for nearly five minutes. Powell's body swung about wildly, and once or twice his legs came up so that he was almost in a sitting position.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Execution", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The bodies were allowed to hang for about 30 minutes before being cut down and placed in wooden gun boxes.The name of each deceased was written on a piece of paper and placed in the box in a glass vial. They were buried, along with Booth, against the east wall of the prison yard. In 1867, the coffins were reburied elsewhere within the Arsenal. In February 1869, after much pleading from the Booths and Surratts, President Johnson agreed to turn the bodies over to their families.", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Burial", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "There is some dispute about what happened next. Historian Betty Ownsbey says that Powell's family expressed a wish to reclaim the remains, but did not do so. Historian Richard Bak believes Powell's remains were interred at Graceland Cemetery in Washington, D.C. Powell's remains were disinterred and reburied at Holmead's Burying Ground. According to Powell family legend, Bak says, the family went to Washington in 1871 to retrieve Lewis' remains; the skull was missing. On the return trip to Florida, George Powell fell ill, and Lewis Powell's remains were temporarily interred on a nearby farm.", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Burial", "target_page_ids": [ 43698672, 43674583 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 223, 241 ], [ 312, 336 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 1879, the remains were retrieved and the headless corpse was buried in Geneva, Florida. Betty Ownsbey says this is nothing more than a fanciful story. She argues that the events could not have occurred as related by family members, for the city of Washington, D.C., would have issued a disinterment order as well as issued a receipt for the body—neither of which occurred. There are also other reasons to believe the family legend is inaccurate. Graceland Cemetery (a burial ground primarily for African Americans) did not open until 1872, but Powell was reburied before that. Graceland closed in 1894, a date which does not fit with the date of the Holmead's burial as related by Bak or Ownsbey.", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Burial", "target_page_ids": [ 109775 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 74, 89 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Other documents describe an alternative series of events. According to this version, Powell's family declined to retrieve the body, at which point Powell was buried at Holmead's Burying Ground in either June 1869 or February 1870. A. H. Gawler of Gawler's Funeral Home handled the reburial. The burial site was unmarked, and only Gawler and a few Army personnel knew where Powell was interred at Holmead's.", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Burial", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Holmead's closed in 1874, and for the next decade bodies were disinterred and reburied elsewhere. Family members and friends reclaimed about 1,000bodies. The remains of 4,200Caucasians were removed to Rock Creek Cemetery, while several hundred African American remains were reinterred at Graceland Cemetery. According to the Washington Evening Star newspaper, Powell's body was exhumed by Gawler's on December16, 1884. The identifying glass vial was recovered, but the paper it was supposed to contain was missing. Wesley Pippenger, a historian who has studied Holmead's Burying Ground, asserts that Powell's remains were buried at Graceland Cemetery. With unclaimed white remains at Graceland moved to mass graves at Rock Creek Cemetery, Powell's remains may lie there.", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Burial", "target_page_ids": [ 1308083, 972202 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 201, 220 ], [ 325, 348 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Powell biographer Betty Ownsbey suggests a third sequence of events. She argues Powell was interred at Graceland Cemetery, but that his remains were disinterred some time between 1870 and 1884, and moved to Holmead's Burying Ground. Powell's remains were disinterred in 1884, and buried in a mass grave in SectionK, Lot23, at Rock Creek Cemetery.", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Burial", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "In 1991, a Smithsonian Institution researcher discovered Powell's skull in the museum's Native American skull collection. After extensive research, Smithsonian and U.S. Army investigators came to believe that A.H. Gawler removed the skull at the time of its 1869/1870 interment. The skull was then donated in 1885 to the Army Medical Museum. At that time, it was stenciled with the accession number 2244 and the capital letter \"P\". The museum's documentation shows that the skull came from \"Payne\", a criminal who had been executed by hanging. The Army gave the skull to the Smithsonian on May 7, 1898, and somehow it became mixed with the Native American collection.", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Burial", "target_page_ids": [ 65828, 3576111 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 11, 34 ], [ 321, 340 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Smithsonian contacted Powell's nearest living relative, his 70-year-old great-niece Helen Alderman, who requested that the skull be turned over to her. Verification of Alderman's relationship took two years. On November 12, 1994, Lewis Powell's skull was buried next to the grave of his mother, Caroline Patience Powell, at Geneva Cemetery.", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Burial", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Powell was portrayed by Titus Welliver in the 1998 film The Day Lincoln Was Shot and by Norman Reedus in the 2011 Robert Redford film The Conspirator.", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Portrayal", "target_page_ids": [ 5816522, 13395744, 4247873, 61982, 24709671 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 24, 38 ], [ 56, 80 ], [ 88, 101 ], [ 114, 128 ], [ 134, 149 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Powell appeared in the second episode of the first season of Timeless and was portrayed by Kurt Ostlund. In the episode, he goes to kill William Seward, but is stopped and killed by Wyatt Logan (Matt Lanter).", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Portrayal", "target_page_ids": [ 36813421, 3837727 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 61, 69 ], [ 195, 206 ] ] } ]

[ "19th-century_executions_by_the_United_States", "19th-century_executions_of_American_people", "1844_births", "1865_deaths", "American_Civil_War_prisoners_of_war", "American_failed_assassins", "Burials_at_Graceland_Cemetery_(Washington,_D.C.)", "Burials_at_Holmead's_Burying_Ground", "Burials_in_Florida", "Confederate_States_Army_soldiers", "Executed_assassins", "Executed_people_from_Alabama", "Executed_people_from_Florida", "Lincoln_assassination_conspirators", "People_executed_by_the_United_States_federal_government_by_hanging", "People_executed_for_attempted_murder", "People_from_Randolph_County,_Alabama", "People_of_Florida_in_the_American_Civil_War" ]

[ "Lewis Thornton Powell" ]

[ { "plaintext": "The Gibbs Aquada is a high speed amphibious vehicle developed by Gibbs Sports Amphibians. It is capable of speeds over on land and on water. Rather than adding wheels to a boat design, or creating a car that floats, the Aquada was designed from the ground up to perform very well in both fields, with over 60 patents covering technical innovations.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 156481, 6937164, 3996, 13673345 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 33, 51 ], [ 65, 88 ], [ 176, 180 ], [ 203, 206 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Gibbs Aquada was a limited production concept car produced in 2003 and 2004.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The Gibbs Aquada is powered by a 2.5L Rover V6 engine.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 4660802 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 38, 53 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 2004 Richard Branson, owner of the Virgin Group, used a Gibbs Aquada to set a new record for crossing the English Channel in an amphibious vehicle. Branson cut 4 hours 20 minutes off the previous record of 6 hours, which had stood since the late 1960s. The officially recorded time was 1 hour 40 minutes, 6 seconds.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 93759, 213782, 9230 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 8, 23 ], [ 38, 50 ], [ 109, 124 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "For the August 2004 edition of Top Gear magazine, journalist Paul Walton drove an Aquada into and around the Monaco harbour during the Grand Prix of Monaco to watch the event for free. He found the Aquada fast and responsive both in and out of the water but was too slow to see any of the race.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 2311741, 8820975, 19261, 675150 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 31, 39 ], [ 61, 72 ], [ 109, 115 ], [ 135, 155 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Aquada was developed in Auckland, New Zealand.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 18660332 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 28, 49 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The successors to the Aquada are the Gibbs Humdinga and the Gibbs Quadski.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 5455866, 5387225 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 37, 51 ], [ 60, 73 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Amphicar (1961)", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 854900 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 9 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Gibbs Humdinga (2006)", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 5455866 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 15 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Gibbs Quadski (2006)", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 5387225 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 14 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " WaterCar", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 43208986 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 9 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Rinspeed sQuba", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 15761168 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 15 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " List of car manufacturers of the United Kingdom", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 16985942 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 48 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Gibbs Technologies official website", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " website of Paul Walton who drove the Aquada for Top Gear magazine", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] } ]

[ "Wheeled_amphibious_vehicles" ]

[]

[ { "plaintext": "In computational geometry and robot motion planning, a visibility graph is a graph of intervisible locations, typically for a set of points and obstacles in the Euclidean plane. Each node in the graph represents a point location, and each edge represents a visible connection between them. That is, if the line segment connecting two locations does not pass through any obstacle, an edge is drawn between them in the graph. When the set of locations lies in a line, this can be understood as an ordered series. Visibility graphs have therefore been extended to the realm of time series analysis.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 176927, 25781, 4562875, 325806, 15575410, 638899, 12401, 9331665, 406624 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 3, 25 ], [ 30, 35 ], [ 36, 51 ], [ 77, 82 ], [ 161, 176 ], [ 184, 188 ], [ 240, 244 ], [ 258, 276 ], [ 575, 586 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Visibility graphs may be used to find Euclidean shortest paths among a set of polygonal obstacles in the plane: the shortest path between two obstacles follows straight line segments except at the vertices of the obstacles, where it may turn, so the Euclidean shortest path is the shortest path in a visibility graph that has as its nodes the start and destination points and the vertices of the obstacles. Therefore, the Euclidean shortest path problem may be decomposed into two simpler subproblems: constructing the visibility graph, and applying a shortest path algorithm such as Dijkstra's algorithm to the graph. For planning the motion of a robot that has non-negligible size compared to the obstacles, a similar approach may be used after expanding the obstacles to compensate for the size of the robot. attribute the visibility graph method for Euclidean shortest paths to research in 1969 by Nils Nilsson on motion planning for Shakey the robot, and also cite a 1973 description of this method by Russian mathematicians M. B. Ignat'yev, F. M. Kulakov, and A. M. Pokrovskiy.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Applications", "target_page_ids": [ 10976022, 23621, 11308417, 11308417, 45809, 8016113, 2288688 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 38, 61 ], [ 78, 85 ], [ 197, 205 ], [ 380, 388 ], [ 584, 604 ], [ 903, 915 ], [ 939, 955 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Visibility graphs may also be used to calculate the placement of radio antennas, or as a tool used within architecture and urban planning through visibility graph analysis.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Applications", "target_page_ids": [ 187317, 21296224, 46212943, 1465883 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 65, 79 ], [ 106, 118 ], [ 123, 137 ], [ 146, 171 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The visibility graph of a set of locations that lie in a line can be interpreted as a graph-theoretical representation of a time series. This particular case builds a bridge between time series, dynamical systems and graph theory.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Applications", "target_page_ids": [ 406624, 9087, 12401 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 182, 193 ], [ 195, 212 ], [ 217, 229 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The visibility graph of a simple polygon has the polygon's vertices as its point locations, and the exterior of the polygon as the only obstacle. Visibility graphs of simple polygons must be Hamiltonian graphs: the boundary of the polygon forms a Hamiltonian cycle in the visibility graph. It is known that not all visibility graphs induce a simple polygon. In fact, visibility graphs of simple polygons do not possess the characteristics of a few special classes of graphs.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Characterization", "target_page_ids": [ 1059530, 244437 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 26, 40 ], [ 191, 208 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The art gallery problem is the problem of finding a small set of points such that all other non-obstacle points are visible from this set. Certain forms of the art gallery problem may be interpreted as finding a dominating set in a visibility graph.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Related problems", "target_page_ids": [ 1448859, 1747972 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 23 ], [ 212, 226 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The bitangents of a system of polygons or curves are lines that touch two of them without penetrating them at their points of contact. The bitangents of a set of polygons form a subset of the visibility graph that has the polygon's vertices as its nodes and the polygons themselves as the obstacles. The visibility graph approach to the Euclidean shortest path problem may be sped up by forming a graph from the bitangents instead of using all visibility edges, since a Euclidean shortest path may only enter or leave the boundary of an obstacle along a bitangent.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Related problems", "target_page_ids": [ 2605212 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 13 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Visibility graph analysis", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 1465883 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 25 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Fuzzy architectural spatial analysis", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 33876751 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 36 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Space syntax", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 174704 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 12 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " .", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "References", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": ".", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "References", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "VisiLibity: A free open source C++ library of floating-point visibility algorithms and supporting data types. This software can be used for calculating visibility graphs of polygonal environments with polygonal holes. A Matlab interface is also included.", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] } ]

[ "Robot_control", "Geometric_graphs", "Computational_geometry" ]

[]

[ { "plaintext": "Maftir () is the last person called up to the Torah on Shabbat and holiday mornings: this person also reads the haftarah portion from a related section of the Nevi'im (prophetic books).", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 22596093, 28809, 632362, 45707 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 29, 51 ], [ 55, 62 ], [ 112, 120 ], [ 159, 166 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Informally the portion of the Torah read or blessed by the maftir is called the \"maftir portion\", or the \"maftir\" for short: in a Chumash the word \"maftir\" is printed in the margin at the beginning of that portion.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 1810735 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 130, 137 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "On a normal Shabbat morning seven people are formally called up to the Torah, and a part of the week's Torah portion is read by or to each of them. The maftir is not counted among the seven, and is sometimes not formally called up by name: on the conclusion of the seventh reading the gabbai simply calls \"maftir\" (usually after reciting Chatzi kaddish) and repeats the last few verses in the presence of the maftir.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 827482, 30865149, 16776 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 103, 116 ], [ 286, 292 ], [ 339, 353 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "On Jewish holidays and certain special Shabbatot there are readings from two or more Torah scrolls. On these occasions, the maftir is called up by name, followed by the word \"maftir\", and the reading from the last scroll is read in his presence. On Tisha b'Av morning and fast day afternoons, the maftir portion is the third (and final) section of the portion.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 16147, 8600291, 311176 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 3, 18 ], [ 31, 48 ], [ 251, 261 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "After the Torah reading, the maftir says the blessings for the haftarah and reads it.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The maftir portion for the Festivals and for Rosh Chodesh that occurs on Shabbat comes from the appropriate paragraph in Numbers 28 or 29, describing the sacrifice for the day.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Holiday selections", "target_page_ids": [ 16147, 829377 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 27, 36 ], [ 45, 57 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The maftir portion for Shabbat during Chanukah comes from Numbers 7, describing the dedication offering of the Mishkan (Tabernacle during the wilderness journeys) corresponding to the day of Chanukah where Shabbat occurs.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Holiday selections", "target_page_ids": [ 7388, 82935 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 38, 46 ], [ 111, 118 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Shabbat Chanukah and two of the special Shabbatot (Shekalim and HaChodesh) sometimes coincide with Rosh Chodesh. When this happens, the portion for Shabbat Rosh Chodesh is read from a second scroll, then the special maftir portion for that special Shabbat from a third. Only the person called to the third scroll reads the haftarah, though the haftarah itself may contain verses appropriate both to Rosh Chodesh and to Chanukah or the special Shabbat.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Double maftir", "target_page_ids": [ 8600291 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 32, 49 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Haftarah", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 632362 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 8 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Torah reading ", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 1448200 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 13 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " The Haftarah", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 45707 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 13 ] ] } ]

[ "Shabbat", "Torah_reading", "Hebrew_words_and_phrases_in_Jewish_prayers_and_blessings" ]

[]

[ { "plaintext": "Oldbury may refer to:", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Oldbury (surname)", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "People", "target_page_ids": [ 44718340 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 17 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Oldbury, Shropshire, a village near Bridgnorth, England", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Places", "target_page_ids": [ 4868137 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 19 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Oldbury-on-Severn, a village in Gloucestershire, England", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Places", "target_page_ids": [ 618862 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 17 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Oldbury nuclear power station, under decommissioning since 2012", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Places", "target_page_ids": [ 11320168 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 29 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Oldbury-on-the-Hill, a village and former civil parish in Gloucestershire, England", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Places", "target_page_ids": [ 16909539 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 19 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Oldbury, Warwickshire, a hamlet in Hartshill parish, Warwickshire, England", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Places", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Oldbury, West Midlands, a town in the Metropolitan Borough of Sandwell, England", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Places", "target_page_ids": [ 343242 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 22 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Oldbury Railway, a former branch line", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Places", "target_page_ids": [ 58595083 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 15 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Oldbury railway station", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Places", "target_page_ids": [ 15796669 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 23 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Oldbury United F.C.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Places", "target_page_ids": [ 3169361 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 19 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Oldbury, Western Australia, a district south of Perth, Australia", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Places", "target_page_ids": [ 11974615 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 26 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Oldbury Naite, a village in South Gloucestershire, England", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Places", "target_page_ids": [ 3086694 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 13 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Oldbury Court Estate, a park in Bristol", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Other uses", "target_page_ids": [ 61631938 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 20 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Oldbury Hillfort, an Iron Age hillfort on Cherhill Downs, Wiltshire", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Other uses", "target_page_ids": [ 1557447 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 42, 56 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Oldbury Camp, an Iron Age hillfort near Ightham, Kent", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Other uses", "target_page_ids": [ 1448351 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 12 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Oldbury rock shelters, Palaeolithic rock shelters", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Other uses", "target_page_ids": [ 1448362 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 21 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Oldberry Castle, sometimes called Oldbury Castle, an Iron Age hillfort in Somerset", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Other uses", "target_page_ids": [ 31092066 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 15 ] ] } ]

[]

[]

[ { "plaintext": "Santee Cooper Country is a tourism district in the south central area of the U.S. state of South Carolina. It surrounds the Santee Cooper Lakes, Lake Moultrie and Lake Marion, which were formed from damming the Santee River and the Cooper River. ", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 27956, 10191057, 9478306, 695369, 1492470 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 91, 105 ], [ 145, 158 ], [ 163, 174 ], [ 211, 223 ], [ 232, 244 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "This tourism district was created by the state legislature in 1962. It was formed to help create and expand tourism, recreation and development in the five-county region of Berkeley, Calhoun, Clarendon, Orangeburg and Sumter. ", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 91902, 91901, 91896, 91863, 91858 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 173, 181 ], [ 183, 190 ], [ 192, 201 ], [ 203, 213 ], [ 218, 224 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The area is the home of the Santee National Wildlife Refuge and several state parks, and offers many outdoor recreation activities such as hiking, boating, fishing, birding, hunting, and golfing.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 4330576 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 28, 59 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Elloree", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Cities and towns", "target_page_ids": [ 134615 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 7 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Eutawville", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Cities and towns", "target_page_ids": [ 134616 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 10 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Moncks Corner", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Cities and towns", "target_page_ids": [ 134413 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 13 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Santee", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Cities and towns", "target_page_ids": [ 134633 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 6 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Summerton", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Cities and towns", "target_page_ids": [ 134451 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 9 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Map", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] } ]

[ "Regions_of_South_Carolina" ]

[]

[ { "plaintext": "The Church of Christ, informally referred to as the Church of Christ (Whitmerite), was a denomination of the Latter Day Saint movement based on the claims of David Whitmer, one of the Three Witnesses to the Book of Mormon's Golden Plates.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 420883, 879027, 1384826, 3978, 410988 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 109, 134 ], [ 158, 171 ], [ 184, 199 ], [ 207, 223 ], [ 224, 237 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "There were actually two separate organizations of this church. In 1847, William E. McLellin, who led a congregation of Latter Day Saints in Kirtland, Ohio, remembered that Joseph Smith, the movement's deceased founder, had designated David Whitmer as his successor. McLellin encouraged Whitmer to come forward and lead his church. Whitmer agreed and gathered others to his cause, including fellow Book of Mormon witnesses Oliver Cowdery, Martin Harris, Hiram Page and John Whitmer.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 1425199, 420883, 129486, 32387701, 412847, 411429, 1428350, 1427880 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 73, 92 ], [ 120, 136 ], [ 141, 155 ], [ 173, 185 ], [ 425, 439 ], [ 441, 454 ], [ 456, 466 ], [ 471, 483 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Taking the original name of the church, the Church of Christ published a periodical from Kirtland called, The Ensign of Liberty. Whitmer, however, never joined the main body of his followers in Kirtland and the church dissolved.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 420967 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 11, 38 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "However, by the 1870s Whitmer was active again and had reorganized his Church of Christ. In 1887 he published his \"An Address to All Believers in Christ\" which promoted his church and affirmed his testimony of the Book of Mormon.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Whitmer died in 1888, but the Whitmerite church continued on. The church published a periodical called The Return beginning in 1889, which became known as The Messenger of Truth in 1900. The church published its own edition of the Book of Mormon under the name, The Nephite Record and published a new edition of the Book of Commandments. By 1925, most remaining members of the Whitmerite church had united with the Church of Christ (Temple Lot). The last of the Whitmerites was John C. Whitmer's daughter Mayme Janetta Whitmer Koontz, who died in 1961.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 508262, 411776, 394912 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 263, 281 ], [ 317, 337 ], [ 416, 445 ] ] } ]

[ "Defunct_Latter_Day_Saint_denominations", "Religious_organizations_established_in_1847", "Latter_Day_Saint_movement_in_Ohio", "Kirtland,_Ohio", "Prairie_Saints_denominations_in_the_Latter_Day_Saint_movement", "1847_establishments_in_Ohio" ]

[]

[ { "plaintext": "Stunt Race FX, known in Japan as , is a cartoon-style, 3D-racing video game developed by Nintendo EAD with the assistance of Argonaut Software and published by Nintendo for the Super NES. It was the second game to use the 3D-centric Super FX powered GSU-1.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 15573, 10175073, 306085, 5363, 1310632, 1101705, 21197, 28314, 1105123 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 24, 29 ], [ 55, 57 ], [ 58, 64 ], [ 65, 75 ], [ 89, 101 ], [ 125, 142 ], [ 160, 168 ], [ 177, 186 ], [ 233, 241 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Stunt Race FX was added to the Nintendo Switch through the Nintendo Switch Online service on September 5, 2019, marking the first time the game has been re-released in over two decades.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 45710549, 59208482 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 31, 46 ], [ 59, 81 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The gameplay differs from Nintendo's own Super Mario Kart by being somewhat more difficult and through the lack of weapons to use to attack other vehicles in the game. Similarities with Nintendo's F-Zero include the ability to boost the speed of the vehicles; the use of the L and R buttons to make sharper turns; the possibility of damaging vehicles by running into walls, hazards, or other vehicles; and the possibility of receiving damage by falling.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Gameplay", "target_page_ids": [ 27801, 1702123 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 41, 57 ], [ 197, 203 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "There are three vehicles to choose from originally (F-Type, COUPE, and 4WD), as well as a fourth one that is unlockable (2WD); a fifth vehicle is only used in bonus games (TRAILER). Stunt Race FXs use of eyes on the vehicles was a late-in-development addition, to give character to otherwise personality-free cars. Each vehicle has different capabilities in terms of speed, body and acceleration. According to the instruction booklets in English, the vehicles are male, but in the Japanese instruction manual and the Japanese television commercial, the COUPE is female and every other vehicle is male.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Gameplay", "target_page_ids": [ 1822282 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 464, 468 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "F-Type - A Formula One-like vehicle. His MAX SPEED is 140 MPH (220km/h). He can be turned and controlled quickly and easily, because of his strong down-force, and accelerates very quickly to top speed. However, his ability to take damage is the weakest of all the vehicles. F-Type is designed for advanced players, who can either try drifting with the L and R buttons, or run F-Type more safely by controlling the gas pedal to match the tire grip. Players must be careful to adjust the balance of F-Type in mid-air using the steering buttons to land safely, due to his weak body; this technique is very important for anyone who uses F-Type.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Gameplay", "target_page_ids": [ 645083 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 11, 22 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "COUPE - A small, yellow, car with balanced settings. She is based on the car body style of the same name and is the only female car in the game. COUPE's MAX SPEED is 120 MPH (190km/h), and she offers stable performance and tight steering. Her Boost meter consumption is also lower than the other vehicles; if the player controls COUPE well, the player can save a lot of time. Her tire grip is relatively low, which can require the player to use the L and R buttons to drift in the corners (while making sure not to slow down too much). COUPE is designed for intermediate players.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Gameplay", "target_page_ids": [ 679801, 204658 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 73, 87 ], [ 95, 104 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "4WD - A monster truck-like vehicle that has a powerful engine to balance his heavy weight. He is a monster machine with very large tires that give great grip performance, and is unsurpassed for off-road driving. His MAX SPEED is 100 MPH (160km/h), making him the slowest vehicle (except the bonus-game-only TRAILER), and his steering is particularly heavy, which might require a player to turn quickly at every curve. He is the easiest vehicle to use in STUNT TRAX, according to the game's instruction booklet, and is designed for beginner players. While cornering, even if a player kept using the L and R buttons to steer harder, 4WD hardly spins. 4WD is the only vehicle players can use in TEST RUN.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Gameplay", "target_page_ids": [ 804032 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 8, 21 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "2WD - A two-wheeled vehicle, identified as a car in the manual. He can only be used in FREE TRAX after a player beats NOVICE class in SPEED TRAX; however, if a player clears MASTER class in SPEED TRAX, 2WD can be used in all modes. If a player uses the cornering buttons (L and R), 2WD will turn by shifting his weight left and right while leaning his body, but it is difficult to recover when 2WD loses balance. His MAX SPEED is 140 MPH (220km/h).", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Gameplay", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "TRAILER - A special semi-trailer truck that can only be played in each SPEED TRAX Bonus Game. Because of his very large size and the flexibility of the hitch between the cab and trailer, he is very tough to drive. The SPEED TRAX Bonus Game featuring TRAILER uses a different camera angle, which can make controlling this vehicle more confusing than the others. It is impossible to damage this vehicle.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Gameplay", "target_page_ids": [ 29381 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 20, 38 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The game features five modes: three for racing levels, one for obstacle courses, one for test-driving, one for time-attacking, and one for multiplayer racing.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Gameplay", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "SPEED TRAX - This mode can only be played by one player. Player must beat a class in order to move up to the next class. Each class has four courses and a Bonus Game. There are three classes: NOVICE (for beginner players), EXPERT (for intermediate players) and MASTER (for advanced players). For a total of fifteen tracks (twelve courses and three Bonus Games). To complete a course, player must complete three laps before time runs out. Every time a player completes a lap or passes through a Checkpoint, the countdown timer will extend. After the third lap is completed, all the time left will be taken to the next course. However, players can not carry more than 100 seconds. There are three rival vehicles for a player to compete against. If a player runs off course into a water hazard, completely fill up the Damage meter and destroys the vehicle, run in fourth/last place or if the timer drops to zero, the player loses a try and restarts the race on the same course. If the player runs out of tries, the game is over. Bonus Games are the only courses in this mode that allow players to either play them or not. They are also the only courses in the game where players can earn extra tries. After EXPERT class has been cleared, MASTER class will be unlocked.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Gameplay", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "STUNT TRAX - The goal of this mode is to drive all the way through each course as fast as possible while touching every star in sight to make a perfect score. There are four courses exclusive in this mode: Ice Dance, Blue Lake, Rock Field and Up'n Down. There are four Areas and three gates per course. When driven through a gate, the gate will close, making the player unable to reenter the previous Areas already passed through. A Special Course called Radio Control can be unlocked after the other four courses have been cleared. Unlike the other four courses, Radio Control does not have any stars nor gates; it is actually a destruction derby course with the style of radio-controlling. The goal in this course is to run the vehicle the player is controlling into every other vehicle to destroy them.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Gameplay", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "BATTLE TRAX - This mode is for head-to-head racing. Up to two computer players or human players can participate in this mode. For a computer player or two, players must have both standard controllers plugged in, while leaving at least one of them alone, in order to activate a computer player or two. There are four courses exclusive in this mode: Marine Pipe, Port Arena, Cotton Farm and Toxic Desert (titled as Toxic Dessert in the game).", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Gameplay", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "TEST RUN - This mode is designed for beginners to practice by test-driving. Only one vehicle (4WD) and one nameless course is playable in this mode. After finishing three laps, the screen blacks out while the mode select screen returns. After FREE TRAX is unlocked, TEST RUN will no longer be playable, but if the saved data was erased after FREE TRAX is unlocked, TEST RUN will be playable again.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Gameplay", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "FREE TRAX''' - This mode can only be unlocked by beating either NOVICE class or EXPERT class in SPEED TRAX. Players use this mode for practicing courses from completed SPEED TRAX classes, including ones that are from the Bonus Games. This mode is also used for time-attacking. There is no time limit.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Gameplay", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The capabilities of the Super FX chip are demonstrated extensively in Stunt Race FX. Each course is constructed of 3D polygons, complete with road bumps and overhead passes. Detailed billboard advertisements also appear throughout each race course. The lack of speed is incorporated into the gameplay by featuring cars that are heavier and clumsier than those included in conventional racing games.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Gameplay", "target_page_ids": [ 246415 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 183, 207 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 1991, Nintendo began developing a custom 3D cartridge chip called the Super FX chip with Dylan Cuthbert from Argonaut Software (who is now at Q-Games) as their assistant, so that it could be used in Super NES games to create polygonal 3D graphics. The first game that used the Super FX was Star Fox, which became a success. After the release of Star Fox, Nintendo and Argonaut began conducting various experiments throughout the co-development of the Super FX chip. The development of Stunt Race FX, which was tentatively titled as FX Trax back then, started when Giles Goddard and Colin Reed joined in and later became Nintendo employees. Nintendo used the polygon concept to create a 3D-animated racing game filled with high-flying stunts and obstacles, as well as normal racing. While the game was solid, the overall product quality and timing of release weren't favorable to its success. Nintendo has since discontinued the idea of franchising the series. The one prior incident took form with a canceled sequel on the Nintendo 64 called Buggie Boogie. created the official clay models of the Stunt Race FX vehicles used on the Japanese version's box art and the instruction booklet of all versions.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 1322999, 1105123, 5150987, 626692, 21849 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 3, 7 ], [ 73, 81 ], [ 145, 152 ], [ 293, 301 ], [ 1026, 1037 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Although the game's 3D polygonal graphics are its main highlight, producer Shigeru Miyamoto also had its designers to place an emphasis on realistic vehicle dynamics. For instance, the F-Type's center of gravity is set at the rear of its body. The direction, weight and force applied by each tire to the road surface was made different, making it quicker and easier for the car's tail to swing out when cornering compared to other vehicles. Miyamoto stated that the player could notice these more subtle details by mastering each vehicle.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 79982, 180624, 173961, 1390192 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 75, 91 ], [ 149, 165 ], [ 194, 211 ], [ 380, 412 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "During early versions of the game, the 2WD vehicle was not a part of the car roster. In its place was a three-wheeled vehicle called the 3WD, bearing a color scheme very close to the 4WD's blue paint job.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Two different television commercials were made and aired: one for Japan and one for North America and Europe. The Japanese commercial was a short Japanese animation showing the vehicles from the game in action along with gameplay footage of the game itself. It was narrated by Akira Kamiya. In the commercial for North America and Europe, it showed a police officer talking to the viewers (as the driver) who he thinks are breaking the law(s) while some gameplay footage of the game itself were shown. There were two slightly different versions of the English commercial.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 800, 922430 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 146, 164 ], [ 277, 289 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Around the time Stunt Race FX was released in the United States, Nintendo of America teamed up with Kellogg's and Mattel to give away a promotional, Hot Wheels brand, F-Type race car to people who mailed two proofs from boxes of Apple Jacks to Kellogg's to receive it for free. The television commercial for it showed the toy car move across a kitchen table in front of a box of Apple Jacks while a young, blonde-haired boy wearing glasses looks at the toy car from behind the box of Apple Jacks. At the same time, the announcer in the commercial said: \"Now you can get the Super NES Stunt Race FX car free, with two proofs from Kellogg's Apple Jacks\", followed by a pit crew refilling the boy's bowl with Apple Jacks and milk and taking care of other things around him like clearing his glasses while the announcer said: \"It's almost like the real thing\". The limited-edition F-Type car have been quite rare, especially if still factory-sealed. It is a repaint of an existing Hot Wheels car called Shock Factor, which had already resembled F-Type.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 544106, 20642, 499012, 615972 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 100, 109 ], [ 114, 120 ], [ 149, 159 ], [ 229, 240 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Stunt Race FXs sales had surpassed 1 million copies by 1998. In the United Kingdom, it was the top-selling SNES game in October 1994.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Reception", "target_page_ids": [ 1322996 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 120, 132 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Critics were varied in their response to the game. Electronic Gaming Monthly commented that Stunt Race FX is a disappointment after the first Super FX game, Star Fox, elaborating that \"the game feels awkward with the touchy steering and the feeling of speed just isn't there. Overall, there are better racing games on the market\". GamePro criticized that Stunt Race FX isn't realistic. They also thought the racing game \"still delivers a good time, especially if you're not old enough to drive\". Game Zero scored the game a 94 out of 100, saying the controls are \"out of this world!\" and the \"attention to detail is truly superior\". Edge gave it a 9 out of 10 rating, while stating that Stunt Race FX is \"one of the best racing games currently available for any home system\". In season 3's third episode of a mid 1990s British factual television programme Bad Influence!, a few reviewers combined their ratings into an overall score of 4 out of 5.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Reception", "target_page_ids": [ 893481, 626692, 1164252, 1246681, 4162675 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 51, 76 ], [ 157, 165 ], [ 331, 338 ], [ 633, 637 ], [ 856, 870 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "IGN ranked the game 86th in their Top 100 SNES games of All Time. In 2018, Complex rated Stunt Race FX 90th on their \"The Best Super Nintendo Games of All Time\". In 1995, Total! ranked Stunt Race FX 21st on their Top 100 SNES Games. They praised the game's graphics saying it was significantly better than Starwing writing: \"It’s very different from your run-of-the-mill race game and manages to offer a wide range of challenges.\"", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Reception", "target_page_ids": [ 5519297, 6852896, 4062433, 626692 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 3 ], [ 75, 82 ], [ 171, 177 ], [ 306, 314 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Arwings from the Star Fox series made a cameo appearance in this title. In the Sky Ramp track, all four Arwings of the Star Fox Team will fly around in an air show-style. In the Night Cruise track, if a player's vehicle bumps into one of the first three Star Fox bill boards, an Arwing will drop a Boost power-up before the player enters the first tunnel.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Related releases", "target_page_ids": [ 246354, 246354, 2790 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 10 ], [ 21, 36 ], [ 159, 167 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Some billboards very briefly appear on courses with the faces of Mario, Fox McCloud, and Kirby.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Related releases", "target_page_ids": [ 81361, 305404, 239693 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 65, 70 ], [ 72, 83 ], [ 89, 94 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " In the Wii game, Super Smash Bros. Brawl, two vehicles from Stunt Race FX appeared as two of the many Stickers to obtain. One was F-Type, the other was TRAILER (which was referred to as \"Tractor Trailer\"). The name of their origin was referred to as \"Wild Trax\" instead of \"Stunt Race FX\"; however, Stunt Race FX was mentioned in the Chronicles section of the same Wii game. A theme from the game was remixed (whether arranged or not) and was planned to be added to the game as a music track, but was cut for unknown reasons.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Related releases", "target_page_ids": [ 421853, 12981647 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 8, 11 ], [ 18, 41 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Another installment in the Super Smash Bros. series, Super Smash Bros. Ultimate'', features the same two aforementioned vehicles as unlockable Spirits.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Related releases", "target_page_ids": [ 57665928 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 54, 80 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Official Nintendo web page (Japanese) (Translated using Excite.Co.Jp)", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] } ]

[ "1994_video_games", "Nintendo_Entertainment_Analysis_and_Development_games", "Racing_video_games", "Super_FX_games", "Super_Nintendo_Entertainment_System_games", "Video_games_developed_in_Japan", "Video_games_developed_in_the_United_Kingdom", "Video_games_produced_by_Shigeru_Miyamoto", "Nintendo_Switch_Online_SNES_games", "Multiplayer_and_single-player_video_games" ]

[]

[ { "plaintext": "Alexander Nikolaevich Deutsch (Aleksandr Nikolaevič Dejč; ; December 31, 1899 – 22 November 1986) was a Soviet astronomer who worked at Pulkovo Observatory.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 26779, 580, 982701 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 104, 110 ], [ 111, 121 ], [ 136, 155 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Deutsch was born in the night from December 31, 1899, to January 1, 1900, in the Bessarabian town of Reni in a family of German (on the father's side), Greek and Romanian (on the mother's side) descent. When he was a small child, the family moved to Ryazan and then to Saratov. He was graduated from the Sankt Petersburg University (Russia). He was an adjoint director of the Pulkovo Observatory prior World War II and the director of the Pulkovo Observatory during the blockade of Leningrad. Subsequently, he was the head of the astrometry section of the Pulkovo Observatory and the founder of the astrometric school of that observatory.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 38872, 2048482, 485322, 255977, 24320051 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 81, 91 ], [ 101, 105 ], [ 250, 256 ], [ 269, 276 ], [ 304, 320 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "He was active 1935–1985 as A. N. Deutsch (A. Deutsch published starting in 1926 and could be the same person). He discovered one asteroid (the Minor Planet Center lists him as A. Deutsch).", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 578869 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 143, 162 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "His main scientific contributions refer to stars' proper motions in selected Kapteyn surfaces, astrophotography of galaxies and stars, brown dwarfs, astronomical calculations of the coordinates of warships, eclipses and asteroids photography. A number of papers were signed as Deich. Deutsch (Deich) was а president of the IAU Astrometry commission. The asteroid Reni, discovered by L. S. Chernyh, was named in honor of A. N. Deutsch (Deich).", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " ADS NASA", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Papers", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Biography from the website of Pulkovo observatory (in Russian)", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Gaina Alex: A.N. Deutsch (Deich) - 110 years of Birthday (Biography and Bibliography)", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] } ]

[ "1899_births", "1986_deaths", "People_from_Odesa_Oblast", "Recipients_of_the_Order_of_the_Red_Banner_of_Labour", "Discoveries_by_Alexander_Nikolaevich_Deutsch", "Discoverers_of_minor_planets", "Soviet_people_of_German_descent", "Soviet_people_of_Greek_descent", "Soviet_people_of_Romanian_descent", "Soviet_astronomers" ]

[ "Alexander Deutsch" ]

[ { "plaintext": "Sodium bromide is an inorganic compound with the formula NaBr. It is a high-melting white, crystalline solid that resembles sodium chloride. It is a widely used source of the bromide ion and has many applications.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 363442, 26826, 1868983, 80207 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 21, 39 ], [ 57, 59 ], [ 59, 61 ], [ 125, 140 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "NaBr crystallizes in the same cubic motif as NaCl, NaF and NaI. The anhydrous salt crystallizes above 50.7°C. Dihydrate salts (NaBr·2H2O) crystallize out of water solution below 50.7°C.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Synthesis, structure, reactions", "target_page_ids": [ 268397 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 69, 78 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "NaBr is produced by treating sodium hydroxide with hydrogen bromide.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Synthesis, structure, reactions", "target_page_ids": [ 57877, 1114337 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 29, 45 ], [ 51, 67 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Sodium bromide can be used as a source of the chemical element bromine. This can be accomplished by treating an aqueous solution of NaBr with chlorine gas:", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Synthesis, structure, reactions", "target_page_ids": [ 5659, 3756, 5667 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 46, 62 ], [ 63, 70 ], [ 142, 150 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "2 NaBr + Cl2 → Br2 + 2 NaCl", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Synthesis, structure, reactions", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Sodium bromide is the most useful inorganic bromide in industry. It is also used as a catalyst in TEMPO-mediated oxidation reactions.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Applications", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Also known as Sedoneural, sodium bromide has been used as a hypnotic, anticonvulsant, and sedative in medicine, widely used as an anticonvulsant and a sedative in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Its action is due to the bromide ion, and for this reason potassium bromide is equally effective. In 1975, bromides were removed from drugs in the U.S. such as Bromo-Seltzer due to toxicity.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Applications", "target_page_ids": [ 14269, 179962, 299971, 18957, 179962, 299971, 250460, 5959283 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 60, 68 ], [ 70, 84 ], [ 90, 98 ], [ 102, 110 ], [ 130, 144 ], [ 151, 159 ], [ 261, 278 ], [ 363, 376 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Sodium bromide is widely used for the preparation of other bromides in organic synthesis and other areas. It is a source of the bromide nucleophile to convert alkyl chlorides to more reactive alkyl bromides by the Finkelstein reaction:", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Applications", "target_page_ids": [ 1456984, 37637, 4705983 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 71, 88 ], [ 136, 147 ], [ 214, 234 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "NaBr + RCl → RBr + NaCl (R = alkyl)", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Applications", "target_page_ids": [ 291166 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 29, 34 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Once a large need in photography, but now shrinking, the photosensitive salt silver bromide is prepared using NaBr.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Applications", "target_page_ids": [ 23604, 965373 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 21, 32 ], [ 77, 91 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Sodium bromide is used in conjunction with chlorine as a disinfectant for hot tubs and swimming pools.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Applications", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Because of its high solubility in water (943.2 g/L or 9.16 mol/L, at 25 °C) sodium bromide is used to prepare dense drilling fluids used in oil wells to compensate a possible overpressure arising in the fluid column and to counteract the associated trend to blow out. The presence of the sodium cation also causes the bentonite added to the drilling fluid to swell, while the high ionic strength induces the bentonite flocculation.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Applications", "target_page_ids": [ 59497, 3229964, 198570, 5123117, 18963787, 216797, 2619023, 1242977 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 20, 30 ], [ 116, 130 ], [ 140, 148 ], [ 258, 266 ], [ 295, 301 ], [ 318, 327 ], [ 381, 395 ], [ 418, 430 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "NaBr has a very low toxicity with an oral estimated at 3.5 g/kg for rats. However, this is a single-dose value. Bromide ion is a cumulative toxin with a relatively long half life (in excess of a week in humans): see potassium bromide.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Safety", "target_page_ids": [ 250460 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 217, 234 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Information about NaBr.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Bromide Poisoning in Angola", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] } ]

[ "Sodium_compounds", "Bromides", "GABAA_receptor_positive_allosteric_modulators", "Sedatives", "Alkali_metal_bromides", "Rock_salt_crystal_structure" ]

[ "Bromide salt of sodium", "Trisodium tribromide", "NaBr" ]

[ { "plaintext": "Grosuplje (; ) is a town in central Slovenia. It is the seat of the Municipality of Grosuplje. It lies just south of the capital Ljubljana in the traditional region of Lower Carniola. It is now included in the Central Slovenia Statistical Region.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 27338, 38584155, 42374, 4065486, 24361918 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 36, 44 ], [ 68, 93 ], [ 129, 138 ], [ 168, 182 ], [ 210, 245 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Grosuplje was first attested in written sources in 1136 as Groslupp (and as Grasslupp in 1220–50, and Grazlup in 1249). The settlement is known as Grasuple in the local dialect. The etymological origin of the name is unclear. One theory derives it from *Graslupoje (selo/poľe)—literally, 'wet (village/field)', from the adjective *graslupъ. Another theory derives the name from Lombard *grass(ah)lauffja 'rapids' but is undermined by the lack of fast-flowing water in the area. Yet another theory derives it from the hypothetical Lombard name *Graslupus borrowed into Slavic as *Groslupъ, whereby *Groslupľe selo would literally mean 'Groslupъ's village'. In the past the German name was Großlupp.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Name", "target_page_ids": [ 538676 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 378, 385 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Grosuplje is the site of a mass grave associated with the Second World War. The Koščak Hill Mass Grave () is located in the northern part of the town, on Koščak Hill—also known as Brinje Hill (). It contains the remains of 15 anticommunist militia members, mostly from the Dobrepolje karst polje, that were held as prisoners of war and murdered between 26 and 28 October 1943.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Mass grave", "target_page_ids": [ 38955014, 2058684 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 27, 37 ], [ 284, 295 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The parish church in the settlement is dedicated to Saint Michael and belongs to the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Ljubljana. It was built in 1980 at a site close to an older building dedicated to the same saint.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Church", "target_page_ids": [ 149937, 318621, 13054262 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 17 ], [ 52, 65 ], [ 85, 124 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Notable people that were born or lived in Grosuplje include:", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Notable people", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Louis Adamic (1898–1951), Slovenian-American writer", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Notable people", "target_page_ids": [ 2012210, 1417198 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 12 ], [ 26, 44 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Ana Gale (1909–1944), poet", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Notable people", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Jože Gale (1913–2005), film director", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Notable people", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Janez Janša (born 1958), former Prime Minister of Slovenia", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Notable people", "target_page_ids": [ 1038986, 27646969 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 11 ], [ 32, 58 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Stane Valentinčič (1913–1995), veterinarian", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Notable people", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Aleksander Čeferin (born 1967), current president of UEFA", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Notable people", "target_page_ids": [ 36881830, 32332 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 18 ], [ 53, 57 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Grosuplje on Geopedia", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Grosuplje municipal site", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Grosuplje on Web - Drevored.si", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] } ]

[ "Populated_places_in_the_Municipality_of_Grosuplje", "Cities_and_towns_in_Lower_Carniola" ]

[]