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To add to the excellent answer from DeluxMallu, socialism in Syria meant many things. It meant land reform, dividing large landed estates and reforming tenancy laws to give farmers more secure rights. It meant import substitution, with the government playing a major role in trade, investment, and industry. It included a major expansion of public services, and access to education and healthcare. Government budgets and state payrolls expanded dramatically. However, private property was respected. Members of the traditional Sunni merchant class (especially those based in Damascus) were often partners with the government. Many industrialists thrived thanks to high tariffs on processed goods. Moreover, members of Assad's clan often accumulated substantial wealth, and after an initial strongly anti-business attitude, the government became more than willing to work with businesses. Poor farmers genuinely saw better access to land and public services, but there was no wholesale attack on the traditolnal elite. The policies I have described above could apply to a lot of countries in Africa and Asia. Hafez al-Assad was always more concerned with military and geostrategic issues than economic policy, and in a lot of ways these policies were just the recieved wisdom of the times. Land Reform in Syria Ziad Keilany , The Political Economy of Investment in Syria Linda Matar | ba'ath parties in both iraq and syria described themselves as socialist. what exactly did the word "socialism" mean for baathists? | <P> Arab socialism Original meaning Socialism was a major component of Ba'athist thought, and it featured in the party's tripartite slogan of "unity, liberty, socialism". However, in using the term "Arab socialism," Aflaq was not referring to the internationalist strain of socialism; his conception resolved socialism with Arab nationalism. In a written statement from 1946, Aflaq wrote "The Arab nationalists are socialists", hence "there is neither incompatibility nor contradiction nor war between nationalists and socialists." Socialism in his mind was subservient to the Arab unity project and liberty, however, he did believe that fighting for Arab liberation and unity was the <P> of Marxism. In the party's 1947 constitution it reads "socialism is a necessity which emanates from the depths of Arab nationalism .... Socialism constitutes the ideal social order [for] the Arab people." The Ba'ath Party was founded in 1947 as the Arab Ba'ath Party, it became the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party in 1952 when it merged with the Arab Socialist Party. Later, in 1950, Aflaq defined socialism as "not an aim in itself, but rather a necessary means to guarantee society the highest standard of production with the farthest limit of cooperation and solidarity among the citizens ... Arab society <P> ... needs a social order with deeper foundations, wider horizons, and more forceful realization that moderate British socialism." A Soviet analyst on the subject of the Ba'athist movement noted "The concept of socialist structure [as it] appeared in the articles and speeches ... [in] the period of the birth of the new movement [the Ba'ath] ... was just a hazy outline on a barely developed ideological negative."
The party constitution of 1947 called for a "just redistribution of wealth", state ownership of public utilities, natural resources, large industry, and transport, state control over foreign and domestic trade, limiting the agricultural holdings |
Scuba divers sometimes spend time on the surface before a dive. Also, they occasionally have to swim a short distance on the surface before submerging. They use the snorkel in these instances to conserve the air in their tank. Source: I'm PADI certified. | why do scuba divers always have snorkels attached to them even though they're useless underwater? | <P> diving over scuba are lower risk of drowning and considerably larger breathing gas supply than scuba, allowing longer working periods and safer decompression.
Surface supplied diving systems improve safety by virtually eliminating the risk of a lost diver, as the diver is physically connected to the surface control point by the breathing gas supply hose, and other components of the umbilical cable system. They also significantly reduce the risk of running out of breathing gas during the dive, and allow multiple redundancy of gas supply, with main and secondary surface supply, and a scuba bailout emergency gas system. Use of helmets <P> such as the ability to maneuver effectively and resistance to damage of the equipment.
Good buoyancy control and trim combined with appropriate finning techniques and situational awareness can minimise the environmental impact of recreational diving. Use of swimfins The basic diving skills of finning, buoyancy control, trim and breathing style work in combination for effective diving performance.
Swimfins are far more effective and efficient for diver propulsion than arm and hand movement in the water. Swimfins are used to provide propulsion and maneuvering for divers, and may be designed and chosen specifically to emphasise one of these functions. Optimisation for one generally <P> them, observing from in the water at the surface, and ready to dive to the rescue if the diver loses consciousness during the ascent. Scuba diving Diving using self-contained underwater breathing apparatus was developed after surface supplied diving, and was intended as a method of improving the mobility and horizontal range of the diver who is not restricted by a physical connection to a surface gas supply. The diver has a larger gas supply than the freediver, and this allows a greatly extended underwater endurance, and lower risk of drowning, but at the cost of higher risk from decompression sickness, |
The First Amendment guarantees the right to free speech, but you can get in trouble for inciting hate crimes, yelling "I HAVE A BOMB!!!" on an airplane, etc. There are reasonable restrictions to the right to free speech. "right to keep and bear arms shall not be infringed" does NOT MEAN "there can be absolutely zero rules about guns". | how is the 9th circuit court's decision on concealed carry today reasonable? | <P> that the Second Amendment individual right to possess guns in the home for self-defense does not prevent our elected representatives from enacting 'common-sense' gun laws to protect our communities from gun violence." Lawsuits On March 19, 2009, a federal judge ordered a temporary injunction blocking the implementation of the rule allowing concealed carry permit holders to carry firearms concealed within National Park Service lands within states where their permits are valid, based upon environmental concerns, in response to efforts by the Brady Campaign to Prevent Gun Violence, the National Parks Conservation Association, and the Coalition of National Park Service Retirees. <P> as necessary to prevent an imminent injury to person or property. Supreme Court decisions Although the Law of Justification has heretofore been considered a matter of state law, the recent Supreme Court decisions in District of Columbia v. Heller and McDonald v. Chicago, 561 U.S. ___, 130 S.Ct. 3020 (2010) may have constitutionalized some of the Common Law rules of "self-defense" as fundamental rights. The Supreme Court held that each of the Second and Fourteenth Amendments "protects the right to possess a handgun in the home for the purpose of self-defense." And, "stressed that the right was also valued because <P> seems to formulate puts needed, reasonable, accepted, lawful, and congressionally authorized criminal investigations at serious risk in serious cases, often when law enforcement seeks to prevent the threat of violent crimes. And it places undue restrictions on the lawful and necessary enforcement powers exercised not only by the Federal Government, but also by law enforcement in every State and locality throughout the Nation. Adherence to this Court’s longstanding precedents and analytic framework would have been the proper and prudent way to resolve this case.
Alito wrote in his dissent,
I share the Court’s concern about the effect of new technology on personal |
Some go there just to be with him because he has money (and want to party lavishly) and sometimes they are paid. Dan Bilzerian has MASSIVE insecurity issues. | dan bilzerian | <P> Dan Bilzerian Early life Bilzerian was born in Tampa, Florida, the son of corporate takeover specialist Paul Bilzerian and Terri Steffen. He is the brother of fellow poker player Adam Bilzerian. He is of Armenian descent through his father. His father was a corporate raider on Wall Street who set up trust funds for both of his sons. Bilzerian entered the Navy SEAL training program in 2000; however, after several attempts, he did not graduate. He was reportedly dropped from the program for a "safety violation on the shooting range." Bilzerian subsequently enrolled at the University of Florida, majoring in <P> moved to Bel Air, Los Angeles from Hollywood Hills, Los Angeles.
On March 9, 2011, Bilzerian raced and beat Tom Goldstein for a wager of $385,000 at Las Vegas Motor Speedway, with Bilzerian racing a 1967 AC Cobra and Goldstein behind the wheel of a Ferrari 458 Italia.
Because of his lavish lifestyle and heavy drug abuse, Bilzerian reportedly suffered two heart attacks before the age of 32.
In October 2016, American rapper T-Pain released a song named after Dan Bilzerian. Legal issues In 2014, Bilzerian sued the producers of the film Lone Survivor. His lawsuit states that although he loaned the production <P> woman attacked Bilzerian's female companion. Castano stated, "There were two girls standing next to me at the table that were fighting. People started getting shoved and I tried to separate them. Then Dan pushed me off the banquette and once I fell he kicked me in the face." Castano later filed a lawsuit against Bilzerian for her injuries. It was also reported that Castano has asked Bilzerian for US$1 million to settle the suit citing the possibility of greater punitive damages based on his income if the suit went to trial.
In December 2014, Bilzerian was embroiled in a legal matter |
The DMCA does a couple things: * Makes it illegal to break copy-protection (for example, if you download a song that has DRM protection, you have to "obey" the DRM.) * Makes DRM-breaking tools illegal * Makes you responsible for these illegal things, instead of innocent bystanders like your Internet company or websites like Facebook and Reddit. | digital millennium copyright act (dmca) | <P> public, without authority, works or copies of works knowing that electronic rights management information has been removed or altered without authority." United States In the United States, the Digital Millennium Copyright Act ("DMCA") has implemented the treaty provisions regarding the circumvention of some technological barriers to copying intellectual property. Circumvention of Access Controls Section 103 (17 U.S.C Sec. 1201(a)(1)) of the DMCA states:
No person shall circumvent a technological measure that effectively controls access to a work protected under this title.
The Act defines what it means in Section 1201(a)(3):
(3) As used in this subsection—
(A) to "circumvent a technological measure" means to <P> the United States Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA).
In response to widespread Internet postings of the key, the AACS LA issued various press statements, praising those websites that complied with their requests for acting in a "responsible manner" and warning that "legal and technical tools" were adapting to the situation.
The controversy was further escalated in early May 2007, when aggregate news site Digg received a DMCA cease and desist notice and then removed numerous articles on the matter and banned users reposting the information.
This sparked what some describe as a digital revolt or "cyber-riot", in which users posted and spread the <P> Digital Performance Right in Sound Recordings Act Three-tier System The DPRA categorizes services under three tiers, based on the service’s potential impact on record sales. First, non-subscription broadcast transmissions are exempt from requirements to pay license fees. Second, non-interactive Internet transmissions are required to pay a statutory license established by the Copyright Board. Third, Interactive Internet transmission services are required to negotiate a license agreement with the copyright holder.
The DMCA modified the requirement and framework for the statutory license. Criticism While the DPRA expanded the sound recording’s performance right, performers have still criticized the DPRA’s comparative inequity because composers still |
Straight in, stick to the top, two o clock (yes always) until about the second bend in your fingers, if you've hit your knuckles that's way too far. It all generally feels the same to you but it has sort of an interesting texture. So I know perhaps you've always been told to do the "Come here" motion but it's actually okay to be a little bit rougher than that, nearly all the nerves are located outside and in the clitoris. So use your dominant hand for entry and place the other hand palm down thumb towards you, gently but firmly across the lower pelvis. Use your two fingers with dominant hand to move entire fore arm in a controlled vibration sort of motion. Check with female on pressure and intensity. Use clitoral stimulation at your discretion. Hope that makes sense! | where exactly is a woman's g-spot located, and how do you find it? | <P> G-spot Location Two primary methods have been used to define and locate the G-spot as a sensitive area in the vagina: self-reported levels of arousal during stimulation, and stimulation of the G-spot leading to female ejaculation. Ultrasound technology has also been used to identify physiological differences between women and changes to the G-spot region during sexual activity.
The location of the G-spot is typically reported as being about 50 to 80 mm (2 to 3 in) inside the vagina, on the front wall. For some women, stimulating this area creates a more intense orgasm than clitoral stimulation. The G-spot area has been described <P> of a G-spot using surveys, pathologic specimens, various imaging modalities, and biochemical markers, and concluded:
The surveys found that a majority of women believe a G-spot actually exists, although not all of the women who believed in it were able to locate it. Attempts to characterize vaginal innervation have shown some differences in nerve distribution across the vagina, although the findings have not proven to be universally reproducible. Furthermore, radiographic studies have been unable to demonstrate a unique entity, other than the clitoris, whose direct stimulation leads to vaginal orgasm. Objective measures have failed to provide strong and consistent evidence for <P> the research team asked several women to stimulate themselves in a functional magnetic resonance (fMRI) machine, brain scans showed stimulating the clitoris, vagina and cervix lit up distinct areas of the women's sensory cortex, which means the brain registered distinct feelings between stimulating the clitoris, the cervix and the vaginal wall – where the G-spot is reported to be. "I think that the bulk of the evidence shows that the G-spot is not a particular thing," stated Barry Komisaruk, head of the research findings. "It's not like saying, 'What is the thyroid gland?' The G-spot is more of a thing |
Please correct me if I'm wrong, but this is not the first meeting of the eastern and western churches. This is the first meeting between the Pope and the Patriarch of the Russian Orthodox Church, which has existed for around 400 years. | today the leaders of the eastern and western churches have met for the first time in nearly 1000 years. why did the attempts at healing the schism, at lyon in 1274 and florence in 1439, previously fail? a similar proposed meeting between john paul ii and alexy ii likewise collapsed? | <P> discussions about reunion to be held again, this time at the Council of Ferrara-Florence. After several long discussions, the emperor managed to convince the Eastern representatives to accept the Western doctrines of Filioque, Purgatory and the supremacy of the Papacy. On 6 June 1439, an agreement was signed by all the Eastern bishops present but one, Mark of Ephesus, who held that Rome continued in both heresy and schism. It seemed that the Great Schism had been ended. However, upon their return, the Eastern bishops found their agreement with the West broadly rejected by the populace and by civil authorities <P> Schism, which had been going on for nearly seventeen years, with no signs of resolution. Over 150 letters of summons were issued. The consensus of the meeting was that the "Way of Cession" (resignation of both contenders and election of a new pope for both Obediences) was the most efficient solution. The three royal dukes, Berri, Bourbon and Anjou, who had in fact inspired the meeting, were sent to lead a delegation to discuss the matter with Benedict XIII in Avignon. Conferences with the Pope took place at the end of June in Villeneuve, where the Pope was staying at <P> the Eastern and Western halves of the Church had frequently been in conflict, particularly during the periods of iconoclasm and the Photian schism. The Orthodox East perceived the Papacy as taking on monarch type characteristics that were not in line with the church's historical tradition.
The "official" schism in 1054 was the excommunication of Patriarch Michael Cerularius of Constantinople, followed by his excommunication of papal legates. Both groups are descended from the Early Church, both acknowledge the apostolic succession of each other's bishops and the validity of each other's sacraments. Though both acknowledge the primacy of the Bishop of Rome, Eastern |
No panic. Couple of options, this guy below got all manufacturing details, models and years for the different versions of the rifle. Have a look and even drop him an email, he seems well informed. Last resort, get in here, this is the official page of the Italian Army and like most western armies they have a historical section, I suggest you try the 8th link "Museo della Fanteria" this is Infantry Museum. You would be surprised how much these guys are often willing to help. Besides the military history side they are not overwhelmed with work (no offence) so a small challenge is normally welcomed. You seem to be pointing to a specific Division in the Sicilian Front which is a better approach I think, you may ask about the std issued equipment instead of the rifle models themselves. The only last thing I can think about is that you try some of the manufacturers historical records from the 1st link I provided. I only recognize there Beretta as still alive but they should have a good historical archive too, they are the Ferrari in the arms manufacturing in Italy. Not a long shot give it a try. | what models of carcanos were most widely issued to the italian army during wwii? | <P> Italy and northwestern Europe 1943-45 In 1943, the armoured car regiments were removed from the armoured divisions and used as corps-level reconnaissance assets with one regiment assigned per corps. In this role, they achieved their final organisation of a headquarters and four squadrons with 767 men. Each squadron had five troops of two Dingo scout cars and two Daimler Armoured Cars. The heaviest armoured cars in the regiments, the AEC Armoured Cars, now mounted 75-mm cannon, a far cry from the original armoured car armament of one machine gun and one antitank rifle of 1940. Commonwealth and <P> Mortaio da 260/9 Modello 16 History After the independence and unification of Italy, the Italians were not self-sufficient in arms design and production. Foreign firms such as Armstrong, Krupp, Schneider, and Vickers all provided arms and helped establish local production of their designs under license.
Although the majority of combatants had heavy field artillery prior to the outbreak of the First World War, none had adequate numbers of heavy guns in service, nor had they foreseen the growing importance of heavy artillery once the Italian Front stagnated and trench warfare set in. Fortresses, armories, coastal fortifications, and museums were <P> supplied to the infantry divisions of the Romanian Third and Fourth Armies in October 1942.
Nine divisions of the Italian 8th Army had an anti-tank battery of six guns assigned to its artillery regiment in 1942. The Italian designation was Cannone da 75/39.
By November 1942, the Hungarian 2nd Army fielded 43 Pak 97/38s. |
Evolution logic. If something is a threat to your life, you should invest all the resources you can in order to avoid it, so it takes first priority in your brain. Imagine a rabbit getting hunted who would stop mid-chase to eat: his genes would not go very far. | when we’re scared of something, why does the brain make you think about it more rather than less? | <P> Fear processing in the brain Many experiments have been done to find out how the brain interprets stimuli and how animals develop fear responses. The emotion, fear, has been hard-wired into almost every individual, due to its vital role in the survival of the individual. Researchers have found that fear is established unconsciously and that the amygdala is involved with fear conditioning.
By understanding how fear is developed within individuals, it may be possible to treat human mental disorders such as anxiety, phobia, and posttraumatic stress disorder. Neuronal fear pathways In fear conditioning, the main circuits that are involved are the <P> fear are the anterior cingulate cortex and the medial prefrontal cortex. In the processing of emotional stimuli, studies on phobic reactions to facial expressions have indicated that these areas are involved in processing and responding to negative stimuli. The ventromedial prefrontal cortex has been said to influence the amygdala by monitoring its reaction to emotional stimuli or even fearful memories. Most specifically, the medial prefrontal cortex is active during extinction of fear and is responsible for long-term extinction. Stimulation of this area decreases conditioned fear responses, so its role may be in inhibiting the amygdala and its reaction to fearful <P> to fearful stimuli occurs through the process of fear conditioning. Similar to classical conditioning, the amygdala learns to associate a conditioned stimulus with a negative or avoidant stimulus, creating a conditioned fear response that is often seen in phobic individuals. In this way, the amygdala is responsible for not only recognizing certain stimuli or cues as dangerous but plays a role in the storage of threatening stimuli to memory. The basolateral nuclei (or basolateral amygdala) and the hippocampus interact with the amygdala in the storage of memory, which suggests why memories are often remembered more vividly if they have emotional |
It will depend on the religion and/or the denomination. As generically as possible: A **priest** is any person ordained by the religious authority to perform religious services. For example, all male members of the Catholic religious hierarchy are priests, whether they are "simple" priests or bishops or popes or what have you. In the following explanations I'm using the term "priest" generically, not in its more common technically Catholic sense. (One could also use the term "cleric" instead of "priest.") **Pastors** are typically low-rung priests, especially among Protestant denominations. A "pastor" is a "shepherd" of a congregation "flock." Pastors are usually priests of smallish congregations. **Ministers** are also basically pastors, though among some Protestant denominations they can also be priests over larger communities. The term "minister" refers to the idea that this priest manages the religious affairs of congregation similar to the way a political minister manages the political affairs of his or her division/ministry. **Vicars** are essentially ministers as well, and are found especially within Catholicism. "Vicar" comes from the word that gives us "vice-" as in "vice-admiral" or "vice president." So, someone who is in a high position of authority but not at the top. The Catholic Pope is the "vicar of Christ" - he's Jesus' deputy. Bishops are frequently associated with vicars who are priests slightly lower in the hierarchy than themselves. A **bishop** is a priest who has authority over multiple congregations, and usually authority over multiple priests (pastors, ministers, etc.). Bishops are found in some but not all Protestant denominations, and are typically associated with Catholicism. The term "bishop" is a rough translation of the Greek word "episkopos" which means "overseer." So, a bishop is an overseer of other priests/congregations. Sometimes but not always a bishop will have his or her own congregation. Episcopalians (that is, U.S.-based Anglicans - Church of England - and note how the name comes from the same Greek word) use bishops as their main authority title. Within Catholicism, bishops are the heads of a "diocese." An **archbishop** is an overseer of overseers, and is found primarily in Catholicism as the head of an "archdiocese." Another related term that you didn't mention is **presbyter**. This comes from the Greek "presbuteros" and means "elder." Some Protestant denominations (e.g., Presbyterians) have presbyters in bishop-like positions of authority. Catholic priests are technically presbyters, but this is not a common usage among most English-speaking Catholics. There are also **deacons**, who are typically lay religious authorities. What this means is that they're not ordained (they're not priests), but they still carry some responsibilities involved in running day-to-day operations within a church congregation. A **reverend** is a priest along the same lines as the pastor and the minister. Typically "reverend" is used as a naming title rather than as an actual title, so we have, for example, "Reverend Doctor Martin Luther King, Jr." - who was an ordained minister, and had a religious doctorate (I believe a Th.D. but I'm not certain). A **monk** is, within Catholicism (and some Protestant denominations, such as the Lutherans), a person (typically male, sometimes a priest) who does not have a congregation and is *typically* separated from general society within a monastery. Catholic monks are known as "brothers." Historically, not all monks have been priests; I believe most are actually not ordained, and within Catholicism are not authorized to give communion for precisely that reason. **Nuns** are the female equivalent (and are definitely *not* priests within Catholicism because Catholic women cannot be ordained); they are called "sisters." Catholic monks are not strictly speaking "ordained" but they are also not "lay" members of the religion. A **preacher** is someone whose priestly duties are understood primarily to be preaching-related (speaking in front of the congregation). "Preacher" is a term preferred by a lot of small, hierarchy-lite traditions/denominations as a way of distancing themselves from other terms that, to them, seem to be prideful. This is not, however, the exclusive use of the word. In all of this, though, bear in mind that each denomination is going to have its own quirks about nomenclature. And that these terms are *generally* not found outside of Christianity. So, for example, the primary term for a priest within Judaism is "rabbi", and within Islam a priest is an "imam." These are terms that are *roughly* equivalent to pastor/minister within a Christian context, although they have different responsibilities and their positions within the overall hierarchy of the religious tradition may be different. This has been a broad overview and I am aware that some specific details are fudged for the sake of simplicity. Others are welcome to "correct" my explanation but bear in mind that this is eli5, not askscience. | the difference between priest, pastor, vicar, minister, bishop etc. | <P> Clergy Clergy are formal leaders within established religions. Their roles and functions vary in different religious traditions, but usually involve presiding over specific rituals and teaching their religion's doctrines and practices. Some of the terms used for individual clergy are clergyman, clergywoman, and churchman. Less common terms are churchwoman and clergyperson, while cleric and clerk in holy orders both have a long history but are rarely used.
In Christianity, the specific names and roles of the clergy vary by denomination and there is a wide range of formal and informal clergy positions, including deacons, elders, priests, bishops, preachers, <P> for instance, is almost without exception a cleric, but a cardinal is not a type of cleric. An archbishop is not a distinct type of cleric, but is simply a bishop who occupies a particular position with special authority. Conversely, a youth minister at a parish may or may not be a cleric. Different churches have different systems of clergy, though churches with similar polity have similar systems. Anglicanism In Anglicanism, clergy consist of the orders of deacons, priests (presbyters) and bishops in ascending order of seniority. Canon, archdeacon, archbishop and the like are specific positions within these orders. Bishops <P> secure tenure but holding a bishop's licence is termed a priest in charge, temporary curate or bishop's curate.
In the rest of the Anglican Communion, most parish priests are called rectors or incumbents. However, in some member churches where mission societies have been instrumental in their continuing development, parish priests are called chaplains. In some provinces, such as the Episcopal Church in the United States of America, a rector is the head of a self-sustaining parish, while a vicar is the head of a mission sustained from diocesan funds. Assistant or associate clergy After ordination most clergy serve as assistants to |
I'm going to illustrate this using the example of Los Angeles, because it's what I know best. (I'm currently writing a book on the subject.) In general, American streetcar systems reached their height in the 1920s, and began to decline thereafter. This is due to a combination of three factors: (a) the automobile's increasing popularity made many streetcar lines simply uneconomical to operate; (b) most streetcar companies like the Red Cars in Los Angeles or the Key System in the San Francisco Bay Area operated their streetcar systems to promote their real estate developments, and not the other way around, (c) the bus was actually a technological improvement in mixed traffic over the competing streetcar. If you check out my (redrawn) map of Los Angeles's Pacific Electric streetcar system near its height in 1926, there's lots of things that are incredibly unusual to modern eyes. First, the streetcars go *everywhere.* You could take a train way out to places which are considered the periphery of Greater LA even in modern times. These are places like San Bernardino, contemporary population 37,000, or Riverside, population 29,000. This kind of network is only economically viable if there are literally no other transportation alternatives available. And the Pacific Electric was infamous for exploiting its transportation monopoly to the limit. Once the motor bus was invented, and automobile competition arrived in earnest, large-scale abandonment began. If you check out this significantly-less-clear map from 1947, nearly all passenger service to outlying areas has been abandoned or replaced by buses. You have to remember that the Pacific Electric and similar systems were operated by real estate developers. The owner of the Pacific Electric, Henry Huntington, was a real estate magnate who made his money by building suburban subdivisions - places like Huntington Beach, Huntington Park and San Marino were all developed by Huntington money. In the Pacific Electric's case, the streetcar system actually operated at a loss for much of its life, and it was the real estate development that kept the trains running, not the other way around. (Similarly, in Northern California, the Key System streetcars were actually owned by a company called the "Realty Syndicate".) Finally, there's the technological question. One-car streetcars running in mixed traffic are technologically inferior to diesel buses, because they can't be rerouted for construction, and if something blocks the tracks, there's not much the streetcar driver can do except wait. In the Pacific Electric's case, many of their routes ran down busy thoroughfares, and they didn't have dedicated lanes the way that the modern L.A. Metro's trains do. And buses are cheaper to run per-passenger on low-capacity routes - there's no overhead wires or tracks to maintain. Trains really shine when they have dedicated right-of-way (i.e., their own dedicated lanes or tracks), and it's a high capacity route - a three-car train of streetcars, like the modern Expo Line, can handle 600 passengers per train with a single driver, which is equivalent to five buses. But one-car trains of streetcars running in mixed traffic have both the disadvantages of a train (can't detour) and the disadvantages of a bus (limited capacity). Because of this it made a lot of economic sense to abandon streetcars for buses. GM and National City Lines took advantage of this process to sell buses, but it was a decades-long trend that began long before the alleged conspiracy began in the late 1930s. | i have read that the demise of streetcars in the u.s. was due to a conspiracy by gm and other auto manufacturers. i've also read that this is an urban legend. what's the truth? | <P> result of public preferences, technological change, the relative abundance of natural resources, and other impersonal phenomena or influence, rather than the machinations of a monopolist."
GM published a rebuttal the same year titled "The Truth About American Ground Transport". The Senate subcommittee printed GM's work in tandem with Snell's as an appendix to the hearings transcript. GM explicitly did not address the specific allegations that were sub judice. Role in decline of the streetcars Quinby and Snell held that the destruction of streetcar systems was integral to a larger strategy to push the United States into automobile dependency. Most transit scholars <P> General Motors streetcar conspiracy The notion of a General Motors streetcar conspiracy emerged after General Motors (GM) and other companies were convicted of monopolizing the sale of buses and supplies to National City Lines (NCL) and its subsidiaries. In the same case, the defendants were accused of conspiring to own or control same transit systems, in violation of Section 1 of the Sherman Antitrust act. The suit created lingering suspicions that the defendants had in fact plotted to dismantle streetcar systems in many cities in the United States as an attempt to monopolize surface transportation.
Between 1938 and 1950, National <P> clear that actions and inactions by government contributed significantly to the elimination of electric traction."
In 2010, CBS's Mark Henricks reported:
There is no question that a GM-controlled entity called National City Lines did buy a number of municipal trolley car systems. And it's beyond doubt that, before too many years went by, those street car operations were closed down. It's also true that GM was convicted in a post-war trial of conspiring to monopolize the market for transportation equipment and supplies sold to local bus companies. What's not true is that the explanation for these events is a nefarious plot to |
I have never heard about that book, but it is correct. Japan came when the people of Indonesia was suffering under Dutch, so at first their arrival and subsequent chasing out of the Dutch was welcomed as if they were Gods. On 9 March 1942, lieutenant general Ter Porten signed a declaration of (submission? surrender? ^not ^sure ^of ^the ^English ^term) to lieutenant Hitoshi Imamura in Kalijati, Subang, West Java. The declaration brought about a brand new era of... revoltingly worse colonialism. At first, Japan seemingly offered the protection that Indonesians so much craved for. Here's the list of their propaganda at the time: - Gerakan 3A (3A movement). Here's the propaganda poster at the time. Basically Japan promoted itself as the Light of Asia, Protector of Asia, and Leader of Asia (hence the three A). Here's another poster example. - Named itself as Indonesian's old sibling. - Japan came to free Indonesians from the evil *tuan kumpeni*. - Formed the PUTERA Organization. - Japan formed many troops such as Youth Troops and Homeland Protector Forces under pretense of teaching Indonesians military, but in reality used the troops to wage war for Japan. The 3A Movement was led by an Indonesian named Syamsudin KH. It was not very effective after a while, which led to its dissolution at 1943. To replace the old movement, Japan formed the Pusat Tenaga Rakyat Org or abbreviated as PUTERA (People's Power Force), led by the Big Fou which were Soekarno (first president of Indonesia), Mohammad Hatta (first vice president of Indonesia), Ki Hajar Dewantara (the education figure who opened free school for Indonesians), and Kyai rHaji Mas Mansyur (the leader of Islamic organization Muhammadiyah). Ironically, the forming of PUTERA later backfired because Bung Karno used the organization to gather nasionalists and plan for independence. During the Pacific War, Japan formed many troops in Indonesia under pretense that they would teach Indonesians military and war strategy to protect the country from further West colonialism such as: - Seinendan (Youth Troops) - Heiho (Japan Military Helper Troops) - PETA (Homeland Protector Forces) - Fujinkai (Woman Troops) - Gakutosai (Student Troops) - Keibodan (Police Helper Troops) - Jibakutai (Suicide Troops) - Kempetai (Secret Police Forces) These troops were used by Japanese to fight the Pacific War as well as to keep Indonesians in check, especially Soekarno and Hatta who slowly but surely revealed themselves as dangerous foes, which led to Soekarno's banishment to Rengasdengklok. (Although Soekarno was protected by PETA during this time. The plan for declaration of independence was created during this time.) When all propaganda more or less became rather ineffective, Japan started their true mission. First was the rules that Indonesians had to do Seikerei (saluting Japan Emperor by bowing towards the rising sun) every morning before prayer. Given that at the time most of Indonesia was Muslims, this act was considered as worshipping another entity aside from Allah. This rule resulted in several rebellions led by Kyai Haji Sainal Mustafa in West Java which lasted a year from 1943 - 1944. (KH Zainal Mustafa was arrested and executed, he was buried in Ancol area, Jakarta) Second, Japan created romusha (corvee labor). Millions of romusha forces were sent to force labor camps around Indonesia and Japan's other colonies, but the most well-documented (in Indonesia, at least) was the forced labor camps around Sumatra, mainly used to clear the thick forests and build railways. So many romusha's lives perished during the feat which earned the railways its notorious title 'The Deathly Railways'. Romushas were recruited by luring youths that they would be either educated or enlisted to Heiho / Gakutosai / Seinendan. Starting from 1943 though, Japan issued a new rule that necessitated farmers to serve as romusha for a period of time similar to conscription. One of the former romusha able to live until modern days was Suratman, who came from Wonosobo, Central Java. At eighteen, he was recruited by the Japanese. He was promised to be educated in a special Japanese school, but instead was sent to West Sumatra to build the railways from Padang to Pekanbaru, Riau Province. Equipped only with minimal supplies, the romushas were force to clear forests and scrape the many rock hills dotting Sumatra's landscape. During the process many romushas died from untreated disease, malnutrition, or accidents during work. Food for romushas were only a fistful of rice flavored with salt and nothing more for a day. The clothes they wore were made from burlap sacks and tree barks, and it had to be worn until it resembled clothes no more before being replaced another burlap sack shirt. If a romusha fell sick, he had to find for medicine himself. Any other romusha who helped the sick romusha looking for medicine was punished by beating. Romushas who seemingly worked less than the others or tried to escape but failed were tortured and executed in front of the other romushas as a warning. The book The Sumatra Railroad even stated that 80% of the romushas perished during 1943 - 1945. Not only Indonesians were made romushas, though. Data collected by George Duffy stated that about four thousands Dutch war captives, a thousand English soldiers, two hundreds Australians and fifteen Americans were also worked as romusha. From this amount, about seven hundred perished due to untreated disease. Sumatra at the time was a vast and virgin jungle who hid all sorts of maladious disease and plague within its thick foliage after all. There's a video about him who told of his experience, unfortunately it is in Indonesian. A picture of young romushas. Fun fact: a romusha story from the building of Burma - Thailand railroad was screened as The Bridge of River Kwai. Although happened in another country, the experience was similar. The romusha suffering prompted other rebellions, especially from Indramayu, West Java, led by Haji Madriyan. The rebellions were easily subdued, and for punishment, everyone involved in the rebellions were publicly tortured for warnings. Thirdly, Japan necessitated every farmer to submit most of the crops mainly rice, corn, and cattle to Japan, leaving the farmers impoverished and unable to provide food for their families. Farmers were also obliged to plant castor oil plant (Jathropa) to be used as weaponry lubricants. Fourthly, Indonesian girls were forcefully taken from their homes and families to be employed as comfort women (or rape dolls as we name it). Indonesians, if you ever read this comment, you have to read the book Perawan Remaja Dalam Cengkeraman Militer by Pramoedya AT. It is a horrifying, nauseating story comparable to the Rape of Nanking by Iris Chang. During 1942 - 1945, Girls were taken forcefully or tricked into believing that they would be educated in Tokyo while in reality they were shipped to the various comfort houses to satisfy Japanese soldiers' lust. Those forcefully taken were raped in front of their family before being spirited away. Pregnant girls were forced to do abortion, while those who fell ill were let to die without care. Many died from suicide, torture, or disease. After Japan's surrender in 1945, these girls were abandoned in their posts. The author of the book traced the remnants of Javanese comfort women in Buru island, where girls who were abandoned after the war had no choice other than becoming prostitutes. Fifthly, the notorious Unit 731, whose victims weren't only Indonesians. | what was life like for the local population during the japanese occupation of indonesia? | <P> spread of Indonesian nationalist sentiment. Although this was done more for Japanese political advantage than from altruistic support of Indonesian independence, this support created new Indonesian institutions and elevated political leaders such as Sukarno. Through recruiting Indonesian nationalist leaders, the Japanese attempted to rally Indonesian support and mobilize the Indonesian people in support of the Japanese war efforts. The experience of the Japanese occupation of Indonesia varied considerably, depending upon where one's location and social position. Many who lived in areas considered essential to the war effort endured torture, Sexual slavery, arbitrary arrest and execution, and other war crimes. Many <P> out, however, by the time the Empire of Japan invaded and occupied the Indies. During the occupation, the njai and their mixed-race children were forcefully separated from European men, who were put into internment camps. After the occupation ended in 1945, Sukarno proclaimed an independent Indonesia. During the ensuing revolution, the njai were forced to choose between going with their partners to Europe, or staying in Indonesia; both choices were taken. Rights and social status The njai could be sent home with little or no warning, with or without her children. This was common when the European man prepared <P> school at Manado, which by 1939 had 18 students. In total, 6,349 Japanese people lived in Indonesia by 1938.
In 1942, the Empire of Japan invaded countries in Southeast Asia, including Indonesia. The Japanese seized the key oil production zones of Borneo, Java, Sumatera, and the Netherlands New Guinea (the modern day Indonesian province of Papua, which was also conveniently abundant in highly valuable copper) of the late Dutch East Indies, defeating the Dutch forces and were welcomed by many as liberating heroes by Javanese natives. Many natives saw as the realization of an indigenous Javanese prophecy. The Japanese encouraged the |
OP, it's the best question I've ever encountered on this sub-reddit. Unfortunately it's not my field but I've read a bit about Qutb and Maududi (I know he's not from MB [as I recall Qutb also was never a member of this organization] but a founder of Jamaat-i-Islami, however I think that we can add other fundamentalists to the discussion) and attended to a 30h lecture about Jihad so I'd like to write a word or two. I think that a visible shift in Muslim Brotherhood's actions is a result of more pragmatic stance of its leaders. They know that the only way to enforce ideas of Qutb and al-Banna is through controlling the society, legal measures and governing. They cannot be too radical or hasty - tourism is one of the most important parts of egyptian economy, they are also aware that the risk of foreign intervention would rise if they were too radical or meddled with Israeli issues too much. I think that nowadays people like Yūsuf al-Qarḍāwī are even more influential than old thinkers and scholars like Maududi or Qutb. And his policy seems to be widely accepted among lots of islamic leaders. Also, if you could share your opinions with us, it would be awesome. I'm really interested in this topic but I don't have time to do research on my own. | what is the relationship of the modern muslim brotherhood with the thought of sayyid qutb and/or hassan al-banna, and how has this changed over time? | <P> Al-Jazeera in 2005:
Islam dignifies Christians and Jews and we hope they treat us the same way. The ignorance of people is what is causing a grudge among them and not their religion.
In recent years, the Brotherhood has frequently called for greater democracy in the Middle East. 'Abd al-Mun'im Abu-l-Futuh, one of the middle-generation leaders who is respected both in the Brotherhood and in the Wasat Party, told the International Crisis Group in 2004:
The absence of democracy is one of the main reasons for the crisis here, in Egypt and the Middle East. The Muslim Brothers believe that the <P> out the principles of an Islamic socialism. He became the Brotherhood's most influential thinker for a time, and in 1959 the organisation's General Guide, Hassan Isam'il
al-Hudaybi, gave him responsibility for the Brothers detained in prisons and concentration camps. Qutb attempted to interpret the situation in the camps in Islamic terms; these reflections, which he circulated as commentaries on passages from the Qur'an, came to encompass an analysis of the regime that meted out such barbarous treatment to its prisoners.
Outside the prisons, those Brothers who had gone underground began to reorganise. In 1956, those who had been imprisoned <P> but not judged were released. Zaynab al-Ghazali, head of the Association of Muslim Women, organised charitable work to meet the basic needs of these now-impoverished Brothers. Along with Brotherhood leader 'Abd al Fattah Isma'il, she went on to play a key role in rebuilding the organisation. While Al-Ghazali's
focus was on Islamic education, other autonomous groups of Brothers also appeared, who were impatient to avenge the suppression of the Brotherhood in 1954. They found the analytical framework and political programme they were looking for in Qutb's writings, which were circulated by Al-Ghazali and in which his assessment |
Long ago, we looked up at the stars and saw that stars traverse the sky in a predictable, somewhat linear pattern over the course of a year. But humans saw other objects in the sky. They were planets - but we didn't know what a planet was, it was just a bit of light just like a star as far as we could tell at the time. Planets, from our perspective, move back and forth, and not the same way as stars did when you track them in the sky. They don't actually change direction, it's just that they're so near to us (compared to stars), their relative position to us changes more dramatically than a star would. & #x200B; So when we see a planet "moving" from day to day in our field of view, and it then changes direction, we call that retrograde. I bring up their distance to us because stars would do the same thing if we weren't so far away from them. Because of that distance, we really don't see much of a difference in how they pass through our field of view. | what does it mean for a planet to be in retrograde? | <P> tidal forces to slow down their rotations. Dwarf planets All known dwarf planets and dwarf planet candidates have prograde orbits around the Sun, but some have retrograde rotation. Pluto has retrograde rotation; its axial tilt is approximately 120 degrees. Pluto and its moon Charon are both tidally locked to each other. It is suspected that the Plutonian satellite system was created by a massive collision. Earth's atmosphere Retrograde motion, or retrogression, within the Earth's atmosphere is seen in weather systems whose motion is opposite the general direction of airflow, i.e. from east to west against the westerlies or from west <P> Retrograde and prograde motion Retrograde motion in astronomy is, in general, orbital or rotational motion of an object in the direction opposite the rotation of its primary, that is, the central object (right figure). It may also describe other motions such as precession or nutation of the object's rotational axis. Prograde or direct motion is motion in the same direction as the primary rotates. Rotation is determined by an inertial frame of reference, such as distant fixed stars. However, retrograde and prograde can also refer to an object other than the primary if so described.
In our Solar System, the orbits <P> about the Sun of all planets and most other objects, except many comets, are prograde, i.e. in the same direction as the Sun rotates. The rotations of most planets, except Venus and Uranus, are also prograde. Most natural satellites have prograde orbits about their planets. Prograde satellites of Uranus orbit in the direction Uranus rotates, which is retrograde to the Sun. Retrograde satellites are generally small and distant from their planets, except Neptune's satellite Triton, which is large and close. All retrograde satellites are thought to have formed separately before being captured by their planets. Formation of celestial systems When |
In case you get stuck there for some reason. You could be injured and stuck in an hospital. Or you could miss your flight and not be able to afford another ticket. | why does some countries require your passport to be valid for 6 months after your return? | <P> health related or impose additional documentation requirements on certain classes of people for diplomatic or political purposes. Passport validity length In the absence of specific bilateral agreements, countries requiring passports to be valid for at least 6 more months on arrival include Afghanistan, Algeria, Anguilla, Bahrain, Bhutan, Botswana, British Virgin Islands, Brunei, Cambodia, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Cayman Islands, Central African Republic, Chad, Comoros, Costa Rica, Côte d'Ivoire, Curaçao, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Equatorial Guinea, Fiji, Gabon, Guinea Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Kenya, Kiribati, Kuwait, Laos, Madagascar, Malaysia, Maldives, Marshall Islands, Mongolia, Myanmar, Namibia, Nepal, Nicaragua, Nigeria, <P> the common requirement of having either a valid visa or a visa exemption. Such restrictions may be health related or impose additional documentation requirements on certain classes of people for diplomatic or political purposes. Passport validity length In the absence of specific bilateral agreements, countries requiring passports to be valid for at least 6 more months on arrival include Afghanistan, Algeria, Anguilla, Bahrain, Bhutan, Botswana, British Virgin Islands, Brunei, Cambodia, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Cayman Islands, Central African Republic, Chad, Comoros, Costa Rica, Côte d'Ivoire, Curaçao, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Equatorial Guinea, Fiji, Gabon, Guinea Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, <P> certain classes of people for diplomatic or political purposes. Passport validity length In the absence of specific bilateral agreements, countries requiring passports to be valid for at least 6 more months on arrival include Afghanistan, Algeria, Anguilla, Bahrain, Bhutan, Botswana, British Virgin Islands, Brunei, Cambodia, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Cayman Islands, Central African Republic, Chad, Comoros, Costa Rica, Côte d'Ivoire, Curaçao, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Equatorial Guinea, Fiji, Gabon, Guinea Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Kenya, Kiribati, Kuwait, Laos, Madagascar, Malaysia, Maldives, Marshall Islands, Mongolia, Myanmar, Namibia, Nepal, Nicaragua, Nigeria, Oman, Palau, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Qatar, Rwanda, |
I think you've grossly misinterpreted the IRA and what it means to be "civilized" and Native. The Five Civilized Tribes were never *not* considered Native, but were called "civilized" because they adopted aspects of European culture such as private property ownership, Christianity, and chattel slavery. > they had become so civilized they did not want to return to being a native? I'm not sure what you mean by this. The IRA was not a vote on whether or not Indians would still exist, but rather an overhaul of how the federal government and Indian tribes (which are recognized as domestic dependent nations) interact. Also, this question insinuates that Natives are inherently *not* civilized, which is a pretty insulting, racist thing to say. | indian reorganization act (america) | <P> Administration,' a little over 2,800 Native Americans were allotted less than 500,000 acres.
Within five years of the Report, the policy of allotment was abandoned altogether. On June 18, 1934, President Franklin D. Roosevelt signed the Indian Reorganization Act into law. Although the Meriam report had condemned allotment and affected the Indian Reorganization Act, the Act was actually largely attributed to John Collier who had been appointed by Roosevelt as Commissioner for Indian Affairs. The new Act ended allotment and permitted tribes to organize their own governments and to incorporate their trust lands communally. <P> they settled on, in other cases they settled on public land. Starting in the early twentieth century, the federal government began establishing Indian trust territories for the colonies on public land.
Following the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934, many of the Indian colonies gained federal recognition as tribes. Many of the tribes formed this way are unusual in that they include members from different nations. For example, the Reno-Sparks Indian Colony has members with Washoe, Paiute and Shoshone heritage. <P> by granting small parcels of land to individual tribe members. In some cases, for example, the Umatilla Indian Reservation, after the individual parcels were granted out of reservation land, the reservation area was reduced by giving the "excess land" to white settlers. The individual allotment policy continued until 1934 when it was terminated by the Indian Reorganization Act. Indian New Deal (1934–present) The Indian Reorganization Act of 1934, also known as the Howard-Wheeler Act, was sometimes called the Indian New Deal and was initiated by John Collier. It laid out new rights for Native Americans, reversed some of the earlier |
Hamas is an Islamic-fundamentalist political party that came into existence as a rival to the more secularized Palestinian Liberation Organization (PLO) in 1987. At its inception Hamas was not militarized, and as a result they were allowed to organize without intervention from Israel because they were seen as an alternative to Yasser Arafat (the leader of the PLO). This ended in 1989 with Hamas' armed involvement in the First Intifada, which was a Palestinian uprising in response to Israeli occupation in the Palestinian Territories. Since that time, Hamas has engaged in many terrorist attacks on civilians in a response to the Israel's existence. They gained political power in 2007 from the Palestinian Parliament and currently control the Gaza portion of the Palestinian Territories. The short term objective is to gain control of the remaining West Bank and establish these territories as a recognized nation. The long term objective is to battle for control of all of current Israel. Currently, Europe, the U.S. and Israel consider Hamas to be a terrorist organization while most Arabic nations do not. This is very simplified, and I placed emphasis in some areas while not delving into particulars in others to paint the picture. | who are hamas? what do they believe in and what are their long term objectives? | <P> Muhammad (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) and the traditions of Muslims rulers and scholars noted for their piety and dedication.
Al-Qassam Brigades aims to liberate all of Palestine from what they describe as Zionist occupation, and to achieve the rights of the Palestinian people that were robbed by the occupation, and it consider itself part of the movement of a project of national liberation. Leadership and structure Hamas inherited from its predecessor a tripartite structure that consisted in the provision of social services, of religious training and military operations under a Shura Council. Traditionally it had four distinct <P> functions: (a) a charitable social welfare division (dawah); (b) a military division for procuring weapons and undertaking operations (al-Mujahideen al Filastinun); (c) a security service (Jehaz Aman); and (d) a media branch (A'alam). Hamas has both an internal leadership within the West Bank and the Gaza Strip, and an external leadership, split between a Gaza group directed by Mousa Mohammed Abu Marzook from his exile first in Damascus and then in Egypt, and a Kuwaiti group (Kuwaidia) under Khaled Mashal. The Kuwaiti group of Palestinian exiles began to receive extensive funding from the Gulf States after its leader Mashal broke <P> Hamas Etymology Hamas is an acronym of the Arabic phrase حركة المقاومة الاسلامية or Harakat al-Muqāwama al-Islāmiyya, meaning "Islamic Resistance Movement". The Arabic word 'hamas' (حماس) means "courage" or "zeal". The Hamas covenant interprets its name to mean "strength and bravery". Aims Hamas, as its name (Islamic Resistance Movement) implies, aims to liberate Palestine from the Israeli occupation by resisting it. And according to Hamas armed branch Izz ad-Din al-Qassam Brigades:
To contribute in the effort of liberating Palestine and restoring the rights of the Palestinian people under the sacred Islamic teachings of the Holy Quran, the Sunnah (traditions) of Prophet |
Let me deal with the part about religious freedom here first. The claim you have heard is true. The Pilgrims at Plymouth and the Puritans who founded the Massachusetts Bay Colony wanted to practice their own faith. They did not support any wider concept of religious freedom. Other religious groups were barred from the colony and they had laws against blasphemy that were used to protect their version of theology Baptists were persecuted in the Massachusetts Bay Colony during the 1640s, and explictly banned by law in 1645. Punishments could be harsh. In 1651 for instance a group of three Baptists were arrested in Lynn, Massachusetts and convicted of re-baptizing adults (Baptists did this because they did not believe infant baptism was valid). All three were fined, one was whipped. Quaker fared worse than Baptists. In the 1650s Quakers who visited Massachusetts were branded, whipped or mutilated. Puritans who converted to Quakerism had their property seized. In 1659 and 1660 Massachusetts executed four Quakers; Marmaduke Stephenson, William Robinson, Mary Dyer, and William Leddra. The Puritans would have likely killed more Quakers, but they were commanded to stop by royal command in 1661. Puritans also tried to purge dissenting theology within their own ranks. Puritan Minister Roger Williams claimed that the Puritans had illegitimately occupied native lands, which resulted in him getting tried for sedition and heresy. He was banished from the colony in 1635 and ultimately founded what would become the Colony of Rhode Island. Rhode Island allowed for religious toleration. In 1638 the Puritans tried Anne Hutchinson in what is now called the Antinomian Controversy. The theology here is a bit complicated, but it resulted in the Massachusetts expelling Hutchinson and a number of other dissenters from their churches and banishing them from the colony. The Puritans were more repressive than England, but it was matter of degrees. In England it was not until the 1689 Toleration Act that dissenting Protestants, who were not members of the Church of England, could worship freely. This provided religious toleration to Baptist, Quakers and Puritans, but did not allow such freedom to Roman Catholics, atheists, or non-Christians. That said, how much repression dissenters actually faced in England could vary a lot, both Quakers and Baptists still spread widely during the seventeenth century. Quakers and Baptists were sometimes arrested, but they were not killed like they were in Puritan New England. The idea that society should tolerate of many religious views is a comparatively new one, it was only becoming common in Europe at the end of the seventeenth century. In the American colonies only Pennsylvania and Rhode Island would allow significant religious freedom for their residents. The Puritans were harsher than the England in enforcing their state religion, but both groups made religious dissent a crime. | i heard it said once that: 'the pilgrims left for the americas not for their own religious freedom, but for the freedom to not live among those who didn't believe as they did' is there any truth to this claim? | <P> the anti-Catholicism of Oliver Cromwell, the Commonwealth of England, and the Penal Laws against Catholics and others who did not adhere to the Church of England.
One of the results of the persecution in England was that some people fled Great Britain to be able to worship as they wished – but they did not seek religious freedom, and early North American colonies were generally as intolerant of religious dissent as England; Puritan Massachusetts, for example, did not allow standard Church of England worship. Some of these people voluntarily sailed to the American Colonies specifically for this purpose. After the American <P> have never been more proud of our country’s heritage and more concerned about our future."
Americans United for Separation of Church and State's Joseph L. Conn wrote "The theme of the movie seems to be that the Pilgrims came to America seeking religious liberty, and they set up a model Christian community that we ought to emulate today," and continued "Well, here’s some news, Kirk and Company. The Pilgrims and Puritans did come here seeking religious liberty, but they set up a regime that gave freedom only to themselves, denying it to others. In keeping with its religious viewpoint, Plymouth <P> formulas of the Book of Common Prayer; the imposition of its liturgical order by legal force and inspection sharpened Puritanism into a definite opposition movement.
The later Puritan movement were often referred to as Dissenters and Nonconformists and eventually led to the formation of various Reformed denominations.
The most famous and well-known emigration to America was the migration of the Puritan separatists from the Anglican Church of England, who fled first to Holland, and then later to America, to establish the English colonies of New England, which later became the United States.
These Puritan separatists were also known as "the pilgrims". After establishing |
I've always struggled to understand social credit theory as well. Here in Alberta, Canada the social credit party formed the government for 34 years straight. They were a highly socially conservative christian party which left much of the social credit reforms unaddressed. For a time they issued "prosperity credits". These were essentially currency that decreased in value each week. They were designed to keep people from hoarding money during the great depression. They were extremely impractical at the time though and were barely used. The Socreds also tried to reform banking in the province, but I've never read how. It ultimately failed because a province doesn't have enough authority over banking practices to enact these changes. Ultimately, from my interpretation, think of socialism as government programs funded by taxes, and social credit as laws that see workers paid a a minimum wage that they can live and grow with. It's goal wasn't financial equality so much as it was a guaranteed minimum standard from which people can flourish. I could be wrong though, my understanding is limited to the historical sentiments of one (failed) case study. Probably not the best perpective. Hope it lends a bit of insight at least, I'm probably going to look up more now. | the economics of c.h. douglas' theory of social credit | <P> among former UFA supporters who, following Aberhart's instructions, began to form local social credit "study groups". Brownlee argued against social credit on the basis that its application by a provincial government would be unconstitutional and that it would do nothing to create markets for Alberta's unsold wheat, which he viewed as the source of Alberta's woes. The legislature held a series of hearings to investigate the theory, and both Aberhart and C. H. Douglas, the theory's originator, testified at them. Brownlee questioned both on how the introduction of "credit certificates" issued by the Alberta government could help <P> Alberta Social Credit Party Origins William Aberhart, a Baptist lay-preacher and evangelist in Calgary, was attracted to social credit theory while Alberta (and much of the western world) was in the depths of the Great Depression. He soon began promoting it through his radio program on CFCN in Calgary, adding a heavy dose of fundamentalist Christianity to the Social Credit theories of C.H. Douglas. The basic premise of social credit is that all citizens should be paid a dividend as capital and technology replace labour in production; this was especially attractive to farmers sinking under the weight of the Depression. <P> the United States to give all possible energy to Public Credit, by a firm adherence to its strictest maxims, and yet to avoid the ills of an excessive employment of it, by true œconomy and system, in, the public expenditures, by steadily cultivating peace, and by using sincere, efficient and persevering endeavors to diminish present debts, prevent the accumulation of new, and secure the discharge within a reasonable period of such as it may be matter of necessity to contract. ’T will be wise to cultivate and foster private Credit by an exemplary observance of the principles of public Credit, |
The Joint POW/MIA Accounting Command, a Defense Department Agency, is charged with searching for, recovering, and identifying Americans from past conflicts, from WWII through the end of the Cold War. For this time period, they are not assumed dead until their remains are recovered. That said, their family members have received benefits. But they are searched for to this day. | what usually happened to soldiers listed as mia in ww2? where they ever found or just assumed dead? | <P> Missing in action Missing in action (MIA) is a casualty classification assigned to combatants, military chaplains, combat medics, and prisoners of war who are reported missing during wartime or ceasefire. They may have been killed, wounded, captured, or deserted. If deceased, neither their remains nor grave has been positively identified. Becoming MIA has been an occupational risk for as long as there has been warfare. Problems and solutions Until around 1912, service personnel in most countries were not routinely issued with ID tags. As a result, if someone was killed in action and his body was not recovered until much <P> MIAs from the First World War, it is a routine occurrence for the remains of missing personnel killed during the Second World War to be periodically discovered. Usually they are found purely by chance (e.g. during construction or demolition work) though on some occasions they are recovered following deliberate, targeted searches. As with the First World War, in western Europe MIAs are generally found as individuals, or in twos or threes. However, sometimes the numbers in a group are considerably larger e.g. the mass grave at Villeneuve-Loubet, which contained the remains of 14 German soldiers killed in August 1944. Others <P> for from the war, which constituted less than 4 percent of the total 58,152 U.S. service members killed. This was by far the smallest proportion in the nation's history to that point.
About 80 percent of those missing were airmen who were shot down over North Vietnam or Laos, usually over remote mountains, tropical rain forest, or water; the rest typically disappeared in confused fighting in dense jungles. Investigations of these incidents have involved determining whether the men involved survived their shootdown and, if not, efforts to recover their remains. POW/MIA activists played a role in pushing the U.S. government to |
When you cash a check, you do it at **your** bank, not the bank which issued the check. Your bank is essentially lending you the money; they say "OK, this piece of paper looks like a valid IOU. I'll give you the $100, and we will contact the bank which issued this check and they will repay us that $100." Unless the check is very obviously fake, your bank will assume it's good and give you your money. If the check is invalid, then the bank which issued it (if there even is one) will not pay your bank the $100. Your bank will then ask for the $100 back from you (usually by deducting it from your account). | how does a check scam work? | <P> Schemes based solely on check cashing usually offer only a small part of the check's total amount, with the assurance that many more checks will follow; if the victim buys into the scam and cashes all the checks, the scammer can steal a lot in a very short time. Bogus job offers More sophisticated scams advertise jobs with real companies and offer lucrative salaries and conditions with the fraudsters pretending to be recruitment agents. A bogus telephone or online interview may take place and after some time the applicant is informed that the job is theirs. To secure the job <P> some small fee (insurance, registration, or shipping). Once the victim sends the fee, the scammer invents another fee.
The fake check technique described above is also used. Fake or stolen checks, representing a part payment of the winnings, being sent; then a fee, smaller than the amount received, is requested. The bank receiving the bad check eventually reclaims the funds from the victim.
In 2004, a variant of the lottery scam appeared in the United States: a scammer phones a victim purporting to be speaking on behalf of the government about a grant they qualify for, subject to an advance fee of <P> order that for some reason cannot be redeemed locally. In one cover story, the perpetrator of the scam wishes the victim to work as a "mystery shopper", evaluating the service provided by MoneyGram or Western Union locations within major retailers such as Wal-Mart. The scammer sends the victim a forged or stolen check or money order as described above, the victim deposits it—banks will often credit an account with the value of a check not obviously false— and sends the money to the scammer via wire transfer. Later the check is not honoured and the bank debits the victim's account. |
Commodore Perry came to Japan in 1853, the Shogunate fell in 1867. This is a span of 14 years, hardly overnight. What happens in those 14 years (known as the Bakumatsu years)was a complicated and convoluted affair involving revolutions, reforms, rebellions, foreign relations, and age-old grievances. The whole summary can be gleamed from the very long Wikipedia article on the Bakumatsu. In short, to answer your questions generally, Commodore Perry did use force to coerce the Shogunate, but it was not to force them out of power. The Western world wanted to trade with Japan, but the Shogunate kept them out due to their policy of isolation. When Perry came, he threatened the Japanese government with gunboats, and the Tokugawa knowing full well that they could not go against American firepower, capitulated to his demands to open up for trade. The concessions given to the Americans, and later the rest of the Western power, dismayed the samurai greatly. A group of reform-minded samurai, called the isshin isshi, reasoned that the weakness of the shogunate allowed the foreigners to have free reign over Japan, thus the shogunate must be abolished and replaced with a modern government with the Emperor restored to power. At the other end of the ideological spectrum was the traditionalist shogunate supporters, who preferred the current system and believed that Japan's weakness was only temporary. The issue was settled with the Boshin War of 1868, which saw all of Japan subsumed in war from Kyoto up to Hokkaido, and resulted in the collapse of the Shogunate. So, it was civil war that brought down the shogunate directly, but it was Commodore Perry that got the ball rolling in the beginning. | question about the demise of the tokugawa shogunate | <P> the shogunate By the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, the shogunate showed signs of weakening. The dramatic growth of agriculture that had characterized the early Edo period had ended and the government handled the devastating Tenpō famines poorly. Peasant unrest grew and government revenues fell. The shogunate cut the pay of the already financially distressed samurai, many of whom worked side jobs to make a living. Discontented samurai were soon to play a major role in engineering the downfall of the Tokugawa shogunate.
At the same time, the people drew inspiration from new ideas and fields of study. Dutch books <P> 1868 convinced the young Emperor Meiji and his advisors to issue a rescript calling for an end to the Tokugawa shogunate. The armies of Chōshū and Satsuma soon marched on Edo and the ensuing Boshin War led to the eventual fall of the shogunate. Meiji period (1868–1912) The Emperor was restored to nominal supreme power, and in 1869, the imperial family moved to Edo, which was renamed Tokyo ("eastern capital"). However, the most powerful men in the government were former samurai from Chōshū and Satsuma rather than the Emperor, who was fifteen in 1868. These men, known as the Meiji <P> usurped power from those who had usurped it from the Emperor, descending from Emperor Kōkō, who usurped it from the children of Emperor Seiwa. The new regime nonetheless proved to be stable enough to last a total of 135 years, 9 shōguns and 16 regents.
With Sanetomo's death in 1219, his mother Hōjō Masako became the shogunate's real center of power. As long as she lived, regents and shōguns would come and go, while she stayed at the helm. Since the Hōjō family did not have the rank to nominate a shōgun from among its members, Masako had to find a |
Try this animated video. | american football | <P> football. <P> Football. <P> women's football". |
hi! just a heads up that this sub is inundated with April Fools content right now, so if your post gets lost in the shuffle and is left unanswered, do resubmit when normal service has been resumed in a couple of days. | decmber 7 1941 | <P> on 16 April 1940. <P> on 14 December 1946. <P> March 1940. |
Britain never had any serious intent of fighting for Czechoslovakia, even if the Munich Conference hadn't happened, and Germany went to war with Czechoslovakia, Chamberlain deep down probably still would not have gone to war over the country. The British cabinet debated on how to respond to the German overtures towards Czechoslovakia, Germany wanted permission to attack the whole of Czechoslovakia, but Britain said that they would only support the annexing of the German populated, Sudetenland. So this is when the Munch Conference happened, as both sides felt if they could meet face to face (rather than through intermediaries and diplomats) that they convince the other to see it their way. On the issue of Czechoslovakia, the British foregin minister Sir Alexander Cadogan wrote in his diary: > Foreign Policy Committee unanimous that Czechoslovakia is not worth the bones of a single Grenadier. And they’re quite right too!” So its important to establish that Chamberlain did not believe that Hitler would at all be satisfied by the Sudetenland, or even the whole of Czechoslovakia (which Hitler would take months after the Munich conference). As soon as Chamberlain returned home, he ordered all relevant industries to begin re-arming for war, France too sped up their re-armament, which had started in 1936. Neither nation's military was really ready for war, France was in a decent position being that they had started re-arming earlier, but they were still short of crucial armaments like artillery, tanks, anti-aircraft guns, and aircraft. Britain's military was an even in worse position, and to compound British military problems, many of the dominions, such as Canada and South Africa had made it clear that they weren't ready for a war, and would not be able to support Britain. Now the British public as a whole was relieved, as no one really wanted, what in most people's minds, a repeat of World War One. However, the issue of appeasement and the way which Chamberlain went about it divided the British public. For Chamberlain's supporters appeasement was a time honoured British tradition of keeping peace on the European continent. Britain was used to this system of "give and take" as a means of keeping the peace. It also represented a way of bringing stability to Europe, which would allow Britain to focus on its Empire, which was in danger from an ever expanding Italy and Japan. However, there were those who bitterly opposed the policy of appeasement. Churchill and his supporters denounced it as cowardly and weak. Churchill was a big fan of putting Germany back in its place. The left wing was offended by the abandonment of the principles set out by the League of Nations (such as self-determination). Far Leftists saw appeasement as a tool of capitalism, and they argued that countries like Ethiopia, the Spanish Republic, and Czechoslovakia, were being given up to fascist countries because fascism would eventually devour the USSR (the only real communist state at the time). Chamberlain's fatal flaw was that he kept naively thinking that war could be postponed until Britain was absolutely ready. On March 15th, 1939 Hitler invaded the rump state of Czechoslovakia, and annexed the Czech parts, while setting up a Slovakian puppet state under a catholic priest named Joseph Tiso. Mussolini was not far behind and invaded Albania on April 7th. In the face of this aggression and violation of the Munich Treaty, Britain and France guaranteed that Poland would be protected from any German aggression. Chamberlain wasn't the biggest fan of this policy and kept thinking that there was a way to postpone war, even when it was clear that war was right around the corner. Sources: The Rise and Fall of the British Empire by Lawrence James 1938: Hitler's Gamble by Giles Macdongh | in 1938 neville chamberlain came back from munich with the agreement and claimed it was "peace for our time". did he really believe that? did people believe him when he said it? | <P> none at all.
The Munich Agreement, engineered by the French and British governments, effectively allowed Hitler to annexe the country's defensive frontier, leaving its industrial and economic core within a day's reach of the Wehrmacht. Chamberlain flew to Munich to negotiate the agreement, and received an ecstatic reception upon his return to Britain on 30 September 1938. At Heston Aerodrome, west of London, he made the now famous "Peace for our time" speech and waved the Anglo-German Declaration to a delighted crowd. When Hitler invaded and seized the rest of Czechoslovakia in March 1939, Chamberlain felt betrayed by the breaking of <P> that German armament priorities were being shifted towards preparing for a war with Britain. In particular, Chamberlain was concerned with information that Hitler regarded the Munich Agreement as a personal defeat, together with hints from Berlin in December 1938 that the Germans were planning to renounce the Anglo-German Naval Agreement, regarded in London as the "barometer" of Anglo-German relations in the near-future. An additional factor that influenced Chamberlain was the reports relayed by the German opposition of Hitler's secret speech of 10 November 1938 to a group of German journalists complaining that his peace propaganda of the previous five years <P> that members had to freely express their opinions. Moyne was there on 29 September 1938 when the bad news came of Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain's capitulation to Hitler at Munich. Also present were Brendan Bracken, Lloyd George, Bob Boothby, Duff Cooper, J.L. Garvin, editor of The Observer, and Walter Elliot. "Winston ranted and raved, venting his spleen on the two government ministers present and demanding to know how they could support a policy that was 'sordid, squalid, sub-human and suicidal.'" At that time, they still shared the minority view in parliament; the majority agreed with Moyne's cousin-in-law 'Chips' Channon MP, |
You should read a book called 'Emotional Design' by Donald Norman in which he explains the 3 levels (visceral, behavioral, reflective) of how we react to certain objects. I can't really answer your question, because I don't know enough about the psychology of design. However I might be able to help you answer it by asking a question instead. What even is objective good design? Isn't what we view as pleasant mostly related and heavily influenced by our environment? | [question] are aesthetics mostly subjective? | <P> claiming that the former is the study of beauty while the latter is the study of works of art. However, most commonly Aesthetics encompasses both questions around beauty as well as questions about art. It examines topics such as aesthetic objects, aesthetic experience, and aesthetic judgments. For some, aesthetics is considered a synonym for the philosophy of art since Hegel, while others insist that there is a significant distinction between these closely related fields. In practice, aesthetic judgement refers to the sensory contemplation or appreciation of an object (not necessarily an art object), while artistic judgement refers to the recognition, <P> corrects his terms and reminds him to say instead: It is agreeable to me," because "Everyone has his own (sense of) taste". The case of "beauty" is different from mere "agreeableness" because, "If he proclaims something to be beautiful, then he requires the same liking from others; he then judges not just for himself but for everyone, and speaks of beauty as if it were a property of things."
Viewer interpretations of beauty may on occasion be observed to possess two concepts of value: aesthetics and taste. Aesthetics is the philosophical notion of beauty. Taste is a result of an education <P> often saw African sculpture as ugly, but just a few decades later, Edwardian audiences saw the same sculptures as being beautiful. Evaluations of beauty may well be linked to desirability, perhaps even to sexual desirability. Thus, judgments of aesthetic value can become linked to judgments of economic, political, or moral value. In a current context, one might judge a Lamborghini to be beautiful partly because it is desirable as a status symbol, or we might judge it to be repulsive partly because it signifies for us over-consumption and offends our political or moral values.
The Context of its presentation also |
Nice. Several people have posted and nobody has bothered to answer the question. Complex crater formation is unsurprisingly not well understood but here are the basics: **wrong answer** : When a meteor hits the ground it causes the ground to behave like a fluid, and if it is a sufficiently powerful impact the ground will move down and out. It then will undergo an elastic rebound, moving back in and up and causing a dimple in the center, much like dropping a stone into water. **Right Answer** : When the meteor hits the ground, if the impact is powerful enough it will cause a deep crater with steep sides. The rock making up the crater will be hugely reduced in strength, making it very brittle. Gravity will quickly equalize for this new shape, and this, along with how brittle the rock has become, will cause the sides to collapse and they will move in and fill the basin of the crater. At the same time, this may also cause rock from deep beneath the impact zone to uplift through the basin of the crater (why the uplift happens is actually debatable). This uplift is partially covered by the debris from the collapsing sides, and the result is a central peak. Couple things to point out: If it were as simple as elastic rebound then the central peak would be composed of the same stuff as the rest of the crater, and not material from deep beneath the floor of the crater, as is often the case. Also, the point at which craters behave like this seems to depend mostly on the gravity at the surface of the body where the crater formed and not just on the size of the crater. I.e. different planets have different complex crater thresholds. This would also not be the case in the water analogy were true. This may seem to be an outrageous claim and it is hard to find sources to back this up online since most of the sites either use the water analogy or refer to gravitational equilibrium without further explanation. Here is a pretty sweet explanation of how craters form though: Here is a neat nasa memorandum from 1982 in which, among other things, the conclusion is reached that the central peak is a function of gravity | why do many of the craters on mercury have a secondary "dimple" in the almost direct center? | <P> its small size and very early segregation into core and crust, Mercury has seemingly been a dead planet for a long time—possibly longer than the Moon. Its geologic history, therefore, records with considerable clarity some of the earliest and most violent events that took place in the inner Solar System. Crater and basin materials As on the Moon and Mars, sequences of craters and basins of differing relative ages provide the best means of establishing stratigraphic order on Mercury. Overlap relations among many large mercurian craters and basins are clearer than those on the Moon. Therefore, we can build up <P> many local stratigraphic columns involving both crater or basin materials and nearby plains materials.
Over all of Mercury, the crispness of crater rims and the morphology of their walls, central peaks, ejecta deposits, and secondary-crater fields have undergone systematic changes with time. The youngest craters or basins in a local stratigraphic sequence have the sharpest, crispest appearance. The oldest craters consist only of shallow depressions with slightly raised, rounded rims, some incomplete. On this basis, five age categories of craters and basins have been mapped. In addition, secondary crater fields are preserved around proportionally far more craters and basins on Mercury <P> long 52° W.) Rupes are the most prominent examples in the quadrangle. Vostok transects and foreshortens the crater Guido d'Arezzo, which suggests that arcuate scarps are compressional tectonic features (thrust or high-angle reverse faults). Melosh and Dzurisin have speculated that both arcuate scarps and the global mercurian lineament pattern may have formed as a result of simultaneous despinning and thermal contraction of Mercury.
Planimetrically irregular scarps on the floors of many plains-filled craters and basins are the youngest recognized structural features in the quadrangle, as they cut both the smooth plains and intermediate plains materials. Their occurrence inside only smooth-floored craters |
> Since the creation of coffeehouses followed the siege of Vienna Where can I learn more about this? I've never heard this before. | since the creation of coffeehouses followed the siege of vienna, why aren’t coffee products globally described in german, rather than italian? how did italian become the language of coffee products? | <P> in German homes it was still called Milchkaffee. The Italians used the term caffè latte domestically, but it is not known from cafés like Florian in Venice or any other coffee houses or places where coffee was served publicly. Even when the Italian espresso bar culture bloomed in the years after WW2 both in Italy, and in cities like Vienna and London, espresso and cappuccino are the terms, latte is missing on coffee menus.
In Italian latte ([ˈlatte]) means "milk"—so ordering a "latte" in Italy will get the customer a glass of milk.
In Spanish the phrase café con leche (coffee with <P> term caffè e latte was first used in English in 1867 by William Dean Howells in his essay "Italian Journeys". Kenneth Davids maintains that "...breakfast drinks of this kind have existed in Europe for generations, but the (commercial) caffè version of this drink is an American invention". The French term café au lait was used in cafés in several countries in western continental Europe from 1900 onward, while the French themselves started using the term café crème for coffee with milk or cream.
The Austrian-Hungarian empire (Central Europe) had its own terminology for the coffees being served in coffee houses, while <P> Latte Origin Coffee and milk have been part of European cuisine since the 17th century. Caffè e latte, Milchkaffee, café au lait and café con leche are domestic terms of traditional ways of drinking coffee, usually as part of breakfast in the home. Public cafés in Europe and the US seem to have no mention of the terms until the 20th century, although Kapuziner is mentioned in Austrian coffee houses in Vienna and Trieste in the 2nd half of 1700s as "coffee with cream, spices and sugar" (being the origin of the Italian cappuccino).
According to the Oxford English Dictionary, the |
During the 1980s, Libya (having tried and failed to buy nuclear weapons from other countries) tried to get access to uranium and plutonium alike for the purpose of building weapons. It completed a research reactor (with Soviet help) back in 1979, that gave it the opportunity to produce plutonium, and evaded IAEA safeguards during that time. They also attempted to buy nuclear material from black market sources throughout this period. You can read more about their plans for nuclear weapons at the links below: | the libyans! what was going on in 1985 that would have made libya the go-to reference for doc brown's illicit plutonium sourcing in back to the future? | <P> 2003, Gaddafi made a surprise announcement of his intention to dismantle Libya's WMD programs. The Libyan Ministry of Foreign Affairs officials were quoted "Libya had bought nuclear components from various black market dealers", and provided the various designs of centrifuges to U.S. officials and gave the name of its suppliers.
Among the list of suppliers included the revealing role of A.Q. Khan, a notable and famed scientist of Pakistan. Events in Libya led to the debriefing of A.Q. Khan in 2004 by the Government of Pakistan while the United States, aided by IAEA and Interpol, apprehended the former Libyan nuclear <P> Eastern media) that NATO's 2011 intervention in Libya (which led to Gaddafi's overthrow and killing at the hands of the Libyan rebels) would make Iran, North Korea, and possibly other countries more reluctant to give up their nuclear programs and/or nuclear weapons due to the risk of being weakened and/or double-crossed as a result.
On 22 September 2011, near Sabha, Libya, toward the end of the Libyan Civil War, anti-Gaddafi forces discovered two warehouses containing thousands of blue barrels marked with tape reading "radioactive" and plastic bags of yellow powder sealed with the same tape. The IAEA stated, "We can confirm <P> Tony Blair about Libya's willingness to dismantle its nuclear program. Subsequently, at Gaddafi's direction, Libyan officials provided British, Russian, and U.S. diplomats with documentation and additional details on Libya's chemical, biological, nuclear, and ballistic missile activities. Libya reportedly allowed Russian, U.S., and British officials to visit 10 previously secret sites and dozens of Libyan laboratories and military factories to search for evidence of nuclear fuel cycle-related activities, and for chemical and missile programs.
In October 2003, U.S. intelligence agencies raided a cargo ship and seized a consignment of centrifuge-related equipment bound for Libya in a northern Mediterranean port. The U.S. investigations |
They were not organized gangs in the way we use the term today. Greaser was more of a label that was used in the same way that hipster is used today, a categorization coined by outsiders. It is my understanding that greasers did not refer to themselves as such. Modern gangs like the Bloods and the Aryan Brotherhood display a pretty rigid hierarchy, are often national and even international, and usually assemble in the first place to engage in some sort of illicit activity. The Hell's Angels, for example, started as a M.C., but evolved into a bonafide syndicate with specific "business goals". That's not to say that greasers didn't engage in certain illegal activities, but it was not necessarily an implicit goal in the way it is within modern organized gangs. Just because you looked like a greaser, didn't mean you were in an organized gang. Yet I wouldn't really say that the greaser thing was merely a fashion statement, either. They were in many ways the American equivalent to British rockers: kids from working-class families that sort of stayed within their social group, and adopted a certain look. *West Side Story*, *The Outsiders*, etc. sort of created this image around the way these kids dressed. *West Side Story* in particular creates a real Hollywood caricature, it's not going for historical accuracy or really any sort of commentary on what was really a more complex social identity. Greasers and rockers were originally just poor kids who really couldn't afford nice clothing, so they'd wear their work clothes all the time. Tank tops and tee shirts weren't considered appropriate clothing to wear in public, but they were perfectly fine for factories, auto shops, etc. Denim was cheap and utilitarian, and the now-iconic cuffed jeans started because these guys usually had to buy pants that were a few sizes too large, or had belonged to their older brother, etc. It was certainly an image that evolved over time, with both greasers and rockers wearing this "uniform" with a certain degree of pride (suspenders were also big among rockers) as time went on, sometimes to explicitly identify with a group. Rockers and greasers are also often associated with motorcycles and that culture, and this too stems from bikes being cheap, available, and easy to maintain, as odds were at least one guy in the group worked as a mechanic, or was at least mechanically-inclined, something you just didn't see as much within groups of clean-cut teenagers from wealthier backgrounds. Same goes for getting away with smoking and drinking. And I guess fighting in public if you had to look out for your friends. Asserting yourself within a group has always meant something different for every social class around the world. TL;DR: Not like the organized gangs of today, but not merely a fashion statement, although the look became iconic. Rooted in working class culture and developed from there. **EDIT** Got my wires crossed. Suspenders were more of a skinhead thing. Also an interesting counterculture. If you're interested in this stuff, there's lots of great stuff out there on greasers, rockers, mods, skinheads...sixties youth counterculture in general is pretty fascinating. Here's a cool photo someone submitted to /r/historyporn a few months back. English skinheads and hippies. | were "greasers" anything like the gangs of today, or was it just a fashion fad? | <P> own interest clubs or publications. As such, there was no business marketing geared specifically towards the group. Their choice in clothing was largely drawn from a common understanding of the empowering aesthetic of working-class attire, rather than cohesive association with similarly dressed individuals. Some greasers were in motorcycle clubs or in street gangs (and conversely, some gang members and bikers dressed like greasers), though such membership was not necessarily an inherent principle of the subculture. Regardless, greasers were often associated with and assumed by the mainstream public to be members of street gangs (often ethnic-based gangs) or motorcycle gangs.
Ethnically, <P> later used to refer to mechanics. It was not used in writing to refer to the American subculture of the mid-20th century until the mid-1960s, though in this sense it still evoked a pejorative connotation and a relation to machine work. The name was applied to members of the subculture because of their characteristic greased-back hair. Origins of the subculture and rise to popularity The greaser subculture may have emerged in the post–World War II era among the motorcycle clubs and gangs of the late 1940s, though it was certainly established by the 1950s. The original greasers were aligned by <P> a feeling of disillusionment with American popular culture, either through a lack of economic opportunity in spite of the post-war boom or a marginalization enacted by the general domestic shift towards homogeneity in the 1950s. Most were male, usually ethnic and working class, and held interest in hotrod culture or motorcycling. A handful of middle-class youth were drawn to the subculture for its rebellious attitude.
The weak structural foundation of the greasers can be attributed to the subculture's origins in working-class youth possessing few economic resources with which to participate in American consumerism. Greasers, unlike motorcyclists, did not explicitly have their |
I'll try to answer your question, sorry if it doesn't satisfy you. The conquest of Egypt is more or less completed militarily in 1517, however the Ottomans hadn't consolidated their power in the region yet and faced many problems, mainly from the Egyptian Arab populace and the many of the Mamluks that wanted to restore the sultanate. They eventually managed to consolidate their power in 1525 The Ottoman conquests initially brought many changes and difficulties to the Egyptian populace. Ottoman conquests brought economic distress, as the Ottoman control of their subject's property was strict and those who didn't satisfy the supervisor or failed to follow bureaucratic procedures lost their rights. Shopkeepers were ordered to replace the Egyptian weights and measures with those used in Istanbul. New debased coins were put into circulation, causing the public to lose up to a third of the value of its money. Regulations concerning exchange rates and prices were issued frequently, resulting in inflation, the closing of markets, and general dissatisfaction and uneasiness. The Ottoman legal traditions also conflicted with the Egyptians. There was much resentment against the Kanun, and the notions of Ottoman justice were different to those of the Egyptians. For example, a Jew sued a Mamluk emir for a sum of money. When the emir refused to come to the court, the Ottoman judge arrested the emir and remained so until he can satisfy the Jew's demands, something that was unthinkable under Mamluk rule. The same judge had also ruled in favour of a woman who sued her husband, an influential emir. While the Ottomans were pleased on how everyone was equal before the Ottoman court, the people are hostile to the judicial system. The Egyptians were also shocked by the *sürgün,* that caused hardships and sufferings to the Egyptian people. While in time the Ottomans corrected their mistakes and they and the Egyptians became accustomed to each other, this was the case during the early years and it developed tension between the Ottomans and Egyptians With the death of Selim I and Khai'r Bey, Mamluk governor installed by the Ottomans the Mamluks started to rebel. In May 1523, Janim al-Sayfi and Inal, two provincial governors of Middle Egypt rose up and led the first Mamluk revolt supported by many Mamluks and Arabs, including the powerful Arab ruler of Upper Egypt, Ali ibn Umar. Eventually the revolt was crushed, but the rebellion further strained the relations between the Mamluks and the Ottomans. Many Mamluks that had joined the rebels were killed, and those who remained loyal reportedly fought with little enthusiasm. A year latter, Ahmet Pasha, the governor of Egypt instigated a revolt which was a serious challenge to Ottoman rule. He had become the governor of Egypt in September 1523 and prepared the revolt soon after. He confiscated the Janissaries’ muskets, expelled the Kapikulu to Istanbul, wooed the Mamluks and pardoned many who participated in the rebellion. he also forcefully extort money from the merchants and requisitioned many beasts of burden. He also raided the Nubian territories to create his own black slave-soldiers and training them to use firearms. The pasha rebelled against Istanbul in 1524 and quickly massacred what remained of the janissaries. He claimed the title of sultan, and ordered coins bearing his name to be minted and decreed that his new title be recited publicly during the Friday hutbe. To legitimize his position, Ahmet invited the four chief qadis and the Abbasid caliph to the Citadel at the beginning of each month to greet him as had been the custom under the Mamluk sultans. However, his rule only lasted a few months. Janim al-Hamzawi, a loyalist Mamluk emir with his army managed to surprise him and he escaped to Sharqiya, where he was captured and beheaded on March 6. Even though the rebellion of Ahmet Pasha failed, Egypt remained unstable because the revolt had stirred up the Arabs throughout the country. The bedouin Arabs believed that the Ottomans in Egypt were exhausted and could be defeated easily. The Arabs however were disunited and their arms and discipline were inferior. With fresh reinforcements arrived in Egypt the province was finally subdued. On April 2, 1525, Süleyman’s famous Grand Vizier, Ibrahim Pasha, came to Egypt and restored Ottoman authority. During his stay in Egypt, he consolidated Ottoman rule in Egypt and its administration. He promulgated the edict codifying the administrative practice of the province, the Kanunname-i-Misir which laid the foundations of the military administration in force for the next three centuries. The edict assigned responsibilities to provincial rulers to maintain the irrigation system, maintaining security, and supervising tax-collection. Long passages are devoted to how the peasantry are to be treated and their taxes collected. Cadastral surveys, fallow land, land not reached by the Nile floods, waqf foundations, granaries, seaports and the mint are also treated in the code. Finally, the code also officially recognized the Mamluks. The Mamluks were reorganized into a regiment, pensions and titles from Mamluk times were maintained, Mamluk emirs were recognized, and many Mamluks were appointed as bureaucratic staff. Later on the Mamluk beys did indeed hold high positions, even de facto ruled Egypt. For a brief overview, see my earlier answer **Sources**: "*Egyptian Society Under Ottoman Rule"* by Michael Winter *"Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire"* by Bruce Masters et al | in 1517 egypt was conquered by the ottoman empire. how complete was this conquest? did the mamlukes continue to hold any significant political power in the following centuries? | <P> the city wall still survive today in the old city. Even though the Portuguese were successfully repelled from the city, fleets in the Indian Ocean were at their mercy. This was evidenced by the Battle of Diu between the Portuguese and the Arab Mamluks. The Portuguese soldiers' cemetery can still be found within the old city today and is referred to as the site of the Christian Graves. Ottoman Empire In 1517, the Ottoman Turks conquered the Mamluk Sultanate in Egypt and Syria, during the reign of Selim I. As territories of the Mamluk Sultanate, the Hijaz, including Jeddah and <P> expanded the Empire's eastern and southern frontiers by defeating Shah Ismail of Safavid Persia, in the Battle of Chaldiran. Selim I established Ottoman rule in Egypt by defeating and annexing the Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt and created a naval presence on the Red Sea. After this Ottoman expansion, a competition started between the Portuguese Empire and the Ottoman Empire to become the dominant power in the region.
Suleiman the Magnificent (1520–1566) captured Belgrade in 1521, conquered the southern and central parts of the Kingdom of Hungary as part of the Ottoman–Hungarian Wars, and, after his historic victory in the Battle <P> quality were produced without interruption, and enameled glass became another important craft.
In 1250, the Mamluks seized control of Egypt from the Ayyubids, and by 1261 had managed to assert themselves in Syria as well their most famous ruler was Baibars. The Mamluks were not, strictly speaking, a dynasty, as they did not maintain a patrilineal mode of succession; in fact, Mamluks were freed Turkish and Caucasian slaves, who (in theory) passed the power to others of like station. This mode of government persevered for three centuries, until 1517, and gave rise to abundant architectural projects (many thousands of buildings were |
Asking a question that's been asked before is fine. Mentioning previous answers is intended as a quick starting point, not to discourage further discussion. Follow-on questions, information, and debate is more than welcome. You might find interesting "How were our current units of time agreed upon?" at , answer by /u/kookingpot . | i know many cultures have different calendars, but what about different clocks or subdivisions or days? | <P> whole number, a solar calendar must have a different number of days in different years. This may be handled, for example, by adding an extra day in leap years. The same applies to months in a lunar calendar and also the number of months in a year in a lunisolar calendar. This is generally known as intercalation. Even if a calendar is solar, but not lunar, the year cannot be divided entirely into months that never vary in length.
Cultures may define other units of time, such as the week, for the purpose of scheduling regular activities that do not easily <P> of day together specify a moment in time. In the modern world, timekeepers can show time, date and weekday. Some may also show lunar phase. Gregorian calendar The Gregorian calendar is the de facto international standard, and is used almost everywhere in the world for civil purposes. It is a purely solar calendar, with a cycle of leap days in a 400-year cycle designed to keep the duration of the year aligned with the solar year.
Each Gregorian year has either 365 or 366 days (the leap day being inserted as 29 February), amounting to an average Gregorian year of <P> History of calendars The history of calendars, that is, of people creating and using methods for keeping track of days and larger divisions of time, covers a practice with ancient roots, [starting from the oldest Calendar created by the mankind: 'SrishTyaabda' according to which presently it is SrishTyaabda 1 972 949 119 which depicts that 1 972 949 119 years ago the first living being was born on the Earth:
Archeologists have reconstructed methods of timekeeping that go back to prehistoric times at least as old as the Neolithic,[Archeology, Anthropology are not applicable everywhere, particularly in India, since in |
The electron was discovered with a cathode ray tube, which is an evacuated chamber that carries a light emitting beam when a voltage is applied to it (used for old TVs and monitors). If you put a magnet near the tube, the beam deflects from a straight path, in the same way that a wire with electricity running through it is attracted or repelled by a magnet. Using basic physics, one can calculate parameters of the beam by the way it bends. For example, if the particles composing the beam are very heavy, they will not bend as strongly. What JJ Thompson showed was that the particles in the beam had to be of an extremely small mass, much smaller than even than lightest known atom (Hydrogen), indicating a new particle. | discovery of the electron | <P> variety of subjects, and achieved considerable popularity as a textbook.
A series of four lectures, given by Thomson on a visit to Princeton University in 1896, were subsequently published as Discharge of electricity through gases (1897). Thomson also presented a series of six lectures at Yale University in 1904. Discovery of the electron Several scientists, such as William Prout and Norman Lockyer, had suggested that atoms were built up from a more fundamental unit, but they envisioned this unit to be the size of the smallest atom, hydrogen. Thomson in 1897 was the first to suggest that one of the <P> they would behave exactly like the cathode rays.
— J. J. Thomson
Thomson imagined the atom as being made up of these corpuscles orbiting in a sea of positive charge; this was his plum pudding model. This model was later proved incorrect when his student Ernest Rutherford showed that the positive charge is concentrated in the nucleus of the atom. Other work In 1905, Thomson discovered the natural radioactivity of potassium.
In 1906, Thomson demonstrated that hydrogen had only a single electron per atom. Previous theories allowed various numbers of electrons. Posthumous honours In 1991, the thomson (symbol: Th) was proposed as a unit <P> fundamental units was more than 1,000 times smaller than an atom, suggesting the subatomic particle now known as the electron. Thomson discovered this through his explorations on the properties of cathode rays. Thomson made his suggestion on 30 April 1897 following his discovery that cathode rays (at the time known as Lenard rays) could travel much further through air than expected for an atom-sized particle. He estimated the mass of cathode rays by measuring the heat generated when the rays hit a thermal junction and comparing this with the magnetic deflection of the rays. His experiments suggested not only that |
The **Martial Law Era** of **Former President Ferdinand Marcos** is a complex period in our history. Different kinds of people had different kinds of experiences. Those who *took up arms against the state, or were sympathetic to them*, naturally had different narratives compared to those who *lived through the period as* *compliant, obedient citizens*. And in between are others who had different stories to tell, some positive, some negative, and many others that are mixed. Of course, each side had reasons to stay in theirs, and many, were due to *political beliefs*. Communism in the Philippines has failed (Had he succeeded in his younger years, **Jose Maria Sison** would have established something similar to what the Kim family did with North Korea because *he believed that* he was the **Filipino Mao Zedong**), but they're trying to actively forward their political agenda on two frontlines: the legal front (the National Democratic Front), and its armed insurgent wing, (the New People's Army). The legal front is mostly dependent on exploiting the people by introducing such concepts to them, most popular is their *hiding behind* ***student activism and activism in general,*** which gave both a bad name and a reputation for being defenders of the communists, and the traitorous sympathisers of the Huks (which is true, for most part now, in modern times). Some were latecomers, and the rest were the originally persuaded by the beliefs. Many of them didn't believe that communism was the answer to the problems plaguing the Philippines (for the rich, it was obvious why, but for the ones who managed to honestly uplift their socio-economic standing, it was ridiculous, because a lot of them were also people who weren't helped and people who led hard lives, but learned to be dependent on themselves without having to rely on the government too much), and neither was armed struggle, even more. Many had simply done their best in different fields the way the South Koreans did when they experienced their hardships. For students, it was different. Many of them genuinely were sympathisers for the exploited, but for the others, it was different. For all its fearful reputation even at that time, the \[Communist\] Party \[of the Philippines\] was merely a ragtag band of hubristic fantasists who thought replicating the Chinese revolution was a cinch. I can conclude that he definitely wasn't the one behind the Plaza Miranda Incident, or the bombings that followed afterwards. The Plaza Miranda Incident, was confirmed by one of the Party's Founding Fathers, Ruben Guevarra, the Head of the CPP Military Commission and a member of the CPP Central Committee, circa late 60s all the way to the 70s, to have been perpetrated by the Communist Party's very own Dante Cordero, acting with others in the series of bombings, but starting with the Plaza Miranda Incident, otherwise known as Operation Plan Big Leap Forward, the first in a series of campaigns that the CPP launched against the government. Watch the Ideolohiyang Pilipino Dokyu of Sambayanan, in partnership with the UP Diliman Social Sciences Third World Research Department. You can't find anything completely factual as to official statements released by any officials or opposition at the time because, the tumultuous political atmosphere. Much of anything you can find are either in the form of physical documents, dead people or those who know about it because they were involved in it. Therefore, I don't suggest reading anything from the PRWC official information board \[it's heavily biased and contrary to the things I know they did\] about things relating to the time, or common google searches for news articles of today. For example, as the of the time of writing this, I'm actually reading on the CIA declassified documents about anything politically-related or anything related to the Philippines at all. It offers a different perspective because they're the third party. | did ferdinand marcos, from the philippines, forged an attack in manila to justify martial law? | <P> present. As a result, Marcos suspended the writ of habeas corpus to arrest those behind the attack. He rounded up a list of supposed suspects, Escabas, and other undesirables to eliminate rivals in the Liberal Party.
Based on interviews of The Washington Post with former Communist Party of the Philippines Officials, it was revealed that "the (Communist) party leadership planned -- and three operatives carried out -- the attack in an attempt to provoke government repression and push the country to the brink of revolution... (Communist Party Leader) Sison had calculated that Marcos could be provoked into cracking down on his <P> and is a partner in the things I do, bright children who will carry my name, a life well lived — all. But I feel a discontent.
— Ferdinand Marcos
Though it was claimed that Martial law was no military take-over of the government, the immediate reaction of some sectors of the nation was of astonishment and dismay, for even it was claimed that the gravity of the disorder, lawlessness, social injustice, youth and student activism, and other disturbing movements had reached a point of peril, they felt that martial law over the whole country was not yet warranted. Worse, political motivations were <P> been staged; Enrile himself admitted to the assassination attempt to have been staged but he would later retract his claim. Rigoberto Tiglao, former press secretary and a former communist incarcerated during the martial law, argued that the liberal and communist parties provoked martial law imposition. Enrile said that "The most significant event that made President Marcos decide to declare martial law was the MV Karagatan incident on July 1972. It was the turning point. The MV Karagatan involved the infiltration of high powered rifles, ammunition, 40-millimeter rocket launchers, rocket projectiles, communications equipment, and other assorted war materials by the CPP-NPA-NDF |
Any specific questions you have in mind? Kirekegaard is a pretty big philosopher. Let's start with Either/Or. I'm probably least familiar with this work, but it basically says that there are three "spheres": the religious, the ethical and the aesthetic. I haven't actually read Fear and Trembling either, but it analyzes Abraham's near-sacrifice of Isaac. Ethically, it's pretty wrong to try and sacrifice your son, but Kierkegaard says you can't approach this situation ethically. The sphere of the religious is beyond the ethical. That's the "teleological suspension of the ethical". It also describes Knights of Faith in the world Oike Abraham) who empathically believe and put their faith in God, while Knights of Infinite Resignation (like Socrates) are always striving but never really reach true faith. (asymptotic striving in non-eli5 terms). The Sickness Unto Death describes the relationship between despair and sin. First, Kierkegaard describes the self as "the relation that relates itself to the self" (or something along those terms: I read SUD a while ago). This is a kinda complicated sentence, but what he's saying is that the self is recursive. Everyone is a combination of dichotomies/contradictions. We're both infinite and finite, powerful and powerless, etc. The self is the thing that is constantly synthesizing/combining these opposites to renew itself. Kierkegaard then says, but wait! If the self renews itself, how did the self come to be in the first place? Kirkegaard says God first created it. But since the self tries to synthesize everything that has ever had a relationship to it, it tries to incorporate God with the rest of itself as well. The problem is that it's a one-sided relationship. God created us and then poof! He's gone. The self tries to connect with God, with its origins, but it just can't reach. If God exists, I can't see him. He doesn't talk to me, he doesn't seem to care about me, so why the hell should I care? There's no response when thes elf reaches out. The self can't integrate God. This makes the person unhappy and in despair. Ultimately, this despair, this acceptance of futility, this not bothering to even try to connect with God, is sin. This is where things start to smell existentialist. In order to complete your self (and yourself), you have to take a leap of faith. You have to trust in God. You think it's futile to try and connect to God, but it doesn't matter because you do it ANYWAY. That's how you escape sin and despair. It doesn't make logical sense, but that doesn't matter. The religious sphere transcends everything. | kierkegaard's ideas | <P> left hand. Kierkegaard wrote in 1848, “I had made up my mind before God what I should do: I staked my case on the Two Edifying Discourses; but I understood perfectly that only very few understood them. And here for the first time comes in the category ‘that individual' who with joy and gratitude I call my reader.’ A stereo typed formula which was repeated in the Preface to every collection of Edifying Discourses. Now he holds out these two discourses of 1844 with his right hand and hopes for better results. He says in his dedication to "that single <P> English, the Philosophical Fragments, appeared only five years ago. Since then some eight or ten of his more important books have been published in English, with a prospect for more in the future. As a result of this tardy recognition, English interpretations of Kierkegaard's thought and commentaries concerning it, have been practically non-existent, a condition which is bound to alter rapidly as he becomes better known, since his ideas are not only thought-provoking but frequently controversial in content. <P> number of fine studies in recent years that attend to the second literature, there is room for further reflection on the inner logic and character of the upbuilding and “second literature.” This study is an attempt to contribute to that reflection. What lies behind this is a conviction that finally, the audience Kierkegaard’s literature addresses consist of not simply, or even first of all, philosophers or literati (whether of 19th-century Denmark or today) but persons attempting to be human beings and, perhaps Christians. Kierkegaard as religious thinker, By David Jay Gouwen, p. 13
Mankind has many different conceptions of what the soul |
It is the rate the utility pays for you to feed energy into their grid, rather than your normal consumption tariff. | what the heck is a feed-in tariff when speaking about energy and electricity? | <P> Feed-in tariffs in the United Kingdom Feed-in tariffs in the United Kingdom were announced in October 2008 and took effect from April 2010. They were entered into law by the Energy Act of 2008. It closed to new applicants on March 31, 2019.
A feed-in tariff is when payments are given by energy suppliers if a property or organisation generates their own electricity using technology such as solar panels or wind turbines. Year one feedback A new study from the University of London has assessed the first year of the UK FIT scheme through interviews with both users of the scheme <P> such as wind farms or solar thermal power stations. Gross vs. net FIT schemes Some schemes are based on a gross feed-in tariff model while most are based on a net tariff.
Net feed-in tariff schemes have been criticised for not providing enough incentive for households to install solar panels and thus for not effectively encouraging the uptake of solar PV. They have been described as a "fake feed-in tariff". Critics of net FIT argue that gross tariffs conform to the normal definition of a feed-in tariff, and provide a more certain financial return, paying for all electricity produced, even if <P> Feed-in tariffs in Australia Feed-in tariffs in Australia are the feed-in tariffs (FITs) paid under various State schemes to non-commercial producers of electricity generated by solar photovoltaic (PV) systems using solar panels. They are a way of subsidising and encouraging uptake of renewable energy and in Australia have been enacted at the State level, in conjunction with a federal mandatory renewable energy target.
Australian FIT schemes tend to focus on providing support to solar PV particularly in the residential context, and project limits on installed capacity (such as 10 kW in NSW) mean effectively that FITs do not support large scale projects |
It's the use of sound to figure out where an object is. So you send out a sound, it bounces off of that object, and the time it takes for the sound to reach you again is how far away the object is. Someone'll probably have a more scientific explanation. | how does echolocation work? | <P> ‘echolocation clicks’ with reverberations and would seem to be used for simple, close range spatial orientation. In contrast to bats, shrews use echolocation only to investigate their habitat rather than additionally to pinpoint food.
There is evidence that blinded laboratory rats can use echolocation to navigate mazes. Echolocation jamming Echolocation systems are susceptible to interference known as echolocation jamming or sonar jamming. Jamming occurs when non-target sounds interfere with target echoes. Jamming can be purposeful or inadvertent and can be caused by the echolocation system itself, other echolocating animals, prey, or humans. Echolocating animals have evolved to minimize jamming; however, <P> Animal echolocation Echolocation, also called bio sonar, is the biological sonar used by several species of animal.
Echolocating animals emit calls out to the environment
and listen to the echoes of those calls that return from various objects near them. They use these echoes to locate and identify the objects. Echolocation is used for navigation and for foraging (or hunting) in various environments.
Echolocating animals include some mammals and a few birds; most notably microchiropteran bats and odontocetes (toothed whales and dolphins), but also in simpler form in other groups such as shrews, one genus of megachiropteran bats (Rousettus) and two cave <P> narrow beams and many receivers to localize a target (multibeam sonar), animal echolocation has only one transmitter and two receivers (the ears) positioned slightly apart. The echoes returning to the ears arrive at different times and at different loudness levels, depending on the position of the object generating the echoes. The time and loudness differences are used by the animals to perceive distance and direction. With echolocation, the bat or other animal can see not only where it is going but also how big another animal is, what kind of animal it is, and other features.
At the most basic level, |
The Bagrationi dynasty is/was descended from ethnic Armenians, that is true. Unfortunately I don't have the sources on hand with me, but I can give you the means to find them and read more on it (see the end here). However just because the Bagrationi's originally came from Armenia doesn't really make them any less Georgian. They ruled over Georgia for some seven centuries (depending on how you want to count "ruled"), and married local families, so by the end of independent Georgia in 1801/1810, they were thoroughly Georgian. But the short answer to your question is, yes, the Georgian Bagrationi dynasty was founded by an Armenian. I will admit here though that I am not that well-read on medieval Georgia, which is in part because my focus has been on the twentieth century era, and because honestly there is not a lot of scholars in English who write about (for lack of a better term) pre-annexation Georgia, so any material that is out there is usually rather old (and likely dated), or just not in any serious depth. Further reading: * Ronald Grigor Suny, *The Making of the Georgian Nation* (1988, 1994): this is the standard survey text in English of the history of Georgia. It is more focused on the modern (read Russian-dominated) era, but does give some context to the historic eras, and is full of further sources in the bibliography. * Donald Rayfield, *Edge of Empires: A History of Georgia* (2012): Rayfield's book isn't quite as well-regarded as Suny, but he goes into a lot more detail about medieval and ancient (read pre-Russian annexation) Georgia. If you want a decent overview of the rise of the Bagrationi family, I'd highly suggest this, as he looks into the very question you are asking, and the relationship between the two places. * You may also want to search the works of David Marshall Lang. He is effectively the godfather of modern English study of Georgia, in that he founded the British institute that begat the modern efforts to research the country. I do believe he wrote about that era of Georgia when he was active in the 1960s, though the name of the title escapes me. However his name should show some relevant results. | was the bagrationi dynasty founded by a georgian or armenian? | <P> time, he became involved in a dynastic feud among the numerous posterity of Erekle II and George XII. In November 1800, Bagrat was one of the commanders of a combined Russo-Georgian force that defeated the joint invasion by the Avar khan Umma and Bagrat's own paternal half-uncle Alexander on the banks of the Iori in Kakheti. Life in Russia After George XII's death in 1800, the arrival of the Russian rule brought the Bagrationi rule to an end. The members of the Georgian royal family were deprived of their estates and deported to Russia proper. Unlike many of his royal <P> Prince Bagrat of Georgia Life in Georgia Bagrat was born in Tbilisi into the family of Crown Prince George, the future king George XII, and his first wife Ketevan née Andronikashvili. In 1790, Bagrat, then aged 14, received a princely domain in the Ksani valley after his reigning grandfather, Erekle II, dispossessed the defiant Kvenipneveli dynasty of the duchy of Ksani, dividing it into three parts. Other parts of the duchy were granted to Bagrat's elder brother Ioann and uncle Iulon. In addition, during the reign of his father George XII (1798–1801), Bagrat received Kakheti in possession. Around the same <P> several areas in northern Armenia, which was ruled, under the authority of the Georgian crown, by the Mkhargrdzeli, a prominent Armeno-Georgian noble family. Mongol invasions The kingdom of Georgia flourished during the 10th to 12th centuries, and fell to the Mongol invasions of Georgia by 1243, and after a brief reunion under George V of Georgia to the Timurid Empire. Ottoman and Persian domination By 1490, Georgia was fragmented into a number of petty kingdoms and principalities, which throughout the Early Modern period struggled to maintain their autonomy against Iranian (successive Safavid, Afsharid and Qajar dynasties) and Ottoman domination until |
Who lives right next door to Costa Rica? - The USA. The same USA that has made it absolutely clear that nobody... NOBODY picks a fight with the people in our backyard (except us). The same USA that spends more money on military than the next 10 countries on the list combined. Costa Rica doesn't need an army... they have the US military. | how countries like costa rica can just abolish their military and manage to live without an army for so long time?? | <P> the effectiveness of the measure and consider that Costa Rica's abolishing of the army was in name only, and that for all effects Costa Rica still has a pseudo-military on the Public Forces, which are not only used for internal repression like any other army, but also get involve in both domestic and international US-lead military operations.
The opposite criticism come mostly from far-right circles who question the decision of not having an army and advocate for its re-installment. <P> Article 12 of the Constitution of Costa Rica The Article 12 of the Constitution of Costa Rica abolishes Costa Rica's army as a permanent institution, making Costa Rica one of the first countries in the world to do so as the current Constitution was enacted in 1949. Costa Rica is one of the few countries not having armed forces and, alongside Panama, one of the few that is not a microstate. However, like Panama, Costa Rica does have limited military capacities with its Public Forces which have both police and defense functions and had taken part in military operations since <P> 1949.
Contrary to popular belief, the article does not really completely abolish the army, it only establishes that the army cannot be a permanent standing organization The article does establish that Costa Rica may create an army for national defense or for international cooperation, but also clarifies that it will always be submitted to civilian authority.
The date of the abolition of the army is celebrated in Costa Rica as a national holiday. Text of the article Se proscribe el Ejército como institución permanente. Para la vigilancia y conservación del orden público, habrá las fuerzas de policía necesarias. Sólo por |
If you look at the drawings and pictures of the LM (I have a pile of them from the NASA servers in my images directory) you see a rather large flat space around the top hatch on the LM and some hard points for them to clamp on. What they did was grabbed on to the LM then pulled it tight to seal a gasket against the mating surface around the hatch. When you see images from inside you'll see that there are two doors (one on the CM, one on the LM). | how did the lm connect to the csm in apollo era missions? | <P> the crew in the command module safely away from the launch vehicle in the event of a launch emergency.
The design was based on the lunar orbit rendezvous approach: two docked spacecraft were sent to the Moon and went into lunar orbit. While the LM separated and landed, the CSM remained in orbit. After the lunar excursion, the two craft rendezvoused and docked in lunar orbit, and the CSM returned the crew to Earth. The command module was the only part of the space vehicle that returned with the crew to the Earth's surface.
The LES was jettisoned during launch upon reaching <P> the CSM away, rotated it through 180 degrees, and came back for docking.
The LM was connected to the SLA at four points around the lower panels. After the astronauts docked the CSM to the LM, they blew charges to separate those connections and a guillotine severed the LM-to-instrument-unit umbilical. After the charges fired, springs pushed the LM away from the S-IVB and the astronauts were free to continue their trip to the Moon. Launch escape system (LES) The Apollo launch escape system (LES) was built by the Lockheed Propulsion Company. Its purpose was to abort the mission by pulling the <P> modes after this point would be accomplished without the LES. The LES was carried but never used on four uncrewed Apollo flights, and fifteen crewed Apollo, Skylab, and Apollo-Soyuz Test Project flights. Current locations of spacecraft The disposition of all command modules, and all unflown service modules is listed at Apollo command and service module#CSMs produced. (All flown service modules burned up in the Earth's atmosphere at termination of the missions.)
The disposition of all lunar modules is listed at Apollo Lunar Module#Lunar modules produced. |
1) Predicting peak brightness of comets is notoriously unreliable. You can get some idea (if it's bright far away, it's *probably* going to be bright when it comes near. Lot of unreliability comes from the fact that during their perihelion comets often get very near the sun and can get destroyed or greatly reduced in mass. 2) The peak brightness can be astonishing, but it invariably happens very near the Sun, which will make the comet appear much less brilliant. 3) It's possible for a comet to be binary or multiple objects, but that's not that common. The other possibility are gas/dust jets: as comet approaches the sun, it warms up and various volatile components start to evaporate and can sometimes form something like a geyser. | comet ison, purportedly will be 15 times the brightness of the full moon in the sky, visible near the end of 2013. can any astronomers clear up the nebulous information that we've been getting from the media? | <P> Comet ISON will certainly be one of the greatest comets in human history." As recently as October 2013, a Daily Mail columnist described Comet ISON as "the Comet of the Century" and said it was "hoped to be 15 times brighter than the Moon."
Astronomer Karl Battams criticized the media's suggestion that Comet ISON would be "brighter than the full Moon", saying that members of the Comet ISON Observing Campaign did not foresee ISON becoming that bright.
Comet ISON has been compared to Comet Kohoutek, seen in 1973–1974, another highly anticipated Oort cloud comet that peaked early and fizzled out. <P> the Central Bureau for Astronomical Telegrams identified the object as an asteroid, and it was listed on the Near Earth Objects Confirmation Page. Follow-up observations by independent teams were the first to report cometary features. Therefore, under the International Astronomical Union's comet-naming guidelines, Comet ISON was named after the team that discovered it, rather than the individual discoverers. Media coverage After it was discovered in 2012, some media sources called Comet ISON the "Comet of the Century" and speculated that it might outshine the full Moon. An Astronomy Now columnist wrote in September 2012 that "if predictions hold true then <P> by the forward scattering of light. Originally, media sources predicted that it might become brighter than the full Moon, but based on more recent observations, it was only expected to reach around apparent magnitude −3 to −5, about the same brightness as Venus. In comparison, the brightest comet since 1935 was Comet Ikeya–Seki in 1965 at magnitude −10, which was much brighter than Venus.
On 29 November 2013, Comet ISON had dimmed to magnitude 5 in the LASCO images. By the end of 30 November 2013, it had further faded below naked-eye visibility at magnitude 7. After perihelion In a February 2013 study, 1,897 observations were |
There are 2 basic technologies used in broadcasting phone information. GSM and CDMA. Sprint/verizon use CDMA, while AT & T and T-Mobile use GSM. More specifically, though, they use different bands of those technologies for their high speed networks. Part of why the iPhone took so long to get on another carrier is that Apple had an exclusive contract with AT & T, which meant they were the only ones allowed to carry the iPhone for a certain period of time. Since the carriers all operate on different bands, you need to design a phone that works on that band, so there'd need to be 4 different types of iPhones to work on all of the 4 networks. | explain like i'm five: american telecoms | <P> of telecommunications. <P> telecommunications. <P> the transition from primarily monopoly provision to competitive provision of telecommunications services: The conference report refers to the bill “to provide for a pro-competitive, de-regulatory national policy framework designed to accelerate rapidly private sector deployment of advanced information technologies and services to all Americans by opening all telecommunications markets to competition....” Likewise, the Act created distinct regulatory regimes for these service-specific telephone networks and cable networks that included provisions intended to foster competition from new entrants that used network architectures and technologies similar to those of the incumbents. The deployment of digital technologies in these previously distinct networks has |
If you spend 30 seconds googling it the top result from The Mayo Clinic: Are tanning beds safer than natural sunlight? Answer from Lawrence E. Gibson, M.D. Tanning beds don't offer a safe alternative to natural sunlight. Exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation damages your skin, whether the exposure comes from tanning beds or natural sunlight. This damage increases the risk of skin cancer and premature skin aging. In fact, most tanning beds emit mainly UVA rays — which may increase the risk of melanoma, the deadliest form of skin cancer. If you'd like the golden glow of a tan without exposure to damaging UV radiation, consider using a sunless tanning product. Avoid tanning beds, and use a broad-spectrum sunscreen whenever you're outdoors. | why if at all are tanning beds more dangerous than sunbathing outside when it comes to skin cancer? | <P> antidepressants, antibiotics, antifungals and anti-diabetic medication, can cause photosensitivity, which makes burning the skin while tanning more likely. This risk is increased by a lack of staff training in tanning facilities. Young people Children and adolescents who use tanning beds are at greater risk because of biological vulnerability to UV radiation. Epidemiological studies have shown that exposure to artificial tanning increases the risk of malignant melanoma and that the longer the exposure, the greater the risk, particularly in individuals exposed before the age of 30 or who have been sunburned.
One study conducted among college students found that awareness of the <P> as PUVA. A concern with the use of commercial tanning is that beds that primarily emit UVA may not treat psoriasis effectively. One study found that plaque psoriasis is responsive to erythemogenic doses of either UVA or UVB. It does require more energy to reach erythemogenic dosing with UVA. Skin cancer Exposure to ultraviolet radiation (UVR), whether from the sun or tanning devices is known to be a major cause of the three main types of skin cancer: non-melanoma skin cancer (basal cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma) and melanoma. Overexposure to UVR induces at least two types of DNA <P> The commercial use of tanning beds was banned entirely in Brazil in 2009 and Australia in 2015. As of 1 January 2017, thirteen U.S. states and one territory have banned under-18s from using them, and at least 42 states and the District of Columbia have imposed regulations, such as requiring parental consent.
Indoor tanning is a source of UV radiation, which is known to cause skin cancer, including melanoma and skin aging, and is associated with sunburn, photodrug reactions, infections, weakening of the immune system, and damage to the eyes, including cataracts, photokeratitis (snow blindness) and eye cancer. Injuries caused by tanning devices |
Several reasons. First, notice that nobody else demanded any of what we might call France's "core territory" either; there was a dispute on where the exact borders of France should be, but there was no impulse to actually dismember it as a state. Second, after 250 years, what sort of interest group could you muster for repossessing a city that was not particularly important, spoke the wrong language, would have had to be extensively garrisoned, and was a guaranteed instant loss in the next war? The French possessions were always dynastic, not imperial - that is, they benefited the king, not the oligarchy that ran England in the early 1800s. The English kings had wanted rich agricultural land; the English oligarchs wanted trading access, naval bases, investment opportunities, and to some extent markets. (The last being more important later in the nineteenth century.) Do note that the time between the loss of Calais (1558) and the Congress of Vienna (1815) is longer, at 257 years, than the time from the independence of the US (1776) and today, which is only 237 years. Internet humour aside, I think Queen Elizabeth is a bit unlikely to try to repossess the thirteen colonies at this late stage, and that's without them speaking a foreign language. Finally, England made plenty of gains elsewhere, especially India - notice they entered the war more or less co-equal with France in the subcontinent, and exited as its undisputed masters. Check out this contemporary cartoon: showing Pitt and Napoleon slicing up the world - notice that in spite of Napoleon's frenzied expression, Pitt is getting the bigger slice! There was some feeling on the continent that England had paid gold and everyone else had paid blood, and then England had got the mastery of the oceans on top of that; if they'd tried for continental possessions as well they'd have faced the united opposition of all the other Powers at Vienna. | why didn't england demand calais back after defeating napoleon? | <P> within reach for a week, signalled that they were on the verge of surrender. That night the French army withdrew. On 3 August 1347 Calais surrendered. The entire French population was expelled. A vast amount of booty was found within the town. Edward repopulated the town with English settlers. Subsequent activities As soon as Calais capitulated, Edward paid off a large part of his army and released his Flemish allies. Philip in turn stood down the French army. Edward promptly launched strong raids up to 30 miles (48 km) into French territory. Philip attempted to recall his army, setting a date <P> which it still holds. Calais was finally lost by the English monarch Mary I, following the 1558 siege of Calais. The fall of Calais marked the loss of England's last possession in mainland France. Memorials In 1880, Calais commissioned a statue by Auguste Rodin of the town leaders at the moment of their surrender to Edward. The resulting work, The Burghers of Calais, was completed in 1889. An account by the contemporary chronicler Froissart claims that the burghers expected to be executed, but their lives were spared by the intervention of England's queen, Philippa of Hainault, Froissart's patron, who persuaded <P> division of Burgundian interests in the Low Countries between France and Spain meant that, in 1550 when England surrendered the area around Boulogne, which Henry VIII had taken in 1544, the approaches to Calais were opened.
The Pale of Calais remained controlled by England until lost by Mary I to France in 1558 when, following secret preparations, 30,000 French troops, led by Francis, Duke of Guise, took the town of Calais. Its loss was recognised under the Treaty of Cateau-Cambrésis (1559). In England there was shock and disbelief at the loss of this final Continental territory. The chronicler Raphael Holinshead reported |
(Worked for a defense team in the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia). Vojvodina was an ethnically mixed (1/3 Hungarian, 1/3 Austrian/German, 1/3 Serbian) Hapsburg territory that was annexed to Serbia following the dissolution of the Austro-Hungarian empire following WWI. Compared to the other Yugoslav territories, it had a much larger proportion of non-Southern Slavs (Bosnians, Croations, Kosovars, Macedonians, Serbs, ect) and very strong ethnic pluralities that did not belong to a Yugoslav nation. Since those ethnic pluralities belonged to large nations with irrendist goals, Vojvodina had to be granted a large amount of autonomy in order to ensure peace. This state of affairs continued onwards from this foundation, especially as Yugoslavia began to fracture and its *raison d'etre* as a non-ethnic Southern Slav communist nation failed. Serbia is a small country and Vojvodina made up a large chunk of its territory, agricultural output and 1/4 of its population. As such, it couldn't afford to have it either be too powerful or in open rebellion. Milosevic was able to remove much of its independent political power, and some Serbian ultranationalist groups did undertake ethnic based attacks against "Hungarians" (catch all term for non-Yugoslavs in Vojvodina), but he was never in a position of sufficient power to completely wipe outs its autonomy, especially as he was surrounded by far more pressing enemies to deal with. | what is vojvodina and why it is oftenly depicted as 'seperate' from serbia? | <P> other (mostly northern) parts of the region, while southern parts remained under military administration. The eastern part of it was held by the Ottomans between 1787–88, during the Russo-Turkish War. In 1716, Vienna temporarily forbade settlement by Hungarians and Jews in the area, while large numbers of German speakers were settled in the region. From 1782, Protestant Hungarians and ethnic Germans settled in larger numbers.
During the 1848–49 revolutions, Vojvodina was a site of war between Serbs and Hungarians, due to the opposite national conceptions of these two peoples. At the May Assembly in Sremski Karlovci (13–15 May 1848), Serbs declared <P> two channels, RTV1 (Serbian language) and RTV2 (minority languages), and three radio frequencies: Radio Novi Sad 1 (Serbian), Radio Novi Sad 2 (Hungarian), Radio Novi Sad 3 (other minority communities). Transport There are many important roads which pass through Vojvodina. First of all, the motorway A1 motorway which goes from Central Europe and the Horgos border crossing to Hungary, via Novi Sad to Belgrade and further to the southeast toward Niš, where it branches: one way leads east to the border with Bulgaria; the other to the south, towards Greece. Motorway A3 in Srem separates the west, towards the neighboring <P> Croatia and further to Western Europe. There is also a network of regional and local roads and railway lines.
The three largest rivers in Vojvodina are navigable stream. Danube River with a length of 588 kilometers and its tributaries Tisa (168 km), Sava (206 km) and Bega (75 km). Among them was dug extensive network of irrigation canals, drainage and transport, with a total length of 939 km (583 mi), of which 673 km (418 mi) navigable. Tourism Tourist destinations in Vojvodina include well known Orthodox monasteries on Fruška Gora mountain, numerous hunting grounds, cultural-historical monuments, different folklores, interesting galleries and museums, plain landscapes with a lot of |
PTSD is not heritable. There is evidence that some genetic predispositions (does NOT equate to ACTUAL EXPRESSION) are heritable. | how is ptsd or other psychological experiences passed down to offspring? | <P> one study found transmission of DNA methylation patterns from fathers to offspring during spermatogenesis. More specifically to mental illnesses, several studies have shown that traits of psychiatric illnesses (such as traits of PTSD and other anxiety disorders) can be transmitted epigenetically. Parental exposure to various stimuli, both positive and negative, can cause these transgenerational epigenetic and behavioral effects. Parental exposure to trauma and stress Trauma and stress experienced by a parent can cause epigenetic changes to its offspring. This has been observed both in population and experimental studies. Holocaust An epidemiological study investigating behavioral, physiological, and molecular changes in the <P> expressions of small non-coding RNAs that were altered in sperm cells of the fathers. Stress effect reversal Additionally, exposing fathers to enriching environments can reverse the effect of early life stress on their offspring. When early life stress is followed by environmental enrichment, anxiety-like behavior in offspring is prevented. Similar studies have been conducted in humans and suggest that DNA methylation plays a role. Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a stress-related mental health disorder that emerges in response to traumatic or highly stressful experiences. It is believed that PTSD develops as a result of an interaction <P> completed her postdoctoral training in Biological Psychiatry in the Psychiatry Department at Yale Medical School.
She has authored more than 250 published papers, chapters, and books in the field of traumatic stress and the neurobiology of PTSD. Her current interests include the study of risk and resilience factors, psychological and biological predictors of treatment response in PTSD, genetic and epigenetic studies of PTSD and the intergenerational transmission of trauma and PTSD. She has an active federally funded clinical and research program that welcomes local and international students and clinicians. Her research has focused on the children of Holocaust survivors and |
Very carefully. You use a special set of tools that are very long and skinny to literally build the boat piece by piece inside the bottle. Often, you can assemble sections outside the bottle before inserting and connecting them to the rest of the ship. It is very hard and very delicate work. As for the companies that produce them en masse? I'm guessing that they cheat and build a bottle around a pre-constructed ship. | how do they make those glass bottles with the little wooden model sailboats in them? | <P> a bottle There are two ways to place a model ship inside of a bottle. The simplest way is to rig the masts of the ship and raise it up when the ship is inside the bottle. Masts, spars, and sails are built separately and then attached to the hull of the ship with strings and hinges so the masts can lie flat against the deck. The ship is then placed inside the bottle and the masts are pulled up using the strings attached to the masts. The hull of the ship must still be able to fit through the <P> souvenir. They are mass-produced using glassblowing techniques, by placing a coin inside a semi-molten glass cup, and then reshaping the open end into a narrow neck and mouth, completing the bottle. Non-metallic objects need to be protected from the hot glass to prevent scorching, for example with an asbestos cloth. <P> opening. Bottles with minor distortions and soft tints are often chosen to hide the small details of the ship such as hinges on the masts. Alternatively, with specialized long-handled tools, it is possible to build the entire ship inside the bottle.
With the exception of a single Dutch example from the beginning of the 19th century, ships in bottles appear to date from after 1860. This may have been due to the introduction of mass-produced bottles with clearer glass.
A significant collection of ships in bottles is the Dashwood-Howard collection held by the Merseyside Maritime Museum. Small objects that expand naturally One |
First of all, excellent choice of reading material. Fanon is a really interesting scholar. If you haven't already, *The Fact of Blackness* by Fanon is another very worthwhile endeavor and speaks to a lot of the contemporary issues you are referring to obliquely. It sort of discusses how a "black person" is a multiply constructed social idea that is necessary to support the kinds of legitimized violence you talk about in the third point. Additionally, you do a really nice job of summarizing Fanon! As I understand his work, it seems like you have a really good grasp on it. To answer your question, there is certainly a degree to which his analysis is spot on. A lot of post-colonial literature focuses on the ways in which colonized people are silenced by colonization. Particularly, as you touch on in the 2nd type of violence, colonization has the tendency to erase the indigenous history of colonized people is part of reinforcing that dichotomous paradigm of savage/civilized and a-historical/historical. Why history is so important is that it gives a people a sense of agency in that they can dictate their future course by virtue of having been able to dictate the course of their lives in the past. By erasing their history, colonial powers are attempting to erase the agency of the colonized as a byproduct, or at least the ability to conceive of themselves as people with agency. On the converse, colonizers also suffer form their own propaganda to a degree in that they come to think that the colonized legitimately do not have agency. That the colonized could enact violence against colonizers, disrupting the facade of tranquility and order you discuss in the third point, is to a degree an inconceivable thought by the colonizers. Consequently, violence becomes necessary to remind the colonizer that the colonized are active agents in their own lives and not passive recipients of colonial violence. In this way, it is certainly a humanizing endeavor in restoring the agency of colonized people. There is maybe no more powerful act in asserting your agency as a human being than enacting violence. I'm not sure how aware you are of the historical background to Fanon's writing, but he is living in France during the Algerian revolution which is what really leads to a lot of his thinking about violence. I'm not even close to an expert on the Algerian Revolution, so hopefully you can get another user to give some more details about that event and the use of violence against the colonial French state in that case. Another avenue to explore, which I have already touched on, is the Haitian revolution. In the case of black slavery in the Americas, this notion of violence is very appropriate. Everything I talked about as far as denying the colonized agency is very explicit in the kind of plantation, chattel slavery practiced in the Americas were people were conceived of as property. The conclusion to draw about how much agency they have on their own lives based on their existence as property seems obvious. If you liked Fanon, I would strongly recommend the book *Silencing the Past* by the Haitian historian Michel-Rolph Trouillot. It really discusses the issue from the side of the colonizer in that the Haitian revolution - as a successful slave rebellion - was what Trouillot calls an "unthinkable history" in that Europeans had difficulty in conceiving of black slaves in the Carribbean having enough agency to enact violence against their colonial overlords. This consequently produces cognitive dissonance between colonial *perceptions* of the colonized and the newly lived *reality* of violence by the colonized, and so that history becomes lost or poorly understood in order to resolve that cognitive dissonance. The erasure of the Haitian revolution from popular imagination and understanding of history is, Trouillot argues, the product of trying to resolve that dissonance. An attempt to resolve that same dissonance is perhaps a good way to think about media portrayals of riots and other civil violence in the U.S. I know this is perhaps a bit less specific than you were hoping for, but I hope it at least gives you something else to work with. If you could find some users with expertise in the Algerian or Haitian revolution to comment more, I think those would be very good places to start in discussing the place of violence as being humanizing as it relates to the structures of power. | is violence ever humanizing? (fanon, colonialism, and expression) | <P> National Culture", in which Fanon highlights the necessity for each generation to discover its mission and to fight for it. "On Violence" The first section of Fanon’s book is entitled “On Violence.” It is a detailed explanation of violence in relation to both the colonial world and the process of decolonization. Fanon begins with the premise that decolonization is, by definition, a violent process without exception. The object of that process is the eventual replacement of one group of humans with another, and that process is only complete when the transition is total. This conception of decolonization <P> an historical reality waiting to be uncovered in a return to pre-colonial history and tradition, but is already existing in the present national reality. National struggle and national culture then become inextricably linked in Fanon's analysis. To struggle for national liberation is to struggle for the terrain whereby a culture can grow, since Fanon concludes a national culture cannot exist under conditions of colonial domination.
A decisive turn in the development of the colonized intellectual is when they stop addressing the oppressor in their work and begin addressing their own people. This often produces what Fanon calls "combat literature", a writing <P> of its release in 1961, still-colonized nations of Africa. Rather than depending on an orientalized, fetishized understanding of precolonial history, Fanon argues a national culture should be built on the material resistance of a people against colonial domination. Fanon narrates the essay with reference to what he calls the 'colonized intellectual'. The return to precolonial history For Fanon, colonizers attempt to write the precolonial history of a colonized people as one of “barbarism, degradation, and bestiality” in order to justify the supremacy of Western civilization. To upset the supremacy of the colonial society, writes Fanon, the colonized intellectual feels the |
So heat shock proteins are a group of proteins. They are regulated by transcription factors called Heat Shock Factors. During cell stress, this family of proteins is made to help the cell cope with the stress. So these proteins normally "chaperone" other proteins by helping them fold correctly. Proteins have different structures they fold on top of themselves and heat shock proteins make sure that they fold right. They also act in the immune system as antigen presenters, so they can kind of hold out "bad" bacterial or viral proteins to immune cells and say "hey, kill this thing". :) | what are heat shock proteins and how are they good for your body? | <P> Heat shock response The heat shock response (HSR) is a cellular response that increases the number of molecular chaperones to combat the negative effects on proteins caused by stressors such as increased temperatures, oxidative stress, and heavy metals. In a normal cell, protein homeostasis (proteostasis) must be maintained because proteins are the main functional units of the cell. Proteins take on a defined configuration in order to gain functionality. If these structures are altered, critical processes could be affected, leading to cell damage or death. With the importance of proteins established, the heat shock response can be employed under stress <P> to induce heat shock proteins (HSP), also known as molecular chaperones, that help prevent or reverse protein misfolding and provide an environment for proper folding.
Protein folding is already challenging due to the crowded intracellular space where aberrant interactions can arise; it becomes more difficult when environmental stressors can denature proteins and cause even more non-native folding to occur. If the work by molecular chaperones is not enough to prevent incorrect folding, the protein may be degraded by the proteasome or autophagy to remove any potentially toxic aggregates. Misfolded proteins, if left unchecked, can lead to aggregation that prevents the <P> protein from moving into its proper conformation and eventually leads to plaque formation, which may be seen in various diseases. Heat shock proteins induced by the HSR can help prevent protein aggregation that can lead to common neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's, Huntington's, or Parkinson's Disease. Induction of the heat shock response With the introduction of environmental stressors, the cell must be able to maintain proteostasis. Acute or chronic subjection to these harmful conditions elicits a cytoprotective response to promote stability to the proteome. HSPs (e.g. HSP70, HSP90, HSP60, etc.) are present under normal conditions but under heat stress, they |
The two countries were united for a time during British colonial rule, but after the Second World War when the UK started granting independence on a wide scale, British India was split up to reflect the *religious diversity* that existed and still exists. Religious Map of British India - 1909 Other factors played into the split, such as slightly *different cultural and ethnic backgrounds*. The reason such animosity exists today was largely because of the *violent partition* and also the *border disputes* that followed shortly after, notably in the Kashmir region which is claimed by both countries but in reality China, India, and Pakistan all administrate their own bit. In conclusion, it's a whole lot of reasons. Before the British came to colonise India, the whole region was even less united than it is now and was host to a large variety of countries. | india vs. pakistan | <P> against India. <P> wicket in either match. <P> in the series were drawn, the first such occurrence in test history).
The team is considered strong but unpredictable. Traditionally Pakistani cricket has had players of great talent but limited discipline, making them a team which could play inspirational cricket one day and then perform less than ordinarily another day. Over the years, competitions between India and Pakistan have always been emotionally charged and provide for intriguing contests, as talented teams from both sides of the border elevate their game to new levels to produce high-quality cricket. Pakistan's matches against India in the Cricket World Cup have seen packed stadiums and |
Diversifiable risk is risk linked to that specific security, while non-diversifiable risk refers to the market as a whole. Let's say you have three clothing stores in town. If you only invest in one of those clothing stores, any number of events could occur that would lead to that particular store suffering a downturn. However, if you invest in all three, the only risk you're incurring is the risk that people will stop wearing clothes. With diversifiable risk, you're essentially defining an industry which presumably acts as a zero-sum game. When one company suffers, another gains. So investing in the entire industry - diversifying - compensates for the individual risk of each company. With non-diversifiable risk, you can't make this sort of distinction. No matter how your portfolio is structured, you're not going to win if an asteroid strikes the Earth and society collapses. | the difference between diversifiable risk vs non-diversifiable risk | <P> the assets are uncorrelated is which is increasing in n rather than decreasing. Thus, for example, when an insurance company adds more and more uncorrelated policies to its portfolio, this expansion does not itself represent diversification—the diversification occurs in the spreading of the insurance company's risks over a large number of part-owners of the company. Diversifiable and non-diversifiable risk The capital asset pricing model introduced the concepts of diversifiable and non-diversifiable risk. Synonyms for diversifiable risk are idiosyncratic risk, unsystematic risk, and security-specific risk. Synonyms for non-diversifiable risk are systematic risk, beta risk and market risk.
If one buys <P> all the stocks in the S&P 500 one is obviously exposed only to movements in that index. If one buys a single stock in the S&P 500, one is exposed both to index movements and movements in the stock based on its underlying company. The first risk is called "non-diversifiable", because it exists however many S&P 500 stocks are bought. The second risk is called "diversifiable", because it can be reduced by diversifying among stocks.
In the presence of per-asset investment fees, there is also the possibility of overdiversifying to the point that the portfolio's performance will suffer because the fees <P> outweigh the gains from diversification.
The capital asset pricing model argues that investors should only be compensated for non-diversifiable risk. Other financial models allow for multiple sources of non-diversifiable risk, but also insist that diversifiable risk should not carry any extra expected return. Still other models do not accept this contention. Corporate diversification strategies In corporate portfolio models, diversification is thought of as being vertical or horizontal. Horizontal diversification is thought of as expanding a product line or acquiring related companies. Vertical diversification is synonymous with integrating the supply chain or amalgamating distributions channels.
Non-incremental diversification is a strategy followed |
It's definitely possible to use neuron ensembles as the driving force for neuroprosthetics. The most basic example is a cursor-control device, which is just one or two degrees of freedom. I believe there are some labs (Schwartz or Donoghue) working on control in multiple degrees of freedom. Cortical control of a neuroprosthetic device like you've mentioned would essentially be an extension of these. If you can decode activity from the motor cortex using electrodes, you can make it work for a short amount of time (months? I don't actually know the time scale). One of the most promising bits of research in the past year was in Lee Miller's lab at Northwestern; they decoded signals from the motor cortex and used the activity to drive implanted stimulators in a paralyzed monkey's arm. They were able to restore grasp when the system was on. This is great news for cortical control of neuroprosthetics. I can't think of a single motor neuroprosthesis that's readily available to patients which uses activity in the motor cortex. That's not to say it's not going to happen, the field is just too much in its infancy yet. I believe the Deka 'Luke' arm is probably the furthest in terms of clinical devices, but it uses targeted muscle reinnervation (transplanting the nerve from the amputated limb to a region on the torso) and EMG activity. | how well can we produce neuroprosthetics? | <P> Neural engineering Overview The field of neural engineering draws on the fields of computational neuroscience, experimental neuroscience, clinical neurology, electrical engineering and signal processing of living neural tissue, and encompasses elements from robotics, cybernetics, computer engineering, neural tissue engineering, materials science, and nanotechnology.
Prominent goals in the field include restoration and augmentation of human function via direct interactions between the nervous system and artificial devices.
Much current research is focused on understanding the coding and processing of information in the sensory and motor systems, quantifying how this processing is altered in the pathological state, and how it can be manipulated through interactions <P> as SU-8 and SLA polymers which have led to the development of in vitro and in vivo microelectrode systems with the characteristics of high compliance and flexibility to minimize tissue disruption. Neural prostheses Neuroprosthetics are devices capable of supplementing or replacing missing functions of the nervous system by stimulating the nervous system and recording its activity. Electrodes that measure firing of nerves can integrate with prosthetic devices and signal them to perform the function intended by the transmitted signal. Sensory prostheses use artificial sensors to replace neural input that might be missing from biological sources (He 2005). <P> Nanoneuronics Overview Nanoneuronics is a new discipline of engineering that aims to harness the collaborative power and knowledge of nanotechnology, neuroscience, electrical engineering, neural engineering and ethics for the design and development of advanced medical interventions with the nervous system. Although non-invasive approaches to the nervous system have been effective for diagnosis and therapy in many treatments, an overwhelming number of severe neurological conditions will likely require invasive approaches for effective therapY. History The term “nanoneuronics” was coined in 2006 by Prof. Richard Magin, at the time the head of the Bioengineering Department at the University of Illinois at Chicago. |
All mRNAs have a poly-A tail except for a few mRNAs that specify replication-dependent histones (the structures that wrap DNA). They, instead, have a weirdo stem-loop structure on their tail end that recruits several specific factors and mediates the cutting of the mRNA. I'm not sure what the reason for this is - there are other histones expressed throughout the cell cycle that DO have polyadenylation. My guess it is has something to do with controlling the timing of replication. | why do some mrna have poly-a tails while others do not? | <P> It therefore acts on transcripts encoding cytokines, growth factors, tumor suppressors, proto-oncogenes, cyclins, enzymes, transcription factors, receptors, and membrane proteins. Poly(A) tail The poly(A) tail contains binding sites for poly(A) binding proteins (PABPs). These proteins cooperate with other factors to affect the export, stability, decay, and translation of an mRNA. PABPs bound to the poly(A) tail may also interact with proteins, such as translation initiation factors, that are bound to the 5' cap of the mRNA. This interaction causes circularization of the transcript, which subsequently promotes translation initiation. Furthermore, it allows for efficient translation by <P> called the poly(A) tail to the end of the mRNA transcript. Poly(A) binding protein (PABP) binds to this tail, contributing to regulation of mRNA translation, stability, and export. For example, poly (A) tail bound PABP interacts with proteins associated with the 5' end of the transcript, causing a circularization of the mRNA that promotes translation. The 3'-UTR can also contain sequences that attract proteins to associate the mRNA with the cytoskeleton, transport it to or from the cell nucleus, or perform other types of localization. In addition to sequences within the 3'-UTR, the physical characteristics of the <P> the product of translation. For example, there are two different polyadenylation signals present within the 3'-UTR that signal the addition of the poly(A) tail. These signals initiate the synthesis of the poly(A) tail at a defined length of about 250 base pairs. The primary signal used is the nuclear polyadenylation signal (PAS) with the sequence AAUAAA located toward the end of the 3'-UTR. However, during early development cytoplasmic polyadenylation can occur instead and regulate the translational activation of maternal mRNAs. The element that controls this process is called the CPE which is AU-rich and located in the 3'-UTR as well. |
If I remember correctly, a club has to live within it's means. Meaning it can't spend more than it is taking in. They are also supposed to look into kit deals/stadium deals that seem a little too sweet, like that Etihad airlines deal for City. If you're a Chelsea or Manchester City fan, it means your owner won't just be able to bankroll you a new squad every year. You need to turn a profit. | football's financial fair play | <P> UEFA Financial Fair Play Regulations Background A 2009 UEFA review showed that more than half of 655 European clubs incurred a loss over the previous year, and although a small proportion were able to sustain heavy losses year-on-year as a result of the wealth of their owners, at least 20% of clubs surveyed were believed to be in actual financial peril. The reasons for this are well summarised in the 2010–12 House of Commons report on Football Governance:
Club owners are generally over optimistic about their management abilities and vision for a club. With ample academic evidence that there is a <P> also impacts upon the right to free movement of capital, to free movement of workers and to the free availability of services. Financial fair play will further increase the gap between big clubs and smaller teams. I mainly work with the latter, hence my concerns. I don't know whether other agents share my opinion or whether clubs will follow my example, but I'm confident about the outcome."
UEFA General Secretary Gianni Infantino dismissed Dupont's claim, saying, "We are not worried about it. First, because we have the best lawyers working for us but also because FFP has been agreed by all <P> FFP. The next stage of the process was due to be heard by a Brussels court in April 2015, where an initial judicial ruling would be delivered on whether FFP was deemed to be against EU competition law. A statement by the Supporters' Club read, "Our members are consumers of the football product and it is as such that they denounce the EU competition law infringements caused by the UEFA break-even requirement. Far from implementing a true 'financial fair play,' this rule is in fact a prohibition to invest that prevents ambitious owners to develop their clubs, that therefore shields |
You need to contact a local college and set up an appointment with either a counselor in the animal science department, the registrar (deals with registration among other things), or the financial aid office. They will sit down and explain a lot of your questions better than anyone here can. Plus it's the first step towards your future education. They will meet with you even though you aren't a student, so don't worry about that. Your goal Tuesday morning is to make the call to setup and appointment. Explain exactly what you've said here and you will be on your way. Best of luck :) | could you please eli5 college. | <P> College. <P> College. <P> College. |
"Too big to fail" is a term that is applied to an industry or company that is so large and important to the economy that allowing it to fail would have grievous consequences for the economy as a whole that simply are not acceptable. | what exactly does "too big to fail" mean? | <P> Too big to fail The "too big to (let) fail" theory asserts that certain corporations, particularly financial institutions, are so large and so interconnected that their failure would be disastrous to the greater economic system, and that they therefore must be supported by government when they face potential failure. The colloquial term "too big to fail" was popularized by U.S. Congressman Stewart McKinney in a 1984 Congressional hearing, discussing the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation's intervention with Continental Illinois. The term had previously been used occasionally in the press.
Proponents of this theory believe that some institutions are so important that they <P> should become recipients of beneficial financial and economic policies from governments or central banks. Some economists such as Paul Krugman hold that economies of scale in banks and in other businesses are worth preserving, so long as they are well regulated in proportion to their economic clout, and therefore that "too big to fail" status can be acceptable. The global economic system must also deal with sovereign states being too big to fail.
Opponents believe that one of the problems that arises is moral hazard whereby a company that benefits from these protective policies will seek to profit by it, deliberately <P> during 2013. Too big to fail tax Economist Willem Buiter proposes a tax to internalize the massive costs inflicted by "too big to fail" institution. "When size creates externalities, do what you would do with any negative externality: tax it. The other way to limit size is to tax size. This can be done through capital requirements that are progressive in the size of the business (as measured by value added, the size of the balance sheet or some other metric). Such measures for preventing the New Darwinism of the survival of the fittest and the politically best connected should |