disease
stringclasses 112
values | question
stringlengths 19
704
| answer
stringlengths 14
12.1k
|
|---|---|---|
gout | for gout, gout home remedies? | Some home remedies may help lower uric acid levels and prevent gout attacks. The following foods and drinks have been suggested for gout:
tart cherries
magnesium
ginger
diluted apple cider vinegar
celery
nettle tea
dandelion
milk thistle seeds
But these alone may not be enough to manage gout. |
gout | for gout, treatment of gout? | If left untreated, gout can eventually lead to gouty arthritis, which is a more severe form of arthritis. This painful condition can leave your joint permanently damaged and swollen.
The treatment plan your doctor recommends will depend on the stage and severity of your gout.
Medications to treat gout work in one of two ways: They relieve pain and bring down inflammation, or they prevent future gout attacks by lowering uric acid levels.
Drugs to relieve gout pain include:
nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), such as aspirin (Bufferin), ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin), and naproxen (Aleve)
colchicine (Colcrys, Mitigare)
corticosteroids
Drugs that prevent gout attacks include:
xanthine oxidase inhibitors, such as allopurinol (Lopurin, Zyloprim) and febuxostat (Uloric)
probenecid (Probalan)
Along with medications, your doctor may recommend lifestyle changes to help manage your symptoms and reduce your risk of future gout attacks. For example, your doctor may encourage you to:
reduce your alcohol intake, if you drink
lose weight, if you�re overweight
quit smoking, if you smoke
In addition a few complementary therapies have also shown promise. |
gout | for gout, gout surgery? | Gout can typically be treated without surgery. But after many years, this condition can damage the joints, tear the tendons, and cause infections in the skin over the joints.
Hard deposits, called tophi, can build up on your joints and in other places, like your ear. These lumps may be painful and swollen, and they can permanently damage your joints.
Three surgical procedures treat tophi:
tophi removal surgery
joint fusion surgery
joint replacement surgery
Which one of these surgeries your doctor recommends depends on the extent of the damage, where the tophi are located, and your personal preferences. |
gout | for gout, causes of gout? | The buildup of uric acid in your blood from the breakdown of purines causes gout.
Certain conditions, such as blood and metabolism disorders or dehydration, make your body produce too much uric acid.
A kidney or thyroid problem, or an inherited disorder, can make it harder for your body to remove excess uric acid.
You�re more likely to get gout if you:
are a middle-aged man or postmenopausal woman
have parents, siblings, or other family members with gout
drink alcohol
take medications such as diuretics and cyclosporine
have a condition like high blood pressure, kidney disease, thyroid disease, diabetes, or sleep apnea
For some people, gout is caused by consuming foods that are high in gout-producing purines. |
gout | for gout, foods to avoid? | Certain foods are naturally high in purines, which your body breaks down into uric acid.
Most people can tolerate high-purine foods. But if your body has trouble releasing excess uric acid, you may want to avoid certain foods and drinks, such as:
red meats
organ meats
certain seafood
alcohol
Sugar-sweetened beverages and foods containing the sugar fructose can also be problematic, even though they don�t contain purines.
Some foods help reduce uric acid levels in the body and are good choices if you have gout.
Gout and alcohol
Alcohol, like red meat and seafood, is high in purines. When your body breaks down purines, the process releases uric acid.
More uric acid increases your risk of having gout. Alcohol can also reduce the rate at which your body removes uric acid.
Not everyone who drinks will develop gout. But a high consumption of alcohol (more than 12 drinks per week) can increase the risk � especially in men. Beer is more likely than liquor to influence the risk.
In surveys, people have reported that drinking alcohol triggers their gout flare-ups. |
gout | for gout, gout diagnosis? | Your doctor can diagnose gout based on a review of your medical history, a physical exam, and your symptoms. Your doctor will likely base your diagnosis on:
your description of your joint pain
how often you�ve experienced intense pain in your joint
how red or swollen the area is
Your doctor may also order a test to check for a buildup of uric acid in your joint. A sample of fluid taken from your joint can show whether it contains uric acid. They may also want to take an X-ray of your joint.
If you have symptoms of gout, you can start with a visit to your primary care doctor. If your gout is severe, you may need to see a specialist in joint diseases.
If you need help finding a primary care doctor, then check out our FindCare tool here. |
gout | for gout, gout triggers? | Certain foods, medications, and conditions can set off gout symptoms. You may need to avoid or limit foods and drinks like these, which are high in purines:
red meat, such as pork and veal
organ meats
fish, such as cod, scallops, mussels, and salmon
alcohol
sodas
fruit juice
Some medications you take to manage other conditions increase the level of uric acid in your blood. Talk with your doctor if you take any of these drugs:
diuretics, or water pills
aspirin
blood pressure-lowering medications, such as beta-blockers and angiotensin II receptor blockers
Your health may also be a factor in flare-ups. All of these conditions have been linked to gout:
obesity
diabetes or prediabetes
dehydration
joint injury
infections
congestive heart failure
high blood pressure
kidney disease
Sometimes it can be hard to pinpoint which of these factors is behind your gout attacks. Keeping a diary is one way to track your diet, medications, and health to help identify the cause of your symptoms. |
gout | for gout, gout prevention? | Here are a few steps you can take to help prevent gout:
Limit how much alcohol you drink.
Limit how much purine-rich food, such as shellfish, lamb, beef, pork, and organ meat, you eat.
Eat a low-fat, nondairy diet that�s rich in vegetables.
Maintain a healthy weight.
Avoid smoking.
Exercise regularly.
Stay hydrated.
If you have medical conditions or take medications that raise your risk of gout, ask your doctor how you can lower your risk of gout attacks. |
gout | for gout, gout with tophus? | When uric acid crystals build up in joints for a long time, they produce hard deposits called tophi under the skin. Without treatment, these tophi can damage bone and cartilage and leave the joints permanently disfigured.
Tophi are swollen lumps around the joints that look like knots on a tree trunk. They occur in joints like the fingers, feet, and knees, as well as on the ears. Tophi themselves don�t hurt, but the inflammation they cause can be painful.
Sometimes tophi form in connective tissue outside the joints. |
gout | for gout, is gout painful?? | Yes, gout can be painful. In fact, pain in the big toe is often one of the first symptoms people report. The pain is accompanied by more typical arthritis symptoms, such as swelling and warmth in the joints.
Gout pain can vary in severity. Pain in the big toe can be very intense at first. After the acute attack, it may subside to a dull ache.
The pain, as well as swelling and other symptoms, are the result of the body launching a defense (by the immune system) against uric acid crystals in the joints. This attack leads to the release of chemicals called cytokines, which promote painful inflammation. |
gout | for gout, gout essential oils? | Essential oils are plant-based substances used in aromatherapy. Some oils are thought to have anti-inflammatory, pain-relieving, and antibacterial effects.
Some of the essential oils used to treat gout include:
lemongrass oil
celery seed oil
yarrow oil extract
olive leaf extract
Chinese cinnamon
Talk with your doctor before you begin using any essential oil. Be aware that the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) doesn�t regulate the purity or quality of essential oils, so research the brand.
Be sure to follow these safety precautions when using essential oils:
Don�t put essential oils directly on your skin. It�s important to dilute them first with a carrier oil such as coconut oil or jojoba oil. For example, for a 3 percent dilution, mix 20 drops of the essential oil with 6 teaspoons of the carrier oil.
Don�t put essential oils in your mouth, since they�re not safe to ingest.
Store essential oils and carrier oils in a cool, dark place, away from sunlight and heat. |
gout | for gout, is gout hereditary?? | Gout is at least partly due to heredity. Researchers have found dozens of genes that increase people�s susceptibility to gout, including SLC2A9 and ABCG2. Genes associated with gout affect the amount of uric acid the body holds onto and releases.
Because of genetic factors, gout runs in families. People with a parent, sibling, or other close relative who has gout are more likely to get this condition themselves.
It�s likely that genes only set the stage for gout. Environmental factors, such as diet, actually trigger the disease. |
gout | for gout, takeaway? | Gout can often be successfully treated and managed. Your doctor may prescribe medications that help lower your uric acid levels and reduce inflammation and pain.
Your doctor or nutritionist can also recommend changes in your diet to help prevent flare-ups. Balanced eating and healthy lifestyle habits can help you successfully manage gout. |
thrombocytopaenia | what is thrombocytopaenia? Tell me about thrombocytopaenia? What kind of disease is thrombocytopaenia? Can you elaborate on thrombocytopaenia? What can you tell me about thrombocytopaenia? Could you describe what thrombocytopaenia is? I�d like to know more about thrombocytopaenia. Can you help? What information do you have on thrombocytopaenia? Could you provide information on thrombocytopaenia? | Isolated thrombocytopenia is a condition where your platelet levels are low, but other blood cell levels are within a typical range. It�s rare and potentially dangerous.
Thrombocytopenia is also known as low platelet count. It�s a condition that occurs when your blood doesn�t have enough cells called platelets (or thrombocytes).
Platelets are cells that form clots in response to damage in your blood vessels. A low platelet count can lead to an increased risk of bleeding or bruising.
Thrombocytopenia frequently goes together with other blood conditions, like anemia. But isolated thrombocytopenia occurs when your platelet levels are low, but other blood cell levels are within a typical range.
Isolated thrombocytopenia is relatively rare. Although we don�t know exactly how many people in the world are affected by this condition, some doctors estimate that it occurs in around 5%
of the people they treat with thrombocytopenia.
Untreated isolated thrombocytopenia can be dangerous because of the risk of internal bleeding that can be fatal. Read on to learn more about isolated thrombocytopenia, including its causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment options. |
thrombocytopaenia | for thrombocytopaenia, what are the symptoms of isolated thrombocytopenia?? | The symptoms of isolated thrombocytopenia can vary depending on how low your platelet count is. Some people may not experience any symptoms, while others may have frequent bleeding or bruising.
Symptoms of isolated thrombocytopenia can include
:
easy bruising
nosebleeds
bleeding gums
bleeding from cuts that doesn�t stop for a long time
petechiae, or small red or purple dots on the skin
purpura, or purple or brown bruise-like spots on the skin
heavy menstrual bleeding
In more severe cases you may have internal bleeding. Symptoms of internal bleeding include:
blood in the stool or tarry stools
blood in urine
vomiting blood |
thrombocytopaenia | for thrombocytopaenia, isolated thrombocytopenia causes? | Isolated thrombocytopenia can be chronic (long-term) and acute (short-term). These conditions can have different causes.
Acute isolated thrombocytopenia can be caused by:
autoimmune thrombocytopenia
certain medications, like quinine or chemotherapy drugs
pregnancy
Chronic isolated thrombocytopenia, on the other hand, can result from:
liver conditions like nonalcoholic fatty liver disease
viral infections like HIV or viral hepatitis
certain autoimmune disorders like rheumatoid arthritis
some antibiotics and other drugs |
thrombocytopaenia | for thrombocytopaenia, potential complications of isolated thrombocytopenia? | Complications of isolated thrombocytopenia include internal bleeding of the brain or the intestines. Left untreated, these complications can be fatal.
Isolated thrombocytopenia in pregnancy
Mild thrombocytopenia can happen in pregnancy, and it�s usually not a cause for concern. But in rare cases, thrombocytopenia can be severe. Very low platelet levels can have serious complications for both mom and baby, like:
dangerously heavy bleeding during and after delivery
inability to get an epidural due to potential complications
premature delivery |
thrombocytopaenia | for thrombocytopaenia, when to contact a doctor? | It�s important to contact a healthcare professional if you experience any symptoms of thrombocytopenia, like:
frequent nosebleeds
bruising
wounds that don�t stop bleeding
any signs of internal bleeding
In addition, be sure to speak with your doctor if you�ve been diagnosed with isolated thrombocytopenia and your symptoms are getting worse, or you�ve developed new symptoms. |
thrombocytopaenia | for thrombocytopaenia, isolated thrombocytopenia diagnosis? | The diagnosis of isolated thrombocytopenia typically begins with a physical exam. If your doctor suspects a low platelet count, they may check your skin for petechia or purpura. They�ll also ask about your medical history to look for potential causes of this condition.
Your doctor will then run several lab tests. One of the first tests will likely be a blood test called complete blood count (CBC). This test measures the levels of all cells in your blood. It can help your doctor figure out if your platelets are low and if other cells are affected as well.
If only platelets are affected, they�ll likely diagnose you with isolated thrombocytopenia.
Other tests may include:
abdominal ultrasound to look at your spleen
bone marrow biopsy or aspiration
other tests that might help with identifying the cause of your condition |
thrombocytopaenia | for thrombocytopaenia, isolated thrombocytopenia treatment? | Treatment of isolated thrombocytopenia depends on the severity of your condition and the underlying cause. If your platelet count is only slightly low and there are no symptoms, you may not need any treatment. Instead, your doctor will likely monitor you to ensure your condition doesn�t worsen.
But you might need treatment if your platelet count is significantly low or you have symptoms. Treatment may include medications that suppress your immune system, for example:
corticosteroids
immunoglobulins
other immunosuppressants
In some cases, if your condition is severe or if medications don�t work as expected, a procedure called a splenectomy may be necessary. This procedure involves removing the spleen.
Be sure to discuss the potential benefits and risks of your treatment with your doctor. |
thrombocytopaenia | for thrombocytopaenia, takeaway? | Isolated thrombocytopenia is a blood disorder that occurs when the body doesn�t have enough platelets while other blood cells are at typical levels. It can be acute (short-term) or chronic (long-term).
Treatment of isolated thrombocytopenia usually involves using immunosuppressive medications. But some people may need to have their spleen surgically removed.
Not everyone with isolated thrombocytopenia has symptoms or needs treatment. But people with very low platelet levels may need treatment to prevent serious complications, like internal bleeding. Severe isolated thrombocytopenia may be especially dangerous in pregnancy.
Speak with your doctor if you have any symptoms of this condition or questions about management. |
hypoglycemia | what is hypoglycemia? Tell me about hypoglycemia? What kind of disease is hypoglycemia? Can you elaborate on hypoglycemia? What can you tell me about hypoglycemia? Could you describe what hypoglycemia is? I�d like to know more about hypoglycemia. Can you help? What information do you have on hypoglycemia? Could you provide information on hypoglycemia? | You may get low blood sugar due eating too few carbohydrates or taking certain medications. Treatment may include easily digestible carbs, medication, or urgent medical care, depending on severity.
Hypoglycemia (low blood sugar) happens when your blood sugar (glucose) drops below the typical range. If your blood sugar drops too low, you may need immediate treatment.
Hypoglycemia is more common
in people with diabetes.
This article will take a closer look at hypoglycemia, as well as the symptoms and treatment and how to prevent your blood sugar from dropping too low. |
hypoglycemia | for hypoglycemia, what is hypoglycemia?? | Hypoglycemia occurs when your blood sugar drops below 70 milligrams per deciliter (mg/dL). Blood sugar is also known as blood glucose. If your cells don�t get glucose, your body can�t perform its typical functions.
If you take insulin for diabetes, you may be more likely to develop hypoglycemia.
Even a short-term decrease in blood glucose can cause problems. In this situation, immediate treatment for low blood sugar levels can help prevent more serious symptoms such as loss of consciousness. |
hypoglycemia | for hypoglycemia, what are the symptoms of hypoglycemia?? | Illustration by Sophia Smith
Symptoms of low blood sugar can occur suddenly. They may include:
pale skin
unexplained fatigue
hunger
shaking
sweating
dizziness
rapid heartbeat
mood changes
irritability or anxiety
headache
difficulty sleeping
skin tingling
blurry vision
trouble thinking clearly or concentrating
loss of consciousness, seizure, or coma
Hypoglycemia unawareness
Some people may have low blood sugar without any symptoms. This is called hypoglycemia unawareness.
If you have this condition, your blood sugar can drop without you noticing it. Without immediate treatment, you may faint, experience a seizure, or even go into a coma.
If you have hypoglycemia unawareness, you may need to check your blood sugar levels more regularly. A doctor may recommend a continuous glucose monitor, a device that can alert you to changes in your blood sugar levels.
What to do if you have low blood sugar symptoms
If you have diabetes and are experiencing mild to moderate hypoglycemia symptoms, you need to immediately eat or drink 15 grams (g) of easily digestible carbohydrates.
Examples of easily digestible carbohydrates
1/2 cup of juice or regular (non-diet) soda
1 tablespoon of honey
4 or 5 saltines
3 or 4 pieces of hard candy or glucose tablets
1 tablespoon of sugar
Was this helpful?
Very low blood sugar is a medical emergency. If you or someone else with diabetes is experiencing severe symptoms, such as loss of consciousness, it�s important to administer a medication called glucagon and contact local emergency services immediately.
If you�re at risk for low blood sugar, a doctor can prescribe glucagon.
Never give an unconscious person anything by mouth, as it could cause choking. If you have diabetes, make sure your family and friends know not to do this if you lose consciousness. |
hypoglycemia | for hypoglycemia, what causes hypoglycemia?? | Low blood sugar can occur for a number of reasons. It�s usually a side effect of diabetes treatment.
Possible causes in people with diabetes
If you have diabetes, your blood sugar levels may sometimes become too low as a result of your treatment. Hypoglycemia may also occur if you:
take too much medication, including insulin or medications that increase insulin production
plan to eat a big meal and take your medication accordingly but then do not eat enough
skip meals or fast
eat less than usual
eat later than usual but take your medication at the usual time
engage in unplanned, excessive physical activity without eating enough
drink alcohol, which can affect how your body manages your blood sugar levels
become sick and cannot keep food down
Blood sugar regulation
Blood sugar regulation aims to prevent spikes and drops by keeping your blood sugar levels stable.
If you have untreated diabetes or are unaware that you have diabetes, you may experience low or high blood sugar. You can help manage your blood sugar levels with dietary changes, regular physical activity, and medication if needed.
Hypoglycemia after meals
You may develop low blood sugar levels after eating due to the composition of your meals. Contributing factors can include:
consumption of too few carbohydrates
consumption of too few carbohydrates without a reduction in the amount of insulin you take
consumption of more carbohydrates from liquids than usual, as your body absorbs them more quickly than solids
the amounts of other nutrients, such as fat, protein, and fiber, you are consuming
Possible causes in people without diabetes
Even if you don�t have diabetes, you may experience low blood sugar, though it is less common.
Possible causes of low blood sugar in people who don�t have diabetes include:
certain medications, such as quinine
some medical conditions, such as hepatitis and kidney disorders
a tumor that produces excess insulin
severe illnesses such as cerebral malaria and sepsis
endocrine disorders such as adrenal gland deficiency
anorexia nervosa |
hypoglycemia | for hypoglycemia, how is hypoglycemia diagnosed?? | If you suspect you have low blood sugar, it�s important to check your blood sugar right away. If you don�t have a blood glucose meter and you�re taking diabetes medications that increase insulin, talk with your doctor about getting a meter.
If you experience low blood sugar a few times per week, talk with a doctor right away to find out why. They may begin your visit by requesting your medical history, asking questions about your eating habits, and learning more about your symptoms.
If you don�t have diabetes but suspect you have hypoglycemia, talk with a doctor about your symptoms. A doctor will use three criteria, sometimes referred to as Whipple�s triad, to diagnose low blood sugar:
Signs and symptoms of low blood sugar: A doctor may require you to fast (abstain from drinking and eating for an extended period) so they can observe signs and symptoms.
Documentation of low blood sugar when your signs and symptoms occur: A doctor will order a blood test to analyze your blood sugar levels in a laboratory.
Disappearance of the signs and symptoms of low blood sugar: A doctor will want to know whether the signs and symptoms go away when your blood sugar levels are raised.
The doctor may send you home with a blood glucose meter to track your blood sugar over time at home. They may ask that you check your blood sugar at certain times of the day, such as after waking up and after eating meals.
If you need help finding a primary care doctor, check out our FindCare tool.
How to check your blood sugar at home
To perform a blood sugar test, you will need to prick your finger with a lancet (provided in a blood glucose test kit). You�ll put a small sample of blood from this onto a strip inserted into the blood glucose meter.
Before you check your blood sugar at home, it�s important to find out from a doctor what a healthy blood sugar range is for you. The doctor will determine this range based on factors such as:
the type of diabetes you have
how long you�ve had diabetes
your age
whether you have any other chronic health conditions
If you don�t have a blood glucose meter on hand and are experiencing symptoms of low blood sugar with diabetes, your symptoms may be enough to diagnose low blood sugar. |
hypoglycemia | for hypoglycemia, how is hypoglycemia treated?? | You can treat hypoglycemia by raising your blood sugar. It is important to treat low blood sugar as soon as possible.
The American Diabetes Association recommends consuming at least 15 g of carbohydrates to increase your blood sugar. Options include:
hard candies
non-diet soda or juice
honey or table sugar
jelly beans or gumdrops
fresh or dried fruit
You can also take glucose tablets to rapidly raise your blood sugar if it�s low, but it�s important to determine how many grams of carbs are in each tablet before taking them.
Wait 15 minutes after eating or taking a glucose tablet and check your blood sugar again. If your blood sugar is not above 70 mg/dL, eat another 15 g of carbohydrates or take another dose of glucose tablets. Repeat this until your blood sugar level starts to rise.
Be sure not to overeat. This could lead to blood sugar levels that are too high.
If your blood sugar remains unresponsive, contact a doctor or emergency services right away. Symptoms of low blood sugar usually get worse if left untreated and can become life threatening.
If you are at risk for low blood sugar, a doctor may recommend a glucagon kit. This medication raises your blood sugar levels.
You may also want to talk with people you are in frequent contact with about how to care for you if your blood sugar drops too low. This includes:
recognizing low blood sugar symptoms
knowing how to use the glucagon kit
calling 911 or your local emergency services if you lose consciousness
Wearing a medical identification bracelet can help emergency responders care for you properly if you need urgent medical attention.
You may need to make an appointment with a doctor if you have diabetes and experience low blood sugar levels often or if you have symptoms but don�t have diabetes. |
hypoglycemia | for hypoglycemia, complications from spells of hypoglycemia? | Mildly low blood sugar levels are somewhat common for people with diabetes. However, severely low blood sugar levels can be life threatening. Complications may include:
seizures
nervous system damage
loss of consciousness
death
Avoid driving if you are experiencing low blood sugar, as it can increase your risk of having an accident. |
hypoglycemia | for hypoglycemia, how can episodes of hypoglycemia be prevented?? | There are several ways you can prevent low blood sugar.
Check your blood sugar often
Regularly checking your blood sugar level can help you keep it in your target range. If you�ve had low blood sugar episodes in the past, you may want to check your blood sugar levels before driving or operating machinery.
A doctor can advise you on how often to check your blood sugar.
Snack wisely
Consider having a snack before you leave your home if you know it will be more than 5 hours until your next full meal or if your blood sugar levels are lower than 100 mg/dL.
It�s a good idea to keep carbohydrate-rich snacks on hand at all times in case your blood sugar dips while you�re out.
Fuel your body during exercise
Exercise uses up energy, so it can quickly cause your blood sugar to drop if you haven�t eaten enough beforehand. Check your blood sugar 1�2 hours before exercising to make sure it�s within your target range.
If it�s too low, eat a small meal or carbohydrate-rich snack.
If you plan to exercise for an hour or longer, consume additional carbohydrates during your workout. Exercise gels, sports drinks, granola bars, and even candy bars can provide your body with a quick burst of glucose during exercise.
Healthcare professionals can come up with the right program for you.
Your blood sugar may drop for up to 24 hours after moderate to intense exercise. Doctors recommend checking your blood sugar level immediately after exercise and then every 2�4 hours until you go to sleep. Avoid intense exercise immediately before bed.
Follow guidance around medications
If you follow a meal plan or take medications that increase your insulin level, it�s important to stick to the plan your doctor has prescribed to help prevent low blood sugar.
Not eating the right foods or taking the right medications at the correct times can cause your blood sugar to drop. Check in often with your doctor so they can adjust your treatment plan if and when necessary.
Q:
I just started a weight loss program, and I keep having a big drop in my blood sugar levels after breakfast. Any advice?
� From our Facebook community
A:
It sounds like you may be experiencing something called reactive hypoglycemia, or low blood sugar after eating a meal, which is most likely due to a change in diet.
To manage this problem, I recommend consistent and frequent meals and snacks every 3�4 hours that are a mix of high fiber carbohydrates, fat, and protein.
Eating high fiber carbohydrates is important because they provide the sugar the body needs, but they are also what causes the body to release insulin.
Make sure to add some protein or fat to all of your meals and snacks. Protein and fat can help slow the digestion of carbohydrates, which helps manage the release of insulin and allows for the slow and steady digestion of carbs.
Be sure to discuss any changes to your diet with your primary care physician.
� Peggy Pletcher, MS, RD, LD, CDCES
Answers represent the opinions of our medical experts. All content is strictly informational and should not be considered medical advice.
Was this helpful? |
hypoglycemia | for hypoglycemia, the bottom line? | Hypoglycemia (low blood sugar) can happen when your blood sugar level drops below 70 mg/dL.
Hypoglycemia is most common in people with diabetes. But it may also occur in people who don�t have diabetes, typically due to medication or a medical condition.
If you�re experiencing mild or moderate symptoms, it�s important to eat or drink 15 g of easily digestible carbohydrates right away. If your blood sugar drops too low, it can become life threatening and need immediate treatment.
Read this article in Spanish. |
pneumonia aspiration | what is pneumonia aspiration? Tell me about pneumonia aspiration? What kind of disease is pneumonia aspiration? Can you elaborate on pneumonia aspiration? What can you tell me about pneumonia aspiration? Could you describe what pneumonia aspiration is? I�d like to know more about pneumonia aspiration. Can you help? What information do you have on pneumonia aspiration? Could you provide information on pneumonia aspiration? | Aspiration pneumonia is a complication of pulmonary aspiration. Pulmonary aspiration is when you inhale food, stomach acid, or saliva into your lungs.
You can also aspirate food that travels back up from your stomach to your esophagus. All of these things may carry bacteria that affect your lungs. Healthy lungs can clear up on their own. If they don�t, pneumonia can develop as a complication. |
pneumonia aspiration | for pneumonia aspiration, what are the symptoms of aspiration pneumonia?? | Someone with aspiration pneumonia may show symptoms of poor oral hygiene and throat clearing or wet coughing after eating. Other symptoms of this condition include:
chest pain
shortness of breath
wheezing
fatigue
blue discoloration of the skin
cough, possibly with green sputum, blood, or a foul odor
difficulty swallowing
bad breath
excessive sweating
Anyone exhibiting these symptoms should contact their doctor. Let them know if you�ve recently inhaled any food or liquids. It�s especially critical that children under 2 years of age or adults over the age of 65 get medical attention and a quick diagnosis.
Don�t hesitate to go to the doctor if you�re coughing up colored sputum or have a lingering fever over 102�F (38�C) in addition to the symptoms mentioned above. |
pneumonia aspiration | for pneumonia aspiration, what causes aspiration pneumonia?? | Pneumonia from aspiration can occur when your defenses are impaired and the aspirated contents have a large amount of harmful bacteria.
You can aspirate and develop pneumonia if your food or drink �goes down the wrong way.� This may happen even if you can swallow normally and have a regular gag reflex. In that case, most of the time you�ll be able to prevent this by coughing. Those who have impaired coughing ability, however, may not be able to. This impairment may be due to:
neurological disorders
throat cancer
medical conditions like myasthenia gravis or Parkinson�s disease
excessive use of alcohol or prescription or illegal drugs
use of sedatives or anesthesia
a weakened immune system
esophageal disorders
dental problems that interfere with chewing or swallowing |
pneumonia aspiration | for pneumonia aspiration, who is at risk for aspiration pneumonia?? | Risk factors for aspiration pneumonia include people with:
impaired consciousness
lung disease
seizure
stroke
dental problems
dementia
swallowing dysfunction
impaired mental status
certain neurologic diseases
radiation therapy to the head and neck
heartburn (gastroesophageal reflux)
gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) |
pneumonia aspiration | for pneumonia aspiration, how is aspiration pneumonia diagnosed?? | Your doctor will look for signs of pneumonia during a physical exam, such as a decreased flow of air, rapid heart rate, and a crackling sound in your lungs. Your doctor may also run a series of tests to confirm pneumonia. These may include:
chest X-ray
sputum culture
complete blood count (CBC)
arterial blood gas
bronchoscopy
computed tomography (CT) scan of your chest area
blood culture
Because pneumonia is a serious condition, it requires treatment. You should have some of your test results within 24 hours. Blood and sputum cultures will take three to five days. |
pneumonia aspiration | for pneumonia aspiration, how is aspiration pneumonia treated?? | Treatment depends on the severity of your pneumonia. Outcomes and duration of treatment depend on your general health, preexisting conditions, and hospital policies. Treating severe pneumonia may require hospitalization. People with trouble swallowing may need to stop taking food by mouth.
Your doctor will prescribe antibiotics for your condition. Things your doctor will ask before prescribing antibiotics:
Were you recently hospitalized?
What is your overall health?
Have you used antibiotics recently?
Where do you live?
Make sure to take the antibiotics for the entire length of the prescription period. This period can vary from one to two weeks.
You may also need supportive care if aspiration pneumonia causes breathing problems. Treatment includes supplemental oxygen, steroids, or help from a breathing machine. Depending on the cause of chronic aspiration, you may require surgery. For example, you may get surgery for a feeding tube if you have swallowing problems that don�t respond to treatment. |
pneumonia aspiration | for pneumonia aspiration, how can aspiration pneumonia be prevented?? | Prevention tips
Avoid behaviors that can lead to aspiration, such as excessive drinking.
Be careful when taking medications that can make you feel drowsy.
Receive proper dental care on a regular basis.
Was this helpful?
Your doctor may recommend a swallow evaluation by a licensed speech pathologist or swallow therapist. They can work with you on swallowing strategies and throat muscle strengthening. You may also need to change your diet.
Surgery risk: Follow your doctor�s orders about fasting to lower the chance of vomiting under anesthesia. |
pneumonia aspiration | for pneumonia aspiration, what can be expected in the long term?? | Many people who have aspiration pneumonia also have other diseases that affect swallowing. This can result in a longer recovery period. Your outlook depends on:
how much of your lungs have been affected
the severity of the pneumonia
the type of bacteria causing the infection
any underlying medical condition that compromises your immune system or your ability to swallow
Pneumonia can cause long-term problems like a lung abscess or permanent scarring. Some people will develop acute respiratory failure, which can be fatal.
Aspiration pneumonia has been shown to increase mortality
in people who are hospitalized with community-acquired pneumonia if they aren�t in an intensive care unit (ICU). |
pneumonia aspiration | for pneumonia aspiration, takeaway? | Aspiration pneumonia is a lung infection caused by inhaled oral or gastric contents. It can become serious if left untreated. Treatment involves antibiotics and supportive care for breathing.
Your outlook depends on your state of health prior to the event, the type of foreign material that is aspirated into your lungs, and any other conditions you might have. Most people (79 percent) will survive aspiration pneumonia. Of the 21 percent of people who won�t survive, mortality is often due to a preexisting condition that led them to choose to have a DNR (do not resuscitate) or DNI (do not intubate) document.
Contact a doctor immediately if you notice any symptoms of pneumonia, especially in an older adult or infant. To diagnose aspiration pneumonia, your doctor will order tests to look at lung health and ability to swallow. |
colitis | what is colitis? Tell me about colitis? What kind of disease is colitis? Can you elaborate on colitis? What can you tell me about colitis? Could you describe what colitis is? I�d like to know more about colitis. Can you help? What information do you have on colitis? Could you provide information on colitis? | Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a type of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Symptoms can range from mild to severe. In some cases, you may not have any symptoms. Treatment focuses on managing or reducing symptoms.
Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a type of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). IBD comprises a group of diseases that affect the gastrointestinal (GI) tract.
UC occurs when the lining of your large intestine (also called the colon), rectum, or both become inflamed.
This inflammation produces tiny sores called ulcers on the lining of your colon. Inflammation usually begins in the rectum and spreads upward. It can involve your entire colon.
The inflammation causes your bowel to move its contents rapidly and empty frequently. As cells on the surface of the lining of your bowel die, ulcers form. The ulcers may cause bleeding and discharge of mucus and pus.
While this condition affects people of all ages, most people develop UC between ages 15 and 30 years old, according to the American Gastroenterological Association. After 50 years old, there�s another small increase in diagnosis of IBD, usually in men. |
colitis | for colitis, ulcerative colitis symptoms? | The seriousness of UC symptoms varies among people who have the condition. The symptoms can also change over time.
People diagnosed with UC may experience periods of mild symptoms or no symptoms at all. This is called remission. However, symptoms can return and become severe. This is called a flare-up.
Common symptoms of UC include:
abdominal pain
increased abdominal sounds
bloody stools
diarrhea
fever
rectal pain
weight loss
malnutrition
UC may cause additional symptoms, such as:
joint pain
joint swelling
nausea and decreased appetite
skin problems
mouth sores
eye inflammation |
colitis | for colitis, ulcerative colitis causes? | Researchers believe that UC may be the result of an overactive immune system. However, it�s unclear why some immune systems respond by attacking the large intestines, and others don�t.
Factors that may play a role in who develops UC include:
Genes. You may inherit a gene from a parent that increases your chance of having UC.
Other immune disorders. If you have one type of immune disorder, your chance of developing a second is higher.
Environmental factors. Bacteria, viruses, and antigens may trigger your immune system. |
colitis | for colitis, types of ulcerative colitis? | UC can be categorized according to the parts of the GI tract that it affects.
Ulcerative proctitis. In ulcerative proctitis, only the rectum is inflamed. It�s considered a mild form of UC.
Left-sided colitis. Left-sided colitis causes inflammation in the area between the splenic flexure (near the upper part of the colon, where it bends) and the last section of the colon. The last section of the colon, known as the distal colon, includes the descending colon and sigmoid colon. Left-sided colitis is also known as distal ulcerative colitis.
Proctosigmoiditis. Proctosigmoiditis is a form of left-sided colitis. It causes inflammation in the rectum and sigmoid colon.
Extensive colitis. Extensive colitis, also known as pancolitis, causes inflammation throughout the entire colon. It�s considered a severe form of UC. |
colitis | for colitis, ulcerative colitis diagnosis? | Different tests can help a doctor diagnose UC. UC mimics other bowel diseases such as Crohn�s disease. A doctor will order multiple tests to rule out other conditions.
Tests to diagnose UC often include:
Blood tests. Blood tests are often useful in the diagnosis of UC. A complete blood count looks for signs of anemia (a low red blood cell count). Other tests indicate inflammation, such as a high level of C-reactive protein and a high sedimentation rate. A doctor may also order specialized antibody tests.
Stool test. A doctor examines your stool for certain inflammatory markers, blood, bacteria, and parasites.
CT scan. This is a specialized X-ray of your abdomen and pelvis.
Endoscopy. A doctor uses a flexible tube to examine your stomach, esophagus, and small intestine.
Biopsy. A surgeon removes a tissue sample from your colon for analysis.
Flexible sigmoidoscopy. Flexible sigmoidoscopy is a type of endoscopy. During this test, a doctor inserts a long, flexible tube into your rectum so that they can examine it, the sigmoid colon, and part of the descending colon. Flexible sigmoidoscopy is also known as sigmoidoscopy.
Colonoscopy. During a colonoscopy, a doctor inserts a lighted scope called a colonoscope into your rectum to examine the inside of your colon. It�s also a type of endoscopy.
Were you recently diagnosed? Here�s what you need to know about treating and living with UC. |
colitis | for colitis, ulcerative colitis and colonoscopy? | Doctors can use a colonoscopy to diagnose UC or determine the severity of the condition.
Before the procedure, a doctor will likely instruct you to reduce solid foods and switch to a liquid-only diet. Then you�ll fast for a period of time before the procedure.
Typical colonoscopy prep involves taking a laxative the evening before the procedure, too. This helps eliminate any waste still in the colon and rectum. Doctors can examine a clean colon more easily.
During the procedure, you�ll lie on your side. Your doctor will give you a sedative to help you relax and prevent any discomfort.
Once the medication takes effect, the doctor will insert a colonoscope into your anus. This device is long and flexible so it can move easily through your GI tract. The colonoscope also has a camera attached so your doctor can see inside the colon.
During the exam, the doctor will look for signs of inflammation and check for precancerous growth called polyps. The doctor may also perform a biopsy. The tissue can be sent to a laboratory for further examination.
If you�ve been diagnosed with UC, a doctor may conduct periodic colonoscopies to monitor inflammation, damage to your intestines, and healing progress.
A colonoscopy is an important tool in detecting colorectal cancer as well. Find out why that�s so important for people who�ve been diagnosed with UC. |
colitis | for colitis, when to see a doctor? | If you�ve been diagnosed with UC, see a doctor if you experience symptoms such as:
severe abdominal pain or cramping
severe rectal bleeding
chronic diarrhea that�s difficult to treat
high fever
swelling of areas such as the skin or joints
dehydration
These symptoms are sometimes associated with UC complications.
If you haven�t been diagnosed with UC, see a doctor if you experience multiple symptoms of the condition. They can help determine whether you may have UC or another bowel disease. |
colitis | for colitis, ulcerative colitis treatment? | UC is a chronic condition. The goal of treatment is to reduce the inflammation that causes your symptoms to prevent flare-ups and have longer periods of remission.
Medication
Which medication you�ll take will depend on your specific situation, including how severe your symptoms are.
For mild symptoms, your doctor may prescribe a medication to reduce inflammation and swelling. This will help alleviate many symptoms.
These types of medications include 5-aminosalicylates (5-ASA drugs) such as:
mesalamine (Asacol HD, Lialda)
sulfasalazine (Azulfidine)
balsalazide (Colazal)
olsalazine (Dipentum)
Some people may need corticosteroids to help reduce inflammation, but these can have adverse effects, so doctors try to limit their use. If an infection is present, you may need antibiotics.
If you have moderate to severe symptoms, a doctor may prescribe a type of medication known as a biologic. Biologics are made from antibodies and help block inflammation. Taking these can help prevent a symptom flare-up.
Effective options for most people include:
adalimumab (Humira)
golimumab (Simponi)
infliximab (Remicade)
tofacitinib (Xeljanz)
ustekinumab (Stelara)
vedolizumab (Entyvio)
A doctor may also prescribe an immunomodulator. These change the way the immune system works. Examples include methotrexate, 5-ASA drugs, and thiopurine drugs. However, current guidelines don�t recommend these as standalone treatments.
In 2018, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA)
approved the use of tofacitinib (Xeljanz) as a treatment for UC. Initially used to treat rheumatoid arthritis, this medication targets cells responsible for inflammation. It�s the first oral medication approved for the long-term treatment of UC.
Hospitalization
If your symptoms are severe, you�ll need to be hospitalized to correct the effects of dehydration and loss of electrolytes that diarrhea causes. You may also need to replace blood and to treat any other complications.
Researchers continue to look for new treatments each year. Learn more about the newest UC treatments.
Ulcerative colitis surgery
Surgery is necessary if you experience:
substantial blood loss
chronic and debilitating symptoms
perforation of your colon
a severe blockage
A CT scan or colonoscopy can detect these serious problems.
Surgery typically involves removing your entire colon and rectum as well as creating a new pathway for waste. This pathway can be out through a small opening in your abdominal wall.
To redirect waste through your abdominal wall, the surgeon will make a small opening in the wall. The tip of your lower small intestine, or the ileum, is then brought to the skin�s surface. Waste will drain through the opening into a bag.
In other types of surgery, the surgeon removes the diseased part of your colon and rectum but retains the outer muscles of your rectum. The surgeon then attaches your small intestine to the rectum to form a small pouch. After this surgery, you�re able to pass stool through your rectum. Bowel movements will be more frequent and watery than normal.
In certain procedures, the anus is also removed. Read more about each of the surgical options and their long-term effects. |
colitis | for colitis, natural remedies for ulcerative colitis? | Some of the medications prescribed to treat UC can have serious side effects. When traditional treatments are not well tolerated, some people turn to natural remedies to manage UC.
Natural remedies that may help relieve UC symptoms include:
Boswellia. This herb is found in the resin underneath Boswellia serrata tree bark. Research suggests it stops some of the chemical reactions in the body that can cause inflammation.
Bromelain. This enzyme mixture is found naturally in pineapples, but it�s also sold as a supplement. It may help ease symptoms of UC and reduce flares.
Probiotics. Your intestines and stomach are home to billions of bacteria. When the bacteria are healthy, your body is better able to ward off inflammation and symptoms of UC. Eating foods with probiotics or taking probiotic supplements can help boost the health of the microbial flora in your gut.
Psyllium. This fiber supplement can help keep bowel movements regular. This may alleviate symptoms, prevent constipation, and make eliminating waste easier. However, many people with IBD can experience worsening abdominal cramping, gas, and bloating when they consume fiber during a flare-up.
Turmeric. This golden yellow spice is chock-full of curcumin, an antioxidant that�s been shown to reduce inflammation.
Keep in mind that these natural remedies have not undergone clinical trials and are not necessarily endorsed by professional organizations or their clinical guidelines.
Many of these natural remedies can be used in conjunction with other UC treatments. Discover which ones might be safe for you and what questions you should ask your doctor. |
colitis | for colitis, ulcerative colitis diet? | There�s no specific diet for UC. Each person reacts to food and drink differently. However, a few general rules may be useful for people trying to avoid a flare-up:
Eat a low fat diet. It�s not clear why a low fat diet is beneficial, but it�s known that foods high in fat commonly cause diarrhea, especially in people with IBD. Eating more low fat foods may delay flare-ups. When you do eat fat, pick healthier options like olive oil and omega-3 fatty acids.
Take in more vitamin C. This vitamin may have a protective effect on your intestines and help them heal or recover faster after a flare-up. People who eat diets rich in vitamin C have prolonged periods of UC remission. Vitamin C-rich foods include parsley, bell peppers, spinach, and berries.
Eat more fiber. During a flare-up, bulky, slow-moving fiber is the last thing you want in your intestines. During remission, however, fiber can help you stay regular. It may also improve how easily you can eliminate waste products during bowel movements.
Making a food diary
Creating a food diary is a smart way to begin to understand which foods affect you. For several weeks, closely track what you eat and how you feel in the hours after. Record details of bowel movements or any symptoms you might experience.
In that span of time, you can likely detect trends between discomfort or stomach pain and certain problematic foods. Try removing those foods from your diet to see if your symptoms improve.
You may be able to manage mild symptoms of UC by avoiding foods that upset your GI tract. Discover the foods that are most likely to cause issues if you have UC. |
colitis | for colitis, frequently asked questions about ulcerative colitis? | Below are some frequently asked questions people have about UC.
What�s the difference between ulcerative colitis and Crohn�s disease?
UC and Crohn�s disease are the most common forms of IBD. Both conditions are thought to be the result of an overactive immune system.
They also share many symptoms, including:
cramps
abdominal pain
diarrhea
fatigue
However, UC and Crohn�s disease do have distinct differences. Understanding the key differences between them can help you obtain a proper diagnosis.
Location
These two conditions affect different portions of the GI tract.
Crohn�s disease may affect any part of the GI tract, from the mouth to the anus. It�s most often found in the small intestine. UC only affects the large intestine (colon) and rectum.
Response to treatment
Similar medications are prescribed to treat both conditions. Surgery is also a treatment option. It�s a last resort for both conditions, but it can be a cure for UC, whereas it�s only a temporary therapy for Crohn�s.
What�s the difference between ulcerative colitis and colitis?
Colitis refers to inflammation of the inner lining of the colon. Colitis causes symptoms such as abdominal pain and cramping, bloating, and diarrhea.
An inflamed colon can be caused by several conditions. UC is one possible cause. Other possible causes of colitis include:
infection
reaction to certain medications
Crohn�s disease
an allergic reaction
To diagnose the cause of colitis, a doctor will order a series of tests. These tests will help them understand what other symptoms you�re experience and rule out conditions based on what you�re not experiencing.
Treatment for colitis will depend on the underlying cause and other symptoms you have.
Is ulcerative colitis curable?
Currently, there�s no nonsurgical cure for UC. Treatments for the inflammatory disease aim to extend periods of remission and make flare-ups less severe.
For people with severe UC, curative surgery is a treatment option. Removing the entire large intestine (as in a total colectomy) will end the symptoms of UC.
This procedure requires your doctor to create a pouch on the outside of your body where waste can empty. This pouch can become inflamed and cause side effects.
For that reason, some people choose to have only a partial colectomy. In this surgery, your doctor only removes the parts of the colon that are affected by UC.
While these surgeries can help ease or end symptoms of UC, they can have adverse effects and possible long-term complications. Read more about these issues to determine if surgery is an option for you.
Is ulcerative colitis contagious?
UC is not contagious.
Some causes of colitis or inflammation in the colon can be contagious, though. That includes inflammation caused by bacteria and viruses.
However, UC is not caused by anything that can be transmitted to another person. |
colitis | for colitis, ulcerative colitis in children? | According to one study of IBD in the United States, 1 in 1,299 children between ages 2 and 17 years old were affected by the condition in 2016. Crohn�s disease was twice as common as UC, and boys were more likely to have IBD than girls.
For children with IBD, a diagnosis is more likely after 10 years old.
UC symptoms in children are similar to symptoms in older individuals. Children may experience bloody diarrhea, abdominal pain and cramping, and fatigue.
In addition, they may experience issues compounded by the condition, such as:
anemia due to blood loss
malnutrition from poor eating
unexplained weight loss
UC can have a significant effect on a child�s life, especially if the condition isn�t treated and managed properly. Treatments for children are more limited because of possible complications. For example, medicated enemas are rarely used as a treatment method in children.
However, children with UC may be prescribed medications that reduce inflammation and prevent immune system attacks on the colon. For some children, surgery may be necessary to manage symptoms.
If your child has been diagnosed with UC, it�s important that you work closely with their doctor to find treatments and lifestyle changes that can help. Check out these tips for parents and children dealing with UC. |
colitis | for colitis, complications of ulcerative colitis? | UC increases your risk of developing colon cancer. The longer you have the disease, the higher your risk of this cancer.
Because of this increased risk, your doctor will perform a colonoscopy and check for cancer when you receive your diagnosis.
Repeat screenings every 1 to 3 years
are recommended thereafter, according to the American Cancer Society. Regular screenings help lower your risk of colon cancer. Follow-up screenings can detect precancerous cells early.
Other complications of UC include:
thickening of the intestinal wall
intestinal bleeding
sepsis, or blood infection
severe dehydration
toxic megacolon, or a rapidly swelling colon
rupture of your colon
inflammation of your skin, joints, and eyes
ankylosing spondylitis, which involves inflammation of joints between your spinal bones
kidney stones
liver disease, which is rare
Complications of UC are worse if the condition isn�t properly treated. Learn more about the complications of unmanaged UC. |
colitis | for colitis, ulcerative colitis risk factors? | Most people with UC don�t have a family history of the condition. However, about 12 percent of people with UC do have a family member with IBD, according to research from 2014.
UC can develop in a person of any race, but it�s more common in white people. If you�re of Ashkenazi Jewish descent, you have a greater chance of developing the condition than most other groups.
Young people with IBD may also be dealing with acne at the same time. Some older studies have suggested a possible link between the use of the cystic acne medication isotretinoin (Absorbica, Amnesteem, Claravis) and UC. However, newer research has yet to find a definitive causal relationship. |
colitis | for colitis, ulcerative colitis prevention? | There�s no solid evidence indicating that your diet affects whether you develop UC. You may find that certain foods and drinks aggravate your symptoms when you have a flare-up, though.
Practices that may help include:
drinking small amounts of water throughout the day
eating smaller meals throughout the day
limiting your intake of high fiber foods
avoiding fatty foods
lowering your intake of milk if you�re lactose intolerant
Also, ask a doctor if you should take a multivitamin. |
colitis | for colitis, outlook for people with ulcerative colitis? | If you have UC, a doctor will need to monitor your condition, and you�ll need to carefully follow your treatment plan throughout your life.
The only true cure for UC is removal of the entire colon and rectum. Your doctor will usually begin with medical therapy unless you have a severe complication that requires surgery. Some people will eventually require surgery, but most do well with nonsurgical therapy and care.
Read this article in Spanish. |
diverticulosis | what is diverticulosis? Tell me about diverticulosis? What kind of disease is diverticulosis? Can you elaborate on diverticulosis? What can you tell me about diverticulosis? Could you describe what diverticulosis is? I�d like to know more about diverticulosis. Can you help? What information do you have on diverticulosis? Could you provide information on diverticulosis? | Diverticulitis can cause digestive symptoms and abdominal pain. Some people may develop complications that require urgent medical care. |
diverticulosis | for diverticulosis, what is diverticulitis?? | Although it was rare before the 20th century, diverticular disease is a very common health problem in the Western world. It�s a group of conditions that can affect your digestive tract.
The most serious type of diverticular disease is diverticulitis. It can cause uncomfortable symptoms and, in some cases, serious complications. If left untreated, these complications can cause long-term health problems.
Read on to learn more about diverticulitis, including its causes, symptoms, treatment options, and how your diet might affect your risk of developing it. |
diverticulosis | for diverticulosis, symptoms of diverticulitis? | Diverticulitis can cause symptoms ranging from mild to severe. These symptoms can appear suddenly, or they can develop gradually over several days.
Potential symptoms of diverticular disease include
:
pain in your abdomen
bloating
diarrhea
constipation
If you develop diverticulitis, you might experience:
constant or severe pain in your abdomen
nausea and vomiting
fever and chills
blood in your stool
bleeding from your rectum
Abdominal pain is the most common
symptom of diverticulitis. It will most likely occur in the lower left side of your abdomen. It can also develop in the right side of your abdomen.
If you develop any of the above symptoms, it may be a sign of a serious complication from diverticulitis or another condition. Call your doctor right away. |
diverticulosis | for diverticulosis, causes of diverticulitis? | Diverticular disease develops when pouches form along your digestive tract, typically in your colon (large intestine). These pouches (diverticula) can become inflamed and infected, which may occur when feces or partially digested food blocks the opening of the diverticula.
Although there�s no single known cause of diverticular disease, several factors can increase the risk of developing diverticulitis, including
:
genetics
diet
decreased immune function
having obesity
physical inactivity
smoking
changes in the gut microbiome
certain medications, such as steroids |
diverticulosis | for diverticulosis, what are the complications of diverticulitis?? | More than 75 percent
of diverticulitis cases are uncomplicated, leaving about 25 percent to develop complications.
These complications can include:
abscess, an infected pocket that�s filled with pus
phlegmon, an infected area that�s less well-confined than an abscess
fistula, an abnormal connection that can develop between two organs or between an organ and the skin
intestinal perforation, a tear or hole in the intestinal wall that can allow the contents of your colon to leak into your abdominal cavity, causing inflammation and infection
intestinal obstruction, a blockage in your intestine that can stop stool from passing |
diverticulosis | for diverticulosis, diagnosis of diverticulitis? | To diagnose diverticulitis, your doctor will likely ask about your symptoms, health history, and any medications you take. They�ll likely perform a physical exam to check your abdomen for tenderness.
If they need more information, they may perform a digital rectal exam to check for:
rectal bleeding
pain
masses
other problems
Several other conditions can cause symptoms that are similar to diverticulitis. To rule out other conditions and check for signs of diverticulitis, your doctor might order one or more tests.
Tests can include:
abdominal ultrasound, abdominal MRI scan, abdominal CT scan, or abdominal X-ray to create pictures of your gastrointestinal (GI) tract
colonoscopy to examine the inside of your GI tract; although this takes place after a bout of diverticulosis
stool test to check for infections, such as Clostridium difficile (C. diff)
urine test to check for infections
blood tests to check for signs of inflammation, anemia, or kidney or liver problems
pelvic exam to rule out gynecological problems in people assigned female at birth
pregnancy test to rule out pregnancy in people assigned female at birth
If you have diverticulitis, these exams and tests can help your doctor learn if it�s uncomplicated or complicated.
Using a colonoscopy to diagnose diverticulitis
If you have symptoms of diverticulitis, your doctor might
encourage you to have a colonoscopy once the acute episode resolves. This procedure can help confirm a diagnosis of diverticulitis or another condition that causes similar symptoms, such as ulcerative colitis or Crohn�s disease.
During a colonoscopy, your doctor will thread a flexible scope into your rectum and colon. They can use this scope to examine the inside of your colon. They can also use it to collect tissue samples for testing.
To help you feel more comfortable during this procedure, you will be sedated beforehand.
In some cases, your doctor might learn that you have diverticula during a routine colonoscopy. If the diverticula aren�t inflamed, infected, or causing symptoms, you probably won�t need treatment. |
diverticulosis | for diverticulosis, treatment for diverticulitis? | The treatment that your doctor prescribes for diverticulitis will depend on how severe your condition is.
Uncomplicated diverticulitis can typically be treated at home. Your doctor might
encourage you to make changes to your diet. In some cases, they might prescribe medications, including antibiotics.
If you develop complications from diverticulitis, you may need
to visit a hospital for treatment. You may be given fluids and antibiotics through an intravenous (IV) line. Depending on the type of complication, you might need to undergo surgery or another procedure. |
diverticulosis | for diverticulosis, diet and diverticulitis? | There are no particular foods
that everyone with diverticulitis has to avoid. However, you might find that certain foods make your condition better or worse.
As your symptoms improve, your doctor might encourage you to eat more high fiber foods. Some studies
have linked high fiber diets to reduced risk of diverticulitis. Other studies
have examined possible benefits of dietary or supplemental fiber for diverticular disease but are still unsure of the role fiber should play.
Your doctor might also encourage you to limit your consumption of red meat, high-fat dairy products, and refined grain products. A large cohort study
found that people who follow a diet that�s rich in these foods are more likely to develop diverticulitis than people who eat a diet rich in fruits, vegetables, and whole grains.
Diet can play a role in managing diverticulitis and your overall digestive health. Take a moment to learn about some of the foods that might affect your symptoms.
Dietary changes
To give your digestive system a chance to rest and recover, your doctor might suggest
avoiding solid foods and following a clear-liquid diet for a few days.
If your symptoms are mild or have started to improve, you may be able to try eating low-fiber foods until your condition gets better. As your condition improves, your doctor will likely encourage you to add more high-fiber foods to your snacks and meals.
Medication
To reduce pain or discomfort from diverticulitis, your doctor might recommend over-the-counter pain medications, such as acetaminophen (Tylenol).
If they suspect you have an infection, they�ll likely prescribe
antibiotics to treat it. These can include:
metronidazole (Flagyl, Flagyl ER)
amoxicillin
moxifloxacin
It�s important to take your full course of prescribed antibiotics, even if your symptoms improve after the first few doses.
Other procedures
If you develop a complicated case of diverticulitis that can�t be treated through diet and medication alone, your doctor might recommend
one of the following procedures:
Needle drainage. In this procedure, a needle is inserted into your abdomen to drain an abscess of pus.
Surgery. Surgeries may involve draining an abscess of pus, repairing a fistula, or removing infected segments of the colon. |
diverticulosis | for diverticulosis, surgery for diverticulitis? | If you experience multiple episodes of diverticulitis that can�t be effectively managed with dietary changes and medications, your doctor might recommend
surgery. Surgery may also be used to treat complications from diverticulitis.
There are two main types
of surgery used to treat diverticulitis.
Bowel resection with anastomosis
During a bowel resection with anastomosis, a surgeon removes infected segments of your colon and reattaches the healthy segments to each other.
Bowel resection with colostomy
In a bowel resection with colostomy, the surgeon removes infected sections of your colon and attaches the end of the healthy section to an opening in your abdomen, known as a stoma.
Both procedures can be performed as open surgery or laparoscopic surgery. Learn more about the types of surgery that can be used to treat diverticulitis. |
diverticulosis | for diverticulosis, home remedies for diverticulitis? | Home remedies for diverticulitis mostly consist of making dietary changes, but there are a few other options that may be helpful for symptoms and digestive health.
Some home remedies for diverticulitis include:
Probiotics. Although more research is needed, some studies
have found that certain strains of probiotics might help relieve or prevent symptoms of diverticulitis.
Aromatherapy. Certain essential oils have been shown
to reduce pain, which could be beneficial for managing your symptoms.
Acupuncture. Not only can acupuncture improve
digestive issues like constipation, but some research
also suggests that it could help treat chronic pain.
Herbs. Several herbs possess
powerful anti-inflammatory properties, including ginger, turmeric, and rosemary. However, more research is needed to evaluate the effects of these herbs on diverticulitis specifically.
Read more about the home remedies that might help you manage this condition. |
diverticulosis | for diverticulosis, meckel�s diverticulitis? | Diverticular disease usually affects
adults. In rare cases, babies are born with diverticula. When this happens, it�s known as Meckel�s diverticulum. If the diverticula become inflamed, it�s called Meckel�s diverticulitis.
In some cases, Meckel�s diverticulum doesn�t cause noticeable effects. In other cases, it can cause symptoms such as
:
abdominal pain
nausea
vomiting
bloody stool
bleeding from the rectum
If you suspect your child might have diverticulitis, make an appointment with their doctor. Learn about some of the strategies pediatricians can use to diagnose and manage Meckel�s diverticulum.
VIEW GALLERY
2 |
diverticulosis | for diverticulosis, preventing diverticulitis? | More research is needed to learn what causes diverticular disease, including diverticulitis. Currently, experts believe multiple factors play a part. Some potential risk factors may be modified through lifestyle changes.
For example, it might help
to:
try to maintain a moderate body weight
eat a diet that�s high in fiber to help bulk up stools (however, in acute diverticulitis, you may want to avoid fiber)
limit your consumption of saturated fat
get enough vitamin D
get regular exercise if possible
try to avoid cigarette smoke
These prevention strategies can also help promote good overall health. |
diverticulosis | for diverticulosis, risk factors for diverticulitis? | One of the main risk factors for diverticulitis is age. Older people are more likely than younger people to develop diverticulitis. It commonly occurs
in men under 50 and women ages 50 to 70.
People who develop diverticula at a younger age
may be more likely to experience diverticulitis. Younger people are also more likely
to be admitted to a hospital if they have diverticulitis than older people.
According to a review of research
published in 2018, other potential risk factors for diverticulitis include:
Family history
Studies have found that genetics play a role in diverticular disease, with some reports estimating that roughly 40 to 50 percent
of the potential risk of diverticular disease is hereditary.
Low levels of vitamin D
Some studies
suggest that people with higher levels of vitamin D might have a lower risk of getting diverticulitis. More research is needed to understand the potential link between vitamin D and diverticula.
Obesity
Several studies
have found that people with higher body mass index (BMI) and larger waists are at increased risk of diverticulitis.
It�s possible that obesity raises the risk of diverticulitis by changing the balance of bacteria in your gut, but more research is needed to understand the role this plays.
Physical inactivity
Some studies
have found that physically active people are less likely than inactive people to develop diverticulitis. However, this link still needs more research.
Using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) or smoking
Regular use of aspirin, ibuprofen, or other NSAIDs may raise your risk of diverticulitis.
People who smoke are also more likely than nonsmokers to develop diverticular disease, including diverticulitis.
According to a 2017 review of research
, there�s no strong evidence that drinking alcohol raises your risk of this disease.
If you drink alcohol, your doctor will likely encourage you to drink in moderation only. Although alcohol consumption might not cause diverticulitis, drinking too much can raise your risk of many other health problems. |
diverticulosis | for diverticulosis, diverticulitis vs. diverticulosis? | If you have diverticula that aren�t infected or inflamed, it�s known as diverticulosis.
In some cases, diverticulosis can cause symptoms such as pain in the abdomen and bloating. When that happens, it�s known as symptomatic uncomplicated diverticular disease (SUDD). |
diverticulosis | for diverticulosis, other forms of diverticulitis? | Diverticula can also develop in your bladder. This happens when the lining of your bladder forms pouches, poking through weak spots in your bladder�s wall.
Sometimes bladder diverticula are present at birth. In other cases, they develop later in life. They can form when your bladder outlet is blocked, or your bladder isn�t working properly due to illness or injury.
If you have bladder diverticula that becomes inflamed, it�s known as bladder diverticulitis. To treat bladder diverticulitis, your doctor might prescribe antibiotics and pain medications. They might also recommend surgery to repair the diverticula.
It�s also possible for diverticulitis in your colon to affect your bladder. In severe cases, you might develop a fistula between your colon and bladder. This is known as a colovesical fistula. Find out what this condition involves.
Diverticula can potentially form in your esophagus, too. This occurs when
pouches develop in your esophageal lining.
Esophageal diverticula are rare. When they do develop, it�s usually slowly and over many years. As they grow, they can cause symptoms or complications such as:
trouble swallowing
pain when swallowing
halitosis, or bad breath
regurgitation of food and saliva
pulmonary aspiration: breathing regurgitated food or saliva into your lungs
aspiration pneumonia: developing a lung infection after breathing in food or saliva
If the diverticula become inflamed, it�s known as esophageal diverticulitis.
To treat esophageal diverticulitis, your doctor might prescribe antibiotics and pain medications. To repair the diverticula, they might recommend surgery. Get more information about your treatment options. |
diverticulosis | for diverticulosis, takeaway? | Diverticulitis is relatively common
in the Western world. In most cases, it can be treated through short-term dietary changes and medication.
If complications develop, they can be serious. If you have complicated diverticulitis, your doctor will likely advise you to get treatment in a hospital. You might need to undergo surgery to repair damage to your colon.
If you have diverticulitis or questions about your risk of developing it, speak with your doctor. They can help you learn how to treat this disease and support your digestive health. |
suicide attempt | what is suicide attempt? Tell me about suicide attempt? What kind of disease is suicide attempt? Can you elaborate on suicide attempt? What can you tell me about suicide attempt? Could you describe what suicide attempt is? I�d like to know more about suicide attempt. Can you help? What information do you have on suicide attempt? Could you provide information on suicide attempt? | It�s important to know what warning signs to look for if you or someone you know is dealing with suicidal ideation. Remember, you are not alone and treatment and support can help you.
If your doctor diagnoses you with suicidal ideation, it means that you�re preoccupied with the idea of suicide. You may regularly think about the way you would commit suicide or think about what life would be like if you weren�t around. You may also replay the suicidal act out in your mind.
It�s important to know what warning signs to look for if you or someone you know is dealing with suicidal ideation. The sooner you recognize the signs, the sooner you can find the help you need. |
suicide attempt | for suicide attempt, symptoms? | Signs that you or someone is having serious thoughts of suicide include:
vocalizing that you wish you weren�t alive, had not been born, or that your friends or family would be better off without you
avoiding social contact and wanting to stay away from others
preparing for suicide, such as acquiring a weapon or researching methods of suicide
being especially risky in all areas of your life, including using excessive amounts of alcohol or drugs
showing signs of anxiety or getting upset over minor things
wanting to give away your possessions or treating people as if you might not see them again
If you�re having thoughts of suicide or if you suspect someone you know is having thoughts of suicide, call 911.
Read more: Suicide and suicidal behavior � |
suicide attempt | for suicide attempt, risk factors? | Suicide can run in families. You may be more likely to try to take your own life if someone in your family has already done so.
You may also be at risk for suicidal ideation if you�re experiencing:
grief
a traumatic situation
a difficult struggle or challenge
depression
Seeking help early can help you reduce your risk for suicidal ideation and suicide.
Your risk of suicide might increase if you have:
a drug or alcohol abuse problem
a mental disorder or stress condition
chronic pain, terminal illness, or another medical situation in which you might feel hopeless
attempted suicide before
Being under the influence of drugs or alcohol can increase your risk for suicidal ideation and provide an added urge to go through with the act. |
suicide attempt | for suicide attempt, passive suicidal ideation? | Passive suicidal ideation is when a person desires death but has no specific plan to commit suicide.
If you�re experiencing passive suicidal ideation, your fantasies may involve dying in your sleep or having a fatal accident. You may believe that the world would be better off without you.
Passive doesn�t mean harmless. This train of thought has the potential to make you more likely to put yourself in harm�s way.
Even if passive suicidal ideation appears to be fleeting, the risk of a suicide attempt is very real. The line between passive and active suicidal ideation is blurry. The transition from one to the other can happen slowly or suddenly, and it�s not always obvious to the casual observer.
While someone might admit to wishing to die, they may deny making plans to do so. Warning signs that suicidal ideation has become active include giving away possessions, getting affairs in order, and saying goodbye to loved ones.
No one could ever predict with 100 percent certainty if someone will or will not take their own life. Even trained medical professionals can�t predict who will commit suicide. This is why you need to take threats or thoughts of suicide seriously.
An underlying condition such as substance abuse, major depression, or other mood disorders may lead to a preoccupation with dying. Added stressors such as the death of a loved one, divorce, or a job loss can trigger thoughts of hopelessness or worthlessness.
You shouldn�t take passive suicidal ideation lightly. It�s impossible to predict who�s likely to act on these thoughts. That�s why anyone who expresses passive suicidal ideation should be considered at risk for suicide.
See your doctor or psychiatrist for a careful evaluation and to get appropriate treatment. |
suicide attempt | for suicide attempt, medications and suicidal ideation? | Researchers have linked some medications with an increase in suicidal thoughts. Antidepressants have been linked to this behavior. This is particularly the case in the first weeks of taking the medication or after a change in dosage. Children and adolescents are at increased risk of this. Researchers in recent studies
are disputing this relationship.
If you begin having thoughts of suicide while taking an antidepressant, contact your doctor immediately. They can work with you to safely adjust your treatment plan. |
suicide attempt | for suicide attempt, how is suicidal ideation diagnosed?? | If you have depression and are having thoughts of suicide, seek immediate medical help.
When you see your doctor, they�ll ask you many questions so they can assess the severity of your situation. Some questions your doctor may ask include:
How long have you had thoughts of suicide?
Do you have a history of depression?
How far have your thoughts of suicide gone? Have you come up with a plan?
Are you taking any medications? If so, what are they?
Do you use alcohol or drugs? If so, how often?
You should also expect your doctor to ask you to take a questionnaire. Your answers will help your doctor evaluate your mental health and develop a course of treatment. |
suicide attempt | for suicide attempt, how is suicidal ideation treated?? | Your doctor will treat your depression according to the severity of your condition.
You doctor may prescribe antidepressants or anti-anxiety medication. These can help you manage your symptoms. You should also expect your treatment plan to include talking to a psychologist or counselor.
Ask your doctor or psychologist about ways to find additional support. They can recommend a support group. They may also have recommendations for how to get help if you use alcohol or drugs that may be contributing to your challenges.
If your risk of suicide is high, you may need to stay in an inpatient treatment facility. This is for your safety. You can receive your treatment at the facility and you won�t have access to items you may use to commit suicide. |
suicide attempt | for suicide attempt, what is the outlook?? | Your outlook for depression or suicidal thoughts will improve with a strong network of friends and family. Talking with others about the challenges you�re facing may help. Getting outside and exercising can also help reduce depression, whether for the change of scenery or the good-feeling chemicals, or endorphins, that you experience during physical activity.
Treatment for suicidal ideation is available and can be successful. Ask for help if you need it. |
suicide attempt | for suicide attempt, how can you prevent suicidal ideation?? | Knowing your triggers for depression and suicidal ideation can help you avoid or better manage these triggers in the future.
Keep track of situations you find stressful and how you handle them.
Keep a journal to help you understand and manage your feelings.
Find ways to relieve stress, such as physical activity or talking with a friend.
Seek help at the first signs of depression.
Call 911 if you�re having thoughts of suicide.
Remember that you�re not alone and resources are available to help you. Call a crisis line or prevention hotline to speak to someone who can help you find the support you need. The National Suicide Prevention Lifeline is 800-273-TALK. |
lymphoma | what is lymphoma? Tell me about lymphoma? What kind of disease is lymphoma? Can you elaborate on lymphoma? What can you tell me about lymphoma? Could you describe what lymphoma is? I�d like to know more about lymphoma. Can you help? What information do you have on lymphoma? Could you provide information on lymphoma? | Lymphoma refers to cancer that starts in the lymphatic system and affects white blood cells called lymphocytes. |
lymphoma | for lymphoma, what is lymphoma?? | The lymph system is a series of lymph nodes and vessels that move lymph fluid through the body. Lymph fluids contain infection-fighting white blood cells. Lymph nodes act as filters, capturing and destroying bacteria and viruses to prevent infection from spreading.
While the lymph system typically protects your body, lymph cells called lymphocytes can become cancerous.
Lymphoma definition
Lymphoma is a general term for cancer that starts in the lymph system. There are two categories of lymphoma: Hodgkin�s lymphoma and non-Hodgkin�s lymphoma.
Under these two categories, researchers have classified more than 70 types of lymphoma. Lymphomas can affect any portion of the lymphatic system, including:
bone marrow
thymus
spleen
tonsils
lymph nodes |
lymphoma | for lymphoma, what are the symptoms of lymphoma?? | Lymphoma may not always cause symptoms in its early stages. Instead, a doctor may discover enlarged lymph nodes during a physical examination. These may feel like small, soft nodules under the skin. A person may feel the lymph nodes in the:
neck
upper chest
armpit
stomach
groin
Likewise, many of the symptoms of early lymphoma are not specific. That makes them easy to overlook. These common early symptoms of lymphoma include:
chills
cough
fatigue
enlarged spleen
fever
night sweats
itchy rash
shortness of breath
skin itching
stomach pain
loss of appetite
unexplained weight loss
Because the symptoms of lymphoma are often easily overlooked, it can be difficult to detect and then diagnose it in an early stage. It�s important to know how the symptoms may begin to change as the cancer worsens. |
lymphoma | for lymphoma, what are the types of lymphoma?? | The two major lymphoma types are Hodgkin�s lymphoma and non-Hodgkin�s lymphoma, or NHL. A pathologist in the 1800s named Dr. Thomas Hodgkin identified the cells in what is now called Hodgkin�s lymphoma.
Those with Hodgkin�s lymphoma have large cancerous cells called Reed-Sternberg (RS) cells. People with NHL don�t have these cells. |
lymphoma | for lymphoma, non-hodgkin�s lymphoma? | According to the American Cancer Society (ACS), NHL is more common than Hodgkin�s lymphoma
, accounting for 4 percent of all cancers.
Many lymphoma types fall under each category. Doctors call NHL types by the cells they affect, and if the cells are fast- or slow-growing. NHL forms in either the B cells or T cells of the immune system.
According to the ACS, most NHL types affect B cells
. Types include:
B-cell lymphoma
Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is the most aggressive type of NHL. This fast-growing lymphoma comes from abnormal B cells in the blood. It can be cured if treated, but if left untreated, it can lead to death. The stage of DLBCL helps determine your prognosis.
T-cell lymphoma
T-cell lymphoma is not as common as B-cell lymphoma; only 15 percent
of all NHL cases are this type. Several types of T-cell lymphoma exist.
Burkitt�s lymphoma
Burkitt�s lymphoma is a rare type of NHL that is aggressive and most common in people with compromised immune systems. This type of lymphoma is most common in children in sub-Saharan Africa, but it does occur in other parts of the world.
Follicular lymphoma
About 1 in 5
lymphomas diagnosed in the United States are follicular lymphoma. This type of NHL, which starts in the white blood cells, is most common in older individuals. The average age of diagnosis is 60. This lymphoma is also slow-growing, so treatments begin with watchful waiting.
Mantle cell lymphoma
This aggressive form of lymphoma is rare � only about 6 percent of NHL cases are this type. Mantle cell lymphoma is also more commonly diagnosed at a later stage, and it usually occurs in or involves the gastrointestinal tract or bone marrow.
Primary mediastinal B cell lymphoma
This subtype of B-cell lymphoma accounts for almost 10 percent of DLBCL cases. It predominantly affects women in their 20s and 30s.
Small lymphocytic lymphoma
Small lymphatic lymphoma (SLL) is a type of slow-growing lymphoma. The cancer cells of SLL are found mostly in the lymph nodes. SLL is identical to chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), but with CLL, the majority of cancer cells are found in the blood and bone marrow.
Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia (lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma)
Lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma (LPL) is a rare type of cancer that accounts for just about 2 percent
of all lymphomas. It mostly affects older adults. Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia is a subtype of LPL. It causes the abnormal production of antibodies. |
lymphoma | for lymphoma, hodgkin�s lymphoma? | Hodgkin�s lymphomas typically start in RS cells. While the main cause of Hodgkin�s lymphoma isn�t known, certain risk factors can increase your risk of developing this type of cancer. Hodgkin�s lymphoma types include:
Lymphocyte-depleted Hodgkin�s disease
This rare, aggressive type of lymphoma occurs in about 1 percent
of lymphoma cases, and it�s most commonly diagnosed in individuals in their 30s. In diagnostic tests, doctors will see normal lymphocytes with an abundance of RS cells.
Patients with a compromised immune system, such as those with HIV, are more likely to be diagnosed with this type of lymphoma.
Lymphocyte-rich Hodgkin�s disease
This type of lymphoma is more common in men, and it accounts for about 5 percent of Hodgkin�s lymphoma cases. Lymphocyte-rich Hodgkin�s disease is typically diagnosed at an early stage, and both lymphocytes and RS cells are present in diagnostic tests.
Mixed cellularity Hodgkin�s lymphoma
Like with lymphocyte-rich Hodgkin�s disease, mixed cellularity Hodgkin�s lymphoma contains both lymphocytes and RS cells. It�s more common � almost a quarter of Hodgkin�s lymphoma cases are this type � and it�s more prevalent in older adult men.
Nodular lymphocyte-predominant Hodgkin�s disease
Nodular lymphocyte-predominant Hodgkin�s disease (NLPHL) type of Hodgkin�s lymphoma occurs in about 5 percent of people with lymphoma, and it�s characterized by an absence of RS cells.
NLPHL is most common in people between the ages of 30 and 50, and it�s more common in males. Rarely, NLPHL can progress or transform into a type of aggressive NHL.
Nodular sclerosis Hodgkin�s lymphoma
This common type of lymphoma occurs in 70 percent of Hodgkin�s cases, and it�s more common in young adults than in any other group. This type of lymphoma occurs in lymph nodes that contain scar tissue, or sclerosis.
Fortunately, this type of lymphoma is highly treatable with a high cure rate. |
lymphoma | for lymphoma, what are the causes of lymphoma?? | Lymphoma occurs when white blood cells called lymphocytes grow out of control. The average life span of a lymphocytes cell is brief, and then the cell dies. In people with lymphoma, however, DNA changes inside the lymphocytes cells cause them to thrive and spread instead of dying.
It�s unclear what exactly causes this DNA change, and even though there are some risk factors connected with lymphoma, people without the risk factors can still develop these cancers. |
lymphoma | for lymphoma, what are risk factors for lymphoma?? | Most diagnosed lymphoma cases have no known cause. However, some people are considered to be at higher risk.
Non-Hodgkin�s lymphoma risk factors
Risk factors for NHL include:
Immunodeficiency. This could be due to a weak immune system from HIV or taking an immune system-suppressing drug after an organ transplant.
Autoimmune disease. People with certain autoimmune diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis and celiac disease, have an increased risk of lymphoma.
Age. Lymphoma is most common in older individuals. However, some types are more common in children and infants.
Sex. The overall risk of NHL is higher in men than women, but there are some types of NHL that are more likely to develop in women.
Ethnicity. White people in the United States are more likely to develop some types of lymphoma than African Americans or Asian Americans.
Infection. People who have had infections such as the human T-cell leukemia/lymphotropic virus (HTLV-1), Heliobacter pylori, hepatitis C, or the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) are associated with an increased risk.
Chemical and radiation exposure. Those exposed to chemicals in pesticides, fertilizers, and herbicides are also at increased risk. Nuclear radiation can also increase risks for developing NHL.
Body size. Individuals living with obesity may be at a higher risk of developing lymphoma, but more research is needed to understand this possible risk factor.
Hodgkin�s lymphoma risk factors
Risk factors for Hodgkin�s lymphoma include:
Age. More cases are diagnosed in people between the ages of 20 and 30 and in people over 55.
Sex. Men are more likely than women to develop this type of lymphoma.
Family history. If a sibling is diagnosed with this type of cancer, your risk of also developing it is higher.
Infectious mononucleosis. An EBV infection can cause mononucleosis. This infection can increase the risk of lymphoma.
Immunodeficiency. Individuals with HIV have a greater risk of developing lymphoma. |
lymphoma | for lymphoma, how is lymphoma diagnosed?? | Typically, a doctor will do a biopsy if they suspect lymphoma. This involves removing cells from an enlarged lymph node. A specialist known as a hematopathologist will examine the cells to determine if lymphoma cells are present and what cell type they are.
If the hematopathologist detects lymphoma cells, further testing can identify how far the cancer has spread. These tests can include
a chest X-ray
blood testing to check on white and red blood cell count
testing nearby lymph nodes or tissues
a bone marrow aspiration, where a small amount of liquid is taken from bone marrow and tested
a lumbar puncture (spinal tap), where a small amount of fluid from the spine is removed and tested
an abdominal ultrasound
Imaging scans, such as CT or MRI scans may also identify additional tumors or enlarged lymph nodes. |
lymphoma | for lymphoma, treating lymphoma? | Typically, a number of medical specialists will collaborate to treat lymphoma:
Hematologists are doctors who specialize in blood, bone marrow, and immune cell disorders.
Oncologists treat cancerous tumors.
Pathologists may work with these doctors to assist in treatment planning and identify if a particular treatment is working.
Treatment plans depend on a few conditions, including the individual�s age and overall health, the type of lymphoma an individual has, and the cancer�s stage.
Doctors will stage a tumor to signify how far the cancerous cells may have spread. A stage 1 tumor is limited to a few lymph nodes, while a stage 4 tumor has spread to other organs, such as the lungs or bone marrow.
Doctors also grade NHL tumors by how fast they�re growing. These terms include:
low grade or indolent
intermediate grade or aggressive
high grade or highly aggressive
Treating Hodgkin�s lymphoma
Treatment for Hodgkin�s lymphoma usually includes radiation therapy to shrink and kill cancerous cells. Doctors may also prescribe chemotherapy medications to destroy cancerous cells.
Newer treatments also include immunotherapy therapy drugs like nivolumab (Opdivo) and pembrolizumab (Keytruda), which help the body�s T cells attack the cancer.
Treating Non-Hodgkin�s lymphoma
Chemotherapy and radiation are also used to treat NHL. Biological therapies that target cancerous B cells also can be effective. An example of this drug type includes nivolumab (Opdivo).
For some individuals, such as those with large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), CAR T cell therapy is part of the treatment. CAR T cell therapy uses the body�s own cells to treat the cancer: Immune cells are taken from the body, given with new proteins in a lab, and then infused back into the body.
In some instances of both Hodgkin�s lymphoma and NHL, a bone marrow or stem cell transplant may be used to build up healthy immune system cells. Doctors may harvest these cells or tissues before beginning chemotherapy and radiation treatments. Relatives may be able to donate bone marrow too. |
lymphoma | for lymphoma, stages of lymphoma? | Both NHL and Hodgkin�s lymphoma can be classified into four stages. The state of lymphoma is determined by where the cancer is and how far it has or has not spread.
Stage 1. Cancer is in one lymph node or one organ site.
Stage 2. Cancer is in two lymph nodes near to one another and on the same side of the body, or the cancer is in one organ and nearby lymph nodes.
Stage 3. At this point, cancer is in lymph nodes on both sides of the diaphragm.
Stage 4. The cancer can be in an organ and spread beyond nearby lymph nodes. As NHL progresses, it may begin to spread. The most common sites for advanced NHL include the liver, bone marrow, and lungs.
While stage 4 lymphoma is advanced, it�s still treatable. |
lymphoma | for lymphoma, lymphoma prognosis? | An individual�s prognosis after a lymphoma diagnosis depends on the stage and type of lymphoma. Many types of lymphoma are treatable and highly curable.
Some types of lymphoma are also slow-growing, or indolent. In this case, doctors may choose not to treat because the prognosis, even with the lymphoma, is still good in the long term.
According to the ACS
, the 5-year survival rate for stage 1 Hodgkin�s lymphoma is 91 percent; for stage 4, it�s 81 percent.
For NHL, the ACS
states the 5-year survival rate is 73 percent; the 10-year survival rate is 57 percent. |
lymphoma | for lymphoma, lymphoma in children? | Many of the same risk factors for lymphoma in children are risk factors for adults, but certain types of lymphoma are more common in children.
For example, Hodgkin�s lymphoma is more common in children ages 15 and younger,
but the type of NHL that occurs in children is typically aggressive and fast-growing.
Children who have immune system deficiencies, such as HIV, or those who take immune-suppressing drugs are at an increased risk for lymphoma. Likewise, children who�ve undergone radiation therapy or chemotherapy have a higher risk of developing this type of cancer. |
lymphoma | for lymphoma, lymphoma vs. leukemia? | Both leukemia and lymphoma are types of blood cancer, and they share some common symptoms. However, their origins, treatments, and specific symptoms set the two types of cancer apart.
Symptoms
People with both lymphoma and leukemia experience fever and night sweats. However, leukemia is more likely to cause excessive bleeding, easy bruising, headaches, and increased infections. People with lymphoma are more likely to experience itchy skin, loss of appetite, unexplained weight loss, and swollen lymph nodes.
Origins
Leukemia typically begins in the bone marrow. It causes the marrow to produce too many white blood cells. Lymphoma begins in the lymph nodes, and it progresses as the abnormal white blood cells spread.
Treatment
Doctors may choose to practice watchful waiting for both lymphoma and leukemia. That�s because some types of these cancers are slow-growing and not aggressive.
If your doctor decides to treat either cancer, chemotherapy and radiation are used to treat both, but leukemia has two other common treatments. These are stem cell transplants and targeted drug therapy. |
lymphoma | for lymphoma, outlook? | Lymphoma is a term for cancer that starts in the lymph system.
There are two overarching categories of lymphoma: Hodgkin�s lymphoma and non-Hodgkin�s lymphoma, or NHL. Within these categories, there are more than 70 different types. Depending on the stage the cancer is discovered, the age and health of the individual, and a few other factors, many types of lymphoma are treatable and curable.
According to the Leukemia & Lymphoma Society, Hodgkin�s lymphoma is highly curable � depending on some outside factors.
According to the ACS
, NHL is also treatable, with the overall 5-year survival rate for NHL patients coming in at 70 percent. The 10-year survival rate at 60 percent
.
Individuals diagnosed with lymphoma often have a team of doctors behind them and a treatment plan designed for their journey. |
encephalopathy | what is encephalopathy? Tell me about encephalopathy? What kind of disease is encephalopathy? Can you elaborate on encephalopathy? What can you tell me about encephalopathy? Could you describe what encephalopathy is? I�d like to know more about encephalopathy. Can you help? What information do you have on encephalopathy? Could you provide information on encephalopathy? | What is encephalopathy?
Encephalopathy is a general term describing a disease that affects the function or structure of your brain. There are many types of encephalopathy and brain disease. Some types are permanent and some are temporary. Some types are present from birth and never change, while others are acquired after birth and may get progressively worse. |
encephalopathy | for encephalopathy, what are the types and causes of encephalopathy?? | The following are some major types of encephalopathy, along with their causes.
Chronic traumatic encephalopathy
This type of encephalopathy occurs when there are multiple traumas or injuries to the brain. These blows to the head lead to nerve damage in the brain. It�s usually found in boxers, football players, or members of the military who have been injured in explosions.
Glycine encephalopathy
Glycine encephalopathy is a genetic, or inherited, condition in which there are abnormally high levels of glycine (an amino acid) in the brain. Symptoms of glycine encephalopathy usually appear in infants soon after birth.
Hashimoto�s encephalopathy
This is a rare type of encephalopathy that�s linked to an autoimmune condition known as Hashimoto�s thyroiditis. In Hashimoto�s thyroiditis, your immune system mistakenly attacks your thyroid gland. Your thyroid gland is responsible for producing many of your body�s regulating hormones. Scientists don�t yet know exactly how the two conditions are linked.
Hepatic encephalopathy
Hepatic encephalopathy is a result of liver disease. When your liver isn�t functioning properly, the toxins that your liver usually removes from your body are instead allowed to build up in your blood, and can eventually reach your brain.
Hypertensive encephalopathy
Hypertensive encephalopathy is a result of severely high blood pressure that goes untreated for too long. This can cause your brain to swell, leading to brain damage and hypertensive encephalopathy.
Hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy
This condition is a type of brain damage that is caused when the brain doesn�t get enough oxygen. This can result in permanent brain damage or dysfunction. It can be caused by a lack of oxygen to the brain, such as when a developing baby is exposed to alcohol in the womb.
Toxic-metabolic encephalopathy
Toxic-metabolic encephalopathy is a result of infections, toxins, or organ failure. When the electrolytes, hormones, or other chemicals in the body are off their normal balance, they can impact the brain�s function. This can also include the presence of an infection in the body or presence of toxic chemicals. The encephalopathy usually resolves when the underlying chemical imbalance is restored or offending infection/toxin removed.
Infectious encephalopathies
Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies are also known as prion diseases. Prions are proteins that occur naturally in the body, but they can mutate and cause diseases that gradually damage and deteriorate your brain (neurodegenerative diseases). Prion diseases include:
chronic wasting disease
fatal familial insomnia
kuru
Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease
Uremic encephalopathy
Uremic encephalopathy is a result of kidney failure. It is believed to be caused by the buildup of uremic toxins in the blood. This condition can cause mild confusion to deep coma.
Wernicke encephalopathy
Also known as Wernicke�s disease, this condition is a result of vitamin B-1 deficiency. Long-term alcoholism, poor nutritional intake, and poor food absorption can cause a vitamin B-1 deficiency. If Wernicke encephalopathy isn�t treated quickly, it can lead to Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome. |
encephalopathy | for encephalopathy, what are the symptoms of encephalopathy?? | Your symptoms will depend on the cause and severity of your encephalopathy.
Mental changes
You may have difficulty with memory or focusing. You may also have trouble with problem-solving skills.
Other people may notice symptoms in you before you do. A changing personality is one such symptom. For example, you may be more outgoing than you were before the encephalopathy. You may be more or less calm than you were before the disease.
You could also be lethargic and drowsy.
Neurological symptoms
Possible neurological symptoms include:
muscle weakness in one area
poor decision-making or concentration
involuntary twitching
trembling
difficulty speaking or swallowing
seizures |
encephalopathy | for encephalopathy, when should i seek medical help?? | You should see a doctor right away if you experience symptoms of encephalopathy. If you are already receiving treatment for brain disease, be aware of the following signs:
severe confusion
severe disorientation
coma
These can be signs of a medical urgency. They may mean that your condition is getting worse. |
encephalopathy | for encephalopathy, how is encephalopathy diagnosed?? | To diagnose encephalopathy, your doctor will ask you questions about your medical history and your symptoms. They will also perform a medical exam to check for mental and neurological symptoms.
If your doctor suspects that you have brain disease, they may conduct tests to determine the causes and severity of your disease. Tests may include:
blood tests to detect diseases, bacteria, viruses, toxins, hormonal or chemical imbalance, or prions
spinal tap (your doctor will take a sample of your spinal fluid to look for diseases, bacteria, viruses, toxins, or prion)
CT or MRI scan of your brain to detect abnormalities or damage
electroencephalogram (EEG) test to measure the electrical activity in your brain |