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; Fan sites: |
* [http://www.ajb007.co.uk Absolutely James Bond] |
* [http://commanderbond.net CommanderBond.net - News and information site] |
* [http://www.mi6.co.uk MI6.co.uk - The home of James Bond] |
* [http://www.klast.net/bond/ James Bond, Agent 007 OHMSS] |
* [http://www.artofjamesbond.com Art of James Bond] |
* [http://www.thejamesbondfanclub.com James Bond International Fan Club] |
* [http://www.tjbd.co.uk The James Bond Dossier] |
* [http://www.bondian.com Bondian.com: extensive Bond literature site] |
* [http://www.goldeneyebooks.com/webpages/bibliographies.htm James Bond first edition bibliographies] |
* [http://home.earthlink.net/~atomic_rom/007/ "Make Mine a 007..."] |
* [http://www.jamesbondmm.co.uk James Bond Multimedia] |
* [http://www.universalexports.net Universal Exports] |
* [http://web.mac.com/zencato/iWeb/Young_Bond/Home.html The Young Bond Dossier] |
{{JamesBond}} |
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<page> |
<title>Japanese language</title> |
<id>15606</id> |
<revision> |
<id>42068843</id> |
<timestamp>2006-03-03T16:29:26Z</timestamp> |
<contributor> |
<username>Eirikr</username> |
<id>188626</id> |
</contributor> |
<comment>/* Classification */ Rewording somewhat as Polynesian - J convergence more than just "seemingly", and revising examples</comment> |
<text xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox Language |
|name=Japanese |
|nativename=日本語 ''Nihongo'' |
|familycolor=Isolate |
|states=[[Japan]], [[Hawaii]], [[Brazil]], [[Guam]], [[Marshall Islands]], [[Palau]], [[Taiwan]] |
|speakers=127 million |
|rank=9 |
|fam1=[[Altaic languages|Altaic]] (disputed) |
|fam2=[[Japonic languages|Japonic]] |
|nation=[[Angaur]] ([[Palau]])<br>''De facto'' in [[Japan]] |
|agency=None<br>[[Government of Japan|Japanese government]] plays major role |
|iso1=ja|iso2=jpn|iso3=jpn}} |
'''Japanese''' (日本語, {{Audio|ja-nihongo.ogg|''Nihongo''}}) is a language spoken by over 127 million people, mainly in [[Japan]], but also by Japanese emigrant communities around the world. It is considered an [[agglutinative language]] and is distinguished by a complex system of [[Japanese honorifics|honorifics]] reflecting the hierarchical nature of Japanese society, with verb forms and particular vocabulary which indicate the relative status of speaker and listener. The sound inventory of Japanese is relatively small, and it has a lexically-distinctive [[Japanese pitch accent|pitch accent]] system. |
Japanese has been heavily influenced by [[Chinese language|Chinese]] over a period of at least 1,500 years. Japanese is written with a mix of [[Chinese character]]s ([[kanji]]) and a modified [[syllabary]], [[kana]], also originally based on Chinese characters. Much vocabulary has been imported from Chinese, or created on Chinese models. |
==Classification== |
[[historical linguistics|Historical linguists]] who specialize in Japanese agree that it is one of the two members of the [[Japonic language|Japonic]] language family, but remain divided as to the origins of the Japonic languages. An older view, still widely held by some linguists and many non-linguists, is that Japanese is a [[language isolate]]. |
As for its relation to other languages, there are several theories (presented roughly in descending order of certainty): |
* Japanese is a member of the [[Altaic languages|Altaic language]] family. Other languages in this group include [[Mongolian language|Mongolian]], [[Tungusic languages|Tungusic]], [[Turkish language|Turkish]], and (according to most proponents) [[Korean language|Korean]]. Evidence for this theory lies in the fact that like [[Turkish language|Turkish]] and [[Korean language|Korean]], Japanese is an [[agglutinative language]]. Additionally, there are a suggestive number of apparently regular correspondences in basic vocabulary, such as ''ishi'' "stone" to Turkic ''daş'', ''yon'' "four" to Turkic ''dört'', ''kura'' "saddle" to Turkic ''kürtün'', ''kiru'' "to cut" to Turkic ''kir-'', ''inu'' "dog" to Turkic ''it'', ''kuro'' "black" and ''kurai'' "dark" to Turkic ''köl'' "shadow", etc. These examples originate from [http://starling.rinet.ru/cgi-bin/query.cgi?root=config&basename=\data\alt\altet this database], which contains a comprehensive list of comparisons and theoretical Altaic etymologies. |
* Japanese is a relative of extinct languages spoken by historic cultures of [[Korea]] and [[Manchuria]]. The best attested of these is the language of [[Goguryeo]] (a.k.a. Koguryo), with the more poorly-attested languages of [[Baekje]] (a.k.a. Paekche) and [[Fuyu|Buyeo]] (a.k.a Puyo) hypothesized to also be related. <!-- COMMENTING OUT - SEE TALK PAGE Japanese is related to modern [[Korean language|Korean]] based primarily on near-identical grammar, but there is scarce lexical similarity between the two; supporters of the Buyeo languages theory generally do not include modern Korean as part of that family. -->Supporters of the Buyeo languages theory generally do not include modern [[Korean language|Korean]] as part of that family because it is thought to have derived from the ancient language of [[Silla]].The limited data on these languages, as well as these cultures' historic ties, are the primary evidence. This has been largely subsumed into the Altaic theory. |
* Japanese is a relative of [[Korean language|Korean]]. This theory is based on the high degree of similarity between Japanese and Korean grammar. Proponents of this theory have also proposed Japanese-Korean cognates. The idea of a Japanese-Korean relationship has been largely subsumed into the Altaic theory. |
* Japanese is a [[creole language]]. Phonological similarities and geographical proximity to [[Austronesian languages]] have led to the theory that Japanese may be a kind of creole, with an [[Altaic languages|Altaic]] [[substratum]] and an Austronesian [[superstratum]], or vice versa. |
* Japanese is a ''purely'' Austronesian language. This theory enjoys little currency, since the grammar and lexis of Japanese are vastly different from those of any known Austronesian language. Proponents of this theory point out examples of convergent lexis such as Japanese ''hina'' "doll" and ''hime'' "girl" or "princess" as cognate with the [[Maori language|Māori]] word ''hine'' "girl", or Japanese ''kaku'' "to write, to scratch" with the [[Hawaiian language|Hawaiian]] ''kākau'' "to write, to tattoo". However, it is important to note that many totally unrelated languages exhibit chance occurences of convergent lexis. |