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Madrid, Real Academia de la Historia, Cod. 76 Dated c. [...] for the last part of A, and a ternion for part II); two columns justified with double vertical lines on both sides (pricking no longer visible); first and last horizontal lines across the folio; 44 lines (part I), 38 lines (part II); ruled in dry point. Signs in Roman numerals to order the quires (the numeration starts again after fol. 80v (.XII.) – fol. 88v (.I.).) Medieval foliation in Roman numerals and modern foliation by pencil, with Arabic numerals. Copyist/s and scripts: As it is said in the colophon of the manuscript, fol. 159v, part I was copied by Endura presbiter and Didaco diaconus in a minuscule Visigothic script with Carolingian influence (change between scribes on fol. 80v-81r). It has been differentiated another scribe copying the last folia of part I, fol. 109-159. Part II (fol. 160r-162) was copied by another hand, which Díaz y Díaz attributes to the same production center and, also, the mid-10th century. The manuscript has emendations in Cortesana script. Illuminator/s: unknown. Part I: Littera notabiliores decorated with zoomorphic and geometric motifs. Initials in blue and yellow. Part II: First words of each chapter in red and poorly developed initials. Origin: According to Díaz y Díaz and Millares this codex should have been made at the monastery of San Pedro de Cardeña (Burgos). Provenance: The manuscript arrived to the Real Academia from the monastery of Cardeña after the expropriation of 1835. Context: Isidore’s Etymologiae was widely distributed throughout the Middle Ages, being a model for later encyclopedias. There are many extant copies in Visigothic script (check the Catalog here). Díaz y Díaz, M. C. 1983. Cód

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What is an anxiety disorder? Anxiety disorders include disorders that share features of excessive fear and anxiety and related behavioural disturbances. Fear is the emotional response to real or perceived imminent threat, whereas anxiety is anticipation of future threat. These two states do overlap but they also differ with fear more often associated with the enactment of the surges of autonomic arousal activity (fight or flight), thoughts of immediate danger, and escape behaviours, and anxiety more associated with muscle tension and vigilance in preparation for future danger, and cautious or avoidant behaviours. There are several types of adult anxiety disorders, which differ from one another in the types of objects or situations that induce anxiety, fear, or avoidance behavior, and the associated thought patterns. The Adult Anxiety Disorders are: - Generalised Anxiety Disorder (GAD) - Panic Disorder - Social Anxiety Disorder (SAD) - Specific Phobias Generalised Anxiety Disorder Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) is a chronic disorder characterized by excessive, long-lasting anxiety and worry about nonspecific life events, objects, and situations. GAD sufferers often feel afraid and worry about health, money, family, work, or school, but they have trouble both identifying the specific fear and controlling the worries. Their fear is usually unrealistic or out of proportion with what may be expected in their situation. Sufferers expect failure and disaster to the point that it interferes with daily functions like work, school, social activities, and relationships. GAD sufferers are described as “worriers” and often suffer from sleep disturbance, and physical complaints such as digestive issues, irritable bowel syndrome, and fatigue. How is GAD treated? At Go Psychology, GAD is treated using a combination of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) and Cognitive Behaviour Therapy (CBT). These are the most effective treatments for GAD. In a nutshell, the GAD sufferer is educated about worry, and given a range of tools to address the worry, deal with the discomfort that can arise from worry, develop an effective problem solving approach, and improve sleep which is often disturbed from worry. Panic Disorder is a type of anxiety characterized by brief or sudden attacks of intense terror and apprehens

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What is an anxiety disorder? Anxiety disorders include disorders that share features of excessive fear and [...] ion that leads to symptoms such as shaking, confusion, dizziness, nausea, heart palpitations, excessive sweating, and difficulty breathing. Panic attacks tend to arise abruptly, feel like they come out of the blue, and peak after 10 minutes, but they then may last for hours. Panic disorders usually occur after frightening experiences or prolonged stress, but they can be spontaneous as well. A panic attack may lead an individual to be acutely aware of any change in normal body function, interpreting it as a life threatening illness. In addition, panic attacks lead a sufferer to expect future attacks, which may cause drastic behavioral changes in order to avoid these attacks. How is Panic Disorder treated? At Go Psychology, GAD is treated using a combination of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) and Cognitive Behaviour Therapy (CBT). In a nutshell, the Panic Disorder sufferer is given immediate tools to manage panic attacks, and is given the knowledge and tools to deal with the issues that may be underlying the panic disorder such as previous trauma, excessive worry, current life problems, and addictions. Agoraphobia is a fear of situations in which escape might be difficult. The essential feature is intense fear or anxiety triggered by real or anticipated exposure to a wide range of situations such as: - using public transport - being in open spaces (eg., parking lots, bridges, marketplaces) - being in enclose places (eg., shops, cinemas) - Standing in line or being in a crowd - Being outside of the home alone The situations are actively avoided and almost always invoke fear or anxiety. The fear, anxiety, or avoidance is persistent typically lasting at least 6 months. How is Agoraphobia treated? At Go Psychology, agoraphobia is treated using a combination of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) and Cognitive Behaviour Therapy (CBT). The Agoraphobic is slowly desensitized to the feared places, situations etc whilst at the same time taught how to change the thought patterns that drive the fear. Social Anxiety Disorder Social Anxiety Disorder is a type of social

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What is an anxiety disorder? Anxiety disorders include disorders that share features of excessive fear and [...] phobia characterized by a fear of being negatively judged by others or a fear of public embarrassment due to impulsive actions, and the experience of excessive anxious symptoms. This includes feelings such as stage fright, a fear of intimacy, and a fear of humiliation. This disorder can cause people to avoid public situations and human contact to the point that normal life is rendered impossible. How is SAD treated? At Go Psychology, SAD is treated using a combination of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) and Cognitive Behaviour Therapy (CBT). In a nutshell, SAD sufferers are given comprehensive education about their disorder, and then treatment involves skill building in social settings to assist with confidence, and then slowly desensitizing the sufferer to social settings in a controlled manner to build confidence and reduce the fear. A Specific Phobia is an irrational fear and avoidance of an object or situation. Phobias are different from generalized anxiety disorders because a phobia has a fear response identified with a specific cause. The fear may be acknowledged as irrational or unnecessary, but the person is still unable to control the anxiety that results. Stimuli for phobia may be as varied as situations, animals, or everyday objects. For example, agoraphobia occurs when one avoids a place or situation to avoid an anxiety or panic attack. Agoraphobics will situate themselves so that escape will not be difficult or embarrassing, and they will change their behavior to reduce anxiety about being able to escape. There are hundreds of phobias, but the most common fears are the following: Claustrophobia – fear of being in an enclosed space such as a lift Acrophobia – fear of heights Nyctophobia – fear of the dark Trypanophobia – fear of needles or injections Nosophobia – fear of having a disease Mysophobia – fear of germs Pteromerhanophobia – fear of flying Arachnophobia – fear of spiders Cynophobia – fear of dogs How are specific phobias treated? At Go Psychology, specific phobias treated using a combination of Acceptance and Commitment

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You are looking at 1-10 of 197 articles for:Clear All This is an advance summary of a forthcoming article in the Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Linguistics. Please check back later for the full article. Abstract words such as Fr. attention, It. diligenza, Sp. riqueza, Pt. cozedura, Ro. bunătate, belong to the word class nouns. They do not possess materiality and therefore lack sensory perceivability. Within the spectrum of nouns, abstracts are located on the opposite side of appellatives (e.g., Fr. chien, It. albero, Sp. casa); between them, there are collective nouns (e.g., Fr. montagne, It. fogliame, Sp. manada) and mass nouns (e.g., Fr. eau, It. cotone, Sp. leche). Abstract nouns are in part noncount and not able to be pluralized. In terms of meaning, there is typically a threefold division in groups: (1) action/result nouns (e.g., Fr. lavage, traduction; It. caccia, giuramento; Sp. mordedura, cosecha; Pt. escolha, armação; Ro. arat, stricăciune); (2) status nouns (e.g., Fr. episcopat, It. cuginanza, Sp. almirantazgo, Pt. servidão, Ro. preoţie); and (3) quality nouns (e.g., Fr. dignité, It. cortezza, Sp. modestia, Pt. agrura, Ro. dulceaţă). However, these groups are not clearly delimitable. Action nouns generally tend to become concrete nouns due to metonymic change in meaning. This can be effected through the resultative meaning in fact since the Latin era: calceamentum “making of shoes” is derived from the verb calceare “to make shoes,” which then assumed the collective meaning “footwear,” which is the “result of the making.” Correspondingly, there are numerous examples for collectives and concretes in Romance languages following the morphological pattern

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You are looking at 1-10 of 197 articles for:Clear All [...] of abstracts, for example, Fr. couture “seam,” venaison “venison,” It. ossatura “bone frame,” ornamento “decoration,” Sp. pescado “fi,” verdura “vegetable,” Pt. vestimenta “clothing,” moldura “frame,” Ro. osăminte “bones,” încinsătură “belt.” From a purely morphological standpoint, a classification of abstracts according to derivation basis appears suitable: (1) (primary) denominal abstracts (e.g., Fr. duché, It. linguaggio, Sp. añada, Pt. compadrio, Ro. pitărie); (2) (primary) deadjectival a. (e.g., Fr. folie, It. bellezza, Sp. cortesía, Pt. baixeza, Ro. greutate); and (3) (primary) deverbal a. (e.g., Fr. mouvement, It. uscita, Sp. nacencia, Pt. perdição, Ro. arătură). Beyond that, there are abstracts that are not derived within the Romance languages, for example, Fr. paix, It. gioia, Sp. edad, Pt. morte, Ro. somn (cf. lat. pax, gaudium, aetas, which are derivatives within Latin). Still other abstracts arise from conversion, in which a change in a word class occurs without the addition of affixes: Fr. le loisir, le froid; It. il bene, il bello; Sp. el parecer, lo dulce. Especially converted adjectives are mainly occasional formations that have not been lexicalized. In Romanian, the long form of the infinitive always has the function of a verbal abstract, for example, cântare “singing” vs. a cânta “to sing.” Other examples for lexicalized conversions arise by means of ellipsis: lat. hibernum (tempus) → Fr. hiver, It. inverno, Sp. invierno, Pt. inverno,

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You are looking at 1-10 of 197 articles for:Clear All [...] Ro. iarnă. The suffixless postverbal formation is of high significance in Romance languages, such as Fr. regret “regret” (← regretter), It. governo “government” (← governare), Sp. cambio “change” (← cambiar), Pt. perda “loss” (← perder), Ro. plac “pleasure” (← plăcea). Other abstract forming processes such as reduplication (Fr. cache cache “hide-and-seek,” It. fuggi fuggi “escape”) or conversion of finite verb forms (Fr. doit “amount”) may be labeled marginal. In light of this, the question of how far the formation of abstracts in Romance languages then follows Latin patterns (derivation with suffixes) or whether new processes emerge is of particular interest. In addition, the individual Romance languages display different preferences in choosing abstract forming morphological processes. To begin with, we find a larger number of abstract forming suffixes preserving their function in Romance languages, such as -ia (abundantia, sententia), -ía (astrología), -ura (scriptura), -ĭtia (pigritia), -mentum (ornamentum), -io (oratio). In addition, there is a group of Latin suffixes that have assumed the abstract forming function only in Romance. Among these are, for example, -aticu (Fr. péage, Sp. hallazgo), -aceu (Sp. cuchillazo), -aria (Sp. borrachera, It. vecchiaia), -oriu (Sd. albeskidordzu “daybreak”). Abstract forming suffixes of non-Latin origin are very rare, such as Germanic -eins (Old Fr. guerpine, plevine; Fr. haine). Suffixless processes of abstract formation are coming to full fruition only in Romance: The conversion of participles (Fr. vue, offerte; It. dormita, colorito; Sp. llegada, afeitado; Pt. chamada; sentido; Ro. făcut, mulţumită) is of special importance. The conversion of infinitives to

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You are looking at 1-10 of 197 articles for:Clear All [...] nouns with abstract meaning is least common in Modern French (e.g., plaisir, devoir) and most widely spread in Romanian (iertare, stricare, etc., cf. above). Postverbal formation (Fr. amende, It. carica, Sp. Muestra, etc., cf. above), in contrast, is known to have a broad pan-Romance geographic spread. These innovative processes, too, can be traced back to the late Latin era. One problem lies in assigning grammatical gender in cases of suffixless formations: Nominalized participles and postverbal formations can be masculine or feminine while nominalized infinitives are mostly masculine; in Romanian, however, they are feminine. Finally, the formation of abstracts as it is used in scientific and technical language follows the Neo-Latin and Greek word formation patterns (Fr. arthrite, tuberculose, athéisme; It. artrite, tubercolosi, ateismo; Sp. artritis, tuberculosis, ateísmo; Pt. artrite, tuberculose, ateísmo; Ro. artrită, tuberculoză, ateism) and therefore often only displays limited variation in the individual languages. The word accent system of Tokyo Japanese might look quite complex with a number of accent patterns and rules. However, recent research has shown that it is not as complex as has been assumed if one incorporates the notion of markedness into the analysis: nouns have only two productive accent patterns, the antepenultimate and the unaccented pattern, and different accent rules can be generalized if one focuses on these two productive accent patterns. The word accent system raises some new interesting issues. One of them concerns the fact that a majority of nouns are ‘unaccented,’ that is, they are pronounced with a rather flat pitch pattern, apparently violating the principle of obligatoriness. A careful analysis of noun accentuation reveals that this strange accent pattern occurs in some linguistically predictable structures. In morphologically simplex nouns, it typically tends to emerge in four-mora nouns ending in a sequence of light syllables. In compound

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You are looking at 1-10 of 197 articles for:Clear All [...] nouns, on the other hand, it emerges due to multiple factors, such as compound-final deaccenting morphemes, deaccenting pseudo-morphemes, and some types of prosodic configurations. Japanese pitch accent exhibits an interesting aspect in its interactions with other phonological and linguistic structures. For example, the accent of compound nouns is closely related with rendaku, or sequential voicing; the choice between the accented and unaccented patterns in certain types of compound nouns correlates with the presence or absence of the sequential voicing. Moreover, whether the compound accent rule applies to a certain compound depends on its internal morphosyntactic configuration as well as its meaning; alternatively, the compound accent rule is blocked in certain types of morphosyntactic and semantic structures. Finally, careful analysis of word accent sheds new light on the syllable structure of the language, notably on two interrelated questions about diphthong-hood and super-heavy syllables. It provides crucial insight into ‘diphthongs,’ or the question of which vowel sequence constitutes a diphthong, against a vowel sequence across a syllable boundary. It also presents new evidence against trimoraic syllables in the language. Acceptability judgments are reports of a speaker’s or signer’s subjective sense of the well-formedness, nativeness, or naturalness of (novel) linguistic forms. Their value comes in providing data about the nature of the human capacity to generalize beyond linguistic forms previously encountered in language comprehension. For this reason, acceptability judgments are often also called grammaticality judgments (particularly in syntax), although unlike the theory-dependent notion of grammaticality, acceptability is accessible to consciousness. While acceptability judgments have been used to test grammatical claims since ancient times, they became particularly prominent with the birth of generative syntax. Today they are also widely used in other linguistic schools (e.g., cognitive linguistics) and other linguistic domains (pragmatics, semantics, morphology, and phonology), and have been applied in a typologically diverse range of languages. As psychological responses

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You are looking at 1-10 of 197 articles for:Clear All [...] to linguistic stimuli, acceptability judgments are experimental data. Their value thus depends on the validity of the experimental procedures, which, in their traditional version (where theoreticians elicit judgments from themselves or a few colleagues), have been criticized as overly informal and biased. Traditional responses to such criticisms have been supplemented in recent years by laboratory experiments that use formal psycholinguistic methods to collect and quantify judgments from nonlinguists under controlled conditions. Such formal experiments have played an increasingly influential role in theoretical linguistics, being used to justify subtle judgment claims or new grammatical models that incorporate gradience or lexical influences. They have also been used to probe the cognitive processes giving rise to the sense of acceptability itself, the central finding being that acceptability reflects processing ease. Exploring what this finding means will require not only further empirical work on the acceptability judgment process, but also theoretical work on the nature of grammar. Katie Wagner and David Barner Human experience of color results from a complex interplay of perceptual and linguistic systems. At the lowest level of perception, the human visual system transforms the visible light portion of the electromagnetic spectrum into a rich, continuous three-dimensional experience of color. Despite our ability to perceptually discriminate millions of different color shades, most languages categorize color into a number of discrete color categories. While the meanings of color words are constrained by perception, perception does not fully define them. Once color words are acquired, they may in turn influence our memory and processing speed for color, although it is unlikely that language influences the lowest levels of color perception. One approach to examining the relationship between perception and language in forming our experience of color is to study children as they acquire color language. Children produce color words in speech for many months before acquiring adult meanings for color words. Research in this area has focused on whether children’s difficulties stem from (a) an inability to identify color properties as a likely candidate for word meanings, or alternatively (b) inductive learning of language-specific color word boundaries. Lending plausibility to the first account, there is evidence that children more readily attend to object traits like shape, rather than color, as likely candidates for word meanings. However, recent evidence has found

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You are looking at 1-10 of 197 articles for:Clear All [...] that children have meanings for some color words before they begin to produce them in speech, indicating that in fact, they may be able to successfully identify color as a candidate for word meaning early in the color word learning process. There is also evidence that prelinguistic infants, like adults, perceive color categorically. While these perceptual categories likely constrain the meanings that children consider, they cannot fully define color word meanings because languages vary in both the number and location of color word boundaries. Recent evidence suggests that the delay in color word acquisition primarily stems from an inductive process of refining these boundaries. Myrto Grigoroglou and Anna Papafragou To become competent communicators, children need to learn that what a speaker means often goes beyond the literal meaning of what the speaker says. The acquisition of pragmatics as a field is the study of how children learn to bridge the gap between the semantic meaning of words and structures and the intended meaning of an utterance. Of interest is whether young children are capable of reasoning about others’ intentions and how this ability develops over time. For a long period, estimates of children’s pragmatic sophistication were mostly pessimistic: early work on a number of phenomena showed that very young communicators were egocentric, oblivious to other interlocutors’ intentions, and overall insensitive to subtle pragmatic aspects of interpretation. Recent years have seen major shifts in the study of children’s pragmatic development. Novel methods and more fine-grained theoretical approaches have led to a reconsideration of older findings on how children acquire pragmatics across a number of phenomena and have produced a wealth of new evidence and theories. Three areas that have generated a considerable body of developmental work on pragmatics include reference (the relation between words or phrases and entities in the world), implicature (a type of inferred meaning that arises when a speaker violates conversational rules), and metaphor (a case of figurative language). Findings from these three domains suggest that children actively use pragmatic reasoning to delimit potential referents for newly encountered words, can take into account the perspective of a communicative partner, and are sensitive to some aspects of implicated and metaphorical meaning

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You are looking at 1-10 of 197 articles for:Clear All [...] . Nevertheless, children’s success with pragmatic communication is fragile and task-dependent. A growing phenomena in urban centers on the African continent in the latter half of the 20th century and start of the 21st century has been what have been described as Urban Youth Languages,’ although the ‘urban’ moniker is increasingly being dropped as these phenomena spread out from cities to rural areas. The term tends to refer to language phenomena such as Sheng or Engsh in Kenya, Tsotsitaal in South Africa, Nouchi in Ivory Coast, Camfranglais in Cameroon, and many more, both named and unnamed. These language styles are used and innovated predominantly by young people, and in this way they are distinguished from the large urban vernaculars present in African urban centers such as urban Wolof. African (Urban) Youth Languages usually utilize a dominant urban language as the grammatical base, such as Swahili in Nairobi Sheng and Zulu or Sotho in Johannesburg Tsotsitaal, and they feature a great deal of lexical borrowing from other languages present in Africa’s highly multilingual urban contexts, such as the colonial languages and the local African languages common to a particular urban center. They also may utilize the dominant European language as the grammatical base, such as French in the case of Camfranglais, with borrowings from English and African languages. They strikingly draw on metaphor and pop culture in the innovation of new terms. These varieties are ‘languages relexicalised,’ in Halliday’s terms, and are used by young people for creativity and entertainment, to have fun with peers, to affirm in-group relations, and to indicate status. Afroasiatic languages are the fourth largest linguistic phylum, spoken by some 350 million people in North, West, Central, and East Africa, in the Middle East, and in scattered communities in Europe, the United States, and the Caucasus. Some Afroasiatic languages, such as Arabic, Hausa, Amharic, Somali, and Oromo, are spoken by millions of people, while others are endangered with extinction. As of the

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You are looking at 1-10 of 197 articles for:Clear All [...] early 21st century, the phylum is composed of six families: Egyptian (extinct), Semitic, Cushitic, Omotic, Berber, and Chadic. There are some typological features shared by all families, particularly in the domain of phonology. Languages are also typologically quite distinct with respect to syntax and functions encoded in the grammatical systems. Some Afroasiatic languages, such as Egyptian, Akkadian, Phoenician, Hebrew, Arabic, and Ge’ez, have a longtime written tradition, but for many languages no writing system has yet been proposed or adopted. The Old Semitic writing system gave rise to the modern alphabets used in thousands of unrelated contemporary languages. Two Semitic languages, Hebrew (with some Aramaic) and Arabic, were used to write the Old Testament and the Koran, the holy books of Judaism and Islam. “Altaic” is a common term applied by linguists to a number of language families, spread across Central Asia and the Far East and sharing a large, most likely non-coincidental, number of structural and morphemic similarities. At the onset of Altaic studies, these similarities were ascribed to the one-time existence of an ancestral language—“Proto-Altaic,” from which all these families are descended; circumstantial evidence and glottochronological calculations tentatively date this language to some time around the 6th–7th millennium The debate over the nature of the relationship between the various units that constitute “Altaic,” sometimes referred to as “the Altaic controversy,” has been one of the most hotly debated topics in 20th-century historical linguistics and a major focal point of studies dealing with the prehistory of Central and East Eurasia. Supporters of “Proto-Altaic,” commonly known as “(pro-)Altaicists,” claim that only divergence from an original common ancestor can account for the observed regular phonetic correspondences and other structural similarities, whereas “anti-Altaicists,” without denying the existence of such similarities, insist that they do not belong to the “core” layers of the respective languages and

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You are looking at 1-10 of 197 articles for:Clear All [...] are therefore better explained as results of lexical borrowing and other forms of areal linguistic contact. As a rule, “pro-Altaicists” claim that “Proto-Altaic” is as reconstructible by means of the classic comparative method as any uncontroversial linguistic family; in support of this view, they have produced several attempts to assemble large bodies of etymological evidence for the hypothesis, backed by systems of regular phonetic correspondences between compared languages. All of these, however, have been heavily criticized by “anti-Altaicists” for lack of methodological rigor, implausibility of proposed phonetic and/or semantic changes, and confusion of recent borrowings with items allegedly inherited from a common ancestor. Despite the validity of many of these objections, it remains unclear whether they are sufficient to completely discredit the hypothesis of a genetic connection between the various branches of “Altaic,” which continues to be actively supported by a small, but stable scholarly minority. K. A. Jayaseelan The Dravidian languages have a long-distance reflexive anaphor taa The Dravidian languages also have reciprocal and distributive anaphors. These have bipartite structures. An example of a Malayalam reciprocal anaphor is oral … ma A noteworthy fact about the pronominal system of Dravidian is that the third person pronouns come in proximal-distal pairs, the proximal pronoun being used to refer to something nearby and the distal pronoun being used elsewhere. Susan Edwards and Christos Salis Aphasia is an acquired language disorder subsequent to brain damage in the left hemisphere. It is characterized by diminished abilities to produce and understand both spoken and written language compared with the speaker’s presumed ability pre-cerebral damage. The type and severity of the aphasia depends not only on the location and extent of the cerebral damage but also the effect the lesion has on connecting areas of the brain. Type and severity of aphasia is diagnosed in comparison with assumed normal adult language. Language changes associated with normal aging are not classed as aphasia. The diagnosis and assessment of

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You are looking at 1-10 of 197 articles for:Clear All [...] aphasia in children, which is unusual, takes account of age norms. The most common cause of aphasia is a cerebral vascular accident (CVA) commonly referred to as a stroke, but brain damage following traumatic head injury such as road accidents or gunshot wounds can also cause aphasia. Aphasia following such traumatic events is non-progressive in contrast to aphasia arising from brain tumor, some types of infection, or language disturbances in progressive conditions such as Alzheimer’s disease, where the language disturbance increases as the disease progresses. The diagnosis of primary progressive aphasia (as opposed to non-progressive aphasia, the main focus of this article) is based on the following inclusion and exclusion criteria by M. Marsel Mesulam, in 2001. Inclusion criteria are as follows: Difficulty with language that interferes with activities of daily living and aphasia is the most prominent symptom. Exclusion criteria are as follows: Other non-degenerative disease or medical disorder, psychiatric diagnosis, episodic memory, visual memory, and visuo-perceptual impairment, and, finally, initial behavioral disturbance. Aphasia involves one or more of the building blocks of language, phonemes, morphology, lexis, syntax, and semantics; and the deficits occur in various clusters or patterns across the spectrum. The degree of impairment varies across modalities, with written language often, but not always, more affected than spoken language. In some cases, understanding of language is relatively preserved, in others both production and understanding are affected. In addition to varied degrees of impairment in spoken and written language, any or more than one component of language can be affected. At the most severe end of the spectrum, a person with aphasia may be unable to communicate by either speech or writing and may be able to understand virtually nothing or only very limited social greetings. At the least severe end of the spectrum, the aphasic speaker may experience occasional word finding difficulties, often difficulties involving nouns; but unlike difficulties in recalling proper nouns in normal aging, word retrieval problems in mild aphasia includes other word classes. Descriptions of

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GEOGRAPHY AS THE BASIS OF GIS In the rush to create bigger and better technical solutions, many in the GIS industry tend to forget that the discipline known as “geography” is the basis of GIS. GIS provides nothing more than the opportunity to manipulate and analyse geographical phenomena using automated systems. In fact, Michael Goodchild, director of the US National Center for Geographic Information Analysis (NCGIA) quite “recently” suggested (Goodchild 1992) that the acronym GIS should be understood to stand for “geographic information science”. This new definition would place more emphasis on analysis of “geographic information” and less on “system”. Continue reading GEOGRAPHY IN BUSINESS? – GIS for Business and Service Planning Over the past few years there has been a remarkable increase in interest is GIS. Many of the earliest users were in universities, government departments and environmental agencies. Activity in these traditional core areas is now being supplemented by vigorous growth in several emerging markets, the most important one being business and service planning. For many of these new users, the GIS focus to date has been basic mapping and asset management. Other, more advanced, users are modelling data held in integrated databases. This modelling activity is frequently referred to as spatial analysis. WHAT IS SPATIAL ANALYSIS? “Spatial analysis” is one of those terms that are so widely used in so many different contexts that it is difficult to define succinctly. Good child (1988, p; 68) offers a good general definition of spatial analysis as “that set of analytical methods which require access both to the attributes of the objects under study and to their locational information”. Openshaw (1991b, p. 18) suggests that what geographers refer to as “spatial statistics”. Anselin (1989) and Goodchild et. Al (1992) prefer to use the term “spatial data analysis” although there seems to be no substantial difference. Continue reading Implementing Spatial Analysis and GIS Applications for Business and Service Planning From a marketing perspective, the principal attraction of spatial analysis is still probably a psychological one. Marketeers seem to feel that geography is important in that they know that there are major geographic

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GEOGRAPHY AS THE BASIS OF GIS In the rush to create bigger and better [...] variations in the demand for products. Maybe they feel that geographers should be able to help them perform better and that there might be methods that geographers know about that could be beneficial to them. Those in the industry who believe this will probably already be displaying more confidence in the value of geography than do many geographers! Yet at the same time it is evident that there are mutual benefits to both the marketing industry and to geography from closer collaboration. The geographer might gain access to data not in the public domain, new publishing opportunities may arise and there is at least some prospect for technology transfer and commercialization. The marketing industry might gain access to a largely untapped skill base. The question is, however, which methods, which applications, and which new products might be created through such collaborations? Continue reading Marketing Spatial Analysis: A review of prospects and technologies relevant to marketing – GIS For Business and Service Planning DATA SOURCES AND THEIR GEOGRAPHICAL INTEGRATION Geodemographics has come into use as a shorthand label for both the development and the application of area typologies that have proved to be powerful discriminators of consumer behaviour and aids to “market analysis”. Continue reading Geodemographics – GIS for Business and Service Planning DATA SOURCES AND THEIR GEOGRAPHICAL INTEGRATION The very nature of competitive business lies in spotting niches and opportunities. Geographical niches are the more difficult to identify when market areas are blurred by the overlay of successive different geographies. A range of computer software houses have developed products which enable users to gain rapid access to precisely specified sections of databases, while developments in computer graphics allow information to be portrayed in a geographically accurate manner. Business graphics are, in short, becoming increasingly geographical. Continue reading Population Data Sources – GIS for Business and Service Planning Renowned contributors assess the links between technological change, analytical information and data customization which are now beginning to stimulate the wider adoption of GIS as a management and applied research tool. The first section deals with population data sources, followed by geodemographics and how it is used in customer targeting and product marketing. The next part considers how businesses can adopt

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In this essay I will analyse contemporary art and culture by applying key theoretical concepts and discourses from well known theorists such as Dick Hebdige; Hal Foster, Guy Debord and Dominic Strinati, to relevant critical theories of modernism and Post-modernism. I hope to give a historical insight into the theory of ‘resistance’ and its impact on society, providing analyses of contemporary resistant art and relating it to my own practice. I want to explore the various approaches a resistant movement can have, focusing on graffiti as a contemporary example. Graffiti has various forms (tagging, political, commercial) allowing it to be analysed from many theoretical viewpoints i.e. tagging can be seen as a general youth rebellion, commercialization of graffiti can be seen to dissolve resistant social boundaries (therefore conforming to the capitalist society) and political graffiti, which wishes to show a critique of the contemporary capitalist society through subversion and appropriation. I will begin by looking at some of modernisms key resistant movements such as Dadaism, expressionism and surrealism. I hope to show how different historical movements have revolted against their current social and ideological climate; how the emergence of these movements and ideologies has influenced contemporary art and culture. What people’s values and beliefs of culture and society were? What practical techniques did they use to show this? Modernism was seen as an exploration of knowledge and skills, with interests in different cultural forms and processes. It was described as a number of “avant-garde movements” which understood themselves “as invading unknown territory, exposing itself to the dangers of sudden, shocking encounters, conquering an as yet unoccupied future”; (Hal Foster, 3) therefore resisting traditional forms and status quo in the ever changing social climate. The avant-garde modernists showed commitment to finding new ways to explore how we see the world rather than what we see in it. An example of this appreciation for nature and emotion can be seen within the romanticist movement. It appeared as one of the many resistant art forms of the late 1800’s, it wanted to escape from industrialisation by exploring creativity and mood; Focusing on individual experience, and the supremacy of nature. The strive for knowledge continued through the 1900’s; Expression

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In this essay I will analyse contemporary art and culture by applying key theoretical concepts and discourses from [...] ists like Franz Marc and Wassily Kandinsky focused on the emotional effect of the painting, paying more attention to mood and expression of “being alive” (Victorino Tejera, 85); abstract and cubism art from Pablo Picasso and Georges Braque took a new look at perspective and structure of images; repelling the bourgeoisie state. After the WW1 these beliefs came to define the 1920’s, with the introduction of movements such as, dada and surrealism. Dada was the first resistant movement that sort to reject realism and embraced disruption. It saw art as revolutionary in the portrayal of true reality, as cited in the (online science encyclopaedia, 1), “their aesthetic strategies exploit the calculated misuse of convention; employing the techniques of subversion, distortion, and disruption.” They sought to create ‘antilogical’ (Online encyclopaedia, 1) art as they felt traditional culture had been confined by logic and reason. According to George Grosz (cited in Subculture: Dick Hebdige) “nothing was holy to us. Our movement was neither mystical, communistic nor anarchistic. All of these movements had some sort of programme, but ours was completely nihilistic. We spat on everything, including ourselves. Our symbol was nothingness, a vacuum, a void”. The “new art form” (Walter Benjamin, 239) embraced spontaneity and controversy; However critics like Fredric Jameson disregarded dada quoting ‘the trivial irreverence of dada (F, Jameson, 38)’, Although this just reinforced the confrontational characteristics of the movement, showing that freedom and independence of thought was possible and absolutely essential to an ever changing culture. Surrealism, which was heavily influenced by dada’s resistant mentality sort to approach the subject in an unique and eccentric manner; They thrived on the potential of imagination, looking into dream analysis and how the unconscious mind effected what they could do. Their deviation in behaviour was seen as nonconformist and strange to traditionalists. However, they rejected madness, embracing the capabilities of the mind and juxt

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In this essay I will analyse contemporary art and culture by applying key theoretical concepts and discourses from [...] aposition. Juxtaposition as stated by Thomas Pynchon (p.20), “could combine inside the same frame, elements not normally found together to produce illogical and startling effects”. Being an experimental and embracing movement, surrealism took juxtaposition to the extreme, trying to distance realities of objects and meanings. The seemingly random combination of objects showed surrealisms own juxtaposition with social reality, reinforcing their resistant tendencies. These continued throughout surrealism lifetime, showing prominence in riots during 60’s and 70’s and obviously having links to modern day anarchism. Abstract expressionism originated in the late1920’s, becoming better known and adopted in the 40’s and 50’s, was a critical movement, as described by (Shapiro/David/Cecile, 189, 190), “it has an image of being rebellious, anarchic, highly idiosyncratic and, some feel, nihilistic”. It felt that through its random, subconscious application of paint, it could portray an ardent use of emotion. The process of painting was just as spiritually significant as the final outcome. The movement was enlightening to many, and through revolutionary art by well known artists like Pollock, Willem de Kooning, Franz Kline; spontaneity, process and creative potential became significantly important and influential. Abstract expressionism, surrealism and Dada were seen as radical and anarchic. Although Pessimistic critics such as Fredric Jameson dismiss Dadaism, I think they are significant within modernism and Postmodernism theory as they help exemplify a critique of society and traditional forms. They also provide us with historical context in which to relate it to current resistance in contemporary society. In relation to graffiti the movements show similar interests. For example; The spontaneous process of painting employed by the abstract expressionists, lends itself to the graffiti tag, in that the ‘spontaneous’ tag utilises the quick and easy application of the spray can, focusing on the process of spray painting, through various methods of application and technique, improved creative potential can be achieved. The sur

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SILENT NIGHT, HOLY NIGHT" During World War I, in the winter of 1914, on the battlefields of Flanders, one of the most unusual events in all of human history took place. The Germans had been in a fierce battle with the British and French. Both sides were dug in, safe in muddy, man-made trenches six to eight feet deep that seemed to stretch forever. All of a sudden, German troops began to put small Christmas trees, lit with candles, outside of their trenches. Then, they began to sing songs. Across the way, in the "no man's land" between them, came songs from the British and French troops. Incredibly, many of the Germans, who had worked in England before the war, were able to speak good enough English to propose a "Christmas" truce. The British and French troops, all along the miles of trenches, accepted. In a few places, allied troops fired at the Germans as they climbed out of their trenches. But the Germans were persistent and Christmas would be celebrated even under the threat of impending death. According to Stanley Weintraub, who wrote about this event in his book, Silent Night, "signboards arose up and down the trenches in a variety of shapes. They were usually in English, or - from the Germans - in fractured English. Rightly, the Germans assumed that the other side could not read traditional gothic lettering, and that few English understood spoken German. 'YOU NO FIGHT, WE NO FIGHT' was the most frequently employed German message. Some British units improvised 'MERRY CHRISTMAS' banners and waited for a response. More placards on both sides popped up." A spontaneous truce resulted. Soldiers left their trenches, meeting in the middle to shake hands. The first order of business was to bury the dead who had been previously unreachable because of the conflict. Then, they exchanged gifts. Chocolate cake, cognac, postcards, newspapers, tobacco. In a few places, along the trenches, soldiers exchanged rifles for soccer balls and began to play games. It didn't last forever. In fact, some of the generals didn't like it at all and commanded their troops to resume shooting at each other. After all, they

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SILENT NIGHT, HOLY NIGHT" During World War I, in [...] were in a war. Soldiers eventually did resume shooting at each other. But only after, in a number of cases, a few days of wasting rounds of ammunition shooting at stars in the sky instead of soldiers in the opposing army across the field. For a few precious moments there was peace on earth good will toward men. All because the focus was on Christmas. Happens every time. There's something about Christmas that changes people. It happened over 2000 years ago in a little town called Bethlehem. It's been happening over and over again down through the years of time. This week, Lord willing, it will happen again. Origins: Of the British and German soldiers who faced each other across the muddy fields of Flanders on Christmas Eve in 1914, even those who no longer believed the optimistic predictions of a short war would have been shocked to learn that it would drag on for another four years — and that it would ultimately see the staggering totals of 8½ million dead and 21 million wounded. Nonetheless, by December 1914 the European War — being fought by men who were weary, frustrated, and dispirited, bogged down in the glue-like muck, waterlogged trenches, and barbed-wire entanglements of Belgium, with little sense of national purpose other than to defeat the enemy — had already claimed hundreds of thousands of casualties since the beginning of hostilities in early August. Despite the constant machine gun fire and artillery bombardments of the western front, and even though in some places front-line troops were a mere 60 yards away from the enemy's lines, soldiers on both sides received gift boxes containing food and tobacco prepared by their governments that Christmas. The Germans, who had a direct land link to their home country (British soldiers in Belgium were separated from London by sixty miles and the English Channel), also managed to send small Christmas trees and candles to troops at the front. And, notwithstanding the fact that a Christmas cease-fire proposed by Pope Benedict XV had already been rejected by both sides as "impossible," on Christmas Eve the "law of unanticipated consequences went to work," as Stanley Weintraub, author of

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SILENT NIGHT, HOLY NIGHT" During World War I, in [...] Silent Night: The Story of the World War I Christmas Truce, described it: . . . the Germans set trees on trench parapets and lit the candles. Then, they began singing carols, and though their language was unfamiliar to their enemies, the tunes were not. After a few trees were shot at, the British became more curious than belligerent and crawled forward to watch and listen. And after a while, they began to sing. By Christmas morning, the "no man's land" between the trenches was filled with fraternizing soldiers, sharing rations and gifts, singing and (more solemnly) burying their dead between the lines. Soon they were even playing soccer, mostly with improvised balls. According to the official war diary of the 133rd Saxon Regiment, "Tommy and Fritz" kicked about a real football supplied by a Scot. "This developed into a regulation football match with caps casually laid out as goals. The frozen ground was no great matter . . . The game ended 3-2 for Fritz." The spontaneous truce (which included French and Belgian troops in some sectors) was largely over by New Year's Day, however. Commanders on both sides ordered their troops to restart hostilities under penalty of court martial, and German and British soldiers reluctantly parted, in the words of Pvt. Percy Jones of the Westminster Brigade, "with much hand-shaking and mutual goodwill." The Great War stretched on through another three Christmases and beyond, but all subsequent attempts to organize similiar truces failed, and millions more died before the armistice of 11 November 1918 finally ended the shooting for good. As Stanley Weintraub noted at the close of his book on the 1914 Christmas truce: However much the momentary peace of 1914 evidenced the desire of the combatants to live in amity with one another, it was doomed from the start by the realities beyond the trenches. As the English rock band The Farm, decades later, summed up the results after the enemies "joined together and decided not to fight," but failed, there was "nothing learned and nothing gained

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The ruling Justice and Development Party (AKP) has maintained its popular support since coming to power in 2002. The government and the circles associated with it claim that the AKP governments have performed much better than previous governments, pointing out enrichment of masses, its mega projects and never-seen-before privatization schemes that it undertook rather zealously. Arguing for an unprecedented economic success in the history of the Republic, they proudly point out the unwavering electoral support they have been receiving in most local and national elections. In the framework of authoritarian, increasingly repressive and blatantly extra-legal practices of the government, one consequently feels it necessary to go beyond aggregate statistics and see if their high-fluted discourse is justifiable. When comparing economies or speaking of change in the size of an economy it is conventional to refer to aggregate measures such as Gross National Product (GNP) or Gross Domestic Product (GDP). However, we know that these are simply average figures that conceal a lot more than they reveal. For a crude comparison among economies, or to get a rough idea about how a particular country is doing in the world economy, these figures have some practical utility but beyond that they are almost useless. Even in per capita terms such statistics are not very informative. Therefore, alternative measures have been created to overcome the limitations of the conventional measures of economic growth. The Purchasing Power Parity, for instance, is one of them. Additionally, measures of poverty and inequality have been created in recent decades to understand social and economic phenomena better. Moreover, the Human Development Index (HDI) of the United Nations is an attempt to measure the level of development, a composite measure that consists of a number of basic indicators, reflecting development, rather than simply growth. Using the conventional measures of economic growth, it can be seen that Turkey’s Gross Domestic Product, according to the World Bank, rose from 13,995,067,817.5092 in 1961 to 718,221,078,308.824 current US dollars in 2015. The increase is an impressive 5032 percent. The same figure for 1961-2001 was 1301

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The ruling Justice and Development Party (AKP) has maintained its popular support since coming to power in [...] %, for 2002-2015 208.86 percent. GDP per capita, on the other hand, rose from $508 in 1960 to $9130 in 2015. Between 1961 and 2015 the annual rate of increase in per capita GDP, including all the ups and downs in the 54-year period, was 2.53 percent on average, which can only be considered a modest rate of growth. The per capita rate of increase in GDP in the 2002-2015 period turned out to be 3.33 percent on average, which is somewhat higher than the average for the pre-AKP period but is not all that impressive. What makes the GDP growth rate during the AKP period “shine” is perhaps the meager growth of 1.777 percent in the immediately preceding 10-year period during which an economic crisis wreaked havoc in Turkish economy. However, as indicated above, the aggregate measures are never adequate; they conceal crucial facts such as income differentials or poverty rates. Therefore, we will have to look at the picture from the perspective of social justice and equity, criteria that should be of prime concern for the party in government. The Gini coefficient, a measure of inequality, was 39.3 in 2013 (OECD), indicating a high degree of income inequality. In fact, Turkey has one of the highest levels of inequality in the OECD area. Similarly, the poverty ratio was 17.2 % for the same year. Income shared by the top 10 % of the population between 2002-2013 was on average 30.54 % with minor fluctuations over the period. On the other hand, the income share of the lowest 20 % in the same period was on average 5.67 percent. As one can realize, these indicators manifest a high degree of inequality and poverty, that is not captured by the aggregate measures of economic growth. An unemployment of 10.7 % in July 2016 as announced by the Statistics Office of Turkey test

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The ruling Justice and Development Party (AKP) has maintained its popular support since coming to power in [...] ifies to the mere fact that poverty and inequality are not negligible. In the 15-24 year age group unemployment is 19.8 %, indicating that a major portion of the jobless is among the youth, which happens to be one of the largest demographic groups in the country (median age being 30, half of the population is 30 years old and younger). Considering the regional disparities in incomes and development, and the fact that 66.5 % of the population having non-mortgage debt, the policies of the AKP government can hardly be considered a success. Chronically low rates of savings, inadequate flow of foreign investment (unfortunately seen as panacea for low rates of savings in liberal economics), and moreover, the flight of capital due to recent political instability, terrorism and wars, not to mention the exceptional ineptitude of the policy-makers, the economy is on the brink of collapse, despite feeble efforts of government officials to calm public anxiety. It has to be pointed out that the economic growth the government is so proud to emphasize has been due to services and the construction sector, not to industrial production. The manufacturing sector was able to maintain itself through borrowing excessively and producing mostly for the domestic market. Even exports are based on importation of goods to a large extent, indicating serious structural problems with the economy. With a long-term debt in excess of $200 billion, the private sector is in dire straits. With a dwindling economy, the government is hard-pressed to increase its tax revenue not only for regular expenditures but also for financing the military operations in the east of the country and in Syria. With the national currency rapidly eroding against the US dollar and the panic on the part of the government pathetically calling for “de-dollarization” of the economy, the picture is quite bleak and the collapse seems imminent (ironically, most of the savings in foreign currency are located in provinces that have overwhelmingly voted for the conservative/nationalistic AKP, recently calling for reversion to the “national” currency and gold). According to the UNDP, Turkey’s Human Development Index increased by 1.26 % in the 1990

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St Benedict to the Cistercians In the 6th century, St. Benedict, Abbot of a thriving community at Monte Cassino in Italy, wrote a Rule for monks. Drawing from the best of the earlier monastic traditions, his rule has been followed by countless monks and nuns for fifteen centuries. The Rule is pervaded by the spirit of the Gospel and characterised by its moderate and human approach. Above all, it is Christ centred; “Prefer nothing whatever to Christ” has inspired many to follow him according to the Benedictine tradition. In the 11th century, 3 Benedictine monks, Ss Robert of Molesme, Alberic and Stephen Harding, sought to follow the Rule of St. Benedict in all its fulness. Along with a group of other monks who shared this vision of simplicity, austerity and fraternal life, they went to Citeaux in Burgundy, where the 'New Monastery' was established in March 1098. They became known as the Cistercians. The new monastery struggled at first, but in 1112, St. Bernard arrived with 30 of his male relatives and friends. Their arrival was to give Citeaux new life and energy. Soon the monastery grew so much that new foundations were made, including Clairvaux in 1115, of which St. Bernard was to be the Abbot. Although St. Bernard was not one of the founders, he was to play a key role in the development of the new Order. By the time of his death in 1153, there were 353 monasteries of the order throughout Europe. Many women wished to follow the Cistercian ideal and many houses were established including several in French Flanders. Bernardine Cistercians of Esquermes The Abbeys of Notre Dame de la Brayelle at Annay (1196) Notre Dame de la Woestine at St. Omer, (1217) and Notre Dame Des Près in Douai (1221) were three Cistercian houses for women in Flanders. In common with all monasteries in France, the Abbeys were suppressed and the members dispersed

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The newly-published paper on the study of how students learn to solve isomorphic problems based on the same principle indirectly illustrates the difference between understanding physics, and merely understanding about physics. In it, the authors describe, based on other studies, of groups of students given two types of problems: (i) problems that looks, on the surface, to be different, but actually are based on the same principle and (ii) problems that, on the surface, looks similar, but are based on different principles. They now make a similar test, but this time, giving students 2 sets of problems, one solved, and another one that is analogous to the solved problem. The students are then asked to solve the second problem. Abstract: In this study, we examine introductory physics students’ ability to perform analogical reasoning between two isomorphic problems which employ the same underlying physics principles but have different surface features. Three hundred sixty-two students from a calculus-based and an algebra-based introductory physics course were given a quiz in the recitation in which they had to first learn from a solved problem provided and take advantage of what they learned from it to solve another problem (which we call the quiz problem) which was isomorphic. Previous research suggests that the multiple-concept quiz problem is challenging for introductory students. Students in different recitation classes received different interventions in order to help them discern and exploit the underlying similarities of the isomorphic solved and quiz problems. We also conducted think-aloud interviews with four introductory students in order to understand in depth the difficulties they had and explore strategies to provide better scaffolding. We found that most students were able to learn from the solved problem to some extent with the scaffolding provided and invoke the relevant principles in the quiz problem. However, they were not necessarily able to apply the principles correctly. Research suggests that more scaffolding is needed to help students in applying these principles appropriately. We outline a few possible strategies for future investigation. But what is fascinating and totally reflects that I have been arguing, is a couple of paragraph in the paper's text: It is well known that two physics problems that look very similar to a physics expert because both involve the same physics principle do not necessary look similar to the beginning students. Research has shown that when physics experts and novices are given several introductory physics problems and asked to categorize the problems based upon similarity of

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The newly-published paper on the study of how students learn to solve isomorphic problems based on the [...] solution, experts tend to categorize them based upon the fundamental physics principles (e.g., conservation of mechanical energy, Newton’s 2nd law, etc.) while novices tend to group them based upon the surface features such as pulley or inclined plane. Similarly, when a group of introductory physics students and physics faculty were asked to rate the similarities between different pairs of problems, it was found that for problem pairs which only involve surface similarity but employ different principles students were more likely to rate them as similar compared to the faculty members. The different patterns that experts and novices discern in these problems reflects the difference between the ways in which the knowledge structure of experts and novices is structured and how they exploit it to solve problems. The fact that experts in physics have a well-organized knowledge hierarchy where the most fundamental physics principles are placed at the top, followed by layers of subsidiary knowledge and details, facilitates their problem solving process, allowing them to approach the problems in a more effective and systematic way. It also guides the experts to see the problems beyond the surface features, and makes the transfer of knowledge between different contexts easier.You may read the entire paper and what was tested upon. I'll copy the conclusion of the paper here: In summary, deliberately using isomorphic worked-out examples to help students transfer what they learned from one context to another can be a useful tool to help students understand the applicability of physics principles in diverse situations and develop a coherent knowledge structure of physics. For introductory students, such well thought-out activity could provide a model for effective physics learning since the idea of looking at deep similarities beyond the surface features is enforced throughout the activity. It is possible that students will become more facile at the analogical reasoning processes if practice and feedback are constantly provided to them. The greatest benefit may be achieved if similar activities are sustained throughout the course over different topics and the coherence of physics as well as the importance of looking at the deep features of the problems is consistently explained, emphasized, demonstrated, and rewarded by the instructors.What is important here is that it takes knowledge and skills to be able to look at a problem, and break it down into its relevant components, especially in figuring out what are the relevant principles involved. This is what is lacking when you simply present physics either via examples

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When a loved one dies at home, family or others who are there must often cope with the reality of the dying process. We recommend strongly that when a person is first considered being terminal, the doctor should be asked to order hospice care. We cannot stress enough how hospice care can help those involved get through a death at home or even in a care center. Oftentimes the family waits until a loved one is well along towards the end of life before hospice is considered. Hospice is generally used for cancer patients because it is often easy to determine in advance whether a person will survive or not. If the cancer is not cured and continues to spread, death is usually inevitable. Whether that occurs in a matter of weeks or months is not important to the doctor prescribing hospice. The only requirement is the doctor must have a reasonable expectation that his patient cannot survive beyond six months. Sometimes hospice patients can receive care for years before they succumb. For other medical conditions hospice may be just as appropriate but oftentimes the family fails to inquire or the family doctor simply doesn’t consider it. Hospice should be considered for such conditions as congestive heart failure, advanced diabetes, advanced lung disease, advanced autoimmune disorders, advanced kidney disease and so on. Even in the absence of any medical condition, a person can still qualify for hospice if he or she is deteriorating rapidly and overall health is declining. Another condition often overlooked for hospice is advanced dementia or Alzheimer’s disease. Family often wait until a loved one starts shutting down before hospice is ordered. Or sometimes hospice is not even considered for Alzheimer’s because doctors are so used to using palliative care only for cancer. If a loved one is not improving, family should always ask or even press for hospice. Remember not to wait until close to the end but order hospice at an earlier stage since it will help provide the necessary transition to the death of a loved one. Why are we so adamant about using palliative care? Because these services focus on dying patients and will help the family get through not only the death but also give physical and spiritual comfort to the person dying as well as offering bereavement support after the death. We simply can’t stress enough the importance of using this type of support when the end is near. When a person is close to death, physical changes

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When a loved one dies at home, family or others who are there must often cope with the reality [...] occur. Blood flow slows down and fingers and toes may start turning blue or black. Breathing is labored, there is a rattling at the back of the throat and the breathing process may even cease for long periods and then resume again. A loved one will be cold and it is important to provide blankets for warmth. A loved one may be confused or he or she may simply sleep a lot. Since these changes will be noticeable to the caregiver, a call to the hospice will receive immediate response with either a visit or instructions over the phone. Remember hospice is on call 24 hours a day and the service is there to provide exactly this kind of support when death is imminent. Because of this support, the caregiver and other family members will be able to spend more quality time at the bedside of their loved one. Their fears for their loved one will be dealt with by a staff that can be relied on for knowing exactly what to do. Supportive services with the death of a loved one can make a huge difference in the way the family handles the consequences of the death. After death occurs, the hospice workers will also make arrangements for a funeral home to pick up the body. They will also help clean up any soiled bedding and talk to the attending physician about other follow-up, say an autopsy. This article was originally shared by National Care Planning Council \A daily check-in call could be the lifeline, the joy you give someone that makes the biggest difference in their perception of what old age is like. Contact me at 317-480-1038 today. Let’s make a difference together. I’m Diana Beam, Founder of Keeping in Touch Solutions. It is my heartfelt desire for every person to live a happy and healthy life in the place they call home, no matter what their age. You can’t put a price on peace of mind for your parents and yourself. It’s priceless . . . and significant. For that reason, the goal of every Keeping In Touch Solutions program is to provide a caring connection and service that both the elderly and their caregivers can rely on to make living that good life easier. Please log in again. The login page will open in

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In addition to sugar, another white granular substance used to enhance the flavor of food is in the news – it’s salt. Many people have cut-back or quit adding salt to prepared foods where possible and limited their consumption of processed foods high in sodium. But according to yesterday’s Washington Post, the average American is still consuming almost twice as much sodium as the recommended daily limit, with 77% of sodium coming from processed foods. FDA’s ten-year plan The story also reports that the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is beginning an initiative that will require manufacturers to gradually reduce the amount of sodium added to processed foods over a 10-year span. This would allow Americans to become accustomed to the taste of foods as salt is gradually decreased. Recommended sodium limits To reduce your risk of heart disease, the American Heart Association (AHA) recommended limiting sodium to 1,500 mg daily. The average american consumes 3,435 mg daily. To put things in greater perspective, a teaspoon of salt has 2,300 mg of sodium. Campbells Healthy Request chicken noodle soup has 120 calories and 410 mg sodium per 1-cup serving, almost a third of the 1,500 mg daily limit. Sales for many processed foods would likely suffer without a gradual reduction in salt, so I don’t expect this to be an easy task for the FDA, manufacturers or consumers. Even with a gradual reduction in sodium, some foods may never be palatable without salt. There’s the question of whether inherently salty foods like pickles would need to comply. I’m wondering about olives. Change isn’t going to be easy, but change we must. A study published yesterday by the Journal of American Medical Association (JAMA) concludes that a correlation exists between dietary added sugars and blood lipid levels among U.S. adults. The culprit: added sugars The study defines added sugars as caloric sweeteners added to processed foods by manufacturers or added to prepared foods by consumers to make foods more desirable. Sugar added to oatmeal, tea and coffee; sugary drinks, such Coke and Pepsi, and most processed foods meet the description of “dietary added

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In addition to sugar, another white granular substance used to enhance the flavor of food is in the [...] sugars.” Although complex carbohydrates found naturally in fruits and vegetables, such as corn, beets and bananas, ultimately break down and become chemically similar to added sugars, they are not the same as dietary added sugars. Trans fats and cholesterol have been known to increase the risk of heart disease by collecting along artery walls and eventually hardening into plaque. Although exactly how is not understood, it’s been known that excessive carbohydrate consumption causes a lipid profile that correlates with increased risk for heart disease. A balanced diet is essential That doesn’t mean carbohydrates can be eliminated from your diet to reduce your risk of heart disease; they are essential for good health for the energy and nutrients they provide. Added dietary sugars increase total carbohydrate consumption to unhealthy levels without adding any nutritional value. The answer is to eat a healthy diet with balanced portions of protein, carbohydrate and fat. Added dietary sugars upset the balance because they increase carbohydrate levels and they lack nutrients. Sugar under a different name Check the sugar listing on the nutritional facts panel and read the list of ingredients for processed and packaged foods. It’s surprising how often added dietary sugar can be found — it’s even in ketchup and mayonnaise. But it’s not usually listed as “sugar” in the ingredient list. This About.com article has a handy list words for added dietary sugar to lookout for in ingredient lists: - Corn sweetener - Corn syrup, or corn syrup solids - Dehydrated Cane Juice - Fruit juice concentrate - High-fructose corn syrup - Invert sugar - Malt syrup - Maple syrup - Raw sugar - Rice Syrup - Sorghum or sorghum syrup - Turbinado Sugar Make sure that packaged and processed foods don’t foil your efforts to maintain a heart-healthy diet. Unless you read and understand the nutrition facts label, you could be consuming more fat, salt and sugar on a regular basis that you realize. The U.S.

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This website will be an advocate for government programs, providing would be applicants all the informations and resources they need to be able to successfully apply for the programs they are eligible for and increase their chances of approval. SNAP Food Stamps One of the main programs if the food stamps program, which covers more than 46 million people in the United States as of 2015. In most states, food stamps holders are given an SNAP EBT Card, which is also called Benefits Security Card in Tennessee, Mississippi, Arkansas and some other states. We will provide information on food stamps eligibility, how to apply in each state, how to check your SNAP EBT balance and how to get an EBT Card replacement. Even though the unemployment rate is at 5%, the number of unemployed persons is at 7.9 million, as of September 2016 – according to BLS data. That means that there are still a significant number of people who are on Eppicards, which is the debit card used in almost all 50 states to administer unemployment benefits. It works like any other debit card and can be used to make purchases and take out cash at ATMs. According to the Social Security Administration, there are 57 million people on Social Security benefits, with 42 million of that consisting of people ages 65 or older. Another 5.5 million people are on Supplemental Security Income. The average monthly benefit is $1238. We will cover Social Security in detail, including how to apply, when to apply, how to sign up for direct deposit, how to maximize your benefits and more. A large number of Social Security Direct Deposit Recipients use the Direct Express Debit Card by Comerica to access their benefits. Women, Infant and Children (WIC) Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) program provides supplemental foods, health care referrals, and nutrition education for low-income pregnant, breastfeeding, and non-breastfeeding postpartum women, and to infants and children up to age five who are found to be at nutritional risk. The WIC program, just like the SNAP food stamps program is administered by the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). According to USDA data, there are about 8.

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A cross-functional team of researchers, instructional design specialists, software engineers, psychometricians, content experts and item writers create and validate your assessment. Over the past 70 years, ETS test developers have produced more than 180 test titles — skills tests, end-of-course tests and large-scale assessments — including the National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) for the U.S. Department of Education, the AP® and the SAT® tests for the College Board®, as well as state and district assessments. Our process involves more than assembling items; we leverage our research to suggest innovative test designs, new item types, new measurement and data analysis techniques to support smarter tests for students. Our research innovations contribute to the field of educational measurement. ETS's scientific contributions to testing include: - co-invention of Item Response Theory - contributions to modern validity theory - development of approach to causal modeling from observational data or performance assessment - invention of the Differential Item Functioning (DIF), a method for detecting test bias or unfairness - creation of the holistic scoring for writing assessment - invention of the Angoff Method for standard setting - development of methods for evidence-centered design - contributions to the design of computer-adaptive testing - application of Artificial Intelligence in test-scoring protocols ETS continues to contribute to the field and apply the results of our research to the tests we develop. Our current research includes: - development of technology-enhanced test items - creation of simulation-based assessments - expansion of game-based models for assessing learning and performance - development of interactive spoken-language assessment tools - design of assessments that measure noncognitive behaviors such as engagement and grit - development of biometrics-based user authentication for enhanced test security Throughout the research process, we remain focused on: - designing smarter, faster and more efficient tests for K–12 students - creating systems that more closely measure the work students and teachers are doing in the classroom Learn more about how we improve the student test experience through technology. Learn more about how we perform our work in assessment development. Learn how we use research to design assessments that are fair to all groups. Explore the big ideas in educational assessments

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In June of 1985 Dr. Stephen Jay Gould used his personal life to illustrate the importance of statistical measures, their true meaning even more so, in our lives. My life has recently intersected, in a most personal way, two of Mark Twain‘s famous quips. One I shall defer to the end of this essay. The other (sometimes attributed to Disraeli), identifies three species of mendacity, each worse than the one before – lies, damned lies, and statistics. Consider the standard example of stretching the truth with numbers – a case quite relevant to my story. Statistics recognizes different measures of an "average," or central tendency. The mean is our usual concept of an overall average – add up the items and divide them by the number of sharers (100 candy bars collected for five kids next Halloween will yield 20 for each in a just world). The median, a different measure of central tendency, is the half-way point. If I line up five kids by height, the median child is shorter than two and taller than the other two (who might have trouble getting their mean share of the candy). A politician in power might say with pride, "The mean income of our citizens is $15,000 per year." The leader of the opposition might retort, "But half our citizens make less than $10,000 per year." Both are right, but neither cites a statistic with impassive objectivity. The first invokes a mean, the second a median. (Means are higher than medians in such cases because one millionaire may outweigh hundreds of poor people in setting a mean; but he can balance only one mendicant in calculating a median). The larger issue that creates a common distrust or contempt for statistics is more troubling. Many people make an unfortunate and invalid separation between heart and mind, or feeling and intellect. In some contemporary traditions, abetted by attitudes stereotypically centered on Southern California, feelings are exalted as more "real" and the only proper basis for action – if it feels good, do it – while intellect gets short shrift as a hang-up of outmoded elitism. Statistics, in this absurd dichotomy, often become the symbol of the enemy. As Hilaire Belloc wrote, “Statistics are the triumph of the quantitative

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In June of 1985 Dr. Stephen Jay Gould used his personal life to illustr [...] method, and the quantitative method is the victory of sterility and death.” This is a personal story of statistics, properly interpreted, as profoundly nurturant and life-giving. It declares holy war on the downgrading of intellect by telling a small story about the utility of dry, academic knowledge about science. Heart and head are focal points of one body, one personality. In July 1982, I learned. that I was suffering from abdominal mesothelioma, a rare and serious cancer usually associated with exposure to asbestos. When I revived after surgery, I asked my first question of my doctor and chemotherapist: "What is the best technical literature about mesothelioma?" She replied, with a touch of diplomacy (the only departure she has ever made from direct frankness), that the medical literature contained nothing really worth reading. Of course, trying to keep an intellectual away from literature works about as well as recommending chastity to Homo sapiens, the sexiest primate of all. As soon as I could walk, I made a beeline for Harvard‘s Countway medical library and punched mesothelioma into the computer’s bibliographic search program. An hour later, surrounded by the latest literature on abdominal mesothelioma, I realized with a gulp why my doctor had offered that humane advice. The literature couldn’t have been more brutally clear: mesothelioma is incurable, with a median mortality of only eight months after discovery. I sat stunned for about fifteen minutes, then smiled and said to myself: so that’s why they didn’t give me anything to read. Then my mind started to work again, thank goodness. If a little learning could ever be a dangerous thing, I had encountered a classic example. Attitude clearly matters in fighting cancer. We don’t know why (from my old-style materialistic perspective, I suspect that mental states feed back upon the immune system). But match people with the same cancer for age, class, health, socioeconomic status, and, in general, those with positive attitudes, with a strong will and purpose for living, with commitment to struggle, with an active response to aiding their own treatment and not just a passive acceptance of anything doctors

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In June of 1985 Dr. Stephen Jay Gould used his personal life to illustr [...] say, tend to live longer. A few months later I asked Sir Peter Medawar, my personal scientific guru and a Nobelist in immunology, what the best prescription for success against cancer might be. "A sanguine personality," he replied. Fortunately (since one can’t reconstruct oneself at short notice and for a definite purpose), I am, if anything, even-tempered and confident in just this manner. Hence the dilemma for humane doctors: since attitude matters so critically, should such a sombre conclusion be advertised, especially since few people have sufficient understanding of statistics to evaluate what the statements really mean? From years of experience with the small-scale evolution of Bahamian land snails treated quantitatively, I have developed this technical knowledge – and I am convinced that it played a major role in saving my life. Knowledge is indeed power, in Bacon‘s proverb. The problem may be briefly stated: What does "median mortality of eight months" signify in our vernacular? I suspect that most people, without training in statistics, would read such a statement as "I will probably be dead in eight months" – the very conclusion that must be avoided, since it isn’t so, and since attitude matters so much. I was not, of course, overjoyed, but I didn’t read the statement in this vernacular way either. My technical training enjoined a different perspective on "eight months median mortality." The point is a subtle one, but profound – for it embodies the distinctive way of thinking in my own field of evolutionary biology and natural history. We still carry the historical baggage of a Platonic heritage that seeks sharp essences and definite boundaries. (Thus we hope to find an unambiguous "beginning of life" or "definition of death," although nature often comes to us as irreducible continua.) This Platonic heritage, with its emphasis in clear distinctions and separated immutable entities, leads us to view statistical measures of central tendency wrongly, indeed opposite to the appropriate interpretation in our actual world of variation, shadings, and continua. In short, we view means and medians as the hard "realities," and the variation that permits their calculation as

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In June of 1985 Dr. Stephen Jay Gould used his personal life to illustr [...] a set of transient and imperfect measurements of this hidden essence. If the median is the reality and variation around the median just a device for its calculation, the "I will probably be dead in eight months" may pass as a reasonable interpretation. But all evolutionary biologists know that variation itself is nature’s only irreducible essence. Variation is the hard reality, not a set of imperfect measures for a central tendency. Means and medians are the abstractions. Therefore, I looked at the mesothelioma statistics quite differently – and not only because I am an optimist who tends to see the doughnut instead of the hole, but primarily because I know that variation itself is the reality. I had to place myself amidst the variation. When I learned about the eight-month median, my first intellectual reaction was: fine, half the people will live longer; now what are my chances of being in that half. I read for a furious and nervous hour and concluded, with relief: damned good. I possessed every one of the characteristics conferring a probability of longer life: I was young; my disease had been recognized in a relatively early stage; I would receive the nation’s best medical treatment; I had the world to live for; I knew how to read the data properly and not despair. Another technical point then added even more solace. I immediately recognized that the distribution of variation about the eight-month median would almost surely be what statisticians call "right skewed." (In a symmetrical distribution, the profile of variation to the left of the central tendency is a mirror image of variation to the right. In skewed distributions, variation to one side of the central tendency is more stretched out – left skewed if extended to the left, right skewed if stretched out to the right.) The distribution of variation had to be right skewed, I reasoned. After all, the left of the distribution contains an irrevocable lower boundary of zero (since mesothelioma can only be identified at death or before). Thus, there isn’t much room for the distribution’s lower (or left) half – it must be scrunched up between zero and eight months. But the upper (or right) half can extend out for years and years, even if nobody ultimately survives. The distribution must be right skewed

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In June of 1985 Dr. Stephen Jay Gould used his personal life to illustr [...] , and I needed to know how long the extended tail ran – for I had already concluded that my favorable profile made me a good candidate for that part of the curve. The distribution was indeed, strongly right skewed, with a long tail (however small) that extended for several years above the eight month median. I saw no reason why I shouldn’t be in that small tail, and I breathed a very long sigh of relief. My technical knowledge had helped. I had read the graph correctly. I had asked the right question and found the answers. I had obtained, in all probability, the most precious of all possible gifts in the circumstances – substantial time. I didn’t have to stop and immediately follow Isaiah‘s injunction to Hezekiah – set thine house in order for thou shalt die, and not live. I would have time to think, to plan, and to fight. One final point about statistical distributions. They apply only to a prescribed set of circumstances – in this case to survival with mesothelioma under conventional modes of treatment. If circumstances change, the distribution may alter. I was placed on an experimental protocol of treatment and, if fortune holds, will be in the first cohort of a new distribution with high median and a right tail extending to death by natural causes at advanced old age. It has become, in my view, a bit too trendy to regard the acceptance of death as something tantamount to intrinsic dignity. Of course I agree with the preacher of Ecclesiastes that there is a time to love and a time to die – and when my skein runs out I hope to face the end calmly and in my own way. For most situations, however, I prefer the more martial view that death is the ultimate enemy – and I find nothing reproachable in those who rage mightily against the dying of the light. The swords of battle are numerous, and none more effective than humor. My death was announced at a meeting of my colleagues in Scotland, and I almost experienced the delicious pleasure of reading my obituary penned by one of my best friends (the so-and-so got suspicious and checked; he too is a statistician, and didn’t expect to find me so far out on the right tail). Still, the incident provided my

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Task 2 dealing with incidents and emergencies topics: first aid task biii 1 emergency situations essayassessment criteria: 24 describe the actions to. 23 ifsta firefighting essentials 5th edition - chapter 23: haz-mat ops operations at hazmat incidents study play chapter 23: key terms written agreement. Becoming “red cross ready” for an emergency means following our simple steps in family preparedness to ensure you can weather a crisis safely and comfortably. Sometimes the emergency or crisis will relate to notifications about child abuse or a young person in a dangerous situation the following checklist will give you. 1 i the national association for home care &hospice (nahc) emergency preparedness workgroup was established to develop an all hazards emergency preparedness plan to be. Course overview decision making and problem solving page 1 about this course being able to make decisions and solve problems effectively is a necessary and vital part of the job for every emergency manager, planner, and responder. Find emergency situations lesson plans and teaching resources from 5 emergency situations worksheets to safety emergency situations videos, quickly find teacher-reviewed educational resources. Unit 306 understand health and safety in social care settings learning outcomes and assessment criteria outcome 1 understand the different responsibilities relating. 208 non assignment work doc 2 uploaded by food safety act 2009 environmental health basic/intermediate food hygiene biii tc 1. Role of transportation management centers in emergency operations guidebook 30 pre-event activities – planning, training and exercising, and best practices. The massachusetts emergency medical services (ems) mass casualty incident (mci) plan january 11, 2016 contact for questions. Nvq 2 unit 208 task a essay submitted by: anonymous on may 8, 2013 category: social issues length: 1,377 words open document. Dispatchers are calm, clear and in control, especially in emergency situations they know the appropriate responses, no matter the situation, whether it's how many trucks to send to pick up materials, or how many fire engines need to respond to a fire. Teacher guide representing functions of everyday situations t-2 before the lesson assessment task: four situations (20 minutes) have the students complete this task, in class or. Start studying fo1 lesson 6

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Task 2 dealing with incidents and emergencies topics: first aid task biii 1 emergency [...] learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools. Biii-1 2 situations and assumptions biii-1 3 assignment of responsibilities biii-2 iv emergency public information 1 purpose biv-1 2 situations. Assessing the situation to determine whether an emergency exists requiring activation of your emergency procedures supervising all efforts in the area, including. Way to deal with emergency situations they are vital because they enable everyone in the department to function properly and know what is expected for each task. Task biii 1 emergency situations topics: teacher ethical situations in business – task 1 company q’s attitude toward social responsibility the current. Lucretia baker unit 203 task a and b (1) uploaded by lou spencer lucretia baker unit 203 : principles of diversity, equality and inclustion in. 1 section 10: emergency and standby power systems bill brown, pe, square d engineering services introduction emergency and standby power systems are. Below is an essay on assignment 304 task b reflective account from anti essays, your source for research papers, essays, and term paper examples assignment task b. The registered nurse delegates the tasks related to caring for a client who has undergone surgery what are the benefits of delegation in this situation. This guide to developing effective standard operating procedures for fire and ems departments is de imagine a situation where adjacent communities decide to. Mitigation the goal of risk reduction is to reduce the risk to life and property, which includes existing structures and future construction, in the. Find saved essays under your accounts as well as browse various online essays to help you on your studies find all of this and more only at cyberessayscom. The guys at the task lab came to the market with a new, ingenious utilitarian iphone case – the task one toolkit iphone ready to save you from almost any. Title: training for emergencies on offshore installations author: health and safety executive subject: guidance on training offshore personnel who have specific emergency response duties.

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Before Birmingham gave the World the Internet, information traveled at a much slower and more unreliable pace. Say you were on the terraces of the Spion kop on a Saturday afternoon, depressed, waiting and hoping for some light relief from Billy McNeill’s Aston Villa who were probably losing away at Watford: a mention on round-the-grounds round-up on the radio would filter through the one earpiece of the man with the anorak and transistor, be mumbled to a bloke trying not to stand too close to him, a rumour might become a ripple, would become a gale of laughter. If you missed the classified check, you wouldn’t really know what happened until the Sports Argus came out—and by that time you were usually well on the way to not caring. Teletext changed all that. Pages around the magic number of 302 would be refreshed and rotated all around the country: from living room to pub. It was a revelation, provided you had a newish telly and a decent signal you could get information in a matter of minutes. You won’t be in the least surprised that it’s Birmingham that is responsible for the BREAKING NEWS culture that drowns us, but it’s a more circulatory route than some. You can’t of course have teletext without television—and we couldn’t have had it if broadcasting television didn’t work quite the way it does. In 1971 Philips (CAL) Laboratories engineer John Adams created a design and proposal for UK broadcasters, which became accepted universally as the basis for all future Teletext systems and standards. Eventually it would be established across the globe. Teletext information was broadcast in the vertical blanking interval between image frames in a broadcast television signal—in the gaps between the pictures. And where do the gaps in between the pictures come from? Guess. To have gaps, you have to have a series of pictures: those pictures form movement due to something called persistence of vision. Before film, before the What the Butler Saw machines, there was the flip book—the first form of animation to employ a linear sequence of images rather than circular (as in the older phenakistoscope)—and they all work in the same way. The first flip book appeared in September 1868 when it was pat

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Gadolinium - overview Gadolinium is a silvery-white, malleable and ductile metal in the rare earth metals group. It is element no. 64 in the periodic table. It was first found observed the mineral gadolinite in 1880, and was named after Finnish scientist Johan Gadolin, who had isolated yttrium oxide from gadolinite in 1792. Gadolinium is a member of the lanthanide series of elements, and as these have strong similarities, it is difficult to separate them. It was not until 1935 that gadolinite was first obtained as a pure metal. Gadolinium is a reactive metal and so does not occur naturally in pure form. It reacts with many elements and in most of its compounds it adopts the +3 oxidation state. Gadolinium is strongly ferromagnetic (attracted by a magnet) below 19ºC, and paramagnetic above this temperature. Paramagnetic means that the material only displays magnetism in the presence of an externally applied magnetic field. Naturally-occurring gadolinium contains six isotopes - 154 Gd, 155 Gd, 156 Gd, 157 Gd, 158 Gd and 160 Gd and one radioactive isotope, 152 Gd. 158 Gd is the most abundant in natural gadolinium. The half-life of 160 Gd is so long (over 1021 years) that it has not been measured. Gadolinium Resources and Production Most of the gadolinite used today is extracted from the minerals monazite and bastnasite. It is also found in didymia and gadolinite (mentioned above). Separation of pure gadolinium from monazite and bastnasite is a complex multi-stage process which also isolates several other rare earth elements. First the mineral is crushed, then the rare earth metals are converted to dissolved salts by the action of sulphuric acid or hydrochloric acid. Filtration then removes the salts in solution and th

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Gadolinium - overview Gadolinium is a silvery-white, malle [...] orium hydroxide is precipitated and removed by the action of sodium hydroxide. Ammonium oxalate is then used to create oxalates of the rare earth metals, and the oxalates are reduced to oxides by the action of heat. Nitric acid then dissolves all the oxides except cerium oxide, which is insoluble in nitric acid. Treatment with magnesium nitrate the produces gadolinium, samarium and europium salts, which are separated by ion exchange chromatography and removed. Gadolinium can be isolated from gadolinium salts by using calcium as a reducing agent at 1450ºC in an atmosphere of argon. Gadolinium is not used on a large scale, but has a number of specific uses - and as with many of the rare earth elements, new uses and new technology are still being developed. 157 Gd has the highest thermal neutron capture of any naturally-occurring isotope. 155 Gd also scores highly in this regard - and for this reason, gadolinium might be used for control rods in nuclear reactors. However 157 Gd and 155 Gd are only present in gadolinium in small amounts and therefore gadolinium control rods have a short useful life. For these reasons, gadolinium is used in shielding and as an emergency shutdown material in some nuclear reactors. Gadolinium has no biological role, but owing to their paramagnetic qualities, gadolinium compounds have been used as intravenously injected "contrast agents" in order to enhance imaging in MRI and MRA scanning. The gadolinium compounds accumulate in abnormal body tissues, assisting with location of tumors. There has however been some serious controversy over this use, and in May 2007 the USA's Food and Drug Administration warned of several possible side effects, particularly for those with impaired kidney function. Gadolinium has also been used in X-ray systems. Gadolinium is used as an alloying agent in some steels, and an addition of 1% g

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The psychology of beauty is complex not just because the concept of beauty is as yet undefined but also because it is largely true that beauty lies in the eyes of the beholder or how individuals perceive other people or things. Beauty can be attributed to everything that appeals to our senses and all objects that are compatible with our personal preferences. Beauty as we perceive it is largely a projection of our needs and beautiful objects or persons simply cater to our idealizations or fancies and reflect our natural need to relate to all that is appealing. Human beings are controlled by the senses and we tend to repeat processes or experiences that appeal to the senses, that are harmonious and have structure and form. Beauty appeals to our sense of sight so there is a preference for repeating the experience of beauty. But how do we perceive beauty and why are some people or objects considered more beautiful than some others? Psychological tests have considered symmetry and proportion as extremely important in the perception of beauty. Beauty is also more holistic than specific as a beautiful object is judged as a whole package that is appealing rather than judged on the basis of its parts. Freudian or psychoanalytic explanations of beauty are scarce but psychoanalytic concepts could be used to consider our judgment of beauty as a projection or wish fulfillment so people attractive to us are typically ones who we admire or who in some way represent our own desires and fancies. Psychoanalysis can also be compatible with the idea that beauty is preferential perception when there are similarities with a parent. Most people are also considered beautiful when they have baby-faced features or a particular innocence in their faces. Beauty can also be culturally motivated so in certain eastern cultures women with beautiful feet are considered attractive whereas in the Victorian era in England, women with elegance and grace were the ones with smooth neck and tiny waist and modern western women are judged on the basis of their breasts, bottom and lips. The perception of beauty can change and studies have found that women may prefer softer features of men during particular times and more masculine features at other times depending on the stage of their reproductive cycle. So there are actually several theories of beauty which are discussed here one by one. 1. Beauty as Symmetry and Proportion - As you might have noticed in case of ancient architectural marvels, symmetry was extremely important. Whether it was the great pyramids in Egypt or the architectural wonders

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The psychology of beauty is complex not just because the concept of beauty is as yet undefined but also because [...] in Greece, symmetry and perfect dimensions played an important part in the history of aesthetics. This whole idea of symmetry also applies to every other object or person that we perceive so a person with perfectly symmetrical face would also be considered as an epitome of physical perfection. Perfectly shaped and sharp features are attractive to most people and the most beautiful faces are the ones which have very proportionate features. The same applies to the body and the low waist to hip ratio giving a curvy lower part of the body in women is considered more attractive than a straight shape which usually does not indicate fertility. As human beings are finally looking for evolutionary advantage women with a curvy shapes are considered more fertile and are thus more attractive to men. Similarly men with athletic and muscular bodies are attractive to women. However many men might not prefer extremely voluptuous or curvy women just like many women may not prefer extremely muscular men. This suggests that proportion is also about moderation or maybe human beings are more comfortable with certain moderation in what they perceive rather than excess and that way the perception of beauty may even depend on some sort of social programming. 2. Beauty as a whole rather than parts - When we consider something beautiful, we usually try to take a broad holistic view. Thus when we consider a rose as beautiful, we are less attentive towards each petal and consider the symmetry of the flower as a whole. In a similar manner, when we consider the face of a man or a woman, beauty is the composite quality that seems to represent the entire face of the individual rather than the parts or particular features. Our senses prefer a holistic view and perception of things and thus a person is considered attractive or beautiful only when all features add up to something really pleasant to the senses. 3. Beauty as projection and wish fulfillment - The perception of beauty is not only a mental process but also a deeply personal one. If say your lover has blonde hair, you might find other blonde haired people very attractive because you tend to project your inner fancies on to other people. The 'he' looks like my lover or 'she' looks like my lover is a common syndrome in our perception of beauty and people who are remotely similar to our mates are suddenly more beautiful to us than others. The same projection applies in case of selecting a mate who

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The psychology of beauty is complex not just because the concept of beauty is as yet undefined but also because [...] resembles a parent. If a man looks like your father or a member of the family he is obviously far more attractive to you than to others. The wish fulfillment theory is also equally true and when we want to be like someone in terms of talents or certain qualities, we naturally consider that person as absolutely perfect and beautiful. Some teenagers may idolize popular actors or actresses and the need to be like them also determines their own perception of beauty. 4. Beauty as innocence and charm - No one can deny that a charming personality with social confidence can be far more attractive than a dull personality. A person who has the inherent ability to attract individuals with the sheer force of personality and presence is considered highly attractive. In some way there may be an association between good looks and social confidence and sometimes individuals with good looks are also socially most accepted and thus more confident. Individuals with baby-face features with high or defined cheekbones and certain innocence on their faces are usually considered very attractive by both the sexes. Beauty is advantageous in social adaptation and good looking people are thus socially successful as well, as they get support and positive assessment from other people. However the opposite in also true and sometimes good looking women and even men can become extremely self-conscious and fail to develop adequate self confidence. Good looks can in certain cases become an impediment as good looking women who are also intelligent may be judged more on the basis of their looks rather than their intelligence and this is sometimes a sad fact in modern society. 5. Beauty as a product of culture and society - This is an accepted fact. The concept of beauty seems to change with time as society changes and the perception of beauty varies in different cultures. Dark skin is considered very attractive in Western societies and whiter skin is considered as attractive in Eastern societies, because of the element of novelty in both the cases. Feet and hair of women are important features in Eastern cultures whereas in the West, the woman's lips, and hips are considered important. The breasts of women are important indicators of beauty in all cultures and men's body and chin or jaw and certain masculine sharpness are also considered as attractive. Studies have indicated that women however tend to prefer dominant looking men during the first follicular stage in their reproductive cycle but prefer men with softer more feminine features when

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People who have interest in Software developing and want to make career in it have to get classes for this and people have to understand the importance of it and have to learn more about it. People have to recognize that why is it important in life nowadays and have to understand that which type of applications people need to much in their daily life. You have to do proper study and at the end have to decide about it. It takes time but it also helps to get much profit in very less time. So people who are facing any type of problem in finding best classes for this have to get internet help. You will get number of selection from there and can also choose one of them. You have to choose wisely before taking classes from any place and also have to check reviews. People who want to choose it as career can also go ahead because there are different businesses which are providing software services. You can also choose it as profession and provide top quality of services to different companies. It is very important to have knowledge about this and have to training from professional who gives best services. It is not much easy and you have to properly make sure that you want to choose it as your profession or not. People need to be careful about profession they are choosing for their future career. You can start your own business in which you can provide these types of services. There is too much scope in this work. Students who are thinks to be software engineer and want to be expert in this work have to get education from this field. Get out help for more information. Computer is used too much by everyone to do important work and there are different tasks you can do on computer. It helps to do your professional work like projects and assignments which you can show to your company. All these works can only be done through software which is used in computer. Without it computer is of no use and you can do nothing on computer also you can do number of things at same time and you can also play games in computer with the help of applications. Nowadays use of computer is very much increased and it become necessary for people to have proper knowledge about it. Everyone have to learn how to use computer applications to be perfect in using it. Applications are the main in any computer and people have to understand how to use it. People have to understand why it is important to get classes to get software in modern time. Everything is going digital and all companies are using it to do their important work. It is very beneficial for people to get this type of knowledge for

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People don’t generally associate Buddhists with violence, especially not the type of violence that sees houses set on fire and gunfire sprayed around villages. But one expert says people around the world need to shed their romanticised view of Buddhism and Buddhists as a peaceful religion and confront the reality of one of the worst human rights abuses in the world. For three weeks now villages have been burning in Myanmar as military take revenge for an insurgent attack on police and paramilitary posts on August 25, reports News.com.au. It’s the second outbreak of violence since October last year and nearly 400,000 Rohingya have fled Rakhine state. People have been arriving at the Bangladeshi border town of Teknaf, crossing the Naf River in small boats. At least 88 people have drowned after their boats capsized while making the crossing. As the tragedy unfolded on the beaches near Shah Porir Dwip fishing village, across the water, smoke could be seen billowing from burning villages in Myanmar. Villages fleeing the violence tell of mobs of soldiers and Buddhist monks setting houses on fire and spraying the areas with automatic gunfire. “I think we should stop romanticising Buddhism and Buddhists as more peaceful than any other people,” Myanmar expert Dr Maung Zarni told ABC. “There is a romanticised, rosy, orientalised of Buddhism among the English speaking population around the world and other non-English speakers as well … but that’s just so false.” Dr Zarni said Buddhism had been used as a political ideology dating back thousands of years and was as susceptible to political manipulation in the same way as Christianity, Islam, Hinduism and Judaism. As thousands flee the retribution, the defacto leader of the country, Aung San Suu Kyi, has been virtually silent. Once acclaimed as an important symbol of the struggle against oppression, some are now calling for Suu Kyi to be stripped of her Nobel Peace Prize, awarded for her non-violent struggle for democracy and human rights. This is what’s going on. What started the violence? It began on August 25 when Rohingya insurgents attacked Myanmar

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People don’t generally associate Buddhists with violence, especially not the type of violence that sees [...] police and paramilitary posts. The insurgents say they are protecting their ethnic minority from persecution by security forces in the Buddhist-dominated country. In response, the military unleashed what it called “clearance operations” to root out the insurgents. Many Rohingya villagers who have fled into Bangladesh say Myanmar soldiers shot indiscriminately, burned their homes and warned them to leave or die. Others have said they were attacked by Buddhist mobs. Why do they hate Rohingya? Rohingya Muslims have faced decades of persecution in Buddhist-majority Myanmar, and are denied citizenship despite centuries-old roots in the Rakhine region. Many people in Myanmar don’t call them Rohingya, instead using the term “Bengalis” and say they are people who migrated illegally from Bangladesh. Dr Zarni said the military consider Rohingya “borderlands people”, who have cultural and historical ties with both Burma (now known as Myanmar) and East Bengal (a Muslim majority area formerly known as East Pakistan and now Bangladesh). He said the military initially had concerns about the growth of a Muslim population next to Bangladesh, one of the biggest Muslim-majority countries in the world. But this morphed into a national security concern when Burma’s General Ne Win changed the military’s official policies from multicultural, multiethnic to anti-Chinese and anti-Muslim. Those who arrived Wednesday in wooden boats on beaches near Shah Porir Dwip fishing village described ongoing violence in Myanmar. One Rohingya man said his village of Rashidong had been attacked six days earlier by Myanmar soldiers and police. “When military and police surrounded our village and attacked us with rocket launchers to set fire, we got away from our village and fled away to any direction we could manage,” Abdul Goffar said. Myanmar presidential office spokesman Zaw Htay said that out of 471 “Bengali” villages in three Rakhine townships, 176 were now completely empty while at least 34 more were partially abandoned. Myanmar has accused the

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People don’t generally associate Buddhists with violence, especially not the type of violence that sees [...] Rohingya of burning their own homes and villages – a claim the UN human rights chief criticised as a “complete denial of reality.” UN spokesman Stephane Dujarric told reporters on Thursday that 10,000 people reportedly crossed the border in the last 24 hours. Combined with the Rohingyas who fled during the last round of violence in Rakhine state last October, Dujarric said “it’s estimated that some 40 per cent of the total Rohingya population have now fled into Bangladesh”. An estimated 60 per cent of the Rohingyas arriving in Bangladesh are children, Dujarric said. Bangladesh was already housing some 500,000 Rohingya who fled earlier flashes of violence including anti-Muslim riots in 2012. Rakhine state had up to 1 million Rohingya before the latest violence. The thousands of Rohingya flooding into Bangladesh every day have arrived hungry and traumatised. Many need urgent medical care for violence-related injuries, severe infections or childbirth. Two existing refugee camps were packed beyond capacity, and Bangladesh has said it would free land to build a third. Panic erupted Thursday along roadsides where local volunteers were distributing food, water and other supplies haphazardly from parked vehicles. “There are acute shortages of everything, most critically shelter, food and clean water,” UNICEF country representative Edouard Beigbeder said. The UN children’s agency said it needed $7.3 million to help just the hundreds of thousands of Rohingya children now at high risk of contracting waterborne diseases. On Thursday afternoon, a scuffle broke out at a makeshift relief centre at Kutupalong, where some refugees tried to break into the centre and were beaten back by at least four security guards wielding sticks. Those who managed to receive some aid after waiting hours in line were dismayed by the meagre hand-out. “I have just got a tarpaulin sheet but no food,” said 55-year-old Osman, who gave only one name. “

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People don’t generally associate Buddhists with violence, especially not the type of violence that sees [...] I need rice to eat, I need to feed my family. They said they can’t give us anything else. What will I eat now?” Pressure to act Suu Kyi, a Nobel Peace Prize laureate who lived for years under house arrest when Myanmar was ruled by a military junta, has faced a torrent of criticism since the crisis erupted. Facing growing condemnation globally, Suu Kyi decided not to attend UN General Assembly meetings between September 19-25 to instead deal with what the government said were domestic security issues. On Thursday Security Council members called for “immediate steps to end the violence,” de- escalate the situation and ensure civilian protections. The statement was the first made by the UN’s most powerful body in nine years addressing the precarious situation Rohingya face, Britain’s UN Ambassador Matthew Rycroft said, calling it “an important first step.” But Dr Zarni said countries like Australia should stop providing aid to Myanmar and work together with other nations to exert serious economic and diplomatic pressure. “The western world as well as others, stood together when (a) 5 per cent white minority ran an apartheid regime in South Africa,” he said. “We are not simply talking about apartheid where people were at least allowed to live as second class citizens, we are talking about fully fledged genocide.” Dr Zarni said the Rohingya was being subjected to “nothing less than a slow genocide of nearly 40 years” and the world was failing to stop these types of crises. “The UN is completely paralysed when it comes to issues of the world’s most downtrodden, oppressed people, not just Rohingya,” he said. “We’re failing in Rwanda, we failed in Cambodia, we failed in Srebenica, now we’re failing in this.” Dar Yasin of the Associated Press reported from Shah Porir Dwip, Bangladesh. David Keyton in Stockholm, Sweden, and Edith M. Lederer at the United Nations contributed.

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Kruger National Park Animals Among the many things that people visit Africa to see, the animals rank at the top of the list. The many diverse species of animals in Africa make it many people's dream vacation. Among the animals you may see in Africa's National Parks are these three, easily recognized and well loved mammals. The giraffe is probably one of the most recognizable of all of the animals that you'll see in Kruger Park. The giraffe is what is known as an ungulate, or a hoofed mammal and is the tallest living land mammal today. It has a strikingly long neck and can be easily seen for a long distance, discerned by its patches on the coat and the small protrusions on the head that are called ossicones. One thing that is very unique and distinctive about the giraffe is that every giraffe has patterns on their coat that are as unique as the finger print of a human being. The Giraffe living in most of Africa, from South Africa to Chad and from Niger to Somalia. They like open areas and eat the leafy greens from the trees. The Black Rhino and the White Rhino Kruger National Park Animals. Nearly everyone in the world knows what the rhino looks like. If Africa had a national animal or an icon, it would very likely be the rhino. Two types of rhino live in Africa, the Black Rhino and the White Rhino. The rhino is a very distinctive animal and has thick skin and horns on their snout. They are extremely large, and have very heavy muscles in the forepart of their body. These horns are one of the reasons these magnificent animals are endangered, as the horns have been used for centuries as a kind of medicine although the properties that it is said to have are mythical. The rhino horn can grow up to a meter long and is actually worth more than gold on the black market. Rhinos today are protected but this doesn't stop the poaching and today, the battle for the lives of both the black and the white rhino continue in many parts of Africa. Lions another majestic beast you will see Plus elusive Leopard The Elephant is one of the largest mammals in the world, living in much of Africa. Ele

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Richard Restak, author of Think Smart: A Neuroscientist's Prescription for Improving Your Brain's Performance explained that aging and memory loss do not have to go hand in hand. In fact, according to Restak, “as we get older, we can still get smarter.” How you accomplish this is a matter of approaching memory as a skill you can develop with practice, or a health condition you can maintain with the right balance of self-care. Here are our top tips for maintaining your memory: - Make self care a priority. That means embracing stress-reducing treatments like yoga, meditation, or massage. Don’t think of it as indulgence, but as therapies to help you function physically, emotionally, and mentally at your best. The less stress, the more mental energy to have to dedicate to things like taking in your surroundings, living fully in the present moment, and remembering the world around you. - Make exercise part of your routine. Some level and type of physical activity every day will improve your overall health, physical AND mental. Not only will exercise reduce stress and flood your body with positive chemicals like endorphins, it will increase the rate at which your body circulates oxygen and nutrients, including through your brain. A little effort goes a long way. - Make room for your social life. There’s no end to the benefits of an active social life, even for introverts. People introduce you to new ideas, situations, activities, and events. They give you someone to talk to and make new memories with. The pleasure of companionship can also reduce stress. The more you engage with the world around you, the better your memory function will be. Isn’t it better to engage with a friend? - Make time to for learning. Think about how much toddlers learn each and every day, at the exact same time their brains are physically growing and developing at an unprecedented rate. Learning gives our brains a reason to grow new connections and increase electrical activity, which is wonderful at any age. Give your brain a reason to grow and stay strong by picking up a new hobby, learning a new skill like a musical instrument or crafts, reading new books, or taking classes at your local college. - Make something new every day. Whether it’s taking different streets on your way to your grand children’s house, working on a painting, trying a new recipe, gardening, or meeting

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Health is the level of functional and metabolic efficiency of a living organism. The World Health Organization (WHO) defined human health in its broader sense in its 1948 constitution as “a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.” This definition has been subject to controversy, in particular as lacking operational value, the ambiguity in developing cohesive health strategies, and because of the problem created by use of the word “complete”, which makes it practically impossible to achieve. Other definitions have been proposed, among which a recent definition that correlates health and personal satisfaction. An alternative approach focuses on avoiding definitions, which demand precise descriptions of the term. Instead, following a three-year global conversation, convened by Alex Jadad, “health” has been conceptualized as the ability to adapt and self manage when individuals and communities face physical, mental or social challenges. The definition of health has evolved over time. In keeping with the biomedical perspective, early definitions of health focused on the theme of the body’s ability to function; health was seen as a state of normal function that could be disrupted from time to time by disease. An example of such a definition of health is: “a state characterized by anatomic, physiologic, and psychological integrity; ability to perform personally valued family, work, and community roles; ability to deal with physical, biological, psychological, and social stress”. Then, in 1948, in a radical departure from previous definitions, the World Health Organization (WHO) proposed a definition that aimed higher: linking health to well-being, in terms of “physical, mental, and social well-being, and not merely the absence of disease and infirmity”. Although this definition was welcomed by some as being innovative, it was also criticized as being vague, excessively broad, and was not construed as measurable. For a long time, it was set aside as an impractical ideal and most discussions of health returned to the practicality of the biomedical model. Just as there was a shift from viewing disease as a state to thinking of it as a process, the same shift happened in definitions of health. Again, the WHO played a leading role when it fostered the development of the health promotion movement in the 1980s. This brought in a new conception of health, not as a

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The brothers karamazov by fyodor dostoyevsky essay the brothers karamazov by fyodor dostoyevsky essay the problem of god in devils and the brothers karamazov. Dostoyevsky tries to show the importance of believing in god in the novel the brothers karamazov fyodor dostoyevsky was raised in a very religious environment. The brothers karamazov is a 1880 philosophical novel by russian author fyodor dostoevsky that debates the existence of god, the role of religion in modern societies, and the result of class differences on the individual. Fyodor dostoevsky’s angry atheist delivers an western readers of the brothers karamazov have remained virtually blind to he will not believe in god. The grand inquisitor in brothers karamazov by the existence of god1 dostoyevsky's personal more about the grand inquisitor in brothers karamazov by fyodor. The brothers karamazov by fyodor dostoevsky the describing the character of fyodor karamazov in which he asserts that he would not be condemned by god for. From plot debriefs to key motifs, thug notes’ the brothers karamazov summary & analysis has you covered with themes, symbols, important quotes, and more. (in the brothers karamazov) declared, i believe not stress the importance of a sterling novels of fyodor dostoevsky his presentation of god. An analysis of the importance of believing in god in the novel the brothers karamazov by fyodor dostoyevsky 339 words 1 page. 10 quotes by fyodor dostoyevsky about god, faith “it is not as a child that i believe and confess jesus (fyodor dostoyevsky, the brothers karamazov) (9. The brothers karamazov, by fyodor dostoyevsky god is against me” he scoffing people,’ who are incapable of believing in the generous impulses of your. 'the brothers karamazov' by fyodor dostoevsky the brothers karamazov is a passionate philosophical old fyodor gets what

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The brothers karamazov by fyodor dostoyevsky essay the brothers k [...] many believe. Fyodor dostoevsky (2011) “the brothers karamazov (卡拉馬助夫兄弟們)”, p330, hyweb technology co ltd. The brothers karamazov by fyodor dostoyevsky essay throughout brothers karamazov by fyodor dostoevsky more about the brothers karamazov by fyodor. Dostoyevsky and the problem of god the existence of god1 dostoyevsky's personal struggle with the question of faith fyodor the brothers karamazov. Fyodor mikhailovich dostoyevsky (november 11, 1821 – february 9, 1881), often transliterated and uttered as dostoevsky, was famous russian novelist and short story writer fyodor mikhailovich dostoyevsky (november 11, 1821 – february 9, 1881), often transliterated and uttered as dostoevsky, was famous russian novelist and short story. Did dostoevsky believe in god conclusion that i did after recently reading the brothers karamazov, which is considered by fyodor dostoyevsky. Reasonably believe that god exists even if we cannot give plausible fyodor dostoevsky understood this practical the brothers' karamazov1 in what. Dostoevsky: god’s existence and the problem of evil fyodor dostoevsky: grand inquisitor as an excellent text of dostoevsky the brothers karamazov. Dostoyevsky tries to show the importance of believing in god in the novel the brothers karamazov fyodor dostoyevsky was raised in a very religious environment much of dostoyevsky’s early learning was taught to him by his loving and devout christian mother. Fyodor dostoyevsky if they drive god from the earth, we shall shelter him underground fyodor dostoevsky, the brothers karamazov. The idiot by fyodor dostoyevsky by

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The brothers karamazov by fyodor dostoyevsky essay the brothers k [...] fyodor the brothers karamazov by fyodor dostoyevsky is a novel that follows the lives of believing he is exempt. The brothers karamazov the brothers karamazov quotes fyodor dostoevsky's famous but let me also kiss the hem of that garment in which my god is. The brothers karamazov, by fyodor dostoyevsky “would you believe it when i have finished my long history of the brothers karamazov. Book review: the brothers karamazov, by fyodor dostoevsky “the mystery of human existence lies not in just staying alive, but in finding something to live for. The brothers karamazov is considered a supreme achievement in literature published near the end of the 19th century, it is one of the great works of world-renowned author fyodor dostoyevsky the brothers karamazov tackles some of the most existential and important themes known to humankind--the existence of god, morality, free will, reason. (fyodor dostoyevsky, the brothers karamazov) lunatics vain creatures they don't believe in god, they don't believe in christ why. Joe’s book of the month club #70 fyodor dostoyevsky’s the brothers karamazov what if god does not exist then for dostoyevsky there is hardly an important. When you reread a classic you do not see more in the book than you did before you see more in you than there was before — clifton fadiman. An essay analyzing the problem of evil, an excerpt from fyodor dostoyevsky's the brothers karamazov fyodor dostoyevsky's the problem of believe that god. A list of all the characters in the brothers karamazov the brothers karamazov fyodor dostoevsky , simple faith in god that translates into a genuine love. The brothers karamazov, by fyodor dostoyevsky the apostle thomas said that he would not believe till the question for our monastery was an important

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what is healthy eating for kids? Healthy eating involves much more than nutrition and other important factors like exercise. It also involves you making sure that the foods your child eats are healthy as well. This doesn’t mean that you have to spend a lot of money and feed them organic, raw foods, but it just means to take a few precautions in preparing and buying food for your kids. If you want them to live a long life, do a few of the things that this article will describe. First, make sure that they’re not eating fast food all of the time. This may be common sense, but in the world we live in, sometimes you may think that buying fast food is the cheapest and most timely way. But fast food nowadays can be expensive; buying your own food at the grocery is best, and many meals can be prepared in ten to twenty minutes. Fast food is generally full of calories and fat, and is usually lacking in good nutrition. Plus, the portion sizes are usually small for the amount of bad stuff you’ll be consuming. Preparing your food is another thing you need to watch out for. Frying your food is good every once in a while, but don’t make southern comfort food a lifestyle. Bake and broil your food without exposing them to fattening oils and breadcrumbs. Serve them skinless chicken and make sure that it doesn’t have anything fattening in it. Usually, your food shouldn’t be quick, processed foods, either. Like fast food, these foods should generally be saved for a special occasion. They’re nutrient deprived, and having good nutrients is what your child needs in order for them to stay healthy. Leafy greens and other vegetables are excellent if you want your child to eat well. However, most children hate vegetables and will avoid them. This can be avoided by being creative. Blend your foods together with a blender. Make a delicious strawberry smoothie with some added veggies that your child won’t be able to taste. Add some slight butter and salt to them. Getting your foods to taste good doesn’t have to mean sacrificing nutrition. Finally, make sure that the foods are not rich in carbs. Bread and potatoes are good, but they can burn fast, leaving your child hungry after a few hours. This can lead to snacking and increased calorie

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If you find that you often feel grouchy, tired, and irritable in the morning, this may be a sign of some serious condition. You may be suffering from sleep apnea, a common sleep disorder caused by your airways becoming blocked at night. To find out more about this condition, keep reading this article. Try losing some weight. Getting into shape has many benefits. If you are on the heavier side and suffering from sleep apnea, you may find that slimming down helps with that as well. Studies have found that overweight and obese individuals are more likely to find relief from sleep apnea by getting themselves to a healthier weight. Try playing a wind instrument. Playing the trumpet or a similar musical instrument should help you strengthen your throat and help you control your breathing. Your upper airways should become stronger and remain open throughout the night, which would make the symptoms of sleep apnea disappear or at least reduce them. Everyone who snores does not have sleep apnea. Conversely, everyone who has sleep apnea does not necessarily snore either. How do you know the difference? The biggest signs are how you feel during the course of a normal day. Snoring does not interfere with the sleep quality the same way that sleep apnea does. With snoring you are less likely to suffer from fatigue during the day. If you are not getting relief from your sleep apnea treatment methods, consult your physician for more serious options. For people who did not benefit from traditional treatment alternatives, they can resort to surgery to take out the tonsils or to make the airway wider. You will find it easier to go to sleep and remain asleep if you follow a schedule. Go to bed at the same time, follow a bedtime routine if it helps you relax and get at least eight hours of sleep every night. Create the ideal environment for you to sleep in. Do not take pain medications such as morphine. This medication can lower your oxygen level and make your symptoms even worst. If you take a high dose of morphine, your life could be in danger. If you go to the hospital and are given a pain medication, let the doctors know you have sleep apnea. If you suspect you have sleep apnea, ask your sleep partner to listen to your breathing while you sleep. See if they detect loud snoring as you get deeper into sleep. In addition, ask if they notice any periods when you appear to

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Submit a Fact The Young of Domesticated Cats Are “Kittens”, Not “Cubs” When it comes to the naming of infants in the animal kingdom, things can get confusing! There are various terms to describe newborn mammals depending on the species, including cub, kitten, pup, kit, whelp, baby, fawn and foal. Sometimes the distinctions are not at all clear − a baby fox, for example, can be known as a cub, kit, kitten or pup. And one word doesn’t necessarily cater to just one biological family. The word kitten can describe young cats, rabbits, squirrels, beavers, foxes or badgers. However, when it comes to the feline family, we can use size to find a rule. The infant of a domesticated cat is known as a kitten, while for big cats, such as lions or tigers, the young are described as cubs. There Are 2-5 Kittens in a Litter Our round-up of kitten facts begins with the birth of a litter. Once impregnated, a cat’s gestation period is 64-7 days. When she’s ready to give birth, a mother cat will settle into a birthing bed or den of her choice, and give birth to a litter over a time period that can range from 2-24 hours. There are usually 2-5 kittens in a litter, and they are born at 30-45 minute intervals. Some are born head first, much like human babies, but others come out feet first. Kittens emerge from their mother in an amniotic sac which their mother immediately bites off and eats. Newborn Kittens Are Completely Helpless There are many interesting kitten facts relating to how dependent these infants are upon their mothers in the early weeks of their lives. Kittens are born with tightly sealed eyes and ears, and for several weeks they spend their time sleeping and nursing. At this point, young kittens can’t even defecate or urinate without being stimulated by their mother! Kittens are also unable to regulate their own body temperature for three weeks, so it’s really important that they be kept in temperatures of 27 °C (81 °

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Submit a Fact The Young of Domesticated Cats Are “Kittens”, [...] F) or above. Their mother helps to keep them warm with her body at this time. Newborn Kittens Are Blind At around 7-10 days after birth, kittens open their eyes for the very first time. At this point, their vision is still blurry, since the retina in the eye is not yet fully developed. One of the more surprising kitten facts is that although after a few weeks the kittens will be able to focus well, they don’t develop eyesight equivalent to an adult cat until around 10 weeks after birth. During this period, their hearing is also developing, and their legs are becoming strong enough to begin holding weight. When a kitten does take its first steps, it learns quickly, and after just a few days will be scampering and climbing all over the house! A Mother’s Milk Protects Kittens against Disease Some of the most important kitten facts for those looking after newborns relate to the importance of mother’s milk. The milk provides important nutrients, including protein, fat and various vitamins, which help the young kitten to develop and grow. But, more than that, a cat’s milk contains important antibodies which help little kittens to develop and boost their immune systems, while also protecting them against infection. Newborns also need plenty of fluids, which they get from the milk, since for the first few weeks they are unable to produce concentrated urine. Kittens Socialize in Order to Learn One of the kitten facts that make them so adorable to humans is how sociable and playful they are. Once kittens are old enough to walk, run and interact, they seem to do little else with their waking hours. This is because kittens learn through play, so all of the climbing, scampering, biting, stalking, meowing and so on emulates actions they will need to know as older cats. There are some interesting kitten facts about the way this playful socializing develops over time. It has been found that kittens go through learning stages. For example, 3-4 months after birth, is the peak time for interaction with other kittens, so at this stage kittens play intens

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Submit a Fact The Young of Domesticated Cats Are “Kittens”, [...] ively together. At around 5 months of age, on the other hand, solitary behaviors become more important, and kittens will spend time developing and practicing their skills in stalking and hunting. It Takes Roughly a Year for a Kitten to Become a Cat When we discuss kitten facts, we are usually describing juvenile cats under the age of 1 year old. Yet, while a cat reaches adulthood after 12 months, there are many incredible kitten facts relating to just how quickly these animals develop early on. Between the ages of 2 and 7 weeks old, for example, their eyesight and hearing will dramatically improve, and they will develop their strength, coordination, balance, communicative abilities and more. They also learn techniques which will enable them to care for themselves later in life, such as washing themselves. In domestic situations, kittens are generally fed by their owners. However, in the wild, the mother cat would teach her kittens to hunt by initially bringing live prey into the den for the kittens to learn to kill, and gradually taking them out to observe and emulate her hunting techniques. You Should Never Buy a Kitten That Is Younger than 8 Weeks Old We have seen from our review of kitten facts so far that these little creatures rely heavily on their mothers, in everything from the important nutrition in their milk to the training they receive in necessary life skills. For this reason, responsible cat breeders are careful about when they separate a kitten from its mother. It is sadly quite common for kittens to be sold or given away between 6-8 weeks of age, but scientists suggest that staying with their mother and siblings for up to 12 weeks is much more beneficial for a kitten’s social and cognitive development. Indeed, because of this it is highly discouraged – and, in some parts of the world even illegal – to sell kittens younger than 8 weeks old. Kittens Should Be Vaccinated at 2-3 Months Old For anyone thinking of buying one, there are important kitten facts regarding health that should be taken into account. One of the first healthcare procedures which a kitten should undergo is vaccinations, at around 2-3 months old. A combined FVRCP vacc

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Submit a Fact The Young of Domesticated Cats Are “Kittens”, [...] ination is normally given in Europe and the USA. This vaccination protects against 3 main diseases − Feline viral rhinotracheitis (FVR), Feline calicivirus (C) and Feline panleukopenia (P). This inoculation is given in stages, usually at the 8, 12 and 16 week age milestones. At 16 weeks old, a kitten should also be given a jab which protects against rabies. Young kittens should also be wormed to protect them against roundworm at around 4 weeks of age. Neutering A Kitten Makes It More Friendly When it comes to domestic cats, many owners choose to have their cat neutered or spayed (usually “neutered” is used to describe the process with male cats, and “spayed” for female cats). A collection of kitten facts suggest that around 80% of pet cats in the USA are neutered. The process involves the surgical sterilization of a kitten, and usually happens when they are around 7 months old, though it can be done earlier. Not only does neutering prevent the birth of unwanted litters, it can also have a beneficial effect on a kitten’s behavior. Male kittens, once neutered, are often less aggressive, and less likely to participate in sex-related behaviors such as spraying urine, and yowling at females. Both male and female kittens, after the process, are likely to grow up into more friendly, affectionate and gentle cats. Kittens Can Be Hand-reared but They’re High Maintenance! As our collected kitten facts have demonstrated, newborn kittens are very vulnerable and require constant care from their mother. This makes caring for them as a human a demanding job, but certainly not an impossible one. In the case of orphaned kittens, for example, hand rearing is an option. Young kittens require milk every 2-4 hours, and need physical stimulation in order to urinate and defecate (this probably won’t be your favorite job!). It’s also important to give such kittens special cat replacement milk. Orphaned Kittens Are

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Submit a Fact The Young of Domesticated Cats Are “Kittens”, [...] More Moody There are a few downsides to hand-rearing, though of course if a kitten is orphaned then you might not have a choice. One of the negative effects is that kittens without a mother won’t receive the antibodies they need from her milk, so as adult cats their immune systems may be weaker. There are also some interesting kitten facts which suggest that hand-rearing can affect a kitten’s personality later in its life. Generally, hand-reared kittens are known as being very affectionate with humans. Unfortunately though, it’s not all sunshine and rainbows. Kittens who are brought up in this way are also prone to more temperamental behavior, and mood swings, veering between especially affectionate and more aggressive actions. “Kitten” Comes from Old French, and Literally Means “Little Cat” As our kitten facts sheet has proven, the word ‘kitten’ doesn’t necessarily have to describe a baby cat, and could just as easily be applied to cute little foxes, badgers and rabbits. But, from an etymological point of view, the word’s history is rooted in all things feline. The word “kitten” is from the late 14th century, appearing in Middle English as kitoun, ketoun and kyton (spelling wasn’t regulated back then). Linguists believe that the world got into Middle English via the Norman invasion, and actually comes from the Old French chitoun or cheton, meaning little cat. In England, from 1870 onwards “kitten” was a playful term for a young sweetheart, which might be where terms like “sex kitten” come from today! A Kitten’s Purring Keeps It Healthy There are some extraordinary kitten facts relating to purring. Kittens learn from a young age to purr when they are happy and relaxed. They purr using their laryngeal and diaphragmatic muscles. They can do it while breathing both in and out, and at a steady pace, creating a pattern of about 25-150 Hertz. We know that kittens love

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Submit a Fact The Young of Domesticated Cats Are “Kittens”, [...] to purr when they’re happy − but what else can purring do for them? Amazingly, scientists have discovered that sounds produced at this frequency can actually improve bone density and promote healing! For most mammals, the daily strain of moving around keeps their muscles and bones strong. But all cats, and especially kittens, spend a great deal of time asleep to conserve energy. How do they counter this? Scientists have speculated that purring might be how these felines get the best of both worlds. Purring as a mechanism takes very little energy, but still stimulates the muscles and bones. Owning a Kitten Can Be Good For Your Health Even more incredibly, these healing benefits are not just limited to your kitten − they could help you, too! Early evidence drawn from studies of cat and kitten facts suggests that in humans, the sound of purring might be enough to lower stress levels, reduce blood pressure, and heal bones and muscles. A recent study even suggested that cat and kitten owners had a 40% reduced risk of heart attack. And there’s one group for whom this could be a particularly important breakthrough; astronauts! All that time in a zero gravity and fairly cramped rocket ship means that the musculo-skeletal systems of astronauts experience less than normal stress levels. These could lead to a wasting effect in tissues and bone, but it appears a soundtrack of kittens purring could be an effective preventative − not to mention cute! All Kittens Are Born with Similar Eyes, but Very Different Noses Just like human babies, all kittens are born with blue eyes. This is for the same reason as in humans − because the brown pigment melanin has not yet been deposited in the irises of the eye, or darkened by exposure to ultraviolet light. When it comes to other kitten facts about the body, it is a very different story. While kittens have similar eyes, their little noses are the equivalent of a human fingerprint, and no two noses are ever quite the same. Kittens also have a stronger and more dominant paw, just like we have a stronger hand. Interestingly, though, in kittens the difference is often gendered, and female

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Submit a Fact The Young of Domesticated Cats Are “Kittens”, [...] kittens are usually right-pawed while their male siblings tend to be left-pawed. Kittens Have a Special Place in Internet Pop Culture It’s not the most revolutionary of kitten facts − they are very, very cute! In recent years, however, internet users have found many new and creative ways to express that aaaaaww feeling that we all get when we look at a kitten. From Pinterest boards depicting famous people holding kittens, to YouTube channels that can make particularly cute kittens famous overnight, the list seems endless. One of the best roles that the internet has elevated the kitten to is the cheering people up function. Having a bad day? Many popular sites hold the philosophy that there is no problem that looking at a picture of a cute kitten can’t solve. These include the World Famous Random Kitten Generator and the Twitter account @emergencykittens, which brings you regular kitten pictures for all your daily kitten needs. Never Give Your Kitten a Saucer of Milk When it comes to myth-busting kitten facts, this might be the biggest one. Everywhere, from books to films, and especially in cartoons such as Walt Disney’s The Aristocrats and Warner Bros’ Tom and Jerry, most of us have grown up seeing images of cats and kittens happily drinking from a saucer of milk. In fact, many kittens are lactose intolerant, and will get upset stomachs if they have too much milk. Even if it doesn’t cause an allergic reaction, for a kitten to drink a saucer of milk is the calorie equivalent of a child eating over four burgers! Elsa the Kitten Recently Survived Sub-Zero Temperatures As we already know from our previous kitten facts, young cats are very sensitive to temperature, and harsh environmental conditions can be fatal to them. Imagine rescuers’ surprise then, when they found a small ginger kitten tangled in electric wires on a porch in freezing Denver this year, and managed to save her! At the time, she was so near to death that her temperature didn’t even register on a thermometer. By using heating pads, hair dryers and blank

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You can customize your machine with your own pictures. You jsut need to log in. In this first tutorial, we'll see the notes that sound well together between the melody and bass. This are just some indications and not some rules : it is possible that the music sounds in another way. Before beginning, I mention that when I talk about of the melody, it is the keyboard of the top with the treble clef : and when I talk about the bass, it is the keyboard of the bottom with the bass clef : First, you can play the same note at the bass and at the melody. For example, if I play an A on the bass, I play also an A on the melody : In fact, these are not exactly the same notes, they are octaves because the bass is lower than the melody. In the following excerpt, the melody is always in the octave of the bass. In other words, when I change notes I made at the same time on bass and melody: A-A, C-C, D-D, F-F, A-A. The third is the note that is 2 notches above the bass. For example : C is third of A, E is the third of C... So if we play an A on bass, we'll make a C on the melody : Normally, it sounds good. I replay the same excerpt, except that I'm going to play all at the third. A-A, C-E, D-F, F-A, A-C (1st note = bass, 2nd = melody) The fifth is the note that is 4 notches above the bass. For example : E is fifth of A, G is the fifth of C... On the Tony-b Machine is quite handy because the keys are close together when the melody is the fifth of the bass. We can easily create a melody in parallel fifths : If one summarizes, on a given bass note, you can play 3 melody note. For example, on an A on bass, we can play an A (octave), a C (the third) and an E (the fifth). These 3 notes A, C and E are the so-called A arpeggio. The intermediate notes We can already do many things with

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Put those mediocre B-minus essays on the trash pile and level up to A-plus quality. Hopefully, with a little bit of guidance, you can successfully transition from a good writer, to a fantastic one. So put a bit of thinking into your projects, work a little harder, and don’t be afraid to try a few new strategies to turn your essay into a piece that will impress your teacher. You can learn to write your paper with a few examples from time to time. The examples are always a brilliant idea for the students who do not know how to structure their paper well. The reason for this is because they are considerably useful as they have been written and marked by the different institutions of learning from where they originate. As a result, when you are using one you will not have to struggle to impress. For a comparative essay, these examples will actually help you learn a lot. You get to learn in particular how to use one concept and make a lot of inferences from it. These are papers that require a high element of thought, a critical capacity of thinking if you are to make it work so well for you in the long run. Everything else other than that should not even cross your mind. So, once you have the essay example, what are the things that you need to pay attention to in order to make your work stand out? The following are useful ideas and tips to make this easier for you: The first thing that you must pay attention to is the topic of your paper. There is a lot that you can learn from these example papers. The most important lesson that you need to get at this juncture is how different parts of the topic blend with the subject matter. The thesis statement for your work is supposed to give the reader a glimpse of what to expect. Look for the same in the example paper and make sure that you are able to see how it eventually links up with the work that the writer did, then make sure that you do the same with yours too. The introduction to your paper holds a lot of marks. It can either dissuade or persuade the reader to stay interested on the paper you are presenting. As a result of this, use the sample to learn how to make yours as interesting as possible. The same notion applies to the conclusion, which is supposed to sum up all the ideas that you are working on within the paper. © Copyright 2009-2018. The-K

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The beauty of flock patterns “Everything flows and nothing abides,” is a saying ascribed to the Greek philosopher Heraclites. Large groups of individuals may show collective behavior where the individuals’ actions appear to be coordinated or even subordinated to the common good: Flocks of birds move through the air without a conductor, as if they were choreographed, and shoals of fish change their direction instantaneously when a shark appears. Yet science is still puzzled: Do all these systems obey the same universal laws? Does complex group behavior emerge from simple interactions between individuals intrinsically and inevitably? A team of researchers headed by Professor Andreas Bausch, Chair of Biophysics at TUM and Professor Erwin Frey, Chair of Statistical and Biological Physics at LMU, are unraveling the mystery. The Munich researchers have developed a biophysical model system that makes it possible to carry out targeted high-precision experiments under controlled conditions. To this end, Volker Schaller from the TUM Chair of Biophysics, first author of the study, fixed biological motor proteins to a microscope coverslip in such a way that they could drive filaments of the muscle protein actin suspended loosely over them, in any direction. The filaments measure about seven nanometers across, i.e. seven millionths of a meter, and are about ten micrometers long, i.e. a ten thousandth of a millimeter. The movement of the filaments is visualized using high-resolution microscopy. In the experiments described in Nature, the actin filaments began to move as soon as ATP – the fuel for the motor proteins – was added. With low concentrations of actin filaments, the motion remained completely chaotic. Once the density crossed a threshold of five actin filaments per square micrometer, the filaments began to move collectively in larger clusters – with an astonishing resemblance to flocks of birds or shoals of fish. “We can set and observe all relevant parameters in this system,” says Schaller. “Using this approach, we can experimentally test the propositions of different theories on self-organization – and that on the tiny scale of ‘nanomachines’.” Structures like waves, swirls or ordered clusters seem to appear spontane

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The beauty of flock patterns “Everything flows and nothing abides,” is a saying asc [...] ously during the experiments. Some of these structures grow to a size of almost one millimeter and remain stable for up to 45 minutes before they dissolve again. Based on these observations, Frey, together with his PhD student Christoph Weber, developed theoretical models to describe the experimental results. With the combination of extensible theoretical models and a precisely controllable experiment, the physicists have set out to tackle more difficult problems and unravel their underlying principles. “Self-organization phenomena surround us on all levels of our lives,” says Bausch. “It begins with traffic jams and the movement of human crowds or the swarming of animals and extends all the way to the organization of biological processes. Important examples are the formation of the cellular cytoskeleton or protein transport facilitated by motor proteins in cells.” The underlying principles, though – whether in economic, biological or physical systems – are still among the great open questions of theoretical physics. “For our understanding of nature, as well, there are many fundamental principles yet to be discovered,” emphasizes Frey. “However, forecasts should not be applied to the dynamics of human crowds over-hastily – thus far, their complexity is much too great to be captured in simple theoretical models.” The research is funded by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, SFB 863), the cluster of excellence Nanosystems Initiative Munich (NIM), the TUM Institute for Advanced Study at the Technische Universitaet Muenchen, and the Elite Network of Bavaria (CompInt, NanoBioTechnology). Volker Schaller, Christoph Weber, Christine Semmrich, Erwin Frey und Andreas R. Bausch: Polar patterns of driven filaments. Nature, 2 September 2010, pp 73-77 - doi:10.1038/nature09312 Picture and video credits: Prof. Erwin Frey Chair of Statistical and Biological Physics Theresienstraße 37, 80333 Muenchen Phone: +49 89 / 2180-45

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d. Additional Terms. (1) Psychological dependence. This means that the drug has become so central to the person's thoughts, emotions, and activities that he needs to continue using amounts of the drug to satisfy a craving or compulsion for it. This dependence is a mental or emotional adaptation to the effects of the drug. The abuser likes the way the drug makes him feel, wants to re-experience those feelings, and actually believes that he cannot function without the drug. The drug helps the abuser escape from reality--from his problems and frustrations. The drug and its effects seem to provide the answer to everything, including disenchantment and boredom. As long as he takes the drug, all seems well. It is this psychological dependence which causes an abuser who has been withdrawn from his physical dependence to return to drug abuse. (2) Physical dependence. The body has adapted so thoroughly to the presence of the drug that the user experiences withdrawal signs and symptoms if he stops using the drug suddenly. With repeated use, many drugs cause physical dependence. The body learns not only to live with the drug but also to tolerate and require ever increasing doses of the drug. Withdrawal signs and symptoms vary with the amount and kind of drug the abuser has used. Once the person's body adjusts to being without the drug, withdrawal symptoms often disappear. In some cases, there are permanent effects caused by the drug, and these effects do not disappear. (3) Tolerance. This term refers to the fact that a person who uses some drugs regularly finds that he must constantly increase the dose in order to get an effect equal to that he experienced from the first dose. The body has adapted to the presence of a foreign substance--the drug--and now requires more of the foreign substance for unique feelings. Tolerance does not develop for all drugs or in all people, but those who use drugs such as morphine find that tolerance builds up very quickly. Tolerance does not develop for all the possible effects of a particular drug. For example, tolerance develops for the euphoric-like effects (feeling of well- being) of heroin but only slightly to the constricting effects on the pupil of the eye. Complete tolerance to a drug's

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Methenamine is a urinary anti-infective used to treat chronic and reoccurring urinary tract infections (UTIs) caused by bacteria when other antibiotics do not work. It is safe to use as a long-term treatment for chronic UTIs and microorganisms do not develop a resistance to it. To manage chronic or reoccurring UTIs, the urine needs to be changed from growth-supporting to growth-inhibiting, and data shows long-term use prevented bacteria in patients with chronic inflammation of the kidneys. It sterilizes the urine when other conditions prevent sterilization and help suppress bacteria. It's more effective in acidic urine with maximum efficiently at a pH of 5.5. It treats cystitis, a bladder inflammation, and pyelonephritis, a kidney infection caused by bacteria, as well as preventing bladder infections. Studies have shown that cleansing the bladder with antimicrobial agents lowers bacteria; however, it is limited because of allergic reactions. Methenamine is a safer option, especially for long-term treatment, and well tolerated with minor side effects reported. It may lower bacteria and UTIs in patients managed by occasional catheterization; however, its long-term efficiency in decreasing reoccurring UTIs has not been demonstrated. Catheter-related UTIs are harder to treat with common antibiotics and patients should call a doctor if they experience any of these signs of UTI. Signs of UTI The doctor tests the patient's urine to determine the type of bacteria and look at red and white blood cells before they prescribe methenamine. They may also order an ultrasound or CT scan of the abdomen and tests to check liver and kidney function to make adjustments in dosage. In addition to medicine it is important to increase fluid intake to help flush bacteria out of the urinary tract; however, avoid drinks that will irritate the bladder such as alcohol, citrus juices, and caffeine. If left untreated, there is a risk of the infection spreading and having a UTI for long periods may cause stones in kidneys and bladder. It is especially important for patients using catheters to call their doctor immediately if they experience symptoms. To prevent

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Methenamine is a urinary anti-infective used to treat chronic and reoccur [...] infections, follow proper cleaning and catheter care. To avoid unwanted side effects, it is important to tell the doctor about any allergies, medical conditions, current medication, pregnant, or breastfeeding. Tell the doctor about any allergies, especially to aspirin and yellow dye to avoid allegoric reactions. Some medical conditions are affected by this medication especially liver and kidney issues, severe dehydration, and gout. Certain medicines do not interact well when combined and it is extremely important to let the doctor know what is currently being taken. This includes prescriptions, over-the-counter, and dietary supplements especially any sulpha drugs. This medicine can pass to a fetus or through breast milk and while no studies to determine effects on babies, it is still important to tell the doctor about pregnancies and nursing. Methenamine is usually well tolerated with only minor side effects reported in 3.5% of patients. However, high doses, 8gr for a few weeks, can lead to blood and foam in urine, painful urination, and bladder irritation. Not all possible side effects have been reported therefore it is important to report any unusual or new symptoms after starting treatment. Some side effects may be worsening symptoms of existing liver and kidney diseases or not functioning properly. Report any side effects even if they do not require medical attention, and keep all appointments for the doctor and lab work to manage treatment in the long-term. The doctor testing regularly for effects on the liver and kidney functions will help to avoid these side effects. Methenamine works best in acid urine and is at its maximum effectiveness when pH is above 5.5. To ensure urine is at this pH, it is important to avoid dairy products and antacids with sodium carbonate or bicarbonate. The doctor may also suggest avoiding certain foods such as citrus fruits and juices or increase intake of certain foods like cranberries. Discuss any special diets with the doctor, for example, a diabetic diet or heart-healthy foods. Ask the doctor what kinds and how much fluids should be drunk to flush bacteria out. In addition to these, it is important to take doses exactly as prescribed and take with food if nausea occurs.

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Methenamine is a urinary anti-infective used to treat chronic and reoccur [...] Follow the entire doctor's directions on the label, never take less or more than prescribed. It is important to finish out the medicine even if feeling better in order for it to effectively work. If it is not taken for the full amount of time on the label, then the UTI will not be properly treated. Taking too much can result in unwanted side effects and if a dose is missed, take it immediately unless it is close to time for another dose. Follow these directions for the form of medicine given. Hippurate is used as a suppressive treatment for reoccurring UTIs when long-term treatment becomes necessary. It is only used after antibiotics have failed and works better if alkalinizing foods and medicines are avoided while taking. Mandelate is used to eliminate bacteria in the urine which causes cystitis, pyelonephritis, and other chronic ITUs. It is especially effective when long-term treatment is necessary because microorganisms cannot develop a resistance to medicine. It helps prevent bacteria in patients with chronic kidney inflammation because of bacteria. The average dose of methenamine hippurate is taken twice a day, in the morning and at night. The average dose of methenamine mandelate is taken four times a day, after each meal and before bedtime. Methenamines can interact with other medications, especially sulfonamides or sulpha drugs. This is not a complete list of medication interactions and it is always important to tell the doctor about anything currently taking or before taking something new while on methenamine. It is helpful to have a list of medications to show the doctor including nonprescription, vitamins, herbal or other dietary supplements to avoid any dangerous reaction. This medication may cause an increased chance of worsening symptoms for certain medical conditions. Patients with liver disease or function issues may experience changes even from a small amount of ammonia and formaldehyde. The doctor may need to adjust the dosage for patients with liver and kidney issues and it increases the risk of side effects or symptoms. The doctor may run tests to determine liver function before prescribing. If symptoms do not improve within a few days or they worsen, call the doctor right away. Methenamine is only for infections in the ur

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Methenamine is a urinary anti-infective used to treat chronic and reoccur [...] inary tract caused by bacteria and is not meant for viral infections such as the common cold. Never take it for another type of infection because it is specifically designed to treat and prevent bacteria in the urine. Taking it with an infection not caused by bacteria is not beneficial and can cause the bacteria to become resistant to this and other antibodies. It is for treatment of bacterial UTIs only when other antibodies fail or long-term treatment is needed for chronic or recurring UTIs. Skipping doses or not taking for the full amount of time will decrease the effectiveness of treatment and increase the chance that the bacteria will develop a resistance to antibacterial medicines in the future. Keep in a closed container away from heat, moisture, and from freezing at room temperature between 59F and 86F. The ideal temperature is 77F but can be stored at the other temperatures when necessary. Keep out of reach of children and animals by locking safety caps and immediately putting in a safe place after use. Because this medicine should all be taken, there is no need to find a take-back program or dispose of it; however, contacting the doctor, pharmacist, or local recycling depart to ask about medicine take-back programs is the best way to dispose of unused or out of date medicine. Remember, before throwing away the containers the medicine came in to scratch out all the information or mark through with a sharpie. Methenamine is a urinary anti-infective used to treat recurring UTIs caused by bacteria and is not safe to use for a viral infection. It is prescribed after other medications did not clear up the infection and can be used by patients who are a catheter when they need long-term treatment. It cannot be mixed with sulpha drugs and antacids with sodium carbonate or bicarbonate because the urine needs to be 5.5pH for its maximum efficiency. In addition to the medicine, the doctor will recommend extra fluids and may suggest foods and liquids to avoid or increase intake of while on this medicine. If the patient is on a special diet for an exciting condition, the doctor needs to know in order to properly suggest what foods and liquids the patient should increase or avoid. It is important to follow

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"According to the New Testament, especially the Gospels, Jesus, also called Christ, had the power to lay his life down and to take it up again, being both human and God as well as the Promised Messiah. Thus after the Crucifixion, Jesus was resurrected from the dead on the third day. This event is referred to in Christian terminology as the resurrection of Jesus Christ, and is commemorated and celebrated by most Christians each year at Easter. As the resurrection of Jesus is one of the most important events for Christianity, there are many references to it in the rest of the New Testament. Both Peter (Acts 2:22-32) and Paul (1 Corinthians 15:19) argue that this event was the cornerstone of Christianity, and may be seen to some extent as providing witness to the resurrection independent of the Gospel accounts. Indeed, nearly every New Testament book speaks of Jesus' death and resurrection, a telling fact in that many were written independent of each other both geographically and socially." Mormon (The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints) "In the spring of 1820 when he was fourteen years old, Smith reported he was reading the Bible when he came across the following verse in the first chapter of the Epistle of James: James 1:5 - If any of you lack wisdom, let him ask of God, that giveth to all men liberally, and upbraideth not; and it shall be given him. Smith felt deeply impressed by this particular scripture, believing he needed guidance in choosing the proper church to join. One morning, he went into a grove of trees (called "the sacred grove" by Latter-day Saints) behind the family's farm, knelt down, and began his first vocal prayer. Almost immediately after starting his prayer, Smith reported a confrontation with a power he regarded as evil, which completely inhibited his speech. A darkness gathered around him, and Smith believed that he would soon be totally destroyed. He continued his prayer non-verbally, asking for God's aid, feeling hopeless and resigned to destruction. At this moment, he reported that a light brighter than the sun descended towards him. With the arrival of the light, Smith reported he was delivered from the evil power.

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"According to the New Testament, especially the Gospels, Jesus, also called Christ, [...] In the light, Smith "saw two personages standing in the air" in front of him. One being pointed to the other and stated that this was his "Beloved Son." (Smith reported that the two beings were God the Father and Jesus.) As Smith again could speak, he asked to know which religious sect he should join. Smith claimed he was told that all existing religions had been corrupted from Jesus Christ's teachings. (See Great Apostasy.) In the years following this First Vision, Smith claimed to have received more instructions from God, some of which were given through messengers such as angels. Eventually, Smith and five others incorporated what would become known as The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints." Jedi Knights have gained official recognition as a religion in the UK Census 2001. "The Jedi Knights were an order of individuals who had the ability to touch and work alongside the Force, shunning its dark side. The order began tens of thousands of years before the rise of the Galactic Empire. Many ancient and semi-legendary organizations have been proposed as the forerunners of the Jedi Order, such as the Order of Dai Bendu or the Chatos Academy, but no conclusive links have ever been shown. Likewise, the birth planet of the order is unknown. There are many candidates, including such known worlds as Coruscant, Ossus, Corellia, and Utapau, as well as mythic, lost planets such as Had Abbadon, and Ondos." "In Scientology doctrine, Xenu is a galactic ruler who, 75 million years ago, brought billions of people to Earth, stacked them around volcanoes and blew them up with hydrogen bombs. Their souls then clustered together and stuck to the bodies of the living, and continue to cause people problems today. These events are known to Scientologists as "Incident II," and the traumatic memories associated with them as The Wall of Fire or the R6 implant. The story of Xenu is part of a much wider range of Scientology beliefs in extraterrestrial civilizations and alien interventions in Earthly events, collectively described as space opera by L. Ron Hubbard,

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Note that we first changed the definition of front-facing polygons to be those with clockwise winding (because our triangle fans are all wound clockwise). Figure 6-20 demonstrates that the bottom of the cone is gone when culling is enabled. This is because we didnít follow our own rule about all the surface polygons having the same winding. The triangle fan that makes up the bottom of the cone is wound clockwise, like the fan that makes up the sides of the cone, but the front side of the coneís bottom section is facing the inside. See Figure 6-21. We could have corrected this by changing the winding rule, by calling just before we drew the second triangle fan. But in this example we wanted to make it easy for you to see culling in action, as well as get set up for our next demonstration of polygon tweaking. Polygons donít have to be filled with the current color. By default, polygons are drawn solid, but you can change this behavior by specifying that polygons are to be drawn as outlines or just points (only the vertices are plotted). The function glPolygonMode() allows polygons to be rendered filled, as outlines, or as points only. In addition, this rendering mode can be applied to both sides of the polygons or to just the front or back. The following code from Listing 6-8 shows the polygon mode being set to outlines or solid, depending on the state of the Boolean variable bOutline: // Draw back side as a polygon only, if flag is set if(bOutline) glPolygonMode(GL_BACK,GL_LINE); else glPolygonMode(GL_BACK,GL_FILL); Figure 6-22 shows the back sides of all polygons rendered as outlines. (We had to disable culling to produce this image; otherwise, the inside would be eliminated and youíd get no outlines.) Notice that the bottom of the cone is now wireframe instead of solid, and you can see up inside the cone where the inside walls are also drawn as wireframe triangles. Triangles are the preferred primitive for object composition since most OpenGL hardware specifically accelerates triangles, but they are not the only primitives available. Some hardware will provide for acceleration of other shapes as

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Note that we first changed the definition of front-facing polygons to be those with clock [...] well, and programmatically it may be simpler to use a general-purpose graphics primitive. The remaining OpenGL primitives provide for rapid specification of a quadrilateral or quadrilateral strip, as well as a general-purpose polygon. If you know your code is going to be run in an environment that accelerates general-purpose polygons, these may be your best bet in terms of performance. The next most complex shape from a triangle is a quadrilateral, or a four-sided figure. OpenGLís GL_QUADS primitive draws a four-sided polygon. In Figure 6-23 a quad is drawn from four vertices. Note also that quads have clockwise winding. Just as you can for triangles, you can specify a strip of connected quadrilaterals with the GL_QUAD_STRIP primitive. Figure 6-24 shows the progression of a quad strip specified by six vertices. Quad strips, like single GL_QUADS, maintain a clockwise winding. The final OpenGL primitive is the GL_POLYGON, which can be used to draw a polygon having any number of sides. Figure 6-25 shows a polygon consisting of five vertices. Polygons created with GL_POLYGON have clockwise winding, as well. There are two methods of applying a pattern to solid polygons. The customary method is texture mapping, where a bitmap is mapped to the surface of a polygon, and this is covered in Chapter 11. Another way is to specify a stippling pattern, as we did for lines. A polygon stipple pattern is nothing more than a 32 x 32 monochrome bitmap that is used for the fill pattern. To enable polygon stippling, call and then call where pBitmap is a pointer to a data area containing the stipple pattern. Hereafter, all polygons will be filled using the pattern specified by pBitmap (GLubyte *). This pattern is similar to that used by line stippling, except the buffer is large enough to hold a 32 x 32-bit pattern. Also, the bits are read with the MSB (Most Significant

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Of studies by francis bacon [explanation in blue, original in black] i recommend to all those who find francis bacon essays difficult to understand reply. Francis bacon francis bacon is the author of books such as 24 essays by francis bacon. The francis bacon: essays and major works community note includes chapter-by-chapter summary and analysis, character list, theme list, historical context, author biography and quizzes written by community members like you. Summary of of friendship by francis bacon francis bacon's essay of love sir francis bacon was a famous english essayist, lawyer, philosopher and statesman who had a major influence on the philosophy of science. Writing sample of essay on a given topic of discourse, by francis bacon. The essays of francis bacon on civil, moral, literary and political subjects together with the life of that celebrated writer item preview. This complete and unabridged collection of francis bacon's essays is superbly presented and faithful to the original publication. Francis bacon grew from poverty to expand his career as a british politician & entrepreneur and wrote prominent essays on humanism. At the top of that list is francis bacon francis bacon essay examples - francis bacon’s self portrait is a haunting image that evokes thoughts of the. Francis bacon (28 october 1909 – 28 april 1992) was an irish-born british figurative painter known for his bold, grotesque critical essays 1948–2000. Francis bacon examines the benefits and effects of studies, maintaining that when studies are balanced by experience, diverse studies. Looking for books by francis bacon see all books authored by francis bacon, including essayes: religious meditations places of perswasion and disswasion seene and allowed, and three early modern utopias: thomas more, utopia francis bacon, new atlantis henry neville, the isle of pines, and more on thriftbookscom. A list of francis bacon artwork, including all notable francis bacon paintings, sculptures and other works of art, with photos when available these popular francis. Francis bacon essays list - business plan writers in sa next up in #apspot

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Deborah L. Nichols The Basin of Mexico is a key world region for understanding agricultural intensification and the development of ancient and historic cities and states. Archaeologists working in the region have had a long-standing interest in understanding the dynamics of interactions between society and environment and their research has been at the forefront of advances in both method and theory. The Basin of Mexico was the geopolitical core of the Aztec empire, the largest state in the history of Mesoamerica. Its growth was sustained by a complex economy that has been the subject of much research. Two themes underlie a broad interest in the pre-Hispanic agriculture of the Basin of Mexico. First, how with a Neolithic technology did the Aztecs and their predecessors sustain the growth of large cites, dense rural populations, and the largest state system in the history of pre-Hispanic Mesoamerica? Second, what is the relationship of agricultural intensification and urbanization and state formation? Mesoamerica is the only world region where primary civilizations developed that lacked domestic herbivores for either food or transportation. Their farming depended entirely on human labor and hand tools but sustained large cities, dense populations, and complex social institutions. Intensive agriculture began early and was promoted by risk, ecological diversity, and social differentiation, and included irrigation, terracing, and drained fields (chinampas). Most farming was managed by smallholder households and local communities, which encouraged corporate forms of governance and collective action. Environmental impacts included erosion and deposition, but were limited compared with the degradation that took place in the colonial period. Aijun Ding, Xin Huang, and Congbin Fu Air pollution is one of the grand environmental challenges in developing countries, especially those with high population density like China. High concentrations of primary and secondary trace gases and particulate matter (PM) are frequently observed in the industrialized and urbanized regions, causing negative effects on the health of humans, plants, and the ecosystem. Meteorological conditions are among the most important factors influencing day-to-day air quality. Synoptic weather and boundary layer dynamics control the dispersion capacity and transport of air pollutants, while the main meteorological parameters, such as air temperature, radiation, and relative humidity, influence the chemical transformation of secondary air pollutants at the same time

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Deborah L. Nichols The Basin of Mexico is a key world region for understanding [...] . Intense air pollution, especially high concentration of radiatively important aerosols, can substantially influence meteorological parameters, boundary layer dynamics, synoptic weather, and even regional climate through their strong radiative effects. As one of the main monsoon regions, with the most intense human activities in the world, East Asia is a region experiencing complex air pollution, with sources from anthropogenic fossil fuel combustion, biomass burning, dust storms, and biogenic emissions. A mixture of these different plumes can cause substantial two-way interactions and feedbacks in the formation of air pollutants under various weather conditions. Improving the understanding of such interactions needs more field measurements using integrated multiprocess measurement platforms, as well as more efforts in developing numerical models, especially for those with online coupled processes. All these efforts are very important for policymaking from the perspectives of environmental protection and mitigation of climate change. Simon Holdaway and Rebecca Phillipps Northeast Africa forms an interesting case study for investigating the relationship between changes in environment and agriculture. Major climatic changes in the early Holocene led to dramatic changes in the environment of the eastern Sahara and to the habitation of previously uninhabitable regions. Research programs in the eastern Sahara have uncovered a wealth of archaeological evidence for sustained occupation during the African Humid Period, from about 11,000 years ago. Initial studies of faunal remains seemed to indicate early shifts in economic practice toward cattle pastoralism. Although this interpretation was much debated when it was first proposed, the possibility of early pastoralism stimulated discussion concerning the relationships between people and animals in particular environmental contexts, and ultimately led to questions concerning the role of agriculture imported from elsewhere in contrast to local developments. Did agriculture, or indeed cultivation and domestication more generally (sensu Fuller & Hildebrand, 2013), develop in North Africa, or were the concepts and species imported from Southwest Asia? And if agriculture did spread from elsewhere, were just the plants and animals involved, or was the shift part of a full socioeconomic suite that included new subsistence strategies, settlement patterns, technologies, and an agricultural “culture”? And finally, was this shift, wherever and however it originated

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Deborah L. Nichols The Basin of Mexico is a key world region for understanding [...] , related to changes in the environment during the early to mid-Holocene? These questions refer to the “big ideas” that archaeologists explore, but before answers can be formed it is important to consider the nature of the material evidence on which they are based. Archaeologists must consider not only what they discover but also what might be missing. Materials from the past are preserved only in certain places, and of course some materials can be preserved better than others. In addition, people left behind the material remains of their activities, but in doing so they did not intend these remains to be an accurate historical record of their actions. Archaeologists need to consider how the remains found in one place may inform us about a range of activities that occurred elsewhere for which the evidence may be less abundant or missing. This is particularly true for Northeast Africa where environmental shifts and consequent changes in resource abundance often resulted in considerable mobility. This article considers the origins of agriculture in the region covering modern-day Egypt and Sudan, paying particular attention to the nature of the evidence from which inferences about past socioeconomies may be drawn. Maria Cristina Fossi and Cristina Panti A vigorous effort to identify and study sentinel species of marine ecosystem in the world’s oceans has developed over the past 50 years. The One Health concept recognizes that the health of humans is connected to the health of animals and the environment. Species ranging from invertebrate to large marine vertebrates have acted as “sentinels” of the exposure to environmental stressors and health impacts on the environment that may also affect human health. Sentinel species can signal warnings, at different levels, about the potential impacts on a specific ecosystem. These warnings can help manage the abiotic and anthropogenic stressors (e.g., climate change, chemical and microbial pollutants, marine litter) affecting ecosystems, biota, and human health. The effects of exposure to multiple stressors, including pollutants, in the marine environment may be seen at multiple trophic levels of the ecosystem. Attention has focused on the large marine vertebrates, for several reasons. In the past, the use of large marine vertebrates in monitoring and assessing the marine ecosystem has been criticized. The fact

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Homework This Week in Language Arts: Each student has been supplied with a physical planner notebook. Please check the planner daily for any homework assignments and due dates. All middle school staff will be concentrating on the paper planner at the start of the school to help each student develop a daily routine of writing in and checking their planners. Teachers will give time at the end of each class and during study hall to update them. Article of the Week Research clearly shows that the best way to become a better reader and to learn to analyze texts is to… READ! No kidding. So we’re going to read widely – which means a variety of text, every week, on your own time. No complaining! You will not receive very much homework in my class. However, you will have one article to read, annotate, and respond to each week. Vocabulary and Reading Comprehension Resources This year, I will be taking a closer look at building students’ vocabulary and teaching them skills that will help them to better comprehend a text. Below, you will be able to find links to several resources I will be using in the classroom this year. This year, most Wednesday class periods will be dedicated to Independent Reading. For each trimester, you will be responsible for reading TWO different books and completing the corresponding reading activities (found on the Monopoly Board). You will get a reading log and a genre log sheet to fill out. Because I want you to be reading a variety of different texts, you are NOT allowed to read more than two books under each genre, and I expect you to be filling out how many pages you are reading week to week. At the start of each trimester, you will roll a dice and move your game piece around the Monopoly board. Each square on the board is dedicated to a reading activity. You will pair your first book with the first activity you land on. You need to complete two of these activities per trimester = two books per trimester. These will be graded. You will be expected to conference with me throughout the trimester so I can keep track of your progress. For every book and activity you finish BEYOND these two books, you will earn Monopoly Cash to spend towards a prize at the end of the year!. Some prizes might include: Barnes and Noble Gift Cards, Free Books, Pizza

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Homework This Week in Language Arts: Each student has been supplied with a physical planner notebook [...] Party, Kindle??? ***Extra books will not count towards the next trimester*** Each student has a Google Classroom account where teachers can create classes and students can join them. Here, I will be posting most of our assignments, especially Article of the Week. You will need to submit (TURN IN) your assignments on Google Classroom, not on loose-leaf. I will be able to send you comments and feedback through Google Classroom, so make sure you are watching for that. Formative Assessment (Independent Reading assignments, Independent Writing assignments, quizzes, worksheets, Articles of the Week) –30; Summative Assessment (Papers, Essays, Tests)–60% ; Class Participation–10% F 69 and below If you have any further questions, you can consult my Syllabus, or send me an email. I would be happy to explain or talk about any questions you have. Reading Power School If you are looking at your grades on Power School and don’t understand what you are looking at, following this little cheat sheet! Missing Assignments: If you have an “M” for an assignment, it means that you did not turn it in (either for an excused absence or because you didn’t have it done). If you have JUST an “M” in the box, it means you had an excused absence that day. If you have an “M” AND a “0” for the assignment, it means you didn’t hand it in at all. Once you turn it in, you will get credit for the assignment. (See Late Policy on my Syllabus for questions concerning missing assignments) Check Marks: If there is a check mark for an assignment, it means that you turned in the assignment, but I have not graded it yet. **Some assignments might not be graded, it might just be an assessment for me to direct my instruction. Forensics is a co-curricular activity offered to students in 6th, 7th, and 8th grade. The purpose of middle school forensics is to build self-confidence and oral competency by developing and practicing fundamental public speaking skills. With the help of their coach, team

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Homework This Week in Language Arts: Each student has been supplied with a physical planner notebook [...] members prepare an oral presentation from different categories including Prose, Poetry, Storytelling, News Reporting, Solo Acting and Group Acting, Group Improvisation, and Demonstration. These selections are then performed at scheduled tournaments and festivals where students are evaluated according to individual category standards. Students then choose a category and begin the search for an appropriate selection to be used in competition during the tournament season. Upcoming Forensics Meets: Battle of the Books Early in the year, you can sign up to participate in a reading competition at Notre Dame called Battle of the Books. Students will be responsible for creating their own teams of up to four members. Their team will be responsible for reading the 20 books the WEMTA Battle of the Books committee has chosen for the year. Teams have developed their own strategies for the competition. Some teams may have chosen to have all members read the twenty books. Some may have divided the books between the members. All questions for the competition will be answered with the book title and the author. We will have five rounds of competition and the team with the most points will continue on to the WEMTA State Battle of the Books competition to be held at the end of February. National Library Awareness Week First sponsored in 1958, National Library Week is a national observance sponsored by the American Library Association (ALA) and libraries across the country each April. It is a time to celebrate the contributions of our nation’s libraries and librarians and to promote library use and support. All types of libraries – school, public, academic and special – participate. Every fall, tens of thousands of schools enroll in our program. During the fall and winter, schools will conduct spelling bee programs at the classroom, grade, and/or school level, and send their spelling champions to the next level of competition as designated by their local spelling bee sponsors. The word bee, as used in spelling bee, is one of those language puzzles that has never been satisfactorily accounted for. A fairly old and widely-used word, it refers to a community social gathering at which friends and neighbors join together in a single activity (sewing, quilting, barn raising, etc.) usually to help one person

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Back in 1981, I graduated from university and got my first programming job. That year a program was released that would supposedly bring about the end of human programming. Called The Last One, it failed despite a lot of hype. But will A.I. succeed where that early attempt crashed and burned? A few weeks ago, Rice University researchers released an artificial intelligence application named Bayou that supposedly can help you write code. Partially funded by Google and the U.S. Department of Defense’s Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA), Bayou synthesizes an application using Java code extracted from hundreds of thousands of open-source projects. Then comes the clever bit: the A.I. matches the code specification, which is a simple search phrase, and returns the most likely code equivalent (along with some lower-scoring alternatives). Is Bayou trying to follow in the footsteps of The Last One, promising to liberate humans from the tyranny of coding their own software? In reality, this new platform just assists you in programming with Java. It’s certainly not going to put you out of a job; in fact, it might make you more productive. The hype comes from Bayou being A.I.-driven, which sparks the usual fears about A.I. replacing human jobs. But will artificial intelligence eventually take over coding? Let’s pick apart what programming actually is, along with the current capabilities of artificial intelligence. Let’s Actually Define ‘Artificial Intelligence’ Most people unaware of the current state of A.I. consider it to be AGI (Artificial General Intelligence), also known as “strong A.I.” AGI is that theoretical point when an A.I. platform can think and reason like a human being; you’ve seen some variation of this in lots of sci-fi movies over the years. Of course, current A.I. can’t walk into a house and brew coffee, much less make the intuitive leaps that mark human cognition. While I have zero doubt that AGI may emerge someday, I’m not losing any sleep waiting for the Singularity. The A.I. that we see in real life is ANI (Artificial Narrow Intelligence) or “weak A.I.” This encompasses things such as categorizing images on Google, reading license plates, and powering the rout

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Back in 1981, I graduated from university and got my first programming job. That [...] ines of Alexa and Siri. Boiling it down even further, ANI can be trained to use highly sophisticated methods of classifying data and recognizing patterns, but it can’t “think” like a human brain. Complexities of Programming Back in 1981, the whole programing scene was a lot simpler: there were just mainframes, minicomputers, the BASIC-powered CBM-PET, the Apple II, the Tandy TRS-80 and some other PCs. Now you have a diverse mix of computing devices (PCs, mobile, etc.) linked via the internet to a worldwide network of servers. A multiplicity of programming languages and diverse legacy code bases just makes everything that much more complicated. Software developers have to worry about user interfaces, graphics, audio, relational or NoSQL databases, the efficiency of algorithms, and maintaining existing software. In other words, you’d need a pretty strong A.I. to replace a human programmer, who needs to spend every day thinking of creative solutions to nuanced problems. Fortunately, weak A.I. can assist programmers in their daily tasks (Note: I’m not talking about toolkits that programmers can use to build A.I. platforms, but specifically A.I. tools to assist programmers). Let’s break down a few: Writing tests is one of the most tedious bits of programming, so it makes sense to automate it if you can. The Oxford company Diffblue, founded by two Oxford University computer science professors, has developed a system for doing just that. This platform reads your source code, analyzes it, reads any tests, and then generates tests to fill in the gaps. It can also suggests potential improvements from refactoring. Diffblue is available only for Java (at least for the moment), although the creators are currently recruiting C++ developers and have raised $22 million in “Series A” funding. Ubisoft’s Commit Assistant A.I. You can expect video-game companies to use A.I. in their games for controlling virtual baddies, but Ubisoft has gone a step further with its Commit Assistant AI. When a developer commits code to their version-control system,

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Back in 1981, I graduated from university and got my first programming job. That [...] the A.I. examines the code and, according to Ubisoft’s figures, catches 60 percent of bugs with 30 percent false positives, saving developers about 20 percent of their time. This was developed in conjunction with the Canadian University of Concordia, which was given access to ten years of Ubisoft’s code (presumably C++) to train the A.I. Later this month, at the Mining Software Research conference in Gothenburg, Sweden, the research behind Commit Assistant will be made public. At this year’s Build developer conference, Microsoft announced IntelliCode for Visual Studio and C#. It’s a step up from IntelliSense, which provides an alphabetical list of available matching functions, as well as variables as you type. IntelliCode is A.I.-powered, and reduces the amount of typing to complete a line. Typically, some functions can have three, four or even 20 or so different overloads—these have the same function name, but with different types and numbers of parameters. IntelliSense just shows the list of overloads that you can scroll through; IntelliCode suggests the most useful overload. IntelliCode can do this because the A.I. has been trained on over 2,000 Github repos (each with over 100 stars). It’s still early days, but expect a lot more from this platform. Last year, Microsoft created an A.I. named DeepCoder (PDF) that, much like Bayou, synthesized programs from existing code bases to solve programming challenges. This was simpler in its functionality than Bayou, with a base of 500 programs solving relatively straightforward programming challenges. It leverages methodologies such as neural nets. (It’s hard not to imagine that Google and Apple are working on the same kind of capability for XCode or Android Studio. What developer wouldn’t want an A.I. to locate bugs (and fixes) for them?) Nobody with any knowledge of artificial intelligence expects it to replace programmers, but the A.I.-powered tools that have begun to appear will certainly allow programmers to become more productive. Keep an eye on how these platforms can

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Published on September 9, 2015 1. ` BPLN0507 - Sustainable Urban Development Wind Energy in Context of India Assignment Report BHUPENDRA PRATAP SINGH (2013BPLN010) 9/7/2015 2. Wind Energy in Context of India BPLN0507 - Sustainable Urban Development | Bhupendra Pratap Singh (2013BPLN010) 2 Introduction Winds are caused by the uneven heating of the atmosphere by the sun, the irregularities of the earth's surface, and rotation of the earth. The earth’s surface is made of different types of land and water. These surfaces absorb the sun’s heat at different rates, giving rise to the differences in temperature and subsequently to winds. During the day, the air above the land heats up more quickly than the air over water. The warm air over the land expands and rises, and the heavier, cooler air rushes in to take its place, creating winds. At night, the winds are reversed because the air cools more rapidly over land than over water. In the same way, the large atmospheric winds that circle the earth are created because the land near the earth's equator is heated more by the sun than the land near the North and South Poles. Humans use this wind flow for many purposes: sailing boats, pumping water, grinding mills and also generating electricity. Wind turbines convert the kinetic energy of the moving wind into electricity. Global Growth of Wind Energy The wind is one of the cleanest sources of energy, and because it is a naturally generated resource, it is also the most abundant energy source on the planet today. Wind power is energy that is created through the conversion of wind into forms that are more practically useful, such as electricity. Wind energy is currently supplying as much as 1% of the world’s electricity use , however the power of wind energy could potentially supply as much as 20% of global electricity. Wind energy is the most easily accessed form of energy today, and it is also the cleanest which makes it an affordable and the most feasible option towards making our earth a greener place. 3. Wind Energy in Context of India BPLN0507 - Sustainable Urban Development

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Published on September 9, 2015 1. ` BPLN05 [...] | Bhupendra Pratap Singh (2013BPLN010) 3 2014 was a record year for the wind industry as annual installations crossed the 50 GW marks for the first time. More than 51 GW of new wind power capacity was brought on line, a sharp rise in comparison to 2013, when global installations were just over 35.6 GW. The previous record was set in 2012 when over 45 GW of new capacity was installed globally. Indian Wind Energy In the early 1980’s, the Department of Non-conventional Energy Sources (DNES) came into existence with the aim to reduce the dependence of primary energy sources like coal, oil etc in view of the Country’s energy security. The DNES became Ministry of Non-conventional Energy Sources (MNES) in the year 1992 and now from 2006, the Ministry was renamed as Ministry of New & Renewable Energy (MNRE). The growth of Renewable Energy in India is enormous and Wind Energy proves to be the most effective solution to the problem of depleting fossil fuels, importing of coal, greenhouse gas emission, environmental pollution etc. Wind energy as a renewable, non-polluting and affordable source directly avoids dependency of fuel and transport, can lead to green and clean electricity. With an installed capacity of 21136.3 MW (March 2014) of wind energy, Renewable Energy Sources (excluding large Hydro) currently accounts for 13.86 % of India’s overall installed power capacity of 228721.73 MW. Wind Energy holds the major portion of 66.7 % (of 31707.2 GW total RE capacity) among renewable and continued as the largest supplier of clean energy. 4. Wind Energy in Context of India BPLN0507 - Sustainable Urban Development | Bhupendra Pratap Singh (2013BPLN010) 4 In its 12th Five Year Plan (201

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Published on September 9, 2015 1. ` BPLN05 [...] 2-2017), the Indian Government has set a target of adding 18.5 GW of renewable energy sources to the generation mix out of which 11 GW is the Wind estimation and rest from renewable sources like Solar 4 GW and others 3.5 GW. (Source:Reportof the WorkingGroup on PowerforTwelfthPlan2012-17, Govt.of India,Ministryof Power) Fuel Megawatt % Average Total Thermal 1,91,664 69.5 Coal 167,708 60.8 Gas 22,962 8.3 Oil 994 0.4 Hydro (Renewable) 41,997 15.2 NuclearPower 5,780 2.1 Renewable EnergySources 36,471 13.2 Total 2,75,912 5. Wind Energy in Context of India BPLN0507 - Sustainable Urban Development | Bhupendra Pratap Singh (2013BPLN010) 5 Geographic Locationand Wind Potential The potential is far from exhausted. It is estimated that with the current level of technology, the ‘on- shore’ potential for utilization of wind energy for electricity generation is of the order of 65,000 MW. India also is blessed with 7517km of coastline and its territorial waters extend up to 12 nautical miles into the sea. The unexploited resource availability has the potential to sustain the growth of wind energy sector in India in the years to come. 6. Wind Energy in Context of India BPLN0507 - Sustainable Urban Development | Bhupendra Pratap Singh (2013BPLN010) 6 Wind energy as job generator Wind energy utilization creates many more jobs than centralized, non-renewable energy sources. Wind Energy companies have opened up huge career options. Also the ease and accessibility of manufacturing technology has given entrepreneurs with new business options to venture in. The wind sector worldwide has become a

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Published on September 9, 2015 1. ` BPLN05 [...] major job generator: Within only three years, the wind sector worldwide almost doubled the number of jobs from 235,000 in 2005 to 440,000 in the year 2008. These highly skilled employees are contributing to the generation of 260 TWh of electricity. India in the windy world In 2008, India shared 6.58% of total wind energy installed capacity around the world, according to World Wind Energy Report-2008. According to GSR-2011, the world witnessed highest renewable energy installations through wind energy. Total installed capacity of wind energy reached 198GW by the end of 2010. India ranked third in the world in annual capacity additions and fifth in terms of total wind energy installed capacity. India has been able to fast pace its growth in wind energy installations and bring down costs of power production. Positive Aspects ofWind Energy Wind energy produces no greenhouse gases. Wind power plants can make a significant contribution to the regional electricity supply and to power supply diversification. A very short lead time for planning and construction is required as compared to conventional power projects. Wind energy projects are flexible with regard to an increasing energy demand - single turbines can easily be added to an existing park. Finally, wind energy projects can make use of local resources in terms of labour, capital and materials. Can be used for both distributed generation or grid interactive power generation using on-shore or off shore technologies. Ranges of power producing turbines are available. Micro-turbines are capable of producing 300W to 1MW and large wind turbines have typical size of 35kW-3MW. 7. Wind Energy in Context of India BPLN0507 - Sustainable Urban Development | Bhupendra Pratap Singh (2013BPLN010) 7 Wind turbine is suitable to install in remote rural area, water pumping and grinding mills etc. Disadvantages The total cost can be cheaper than solar system but more expensive than hydro. Electricity production depends on- wind speed, location, season and air temperature. Hence various monitoring systems are needed and may cost expensive. High percentage

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Published on September 9, 2015 1. ` BPLN05 [...] of the hardware cost (for large WT) is mostly spent on the tower designed to support the turbine. State Wise InstalledWind Capacity A notable feature of the Indian program has been the interest among private investors/developers in setting up of commercial wind power projects. Several companies have established themselves in wind technology manufacturing. The gross potential is 48,561 MW (source C-wet) and a total of about 14,158.00 MW of commercial projects have been established until March 31, 2011. All projects installed in India are listed on this page. The break-up of projects implemented in prominent wind potential states (as on March 31, 2011) is as given below: State Gross Potential (MW) Total Capacity (MW) till 31.03.2011 Andhra Pradesh 8968 200.2 Gujarat 10,645 2175.6 Karnataka 11,531 1730.1 Kerala 1171 32.8 Madhya Pradesh 1019 275.5 Maharashtra 4584 2310.7 Orissa 255 - Rajasthan 4858 1524.7 Tamil Nadu 5530 5904.4 Others - 4 Total 48,561 14,158 8. Wind Energy in Context of India BPLN0507 - Sustainable Urban Development | Bhupendra Pratap Singh (2013BPLN010) 8 Future Wind Power Plants in India 102.4 MW Sipla Wind Farm will be located at Jaisalmer District (Rajasthan) CLP 50.4 MW Narmada Wind Farm at Nallakonda (Andhra Pradesh),CLP 200 MW Wind Farm in Tamil Nadu by Techno Electric & Engineering Company Ltd (TEECL) Caparo is builing 500

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Published on September 9, 2015 1. ` BPLN05 [...] MW Wind Farms in Rajasthan, Gujarat and Maharashtra, has placed a $1.2 billion order with Suzlon. 56-megawatt Tuppadahalli wind farm by Acc India. 50MW wind farm Amreli district of Gujarat by Orient Green Power Company. 84 MW Wind Farm in Maharashtra by Orient Green Power Company. 33 MW wind farm Vellappaneri Wind Farm by Beta Wind Farm which is a 100 per cent subsidiary Orient Green Power. Conclusion For making a sustainable India Wind energy can play a important role as India having geographical condition which are favorable for implementing wind turbine, Also this sector provides a lots of jobs so it also provide employment. It provides better replacements for the non-renewable source of energy. Government also encouraging private sector to invest in this field so it also provide economic growth of the country as well as increasing the GDP of country. References http://www.indianwindpower.com http://www.ge.com/in/wind-energy/wind-turbines-in-india http://www.inwea.org/aboutwindenergy.htm http://www.gwec.net http://powermin.nic.in/power-sector-glance-all-india Wind Energy Business Opportunities in India. Latest News for Energy Efficiency ... While steel is perhaps the most important material in this context, ... Wind Energy in India Potential and Challenges W ind energy has been the flag bearer for the ... the context of wind energy is offshore wind. India has a Wind Power in India: behind ... Dr. Xavier LEMAIRE, Sustainable Energy Regulation Network/REEEP Context ... India is the largest producer of wind energy ... August 8, 2011 related to energy scenario in India in context of the Germany‟s ... The subsidies for wind energy are 5 (Rs.3.30) and 12 ... The energy policy of India is largely defined by the country's expanding energy deficit ... particularly nuclear, solar and wind energy.

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The Monkeys and the Dragon-Flies One day, when the sun was at the zenith and the air was very hot, a poor dragon-fly, fatigued with her long journey, alighted to rest on a branch of a tree in which a great many monkeys lived. While she was fanning herself with her wings, a monkey approached her, and said, “Aha! What are you doing here, wretched creature?” “O sir! I wish you would permit me to rest on this branch while the sun is so hot,” said the dragon-fly softly. “I have been flying all morning, and I am so hot and tired that I can go no farther,” she added. “Indeed!” exclaimed the monkey in a mocking tone. “We don’t allow any weak creature such as you are to stay under our shelter. Go away!” he said angrily and, taking a dry twig, he threw it at the poor creature. The dragon-fly, being very quick, had flown away before the cruel monkey could hit her. She hurried to her brother the king, and told him what had happened. The king became very angry, and resolved to make war on the monkeys. So he despatched three of his soldiers to the king of the monkeys with this challenge: “The King of the Monkeys. “Sir, — As one of your subjects has treated my sister cruelly, I am resolved to kill you and your subjects with all speed. The monkey-king laughed at the challenge. He said to the messengers, “Let your king and his soldiers come to the battle-field, and they will see how well my troops fight.” “You don’t mean what you say, cruel king,” answered the messengers. “You should not judge before the fight is over.” “What fools, what fools!” exclaimed the king of the monkeys. “Go to your ruler and tell him my answer,” and he drove the poor little creatures away. When the king of the dragon-flies received the reply, he immediately ordered his soldiers to go to the battle-field, but without anything to fight with. Meanwhile the monkeys came, each armed with a heavy stick. Then the monkey-king shouted, “Strike the flying creatures with your clubs!” When King Dragon heard this order, he commanded his

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I can think of at least three ways to react to any situation: Denial: ‘Denying the consequence’ sounds like alternative terminology for a formal fallacy, with reason. Some of the ‘science’ behind Freud’s theories may demonstrate his delusion, however the value of denial as a coping mechanism is evident in day to day life. Without the ability to ‘deny’ or direct our attention away from stressors such as the fact of our mortality, living a productive life would be incredibly difficult. While denial is indeed a way of coping, it is rarely a constructive one when used to ‘address’ problems. The intent – conscious or not – is to avoid anxiety. It is the root of procrastination. It may provide short term gain, though how can we learn from something we deny? Adopting the role of the ‘victim’: An alternative, or perhaps postscript to denial is adopting the role of the victim. This method of coping is encapsulated in the description of the situation: ‘That’s just my luck’. ‘They were out to get me’. ‘They had picked someone else before I even had a chance’. ‘That’d be right’. The situation is explored in stages of outrage and self-pity. By believing things just ‘happen’ to us, how can we take a proactive approach to either understanding and resolving the issue, or learning from it to avoid similar scenarios in future? By adopting the role of the victim, we effectively rob ourselves of the power to take positive, constructive steps and of the opportunity to actively engage in seeking the life we want to live. We wait for something good to happen to us rather than seeking out fun, excitement, new experiences. Embracing the power to choose: By identifying a set of circumstances and holding ourselves accountable for the steps we take, we can embrace our power to make a choice. These choices are not always ‘good’ ones. Ill-conceived decisions can cause disruption, concern and grief; however when reflected on, the consequences can present an excellent opportunity to learn about humanity. Being accountable can be difficult. The choice itself can bring the temptation of denial. But denial brings with it the role of the victim, and I for one would much prefer to take a well-calculated risk and fail than live a life inside an intellectual prison of my

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Prime Minister Holness says Cabinet adopted the Parris Lyew-Ayee Jr. (2005) Boundary as the boundary of the Cockpit Country. This boundary will be declared and gazetted. Meanwhile, the protected area will include existing forest reserves, significant hydrological and ecological features and cultural and heritage sites. This area comprises approximately 74,726 hectares and will be referred to as the Cockpit Country Protected Area and will be protected under specific legislation as advised by the Attorney General. “The goal of defining the boundary is to ensure forest conservation, protection of biodiversity, preservation and improvement of traditional livelihoods and the creation of new economic opportunities from heritage, health and wellness tourism and eco-tourism”, the Prime Minister declared. No Mining will be permitted in Cockpit Country Protected Area Prime Minister Holness also announced that no mining will be permitted in the Cockpit Country Protected Area. In this regard, the Mining Act and any existing mining licences will be amended to close these areas to mining. “The Government is of the view that this area is too valuable in terms of its ecological and hydrological importance and uniqueness to allow mining which may result in permanent and irreversible harm and deprive future generations of the benefit of this national asset. While we will forgo the extraction of millions of tonnes of high grade bauxite and limestone with potential earnings of billions of United States dollars; we cannot put a price tag on the loss to our water resources and biodiversity,” he explained. With regards to the forested areas, the Cabinet has decided to extend the existing Cockpit Country, Litchfield-Matheson’s Run and the Fyffe and Rankine Forest Reserves to take in the broadleaf forests which are in close proximity to these areas. Prime Minister Holness pointed out that protection of these forests play an important role in the country’s climate change mitigation strategy by serving as a sink for greenhouse gases and will inform the country’s Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) as well as assist the country in the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) which reference climate change, life on land, clean water and sanitation. In relation to the

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