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2023-01-01 | Dalian advanced light source (DALS) is a new project proposed by Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics (DICP), Chinese Academy of Science aiming to produce high energy electron beam of 1.3 GeV with a repetition rate up to 1 MHz. It is a continuous wave (CW) extreme ultraviolet (EUV) free electron laser (FEL) based on superconducting radio frequency (SRF) technology. The linac of DALS is composed of ten 1.3 GHz cryomodules and two 3.9 GHz cryomodules. Superconducting cavities in these cryomodules require cryogenic temperature to operate in their superconducting state to keep the low RF losses. The RF loss could be minimized with lower temperature according to BCS theory, but the efficiency of cryogenic system can be severely reduced by lower temperature. Therefore, there is an optimal temperature between the efficiency and the cooling power of the cryoplant, which results in the lowest cost and minimize other operating risks. This paper presents the brief introduction of DALS project, and then the operating cost and capital cost of cryogenic system are analyzed when the operating temperature changes. Some other factors such as microphonics in SRF system, helium properties, the impact of cold compressors, etc. are discussed. Considering the above influences, the recommended operating temperature of the DALS linac is proposed. | Analysis of the Optimal Operating Temperature of Dalian Advanced Light Source | 10.1007/978-981-99-6128-3_8 |
2023-01-01 | A vast array of critical in vivo processes and pathways are dependent on a multitude of O_2-binding heme proteins which contain a diverse range of functions. Resonance Raman (rR) spectroscopy is an ideal technique for structural investigation of these proteins, providing information about the geometry of the Fe-O-O fragment and its electrostatic interactions with the distal active site. Characterization of these oxy adducts is an endeavor that is complicated by their instability for many heme proteins in solution, an obstacle which can be overcome by applying the rR technique to cryogenically frozen samples. We describe here how to measure rR spectra of heme proteins with stable oxy forms, as well as the technical adaptations required to measure unstable samples at 77 K. | Resonance Raman Characterization of O_2-Binding Heme Proteins | 10.1007/978-1-0716-3080-8_3 |
2023-01-01 | Arrays of low-temperature microcalorimeters provide a promising technology for X-ray astrophysics: the imaging spectrometer. A camera with at least several thousand pixels, each of which has an energy-resolving power ( E ∕ ΔE _FWHM) of a few thousand across a broad energy range (200 eV to 10 keV or higher), would be a revolutionary instrument for the study of energetic astrophysical objects and phenomena. Signal readout is a critical enabling technology. Multiplexed readout, in which signals from multiple pixels are combined into a single amplifier channel, allows a kilopixel-scale microcalorimeter array to meet the stringent requirements for power consumption, mass, volume, and cooling capacity in orbit. This chapter describes three different multiplexed-readout technologies for transition-edge sensor microcalorimeters: time-division multiplexing, frequency-domain multiplexing, and microwave-SQUID multiplexing. For each multiplexing technique, we present the basic method, discuss some design considerations and parameters, and show the state of the art. The chapter concludes with a brief discussion of future prospects. | Signal Readout for Transition-Edge Sensor X-ray Imaging Spectrometers | 10.1007/978-981-16-4544-0_24-1 |
2023-01-01 | Aerogel is a nano-scale porous material with low density, low thermal conductivity, and flame retardant, which has been widely used in the field of high-temperature insulation. In recent years, aerogel is also used for cryogenic insulation, but the related parameters of its thermal insulation performance at low temperatures are not sufficient. In this paper, a low-temperature thermal conductivity measurement device for aerogel with the controllable temperature of both cold and hot ends and vacuum degree has been developed based on a mechanical refrigerator. The temperature test range of the device is 20 K to 300 K, and the vacuum test range is 10^–5 Pa to atmospheric pressure. The measurement principle and structure of the device will be introduced, and the test thermal conductivity/apparent thermal conductivity of aerogels under different conditions will also be given. | Low-Temperature Thermal Conductivity Test of Aerogels Under the Full-Pressure Range | 10.1007/978-981-99-6128-3_127 |
2023-01-01 | Abstract A dust acoustic instability in the cryogenic glow discharge dusty plasma at a buffer gas temperature of 83 K is experimentally investigated. Estimates for the main plasma parameters are given. It is shown that dusty plasma is close to a ideal plasma (weakly-coupled). The wave–particle interaction is studied, and it has been shown that the wave is strongly nonlinear. The electric field of the wave is estimated, which also indicates its strong nonlinearity. The presence of slight perturbation of the dust concentration by the wave with strong nonlinearity, which is apparently associated with the high kinetic temperature of the dust fraction and the gaseous phase state of the dust cloud, is an important feature of the described experiment. | Nonlinear Dust Acoustic Waves in the Near Ideal (Gas-Like) Cryogenic Glow Discharge Dusty Plasma | 10.1134/S1063780X22601821 |
2023-01-01 | Cutting fluid is a major aspect of the machining process when machining metals with material adhesion challenges, as the fluid assists in the flushing of the chips from the cutting region and reduces the temperature generation and friction during the process. This chapter focuses on the cutting fluid and its application with various delivery mechanisms for machining. Because the quality of the cutting fluid applied at the cutting region is what drives the current trend in sustainable machining processes, the classifications of cutting fluid—straight machining oils, soluble oils, semi-synthetic cutting fluids, and synthetic fluids—are covered in this chapter. Also, the chapter analyzed the six various machining lubrication supply methods, including the solid lubrication process, flood cooling (a traditional process), cryogenic cooling, high pressure cooling, and compressed air vapour gas (CAVG) as coolant. The advantages and disadvantages of the lubricant delivery systems were carried out to further bring out the sustainability factors of the techniques in the manufacturing process. The findings show that the MQL is a sustainable and efficient process for machining, and the study recommended that the trend of producing a hybrid delivery system that can cryogenically MQL-deliver with high pressure continue. | Cutting Fluid and Its Application with Different Delivering Machining Techniques | 10.1007/978-3-031-35455-7_2 |
2023-01-01 | The paper presents the results of experimental studies of the microstructure, phase composition, and microhardness distribution of R6M5 and R2M8 high-speed steel after gas-laser cutting and cryogenic treatment. It shows that gas-laser cutting results in dissolving carbides and enriching a metal matrix with carbon and alloying components in the cut surface layer. This fact leads to an increase in the content of residual austenite up to 50…60%. Immersion of samples after gas-laser cutting in liquid nitrogen effectively eliminates residual austenite transforming it into martensite. After cryogenic treatment, the content of residual austenite is reduced to 7…9%. The microhardness of the gas-laser cut surface increases by 1400…1700 MPa. Using cryogenic treatment for high-speed steels after gas-laser cutting will reduce the tempering time for precipitation hardening processes, since the steels contain a small amount of residual austenite. | The Effect of Cryogenic Treatment on the Structural Phase State of the Gas-Laser Cut Surface of High-Speed Steel | 10.1007/978-3-031-38126-3_77 |
2023-01-01 | The way in which the fluid is to be kept and transferred is a vital component of any cryogenic system. These vessels to store cryogenic fluids can be categorized into low-performance insulations and high-performance insulations. Low-performance insulations include cork, foam, or fibrous insulation, high-performance insulations consist of multilayer insulation system and the container is evacuated. Selection of appropriate insulation method is an important task. A liquid helium Dewar is a storage vessel with advanced thermal insulations techniques. In today’s date, the most common way of insulating these vessels is using multilayer insulation (MLI). This paper will throw light on different insulation concepts used in storage systems and give an approach for selection of proper insulation method. The present work deals with 120 l capacity liquid helium cryostat which uses a multilayer insulation system which uses evaporated cold vapour of cryogenic system to reduce heat leak and gives an approach for design of aluminium alloy-based liquid helium cryostat. This work is carried out by calculating heat leak from vessel and neck tube due to solid conduction, fluid conduction, radiation heat leak and heat leak by residual gas conduction in vacuum space, etc. | Review and Development of Thermal Design of a Cryogenic Dewar | 10.1007/978-981-99-3033-3_28 |
2023-01-01 | In the microgravity environment, the instability of the gas-liquid distribution in the storage tank of propellants is the key issue that the power system of the spacecraft should address. Passive phase separation based on porous materials, is a promising technique to guarantee vapor-free propellant delivery. Porous woven screens have been widely utilized due to their physical durability. The reseal pressure of the screen describes the ability to recover the phase separation capability after the bubble breakthrough failure. In this study, experiments are carried out to measure the reseal pressure and the bubble point pressure of various mesh specification. Different working fluids, including water, kerosene and HFE 7500, are considered. A dimensionless relaxation pressure is proposed to describe the self-healing ability of the screen, which is a function of the bubble point pressure and the reseal pressure. The results show that the relaxation pressure is inversely proportional to the wicking parameter, which is described by the surface tension, contact angle and viscosity of the fluids. Better wicking capability accelerates the rewetting and the resealing process of the opening pores after the bubble breakthrough, which further improves the self-healing ability of the porous screen. | Effect of Wicking Capability on the Reseal Pressure of Woven Screens for On-Orbit Cryogenic Propellants Management | 10.1007/978-981-99-6128-3_116 |
2023-01-01 | Abstract Understanding the deformation-induced transformation-induced plasticity (TRIP) in high-entropy alloys (HEAs) is critical for obtaining desired mechanical properties. In this study, the deformation-induced phase transformation behavior of Fe_55Co_17.5Ni_10Cr_12.5Mo_5 HEA was investigated by microstructural characterization using scanning electron microscopy-based techniques. The results showed the initiation of body-centered cubic (BCC) variants at the intersections of hexagonal close-packed (HCP) variants. The growth of BCC variants occurred through the HCP phase with a Burgers orientation relationship. Heterogeneous strain distributions at the phase boundaries also induced additional BCC variants with unusual crystallographic characteristics, although the growth of these BCC variants was inhibited. The TRIP behavior during a cryogenic-temperature tensile test of the Fe_55Co_17.5Ni_10Cr_12.5Mo_5 alloy provided an extra strain-hardening rate by absorbing plastic deformation energy to initiate BCC and HCP variants and additional strain-hardening capability of the transformed BCC phase. Because of the extra strain-hardening rate, the Fe_55Co_17.5Ni_10Cr_12.5Mo_5 alloy achieved an outstanding tensile strength (1.2 GPa) and ductility (0.81) combination at cryogenic temperatures. Graphical abstract | Fe_55Co_17.5Ni_10Cr_12.5Mo_5 High-Entropy Alloy with Outstanding Cryogenic Mechanical Properties Driven by Deformation-Induced Phase Transformation Behavior | 10.1007/s12540-022-01215-7 |
2023-01-01 | Due to increase in demand and widespread application of stainless steels, they have been used in a variety of applications like aerospace, automotive, ships, and constructional work. While drilling of these steels, the cost of tooling is generally high owing to the high temperature prevailing during machining. The present research work has been undertaken with the aim to find out whether the cryogenically treated tungsten carbide tools (liquid nitrogen and dry ice) are effective in drilling of austenitic stainless steel 304. Responses such as surface roughness, cutting force, roundness error, and burr height were recorded. The influence of input parameters such as feed rate and cutting speed on the recorded responses was studied. Based on the study, it was evident that the tool treated with dry ice recorded minimal cutting force, ovality, and burr height. However, the tool treated with liquid nitrogen yielded a minimal surface roughness which is the predominant response in assessing the quality of the product. | Investigation of Cryogenic-Treated Tool During Drilling of Austenitic Stainless Steel | 10.1007/978-981-19-2188-9_62 |
2023-01-01 | Considering the extending use of hydrogen as a propellant in terrestrial and aerospace applications with subsequent growing needs for storage, as well as containers for transport, reserve, and distribution, cryogenic tank scrutiny holds an upmost significance. This work thus focuses on characterizing the dynamic behavior of a modeled but representative cryogenic tank to help the certification process of actual containers used in aerospace applications. The core objective of the work is the implementation of an experimental setup and ensuing structural modal analysis of a suspended vibrated tank. However, due to hazardous handling of liquid hydrogen, actual up-to-scale experimental testing is often impossible or prohibited to perform in regular conditions. To counter this hindrance, the innovative approach and main postulate of this work is to consider granular materials as substitutes to cryogenic fluids. The aim is to obtain a modal behavior similar in terms of mode shapes and natural frequencies to the behavior of a tank filled with liquid hydrogen. Most of the studies regarding this issue are using water as a surrogate material for gas in tank testing. However, since using water as a substitute could not respect isomass and isovolume of liquefied hydrogen simultaneously, an innovative method was attempted via substitution of the gas by a granular meta-material. Apart from the initiated work on this topic, no other study was found to display this approach. The current goal is therefore to explore further possibilities in terms of material substitution as well as filling rate influence, system fixation impact, and change of excitation modes. For that purpose, investigations are carried out on an empty, fully, and partially filled tank subjected to vibration. The natural frequency reflecting the dynamic behavior of the tank for each vibration mode is measured for the different configurations. Notable frequencies of modal deformed shapes are occurring at 555, 1036, 1333, 1500, and 1600 Hz on an empty suspended aluminum tank, with associated shapes of flexion, flexion-torsion, ovalization, trefoil, quadrifoil, lobe modes, and then combined modes. Pre-trials on filled tank display the same deformed shape occurrence but at lower frequencies: 260, 539, 701, 726, and 1020 Hz. First results also show that low-density materials help reach the flexural modes, pointing the surrogate material density as important. Further results will help validate the new methodology. | Characterization of Fluid-Filled Tank and Mode Shape Identification: Approach via Cryogenic Fluid Substitution by Granular Meta-material | 10.1007/978-3-031-05445-7_11 |
2023-01-01 | A variety of methods to separate and purify hydrogen exist. The processes in the removal of impurities from crude hydrogen to obtain a pure product can be roughly divided into three steps. The first step is pretreatment of the crude hydrogen for the removal of specific contaminants that are detrimental to subsequent separation processes and for their conversion to easily separable species. Three methods of conventional adsorption, physical absorption and chemical reactions are effective for these purposes. The second step is the removal of both major and minor impurities to yield an acceptably pure hydrogen level. The prime separation technology here is the pressure swing adsorption (PSA) unit, which has several advantages over the other methods and is widely used in various fields of hydrogen separation. Physical absorption and polymer membrane processes are also applicable to hydrogen recovery from crude hydrogen mixed with hydrocarbons. In addition, hot alkaline absorption and conventional adsorption processes are available for removal of carbon dioxides and water vapor. Technical progress in the separation technology based on metal hydrides, especially in avoiding or minimizing deactivation and degradation, is still needed, but would be very useful for recovering hydrogen selectively from streams at low partial pressures and low concentrations. The third step is the final purification to a specified level. This is typically a cryogenic adsorption method at a liquid nitrogen temperature or the use of a palladium membrane. Both are capable of reducing impurities to below 1 ppm. The choice of a suitable separation process depends on the specifications and operating conditions of the feed and product gases. In the use of hydrogen as a combustion fuel, the separation processes at the first and second steps mostly suffice. However, if liquid hydrogen is the goal, this must be prepared from highly pure hydrogen at an overall impurity concentration below 1 ppm. For good process economics, there is still room for improvement so that the hydrogen recoveries and energy efficiencies become as high as possible. As a hydrogen gas for fuel cells of the polymer electrolyte type, carbon monoxide has to be reduced to an acceptable level, preferably below 10 ppm, otherwise it poisons the rare-metal-based electrocatalyst. | Hydrogen Separation and Purification | 10.1007/978-3-031-37780-8_14 |
2023-01-01 | Cryopreservation employs amalgamated applications of low temperatures in preserving structural composition along with functional integrity of animal cells and tissues. Traditionally, several cooling procedures permit ice crystal formation along with the rise in solute concentration that eventually leads to copious injuries inflicted during the cryopreservation. Such damages can be effectively avoided by employing cryoprotectants, ensuring cell protection from impairments caused due to the sedated cooling. Equally, they offer a suitable and optimum environment to operate at cooling rates which are nonlethal and negate the effects of intracellular ice crystals. Thus, it necessitates elucidating various intricate facets involved in the process of cryopreservation of animal cells and tissues; moreover understanding several associated medical applications in research areas with enormous potential becomes equally important too. Further, gradual percentage increase in the rate of successful cryopreservation has been distinctly observed in the recent past, and the primary reason for such achievement was due to the advancement in the temperature monitoring and control equipment along with use of effective cryoprotectants. This chapter would explicitly discuss the cryopreservation process with different associated components and cell-specific application or limitations of the cryopreservation. | Cryopreservation of Cell Lines | 10.1007/978-3-031-19485-6_10 |
2023-01-01 | According to the International Air Transport Association (IATA), the industry has improved its record of fuel efficiency: Fuel burned per passenger per kilometer has dropped by half since 1990. This case study aims to find a powerful and efficient propulsion system that runs on renewable resources. We’ll dive deep into the study of fuel cells, particularly solid oxide fuel cells for their fuel-to-energy conversion ratio and close to no emissions. This study will help us understand what fuel cell design, where it’ll be installed, materials of the cathode, and anode. Different materials for electrolytes will be compared to analyze each of their impact on a flight’s performance which can drastically reduce the price per ticket and make air travel much more economical and environmentally clean. What storage method will be preferred for space efficiency, more capacity to reduce travel time by fueling just once, and to keep hydrogen safe from igniting itself. Fuel cells are still a work in progress due to their lack of instant power, so engineers combined them with a gas turbine creating a hybrid setup that achieves an amazing efficiency. Airlines such as Airbus, Eviation, and Zunum Aero are working on all-electric aircraft (AEA) where their planes are powered by hydrogen fuel cells. | Hydrogen Fuel Cell Hybrid Technology in Aviation: An Overview | 10.1007/978-981-99-1894-2_67 |
2023-01-01 | The generation of energy from renewable sources, such as wind power and photovoltaics is subject to strong natural fluctuations. To be able to use the energy efficiently and as required, large and flexible storage options are required that can compensate for these fluctuations. Electricity cannot provide the necessary large industrial capacities (especially via grid buffers and battery storage) for the foreseeable future at economically viable terms. Alternatively, hydrogen is well suited as an energy source due to its compressibility and storage capacity in storage facilities and can supplement the electricity grid based on the gas storage facilities. Hydrogen contains more energy per unit of mass than natural gas or gasoline, making it attractive as a transport fuel. However, hydrogen is the lightest element and so has a low energy density per unit of volume. This means that larger volumes of hydrogen must be moved to meet identical energy demands as compared with other fuels. This can be achieved, for example, through the use of larger or faster-flowing pipelines and larger storage tanks. Hydrogen can be compressed, liquefied, or transformed into hydrogen-based fuels that have a higher energy density, but this (and any subsequent re-conversion) uses some energy. Today hydrogen is most commonly stored as a gas or liquid in tanks for small-scale mobile and stationary applications. However, the smooth operation of large-scale and intercontinental hydrogen value chains in the future will require a much broader variety of storage options. At an export terminal, for example, hydrogen storage may be required for a short period prior to shipping. Hours of hydrogen storage are needed at vehicle refuelling stations, while days to weeks of storage would help users protect against potential mismatches in hydrogen supply and demand. Much longer-term and larger storage options would be required if hydrogen were used to bridge major seasonal changes in electricity supply or heat demand, or to provide system resilience. The most appropriate storage medium depends on the volume to be stored, the duration of storage, the required speed of discharge, and the geographic availability of different options. In general, however, geological storage is the best option for large-scale and long-term storage, while tanks are more suitable for short-term and small-scale storage. Salt caverns, depleted natural gas or oil reservoirs and aquifers are all possible options for large-scale and long-term hydrogen storage. They are currently used for natural gas storage and provide significant economies of scale, high efficiency (the quantity of hydrogen injected divided by the quantity that can be extracted), low operational costs and low land costs. These characteristics mean that they are likely to be the lowest-cost option for hydrogen storage even though hydrogen has low energy density compared to natural gas. Tanks storing compressed or liquefied hydrogen have high discharge rates and efficiencies of around 99%, making them appropriate for smaller-scale applications where a local stock of fuel or feedstock needs to be readily available. | Hydrogen Storage | 10.1007/978-3-031-37780-8_16 |
2023-01-01 | In the moist meadow areas of Southern Cis-Urals, on lake banks and low river terraces, one can find small, bumpy relief, represented by low oblong hummocks separated by hollow depressions. In the secondary scholarly literature, it was named “thufurs.” The microrelief forms a polygonal grid and resembles the migration of permafrost mounds. This paper is the first to study the distribution, morphological structure, and formation of thufurs in the Southern Cis-Urals steppe. Our research revealed a complex of relict (polygonal terrain with a polygon side of about 2.5 m, ground wedges, cryogenic crushing in ground wedges) and modern (fresh microreliefs of hummocks, traces of frost sorting, seasonal ice formation, and rock heaving in conditions of high pre-winter humidity) cryogenic processes. The report indicates that the development of the thufur microrelief is caused by paleo-cryogenic processes: the dissection of the surface by frost-breaking cracks, the growth of polygonal-vein ice in them, and the formation of a complex soil cover after their thawing in the Holocene. Currently, the microrelief is maintained through contemporary processes of differential frost heave. Thufur soils combine paleo- and modern cryogenic features. | The Role of Late Pleistocene Permafrost Processes in the Formation of Thufurs in the Southern Cis-Urals Steppe | 10.1007/978-3-030-78083-8_2 |
2023-01-01 | To understand the performance of a pulsating heat pipe in cryogenic cooling, a 2D numerical simulations are performed using Computational Fluid Dynamics techniques. Nitrogen is used as the working fluid with a 60% filling ratio. The analysis is carried out at cryogenic temperatures of 75 K and 115 K in the condenser and evaporator sections, respectively. The volume of fluid model is used to track the interface between the liquid and vapour phases of the working fluid. ANSYS FLUENT software is used to solve the governing equations. The performance of PHP is evaluated based on the flow velocity, periodic nature of the fluid flow, start-up, and temperature gradient. To understand the nucleation, coalescence, and start-up operational conditions, volume fraction contours are qualitatively analysed. To understand PHP's operational parameters, flow velocity, the temperature difference between the sections, and frequency analysis are quantitatively analysed. The start-up process is observed to begin at time t = 4.2 s. Throughout the flow time, an average fluid temperature difference of 30 K was maintained between the condenser and evaporator. The average flow velocity of working fluid is noticed as 0.08 m/s, and the flow velocity is periodic at a frequency of 0.2886 Hz. | Numerical Analysis on the Performance of Nitrogen Pulsating Heat Pipe | 10.1007/978-981-99-3844-5_34 |
2023-01-01 | The objective of this activity was to develop novel European polyurethane (PU) materials suitable for versatile space applications that can be manufactured via “environmentally friendly” procedure without the use of toxic isocyanates and/or employing sustainable materials sources. The non-isocyanate polyurethanes (NIPUs) were formulated as systems applicable as conformal coatings and potting systems in launcher manufacturing, and thermal insulation foams for use in spacecrafts manufacturing. The study confirmed possibility to prepare non-isocyanate polyurethanes with renewables content minimally 50 wt.% that are competitive to the existing space-qualified polyurethane-based materials. | Eco-friendlier and non-isocyanate-based polyurethane materials for space applications | 10.1007/s12567-021-00408-x |
2023-01-01 | Aluminum alloys have been extensively employed in industrial applications due, among other things, to low cost and small weight. The purpose of this work was to investigate the Vickers hardness, tensile strength (at different temperatures) and microstructure (X-Ray diffraction, scanning and transmission electron microscopy analysis) of the 7475-T7351 aluminum alloy (5.67%Zn, 2.38%Mg, 1.78%Cu and 0.28%Fe + Si) after being submitted to rolling (at room and cryogenic temperatures) and annealing treatments (at 200 and 300 °C/15 min). Based on the results, the condition that was just rolled and subsequently subjected to annealing heat treatments (200 and 300 °C) showed higher mechanical properties obtained at room temperature and hot (250 and 350 °C) tensile test than that were submitted to the intermediate annealing heat treatment between the rolling steps. This fact is possibly due to the intermediate heat treatment, which caused a thickening of the precipitates, and consequently a lower microstructural stability. | Structural Characterization of the Rolled and Annealed 7475 Aluminum Alloy | 10.1007/s11665-022-07120-9 |
2023-01-01 | Cryogenic propulsion system of the rocket engine has propellants tanks for servicing cryogenic propellants like liquid oxygen (LOX) and liquid hydrogen (LH2). For a good mission, accuracy of the propellant loading is very critical in the sense that either the mission would be pre-mature by exhausting the propellants or cryogenic turbo pumps may start cavitate which leads to the catastrophic failure of the mission. Therefore, catch tank temperature measurements are employed to measure the cryogenic fluid temperature inside the tank to ensure precise filling, draining and in particular, it is very essential monitoring parameter to detect and avoid cavitation for rocket engine booster turbo pump testing. This caters the necessity of proper calibration of temperature sensors with good accuracy. Due to senor drift, repeat usage, and aging, the output of sensors may deviate from the expected value. Also, as these sensors are part of the double-jacked super insulated catch tank with welded construction, it is very challenging to remove and re-calibrate. Therefore, alternative techniques of Soft calibration are proposed for such catch tank temperatures to re-compute actual temperature of the process from the measured value. This soft calibration involves piece-wise linearization technique with temperature and resistance correction. | Soft Calibration Adapted for Refinement of Catch Tank Temperature Measurements for Cryogenic Propulsion | 10.1007/978-981-19-5221-0_61 |
2023-01-01 | An operation of cryogenic facilities working at 2–4 K temperature levels is hardly possible without a reliable and properly functioning cryogenic instrumentation. The key measurement components are temperature sensors, pressure transmitters, strain gauges and flow meters. Present paper describes a progress in the instrumentation for the large to medium scale industrial or scientific facilities operating at 2–4 K temperature level over the last 10–15 years. The focus of the paper is on the sensors, which have been successfully applied for serial applications and commercially available or being in the prototyping stage and therefore have the potential for industrial applications. | Recent Progress in Instrumentation for Large to Medium Scale Facilities Operating at 4 K Temperature Level | 10.1007/978-981-99-6128-3_129 |
2023-01-01 | Every year, the industries are found to lose a billion of rupees due to abrasive wear and tear and subsequently wastage of material by surface loss. The widely used surface techniques are nitriding and chemical/physical vapor deposition. Nitriding requires high temperature and a long processing time, and chemical/physical vapor deposition is limited by adhesive strength of coating to the base metal. To overcome these, hard-facing and cryogenic treatment processes are suggested to improve the wear properties. Hard-facing is a coating of harder material on base metal by suitable metal working process. Cryogenic treatment is one of the heat treatment process by which the material is subjected cryogenic temperatures from −150 to −273 °C. An attempt has been made here to optimize the cryogenic treatment time on slurry abrasive wear behavior of chromium carbide hard-faced surfaces on mild steel base metal. The strategy includes the implementation of artificial neural networks (ANN) with feed forward architecture (FFA) trained with backpropagation algorithm (BPA) at the start. However, coherent findings state that hybrid neural networks (HNN) and deep learning-based hybrid neural networks (DHNN) have substantial effect on identification of parameters related to cryogenic treatment as compared with the conventional ANN trained with BPA. Investigations reveal that this technology is of great use and finds major application in monitoring the abrasive wear and tear of industrial cutting tools. Therefore, a set of actual variables like temperature, speed, abrasive content and cryogenic treatment time are taken as the input variables so as to estimate and forecast the wear rate of the hard faced surfaces using ANN. Qualitative observations revealed that this ANN-based forecasting and estimation technique suggested timely replacements and over hauling of the industrial tools used in cryogenic treatment. New developments and domination of smart phones with Android technology find suitable application for online monitoring and forecasting of abrasive wear in various cutting, milling and drilling tools using Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) which is a wireless network. The server–client approach used to implement this technology combines SOAP web service with socket programming for Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and Internet Protocol—version 4 (IPv4) protocols. | Deep Learning Neural Networks for Forecasting the Abrasive Wear in Machining Tools for Cryogenic Treatment by Process Parameter Optimization | 10.1007/978-981-19-9638-2_2 |
2023-01-01 | Ultra-high performance concrete(UHPC) is known for its high strength, high toughness and durability, which makes UHPC be seen as a promising repairing material for normal concrete(NC). In order to make sure the application of UHPC in reinforcement, especially in cryogenic circumstance, it is critical to characterize the bonding performance between UHPC and NC. Through 11 sets of normal concrete and ultra-high performance concrete specimens (UHPC-NC specimens) were tested by double shear tests, the shear properties of UHPC-NC specimens in normal and cryogenic environment (−60 °C) were evaluated and discussed. Different interface treatments were used, including untreated, water jetting and using retarder. The effect of interface agent was also studied. The results show that the shear strength of the interface was improved by increasing surface roughness degree. The failure mode presented brittle failure, no matter what kind of interface treatments. Cryogenic circumstance can improve the bonding strength of UHPC-NC, and the group without interfacial agent had a more significant improvement. The performance of interfacial agent in low temperature limits the improvement of interfacial bonding strength to a certain extent. | Shear Performance of Interface Between Normal Concrete and Ultra-high Performance Concrete in Cryogenic Circumstance | 10.1007/978-981-19-7331-4_41 |
2023-01-01 | Cryogenic cavitation is important for the operation of rocket propulsion system and is complex because of its strong thermal effects. In this chapter, a brief introduction of this phenomenon is given out. Theoretical models historically developed to estimate thermal effects are classified by their physical hypothesis and deduced according to their proposers. The summary of the past experimental studies helps to provide the appearance, thermodynamic state and features of cryogenic cavitation over different geometries. Besides, a robust numerical framework for cryogenic cavitation modeling is built in details. Vorticity transport analysis further reveals the mechanism for unique partially shedding mode appeared in cryogenic cavitation. | Cavitation Flow of Cryogenic Fluids | 10.1007/978-981-287-092-6_13 |
2023-01-01 | In petrochemical industries, aluminum is normally used in cryogenic heat exchangers such as main cryogenic heat exchangers and cold boxes because of its low-temperature toughness. In terms of corrosion, although anodic to most metals, Al is corrosion resistant to atmospheric and freshwater environments; to a certain extent, it is also corrosion resistant to other environments such as seawater. It affords its corrosion protection from the aluminum oxide layer (Al_2O_3) that forms on its metal surface. However, the presence of chloride ions could undermine the oxide layers, leading to pitting. One source of chloride ions is hydrogen chloride gas that could be generated during plant chemical processes such as from the hydrolysis of metal chloride as in refinery overhead corrosion. That is why corrosion due to hydrogen chloride gas is largely studied as one of the damage mechanisms of overhead corrosion of refineries. As such, the focus has been on carbon steels. On the other hand, the study on the effect of hydrogen chloride gas on the corrosion behavior of aluminum is still relatively sparse. Therefore, this work studies the effect of hydrogen chloride gas on aluminum in four major aqueous environments, namely, dry, water-saturated, free water, and cryogenic conditions and in two different methanol environments, namely, 99% methanol +1% water and 99.9% methanol. For aqueous environments, experiments on dry conditions were included to help understand the sticking mechanism of chloride ions on Al. As such, their specimens were subjected to four different treatments after the exposure tests. In all the experiments, hydrogen chloride gas was generated through the reaction between sulfuric acid and sodium chloride. It was then carried over to the Al specimen using argon gas. The results suggest that in a dry-operating environment, chloride would stick on rough and creviced Al surfaces that would subsequently experience slight corrosion upon exposure to moisture, but slightly higher corrosion rate when wetted with deionized water. On the other hand, in a water-saturated environment, the specimens would experience considerable corrosion rates (about 1 mm/yr). The corrosion rates would increase by a factor of about seven when exposed to a free-water environment. As for in methanol environments, Al specimens experienced catastrophic corrosion rates in both neat and water-containing methanol. Comparison with corrosion rates of Al in neat methanol from literature suggests that dissolved hydrogen chloride gas accelerated the corrosion rates by a factor of two to four. | Corrosion Behavior of Aluminum Alloys in Hydrogen Chloride Containing Environments | 10.1007/978-981-19-1851-3_5 |
2023-01-01 | In modern manufacturing processes, the environmental impact becomes an increasingly important aspect. The aim of developing new coolant strategies is therefore an approach to increase the efficiency of the machining process while reducing coolant consumption. The priority is to optimize the supply of coolant to the tool-workpiece interface. In case of cryogenic machining, low-temperature liquefied gases are used to cool the tool’s cutting edges and to decrease the overall process temperatures. The high cooling rates of this technology can reduce the thermomechanical loads for tools and workpieces especially in machining operations. Since cryogenic medium have no lubricating effect, additional lubrication strategies, e.g. Minimum Quantity Lubrication (MQL), are necessary to enhance the application limits of the cryogenic cooling technology. Nevertheless, in deep hole drilling, using small diameter twist drills, it is impossible to supply internal cryogenic coolant and MQL simultaneously. Therefore, this paper deals with a novel combination of cryogenic Minimum Quantity Lubrication (cMQL) by determining the lubricant’s efficiency according to its solubility in liquid CO_2. The strategy leads to a significant increase in performance during deep hole drilling of difficult-to-cut materials and shifts the process limits in terms of tool life and feasible cutting parameters using environmentally friendly MQL techniques. | Analysis of Cryogenic Minimum Quantity Lubrication (cMQL) in Micro Deep Hole Drilling of Difficult-to-Cut Materials | 10.1007/978-3-031-18318-8_40 |
2023-01-01 | Morphological characteristics of liposomes, such as size and lamellarity directly impact their quality and biological performance of encapsulated drug. Gaining insights into these parameters may also help ensure identification and utilization of most efficient process parameters for liposomes manufacturing. Direct imaging of such self-assembling colloidal structures, although challenging, is feasible through transmission electron microscopy (TEM) which uses nanometer scale wavelength of electrons for illumination, enabling an accurate assessment of the morphological characteristics of liposomes. This chapter will provide background information on the working principle and general sample preparation procedure for the two most commonly used TEM techniques for imaging liposomes, viz. negative staining transmission electron microscopy and cryogenic transmission electron microscopy. | Imaging of Liposomes by Negative Staining Transmission Electron Microscopy and Cryogenic Transmission Electron Microscopy | 10.1007/978-1-0716-2954-3_22 |
2023-01-01 | The overall quality of a component and its mechanical performance and reliability during all its life cycle depend on several characteristics. The choice of the material plays an important role in satisfying the requirements and usually it makes the difference between failed and not failed products; however, another significant impact in the material performances is characterised by the manufacturing process. Nowadays, the numerical simulation represents an important tool to quickly predict several scenarios depending on process parameters’ changes, leading to a more flexible manufacturing process and time–cost saving due to the reduced experimental tests. This work presents an innovative finite element model (FEM) of high-speed turning of one of the most used aluminium alloys in aerospace field, namely the AA7075-T6. The developed simulation tool allowed to better investigate the metallurgical phenomena triggered by the varying process parameters tested and the cooling conditions used during the machining tests. A physics-based model to simulate the material behaviour has been developed and implemented via subroutine within the FEM software. The predictive capability of the model has been validated through experimental and numerical comparison of cutting forces, maximum temperature and grain size changes. The developed 3D FE model is capable of including the effects of different cooling conditions during machining of the aluminium alloy AA7075-T6 on the surface integrity (e.g. the microstructure and the dislocation density variation), whilst evaluating further important manufacturing process variables as cutting forces and maximum temperature. | Advanced finite element model for predicting surface integrity in high-speed turning of AA7075-T6 under dry and cryogenic conditions | 10.1007/s00170-022-10531-6 |
2023-01-01 | An operation of cryogenic facilities with the liquid (LHe) or gaseous (GHe) helium is impossible without control devices. The key controlling components are cryogenic valves, which are used to regulate a flow of the cryogenic fluid as well as to liquefy GHe (also named as “JT-valves”). The present paper gives some comments and notes collected from a practical experience on a specification, installation and commissioning of cryogenic valves and Johnston couplings. Author’s experience on valve installation is also presented. A focus will be given to non-standard options, which could be helpful for some specialized applications. | Valves for Helium Cryogenics: Short Review and Experience on Installation | 10.1007/978-981-99-6128-3_27 |
2023-01-01 | A vacuum calibration apparatus is presented which allows the calibration of vacuum in cryogenic temperature (down to ~ 4K) with instrumentation at room temperature. The GM cryocooler was used as the cold source, and the temperature uniformity of the calibration chamber was analyzed and optimized. A structure called Sniffer tube was used to keep the temperature of the measuring pipe above 100K in order to avoid the influence of gas condensation on the measuring pipe, and the influence of the cryosorption on the measuring pipe was analyzed. A method to calculate the vacuum of the calibration chamber is presented when the capacitance diaphragm gauge and hot cathode ionization gauge are used as standard gauges. The results show that the temperature difference between arbitrary points across the calibration chamber is less than 0.25K, and the cryopumping effects of the measuring pipe can be avoid by calibrating different gases, which meets the calibration requirements. | Design and Analysis of Vacuum Calibration Apparatus at Cryogenic Temperature | 10.1007/978-981-99-6128-3_51 |
2023-01-01 | Cryogenic loop heat pipes are highly efficient heat transfer devices at cryogenic temperature range, which have promising application prospects in satellites, spacecrafts, electronics, and so on. Cooling down process is a most critical process for a CLHP before startup. At present, secondary loop is a major way for a CLHP to fulfil cooling down and most studies are concentrated on heat transfer characteristics during normal operation. However, few investigations have been carried out on the cooling down process. In this paper, the cooling down process of a nitrogen-charged CLHP assisted with a secondary loop was experimentally investigated. A simple qualitative approach to estimate the cooling down time was proposed according to the law of conservation of energy. The two flow paths of the working fluid in the CLHP during the cooling down process were described. Experimental studies on the cooling down process with various secondary heat loads and working fluid inventory were presented in detail. With the increase of secondary heat load, the elapsed time of Stage III decreased significantly due to the larger mass flow rate in Path I. In addition, the effect of the working fluid inventory on the cooling down time was generally small in the range from 2.99 MPa to 3.80 MPa. However, with 2.80 MPa working fluid inventory, it required much longer cooling down time, which was because of the lack of liquid in the CLHP with low working fluid inventory. Moreover, the influence of gravity on the temperature variation of the components during the experiments was analyzed. This work is beneficial for better understanding of the cooling down process and optimizing of CLHPs. | Experimental Study on Cooling Down Process of a Nitrogen-Charged Cryogenic Loop Heat Pipe | 10.1007/s11630-022-1688-4 |
2022-12-17 | Cryogenic solid state detectors are widely used in dark matter and neutrino experiments, and require a sensible raw data analysis. For this purpose, we present Cait, an open source Python package with all essential methods for the analysis of detector modules fully integrable with the Python ecosystem for scientific computing and machine learning. It comes with methods for triggering of events from continuously sampled streams, identification of particle recoils and artifacts in a low signal-to-noise ratio environment, the reconstruction of deposited energies, and the simulation of a variety of typical event types. Furthermore, by connecting Cait with existing machine learning frameworks we introduce novel methods for better automation in data cleaning and background rejection. | Cait: Analysis Toolkit for Cryogenic Particle Detectors in Python | 10.1007/s41781-022-00092-4 |
2022-12-05 | Magnesium alloys are increasingly used in the biomedical field thanks to their biocompatibility. However, poor corrosion resistance greatly limits their applications. Coating the devices is known to represent the most efficient way to increase the corrosion performances of magnesium alloys, but it requires specific surface preparation of the metal substrate. In the present paper, a hybrid machining technology, namely cryogenic–ultrasonic-assisted turning, is applied to generate magnesium alloy texturized surfaces with enhanced surface integrity characteristics. Results showed that the application of liquid nitrogen led to a harder and more complex surface texture than in the case of ultrasonic-assisted turning under dry conditions. | Cryogenic ultrasonic vibration assisted turning to texturize AZ31 magnesium alloy surfaces | 10.1007/s44245-022-00007-y |
2022-12-05 | The formation and deposition of solids in plant equipment is a perennial risk to the cryogenic processing of natural gas. While several tools are available to predict the temperatures at which heavy hydrocarbon solids (HHC) will form, the accuracy of the gas mixture’s compositional characterization can significantly impact the reliability of those predictions. A complete characterization of the mixture is the most desirable scenario but is challenging and expensive to obtain. More typically, C_6 hydrocarbons and heavier compounds are lumped into pseudocomponents based on their boiling point to represent the HHC composition of the mixture. Recently, Miethe et al. (Hydrocarb Process, 2015) detailed a new approach based on splitting each pseudocomponent further according to its paraffinic, isoparaffinic, naphthenic and aromatic (PINA) composition. An associated defined component is used to represent each of these sub-fractions to improve the melting temperature prediction accuracy. However, this “Lump + PINA_API” approach has not been validated for mixtures that contain HHCs beyond C_10. This work compares freeze-out predictions based on a complete compositional characterization of a gas mixture with HHCs up to C_14 with results obtained using (1) the new Lump + PINA_API approach and (2) several other freeze-out prediction methods described in the literature. For two gas samples, the fully characterized mixtures were predicted to have melting temperatures of 263.2 K (14.1 °F) and 260.1 K (8.5 °F), respectively. At the same time, the Lump + PINA_API predictions were 153.4 K (− 183.6 °F) and 157.4 K (− 176.3 °F), respectively. The large discrepancy between melting temperature predictions highlights the need to either (1) obtain full characterization of natural gas mixture compositions where possible, and/or (2) to develop an improved set of correlations pseudocomponent correlations for predicting freeze-out in natural gas mixtures. | Performance Tests of Gas Characterization Methods for Predicting Freeze-out in LNG Production | 10.1007/s10765-022-03127-5 |
2022-12-01 | Abstract The technology for the formation of a cryogenic deuterium uniform-thickness layer in a shell located in an experimental box is described. The obtained cryogenic deuterium layers, which meet the requirements of the uniform-thickness of the cryogenic-target layer, are presented. | Formation of a Cryogenic Deuterium Uniform-Thickness Layer in a Spherical Shell as a Step in Making a Cryogenic Target for Laser Fusion | 10.1134/S1063778822100441 |
2022-12-01 | Abstract This article describes the development of the DEMO-FNS hybrid (fusion–fission) reactor with DT fusion capacity of 40 MW in Russia. Operation of the reactor requires the development of systems of the fusion fuel cycle (FC). They are based on technologies of tritium and deuterium handling, which are being developed and applied in various fields of science and engineering. The necessity to improve the tritium technologies in Russia is dictated by conversion to radically higher gas flows and tritium reserves in the fuel cycle of hybrid and fusion systems under conditions of limited import of dual purpose technologies. In order to select reliable technologies and intensify developments in critical issues of FC, it is required to analyze the technology readiness level. We have estimated the readiness of existing technologies of tritium and deuterium handling in Russia for use in the fuel cycle of DEMO-FNS. The analysis is based on the Technology Readiness Level (TRL) method, according to which each technology is assigned a readiness level from TRL 1 (basic technology principles have been demonstrated) to TRL 9 (technology has been verified by successful operation). The technologies of membrane separation of hydrogen-containing gas mixtures, cryogenic hydrogen rectification, chromatographic separation of hydrogen isotopes, cryogenic adsorption separation, gas detritiation in scrubber, and CECE process (Combined Electrolysis and Catalytic Exchange) have been discussed. Other FC technologies will be considered in our further publications. The listed technologies have been verified in Russia and are used in various fields of industry and science. However, operational conditions of the technologies differ from the planned parameters of the DEMO-FNS fuel cycle, for which most technologies are at the stage of development (TRL 4–6); some technologies, such as cryogenic adsorption separation and chromatographic processes, comply with the research stage (TRL 1–3). The state of these technologies is “below” or “complies with the world level.” Further development of the considered technologies requires specialized facilities and test benches, which would make it possible to optimize their combined use under conditions simulating operation of a fusion facility. | Assessment of the Readiness Level of Tritium Cycle Technologies in Russia Exemplified by the Project of the DEMO-FNS Hybrid Reactor | 10.1134/S1063778822130075 |
2022-12-01 | Abstract Intermediate results of work in a shadowgraphic characterization program of a layer of hydrogen isotopes in an indirect-drive cryogenic target are presented. The target is a spherical shell with a cryogenic layer of hydrogen isotopes frozen on its inner surface and is designed for laser-driven fusion studies at the facility of megajoule energies. It is necessary to perform target characterization for compliance with the required parameters before a laser shot at the target. | Shadowgraphic Characterization Method of a Cryogenic Hydrogen Isotope Layer in an Indirect-Drive Target for Inertial Confinement Fusion | 10.1134/S1063778822100659 |
2022-12-01 | The radio frequency interference (RFI) due to the X-band telecommunication with the LiteBIRD spacecraft was computed using a 3D electromagnetic field simulator to evaluate its field strength at the instrument detectors. First, the level of RFI with different materials for the spacecraft main body was evaluated. The attenuation effects for aluminum (Al) and carbon-fiber-reinforced plastic (CFRP) in comparison with a perfect electric conductor (PEC) were 1.5 dB and 10.5 dB, respectively. Then, the electric field strength for various shield plate structures on the solar panels was evaluated. In the best case, the RFI level could be attenuated by another 31 dB with an optimum design. Finally, the frequency dependence of the RFI was evaluated across the X-band, giving an attenuation slope of − 10 dB/oct, leading to an electric field intensity of − 116.8 dBV/m at the detector position for a frequency of 8.4 GHz. | Assessment of the RFI by the X-Band Antenna in LiteBIRD Using a 3D Electromagnetic Field Simulator | 10.1007/s10909-022-02889-4 |
2022-12-01 | Fractional electron capture probability ratios of ^125I were measured using metallic magnetic calorimeters (MMCs). Due to the 4 π geometry of the source embedded in the absorber, detection efficiency of nearly 99% was observed for K , L , M , and N capture events. The fractional capture probabilities were calculated from peak area ratios. | Determination of Fractional Electron Capture Probabilities of ^125I Using Metallic Magnetic Calorimeters | 10.1007/s10909-022-02851-4 |
2022-12-01 | The CUORE experiment is a ton-scale array of $$\hbox {TeO}_2$$ TeO 2 cryogenic bolometers located at the underground Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso of Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), in Italy. The CUORE detector consists of 988 crystals operated as source and detector at a base temperature of $$\sim 10$$ ∼ 10 mK. Such cryogenic temperature is reached and maintained by means of a custom built cryogen-free dilution cryostat, designed with the aim of minimizing the vibrational noise and the environmental radioactivity. The primary goal of CUORE is the search for neutrinoless double beta decay of $$^{130}\hbox {Te}$$ 130 Te , but thanks to its large target mass and ultra-low background it is suitable for the study of other rare processes as well, such as the neutrinoless double beta decay of $$^{128}\hbox {Te}$$ 128 Te . This tellurium isotope is an attractive candidate for the search of this process, due to its high natural isotopic abundance of 31.75%. The transition energy at (866.7 ± 0.7) keV lies in a highly populated region of the energy spectrum, dominated by the contribution of the two-neutrino double beta decay of $$^{130}\hbox {Te}$$ 130 Te . As the first ton-scale infrastructure operating cryogenic $$\hbox {TeO}_2$$ TeO 2 bolometers in stable conditions, CUORE is able to achieve a factor $$>10$$ > 10 higher sensitivity to the neutrinoless double beta decay of this isotope with respect to past direct experiments. | Expected sensitivity to ^128Te neutrinoless double beta decay with the CUORE TeO_2 cryogenic bolometers | 10.1007/s10909-022-02738-4 |
2022-12-01 | The experimental detection of the CE $$\nu$$ ν NS allows the investigation of neutrinos and neutrino sources with all-flavor sensitivity. Given its large content in neutrons and stability, Pb is a very appealing choice as target element. The presence of the radioisotope $$^{210}$$ 210 Pb (T $$_{1/2}\sim$$ 1 / 2 ∼ 22 yrs) makes natural Pb unsuitable for low-background, low-energy event searches. This limitation can be overcome employing Pb of archaeological origin, where several half-lives of $$^{210}$$ 210 Pb have gone by. We present results of a cryogenic measurement of a 15 g PbWO $$_4$$ 4 crystal, grown with archaeological Pb (older than $$\sim$$ ∼ 2000 yrs) that achieved a sub-keV nuclear recoil detection threshold. A ton-scale experiment employing such material, with a detection threshold for nuclear recoils of just 1 keV would probe the entire Milky Way for SuperNovae, with equal sensitivity for all neutrino flavors, allowing the study of the core of such exceptional events. | Operation of an Archaeological Lead PbWO
$$_4$$
4
Crystal to Search for Neutrinos from Astrophysical Sources with a Transition Edge Sensor | 10.1007/s10909-022-02823-8 |
2022-12-01 | CUORE Upgrade with Particle IDentification (CUPID) is a foreseen ton-scale array of Li_2MoO_4 (LMO) cryogenic calorimeters with double readout of heat and light signals. Its scientific goal is to fully explore the inverted hierarchy of neutrino masses in the search for neutrinoless double beta decay of ^100Mo. Pile-up of standard double beta decay of the candidate isotope is a relevant background. We generate pile-up heat events via injection of Joule heater pulses with a programmable waveform generator in a small array of LMO crystals operated underground in the Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso, Italy. This allows to label pile-up pulses and control both time difference and underlying amplitudes of individual heat pulses in the data. We present the performance of supervised learning classifiers on data and the attained pile-up rejection efficiency. | Machine Learning Techniques for Pile-Up Rejection in Cryogenic Calorimeters | 10.1007/s10909-022-02741-9 |
2022-12-01 | Abstract Metastable β titanium alloys were used in the aviation field in the first years of their discovery because of their high strength versus low density, providing fuel savings. However, studies conducted in recent years show that the usage areas of metastable alloys will increase owing to their unique properties, such as high heat treatment efficiency. In this study, corrosion resistance of Ti–15V–3Al–3Sn–3Cr alloy was investigated by applying single-step, duplex aging, and cryogenic treatment to the alloy separately or consecutively. The alloy was heated with an ultra-low heating rate of 0.2°C/min to aging treatment temperature to allow the formation of metastable phases. The cryogenic treatment was applied at –196°C for 24 hours, the single-step aging was conducted at 500°C for 6 hours, and the duplex aging treatments were applied for 24 hours at 250°C followed by 6 hours at 500°C. The corrosion behavior of samples treated at different temperatures was also investigated by Tafel extrapolation and linear polarization methods in 0.9% NaCl solutions at 37°C and 3.5% NaCl solutions at 25°C. The thinnest α phases (width and length 40 ± 7 nm by 170 ± 15 nm, respectively) and the highest microhardness (as 446 HV) were measured in the cryo treated plus duplex aged sample. While the corrosion resistance of the solution-treated Ti–15V–3Al–3Sn–3Cr alloy was highest in both environments, the corrosion resistance decreased with the applied heat treatments. | Effect of Aging Applied with the Ultra-Low Heating Rate after CRYO Treatment on the Corrosion Resistance of Metastable β Titanium Alloy’s | 10.1134/S0031918X22100052 |
2022-12-01 | Cryogenic 3D printing (Cryo-3DP) technique is used to realize the frozen 3D objects by layered deposition of the liquids inside an insulated chamber. The operating temperature of the process ranges from − 20 to − 25 °C. Cryo-3DP demands high cooling rates initially to reach the process temperature followed by lower cooling rates to sustain it. Multimodal freezing system proposed in this study uses more than one cooling mode that helps in achieving the variable cooling rates. The present system uses two modes of cooling, viz., vapor compression refrigeration (VCR) and CO_2 injection. A detailed design of the multimodal freezing system is carried out for the chamber size of 200 mm × 200 mm × 195 mm. The performance of the system is analysed numerically. The results were experimentally validated using the prototype of the multimodal system developed as a part of the present study. The results show that the multimodal system reduces the initial cooling time substantially by providing a high cooling rate that rapidly cools the chamber to initiate the cryo-3DP. VCR system provides a low but sustained cooling rate that maintains the desired temperature. The present study proves the significance of multimodality in cooling system that is fit to deploy in a commercial cryogenic 3D printer. | Multimodal freezing system for cryogenic 3D printing | 10.1007/s40964-022-00310-w |
2022-12-01 | Coherent neutrino-nucleus scattering is a promising new tool in the toolbox of electroweak precision measurements at low q -transfer. It will enable precise measurements of standard model (SM) physics like the running of the Weinberg angle but also the search for new physics beyond the SM like sterile neutrinos. The Nucleus experiment aims at the first detection of fully coherent neutrino-nucleus scattering at the Chooz power plant in France, using its two 4GW_th reactor cores as high-intensity source for anti-neutrinos. For this endeavour a new experimental site, the Very Near Site (VNS), with a shallow rock overburden of $$\approx {3}$$ ≈ 3 m w.e. is under development. To be competitive in this challenging environment, Nucleus developed the novel concept of fiducialised cryogenic bolometers based on CaWO $$_4$$ 4 monocrystals operated at $$\mathscr {O}$$ O (10 mK). The signature of a coherent neutrino-nucleus scattering is a nuclear recoil at the 10 eV-scale. Currently, Nucleus is preparing its first phase with 10 g of target mass at the VNS. In this contribution, we will first introduce Nucleus , report its current state and give an outlook to its future. | Nucleus: Searching for Coherent Neutrino Nucleus Scattering at Lowest Energies | 10.1007/s10909-022-02862-1 |
2022-12-01 | 36CrB4 boron steel can be alternative steel of 42CrMo4 according to researchers in terms of material cost. As this kind of steel has superior toughness, good ductility, and good wear resistance, it can be used in lots of industrial applications. Cryogenic treatment is defined as permanent treatment affecting the entire cross section of the materials. Several investigations have been made for investigating the effect of cryogenic treatment on the different kinds of steel. Until recently, there are few studies about the application of the cryogenic treatment on boron steels in the literature. This study investigates the effect of cryogenic treatment which provides an improvement in wear properties on 36CrB4 alloy. The cryogenic-treated 36CrB4 alloy is characterized by wear, friction, and microstructure properties. The optimum cryogenic process parameters for 36CrB4 alloy are determined. The wear resistance of all cryogenically treated specimens was improved in comparison with untreated ones. According to the obtained results from abrasive and adhesive wear tests, the highest wear resistance is obtained for specimen deep cryogenically treated at – 196 °C for 36 h after the traditional heat treatment and then tempered at 250 °C. | Investigation of the Effects of Cryogenic Treatment on the Friction and Wear Properties of 36CrB4 Boron Steel | 10.1007/s13369-022-06913-3 |
2022-12-01 | Abstract The isotopic composition of vegetation and organic matter of permafrost burozems in the south of the Vitim Plateau is analyzed. The soil profile is characterized by a pronounced uneven carbon distribution. Carbon reserves are mainly concentrated in the humus-accumulative horizon and sharply decrease down the soil profile. Vegetation on burozems is assigned to the C-3 type of photosynthesis. The aboveground parts of legumes, forbs, and semishrubs are somewhat depleted of the ^13C isotope as compared to the underground organs. The ^13C content in branches, needles, and leaves of trees differs slightly. The isotope composition of carbon in the upper horizons of soils depends on the type of phytocenosis and its values are close to δ^13C in dominant plants. Fractions of carbon isotope are clearly differentiated with the depth in the soil profile. The isotope composition of carbon of humic acids from the humus-accumulative horizon and from soils of cryogenic cracks slightly differs. The composition of stable carbon isotopes of humic acids in the soil profile remains approximately the same. These data testify to the similarity of the formation processes of humic acids in the upper soil layers and in humus pockets. | Isotope Composition of Carbon of Plants and Organic Matter in Burozems of the Southern Vitim Plateau | 10.3103/S0147687422040135 |
2022-12-01 | The last thirty years of cosmochemistry and planetary science have shown that one major Solar System reservoir is vastly undersampled in the available suite of extra-terrestrial materials, namely small bodies that formed in the outer Solar System (>10 AU). Because various dynamical evolutionary processes have modified their initial orbits (e.g., giant planet migration, resonances), these objects can be found today across the entire Solar System as P/D near-Earth and main-belt asteroids, Jupiter and Neptune Trojans, comets, Centaurs, and small (diameter < 200 km) trans-Neptunian objects. This reservoir is of tremendous interest, as it is recognized as the least processed since the dawn of the Solar System and thus the closest to the starting materials from which the Solar System formed. Some of the next major breakthroughs in planetary science will come from studying outer Solar System samples (volatiles and refractory constituents) in the laboratory. Yet, this can only be achieved by an L-class mission that directly collects and returns to Earth materials from this reservoir. It is thus not surprising that two White Papers advocating a sample return mission of a primitive Solar System small body (ideally a comet) were submitted to ESA in response to its Voyage 2050 call for ideas for future L-class missions in the 2035-2050 time frame. One of these two White Papers is presented in this article. | Sample return of primitive matter from the outer Solar System | 10.1007/s10686-021-09811-y |
2022-12-01 | Multi-step aging treatments were applied to the Ti-15V-3Al-3Sn-3Cr metastable β alloy, with and without cryogenic treatment, and a single-step aged sample was used as a control sample. Microstructural observations and wear tests were applied to heat-treated samples. Compared to the single-step aged sample, the average length and width of the α plates decreased by 76 and 56%, respectively, in the triplex aged sample after cryogenic treatment. The friction coefficient and mass loss decreased with the duplex aged sample’s increase in hardness. Although, the increase in hardness to higher levels in triplex aged samples increased friction coefficient and mass loss by about 33 and 62% due to the ductility loss. However, implementation of the cryogenic treatment decreased the friction coefficient and mass loss due to the cause of ductility increasing even after the triplex aging treatment. The lowest coefficient of friction obtained in the duplex aged sample after cryo-treatment was 0.08 μ, and the highest in the triplex aged sample was 0.16 μ. | Influence of Cryogenic Treatment Combined with Multi-Step Aging on Wear Behavior of Ti-15V-3Al-3Sn-3Cr Metastable Βeta Titanium Alloy | 10.1007/s12666-022-02703-5 |
2022-12-01 | Abstract Currently, within the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), the coordination research project “Pathways to Energy from Inertial Fusion: Materials Research and Technology Development” has been started [1]. The Lebedev Physical Institute takes part in this project under contract no. 24154. The aim of the research is to develop technologies for mass production of cryogenic fuel targets of shock ignition having a low initial aspect ratio. These targets are assumed to be more hydrodynamically stable during the implosion [2, 3]. A key aspect of the research is the creation of methods and technologies that are functional in a high-repetition mode [1]. For this purpose, the Lebedev Physical Institute proposes to use a unique free-standing target (FST) method [4, 5], which works with free-standing and line-moving targets. This makes it possible to economically produce a required number of cryogenic targets and inject them at the required rate into the focus of a powerful laser facility or an inertial confinement fusion reactor. The preparatory stage before the formation of any targets is their filling with a fuel, which is deuterium (D_2) or deuterium–tritium mixture (D–T). In world practice, it is customary to carry out the filling stage either by diffusion of gaseous fuel through the target shell wall or by injecting liquid fuel through a thin capillary (several tens of microns) built into the shell wall. This work, for the first time, presents the results of modeling the project targets filling up to pressures of 1250 atm at 300 K for various materials of the target shell. The issues of implementation of an optimal filling procedure on the basis of a ramp filling regime with a constant pressure are discussed. It is based on a ramp filling regime with a constant pressure gradient, which allows one to avoid mechanical destruction of the targets during the entire filling cycle. | Cryogenic Targets of Shock Ignition: Modeling of Diffusive Filling with a Hydrogen Fuel | 10.1134/S1063778822130026 |
2022-12-01 | Electroplated bismuth (Bi) is commonly used in transition-edge sensors (TESs) for X-rays because of its high stopping power and low heat capacity (Collan in Phys Rev B 1:2888, 1970, Yan in Appl Phys Lett 111:192602, 2017). Electroplated Bi is usually grown on top of another metal that acts as seed layer, typically gold (Au), making it challenging to extrapolate its thermoelectric properties. In this work, we present four-wire resistance measurement structures that allow us to measure resistance as a function of temperature of electroplated Bi independently of Au. The results show that the thermal conductivity of the Bi at 3 K is high enough to ensure the correct thermalization of X-ray photons when used as an absorber for TESs. | Devices for Thermal Conductivity Measurements of Electroplated Bi for X-ray TES Absorbers | 10.1007/s10909-022-02876-9 |
2022-11-29 | The compositions of soils and their parent materials were studied within one of the most northern land areas of the world — the island of Alexandra Land of the Franz Josef Land archipelago. Contents of 65 trace and major elements were determined using atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES) and inductively coupled plasma spectrometry (ICP-MS). Other analyzed characteristics included soil pH, particle-size distribution and contents of carbon and nitrogen. The bedrock had an alkaline pH, whereas the soil pH ranged from weakly acid to alkaline. The textural class of the soils predominantly corresponded to sandy loam. The contents of clay and silt increased with depth due to the migration of these fractions with groundwater. The studied soils were formed on basalts with high contents of MgO, Fe_2O_3, TiO_2, Cu, Co, V, Ni, Cr, Zn, and low contents of Pb and Hg. The present study confirms that the FJL basalts are similar to the Siberian Platform basalts in composition and belong to the continental basalt series. The composition of soils was generally similar to that of the bedrock. Compared to other Arctic archipelagos (i.e., Svalbard, Severnaya Zemlya), the soils of Alexandra Land are characterized by increased contents of Cu, Mn, Co, and Fe and reduced contents of Hg, Pb, and Cd. The median concentrations (mg kg^−1) of trace elements in the soils were as follows: Cu—142, Zn—100, Ni—72, Pb—2.4, Cd—0.1, and Hg—0.0052. The low contents of Hg, Pb, and Cd in the soils are indicative of low inputs of these elements from both long-range transport and local sources of pollutants. | A baseline survey of the geochemical characteristics of the Arctic soils of Alexandra Land within the Franz Josef Land archipelago (Russia) | 10.1007/s12665-022-10658-5 |
2022-11-21 | A cryogenic deep drawing process was proposed for complex curved surface part forming with aluminum alloy friction stir welded (FSW) blanks. The experimental forming limit curves (FLCs) of AA2219 alloy FSW blanks were obtained using the Nakajima tests at -196 °C. The theoretical FLC of base metal (BM) and weld zone for the FSW blank were calculated by M-K theory, respectively. The limited drawing ratio (LDR) was tested by the deep drawing of the hemispherical bottom cylindrical parts, and the splitting behavior of the drawn-part at ultra-low temperature was accurately predicted using the numerical simulations combined with theoretical FLCs. It was found that the forming limits and LDR of the FSW blanks were improved at -196 °C, and the FLD_0 and LDR reached to 0.27 and 1.90, respectively. The improved cryogenic deep drawability was attributed to hyper hardening and high plasticity of the FSW blanks, which help to transfer deformation and prevent localized deformation from splitting in weak deformation zone. Finally, three effective methods were further proposed to improve cryogenic formability of FSW blanks. The increased blank holder force can ensure the suppressed co-existence of wrinkling and splitting due to increased resistance to localized deformation ability during cryogenic deep drawing. The strain distribution between the weld and BM zone of the deep drawn parts was more uniform by isothermal condition. Furthermore, the cryogenic formability can be further improved for the FSW blank with an offset weld. | Prediction for cryogenic formability of AA2219 alloy cylindrical parts with friction stir weld | 10.1007/s12289-022-01724-1 |
2022-11-01 | Experimental data are presented for the charge collection efficiency for near-electrode interactions in cryogenic germanium detectors, and analyzed in terms of a model involving a phonon wind-driven expansion of the electron-hole cloud generated at the site of energy deposition. Computer simulations reproduce to an excellent accuracy the collection depth profiles as obtained by experiment and their dependence on the collection field and the nature of the electrode. Electrode-dependent effects in particular are explained by differences in the phonon reflection properties at the interface of the Ge crystal and the electrode. | Phonon Wind Effects on Charge Collection in Cryogenic Ge Detectors for Rare Event Searches at Low Energies | 10.1007/s10909-022-02817-6 |
2022-11-01 | Transition Edge Sensors (TESs) have found widespread application in fundamental studies due to their low background rate, high efficiency, and excellent energy resolution. This makes them suitable candidates for ALPS II, which investigates the existence of new particles (axions and axion-like-particles) which couple very weakly to photons. ALPS II anticipates an extremely low signal rate $$<10^{-5}$$ < 10 - 5 cps (amounting to $$\sim $$ ∼ 1–2 photons a day). The detection of these low energy ( $$\sim $$ ∼ 1 eV, 1064 nm) photons with a high energy resolution is necessary for ALPS II. We show that with our TES setup, we can analyze the TES pulses with different methods such as pulse fitting and Principal Component Analysis (PCA). These achieve (using the standard deviation) an energy resolution ( $$\Delta E/E$$ Δ E / E ) down to $$\sim 8\%$$ ∼ 8 % . The pulse analysis, with a chosen fitting approach, assists also in achieving a very low dark count rate $$\mathcal {O}\left( 10^{-6} \right) $$ O 10 - 6 cps for 1064 nm photon signal searches in the TES. | Characterising a Single-Photon Detector for ALPS II | 10.1007/s10909-022-02720-0 |
2022-11-01 | Carbon fiber-reinforced plastics (CFRP) are widely used in the aerospace and automobile industries because of their ultralight weight, high strength, excellent corrosion resistance, and anti-fatigue properties. However, the machining of CFRP is still challenging due to its super hardness and sensitivity to heat. Cryogenic milling is a kind of sustainable manufacturing process which is considered to have great potential for processing CFRP. This work is devoted to analyzing the tool wear and surface quality under dry and cryogenic conditions based on liquid nitrogen (LN_2) and also provides a reference for selecting parameters of CFRP processing in industries. A series of tests were conducted under various cutting speeds, feed per tooth, and LN_2 jet temperatures. In order to reveal the changing laws of tool wear and surface quality, flank wear bandwidth (VB), surface roughness (Sa) and burr factor ( F _ b ) were carried out. The experimental findings have shown that tool wear is suppressed at high cutting speed and feed rate. In addition, surface quality is significantly improved at an appropriate temperature, and burr damage was also effectively suppressed with the temperature dropping, while tool wear is severer at − 196 ℃ than in dry conditions. | Tool wear and surface quality during milling CFRP laminates under dry and LN_2-based cryogenic conditions | 10.1007/s00170-022-10234-y |
2022-11-01 | Cost-effective new environmental catalysts play a crucial role in purifying NO_x from exhaust gas of coal mine diesel vehicle. A new, environmentally friendly catalyst with high catalytic activity and good redox properties was prepared by a microwave-assisted sol–gel method using TiO_2 nanoparticles as a catalyst, which were doped with La and Cr, and adding the surfactant dimethyldiallylammonium chloride (DMDAAC) as an organic modifier. The morphological characteristics, crystalline structure, functional groups, and elemental types of the catalyst were characterized, and the properties of the catalyst, such as redox ability and catalytic activity, were examined with H_2-temperature-programmed reduction experiments and activity tests. The results showed that the addition of surfactant suppressed the growth of particle size, increased the specific surface area, and improved the redox ability and catalytic activity of the catalyst. I hope to reduce the pollution of NO_x to environment and achieve efficient cleaner production. Graphical abstract | Green surfactant-modified TiO_2 nanoparticles doped with La-Cr bimetal for NO_x removal | 10.1007/s11356-022-20992-7 |
2022-11-01 | The R icochet reactor neutrino observatory is planned to be installed at the Laue Langevin Institute starting mid-2022. Its scientific goal is to perform a low-energy and high precision measurement of the coherent elastic neutrino-nucleus scattering spectrum in order to explore exotic physics scenarios. R icochet will host two cryogenic detector arrays: the CryoCube (Ge target) and the Q- array (Zn target), operated at 10 mK. The 1 kg Ge CryoCube will consist of 27 Ge crystals instrumented with NTD-Ge thermal sensors and charge collection electrodes for a simultaneous heat and ionization readout to reject the electromagnetic backgrounds (gamma, beta, x-rays). We present the status of its front-end electronics. The first stage of amplification is made of High Electron Mobility Transistors developed by CNRS/C2N laboratory, optimized to achieve ultra-low noise performance at 1 K with a dissipation as low as 15 $$\upmu $$ μ W per channel. Our noise model predicts that 10 eV heat and 20 eV $$_{\mathrm{ee}}$$ ee RMS baseline resolutions are feasible with a high dynamic range for the deposited energy (up to 10 MeV) thanks to loop amplification schemes. Such resolutions are mandatory to have a high discrimination power between nuclear and electron recoils at the lowest energies. | HEMT-Based 1 K Front-End Electronics for the Heat and Ionization Ge CryoCube of the Future Ricochet CE
$$\nu $$
ν
NS Experiment | 10.1007/s10909-022-02896-5 |
2022-11-01 | A Gilbert-cell mixer is designed for operation in cryogenic conditions ( $$-196~^\circ$$ - 196 ∘ C) using UMC 180 nm CMOS technology. The operating frequency is determined as 5 GHz. The proposed mixer achieves an IIP3 of 12.8 dBm, a 1-dB compression of 2.19 dBm, and a conversion gain of around 4 dB at $$-196~^\circ$$ - 196 ∘ C. The design performance has been compared with the outcomes acquired at room temperature. It is verified that cryogenic conditions enable higher linearity and lower noise figure that elevates the mixer design performance. | High-linearity Gilbert-cell mixer design for cryogenic applications | 10.1007/s10470-022-02098-9 |
2022-11-01 | In nowadays, improve energy efficiency in the metal cutting industry is one of the main challenges. The selection of machining parameters and cooling/lubrication conditions is an important issue to assure better energy efficiency in the milling process. The present study explores the influence of three cutting parameters, namely, cooling/lubrication conditions, cutting speed and feed rate, on the energy consumption at ball-end end milling of Ti6-Al4-V. The main goal of this study is to increase the energy efficiency of the ball-end end milling process. To achieve this goal, techniques such as optimization and prediction of energy efficiency were used. The energy efficiency of the cutting process is defined through the specific energy consumption (SEC). In order to measure the total cutting power required to calculate the SEC, experiments were carried out in MQL and cryogenic conditions according to Taguchi’s L_36 orthogonal array. Also, the Taguchi method was used to optimize the energy efficiency of this cutting process. The signal-to-noise ratio was applied to find the optimal levels of the cutting parameters to get the lowest value of SEC. Analysis of variance was employed to estimate the significance of control factors affecting SEC and to determine the experimental error. Finally, polynomial regression was utilized to formulate a mathematical model of the specific energy consumption. | Optimization and Prediction of Specific Energy Consumption in Ball-End Milling of Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Under MQL and Cryogenic Cooling/Lubrication Conditions | 10.1007/s40684-021-00413-9 |
2022-11-01 | Design, development, and testing of LPRE (Liquid Propellant Rocket Engine) are difficult and expensive tasks. Prior to full-scale design, it is indispensable to optimize important parameters at sub-scale. Propellants flow rates are low for a sub-scale or laboratory scale combustion chambers. It is hard to satisfy chamber cooling and chill feed lines quickly with low flow rates of propellants. This paper proposes a detailed procedure for testing of a laboratory scale semi-cryogenic combustion chamber. Many tests were conducted with a small scale adjustable length combustion chamber. The injection head of the chamber was interchangeable. Liquid-liquid pressure swirl injector and like impinging injectors were used with two different injection heads. Liquid oxygen and kerosene were used as oxidizer and fuel, respectively. Oxidizer to fuel mixing ratio was 0.29–0.45 and the total propellant mass flow rate was 0.06–0.1 kg/s. Problems were faced during testing, including, explosion in the combustion chamber, fuel injector blockage, unstable combustion, incomplete chilling and blockage of cooling water channel, etc. A detailed procedure is designed on the basis of the lessons learned which was experimentally proved. | Testing Procedure for Laboratory Scale Semi Cryogenic Combustion Chamber of LPRE with Problems Faced and Lessons Learned | 10.1007/s11630-022-1617-6 |
2022-11-01 | In this study, the role of non-metallic inclusions on the microstructure and cryogenic toughness in the novel high-Mn steel weld metals was investigated. The cryogenic impact testing at − 196 ℃ indicated that the absorbed energy of three weld metals (WM-1, 2, 3) was 20 ± 2 J, 32 ± 2 J, and 52 ± 6 J, respectively. In the three weld metals, the non-metallic inclusions were found to be spherical and were mainly demonstrated as TiO_2, Mn_2SiO_4, and MnAl_2O_4, respectively. The finer and dispersed MnAl_2O_4 in WM-3 weld metal has a lower lattice mismatch with γ-Fe–Mn (austenite in the Fe–Mn alloy) than the other two weld metals. Thus, they can refine the dendritic structure and crystallographic grain more effectively through heterogeneous nucleation. The inclusions were observed to locate inside of the dimples and the large-size inclusions in the large and shallow dimples of cryogenic impact fracture. The finer, small quantity and volume fraction of inclusions in WM-3 weld metal are suggested to make crack propagation more difficult during the cryogenic impact fracture process, which form large, uniform, and deep dimples during cryogenic impacting. Therefore, the relatively good cryogenic impact toughness was obtained in WM-3 weld metal. These findings suggest that the control of inclusions can be an effective way to improve the impact toughness of the weld metal. | The effect of non-metallic inclusions in refining microstructure and improving cryogenic toughness of novel high-Mn steel weld metals for LNG tanks | 10.1007/s40194-022-01365-7 |
2022-11-01 | Cryogenic air separation has efficaciously been implemented to provision oxygen, nitrogen, argon, neon, and other valuable products for a wide range of applications. Herein, the present study investigates neon and argon recovery from a novel four-column air separation unit. The system is appraised through thermodynamic and sensitivity analyses. The system produces a crude neon product with a small fraction (approximately 0.08), as well as argon and oxygen with a purity of 0.93 and 0.995, respectively. The energy analysis indicated an overall specific energy consumption of 0.057 kWh/kg. The exergy analysis revealed that the air coolers had the highest exergy destruction at a share of 59%, while the columns had the least at 4%. Also, the pumps, expanders, and valves, respectively, had the highest exergy efficiencies. The sensitivity analysis signposted that the temperature and pressure of the inlet to the low-pressure column in tandem with the reflux ratio of argon and neon column have the highest influence on system performance. Feeding on 100 kg/s of air, the system produces 82.87 kg/s of nitrogen, 16.81 kg/s of oxygen, 0.018 kg/s of neon, and 0.302 kg/s of argon. | Proposal and energy/exergy analysis of a novel cryogenic air separation configuration for the production of neon and argon | 10.1007/s11696-022-02396-6 |
2022-11-01 | The aim of the SELENDIS project within the EDELWEISS collaboration is to observe single e $$^-$$ - h $$^+$$ + pairs in lightweight (3.3 g) cryogenic germanium bolometers with charge and phonon readout at biases up to $$\sim 100$$ ∼ 100 V. These devices are ideal to characterize in detail the mechanism of charge creation and collection in cryogenic germanium detectors. Electron–hole pairs are produced in the bulk of the detector either by the injection of pulsed IR laser or by neutron activation of germanium inducing the K , L and M lines from $$^{71}$$ 71 Ge electron capture decays. Low-energy laser pulses are also used to probe the single e $$^-$$ - h $$^+$$ + pair sensitivity of Ge bolometers. Preliminary results are used to compare these two modes of charge creation, an important step toward a detailed characterization of Ge bolometers for their use in sub-MeV dark matter searches. | Phonon and Charge Signals from IR and X Excitation in the SELENDIS Ge Cryogenic Detector | 10.1007/s10909-022-02826-5 |
2022-11-01 | Despite the recent developments in non-conventional manufacturing approaches, machining is still a prominent technique for the mass production of metallic components. However, given the difficult-to-machine nature and high heat generation during machining of Hastelloy-X, there is a lack of comparative investigations that can provide basics for sustainable process management in machining of Hastelloy-X. Different sustainable cooling approaches (dry, minimum quantity lubrication (MQL), cryogenic) and their impact on Hastelloy-X machining process behavior have been investigated in this study. Machining parameters such as constant cutting speed of 124 mm/min, feed rate of 0.15 mm/min, and cutting depth of 0.1 mm and cutting force, cutting temperature, and surface roughness were consider as output responses. It was observed that with the adaptation of cryogenic conditions, cutting forces can be reduced 5 to 14% in comparison with MQL and dry conditions. Cutting temperature and surface roughness values were however observed to be largely reduced with cryogenic cooling. The chipping and adhesion were found to be reduced with cryogenic cooling due to the reduction in workpiece softening behavior and increase in hardness to cutting tool. | Understanding the machining induced tribological mechanism of Hastelloy-X under sustainable cooling/lubrication conditions | 10.1007/s00170-022-10243-x |
2022-10-25 | The time-dependence of ON and OFF switching states in Pt/NiO $$_{x}$$ x /Pt crossbar devices was measured between 300 K and 180 K. We find that the OFF-state resistance increases with time and this positive relaxation rate is reduced upon cooling, whereas the resistance decreases with time for the device in the ON state, and such negative relaxation rate increases with cooling and below 260 K, it becomes temperature independent. Furthermore, devices with a larger OFF/ON ratio and negligibly small relaxation rates at low temperatures may present great benefits for cryogenic memory applications. In this work, we discuss the mechanism behind these thermally and bias activated changes. | Temperature-dependent time relaxation of ON and OFF states in NiO
$$_{x}$$
x
-based crossbar memory arrays | 10.1007/s00339-022-06120-9 |
2022-10-01 | Abstract In this paper, we consider the concept of a test bench for a cryogenic moderator based on solid mesitylene for a compact neutron source. Process diagrams are provided, and the principle of operation, as well as a control and monitoring program for the main systems of the cryogenic-moderator test bench, are described. The main parameters to be determined on the test bench after the experiments upon cooling to 20 K are described in detail. | Concept of a Test Bench for the Cryogenic Moderator of a Compact Neutron Source | 10.1134/S1027451022050275 |
2022-10-01 | Invariably all Additive Manufacturing (AM) processes occur in a narrowly controlled range of temperature and/or pressure. All established AM processes for metals and non-metals occur at ambient or higher temperatures. However, in recent years, AM processes are being developed for unique materials such as bio gels, medicines, colloids, aqueous solutions, etc., with lower working temperatures, sometimes even below 0 °C. Authors use the term Sub-Zero Additive Manufacturing (SZ-AM) for all such processes. The present review article gathers the work related to SZ-AM reported in recent years. This review article provides a bird-eye view of a wide range of applications and technical details of SZ-AM in numerous fields such as manufacturing, medicine, architecture, etc. The review helps to understand the challenges and the future scope of developing commercial SZ-AM machines. The case studies help determine the feasibility of using the SZ-AM process for unique materials for potential applications. | Sub-zero additive manufacturing: a review of peculiarities and applications of additive manufacturing at temperatures below 0 °C | 10.1007/s40964-022-00273-y |
2022-10-01 | This paper concerns the coupling effect of strain rate and temperature on the damage mechanical properties of the long-glass-fiber-reinforced polypropylene (GF50-PP) composite produced by the thermocompression process. Composite plates of GF50-PP have been employed to study the effect of glass fiber distribution on the mechanical properties of the composites. To achieve this objective the tensile tests have been performed at strain rate range from quasi-static to 100 s^−1 at two loading temperatures of 20 °C and -70 °C, while measuring the local deformation through a contactless technique using a high-speed camera. High strain rate tensile tests findings showed that GF50-PP behavior is strongly strain-rate dependent. For instance, the stress damage threshold for three fiber orientations of 0°, 45°, and 90° to the Mold Flow Direction (MFD) was increased, when the strain rate varies from quasi-static (0.001 s^−1) to 100 s^−1 at two loading temperatures of 20 °C and -70 °C. The experimental methodology was coupled to microscopic observations using SEM to study the damage mechanisms of GF50-PP. The analysis confirms that there are three damage mechanisms: fiber-matrix interface debonding, matrix breakage, and pseudo-delamination between neighboring bundles of fibers. | Mechanical Properties and Damage Behavior of Polypropylene Composite (GF50-PP) Plate Fabricated by Thermocompression Process Under High Strain Rate Loading at Room and Cryogenic Temperatures | 10.1007/s10443-022-10047-y |
2022-10-01 | CO_2 in natural gas (NG) is prone to condense directly from gas to solid or solidify from liquid to solid at low temperatures due to its high triple point and boiling temperature, which can cause a block of equipment. Meanwhile, CO_2 will also affect the calorific value of NG. Based on the above reasons, CO_2 must be removed during the NG liquefaction process. Compared with conventional methods, cryogenic technologies for CO_2 removal from NG have attracted wide attention due to their non-polluting and low-cost advantages. Its integration with NG liquefaction can make rational use of the cold energy and realize the purification of NG and the production of by-product liquid CO_2. In this paper, the phase behavior of the CH_4-CO_2 binary mixture is summarized, which provides a basis for the process design of cryogenic CO_2 removal from NG. Then, the detailed techniques of design and optimization for cryogenic CO_2 removal in recent years are summarized, including the gas-liquid phase change technique and the gas-solid phase change technique. Finally, several improvements for further development of the cryogenic CO_2 removal process are proposed. The removal process in combination with the phase change and the traditional techniques with renewable energy will be the broad prospect for future development. | Review on cryogenic technologies for CO_2 removal from natural gas | 10.1007/s11708-022-0821-0 |
2022-10-01 | Abstract Known data on computations of heat transfer and hydraulic resistance of various heat-exchange surfaces in recuperative heat exchangers were analyzed. A method for optimization of a recuperative heat exchanger in terms of its weight and the power consumed by the cryogenic system was developed and proposed. | The Method for Optimization of a Countercurrent Recuperative Heat Exchanger for a Cryogenic System Used in Superconducting Transport Power Plants | 10.3103/S1068799822040195 |
2022-10-01 | The thin-walled titanium alloy parts have the poor structural stiffness, and the surface deformation error can hardly be improved under heavy processing load, so that has poor machinability for this kind of materials. Based on the comprehensive investigation, liquid nitrogen (LN_2) cooling can change obviously the mechanical properties of alloy materials and reduce greatly the cutting heat, and it has been widely used in difficult-to-process materials. In this paper, the deflection and angle models of cutting deformation of titanium alloy thin-walled parts were established. A series of machining experiments were conducted using LN_2 and traditional flood cooling strategies, and the influence of milling temperature on machining deformation was analyzed. The results show that the deflection and angle of machining deformation are mainly related to milling force and elastic modulus. When the cooling temperature is reached −130 ℃, there are few burrs on the machined surface. The brittle chip fracture is realized for cutting thin-walled parts, the milling force is increased, and the machining error is decreased clearly. Meanwhile, the location of the occurred deflection and angle has risen significantly near 10 mm, and the machining deformation is reduced obviously compared to the flood cooling. In cryogenic cooling, the increase of cutting stiffness, the change of chip breaking form, and the reduction of deflection are the main reasons for the improvement of thin-walled milling deformation defects. Furthermore, the cryogenic cooling strategy can effectively improve the deformation problem and obtain better machinability for the thin-walled titanium alloy parts. | Effect of cryogenic cooling on deformation of milled thin-walled titanium alloy parts | 10.1007/s00170-022-10137-y |
2022-10-01 | Cryogenic electron microscopy (cryo-EM) has extensively boosted structural biology research since the “resolution revolution” in the year of 2013 which was soon awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 2017. The advances in camera techniques and software algorithms enabled cryo-EM to routinely characterize the three-dimensional structures of biomolecules at near-atomic resolution. Biomolecules are basically sensitive to electron irradiation damage, which can be minimized at cryo-temperature. This principle has inspired material scientists to characterize electron beam- or air-sensitive materials by cryo-EM, such as the electrodes in the lithium-ion battery, metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), covalent-organic frameworks (COFs) and zeolites. In addition, the reaction systems can be fast-frozen at vitreous ice in cryo-EM, which correspondingly preserves the materials at the close-to-native state. Herein, we summarized the development and applications of both the cryo-EM technique and other emerging cryo-techniques in materials science, and energy storage and conversion. Cryo-EM techniques, capable of the direct observation of sensitive materials and electrochemical reaction processes, will greatly renew our understanding of materials science and related mechanisms. 自2013年“分辨率革命”以来, 冷冻电子显微镜(cryo-EM)广泛推动了结构生物学研究的发展, 并很快在2017年荣获诺贝尔化学奖. 相机技术和软件算法的进步使cryo-EM得以实现对生物分子三维结构的近原子分辨率表征. 生物分子通常对电子辐照损伤较为敏感, 而低温可以将辐照损伤最小化. 这一原理启发了材料科学家利用cryo-EM表征电子束或空气敏感型材料, 例如锂离子电池中的电极、金属有机框架(MOFs)、共价有机框架(COFs)和沸石. 此外, 在cryo-EM中, 反应体系可在玻璃冰状态快速冻结, 从而保存材料的近初始状态. 在此, 我们回顾了cryo-EM和其他新兴冷冻技术的发展及其在材料科学、能源存储与转换等领域的应用. Cryo-EM技术能够直观地观察敏感材料和电催化反应过程, 将极大地革新学界对材料科学及其相关机制的理解. | Cryo-EM for nanomaterials: Progress and perspective | 10.1007/s40843-022-2120-8 |
2022-10-01 | In this study, we developed a cryogenic thermoluminescence (TL) measurement system and evaluated its performance. A graphical user interface-based data acquisition software is programmed to control the whole system, which includes the thermostat, photomultiplier tube, and counter. To test the measurement system, we use Na_2W_2O_7 (NWO) crystal. The NWO crystal was grown with a conventional Czochralski system. At room temperature (300 K), a broadband emission spectra of the crystal was obtained in the range of 340–790 nm under the excitation of a 280 nm light emitting diode (LED) source. The glow curves of NWO crystals were measured from 9 to 300 K with the cryogenic TL measurement system developed in this study. Six glow peaks at 23, 35, 110, 143, 178, and 231 K were observed from 9 to 300 K. The measured glow curves were analyzed by computerized glow curve deconvolution technique. The activation energy, order of kinetics, frequency factor, and figure of merit (FOM) for each peak were obtained. The calculated FOMs for all glow peaks were found to be less than 4%, which confirmed that the developed cryogenic TL measurement system works well. | Development of cryogenic thermoluminescence measurement system and performance test on Na_2W_2O_7 single crystal | 10.1007/s40042-022-00583-y |
2022-09-01 | The current stimulation practice of hydraulic fracturing relies on injection of water-based fluids; however, water can cause significant formation damage, therefore, alternative fracturing methods are an option. The concept of thermal stimulation rests on the idea that a very cold liquid can induce fracture when brought into contact with warmer rock under reservoir conditions. The mechanism for fracture creation consists of a severe thermal shock that imparts to the rock when its volume near the interface rapidly contracts, as the rock loses its heat. In this study, simple laboratory testing was performed to investigate the effectiveness of thermal stresses on the strength of dry and brine saturated rock samples representing two local formations namely Khuff limestone and Biyadh sandstone. Unconfined compressive strength (UCS) of dry rocks were determined and Khuff limestone showed 37% higher UCS value than Biyadh sandstone samples investigated and all appeared to fail along a vertical shear plane with load application. Brine saturated samples of both rock types suffered of water softening effect inducing UCS reduction of 51% and 42.3% for both limestone and sandstone samples, respectively. When dry and brine saturated rock samples of the two types were exposed to thermal stresses induced by exposure to liquid Nitrogen (LN_2), both experienced strong thermal gradients reducing rock strength proving the effectiveness of the process. Dry samples experienced axial splitting type fractures upon loading with UCS reduction of 37% and 64% for limestone and sandstone, respectively. Brine saturated samples suffered imminent failure and no loading was needed indicating that strengths of both rocks were completely diminished upon LN_2 exposure. Water expansion due to freezing counteracted by the shrinkage of the rock matrix believed to be the reason behind the imminent rock splitting. | Thermal Stimulation of Sedimentary Rocks: Experimental Investigation on Local Khuff Limestone and Biyadh Sandstone | 10.1007/s13369-021-06477-8 |
2022-09-01 | Purpose Recent researches of RF gun operated at cryogenic temperature have many advantages to serve as the technology to realize the future light source. In order to further improve the accelerating gradient of accelerators, the cryogenic acceleration structure is studied. Design/methodology/approach The cryogenic accelerating structure is studied by numerical analysis and simulation. Findings In this paper, the low-temperature characteristics of the material are analyzed firstly, and then the preliminary design scheme of the cavity is proposed according to the analysis results. Furthermore, the prototype with RF coupler is designed and optimized systemically, and the modified Poynting vector distribution is calculated. Finally, the high-power test based on existed setup is also proposed. Originality/value The study of the cryogenic structure in this paper is helpful for improving the accelerating gradient and developing compact accelerators. | Study and design of cryogenic accelerating structure and RF optimization of single cell for SXFEL energy upgrading | 10.1007/s41605-022-00341-5 |
2022-09-01 | This study discusses the milling of Nickel-Titanium (NiTi) alloy, one of the innovative and widely used shape memory alloy (SMA). During the face milling operations, the average surface roughness (R_a) was investigated depending on the change in machining parameters, cutting conditions, and cryogenic heat treatment. Experiments were carried out with uncoated and two different coated (PVD, CVD) cutting tools with untreated, shallow (− 80 °C) and deep (− 196 °C) cryogenic heat treatment. In addition, experiments were carried out using Ethylene Glycol (EG), and boron added Ethylene Glycol (EG+5%BX) cutting fluids as well as dry cutting condition. In the cutting experiments, three different cutting speeds (20–35–50 m/min), three different feeds (0.03–0.07–0.14 mm/tooth), and 0.7 mm fixed cutting depth was used as machining parameters. In the milling mechanism of NiTi shape memory alloys, how the cutting parameters affect the surface quality is discussed in detail. In this context, the cutting parameters were successfully optimized using Taguchi and ANOVA methods. The study is innovative in terms of evaluating the effect of different cutting fluids and cryogenic heat treatment. The results showed that CVD-coated cutting tool, − 196 °C cryogenic heat treatment, EG+5%BX cutting fluid, 50 m/min cutting speed, and 0.03 mm/tooth feed are the optimal parameters for the minor surface roughness. In addition, it has been determined that progress is the most influential parameter. On the other hand, ANOVA results showed that the most significant variable on the R_a was feed rate with 42.99%, and then cutting tool type 20.27%, cutting fluid 20.25%, cutting speed 11.68%, and cryogenic heat treatment 1.95%, respectively. | Optimization of Cutting Conditions, Parameters, and Cryogenic Heat Treatment for Surface Roughness in Milling of NiTi Shape Memory Alloy | 10.1007/s11665-022-06769-6 |
2022-09-01 | As the boil-off gas (BOG) rate is tested to evaluate the thermal insulation performance of cryogenic containers at a 90 % liquid level in standard. This study aims to predict the BOG rate of cryogenic containers at different liquid levels based on a single test. If the BOGs at a 90 % liquid level can be evaluated based on the BOG test at a low liquid level, the large amount of working medium can be saved to reduce the test cost and the equilibration time can be shortened to improve the test efficiency. In this study, the QHALW (heat absorbed by the liquid from its corresponding outer wall) and QHTVL (heat transferred from the corresponding wall of the vapor to the liquid) are analysed to establish the energy equation of the liquid in the BOG test, indicating latent heat of BOG in cryogenic containers includes the QHALW and QHALW. Therefore, the equation between the latent heat of BOG and the two parts of heat isbuilt to predict BOGs at different liquid levels with the tested BOG. The maximum error of the experimental results is not more than 7.0 %, which shows that the BOG is successfully predicted at different liquid levels with a single-tested BOG. | Predicting BOG rate in cryogenic containers at different liquid levels based on a single test | 10.1007/s12206-022-0839-6 |
2022-09-01 | The Ni57Ti43 alloy is a strategy material mainly due to its pseudoelasticity and shape memory properties. In this work, the influence of deep cryogenic treatment on the pseudoelastic behavior of Ni57Ti43 alloy under cyclic thermomechanical loading is investigated. The samples with a uniform gauge section format were initially heat treated by annealing at 500 °C for 10 min. Furthermore, a group of them were subsequently cryogenically treated by immersion in liquid nitrogen (approx. -196 °C), for 12 h. All samples was submitted to uniaxial cyclic tensile test at room temperature, with controlled applied force to result in a stress of 500 MPa and 750 MPa under the frequency of 0.5 Hz, until the stabilization of the stress–strain curve was reached. A reduction in phase transformation start stresses was observed around 17% for direct transformation (austenite to martensite) and 35% for inverse transformation (martensite to austenite). A reduction was observed both in the maximum recoverable deformation and the residual deformation, estimated to be around 40% and 45% lower, respectively. Finally, a decrease of 83.4% in damping was identified. The microstructure analysis showed that the non-treated samples accumulated more martensite than cryogenically treated ones when subjected to cyclic loading. | Influence of Deep Cryogenic Treatment on the Pseudoelastic Behavior of the Ni_57Ti_43 Alloy | 10.1007/s40830-022-00387-w |
2022-09-01 | Circuit quantum electrodynamics (cQED) experiments on superconducting qubit systems typically employ radiation shields coated in photon absorbing materials to achieve high qubit coherence and low microwave resonator losses. In this work, we present preliminary results on the performance of Vantablack as a novel infrared (IR) shielding material for cQED systems. We compare the coherence properties and residual excited state population (or effective qubit temperature) of a single-junction transmon qubit housed in a shield coated with a standard epoxy-based IR absorbing material, i.e. Berkeley Black, to the coherence and effective temperature of the same qubit in a shield coated in Vantablack. Based on a statistical analysis of multiple qubit coherence measurements, we find that the performance of the radiation shield coated with Vantablack is comparable in performance to the standard coating. However, we find that in the Vantablack coated shield the qubit has a higher effective temperature. These results indicate that improvements are likely required to optimize the performance of Vantablack as an IR shielding material for superconducting qubit experiments and we discuss possible routes for such improvements. Finally, we describe possible future experiments to more precisely quantify the performance of Vantablack to improve the coherences of more complex cQED systems. | Vantablack Shielding of Superconducting Qubit Systems | 10.1007/s10909-022-02672-5 |
2022-09-01 | The standing-wave thermoacoustic engines (TAE) are applied in practice to convert thermal power into acoustic one to generate electricity or to drive cooling devices. Although there is a number of existing numerical researches that provides a design tool for predicting standing-wave TAE performances, few existing works that compare TAE driven by cryogenic liquids and waste heat, and optimize its performance by varying the stack plate spacing. This present work is primarily concerned with the numerical investigation of the performance of TAEs driven by cryogenic liquids and waste heat. For this, three-dimensional (3-D) standing-wave TAE models are developed. Mesh- and time-independence studies are conducted first. Model validations are then performed by comparing with the numerical results available in the literature. The validated model is then applied to simulate the standing-wave TAEs driven by the cryogenic liquids and the waste heat, as the temperature gradient ΔT is varied. It is found that limit cycle oscillations in both systems are successfully generated and the oscillations amplitude is increased with increased Δ T . Nonlinearity is identified with acoustic streaming and the flow reversal occurring through the stack. Comparison studied are then conducted between the cryogenic liquid-driven TAE and that driven by waste heat in the presence of the same temperature gradient ΔT. It is shown that the limit cycle frequency of the cryogenic liquid system is 4.72% smaller and the critical temperature Δ T _cri =131 K is lower than that of the waste heat system (Δ T _cri =187 K). Furthermore, the acoustic power is increased by 31% and the energy conversion efficiency is found to increase by 0.42%. Finally, optimization studies on the stack plate spacing are conducted in TAE system driven by cryogenic liquids. It is found that the limit cycle oscillation frequency is increased with the decreased ratio between the stack plate spacing and the heat penetration depth. When the ratio is set to between 2 and 3, the overall performance of the cryogenic liquid-driven TAE has been greatly improved. In summary, the present model can be used as a design tool to evaluate standing-wave TAE performances with detailed thermodynamics and acoustics characteristics. The present findings provide useful guidance for the design and optimization of high-efficiency standing-wave TAE for recovering low-temperature fluids or heat sources. | Temperature Difference and Stack Plate Spacing Effects on Thermodynamic Performances of Standing-Wave Thermoacoustic Engines Driven by Cryogenic Liquids and Waste Heat | 10.1007/s11630-022-1572-2 |
2022-08-19 | Medium-entropy alloys (MEAs) exhibit excellent mechanical properties and unique deformation mechanism at cryogenic temperatures. However, limited studies have been conducted to explore their cryogenic temperature wear behaviors and thus hinder their further cryogenic applications. Here, we report a mono-phased heterogeneous CoCrNi MEA composed of fully recrystallized grains and non-recrystallized grains that shows a favorable combination of strength and ductility. Meanwhile, a decreased coefficient of friction and improved wear resistance are revealed with the decreasing temperatures (0 °C → –120 °C). The wear mechanism shows an apparent transition from brittle fracture to mild plastic deformation when temperature decreases. The enhancement of strength-ductility for heterogeneous CoCrNi MEA at lower temperature leads to a reduction of ploughing coefficient and superior plastic response, thus resulting in excellent wear resistance. The present work provides a convenient route for preparing strength-ductility balanced and wear-resistant alloys for cryogenic applications. Graphical Abstract | Improved Wear Resistance of a Heterogeneous CoCrNi Medium-Entropy Alloy at Cryogenic Temperature | 10.1007/s11249-022-01643-x |
2022-08-12 | During the processing of metal matrix composite materials, some negative situations may occur due to the interaction between the tool and the workpiece. Wear and damage may occur on the side surfaces of the cutting tool used. In order to eliminate these adverse conditions, generally cooling liquids are used. In this study, the machinability properties of cryogenic LN_2 and minimum quantity lubrication (MQL) techniques on Co-Ti added copper composites were investigated using CNC milling. Taguchi L_16 orthogonal array was chosen as the experimental design. The machining parameters testing, 2 distinct cutting speeds (200–300 m/min), 2 distinct feed rates (0.2–0.3 mm/rev), and a single cutting depth (0.25 mm) were used. Copper composites produced at different rates (0–5–10–15 wt. %); surface roughness, tool wear, cutting temperature and chip morphologies were investigated. Taguchi and analysis of variance (ANOVA) were used to assess the impacts of cutting parameters on surface roughness, flank wear, and cutting temperature. Cryo-LN_2 was found to be the best cutting environment for surface roughness, flank wear and cutting temperature. Chips obtained with cryo-LN_2 were found to be more efficient. Graphical abstract | Machining and optimization of reinforced copper composites using different cooling-lubrication conditions | 10.1007/s40430-022-03678-6 |
2022-08-01 | The magnetocaloric effect (MCE) in samples of the Gd_2In compound has been studied by the direct method in temperature range of 4–240 K in magnetic fields of Bitter coil up to 14 T. The maximum detected value of the inverse MCE at cryogenic temperatures in the 1st-order metamagnetic phase transition (PT) is ∆ T _ ad = − 0.5 K at T _0 = 45 K in the field of 1.8 T. The MCE in this temperature range changes sign with increasing of the magnetic field up to 5 T, and the direct MCE is observed with further increasing of the field. The kinetic arrest of the 1st-order metamagnetic PT is observed on the temperature dependence of magnetization in the steady magnetic field of 5 T. The direct MCE in the Curie temperature Tc = 200 K increases with increasing of the magnetic field, and the effect maximum shifts to higher temperatures. The maximum detected value of the direct MCE is ∆ T _ ad = 7.8 K at T _0 = 215 K in the field of 14 T. | Inverse Magnetocaloric Effect and Kinetic Arrest Behavior in As-Cast Gd_2In at Cryogenic Temperatures | 10.1007/s10948-022-06336-z |
2022-08-01 | This paper demonstrated the development of a finite element method (FEM) based model for simulating the dynamic recrystallization (DRX) induced surface and sub-surface microstructural evolution of Co-Cr-Mo biomaterial in cryogenic burnishing. The cryogenic cooling effect was simulated by adding a heat exchange window to the processing region. Johnson-Cook (J-C) was used as the constitutive model and modified by incorporating the flow stress softening behavior and the resulting grain refinement through a novel user subroutine based on the DRX mechanism of Co-Cr-Mo biomaterial. For predicting the effect of DRX during the burnishing process, a friction model with a friction coefficient value that changes due to DRX was developed. The predicted grain size was evaluated by comparing with the experimental data; good agreements were achieved between predictive and experimental results. Similar remarks appear to be justified regarding increased use of cryogenic cooling during burnishing (and machining) when superior surface conditions are desired. | Numerical Investigation of Dynamic Recrystallization Induced Microstructural Evolution in Cryogenic Burnishing of Co-Cr-Mo Biomaterial | 10.1007/s11665-022-06738-z |
2022-08-01 | This work presents a numerical investigation of the thermal—fluid—structure coupling behavior of the liquid natural gas (LNG) transported in the flexible corrugated cryogenic hose. A three-dimensional model of the corrugated hose structure composed of multiple layers of different materials is established and coupled with turbulent LNG flow and heat transfer models in the commercial software ANSYS Workbench. The flow transport behavior, heat transfer across the hose layers, and structural response caused by the flow are analyzed. Parametric studies are performed to evaluate the impacts of inlet flow rate and thermal conductivity of insulation material on the temperature and structural stress of the corrugated hose. The study found that, compared with a regular operating condition, higher inlet flow velocities not only suppress the heat gain of the LNG but also lower the flow-induced structural stress. The insulation layer exhibits excellent performance in maintaining the temperature at the fluid-structure interface, showing little temperature change with respect to material thermal conductivity and ambient temperature. The simulation results may contribute to the research and design of the flexible corrugated cryogenic hoses and provide guidance for safer and more efficient field operations. | Thermal—Fluid—Structure Coupling Analysis of Flexible Corrugated Cryogenic Hose | 10.1007/s13344-022-0058-z |
2022-08-01 | The improved understandings of the mechanical properties as well as deformation mechanisms at cryogenic temperatures are the prerequisite for realizing the application of any new engineering materials to cryogenic industries. Here, a (CoCrNi)_94Al_3Ti_3 medium entropy alloy (MEA) with nanoscale L1_2 coherent precipitates and heterogeneous grain structures was prepared by co-doping Al and Ti elements with subsequent cold rolling and heat treatment processes. The mechanical properties were evaluated at the temperature range of 293–113 K. The ultimate strength of the MEA increases almost linearly from 1326 to 1695 MPa as the temperature decreases from 293 to 113 K, while the total elongation remains approximately constant of ∼35%. The underlying deformation and strengthening mechanisms were investigated using various characterization techniques. Due to the effect of co-doped Al/Ti on channel width of the matrix and the increasing critical twinning stress induced by heterogeneous ultrafine grain size, the formation of deformation twins is inhibited at all temperatures. Consequently, only a slight increase of the deformation twins and stacking faults in the deformed specimens with a decreasing temperature, which leads to the relative temperature-independence of the ductility. The dislocation cutting mechanism of L1_2 coherent precipitates and the heterodeformation induced (HDI) hardening both significantly contribute to the strain hardening so that an excellent combination of strength and ductility is obtained. Additionally, the evolution of lattice friction stress with deformation temperature is determined by quantitative analysis, indicating an approximately linear relationship between the lattice friction and temperature. The present work provides new insights into the strategy of achieving outstanding strength-ductility synergy of the MEA under the wide temperature range by coupling heterogeneous ultrafine-grained structure and coherent precipitation strategy. | Precipitation and heterogeneous strengthened CoCrNi-based medium entropy alloy with excellent strength-ductility combination from room to cryogenic temperatures | 10.1007/s11431-022-2076-1 |
2022-07-13 | A transition edge sensor (TES) is extremely sensitive to changes in temperature, and combined with a high- Z metal of a certain thickness, it can realize high-energy resolution measurements of particles such as X-rays. X-rays with energies below 10 keV have a weak penetrating ability, hence, only gold or bismuth of a few micrometers in thickness can guarantee a quantum efficiency higher than 70%. Therefore, the entire structure of the TES X-ray detector in this energy range can be realized using a microfabrication process. However, for X-rays or $$\gamma$$ γ -rays from 10 keV to 200 keV, submillimeter absorber layers are required, which cannot be realized using the microfabrication process. This paper first briefly introduces a set of TES X-ray detectors and their auxiliary systems, and then focuses on the introduction of the TES $$\gamma$$ γ -ray detector with an absorber based on a submillimeter lead-tin alloy sphere. The detector achieved a quantum efficiency above 70% near 100 keV and an energy resolution of approximately 161.5 eV at 59.5 keV. | Transition edge sensor-based detector: from X-ray to
$$\gamma$$
γ
-ray | 10.1007/s41365-022-01071-5 |
2022-07-01 | Titanium alloys results in high tool wear when machined at elevated cutting speeds because of their high temperature strength and low thermal conductivity. The issue further aggravates when machining is carried out at cutting speeds above 60 m/min. Since industrial productivity necessitates the use of cutting speeds in excess of 100 m/min, aggravated tool wear occurs. Economy warrants the utilization of available resources efficiently, over a wide range of cutting conditions for prolonged durations. This study analyzed various vital aspects of tool wear progression of Ti-6Al-4V when machined at diverse machining parameters under dry and cryogenic conditions. Machining parameters, used in this research, were from a wide bracket of cutting speed and feed rate for comparative analysis. The progression of tool life was plotted over machining time for high, medium and low wear zone regions, selected from tool wear map available in literature. The research gave an insight about the tool wear progression under dry and cryogenic conditions till end of its useful life. Initially, comparison of continuous and intermittent tool wear under dry and cryogenic conditions was made. It was established that cryogenic machining gives more comparable results for continuous and intermittent machining than dry machining, with less than 1% difference in wear for 100 s of machining. Further investigation of flank wear progression at different intervals showed that, in comparison with dry progression, cryogenic tool wear progresses at a more linear and slower rate throughout its useful life. This establishes the fact that tool wear rate remains constant during evolution of tool wear. Tool wear regions are re-categorized by use of cryogenic cooling. Machining under cryogenic conditions enhances tool life up to 170% at certain machining parameters owing to its high cooling capacity. Difference in tool wear was characterized using tool chip contact length analysis, identifying the seizure and slip regions through EDS analysis. The tool chip contact length is found to reduce owing to elimination of slip region due to cryogenic media. Energy consumption analysis highlights that cryogenic machining improves sustainability by reducing chip thickness and shear plane. Research outcome forms the basis for further studies concerning tool wear evolution under cryogenic conditions. | Comparative analysis of tool wear progression of dry and cryogenic turning of titanium alloy Ti-6Al-4V under low, moderate and high tool wear conditions | 10.1007/s00170-022-09196-y |
2022-07-01 | Ni-based superalloy GH4169 is widely demanded in the aerospace industry because of its excellent properties. However, the cutting of GH4169 at normal temperature has many challenges, such as tool wear, machining accuracy, and production efficiency. Cryogenic cutting has been an advanced method in assisting material removal machining. This paper focused on the cryogenic cutting performance of GH4169 at different initial temperatures, namely, 20 °C, −30 °C, −80 °C, and –130 °C. Firstly, the cryogenic mechanical properties of GH4169 were obtained by the Hopkinson pressure bar test at speed of 12 m/s and 18 m/s. The obtained data was used to analyze the cryogenic cutting performance of GH4169 at evaluated temperatures. The single factor milling experiments of GH4169 were carried out at room temperature and evaluated cryogenic levels, and the cutting performance in terms of cutting chips, cutting forces, and tool wear was investigated. The results showed that cryogenic cooling at −130 °C could increase the shear yield strength of the GH4169 by around 19.80% and the length of the cutting chip decreased monotonically by 53.45% compared with the length at room temperature. However, the cutting forces were not monotonically decreased. The cutting forces increased with the decrease of temperature when the initial temperature varied from 20 to −80 °C. However, when the initial temperature further dropped to –130 °C, the cutting forces were reduced by 30.60% for Fx , 24.02% for Fy , and 16.15% for Fz , respectively. Similarly, tool wear at the rake face and flank face is the most severe at –80 °C and the least at –130 °C. The average wear bandwidth at room temperature is 92.06 μm and decreases to 83.358 μm at –130 °C, which is reduced by 9.45%. | Experimental research on cryogenic cutting performance of Ni-based superalloy GH4169 | 10.1007/s00170-022-09325-7 |
2022-07-01 | Heat treatment is developed for commercial rolled thick sheets of cryogenic steel for liquefied natural gas equipment. It is shown that treatment guarantees the required mechanical and tribological properties. Performance specifications for rolled thick sheets are developed. Rolled sheets with thickness up to 50 mm are produced for the first time within the Russian Federation from cryogenic steel type 0N6 with additional copper alloying guaranteeing good operating properties and reliability for cryogenic devices and tanks operating down to –196°C. | Novel Economically Alloyed Steel for Liquefied Natural Gas Equipment and its Heat Treatment Regime | 10.1007/s11041-022-00785-y |
2022-07-01 | Austempered Ductile Iron (ADI) is a candidate material to replace case-hardened steel in many applications. The mechanical properties of ADI can be tailored by the chemical composition and heat treatment conditions. In this study, different nickel content Ductile Irons (DI) were cast and heat treated. In order to design the austempering process, time–temperature–transformation diagrams were generated with the Calculation of Phase Diagrams method. For each chemical composition, one group was tested in its as-cast state while the second and third groups were austempered. For austempering, the casting is reheated to austenitization temperature (900 °C) and then quenched in a salt bath at a temperature of 300 °C and held at this temperature for 2 h. The third group was cryo-treated (−196 °C for 6 h) and tempered (200 °C for 2 h) after the austempering process. Microstructural examination was performed using an optical microscope and X-ray diffraction technique. The effect of heat treatment on the hardness, toughness, and tribological behaviors of samples was investigated. The results showed that austempering with correct parameters significantly improved the hardness, toughness, and wear resistance of DI. The nickel content of DI plays a significant role in determining the properties of the alloy, and the optimum Ni amount among the tested compositions was found to be 1.64%. It was observed that cryogenic treatment facilitates some of the austenite to martensite transformations and improves wear resistance (20%); however, it has a limited effect on hardness (2–3 HRc) and toughness (±3 J). | The Effect of Cryogenic Treatment on Hardness, Toughness, and Tribological Properties of Austempered Ductile Iron with Different Nickel Contents | 10.1007/s40962-021-00686-5 |
2022-07-01 | Based on the Q–T process and characterized by SEM, XRD, and TEM, the microstructure evolution and impact properties of medium-manganese aluminized steel under quenching at 650, 700, 750, and 800 °C and tempering at 200 °C were studied. The results showed that the microstructure of the steel was mainly composed of ferrite, martensite, and retained austenite. The volume fraction of retained austenite in steel decreased with the increase in quenching temperature, which was 79.1, 78.3, 48.6, and 33.4%, respectively. When quenching at 800 °C and tempering at 200 °C, the room-temperature tensile strength and yield strength of the steel were 1244 and 451 MPa, respectively, and the elongation after fracture was higher than 27.6%. When quenching at 700 °C and tempering at 200 °C, the impact energy reached 25.3 J at −80 °C. The elongation of the steel at different quenching temperatures mainly depended on the volume fraction of retained austenite. The main reason for the improvement of ductility and toughness was the martensitic transformation of retained austenite during deformation, which relieves the local stress concentration and enhances the plastic deformation ability during deformation, thus delaying the propagation of microcracks. | Austenite Stability and Cryogenic Impact Toughness of a Lamellar Fe-Mn-Al-C Lightweight Structural Steel Subjected to Quenching and Tempering Process | 10.1007/s11665-022-06649-z |
2022-06-08 | The effects of processing parameters and cryogenic treatment on cutting force and surface roughness in the milling of Ti6AI4V alloy were investigated in this study. The effects of cutting speed, feed rate, and the treatments applied to the tools were evaluated through the Taguchi method and grey relational analysis. Control factors in the experiments performed under dry cutting conditions were based on two different cutting speeds and three different feed rates and tool properties. It was observed that the cutting force values decreased with increased cutting speed and significantly increased parallel to the feed rate. In terms of surface roughness, they were observed to change based on cutting parameters. Whereas the most effective parameter for cutting force was feed rate, with a 81.9% contribution, for surface roughness it was cutting speed, with a 48.8% contribution. Optimum machining conditions were determined as A_1B_3C_2 following the grey relational analysis performed for both responses. | Effects on machinability of cryogenic treatment applied to carbide tools in the milling of Ti6AI4V with optimization via the Taguchi method and grey relational analysis | 10.1007/s40430-022-03572-1 |
2022-06-01 | Solar energy is the most sustainable and free source to manage the world energy demand. One aspect of solar-driven energy supply can be observed in cooling systems. Recently, solar energy-based cooling systems have received many attentions. Solar cooling systems utilizing solar collectors, as the renewable and sustainable-based solution, have the good potentials to overcome the challenges associated with consumption of fossil fuels. In this study, the recent advances about the potentials of dish collectors and linear Fresnel reflectors for the usage in the cooling systems are reviewed. In addition, the solar-powered conventional absorption chiller and cryogenic systems are investigated. Hybrid cooling solar systems and solar-based combined cooling, heating, and power systems are also studied. The hydrogen production in cooling integrated systems and cold thermal energy storage are discussed. In each section, in addition to general description of the system, some explanations about the thermodynamic and economic aspects of the systems are provided. Finally, the main results of the review are summarized and based on the available gaps between the literatures, some suggestions are provided for the future studies. It was found that using solar dish collectors in a hybrid system, designed for the freshwater and LNG production, causes carbon dioxide emissions reduction by 40%, and also increases freshwater and LNG production by 95% and 4.7%, respectively. In the hybrid trigeneration solar-biomass power plants, using the linear Fresnel reflector leads to 29% save in biomass and land. | A review on solar-powered cooling systems coupled with parabolic dish collector and linear Fresnel reflector | 10.1007/s11356-022-19993-3 |
2022-06-01 | Abstract An in-depth analysis of temporal changes in hydrothermal regimes of natural seasons has been performed for the period from 1936 to 2016 to identify the reasons behind the activation of cryogenic landslide processes in the Southeastern Altai Mountains. Ultra-high-resolution satellite imagery is used to identify the years of peak landslide activity; the climatic parameters registered in these years are compared with those computed for the period preceding the beginning of steady global climate change (1936–1970). The analysis results indicate a pronounced climate warming and its active impact on high-mountain cryogenic systems. Landslide intensification periods caused by extreme thawing in the active cryolithozone layer in 1998, 2012, and 2016 statistically significantly correlate with anomalous values of parameters characterizing hydrothermal regimes of natural seasons and their structural units. | Climatogenic Cryomorphogenesis in the Southeastern Altai Mountains | 10.1134/S1995425522030040 |
2022-06-01 | Compared with liquid nitrogen (LN_2) and water, the density of liquid hydrogen (LH_2) is more than one order of magnitude smaller, which leads to significantly different flow-induced vibration characteristics in the Coriolis mass flowmeter (CMF). Based on the Euler beam theory, the complex set of equations of fluid-solid interactions for the U-type pipe Coriolis flowmeter with LH_2 is solved. The calculation results are firstly validated by comparing the dimensionless frequency, displacement, and twist mode shape with the theoretical and experimental results in the other publications with water and kerosene as the working fluids. Then, the results of dimensionless frequency, phase difference, and time lag for LH_2 are compared with those for LN_2 and water, and the effects of the dimensionless flow velocity, sensor position, and the radius of the curved pipe are analyzed in detail for LH_2. Results show that the time lag of LH_2 is an order of magnitude smaller than that for LN_2 or water. The excitation frequency for LH_2 is much larger than that for LN_2. Effects of geometric parameters on the time lag are also analyzed for the three fluids and the results contribute to the design optimization of a CMF for LH_2. 目的 氢能因其清洁高效等优点正逐渐被用作减少二氧化碳排放的替代能源, 而质量流量是氢能在使用、 运输和交易过程中的重要控制参数. 科里奥利质量流量计因其精度高、 结构简单等优点而受到广泛关注. 本研究基于欧拉梁和一维稳定流动模型对液氢科里奥利质量流量计的流致振动特性展开研究, 分别对液氢科氏流量计的频率、 时滞、 流速、 传感器位置以及测量管结构等影响因素展开讨论, 并与水和液氮工质的结果进行对比, 为专门开发用于测量液氢的科氏流量计提供参考. 创新点 1. 本研究对液氢为工质的U型科里奥利质量流量计的流致振动特性展开了深入研究, 同时对比了水和液氮两种工质的计算结果. 2. 研究分别从激振系统、 时滞量级以及不同工质标定产生的误差进行分析, 为研究开发测量液氢的科里奥利质量流量计提供理论支持. 3. 该研究探究了传感器的位置以及结构尺寸对时滞的影响, 为科氏流量计的结构优化提供了参考. 方法 1. 基于欧拉梁和一维稳定流动模型构建直管和弯管的面外流致振动方程, 并对构建的控制方程进行验证(表1, 图3和4). 2. 探讨流速对结构固有频率的影响(图5和6)、 流速对U型管两臂相位差及时滞的影响(图7和8)、 传感器位置以及结构尺寸对时滞的影响(图9和10). 3. 将液氢、 液氮和水三种工质的计算结果进行对比, 得出用于测量液氢的科氏流量计的独有特性. 结论 1. 相比于水和液氮工质, 液氢密度低的特点导致液氢对结构固有频率的影响更小;同时, 也导致在相同流速下, 液氢科氏流量计对应的时滞比水和液氮两种工质对应的时滞小一个量级, 这对于相位差的提取明显是不利的. 2. 采用水和液氮标定的科氏流量计用于测量液氢, 将分别产生−6.84%和0.63%的误差;如果用水标定的科氏流量计用于测量液氮, 将会产生−7.42%的误差. 3. 随着相位检测器远离固支端, 对应的时滞将会显著降低;改变结构的弯管尺寸可以显著提升时滞的大小. | Flow-induced vibration characteristics of the U-type Coriolis mass flowmeter with liquid hydrogen | 10.1631/jzus.A2100560 |
2022-06-01 | Oxygen is an essential lifesaving medicine used for several indications at all levels of health care. The COVID-19 pandemic and its recent second wave have resulted in a surge in demand for necessary resources, including trained staff, hospital beds, and medical supplies like oxygen. Limited availability of these resources resulted in added risk of adverse outcomes. Also, the widespread unregulated use of oxygen by the general public in household settings poses safety concerns. This review focuses on sources of medical oxygen like cryogenic oxygen plants, pressure swing adsorption, oxygen concentrators, and oxygen cylinders. Their specifications, storage, distribution within healthcare settings, regulation, and safety concerns have been considered. Resources needed for calculating oxygen demand, surge planning, identifying the suitable source, and distribution systems for different settings have been detailed. This review aims to help the hospital administrators, biomedical engineers, and clinicians plan and rationalize oxygen usage in low- and middle-income countries during the COVID-19 pandemic. | Medical Oxygen: A Lifesaving Drug During the COVID-19 Pandemic—Source and Distribution | 10.1007/s12098-021-03978-0 |
2022-06-01 | The cooling capacity of the cryogenic pulsating heat pipe (PHP) during the cooldown process is one of the critical factors for it used as the thermal link in the cryogenic system. In this paper, the copper block with a mass of 7.69 kg is cooled by a cryogenic PHP using neon as the working fluid. The heat transfer mechanism of the cryogenic PHP during the cooldown process is analyzed. Effects of the condenser temperature and the liquid filling ratio on the cooldown characteristics of the cryogenic PHP are studied. An optimized cooldown process of the cryogenic PHP is proposed and the cooldown performance is predicted. For the copper block cooled from 250 to 40 K, the average cooling capacity of the cryogenic PHP with the optimized cooldown process is 24 W, which is 4.5 times more than that using the high purity copper rod with the same cross-sectional area. | Cooldown Characteristics of a Neon Cryogenic Pulsating Heat Pipe | 10.1007/s10909-022-02726-8 |