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Life Born in Radom, Lorentz moved to Warsaw where he studied Philosophy and History of Art at Warsaw University. In 1924 he defended his doctoral thesis (a monograph of Ephraim Szreger - Warsaw architect of the Age of Enlightenment). He moved to Vilnius in 1929, where he worked as the Art conservation officer in the regions of Vilnius (e.g. protection of the ruins of Peninsula Castle in Trakai) and Novogrodek as well as lectured at the Stefan Batory University in Wilno (then in Poland, now Vilnius in Lithuania). From 1935 he was director of the National Museum in Warsaw. With the title of "Polish head of the museum under the German commissioner", he remained engaged at the National Museum. He was a high-ranking member of the Polish Underground State during the German occupation of Poland, tasked with preserving Polish cultural heritage. After the war in 1945, he resumed his post as the director of the National Museum in Warsaw. In 1982 he was dismissed as a director because of joining the "Solidarity" movement. He became an honorary director from 1990 until his death in 1991. In 1947 he became a professor at the University of Warsaw, in 1949 a member of Polish Academy of Learning, and in 1952, the Polish Academy of Sciences. He was a member of several governmental departments and commissions related to art conservation and was also a deputy to Polish Sejm (1965–1969). He was a UNESCO expert on Polish and international cultural heritage, highly active in the restoration of the Royal Castle, Warsaw and Old Town in Havana, Cuba. Lorentz conducted an intensive correspondence with Lithuanian art conservation specialist Vladas Drėma. The letters were published in 1998.

Stanisław Lorentz (28 April 1899 – 15 March 1991) was a Polish scholar of museology and history of art. He was director of the National Museum in Warsaw in the years 1935-1985, deputy to Sejm - the Polish Parliament (1965–69), and an UNESCO expert for the protection of monuments and historic sites.Life Born in Radom, Lorentz moved to Warsaw where he studied Philosophy and History of Art at Warsaw University. In 1924 he defended his doctoral thesis (a monograph of Ephraim Szreger - Warsaw architect of the Age of Enlightenment). He moved to Vilnius in 1929, where he worked as the Art conservation officer in the regions of Vilnius (e.g. protection of the ruins of Peninsula Castle in Trakai) and Novogrodek as well as lectured at the Stefan Batory University in Wilno (then in Poland, now Vilnius in Lithuania). From 1935 he was director of the National Museum in Warsaw. With the title of "Polish head of the museum under the German commissioner", he remained engaged at the National Museum. He was a high-ranking member of the Polish Underground State during the German occupation of Poland, tasked with preserving Polish cultural heritage. After the war in 1945, he resumed his post as the director of the National Museum in Warsaw. In 1982 he was dismissed as a director because of joining the "Solidarity" movement. He became an honorary director from 1990 until his death in 1991. In 1947 he became a professor at the University of Warsaw, in 1949 a member of Polish Academy of Learning, and in 1952, the Polish Academy of Sciences. He was a member of several governmental departments and commissions related to art conservation and was also a deputy to Polish Sejm (1965–1969). He was a UNESCO expert on Polish and international cultural heritage, highly active in the restoration of the Royal Castle, Warsaw and Old Town in Havana, Cuba. Lorentz conducted an intensive correspondence with Lithuanian art conservation specialist Vladas Drėma. The letters were published in 1998.

Life Born in Radom, Lorentz moved to Warsaw where he studied Philosophy and History of Art at Warsaw University. In 1924 he defended his doctoral thesis (a monograph of Ephraim Szreger - Warsaw architect of the Age of Enlightenment). He moved to Vilnius in 1929, where he worked as the Art conservation officer in the regions of Vilnius (e.g. protection of the ruins of Peninsula Castle in Trakai) and Novogrodek as well as lectured at the Stefan Batory University in Wilno (then in Poland, now Vilnius in Lithuania). From 1935 he was director of the National Museum in Warsaw. With the title of "Polish head of the museum under the German commissioner", he remained engaged at the National Museum. He was a high-ranking member of the Polish Underground State during the German occupation of Poland, tasked with preserving Polish cultural heritage. After the war in 1945, he resumed his post as the director of the National Museum in Warsaw. In 1982 he was dismissed as a director because of joining the "Solidarity" movement. He became an honorary director from 1990 until his death in 1991. In 1947 he became a professor at the University of Warsaw, in 1949 a member of Polish Academy of Learning, and in 1952, the Polish Academy of Sciences. He was a member of several governmental departments and commissions related to art conservation and was also a deputy to Polish Sejm (1965–1969). He was a UNESCO expert on Polish and international cultural heritage, highly active in the restoration of the Royal Castle, Warsaw and Old Town in Havana, Cuba. Lorentz conducted an intensive correspondence with Lithuanian art conservation specialist Vladas Drėma. The letters were published in 1998.

Life Born in Radom, Lorentz moved to Warsaw where he studied Philosophy and History of Art at Warsaw University. In 1924 he defended his doctoral thesis (a monograph of Ephraim Szreger - Warsaw architect of the Age of Enlightenment). He moved to Vilnius in 1929, where he worked as the Art conservation officer in the regions of Vilnius (e.g. protection of the ruins of Peninsula Castle in Trakai) and Novogrodek as well as lectured at the Stefan Batory University in Wilno (then in Poland, now Vilnius in Lithuania). From 1935 he was director of the National Museum in Warsaw. With the title of "Polish head of the museum under the German commissioner", he remained engaged at the National Museum. He was a high-ranking member of the Polish Underground State during the German occupation of Poland, tasked with preserving Polish cultural heritage. After the war in 1945, he resumed his post as the director of the National Museum in Warsaw. In 1982 he was dismissed as a director because of joining the "Solidarity" movement. He became an honorary director from 1990 until his death in 1991. In 1947 he became a professor at the University of Warsaw, in 1949 a member of Polish Academy of Learning, and in 1952, the Polish Academy of Sciences. He was a member of several governmental departments and commissions related to art conservation and was also a deputy to Polish Sejm (1965–1969). He was a UNESCO expert on Polish and international cultural heritage, highly active in the restoration of the Royal Castle, Warsaw and Old Town in Havana, Cuba. Lorentz conducted an intensive correspondence with Lithuanian art conservation specialist Vladas Drėma. The letters were published in 1998.

Stanisław Lorentz (28 April 1899 – 15 March 1991) was a Polish scholar of museology and history of art. He was director of the National Museum in Warsaw in the years 1935-1985, deputy to Sejm - the Polish Parliament (1965–69), and an UNESCO expert for the protection of monuments and historic sites.Life Born in Radom, Lorentz moved to Warsaw where he studied Philosophy and History of Art at Warsaw University. In 1924 he defended his doctoral thesis (a monograph of Ephraim Szreger - Warsaw architect of the Age of Enlightenment). He moved to Vilnius in 1929, where he worked as the Art conservation officer in the regions of Vilnius (e.g. protection of the ruins of Peninsula Castle in Trakai) and Novogrodek as well as lectured at the Stefan Batory University in Wilno (then in Poland, now Vilnius in Lithuania). From 1935 he was director of the National Museum in Warsaw. With the title of "Polish head of the museum under the German commissioner", he remained engaged at the National Museum. He was a high-ranking member of the Polish Underground State during the German occupation of Poland, tasked with preserving Polish cultural heritage. After the war in 1945, he resumed his post as the director of the National Museum in Warsaw. In 1982 he was dismissed as a director because of joining the "Solidarity" movement. He became an honorary director from 1990 until his death in 1991. In 1947 he became a professor at the University of Warsaw, in 1949 a member of Polish Academy of Learning, and in 1952, the Polish Academy of Sciences. He was a member of several governmental departments and commissions related to art conservation and was also a deputy to Polish Sejm (1965–1969). He was a UNESCO expert on Polish and international cultural heritage, highly active in the restoration of the Royal Castle, Warsaw and Old Town in Havana, Cuba. Lorentz conducted an intensive correspondence with Lithuanian art conservation specialist Vladas Drėma. The letters were published in 1998.

Life Born in Radom, Lorentz moved to Warsaw where he studied Philosophy and History of Art at Warsaw University. In 1924 he defended his doctoral thesis (a monograph of Ephraim Szreger - Warsaw architect of the Age of Enlightenment). He moved to Vilnius in 1929, where he worked as the Art conservation officer in the regions of Vilnius (e.g. protection of the ruins of Peninsula Castle in Trakai) and Novogrodek as well as lectured at the Stefan Batory University in Wilno (then in Poland, now Vilnius in Lithuania). From 1935 he was director of the National Museum in Warsaw. With the title of "Polish head of the museum under the German commissioner", he remained engaged at the National Museum. He was a high-ranking member of the Polish Underground State during the German occupation of Poland, tasked with preserving Polish cultural heritage. After the war in 1945, he resumed his post as the director of the National Museum in Warsaw. In 1982 he was dismissed as a director because of joining the "Solidarity" movement. He became an honorary director from 1990 until his death in 1991. In 1947 he became a professor at the University of Warsaw, in 1949 a member of Polish Academy of Learning, and in 1952, the Polish Academy of Sciences. He was a member of several governmental departments and commissions related to art conservation and was also a deputy to Polish Sejm (1965–1969). He was a UNESCO expert on Polish and international cultural heritage, highly active in the restoration of the Royal Castle, Warsaw and Old Town in Havana, Cuba. Lorentz conducted an intensive correspondence with Lithuanian art conservation specialist Vladas Drėma. The letters were published in 1998.

Life Born in Radom, Lorentz moved to Warsaw where he studied Philosophy and History of Art at Warsaw University. In 1924 he defended his doctoral thesis (a monograph of Ephraim Szreger - Warsaw architect of the Age of Enlightenment). He moved to Vilnius in 1929, where he worked as the Art conservation officer in the regions of Vilnius (e.g. protection of the ruins of Peninsula Castle in Trakai) and Novogrodek as well as lectured at the Stefan Batory University in Wilno (then in Poland, now Vilnius in Lithuania). From 1935 he was director of the National Museum in Warsaw. With the title of "Polish head of the museum under the German commissioner", he remained engaged at the National Museum. He was a high-ranking member of the Polish Underground State during the German occupation of Poland, tasked with preserving Polish cultural heritage. After the war in 1945, he resumed his post as the director of the National Museum in Warsaw. In 1982 he was dismissed as a director because of joining the "Solidarity" movement. He became an honorary director from 1990 until his death in 1991. In 1947 he became a professor at the University of Warsaw, in 1949 a member of Polish Academy of Learning, and in 1952, the Polish Academy of Sciences. He was a member of several governmental departments and commissions related to art conservation and was also a deputy to Polish Sejm (1965–1969). He was a UNESCO expert on Polish and international cultural heritage, highly active in the restoration of the Royal Castle, Warsaw and Old Town in Havana, Cuba. Lorentz conducted an intensive correspondence with Lithuanian art conservation specialist Vladas Drėma. The letters were published in 1998.

Life Born in Radom, Lorentz moved to Warsaw where he studied Philosophy and History of Art at Warsaw University. In 1924 he defended his doctoral thesis (a monograph of Ephraim Szreger - Warsaw architect of the Age of Enlightenment). He moved to Vilnius in 1929, where he worked as the Art conservation officer in the regions of Vilnius (e.g. protection of the ruins of Peninsula Castle in Trakai) and Novogrodek as well as lectured at the Stefan Batory University in Wilno (then in Poland, now Vilnius in Lithuania). From 1935 he was director of the National Museum in Warsaw. With the title of "Polish head of the museum under the German commissioner", he remained engaged at the National Museum. He was a high-ranking member of the Polish Underground State during the German occupation of Poland, tasked with preserving Polish cultural heritage. After the war in 1945, he resumed his post as the director of the National Museum in Warsaw. In 1982 he was dismissed as a director because of joining the "Solidarity" movement. He became an honorary director from 1990 until his death in 1991. In 1947 he became a professor at the University of Warsaw, in 1949 a member of Polish Academy of Learning, and in 1952, the Polish Academy of Sciences. He was a member of several governmental departments and commissions related to art conservation and was also a deputy to Polish Sejm (1965–1969). He was a UNESCO expert on Polish and international cultural heritage, highly active in the restoration of the Royal Castle, Warsaw and Old Town in Havana, Cuba. Lorentz conducted an intensive correspondence with Lithuanian art conservation specialist Vladas Drėma. The letters were published in 1998.

Life Born in Radom, Lorentz moved to Warsaw where he studied Philosophy and History of Art at Warsaw University. In 1924 he defended his doctoral thesis (a monograph of Ephraim Szreger - Warsaw architect of the Age of Enlightenment). He moved to Vilnius in 1929, where he worked as the Art conservation officer in the regions of Vilnius (e.g. protection of the ruins of Peninsula Castle in Trakai) and Novogrodek as well as lectured at the Stefan Batory University in Wilno (then in Poland, now Vilnius in Lithuania). From 1935 he was director of the National Museum in Warsaw. With the title of "Polish head of the museum under the German commissioner", he remained engaged at the National Museum. He was a high-ranking member of the Polish Underground State during the German occupation of Poland, tasked with preserving Polish cultural heritage. After the war in 1945, he resumed his post as the director of the National Museum in Warsaw. In 1982 he was dismissed as a director because of joining the "Solidarity" movement. He became an honorary director from 1990 until his death in 1991. In 1947 he became a professor at the University of Warsaw, in 1949 a member of Polish Academy of Learning, and in 1952, the Polish Academy of Sciences. He was a member of several governmental departments and commissions related to art conservation and was also a deputy to Polish Sejm (1965–1969). He was a UNESCO expert on Polish and international cultural heritage, highly active in the restoration of the Royal Castle, Warsaw and Old Town in Havana, Cuba. Lorentz conducted an intensive correspondence with Lithuanian art conservation specialist Vladas Drėma. The letters were published in 1998.

Wojciech Polak (born 19 December 1964) is the Roman Catholic archbishop of Gniezno, Poland, since his appointment on 17 May 2014. He previously served as an auxiliary bishop of Gniezno.Biography Early life Polak was born in 1964 in Inowrocław, within the territory of the archdiocese. After passing his exams in 1983, he was admitted to the Major Seminary of Gniezno and on 13 May 1989 he was ordained to the priesthood. In the years 1989–1991 was an assistant priest at St. Martin and Nicholas' Church in Bydgoszcz.

Wojciech Polak (born 19 December 1964) is the Roman Catholic archbishop of Gniezno, Poland, since his appointment on 17 May 2014. He previously served as an auxiliary bishop of Gniezno.

Early career He studied at the Alphonsian Academy, where he obtained a licentiate in 1996 and a doctorate in moral theology. Following his studies, he held numerous positions including as prefect of discipline at the Major Seminary of Gniezno (1995–1999), rector of the Major Seminary (1999–2003), judge of the Ecclesiastical Court, professor of Moral Theology at the Major Seminary and since 1998 in the Faculty of Theology of the Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań. On 8 April 2003, he was appointed auxiliary bishop of Gniezno and titular bishop of Mons in Numidia by Pope John Paul II and he was consecrated on 4 May. Pope Benedict XVI named him a member of the Pontifical Council for the Pastoral Care of Migrants and Itinerant People on 17 December 2011.In 2009 he was elected member of the Permanent Council of the Polish Episcopal Conference and since 2011 he has held the position of Secretary General. In 2013 he was elected Chairman of the Group for the contacts with the Russian Orthodox Church.

Early career He studied at the Alphonsian Academy, where he obtained a licentiate in 1996 and a doctorate in moral theology. Following his studies, he held numerous positions including as prefect of discipline at the Major Seminary of Gniezno (1995–1999), rector of the Major Seminary (1999–2003), judge of the Ecclesiastical Court, professor of Moral Theology at the Major Seminary and since 1998 in the Faculty of Theology of the Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań. On 8 April 2003, he was appointed auxiliary bishop of Gniezno and titular bishop of Mons in Numidia by Pope John Paul II and he was consecrated on 4 May. Pope Benedict XVI named him a member of the Pontifical Council for the Pastoral Care of Migrants and Itinerant People on 17 December 2011.In 2009 he was elected member of the Permanent Council of the Polish Episcopal Conference and since 2011 he has held the position of Secretary General. In 2013 he was elected Chairman of the Group for the contacts with the Russian Orthodox Church.

Early career He studied at the Alphonsian Academy, where he obtained a licentiate in 1996 and a doctorate in moral theology. Following his studies, he held numerous positions including as prefect of discipline at the Major Seminary of Gniezno (1995–1999), rector of the Major Seminary (1999–2003), judge of the Ecclesiastical Court, professor of Moral Theology at the Major Seminary and since 1998 in the Faculty of Theology of the Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań. On 8 April 2003, he was appointed auxiliary bishop of Gniezno and titular bishop of Mons in Numidia by Pope John Paul II and he was consecrated on 4 May. Pope Benedict XVI named him a member of the Pontifical Council for the Pastoral Care of Migrants and Itinerant People on 17 December 2011.In 2009 he was elected member of the Permanent Council of the Polish Episcopal Conference and since 2011 he has held the position of Secretary General. In 2013 he was elected Chairman of the Group for the contacts with the Russian Orthodox Church.

Wojciech Polak (born 19 December 1964) is the Roman Catholic archbishop of Gniezno, Poland, since his appointment on 17 May 2014. He previously served as an auxiliary bishop of Gniezno.Early career He studied at the Alphonsian Academy, where he obtained a licentiate in 1996 and a doctorate in moral theology. Following his studies, he held numerous positions including as prefect of discipline at the Major Seminary of Gniezno (1995–1999), rector of the Major Seminary (1999–2003), judge of the Ecclesiastical Court, professor of Moral Theology at the Major Seminary and since 1998 in the Faculty of Theology of the Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań. On 8 April 2003, he was appointed auxiliary bishop of Gniezno and titular bishop of Mons in Numidia by Pope John Paul II and he was consecrated on 4 May. Pope Benedict XVI named him a member of the Pontifical Council for the Pastoral Care of Migrants and Itinerant People on 17 December 2011.In 2009 he was elected member of the Permanent Council of the Polish Episcopal Conference and since 2011 he has held the position of Secretary General. In 2013 he was elected Chairman of the Group for the contacts with the Russian Orthodox Church.Archbishop of Gniezno On 17 May 2014 Pope Francis appointed Polak the archbishop of Gniezno and, ex officio, primate of Poland, replacing the retiring Archbishop Józef Kowalczyk. He was installed at the Gniezno Cathedral on 7 June 2014.

Biography Early life Polak was born in 1964 in Inowrocław, within the territory of the archdiocese. After passing his exams in 1983, he was admitted to the Major Seminary of Gniezno and on 13 May 1989 he was ordained to the priesthood. In the years 1989–1991 was an assistant priest at St. Martin and Nicholas' Church in Bydgoszcz.

Wojciech Polak (born 19 December 1964) is the Roman Catholic archbishop of Gniezno, Poland, since his appointment on 17 May 2014. He previously served as an auxiliary bishop of Gniezno.Biography Early life Polak was born in 1964 in Inowrocław, within the territory of the archdiocese. After passing his exams in 1983, he was admitted to the Major Seminary of Gniezno and on 13 May 1989 he was ordained to the priesthood. In the years 1989–1991 was an assistant priest at St. Martin and Nicholas' Church in Bydgoszcz.

Wojciech Polak (born 19 December 1964) is the Roman Catholic archbishop of Gniezno, Poland, since his appointment on 17 May 2014. He previously served as an auxiliary bishop of Gniezno.Biography Early life Polak was born in 1964 in Inowrocław, within the territory of the archdiocese. After passing his exams in 1983, he was admitted to the Major Seminary of Gniezno and on 13 May 1989 he was ordained to the priesthood. In the years 1989–1991 was an assistant priest at St. Martin and Nicholas' Church in Bydgoszcz.

Wojciech Polak (born 19 December 1964) is the Roman Catholic archbishop of Gniezno, Poland, since his appointment on 17 May 2014. He previously served as an auxiliary bishop of Gniezno.Biography Early life Polak was born in 1964 in Inowrocław, within the territory of the archdiocese. After passing his exams in 1983, he was admitted to the Major Seminary of Gniezno and on 13 May 1989 he was ordained to the priesthood. In the years 1989–1991 was an assistant priest at St. Martin and Nicholas' Church in Bydgoszcz.

Jan Cieplak (17 August 1857 – 17 February 1926) was a Polish Roman Catholic priest and archbishop.Early life Jan Cieplak was born in Dąbrowa Górnicza, Congress Poland, in 1857 to an impoverished family of the Polish nobility. He attended the Saint Petersburg Roman Catholic Theological Academy during the 1880s. After several years as a seminary instructor, in 1908, he became the auxiliary bishop of the Metropolitan Archdiocese of Mohilev and titular bishop of Evaria. He remained in this position until his superior, Archbishop Edward von der Ropp, was deported after the October Revolution.

Jan Cieplak (17 August 1857 – 17 February 1926) was a Polish Roman Catholic priest and archbishop.Early life Jan Cieplak was born in Dąbrowa Górnicza, Congress Poland, in 1857 to an impoverished family of the Polish nobility. He attended the Saint Petersburg Roman Catholic Theological Academy during the 1880s. After several years as a seminary instructor, in 1908, he became the auxiliary bishop of the Metropolitan Archdiocese of Mohilev and titular bishop of Evaria. He remained in this position until his superior, Archbishop Edward von der Ropp, was deported after the October Revolution.

Jan Cieplak (17 August 1857 – 17 February 1926) was a Polish Roman Catholic priest and archbishop.Early life Jan Cieplak was born in Dąbrowa Górnicza, Congress Poland, in 1857 to an impoverished family of the Polish nobility. He attended the Saint Petersburg Roman Catholic Theological Academy during the 1880s. After several years as a seminary instructor, in 1908, he became the auxiliary bishop of the Metropolitan Archdiocese of Mohilev and titular bishop of Evaria. He remained in this position until his superior, Archbishop Edward von der Ropp, was deported after the October Revolution.Archbishop During the reign of Nicholas II of Russia, Cieplak was under surveillance by the Okhrana, which suspected him of Polish nationalism. On 29 March 1919, he was named the titular archbishop of Achrida. As the highest-ranking representative of Roman Catholic Church in the new Soviet Union he was often harassed and persecuted. The Archbishop was arrested twice by the CHEKA but was released amidst massive protests by the Catholics of Petrograd. At the same time, he was also instrumental in arranging for the relics of Saint Andrew Bobola to be permanently transferred from the Soviet Union to Rome. Otherwise, the Archbishop was certain that the remains of the Saint would have been subjected to desecration. After Lenin's stroke in 1922, Petrograd CPSU boss Grigory Zinoviev was determined to rid his district of organized Catholicism. With the support of a majority of the Politburo, a political show trial was arranged, which was to be prosecuted by Deputy Commissar of Justice Nikolai Krylenko.

Early life Jan Cieplak was born in Dąbrowa Górnicza, Congress Poland, in 1857 to an impoverished family of the Polish nobility. He attended the Saint Petersburg Roman Catholic Theological Academy during the 1880s. After several years as a seminary instructor, in 1908, he became the auxiliary bishop of the Metropolitan Archdiocese of Mohilev and titular bishop of Evaria. He remained in this position until his superior, Archbishop Edward von der Ropp, was deported after the October Revolution.

Archbishop During the reign of Nicholas II of Russia, Cieplak was under surveillance by the Okhrana, which suspected him of Polish nationalism. On 29 March 1919, he was named the titular archbishop of Achrida. As the highest-ranking representative of Roman Catholic Church in the new Soviet Union he was often harassed and persecuted. The Archbishop was arrested twice by the CHEKA but was released amidst massive protests by the Catholics of Petrograd. At the same time, he was also instrumental in arranging for the relics of Saint Andrew Bobola to be permanently transferred from the Soviet Union to Rome. Otherwise, the Archbishop was certain that the remains of the Saint would have been subjected to desecration. After Lenin's stroke in 1922, Petrograd CPSU boss Grigory Zinoviev was determined to rid his district of organized Catholicism. With the support of a majority of the Politburo, a political show trial was arranged, which was to be prosecuted by Deputy Commissar of Justice Nikolai Krylenko.

Early life Jan Cieplak was born in Dąbrowa Górnicza, Congress Poland, in 1857 to an impoverished family of the Polish nobility. He attended the Saint Petersburg Roman Catholic Theological Academy during the 1880s. After several years as a seminary instructor, in 1908, he became the auxiliary bishop of the Metropolitan Archdiocese of Mohilev and titular bishop of Evaria. He remained in this position until his superior, Archbishop Edward von der Ropp, was deported after the October Revolution.

Jan Cieplak (17 August 1857 – 17 February 1926) was a Polish Roman Catholic priest and archbishop.Early life Jan Cieplak was born in Dąbrowa Górnicza, Congress Poland, in 1857 to an impoverished family of the Polish nobility. He attended the Saint Petersburg Roman Catholic Theological Academy during the 1880s. After several years as a seminary instructor, in 1908, he became the auxiliary bishop of the Metropolitan Archdiocese of Mohilev and titular bishop of Evaria. He remained in this position until his superior, Archbishop Edward von der Ropp, was deported after the October Revolution.

Release and later life Under international pressure, Cieplak was released from prison and taken to Poland in 1924. After reaching Poland, he left for Rome and then to the United States. He began his tour of the United States in 1925. During that time, "he visited 375 parishes and 800 institutions in 25 dioceses." He visited with Chicago's Polish Community at St. Hyacinth Basilica. On 10 November 1925, he arrived in Passaic, New Jersey. He visited the Polish community of Syracuse, New York in early 1926, where he spoke to the parishioners of Sacred Heart Church. He died of an illness in Dąbrowa Górnicza a few months later. In 1925 Cieplak was nominated to serve as the Archbishop of Wilno (Vilnius), but he died before he was able to assume the position. He was interred in the Vilnius Cathedral.

Archbishop During the reign of Nicholas II of Russia, Cieplak was under surveillance by the Okhrana, which suspected him of Polish nationalism. On 29 March 1919, he was named the titular archbishop of Achrida. As the highest-ranking representative of Roman Catholic Church in the new Soviet Union he was often harassed and persecuted. The Archbishop was arrested twice by the CHEKA but was released amidst massive protests by the Catholics of Petrograd. At the same time, he was also instrumental in arranging for the relics of Saint Andrew Bobola to be permanently transferred from the Soviet Union to Rome. Otherwise, the Archbishop was certain that the remains of the Saint would have been subjected to desecration. After Lenin's stroke in 1922, Petrograd CPSU boss Grigory Zinoviev was determined to rid his district of organized Catholicism. With the support of a majority of the Politburo, a political show trial was arranged, which was to be prosecuted by Deputy Commissar of Justice Nikolai Krylenko.

Early life Skrela was born in Colomiers near Toulouse in France. His parents were Polish refugees (his father came from the village Kobiela, his mother from the village Charbinowice). He lost his father when he was 12.

International matches as Head coach Record by country Honours Five Nations Championship Winner 1997, 1998 Rugby World Cup Runner-up 1999 Latin Cup Winner 1995, 1997 Trophée des Bicentenaires Runner-up 1997, 1998France Rugby Union Championship Runner-up 1980 Challenge Yves du Manoir Runner-up 1971As a coach Stade toulousain

Playing career He played for FC Auch and Stade Toulousain and made his debut for France in 1971 against South Africa. He won forty-six caps and won the Five Nations Championship in 1973 (tie victory) and in 1977 (Grand Slam). He also scored the first four-point try in a major Test match on 20 November 1971, when he charged down a kick from Australian fullback Arthur McGill.

Jean-Claude Skrela (born 1 October 1949 in Colomiers, Haute-Garonne) is a former coach of the French national rugby union team. His son, David Skrela, is a French rugby union player and his daughter, Gaëlle Skrela, is a professional basketball player.

Jean-Claude Skrela (born 1 October 1949 in Colomiers, Haute-Garonne) is a former coach of the French national rugby union team. His son, David Skrela, is a French rugby union player and his daughter, Gaëlle Skrela, is a professional basketball player.

Other honours As a player France

Jean-Claude Skrela (born 1 October 1949 in Colomiers, Haute-Garonne) is a former coach of the French national rugby union team. His son, David Skrela, is a French rugby union player and his daughter, Gaëlle Skrela, is a professional basketball player.Early life Skrela was born in Colomiers near Toulouse in France. His parents were Polish refugees (his father came from the village Kobiela, his mother from the village Charbinowice). He lost his father when he was 12.Playing career He played for FC Auch and Stade Toulousain and made his debut for France in 1971 against South Africa. He won forty-six caps and won the Five Nations Championship in 1973 (tie victory) and in 1977 (Grand Slam). He also scored the first four-point try in a major Test match on 20 November 1971, when he charged down a kick from Australian fullback Arthur McGill.

Teodor Kazimierz Czartoryski (1704 – 1 March 1768 in Dolsk) was a bishop of Poznań and a member of the magnate family of Czartoryski in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. While he took good care of his ecclesiastical estates, he was much less involved in politics than his more famous brothers from the familia, August Aleksander Czartoryski and Michał Fryderyk Czartoryski.

Teodor Kazimierz Czartoryski (1704 – 1 March 1768 in Dolsk) was a bishop of Poznań and a member of the magnate family of Czartoryski in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. While he took good care of his ecclesiastical estates, he was much less involved in politics than his more famous brothers from the familia, August Aleksander Czartoryski and Michał Fryderyk Czartoryski.

Teodor Kazimierz Czartoryski (1704 – 1 March 1768 in Dolsk) was a bishop of Poznań and a member of the magnate family of Czartoryski in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. While he took good care of his ecclesiastical estates, he was much less involved in politics than his more famous brothers from the familia, August Aleksander Czartoryski and Michał Fryderyk Czartoryski.

Teodor Kazimierz Czartoryski (1704 – 1 March 1768 in Dolsk) was a bishop of Poznań and a member of the magnate family of Czartoryski in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. While he took good care of his ecclesiastical estates, he was much less involved in politics than his more famous brothers from the familia, August Aleksander Czartoryski and Michał Fryderyk Czartoryski.

Teodor Kazimierz Czartoryski (1704 – 1 March 1768 in Dolsk) was a bishop of Poznań and a member of the magnate family of Czartoryski in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. While he took good care of his ecclesiastical estates, he was much less involved in politics than his more famous brothers from the familia, August Aleksander Czartoryski and Michał Fryderyk Czartoryski.Biography Czartoryski was chosen by his family to be a priest from the early childhood, receiving the title of canon when he was 13 years old. He studied in the jesuit Collegium Romanum in Rome and received the Holy Orders in 1727. Starting that year, the influence of familia resulted in him receiving a series of prosperous prebendaries, as well as becoming one of the ecclesiastical judges in the Crown Tribunal. In 1729 Czartoryski returned to Rome, and with the support of France, the Czartoryski's familia secured his nomination for the bishop of Poznań (from 1732). However familia plans to secure the cardinal nomination for Teodor failed due to the pro-French faction defeat at the beginning of the War of the Polish Succession in the aftermath of the 1733 royal Polish election. The Poznań bishopry was denied to familia (and Teodor) until 1639, and even that grudgingly approved by the king of Poland, Augustus III, after the death of member of familia, primate of Poland, Teodor Andrzej Potocki. Czartoryski, as a bishop, became one of the senators of Poland. His first speech at Sejm (Polish parliament) outlined the political plan of familia, proposing the reforms meant to prop the failing political system of the Commonwealth (Golden Freedoms). Specifically, he argued for modernising and enlarging the army, raising the taxes and support of the cities. However, Teodor was never fond of politics, taking part in Sejm deliberations only when he deemed it really necessary. In 1764 he caused a scandal, when bishop of Wilno, Ignacy Jakub Massalski was giving a speech defending hetman Jan Klemens Branicki, Teodor has fallen asleep and fallen on bishop Massalski, causing widespread amusement. In his diocese, Czartoryski concentrated on economics and theology. He was seen as a tolerant – by some, even too tolerant – bishop in the matters dealing with non-Catholics, in 1750 allowing the first Lutheran burial in Warsaw. He was also known to disapprove of fasting, and when his court doctor "discovered" that the Polish plait is caused by the linum oil, he succeeded in obtaining a papal bull allowing him to eat dairy products during the fastings. Czartoryski was concerned about the economics of his lands. In Warsaw, he established a commission to improve the condition of the city streets. In Poznań, he helped to reduce the city's debt, and the voivode of Poznań, Stefan Garczyński, complimented him in 1748 for those actions. In 1756 he spent a good part of the year traveling around his diocese, supporting the rebuilding of the town of Krobie which recently suffered a major fire. In the 1750s he also sponsored the reconstruction of the Archcathedral Basilica of St. Peter and St. Paul, Poznań, as well as the bishop's palace in Ostrów Tumski. Unlike many of the contemporary magnates, Czartoryski's lifestyle was relatively modest, and he preferred his smaller palace in Dolsk to the lavish residence of Poznań's bishop in Ciążeń. He was known as a music connoisseur, and played harpsichord and viola. King Augustus III died in 1763. Familia decided to support the candidate, Stanisław August Poniatowski, but other Polish neighbours also tried to influence the beginning of the royal election. Prussian army entered Wielkopolska, including the Poznań Voivodship, trying to show the might of Prussia, and Teodor, together with other Poznań officials, sent a protest note to Potsdam. He also supported politics of familia and secured the support of the Poznań region deputies to the election sejm. At that time Czartoryski was beginning to suffer from weak health. In 1765 he and his private doctor Nathanael Matthaeus von Wolf went to Spa, Belgium. In 1766 he tried to take part in the new Sejm, but because of poor health his influence on it was negligible, and he had no influence on the turbulent events in the last months of his life, notably the Radom Confederation and the Repnin Sejm. He died on 1 March 1768 in his palace at Dolsk.

Teodor Kazimierz Czartoryski (1704 – 1 March 1768 in Dolsk) was a bishop of Poznań and a member of the magnate family of Czartoryski in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. While he took good care of his ecclesiastical estates, he was much less involved in politics than his more famous brothers from the familia, August Aleksander Czartoryski and Michał Fryderyk Czartoryski.

Teodor Kazimierz Czartoryski (1704 – 1 March 1768 in Dolsk) was a bishop of Poznań and a member of the magnate family of Czartoryski in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. While he took good care of his ecclesiastical estates, he was much less involved in politics than his more famous brothers from the familia, August Aleksander Czartoryski and Michał Fryderyk Czartoryski.

Aniela Krzywoń (27 May 1925 – 12 October 1943) was a private in the "Emilia Plater" Independent Women's Battalion of the Polish People's Army during the Second World War and became the only woman in history who was not a citizen of the Soviet Union to be awarded the USSR's highest honor for bravery, the title Hero of the Soviet Union, after she died of injuries sustained while rescuing important military documents from a burning truck after a Luftwaffe bombing raid.Early life Krzywoń was born in the village of Puźniki, then located in the Second Polish Republic; the area the village once was in currently located within present-day Ukraine since it had become part of the Ukrainian SSR in 1939. Her father fought in the Polish–Soviet War; after their village became part of the Ukraine the Krzywoń family and many other Polish families that had been deemed "politically unreliable" were forcibly deported to the Irkutsk Oblast of Siberia and later relocated to the city of Kansk. There Aniela began working as a machinist at a local timber mill until she voluntarily joined the army in 1943 to fight in World War II.Military career Krzywoń joined the 1st Tadeusz Kościuszko Infantry Division of the Polish People's Army on 29 May 1943 and was assigned to the "Emilia Plater" Independent Women's Battalion. She was trained in the use of submachine guns and grenades as well as hand-to-hand combat. On 12 October 1943 the battalion was forced to retreat after they saw their baptism by fire in the Lenino village of the Byelorussian SSR. While Krzywoń was accompanying a truck carrying the wounded and important documents from headquarters they were attacked by a Luftwaffe raid. Krzywoń ran into the burning vehicle, carrying out the wounded soldiers and staff as well as rescuing the important documents from the fire. Inside the burning vehicle she died from her injuries. For her heroism she was posthumously awarded the highest Polish and Soviet decorations – the Virtuti Militari of Poland and the title Hero of the Soviet Union. She was the first and only Polish female decorated with the Gold Star of the Hero of the Soviet Union, and the only woman ever awarded the title that was not a Soviet citizen.

Aniela Krzywoń (27 May 1925 – 12 October 1943) was a private in the "Emilia Plater" Independent Women's Battalion of the Polish People's Army during the Second World War and became the only woman in history who was not a citizen of the Soviet Union to be awarded the USSR's highest honor for bravery, the title Hero of the Soviet Union, after she died of injuries sustained while rescuing important military documents from a burning truck after a Luftwaffe bombing raid.Early life Krzywoń was born in the village of Puźniki, then located in the Second Polish Republic; the area the village once was in currently located within present-day Ukraine since it had become part of the Ukrainian SSR in 1939. Her father fought in the Polish–Soviet War; after their village became part of the Ukraine the Krzywoń family and many other Polish families that had been deemed "politically unreliable" were forcibly deported to the Irkutsk Oblast of Siberia and later relocated to the city of Kansk. There Aniela began working as a machinist at a local timber mill until she voluntarily joined the army in 1943 to fight in World War II.Military career Krzywoń joined the 1st Tadeusz Kościuszko Infantry Division of the Polish People's Army on 29 May 1943 and was assigned to the "Emilia Plater" Independent Women's Battalion. She was trained in the use of submachine guns and grenades as well as hand-to-hand combat. On 12 October 1943 the battalion was forced to retreat after they saw their baptism by fire in the Lenino village of the Byelorussian SSR. While Krzywoń was accompanying a truck carrying the wounded and important documents from headquarters they were attacked by a Luftwaffe raid. Krzywoń ran into the burning vehicle, carrying out the wounded soldiers and staff as well as rescuing the important documents from the fire. Inside the burning vehicle she died from her injuries. For her heroism she was posthumously awarded the highest Polish and Soviet decorations – the Virtuti Militari of Poland and the title Hero of the Soviet Union. She was the first and only Polish female decorated with the Gold Star of the Hero of the Soviet Union, and the only woman ever awarded the title that was not a Soviet citizen.

Aniela Krzywoń (27 May 1925 – 12 October 1943) was a private in the "Emilia Plater" Independent Women's Battalion of the Polish People's Army during the Second World War and became the only woman in history who was not a citizen of the Soviet Union to be awarded the USSR's highest honor for bravery, the title Hero of the Soviet Union, after she died of injuries sustained while rescuing important military documents from a burning truck after a Luftwaffe bombing raid.

Aniela Krzywoń (27 May 1925 – 12 October 1943) was a private in the "Emilia Plater" Independent Women's Battalion of the Polish People's Army during the Second World War and became the only woman in history who was not a citizen of the Soviet Union to be awarded the USSR's highest honor for bravery, the title Hero of the Soviet Union, after she died of injuries sustained while rescuing important military documents from a burning truck after a Luftwaffe bombing raid.Military career Krzywoń joined the 1st Tadeusz Kościuszko Infantry Division of the Polish People's Army on 29 May 1943 and was assigned to the "Emilia Plater" Independent Women's Battalion. She was trained in the use of submachine guns and grenades as well as hand-to-hand combat. On 12 October 1943 the battalion was forced to retreat after they saw their baptism by fire in the Lenino village of the Byelorussian SSR. While Krzywoń was accompanying a truck carrying the wounded and important documents from headquarters they were attacked by a Luftwaffe raid. Krzywoń ran into the burning vehicle, carrying out the wounded soldiers and staff as well as rescuing the important documents from the fire. Inside the burning vehicle she died from her injuries. For her heroism she was posthumously awarded the highest Polish and Soviet decorations – the Virtuti Militari of Poland and the title Hero of the Soviet Union. She was the first and only Polish female decorated with the Gold Star of the Hero of the Soviet Union, and the only woman ever awarded the title that was not a Soviet citizen.

Aniela Krzywoń (27 May 1925 – 12 October 1943) was a private in the "Emilia Plater" Independent Women's Battalion of the Polish People's Army during the Second World War and became the only woman in history who was not a citizen of the Soviet Union to be awarded the USSR's highest honor for bravery, the title Hero of the Soviet Union, after she died of injuries sustained while rescuing important military documents from a burning truck after a Luftwaffe bombing raid.Military career Krzywoń joined the 1st Tadeusz Kościuszko Infantry Division of the Polish People's Army on 29 May 1943 and was assigned to the "Emilia Plater" Independent Women's Battalion. She was trained in the use of submachine guns and grenades as well as hand-to-hand combat. On 12 October 1943 the battalion was forced to retreat after they saw their baptism by fire in the Lenino village of the Byelorussian SSR. While Krzywoń was accompanying a truck carrying the wounded and important documents from headquarters they were attacked by a Luftwaffe raid. Krzywoń ran into the burning vehicle, carrying out the wounded soldiers and staff as well as rescuing the important documents from the fire. Inside the burning vehicle she died from her injuries. For her heroism she was posthumously awarded the highest Polish and Soviet decorations – the Virtuti Militari of Poland and the title Hero of the Soviet Union. She was the first and only Polish female decorated with the Gold Star of the Hero of the Soviet Union, and the only woman ever awarded the title that was not a Soviet citizen.

Aniela Krzywoń (27 May 1925 – 12 October 1943) was a private in the "Emilia Plater" Independent Women's Battalion of the Polish People's Army during the Second World War and became the only woman in history who was not a citizen of the Soviet Union to be awarded the USSR's highest honor for bravery, the title Hero of the Soviet Union, after she died of injuries sustained while rescuing important military documents from a burning truck after a Luftwaffe bombing raid.

Military career Krzywoń joined the 1st Tadeusz Kościuszko Infantry Division of the Polish People's Army on 29 May 1943 and was assigned to the "Emilia Plater" Independent Women's Battalion. She was trained in the use of submachine guns and grenades as well as hand-to-hand combat. On 12 October 1943 the battalion was forced to retreat after they saw their baptism by fire in the Lenino village of the Byelorussian SSR. While Krzywoń was accompanying a truck carrying the wounded and important documents from headquarters they were attacked by a Luftwaffe raid. Krzywoń ran into the burning vehicle, carrying out the wounded soldiers and staff as well as rescuing the important documents from the fire. Inside the burning vehicle she died from her injuries. For her heroism she was posthumously awarded the highest Polish and Soviet decorations – the Virtuti Militari of Poland and the title Hero of the Soviet Union. She was the first and only Polish female decorated with the Gold Star of the Hero of the Soviet Union, and the only woman ever awarded the title that was not a Soviet citizen.

Aniela Krzywoń (27 May 1925 – 12 October 1943) was a private in the "Emilia Plater" Independent Women's Battalion of the Polish People's Army during the Second World War and became the only woman in history who was not a citizen of the Soviet Union to be awarded the USSR's highest honor for bravery, the title Hero of the Soviet Union, after she died of injuries sustained while rescuing important military documents from a burning truck after a Luftwaffe bombing raid.Early life Krzywoń was born in the village of Puźniki, then located in the Second Polish Republic; the area the village once was in currently located within present-day Ukraine since it had become part of the Ukrainian SSR in 1939. Her father fought in the Polish–Soviet War; after their village became part of the Ukraine the Krzywoń family and many other Polish families that had been deemed "politically unreliable" were forcibly deported to the Irkutsk Oblast of Siberia and later relocated to the city of Kansk. There Aniela began working as a machinist at a local timber mill until she voluntarily joined the army in 1943 to fight in World War II.

Samuel Ludwik Twardowski (before 1600 – 1661) was a Polish poet, diarist, and essayist who gained popularity in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. He was called by his contemporaries the "Polish Virgil".

Samuel Ludwik Twardowski (before 1600 – 1661) was a Polish poet, diarist, and essayist who gained popularity in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. He was called by his contemporaries the "Polish Virgil".Life and works He was a member of Polish nobility (szlachta), born in Lutynia in Greater Poland region. He was educated in a Jesuit school in Kalisz. Twardowski took part in the 1621 battle of Chocim against the Turks. He was one of the less wealthy nobles and earned his living as a retainer at magnates' courts of various richer families (such as Zbarascy, Wiśniowieccy, Leszczyńscy). During The Deluge, at first he supported the Swedes, but later joined the Polish king John II Casimir. He served as a secretary of Krzysztof Zbaraski on a diplomatic mission to the Ottoman Empire in 1622–1623. During that time he authored a diary describing the journey in verse: Przewazna legacja J.O. Ksiazecia Krzysztofa Zbaraskiego ("The Important Mission of His Grace Duke Krzysztof Zbaraski", published in 1633). He also wrote about other historical events, which became a recognizable theme in his works. His most famous and respected work was Wojna domowa z Kozaki i Tatary, Moskwa, potya Szwedami i z-Wegry ("A Civil War with the Cossacks and Tatars, Muscovy, and then with the Swedes and Hungarians", published in 1681 in Kalisz). Wojna domowa is a narrative poem, whose style was inspired by classical and Renaissance authors. It is an account of the Zaporozhian Cossacks' revolt, the Khmelnytsky Uprising against Polish domination and polonisation of Ukraine. That Cossacks, under the leadership of Bohdan Khmelnytsky, also struggled against the Polish-Lithuanian nobility who controlled the regions of modern Ukraine in the mid-17th century. The revolt shook the entire Commonwealth. Twardowski gives first hand accounts of the 1649 siege of Zbaraż and the 1651 battle of Berestechko. His work is considered one of the most authoritative histories of the period.

Samuel Ludwik Twardowski (before 1600 – 1661) was a Polish poet, diarist, and essayist who gained popularity in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. He was called by his contemporaries the "Polish Virgil".

Samuel Ludwik Twardowski (before 1600 – 1661) was a Polish poet, diarist, and essayist who gained popularity in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. He was called by his contemporaries the "Polish Virgil".Life and works He was a member of Polish nobility (szlachta), born in Lutynia in Greater Poland region. He was educated in a Jesuit school in Kalisz. Twardowski took part in the 1621 battle of Chocim against the Turks. He was one of the less wealthy nobles and earned his living as a retainer at magnates' courts of various richer families (such as Zbarascy, Wiśniowieccy, Leszczyńscy). During The Deluge, at first he supported the Swedes, but later joined the Polish king John II Casimir. He served as a secretary of Krzysztof Zbaraski on a diplomatic mission to the Ottoman Empire in 1622–1623. During that time he authored a diary describing the journey in verse: Przewazna legacja J.O. Ksiazecia Krzysztofa Zbaraskiego ("The Important Mission of His Grace Duke Krzysztof Zbaraski", published in 1633). He also wrote about other historical events, which became a recognizable theme in his works. His most famous and respected work was Wojna domowa z Kozaki i Tatary, Moskwa, potya Szwedami i z-Wegry ("A Civil War with the Cossacks and Tatars, Muscovy, and then with the Swedes and Hungarians", published in 1681 in Kalisz). Wojna domowa is a narrative poem, whose style was inspired by classical and Renaissance authors. It is an account of the Zaporozhian Cossacks' revolt, the Khmelnytsky Uprising against Polish domination and polonisation of Ukraine. That Cossacks, under the leadership of Bohdan Khmelnytsky, also struggled against the Polish-Lithuanian nobility who controlled the regions of modern Ukraine in the mid-17th century. The revolt shook the entire Commonwealth. Twardowski gives first hand accounts of the 1649 siege of Zbaraż and the 1651 battle of Berestechko. His work is considered one of the most authoritative histories of the period.

Samuel Ludwik Twardowski (before 1600 – 1661) was a Polish poet, diarist, and essayist who gained popularity in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. He was called by his contemporaries the "Polish Virgil".Life and works He was a member of Polish nobility (szlachta), born in Lutynia in Greater Poland region. He was educated in a Jesuit school in Kalisz. Twardowski took part in the 1621 battle of Chocim against the Turks. He was one of the less wealthy nobles and earned his living as a retainer at magnates' courts of various richer families (such as Zbarascy, Wiśniowieccy, Leszczyńscy). During The Deluge, at first he supported the Swedes, but later joined the Polish king John II Casimir. He served as a secretary of Krzysztof Zbaraski on a diplomatic mission to the Ottoman Empire in 1622–1623. During that time he authored a diary describing the journey in verse: Przewazna legacja J.O. Ksiazecia Krzysztofa Zbaraskiego ("The Important Mission of His Grace Duke Krzysztof Zbaraski", published in 1633). He also wrote about other historical events, which became a recognizable theme in his works. His most famous and respected work was Wojna domowa z Kozaki i Tatary, Moskwa, potya Szwedami i z-Wegry ("A Civil War with the Cossacks and Tatars, Muscovy, and then with the Swedes and Hungarians", published in 1681 in Kalisz). Wojna domowa is a narrative poem, whose style was inspired by classical and Renaissance authors. It is an account of the Zaporozhian Cossacks' revolt, the Khmelnytsky Uprising against Polish domination and polonisation of Ukraine. That Cossacks, under the leadership of Bohdan Khmelnytsky, also struggled against the Polish-Lithuanian nobility who controlled the regions of modern Ukraine in the mid-17th century. The revolt shook the entire Commonwealth. Twardowski gives first hand accounts of the 1649 siege of Zbaraż and the 1651 battle of Berestechko. His work is considered one of the most authoritative histories of the period.

Samuel Ludwik Twardowski (before 1600 – 1661) was a Polish poet, diarist, and essayist who gained popularity in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. He was called by his contemporaries the "Polish Virgil".

Samuel Ludwik Twardowski (before 1600 – 1661) was a Polish poet, diarist, and essayist who gained popularity in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. He was called by his contemporaries the "Polish Virgil".

Life and works He was a member of Polish nobility (szlachta), born in Lutynia in Greater Poland region. He was educated in a Jesuit school in Kalisz. Twardowski took part in the 1621 battle of Chocim against the Turks. He was one of the less wealthy nobles and earned his living as a retainer at magnates' courts of various richer families (such as Zbarascy, Wiśniowieccy, Leszczyńscy). During The Deluge, at first he supported the Swedes, but later joined the Polish king John II Casimir. He served as a secretary of Krzysztof Zbaraski on a diplomatic mission to the Ottoman Empire in 1622–1623. During that time he authored a diary describing the journey in verse: Przewazna legacja J.O. Ksiazecia Krzysztofa Zbaraskiego ("The Important Mission of His Grace Duke Krzysztof Zbaraski", published in 1633). He also wrote about other historical events, which became a recognizable theme in his works. His most famous and respected work was Wojna domowa z Kozaki i Tatary, Moskwa, potya Szwedami i z-Wegry ("A Civil War with the Cossacks and Tatars, Muscovy, and then with the Swedes and Hungarians", published in 1681 in Kalisz). Wojna domowa is a narrative poem, whose style was inspired by classical and Renaissance authors. It is an account of the Zaporozhian Cossacks' revolt, the Khmelnytsky Uprising against Polish domination and polonisation of Ukraine. That Cossacks, under the leadership of Bohdan Khmelnytsky, also struggled against the Polish-Lithuanian nobility who controlled the regions of modern Ukraine in the mid-17th century. The revolt shook the entire Commonwealth. Twardowski gives first hand accounts of the 1649 siege of Zbaraż and the 1651 battle of Berestechko. His work is considered one of the most authoritative histories of the period.

Samuel Ludwik Twardowski (before 1600 – 1661) was a Polish poet, diarist, and essayist who gained popularity in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. He was called by his contemporaries the "Polish Virgil".Life and works He was a member of Polish nobility (szlachta), born in Lutynia in Greater Poland region. He was educated in a Jesuit school in Kalisz. Twardowski took part in the 1621 battle of Chocim against the Turks. He was one of the less wealthy nobles and earned his living as a retainer at magnates' courts of various richer families (such as Zbarascy, Wiśniowieccy, Leszczyńscy). During The Deluge, at first he supported the Swedes, but later joined the Polish king John II Casimir. He served as a secretary of Krzysztof Zbaraski on a diplomatic mission to the Ottoman Empire in 1622–1623. During that time he authored a diary describing the journey in verse: Przewazna legacja J.O. Ksiazecia Krzysztofa Zbaraskiego ("The Important Mission of His Grace Duke Krzysztof Zbaraski", published in 1633). He also wrote about other historical events, which became a recognizable theme in his works. His most famous and respected work was Wojna domowa z Kozaki i Tatary, Moskwa, potya Szwedami i z-Wegry ("A Civil War with the Cossacks and Tatars, Muscovy, and then with the Swedes and Hungarians", published in 1681 in Kalisz). Wojna domowa is a narrative poem, whose style was inspired by classical and Renaissance authors. It is an account of the Zaporozhian Cossacks' revolt, the Khmelnytsky Uprising against Polish domination and polonisation of Ukraine. That Cossacks, under the leadership of Bohdan Khmelnytsky, also struggled against the Polish-Lithuanian nobility who controlled the regions of modern Ukraine in the mid-17th century. The revolt shook the entire Commonwealth. Twardowski gives first hand accounts of the 1649 siege of Zbaraż and the 1651 battle of Berestechko. His work is considered one of the most authoritative histories of the period.

Samuel Ludwik Twardowski (before 1600 – 1661) was a Polish poet, diarist, and essayist who gained popularity in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. He was called by his contemporaries the "Polish Virgil".Life and works He was a member of Polish nobility (szlachta), born in Lutynia in Greater Poland region. He was educated in a Jesuit school in Kalisz. Twardowski took part in the 1621 battle of Chocim against the Turks. He was one of the less wealthy nobles and earned his living as a retainer at magnates' courts of various richer families (such as Zbarascy, Wiśniowieccy, Leszczyńscy). During The Deluge, at first he supported the Swedes, but later joined the Polish king John II Casimir. He served as a secretary of Krzysztof Zbaraski on a diplomatic mission to the Ottoman Empire in 1622–1623. During that time he authored a diary describing the journey in verse: Przewazna legacja J.O. Ksiazecia Krzysztofa Zbaraskiego ("The Important Mission of His Grace Duke Krzysztof Zbaraski", published in 1633). He also wrote about other historical events, which became a recognizable theme in his works. His most famous and respected work was Wojna domowa z Kozaki i Tatary, Moskwa, potya Szwedami i z-Wegry ("A Civil War with the Cossacks and Tatars, Muscovy, and then with the Swedes and Hungarians", published in 1681 in Kalisz). Wojna domowa is a narrative poem, whose style was inspired by classical and Renaissance authors. It is an account of the Zaporozhian Cossacks' revolt, the Khmelnytsky Uprising against Polish domination and polonisation of Ukraine. That Cossacks, under the leadership of Bohdan Khmelnytsky, also struggled against the Polish-Lithuanian nobility who controlled the regions of modern Ukraine in the mid-17th century. The revolt shook the entire Commonwealth. Twardowski gives first hand accounts of the 1649 siege of Zbaraż and the 1651 battle of Berestechko. His work is considered one of the most authoritative histories of the period.

Romuald Jałbrzykowski (7 February 1876 – 19 June 1955) was a Polish Catholic priest. From 1925 to 1926 he was the bishop of Łomża; from 1926 to 1955, archbishop of Wilno (Vilnius) and from 1945 to 1955, bishop of Białystok. While Jałbrzykowski was the Archbishop of Vilnius, Saint Faustina Kowalska was a nun at the convent there, and her confessor was Father Michael Sopocko. Jałbrzykowski gave Sopocko permission to display the Divine Mercy image for the first time ever during a Mass on April 28, 1935, the second Sunday of Easter; the feast that is now officially called Divine Mercy Sunday.: 103–119 Jałbrzykowski knew Faustina, and she had been to confession with him and told him about the Divine Mercy devotion. In January 1936, Faustina went to see him again to discuss a new congregation for Divine Mercy, but he reminded her that she was perpetually vowed to her current order. In the summer of 1936, Jalbrzykowski provided his imprimatur for the first brochure on the Divine Mercy devotion, written by Sopocko.In 1939, a year after Faustina's death, Jałbrzykowski noticed that her predictions about the war had taken place and allowed public access to the Divine Mercy image. That resulted in large crowds and led to the spread of the Divine Mercy devotion.: 156 From 1942 to 1944, he was imprisoned by Nazi Germany. In 1945 he was freed by the Red Army, only to be quickly deported to Poland, as the Soviets tried to destroy the archdiocese of Vilnius in the Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic. He died in 1955.

Karol Skórkowski (1768–1851) was a Polish bishop. Elected bishop of Kraków in 1828, his election was confirmed in 1829 and he was consecrated in early 1830. Supporter of the November Uprising (1830–1831). After the fall of the uprising, he was arrested by the Russian government. Vatican, pressured by Moscow, forced him to leave Kraków; he would find sanctuary in Opava (Vatican however did not agree to remove him from his office). After his death in 1851, there would be no new bishop of Kraków until 1879.

Life and works Karolina Anna Proniewska was born into a szlachta noble family in Samogitia, then under Imperial Russian rule. She was born 18 January 1828 in Padubysys Telšiai in a small manor where Polish culture predominated. Her father, Teofil Proniewski of Korwin, was an assessor at the local court, while her mother was Eleonora née Dobszewicz. Proniewska started to write poems at the age of seven. Her father died when she was seven and her mother had difficulties supporting both the manor and the family.

Karolina Proniewska (pronunciation ) or Karolina Praniauskaitė (1828–1859) was a romantic Polish-Lithuanian poet and translator, of Samogitian extraction. Born in Samogitia, a historical region of Lithuania, then part of the Russian Empire, she is sometimes referred to as a Samogitian Bard. She wrote her original works exclusively in Polish and her poetry published in a single tome Piosneczki (Songs, 1858) initially gained much popularity. However, she also translated numerous works by Polish authors into the Lithuanian language, both in prose and in verse. She is considered one of the first women in the history of Lithuanian literature.Her own poetry and translations, although popular during her lifetime, are today not widely read. She is remembered largely for her association with Antanas Baranauskas, who became a prominent Lithuanian poet, and one of the classic authors in that language, and whom she is said to have persuaded to write in the Lithuanian language.

Life and works Karolina Anna Proniewska was born into a szlachta noble family in Samogitia, then under Imperial Russian rule. She was born 18 January 1828 in Padubysys Telšiai in a small manor where Polish culture predominated. Her father, Teofil Proniewski of Korwin, was an assessor at the local court, while her mother was Eleonora née Dobszewicz. Proniewska started to write poems at the age of seven. Her father died when she was seven and her mother had difficulties supporting both the manor and the family.

Life and works Karolina Anna Proniewska was born into a szlachta noble family in Samogitia, then under Imperial Russian rule. She was born 18 January 1828 in Padubysys Telšiai in a small manor where Polish culture predominated. Her father, Teofil Proniewski of Korwin, was an assessor at the local court, while her mother was Eleonora née Dobszewicz. Proniewska started to write poems at the age of seven. Her father died when she was seven and her mother had difficulties supporting both the manor and the family.

Three of Karolina's brothers belonged to a close circle of Lithuanian intellectuals who were deeply involved with the growing Lithuanian national movement. As a girl she suffered from tuberculosis, and her eldest brother forbade her to read any books or write poetry, which he supposed would harm her already poor health. She disobeyed. Soon she moved to Telšiai, where she started working as a teacher. Another of her brothers, Otton Proniewski, the personal secretary to the Bishop of Samogitia Motiejus Valančius, financed the publication of a book of her poems, which made her regionally famous, partly due to publications in the Gazeta Warszawska, one of the most respected Polish-language newspapers of the time. Strongly influenced by Adam Mickiewicz's romantic poetry, she is known to have devoted at least one poem to him. Although her published original works were written in the Polish language, with time she also made several translations of Polish-language classics into Lithuanian. Among the most notable of these translations is Matka węży by Józef Ignacy Kraszewski. The translation is said to have had an unprecedented impact on Lithuanian culture as a fundamental work of Lithuanian high art, and to have been much of a much higher quality than her own dilettantish Polish verses.In 1855, through her sister Tekla, she met Antanas Baranauskas, a young poet then working as a clerk at the nearby farm in Seda. Proniewska instilled into Baranauskas a love for the Lithuanian language and culture, and convinced him to start writing his poems in the Lithuanian language. Baranauskas wrote a poem in her honor, which became his poetic debut in 1857, D Karoliny P. The couple started to exchange letters and, with time, poems. Her brother Otton helped Baranauskas pass his entrance examinations into the Catholic school in Varniai, one of the few venues then open to a member of the lower social strata for attaining an education in 19th century Russia. Baranauskas went on to become a scholar of the Lithuanian language, and wrote what has been described as one of the greatest works in Lithuanian literature, Anykščių šilelis (The Forest of Anykščiai). He also went on to become a Roman Catholic bishop. It is commonly accepted that Proniewska had been his friend and patron. However, prior to her death, she requested that all of their letters and her diaries be burned, and little documentation of their relationship has survived. She died at the age of 31, on 26 May 1859, and was buried at a cemetery in Utena, where she spent the last months of her life. No pictures of her have survived. Her exact burial place is unknown, but an oak commemorative sculpture at the Utena cemetery bears her name, as does the Telšiai Public Library.

Life and works Karolina Anna Proniewska was born into a szlachta noble family in Samogitia, then under Imperial Russian rule. She was born 18 January 1828 in Padubysys Telšiai in a small manor where Polish culture predominated. Her father, Teofil Proniewski of Korwin, was an assessor at the local court, while her mother was Eleonora née Dobszewicz. Proniewska started to write poems at the age of seven. Her father died when she was seven and her mother had difficulties supporting both the manor and the family.

Life and works Karolina Anna Proniewska was born into a szlachta noble family in Samogitia, then under Imperial Russian rule. She was born 18 January 1828 in Padubysys Telšiai in a small manor where Polish culture predominated. Her father, Teofil Proniewski of Korwin, was an assessor at the local court, while her mother was Eleonora née Dobszewicz. Proniewska started to write poems at the age of seven. Her father died when she was seven and her mother had difficulties supporting both the manor and the family.

Karolina Proniewska (pronunciation ) or Karolina Praniauskaitė (1828–1859) was a romantic Polish-Lithuanian poet and translator, of Samogitian extraction. Born in Samogitia, a historical region of Lithuania, then part of the Russian Empire, she is sometimes referred to as a Samogitian Bard. She wrote her original works exclusively in Polish and her poetry published in a single tome Piosneczki (Songs, 1858) initially gained much popularity. However, she also translated numerous works by Polish authors into the Lithuanian language, both in prose and in verse. She is considered one of the first women in the history of Lithuanian literature.Her own poetry and translations, although popular during her lifetime, are today not widely read. She is remembered largely for her association with Antanas Baranauskas, who became a prominent Lithuanian poet, and one of the classic authors in that language, and whom she is said to have persuaded to write in the Lithuanian language.Life and works Karolina Anna Proniewska was born into a szlachta noble family in Samogitia, then under Imperial Russian rule. She was born 18 January 1828 in Padubysys Telšiai in a small manor where Polish culture predominated. Her father, Teofil Proniewski of Korwin, was an assessor at the local court, while her mother was Eleonora née Dobszewicz. Proniewska started to write poems at the age of seven. Her father died when she was seven and her mother had difficulties supporting both the manor and the family.

Stanisław Kazimierz Dąmbski (or Dąbski) (born about 1638, died 15 December 1700 in Kraków), was a politically powerful Polish prelate and king-maker. He was in turn, bishop of Chełm, Łuck, Płock, Kujawy and finally, bishop of Krakow.Life Dąmbski was the second son of Adam Dąmbski, hrabia (count) of Lubańiec, castellan of Słońsk (died 1660), and Elżbieta Jemielska of Jemielna. The Dąmbskis, an ancient noble family from Inowrocław and Brześć Kujawski, used the Godziemba coat of arms.After graduating from Kraków Academy, Dąmbski served as secretary to King Michał Korybut Wiśniowiecki. In 1673 Dąmbski became bishop of Chełm, and in 1676 was appointed bishop of Łuck. By 1682 he was bishop of Płock, and in 1692 became bishop of Kujawy. These episcopal positions provided Dąmbski with immense wealth. He donated to Wawel Cathedral a monstrance studded with precious stones, which remains in the cathedral treasury. He spared no expense sumptuously renovating a number of churches. He founded the Jesuit school in Toruń, constructed the cathedral in Łuck and in 1693 built the Dąmbski Palace in Toruń, which features a fine Baroque facade. He also bought the manor of Kaczkowo (including eight villages) in Inowrocław county in 1670, where he built a summer palace. Between 1679 and 1681, he acquired lands near Iłów comprising a town and 10 villages in the counties of Gostynin and Sochaczew.

Stanisław Kazimierz Dąmbski (or Dąbski) (born about 1638, died 15 December 1700 in Kraków), was a politically powerful Polish prelate and king-maker. He was in turn, bishop of Chełm, Łuck, Płock, Kujawy and finally, bishop of Krakow.

Stanisław Kazimierz Dąmbski (or Dąbski) (born about 1638, died 15 December 1700 in Kraków), was a politically powerful Polish prelate and king-maker. He was in turn, bishop of Chełm, Łuck, Płock, Kujawy and finally, bishop of Krakow.Life Dąmbski was the second son of Adam Dąmbski, hrabia (count) of Lubańiec, castellan of Słońsk (died 1660), and Elżbieta Jemielska of Jemielna. The Dąmbskis, an ancient noble family from Inowrocław and Brześć Kujawski, used the Godziemba coat of arms.After graduating from Kraków Academy, Dąmbski served as secretary to King Michał Korybut Wiśniowiecki. In 1673 Dąmbski became bishop of Chełm, and in 1676 was appointed bishop of Łuck. By 1682 he was bishop of Płock, and in 1692 became bishop of Kujawy. These episcopal positions provided Dąmbski with immense wealth. He donated to Wawel Cathedral a monstrance studded with precious stones, which remains in the cathedral treasury. He spared no expense sumptuously renovating a number of churches. He founded the Jesuit school in Toruń, constructed the cathedral in Łuck and in 1693 built the Dąmbski Palace in Toruń, which features a fine Baroque facade. He also bought the manor of Kaczkowo (including eight villages) in Inowrocław county in 1670, where he built a summer palace. Between 1679 and 1681, he acquired lands near Iłów comprising a town and 10 villages in the counties of Gostynin and Sochaczew.

Stanisław Kazimierz Dąmbski (or Dąbski) (born about 1638, died 15 December 1700 in Kraków), was a politically powerful Polish prelate and king-maker. He was in turn, bishop of Chełm, Łuck, Płock, Kujawy and finally, bishop of Krakow.

Stanisław Kazimierz Dąmbski (or Dąbski) (born about 1638, died 15 December 1700 in Kraków), was a politically powerful Polish prelate and king-maker. He was in turn, bishop of Chełm, Łuck, Płock, Kujawy and finally, bishop of Krakow.

Stanisław Kazimierz Dąmbski (or Dąbski) (born about 1638, died 15 December 1700 in Kraków), was a politically powerful Polish prelate and king-maker. He was in turn, bishop of Chełm, Łuck, Płock, Kujawy and finally, bishop of Krakow.

Stanisław Kazimierz Dąmbski (or Dąbski) (born about 1638, died 15 December 1700 in Kraków), was a politically powerful Polish prelate and king-maker. He was in turn, bishop of Chełm, Łuck, Płock, Kujawy and finally, bishop of Krakow.Life Dąmbski was the second son of Adam Dąmbski, hrabia (count) of Lubańiec, castellan of Słońsk (died 1660), and Elżbieta Jemielska of Jemielna. The Dąmbskis, an ancient noble family from Inowrocław and Brześć Kujawski, used the Godziemba coat of arms.After graduating from Kraków Academy, Dąmbski served as secretary to King Michał Korybut Wiśniowiecki. In 1673 Dąmbski became bishop of Chełm, and in 1676 was appointed bishop of Łuck. By 1682 he was bishop of Płock, and in 1692 became bishop of Kujawy. These episcopal positions provided Dąmbski with immense wealth. He donated to Wawel Cathedral a monstrance studded with precious stones, which remains in the cathedral treasury. He spared no expense sumptuously renovating a number of churches. He founded the Jesuit school in Toruń, constructed the cathedral in Łuck and in 1693 built the Dąmbski Palace in Toruń, which features a fine Baroque facade. He also bought the manor of Kaczkowo (including eight villages) in Inowrocław county in 1670, where he built a summer palace. Between 1679 and 1681, he acquired lands near Iłów comprising a town and 10 villages in the counties of Gostynin and Sochaczew.

Life Dąmbski was the second son of Adam Dąmbski, hrabia (count) of Lubańiec, castellan of Słońsk (died 1660), and Elżbieta Jemielska of Jemielna. The Dąmbskis, an ancient noble family from Inowrocław and Brześć Kujawski, used the Godziemba coat of arms.After graduating from Kraków Academy, Dąmbski served as secretary to King Michał Korybut Wiśniowiecki. In 1673 Dąmbski became bishop of Chełm, and in 1676 was appointed bishop of Łuck. By 1682 he was bishop of Płock, and in 1692 became bishop of Kujawy. These episcopal positions provided Dąmbski with immense wealth. He donated to Wawel Cathedral a monstrance studded with precious stones, which remains in the cathedral treasury. He spared no expense sumptuously renovating a number of churches. He founded the Jesuit school in Toruń, constructed the cathedral in Łuck and in 1693 built the Dąmbski Palace in Toruń, which features a fine Baroque facade. He also bought the manor of Kaczkowo (including eight villages) in Inowrocław county in 1670, where he built a summer palace. Between 1679 and 1681, he acquired lands near Iłów comprising a town and 10 villages in the counties of Gostynin and Sochaczew.

Political life Dąmbski participated actively in Poland's political life. In the 1674 royal elections, Dąmbski was leader of the anti-French faction, throwing his support behind hetman Jan Sobieski, who ascended the throne as Jan III (died in 1696). Dąmbski played a key role in the subsequent royal election, which has been described as "one of the most dismal episodes in Polish parliamentary history." Initially Dąmbski backed the late king's son, Jakub Sobieski, however, Sobieski was in Silesia at the time of his father's death, and was immediately seized by Saxon troops. Dąmbski then joined supporters of the Russian-backed candidate, Friedrich August, Elector of Saxony. Despite enormous bribes paid by the Elector and his backers, the Elector's Protestantism aroused suspicions among the Polish nobility. Although the Elector promised to convert to Roman Catholicism, on 27 June 1697, the Polish nobility elected the French candidate, the Prince de Conti, and the Primate proclaimed Conti king.Nevertheless, that same evening a group of dissenters, led by Dąmbski held a second vote, in the absence of the Primate, who had not returned to the election field. Dąmbski therefore proclaimed the Elector King of Poland. The Elector arrived in short order and on September 15, Dąmbski crowned the Elector king August II of Poland in Wawel Cathedral. It was the first time that a deceased monarch's son had not been elected to succeed him, that the rightful candidate had been disbarred from the throne by military force, and that the Poles had acquired a German king, which went against a long tradition of keeping German hegemony at arm's length." A grateful King August II nominated Dąmbski bishop of Krakow on 30 March 1700. However, before he could be installed, Dąmbski died suddenly. He was buried in the Saints Peter and Paul Church, Kraków.

Stanisław Kazimierz Dąmbski (or Dąbski) (born about 1638, died 15 December 1700 in Kraków), was a politically powerful Polish prelate and king-maker. He was in turn, bishop of Chełm, Łuck, Płock, Kujawy and finally, bishop of Krakow.Life Dąmbski was the second son of Adam Dąmbski, hrabia (count) of Lubańiec, castellan of Słońsk (died 1660), and Elżbieta Jemielska of Jemielna. The Dąmbskis, an ancient noble family from Inowrocław and Brześć Kujawski, used the Godziemba coat of arms.After graduating from Kraków Academy, Dąmbski served as secretary to King Michał Korybut Wiśniowiecki. In 1673 Dąmbski became bishop of Chełm, and in 1676 was appointed bishop of Łuck. By 1682 he was bishop of Płock, and in 1692 became bishop of Kujawy. These episcopal positions provided Dąmbski with immense wealth. He donated to Wawel Cathedral a monstrance studded with precious stones, which remains in the cathedral treasury. He spared no expense sumptuously renovating a number of churches. He founded the Jesuit school in Toruń, constructed the cathedral in Łuck and in 1693 built the Dąmbski Palace in Toruń, which features a fine Baroque facade. He also bought the manor of Kaczkowo (including eight villages) in Inowrocław county in 1670, where he built a summer palace. Between 1679 and 1681, he acquired lands near Iłów comprising a town and 10 villages in the counties of Gostynin and Sochaczew.

Stanisław Kazimierz Dąmbski (or Dąbski) (born about 1638, died 15 December 1700 in Kraków), was a politically powerful Polish prelate and king-maker. He was in turn, bishop of Chełm, Łuck, Płock, Kujawy and finally, bishop of Krakow.Life Dąmbski was the second son of Adam Dąmbski, hrabia (count) of Lubańiec, castellan of Słońsk (died 1660), and Elżbieta Jemielska of Jemielna. The Dąmbskis, an ancient noble family from Inowrocław and Brześć Kujawski, used the Godziemba coat of arms.After graduating from Kraków Academy, Dąmbski served as secretary to King Michał Korybut Wiśniowiecki. In 1673 Dąmbski became bishop of Chełm, and in 1676 was appointed bishop of Łuck. By 1682 he was bishop of Płock, and in 1692 became bishop of Kujawy. These episcopal positions provided Dąmbski with immense wealth. He donated to Wawel Cathedral a monstrance studded with precious stones, which remains in the cathedral treasury. He spared no expense sumptuously renovating a number of churches. He founded the Jesuit school in Toruń, constructed the cathedral in Łuck and in 1693 built the Dąmbski Palace in Toruń, which features a fine Baroque facade. He also bought the manor of Kaczkowo (including eight villages) in Inowrocław county in 1670, where he built a summer palace. Between 1679 and 1681, he acquired lands near Iłów comprising a town and 10 villages in the counties of Gostynin and Sochaczew.

Stanisław Kazimierz Dąmbski (or Dąbski) (born about 1638, died 15 December 1700 in Kraków), was a politically powerful Polish prelate and king-maker. He was in turn, bishop of Chełm, Łuck, Płock, Kujawy and finally, bishop of Krakow.

Stanisław Kazimierz Dąmbski (or Dąbski) (born about 1638, died 15 December 1700 in Kraków), was a politically powerful Polish prelate and king-maker. He was in turn, bishop of Chełm, Łuck, Płock, Kujawy and finally, bishop of Krakow.Life Dąmbski was the second son of Adam Dąmbski, hrabia (count) of Lubańiec, castellan of Słońsk (died 1660), and Elżbieta Jemielska of Jemielna. The Dąmbskis, an ancient noble family from Inowrocław and Brześć Kujawski, used the Godziemba coat of arms.After graduating from Kraków Academy, Dąmbski served as secretary to King Michał Korybut Wiśniowiecki. In 1673 Dąmbski became bishop of Chełm, and in 1676 was appointed bishop of Łuck. By 1682 he was bishop of Płock, and in 1692 became bishop of Kujawy. These episcopal positions provided Dąmbski with immense wealth. He donated to Wawel Cathedral a monstrance studded with precious stones, which remains in the cathedral treasury. He spared no expense sumptuously renovating a number of churches. He founded the Jesuit school in Toruń, constructed the cathedral in Łuck and in 1693 built the Dąmbski Palace in Toruń, which features a fine Baroque facade. He also bought the manor of Kaczkowo (including eight villages) in Inowrocław county in 1670, where he built a summer palace. Between 1679 and 1681, he acquired lands near Iłów comprising a town and 10 villages in the counties of Gostynin and Sochaczew.

Stanisław Kazimierz Dąmbski (or Dąbski) (born about 1638, died 15 December 1700 in Kraków), was a politically powerful Polish prelate and king-maker. He was in turn, bishop of Chełm, Łuck, Płock, Kujawy and finally, bishop of Krakow.Life Dąmbski was the second son of Adam Dąmbski, hrabia (count) of Lubańiec, castellan of Słońsk (died 1660), and Elżbieta Jemielska of Jemielna. The Dąmbskis, an ancient noble family from Inowrocław and Brześć Kujawski, used the Godziemba coat of arms.After graduating from Kraków Academy, Dąmbski served as secretary to King Michał Korybut Wiśniowiecki. In 1673 Dąmbski became bishop of Chełm, and in 1676 was appointed bishop of Łuck. By 1682 he was bishop of Płock, and in 1692 became bishop of Kujawy. These episcopal positions provided Dąmbski with immense wealth. He donated to Wawel Cathedral a monstrance studded with precious stones, which remains in the cathedral treasury. He spared no expense sumptuously renovating a number of churches. He founded the Jesuit school in Toruń, constructed the cathedral in Łuck and in 1693 built the Dąmbski Palace in Toruń, which features a fine Baroque facade. He also bought the manor of Kaczkowo (including eight villages) in Inowrocław county in 1670, where he built a summer palace. Between 1679 and 1681, he acquired lands near Iłów comprising a town and 10 villages in the counties of Gostynin and Sochaczew.

Stanisław Kazimierz Dąmbski (or Dąbski) (born about 1638, died 15 December 1700 in Kraków), was a politically powerful Polish prelate and king-maker. He was in turn, bishop of Chełm, Łuck, Płock, Kujawy and finally, bishop of Krakow.

Stanisław Kazimierz Dąmbski (or Dąbski) (born about 1638, died 15 December 1700 in Kraków), was a politically powerful Polish prelate and king-maker. He was in turn, bishop of Chełm, Łuck, Płock, Kujawy and finally, bishop of Krakow.Life Dąmbski was the second son of Adam Dąmbski, hrabia (count) of Lubańiec, castellan of Słońsk (died 1660), and Elżbieta Jemielska of Jemielna. The Dąmbskis, an ancient noble family from Inowrocław and Brześć Kujawski, used the Godziemba coat of arms.After graduating from Kraków Academy, Dąmbski served as secretary to King Michał Korybut Wiśniowiecki. In 1673 Dąmbski became bishop of Chełm, and in 1676 was appointed bishop of Łuck. By 1682 he was bishop of Płock, and in 1692 became bishop of Kujawy. These episcopal positions provided Dąmbski with immense wealth. He donated to Wawel Cathedral a monstrance studded with precious stones, which remains in the cathedral treasury. He spared no expense sumptuously renovating a number of churches. He founded the Jesuit school in Toruń, constructed the cathedral in Łuck and in 1693 built the Dąmbski Palace in Toruń, which features a fine Baroque facade. He also bought the manor of Kaczkowo (including eight villages) in Inowrocław county in 1670, where he built a summer palace. Between 1679 and 1681, he acquired lands near Iłów comprising a town and 10 villages in the counties of Gostynin and Sochaczew.

Aniela Zofia Steinsbergowa, (born on 27 June 1896 in Vienna; died on 22 December 1988 in Warsaw) was a Polish lawyer known for her work in defending politically well-known cases. In 1931, she was entered on the list of lawyers, which made her one of the first female lawyers in Poland. In 1934 she joined the Polish Socialist Party. During WWII she was active in the Żegota. After the war she became a co-founder of the Workers' Defense Committee and the Social Self-Defense Committee "KOR".

Aniela Zofia Steinsbergowa, (born on 27 June 1896 in Vienna; died on 22 December 1988 in Warsaw) was a Polish lawyer known for her work in defending politically well-known cases. In 1931, she was entered on the list of lawyers, which made her one of the first female lawyers in Poland. In 1934 she joined the Polish Socialist Party. During WWII she was active in the Żegota. After the war she became a co-founder of the Workers' Defense Committee and the Social Self-Defense Committee "KOR".

Aniela Zofia Steinsbergowa, (born on 27 June 1896 in Vienna; died on 22 December 1988 in Warsaw) was a Polish lawyer known for her work in defending politically well-known cases. In 1931, she was entered on the list of lawyers, which made her one of the first female lawyers in Poland. In 1934 she joined the Polish Socialist Party. During WWII she was active in the Żegota. After the war she became a co-founder of the Workers' Defense Committee and the Social Self-Defense Committee "KOR".

Aniela Zofia Steinsbergowa, (born on 27 June 1896 in Vienna; died on 22 December 1988 in Warsaw) was a Polish lawyer known for her work in defending politically well-known cases. In 1931, she was entered on the list of lawyers, which made her one of the first female lawyers in Poland. In 1934 she joined the Polish Socialist Party. During WWII she was active in the Żegota. After the war she became a co-founder of the Workers' Defense Committee and the Social Self-Defense Committee "KOR".

Aniela Zofia Steinsbergowa, (born on 27 June 1896 in Vienna; died on 22 December 1988 in Warsaw) was a Polish lawyer known for her work in defending politically well-known cases. In 1931, she was entered on the list of lawyers, which made her one of the first female lawyers in Poland. In 1934 she joined the Polish Socialist Party. During WWII she was active in the Żegota. After the war she became a co-founder of the Workers' Defense Committee and the Social Self-Defense Committee "KOR".== References ==

Aniela Zofia Steinsbergowa, (born on 27 June 1896 in Vienna; died on 22 December 1988 in Warsaw) was a Polish lawyer known for her work in defending politically well-known cases. In 1931, she was entered on the list of lawyers, which made her one of the first female lawyers in Poland. In 1934 she joined the Polish Socialist Party. During WWII she was active in the Żegota. After the war she became a co-founder of the Workers' Defense Committee and the Social Self-Defense Committee "KOR".

Aniela Zofia Steinsbergowa, (born on 27 June 1896 in Vienna; died on 22 December 1988 in Warsaw) was a Polish lawyer known for her work in defending politically well-known cases. In 1931, she was entered on the list of lawyers, which made her one of the first female lawyers in Poland. In 1934 she joined the Polish Socialist Party. During WWII she was active in the Żegota. After the war she became a co-founder of the Workers' Defense Committee and the Social Self-Defense Committee "KOR".

Aniela Zofia Steinsbergowa, (born on 27 June 1896 in Vienna; died on 22 December 1988 in Warsaw) was a Polish lawyer known for her work in defending politically well-known cases. In 1931, she was entered on the list of lawyers, which made her one of the first female lawyers in Poland. In 1934 she joined the Polish Socialist Party. During WWII she was active in the Żegota. After the war she became a co-founder of the Workers' Defense Committee and the Social Self-Defense Committee "KOR".

Aniela Zofia Steinsbergowa, (born on 27 June 1896 in Vienna; died on 22 December 1988 in Warsaw) was a Polish lawyer known for her work in defending politically well-known cases. In 1931, she was entered on the list of lawyers, which made her one of the first female lawyers in Poland. In 1934 she joined the Polish Socialist Party. During WWII she was active in the Żegota. After the war she became a co-founder of the Workers' Defense Committee and the Social Self-Defense Committee "KOR".

Aniela Zofia Steinsbergowa, (born on 27 June 1896 in Vienna; died on 22 December 1988 in Warsaw) was a Polish lawyer known for her work in defending politically well-known cases. In 1931, she was entered on the list of lawyers, which made her one of the first female lawyers in Poland. In 1934 she joined the Polish Socialist Party. During WWII she was active in the Żegota. After the war she became a co-founder of the Workers' Defense Committee and the Social Self-Defense Committee "KOR".

Aniela Zofia Steinsbergowa, (born on 27 June 1896 in Vienna; died on 22 December 1988 in Warsaw) was a Polish lawyer known for her work in defending politically well-known cases. In 1931, she was entered on the list of lawyers, which made her one of the first female lawyers in Poland. In 1934 she joined the Polish Socialist Party. During WWII she was active in the Żegota. After the war she became a co-founder of the Workers' Defense Committee and the Social Self-Defense Committee "KOR".

Aniela Zofia Steinsbergowa, (born on 27 June 1896 in Vienna; died on 22 December 1988 in Warsaw) was a Polish lawyer known for her work in defending politically well-known cases. In 1931, she was entered on the list of lawyers, which made her one of the first female lawyers in Poland. In 1934 she joined the Polish Socialist Party. During WWII she was active in the Żegota. After the war she became a co-founder of the Workers' Defense Committee and the Social Self-Defense Committee "KOR".

Aniela Zofia Steinsbergowa, (born on 27 June 1896 in Vienna; died on 22 December 1988 in Warsaw) was a Polish lawyer known for her work in defending politically well-known cases. In 1931, she was entered on the list of lawyers, which made her one of the first female lawyers in Poland. In 1934 she joined the Polish Socialist Party. During WWII she was active in the Żegota. After the war she became a co-founder of the Workers' Defense Committee and the Social Self-Defense Committee "KOR".

Aniela Zofia Steinsbergowa, (born on 27 June 1896 in Vienna; died on 22 December 1988 in Warsaw) was a Polish lawyer known for her work in defending politically well-known cases. In 1931, she was entered on the list of lawyers, which made her one of the first female lawyers in Poland. In 1934 she joined the Polish Socialist Party. During WWII she was active in the Żegota. After the war she became a co-founder of the Workers' Defense Committee and the Social Self-Defense Committee "KOR".== References ==