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Why this special issue on Partition? Is history too much with us? In some sense, yes, but in its broader and deeper sense, no. To the extent that history is a political weapon, it has been very much with us and we can claim to have made very effective use of it. The moment Pakistan's founder Muhammad Ali Jinnah declared that Urdu will be the only state language of Pakistan, we were immediately able to plunge ourselves into a protest movement simply because history gave us a solid sense of our linguistic and cultural past, and armed with that, we were able to confidently march forward and establish our right to Bangla as a national language of Pakistan. It was again our keen sense of history that made us conscious of our past economic prosperity, our natural resources, and the subsequent deprivation during the Pakistan period that fuelled our struggle for regional autonomy and the movement for the six-points, formulated by Bangabandhu. Finally, it was our firmly rooted sense of history that ignited our dream of fighting for freedom and establishing an independent and sovereign country—our beloved Bangladesh. However glorious and effective our focus on history has been, it has been of a limited scope. For us the history of our Liberation of 1971 appears to have completely overwhelmed our memory of 1947. Since Pakistan was an outcome of communal politics and Bangladesh that of nationalistic values, our feeling has been that there is very little for us to learn from the experiences of Partition. Since liberation, we have hardly ever reflected, as an organised intellectual pursuit, on the causes of the anti-colonial struggle and the reasons behind one of the greatest tragedies in human history—the communal riots and the consequent deaths of millions of Hindus and Muslims during Partition. What should have been the most celebrated moment of South Asia's history—freedom from colonialism—became a moment that brought death and tragedy to millions and uprooted millions others, changing forever the economic and cultural landscape of one of the most successful regions of the world in history. The reason for Star Weekend's special issue on the Partition, the idea for which originated from a suggestion by Professor Ali Riaz of Illinois State University (one of our regular columnists) to commemorate the 70th anniversary, is to revive our interest in the history of Partition. In popular memory, the Partition is mostly, and justly, remembered for the tragedy that it represents, and not for the failure—of heritage, commonality, and a thousand years of living side by side—of the politics of the day. Why did one stream of events become so inexorable that it overwhelmed all others and turned neighbours into killers? In that sense, Partition, most significantly, is a lesson in abject failure of understanding between two very large communities—Hindus and Muslims. Unbelievable as it may sound now, the Hindus, Muslims, Sikhs, Christians, and other communities lived side by side for hundreds of years, mostly in peace, at times in conflict, but not along the rigid communal divides that British rulers formulated to suit their divide and rule policy. It started with the British desire to know the mix of the population that they were ruling. The 1881 census gave rise to an emerging sense of separate identities among the cultural, ethnic, and religious groups. This census attempted to list every Indian according to language, caste, religion, etc. As it happened, religious identities were attributed to groups when census takers were unsure because of the diverse and extremely intermingled nature of the religious practices that were being recorded. So suddenly one became a member of this or the other group or even religion, as labelled by the census official, without being personally aware of his or her transformation. But historically, religious and cultural practices had overlapped and gotten entwined between groups of people and it would be quite common that one village or groups of villages took up certain religious practices of another. Now, belonging to a particular group became crucial not only to an individual's identity but far more importantly for his future political and economic prospects. This made it almost mandatory that individuals identify themselves as members of a particular community. The numbers made 'identities' strong or weak, and as such, getting the numbers together—mobilising the masses—became a part of self-assertion and acquiring influence in the power game. As majorities emerged with their inbuilt confidence, so did the minorities with their fears, and the British played on both, especially the latter. And as it became more and more evident that due to the changing power dynamics and the rising consciousness of the Indian population there was likely to be, in however limited a scale, more power-sharing in the coming days, 'identities' and the 'numbers' each group represented became vital. Thus, a very powerful incentive for identity-based politics became internalised as greater autonomy was being envisaged for the Indian population. There was no stopping the identity-based politics from then on, and its Hindu-Muslim manifestation ultimately led to the Partition. Unfortunately, the identity politics, to which the Partition was seen as a solution in 1947, still haunt the subcontinent and create ever-new divisions among the communities that call it home. And for this, discussions of Partition are not only relevant today, but of crucial importance. Especially so, because scholarship on the Partition had been largely limited to Punjab and the West Bengal, and accounts relating to what is now Bangladesh had not received the proper attention they deserve. Another lacking was that the focus on the politics of the Partition overshadowed the narratives of how individuals on the peripheries—such as women, Dalits and subalterns—experienced the event. In this special issue, commemorating the 70th anniversary of the Partition, we bring together a set of writers from Bangladesh, India, and Pakistan, who in their respective fields—from academics to arts—have contributed to a deeper understanding of the fateful events of Partition and its continued repercussions. We have also included oral histories, collected by the 1947 Partition Archive, of individuals who witnessed and survived events pre- and post-1947. These articles seek to see the Partition from new perspectives, with a specific focus on the erstwhile East Bengal. We express our heartfelt gratitude to all of them for their invaluable contributions and the perspectives they provide which will surely help us look at the Partition, not as something fixed in time, but as an event that still shape politics and everyday existence(s) lived in geographical divisions resulting from 1947. Editor and Publisher The Daily Star See States of being divided for the full list of articles on this special issue of the Star Weekend.

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In offshore oil and gas production, an FPSO vessel is regular feature and plays a significant role in getting the crude oil out. I know that you might be interested in knowing the components of an FPSO. In this article, we look into that. In my early years in the upstream oil and gas industry, I got very confused by the various oil and gas terms, such as FPSO or FSO. You should know that in simple terms, a floating production storage and offloading vessel, commonly known as FPSO, is a system used to produce and store crude oil. Since the mid-1970s about 150 FPSO’s are producing on fields in the North Sea, Brazil, West Africa, Southeast Asia, China and other locations, often in response to the need to produce in water depth beyond the reach of fixed platforms. Floating production systems offer many advantages over permanent production platforms, often because of their operational flexibility and cost savings. Components of an FPSO Vessel There are several components of an FPSO that are important to proper functioning of the facility. They include; - Spread Mooring. - A Turret. - Detachable FPSO Turret. - Gas Dehydration System. - Gas Compression System. - Water Injection FPSO Components. - Gas, Water and Oil Separator. - Seawater Treatment System. These are some of the key components or systems of an FPSO vessel. They help in ensuring that offshore production of oil and gas is taking place in a way or an environment that is secure and sustainable. How components of an FPSO work An FPSO vessel is designed to receive hydrocarbons produced from its wells, nearby platforms, or subsea equipment. It has equipment on deck to process the hydrocarbons. It also stores the oil until it can be offloaded onto a shuttle tanker or, less frequently, transported through an export pipeline. FPSOs are often the preferred concept for frontier regions where there is no local pipeline infrastructure to export oil. A vessel used only to store oil without processing capability is referred to as a floating, storage, and offloading (FSO). Components of an FPSO (Explained) Here is a rundown of the core components of an FPSO vessel. Spread mooring is a traditional mooring system, incorporating a number of mooring lines attached to the hull of the vessel. These mooring lines are anchored onto the seabed. FPSO turret (weathervaning) The turret is integrated into the FPSOs hull, so the hull weathervanes around the mooring system and the mooring line. This enables FPSOs to position the vessel favourably against the wind so that it remains bow to wind and weather. A turret mooring system is critical for harsh weather conditions. In essence, the turret enables the FPSO to freely rotate while moored to various locations on the seafloor. Detachable FPSO turret Many turret systems allow the turret to be disconnected from the vessel, but remain attached to the mooring lines on the seabed. This is particularly useful in situations such as hurricanes and storms, where the vessel needs to react quickly to external hazards. Once the threat has been mitigated, the FPSO can return to the turret, reattach and continue operations. This mooring system is by far the most flexible. Gas Dehydration System Gas is often saturated with water vapour, which poses a threat to facilities. Gas dehydration removes the water that is associated with natural gas. Gas Compression System Natural gas must be treated to conform to commercial standards. Water injection FPSO Components Water injection is a process where water is introduced into a reservoir to encourage oil production. Gas, water and oil separator As water, gas and oil have different densities, they can be separated with gas rising to the top, water on the bottom and oil staying in the middle. Additional debris such as sand will settle at the bottom. Seawater Treatment Unit Sea water treatment involves removing sulfates and other unwanted elements from injection water. Benefits and Advantages of FPSO Vessel Why have FPSOs become so important to the oil and gas companies? Related: Advantages of an FPSO Conceptually, FPSOs have given oil and gas companies a lot of freedom and versatility with regards to exploration and extraction. FPSOs enables companies to produce oil or gas and explore increasingly remote areas at a cheaper price in comparison to traditional offshore oil and gas production and storage methods. Other Important Components of an FPSO The following key components are being studied/designed by engineering companies and FPSO builders around the world: - Process and Utilities - Power Generation Unit - Gas Compression and Metering Unit - Gas Treatment Unit - Separation Trains - Sea Water Treatment Unit - Produced Water Treatment Unit - Water Injection Unit - Chemical Treatment Unit - Hull and Marine Utilities: - Accommodation and Central Control Helideck - Turret and Fluid/Control Transfer Swivel - Moorings and Risers FPSO vessels are particularly effective in remote or deepwater locations where seabed pipelines are not cost effective. They eliminate the need to lay expensive long-distance pipelines from the oil well to an onshore terminal. The vessels can also be used economically in smaller oil fields that can be exhausted in a few years and do not justify the expense of installing a fixed oil platform. Once the field is depleted, the FPSO can be moved to a new location. In areas of the world subject to cyclones, such as northwest Australia or icebergs (Canada), some FPSOs are able to release their mooring/riser turret and steam away to safety in an emergency. The turret sinks beneath the waves and can be reconnected later. For example, the FPSO operating at the deepest water depth is the FPSO Espirito Santo of Shell America. It is operated offshore by SBM Offshore N.V. The FPSO is moored in water 1800 m deep in the Campos Basin in Brazil and is rated for 100,000 bpd. The EPC contract was awarded in November 2006 and was scheduled for first oil production in December 2008. Conversions and internal turret for this FPSO vessel were done at the Keppel Shipyard in Singapore and the topsides were fabricated in modules at Dyna-Mac and BTE in Singapore. Suppliers of Parts of an FPSO Subsea and offshore solution providers or contractors are a major part of the supply chain. They provide or supply the various components of an FPSO. They build the FPSO vessel, and others are supplier of parts of an FPSO. The global floating production storage and offloading market is fairly consolidated with the presence of many large international vendors across the globe. The top five vendors constitute approximately one-third share of the market. The major players in the market are Bumi Armada, BW Offshore, MODEC, Petrobras, and SBM Offshore. The vendors include only the floating production storage and offloading operators. Servicing Components of an FPSO Floating production, storage and offloading vessels (FPSOs) are critical to any offshore oil and gas operation. It is important that you have the right products and expertise to ensure your vessel is operating at it’s best. Therefore, servicing components of an FPSO is a major part of offshore oil and gas operations. You have such products as lubricants from Mobil™ industrial lubricant which have proven to help extend the life of machinery, minimize downtime and extend oil service life. When a company wins a contract to provide an FPSO vessel to an operator, the contractor signs a maintenance and servicing contract to ensure that the vessel and the components of the FPSO are In good shape during the term of the contract. In conclusion, I hope you have now gotten a better understanding of FPSO and the key components of an FPSO vessel. If you are a beginner in the oil and gas industry, this information is very important. FPSO is a terminology in the upstream oil and gas industry you should learn and know. There are many opportunities that come with offshore oil and gas operations across the world.

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Over a hundred students in alternative learning in AMDSB The Avon Maitland District School Board has seen 138 students enroll in its Supervised Alternative Learning this year. “Essentially it’s a program for students who are struggling to achieve credit in our traditional school. So they are under the age when they can actually leave school legally, but they’re not making successful gains in our traditional school setting,” said Jane Morris, Superintendent of Education. The Supervised Alternative Learning program offers students support in their home, through connection with the board’s attendance counsellors. They assign educators to support students and do what they can to help them achieve credits while they are engaging in the traditional school setting. “Some of these families have chosen not to engage with public education due to religious background. Low German communities, mostly in North Huron and North Perth tend to look for alternative ways of learning for their children,” added Morris. School staff and a vice-principal usually work with the students to coordinate the application process.

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At the time of his death in 1790, Benjamin Franklin was world-famous as a philosopher, scientist, inventor and diplomat. His significant contributions to the American Enlightenment and as a leading figure of the Revolution of 1776 are far too numerous and important to be appropriately dealt with in this short space. However, his work as a printer deserves special appreciation. In 1728, when he was 22 years old, Benjamin Franklin wrote the following humorous epitaph for himself: The body of B. Franklin, Printer (Like the Cover of an Old Book Its Contents torn Out And Stript of its Lettering and Gilding) Lies Here, Food for Worms. But the Work shall not be Lost; For it will (as he Believ’d) Appear once More In a New and More Elegant Edition Revised and Corrected By the Author. In his last will and testament of 1788, Franklin amended his plan for the inscription on his gravestone to bear just the names of himself and his wife—Deborah Read Franklin—who preceded him in death by 15 years. In his will, however, he identified himself thus: “I, Benjamin Franklin, of Philadelphia, printer …” Born in Boston, Massachusetts, Benjamin Franklin was the last of his father’s seventeen children. Franklin began his printing career when he was apprenticed to his brother, James Franklin, at age twelve. After he was denied his wish to be published in James’ newspaper, the young Ben began submitting letters to The New-England Courant under the pseudonym “Mrs. Silence Dogood.” The correspondence became very popular in the local community. At age 17, Benjamin left his apprenticeship without permission, ran away to Philadelphia to start out on his own. After building his reputation as a skilled craftsmen—as both a type compositor and pressmen—and disciplined worker, Franklin had the opportunity to set up a printing house in partnership with Hugh Meredith in 1728. The following year he became publisher of The Pennsylvania Gazette, one of two newspapers in the colonies. In his Philadelphia printing shop, Franklin produced his newspaper, government printing projects and he took on a considerable volume of print for hire such as forms, lottery tickets, handbills and bookwork. Beginning in 1730, Franklin was printer of all paper money issued by Pennsylvania, New Jersey and Delaware. Perhaps one of his most recognized projects was “Poor Richards’s Almanack,” which Franklin wrote under the pseudonym Richard Saunders and printed for 25 years beginning in 1732. As Franklin explained in his Autobiography, “I endeavor’d to make it both entertaining and useful, and it accordingly came to be in such Demand that I reap’d considerable Profit from it, vending annually near ten Thousand. . . . I consider’d it as a proper Vehicle for conveying Instruction among the common People, who bought scarcely any other Books.” Although Franklin was not the author of the many clever aphorisms contained the Almanack, it can be argued that these sayings have been passed down and are part of our speech today because of his work. Here are a few of them: – Early to bed and early to rise, makes a man healthy wealthy and wise. (1735) – The rotten apple spoils his companion. (1736) – No gains without pains. (1745) During his printing career, Ben Franklin made important contributions to the technology and practice of printing. He made major improvements to printing press design and helped to set up paper mills in the south. He established in 1778 the first printers’ association in America (later named the Franklin Society), established the first public library, is credited with the idea for the first American magazine and was appointed the first Postmaster by the Second Continental Congress in 1775. Benjamin Franklin created a franchise business model that launched two-dozen printing establishments up and down the Atlantic Coast. In his “Apology for Printers,” Franklin elaborated a philosophy for the role of the printer in modern society: “Printers are educated in the Belief, that when Men differ in Opinion, both Sides ought equally to have the Advantage of being heard by the Publick; and that when Truth and Error have fair Play, the former is always an overmatch for the latter.” If printers printed only what they believed, “the World would afterwards have nothing to read but what happen’d to be the Opinions of Printers.” We look back and appreciate the work of Benjamin Franklin with pride; he was one of our own.

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Nearly 20 years ago, following the attacks of 9/11, the United States freed Afghanistan from Taliban control, opening a new chapter in the history of the country after years of civil war and repressive rule. It was a time of great challenges, but also one of hope, as Afghanistan’s people looked toward a brighter future. In the midst of this transition, in spring 2002, French philosopher and human rights activist Bernard-Henri Lévy traveled to the country at the request of the French president to assess the conditions on the ground and determine how France could contribute to Afghanistan’s rebirth as a nation. In the resulting report, which was both hopeful about the opportunities and clear-eyed about the challenges facing the country, Lévy pressed for France to take on a key role in areas ranging from strengthening the rule of law and women’s rights to helping to restore the country’s cultural heritage. Now, two decades on, as the U.S. and its international partners prepare to withdraw militarily from Afghanistan, it is time to revisit Lévy’s report, available in English for the first time, and to reflect on what once was hoped and envisioned for the country, as well as what has happened in the years since. Featuring a foreword by General (ret.) David Petraeus and an introduction by Dr. Marvin G. Weinbaum. Print Length: 230 pages Publisher: Middle East Institute (July 2021) This book is available for purchase through Amazon in paperback. More MEI Publications Browse other books and e-books edited and written by MEI's leading regional experts.

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Groundbreaking study and health warning The new trend: probiotics and mental health Recently, the term “microbiome” has received a lot of attention in the wellness world. It’s hard to scroll through health-related websites without coming across articles about probiotics. As a team of scientists, we usually discuss our results in peer-reviewed journals. However, given the high level of interest, we have decided to publish our latest research and an important health warning. The study and its implications We are a team of psychiatrists and neuroscientists at the University Clinic for Psychiatry Basel in Switzerland. We recently conducted groundbreaking research into the use of probiotics in the treatment of Major Depressive Disorder (MDD). The work was done by Dr. André Schmidt, a psychiatrist, and Professor Claudio De Simone, a gastroenterologist, who developed the probiotic formulation used in the study. In our study, a probiotic formulation was added to the treatment of people with clinical depression. The aim was to improve the intestinal flora and reduce depressive symptoms. We detailed our findings in the article “Effects of add-on probiotic treatment on frontolimbic brain structure, function, and perfusion in depression: Secondary neuroimaging and results from a randomized controlled trial.” How we did the research All study participants were taking antidepressants. We gave half of them a probiotic supplement and the other half a placebo. None of the participants or study staff knew who was receiving probiotics or placebo. We measured depressive symptoms using the 17-item Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAM-D). We performed clinical examinations and MRI scans before and after the four-week intervention. We also followed up clinical data four weeks after the end of the intervention. what did we find The participants who took the probiotics showed signs of preserved structural integrity in their brains and fewer signs of neurodegeneration. In addition, the probiotics altered the function of the frontolimbic brain regions, an area associated with depression. Some of the imaging findings were associated with an improvement in depressive symptoms. We believe this suggests that probiotics may protect against neuronal degeneration and alter frontolimbic function, resulting in alleviation of depressive symptoms. How did the probiotics work? Professor De Simone, the inventor of the probiotic formulation we use, explains that the benefits are not just down to the specific strains of bacteria in the product. The unique biochemical and immunological enzyme profile resulting from the manufacturing and mixing method of the formulation also played a role. He adds that the results obtained with a specific probiotic formulation cannot be extrapolated to other products, even if they contain genetically identical strains. Different proprietary production methods make the difference. Therefore, using a probiotic without first adapting it to the condition may not produce the desired results and could even harm vulnerable patients. Safety recommendations for probiotics The US-based International Scientific Association for Probiotics and Prebiotics (ISAPP) recently published their recommendations for the use of probiotics in clinical management. Her article “Emerging issues in probiotic security: 2023 perspectives” in the Journal of Gut Microbes emphasizes that while probiotics are generally safe for healthy people, they can occasionally cause adverse events in vulnerable groups. Although our study results are promising, further investigation is needed. dr Schmidt believes that an additional MRI follow-up could help uncover more obvious changes in relevant brain regions. We, the Basel team, recognize that mental health is a crucial aspect of overall health and well-being. We are committed to doing more research and offering healing pathways in this important area. After all, mental illnesses are common and treatable. If you are interested in depression, please read studies about it how dairy products can affect depression risk, And B vitamins may help prevent depression and anxiety. Further information on the subject of health can be found in current studies Highly processed foods can make you feel depressed. And Extra virgin olive oil may ease symptoms of depression. The study was published in the Journal of Mood Disorders. Copyright © 2023 Knowridge Science Report. All rights reserved.

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The Malboxes utility helps to analyse malware on virtual machines. This article explains how this tool works, with an example. Imagine receiving good news like ‘You have won a lottery’ or ‘You have been selected to receive an award’ through an email. But the moment you open this harmless-looking mail, you realise all your files have been encrypted, and a ransom of over US$ 1,000 is being demanded to get them back. This is what happened to the victims of WanaCrypt0r, a global ransomware attack that first appeared on Friday, May 12, 2017. It is very important to understand the nature of such malicious files. Malware analysis is similar to defusing bombs, as the goal is to deconstruct and decipher the software designed to cause harm to or spy on computer users. The program is frequently obfuscated (i.e., packed) to make analysis difficult, if not impossible. Malware has the ability to do any or all of the following things. - Implant payload or variants: In the field of malware, this refers to inserting a virus, worm, or Trojan designed to attack a victim’s machine. - Obfuscate malware behaviour and code: Malware obfuscation is a technique that makes textual and binary data harder to decipher. Attackers utilise such methods to make it difficult for the antivirus to detect it, and filter less malware. - Runtime polymorphism: This is an encryption method used for mutating malware’s static binary code in order to avoid discovery. - Spyware: This collects information and data about the device and the user, while observing the user’s activity, without the knowledge of the user. - Keylogging: Every user activity including emails, accessed websites, apps and keystrokes is tracked. The need for malware analysis Malware analysis is critical for investigating any occurrence of malware. It is carried out in two different ways — static and dynamic analysis. Static analysis: This is a simple way to dissect any binary file (executable) without executing it. Dynamic analysis: This involves execution of malware within the isolated environment (sandbox) that is separated from the real production environment. Simple malware can easily be detected by using static analysis. So present day hackers use advanced techniques to obfuscate code and executables to bypass static detection techniques, making it imperative to use dynamic analysis. If your organisation is attacked by malware, and the threat is eliminated by hiring a good security consultant, you still need to look out for the following to avoid another attack: - Probability of rootkit or Trojan implantation in the system - Is the threat eliminated? - What changes did the attacker make to the system? - How did the attacker access the backdoor to the system? Malboxes is a utility that builds Windows virtual machines (VMs) without requiring any user intervention. The malware analysis tools and security settings for the VMs are set up for malware investigation. Malboxes can also be referred to as a tool designed to assist in the creation of secure and rich-featured Windows PCs for malware analysis. Not only can anyone use this tool, it even works with trial versions of Windows if you don’t have your own licence. Malboxes creates a virtual machine (VM) template for Windows 10 Enterprise evaluation and then launches a duplicate of it with the current folder shared on the VM’s desktop. It also comes with a set of tools for safe malware analysis built into its virtual machine. Architecture of Malboxes Malboxes wraps together the following components: - A packer configuration - Windows unattended installation configuration - PowerShell recipes to disable security features (Defender, auto-updates, firewall, etc) - A set of malware analysis focused tools installed using the Windows package manager Chocolatey - A Vagrant file generator so that the VMs can be managed with Vagrant Tools that come with the Malboxes VM The following tools are installed as part of the build process. - WinDBG: A well-known name for the Windows debugger, it offers regular updates, functionality, and online support. It has a graphical user interface (GUI) that displays the debugger output, as well as stacks and registers. It is used to examine memory dumps in both kernel and user mode. - Complete Sysinternal suite: This suite of tools consists of a collection of Windows apps that can be downloaded for free from Microsoft Technet’s Sysinternals area. They are all portable, which means that they can be placed on a Flash drive and used from any PC, eliminating the need of installing them. - Fiddler: A debugging proxy server tool that allows logging, analysing, and changing HTTP and HTTPS traffic between your computer and a Web server/s. - Wireshark with NPcap (a Windows 10 compatible winpcap replacement): NPcap is a Windows version of the libpcap library that includes a packet capture driver. This library can be used by Wireshark on Windows to record live network data. - IDA Pro remote debuggers (if IDA Pro is installed on the host): The ‘debugger server’ is the computer that runs the debugging application. To debug viruses, Trojans, and malware, the debugger client is kept as far away from the compromised computer as feasible. The following changes are made to the guest operating system: - Automatic updates disabled - Windows Defender disabled It is important to analyse malware in a safe environment. Malboxes, with its tools, helps us do just that. - Malboxes builds everything required in the analysis toolkit, in the following way: 1. Creates and allocates a safe environment for analysis 2. Sandboxes the system from the production environment 3. Installs behaviour and code analysis tools - Malboxes helps to overcome faulty malware analysis consequences, which can range from the leakage of internal information, products, or licences to the identification of an organisation’s IP addresses and erasure from the infected computer. - Because Malboxes includes Chocolatey, a single command can be used to install anything from the large Chocolatey software package gallery. In the configuration file of Malboxes, you can change the default list of packages installed. - Malboxes offers the advantage of coming with tools preloaded and may be deployed with the help of a few commands, avoiding hours of effort in installing these individually. Malboxes is built around Python 3 and supports the Windows, Mac and Linux operating systems. Installation steps on a Windows machine - Python 3.3+ - VirtualBox or a vSphere/ESXi server Minimum specs for the build machine - At least 5GB of RAM - VT-X extensions strongly recommended Install VirtualBox: VirtualBox is a powerful x86 and AMD64/Intel64 virtualisation product for enterprise and home use. It is used here in order to provide a hypervisor for the Malboxes virtual machine to run on. Not only is VirtualBox an extremely rich-featured, high performance product for enterprise customers, it is also the only solution that is freely available as open source software under the terms of the GNU General Public License (GPL) version 2. Install Git and Python3: Git is a free and open source distributed version control system designed to handle small and very large projects with speed and efficiency. It is used to clone the Malboxes project from the GitHub repository. It is easy to learn and has a tiny footprint with lightning fast performance that outclasses SCM tools like Subversion, CVS, and Perforce. Python is an interpreted high-level general-purpose programming language that not only constructs but also aims to help programmers write clear, logical code for small and large-scale projects with its object-oriented approach. Pip3 is the package installer for Python that can be used to install packages from the Python package index and others. It comes with the latest version of Python. We will be using Pip to install the required dependencies such as ‘setuptools’ and ‘git install malboxes’. Pip3 gets you a newer version than that with ‘apt-get’. Furthermore, combined with ‘virtualenv’, it allows you to install your dependencies within a single directory. Install Vagrant: Vagrant is a virtual machine based environment management tool. Vagrant Boxes are prebuilt basic images that can be used as a starting point. This can be used to build a Malboxes image to test malware on it. Vagrant works on Mac, Linux, Windows, and more. Remote development environments force users to give up their favourite editors and programs. Vagrant works on your local system with the tools you’re already familiar with. Install Packer 1.2.3 and add it to environment variables: Packer is a program that automates the production of machine images of any form. It encourages users to utilise a framework like Chef or Puppet to install and configure software within Packer-created images, embracing modern configuration management. The Packer images allow machines that are fully loaded and configured to start in seconds. They can run production in AWS, staging/QA in a private cloud like OpenStack, and development in desktop virtualisation solutions like VMware or VirtualBox because they build similar images for many platforms. Add the downloaded exe file to environment variables in the Advanced System Settings, while installing Packer 1.2.3. Install Malboxes and setuptools through CLI: Setuptools is a set of improvements to the Python distutils. It makes creating and developing Python easier for developers, particularly those that rely on other packages. Since Malboxes have dependencies, we can use setuptools to install them correctly. Malboxes builds malware analysis on Windows virtual machines, providing an environment to test malware. Figure 3 shows the commands that have to be entered into the command prompt. Next, check for Malboxes installation and create a box. As shown in Figure 4, this will build a Windows 10, 64-bit VM. We can check for other VMs by entering ‘malboxes list’ in the CLI. Now create a Vagrant file for malware analysis by typing in ‘vagrant up’. This command creates and configures guest machines according to your Vagrant file. This is the singlemost important command in Vagrant (can be viewed in Figure 5), since this is how any Vagrant machine is created. In the next step, spin up the new VM using the above syntax; for example: ‘malboxes spin win7_32_analyst newWin32VM’. The ISO file can be found in the virtual box by double clicking on the new ISO file, or just running it by clicking on run. The VM should now start booting. Make sure sufficient RAM and system resources are provided to the VM. Sample malware analysis Let us now analyse a sample malware executable file in the built-in WinDBG on the Windows virtual machine. The steps to carry out the analysis are as follows. Download a sample malware file: There are multiple resources from which we can download suitable malware executables for analysis, one of which is the GitHub repository called ‘Malware-Samples by fabricagic72’. These samples were caught by the owner of the repository using various honeypots. TekDefense has a bunch of executable malware samples as well, as seen in Figure 6. Disable Defender and prepare for analysis: Find ‘disable_defender’ under the tools and execute it. The will disable the Defender on the VM. Open a debugger such as WinDBG that comes with the virtual machine. It should be titled ‘x64dbg’. Drag and drop the executable file into the debugger: To analyse the malware, we now click on ‘show code’ and then read the code. A red flag indicates that the code is obfuscated, and hints at a malicious program. This confirms that the potentially malicious program stays in its bounds and does not break out of the sandbox, providing for safe malware analysis. The code snippet shown in Figure 8 is part of the malware payload, where the functions and objects are haphazard and nonsensical, hinting towards code obfuscation and a malicious program. So we have learnt how to build a Malboxes lab environment for offline malware analysis and also tested it. Malware today is constructed in such a way that it can detect a VM and may even try to leap out of the environment, onto the host. Hence, performing malware analysis in a controlled environment is recommended.

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There are a lot of important happenings in May — birthdays, moments in history — heck, even The Rock celebrates another year around the sun this month. But the biggest May to-do has to be our very own birthday — Amira is 2! We’re excited as can be to celebrate another year and watch as more and more people find their home in our friendly community. We’re also happy to share our birthday month with these fine folks — you may have even heard of a few: Helena Bonham Carter Other Famous Names Pope John Paul II Arthur Conan Doyle Ralph Waldo Emerson But May’s accomplishments don’t end with who was born this month. There are some interesting moments in history and fun facts that happened during May: - Blue Jeans were officially invented in May of 1873 after Levi Strauss and Jacob Davis obtained a patent for the pants on May 20th. - Alan Shepard became the first American in space, piloting Freedom 7 for 15 minutes and 28 seconds on May 5, 1961. His flight reached an altitude of 116 miles above earth. - Explorers Meriwether Lewis and William Clark left St. Lewis on May 14, 1804, to explore the northwest. Their 6,000-mile journey from St. Louis to the Pacific coast of Oregon and back took more than two years. - May was a big month for aviation history. Twenty-five-year-old Charles Lindbergh left Long Island on May 20, 1927, to fly the Spirit of St. Louis across the Atlantic, landing in Paris 33 hours late, accomplishing the first solo, non-stop flight from New York City to Paris. On the same day five years later, Amelia Earhart became the first woman to fly solo across the Atlantic, leaving Newfoundland, Canada for a 2,026-mile flight to near Londonderry, Ireland. It took about 13 hours. - Clara Barton founded the America Red Cross on May 21, 1881. - Inventor Samuel Morse sent the first official telegraph message on May 24, 1844 from Washington, D.C., to Baltimore. The message? “What hath God wrought?” - The Golden Gate Bridge in San Francisco officially opened May 27, 1937, with 200,000 people strolling across it. Don’t forget to take a picture in the Amira frame and tag us on Instagram and Facebook using #PictureYourselfinAmira !

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Windows is one of the most commonly used operating systems today. Since it made its way into the PC market, it is reported that about 90% of PCs run on a Windows OS. Since the release of the first version in 1985, there have been plenty of other versions in the market. Each version carries unique characteristics that make them suitable for PC users of various levels. If you are new to using a Windows PC, here are a few things you might want to know about it. Make sure you learn about how to utilize your device to the fullest to exploit its features. Take note of the tips and tricks listed below. 1. Data Backup The popularity of Windows as an operating system has its pros and cons. One of the advantages is that there are several super useful apps developed for this particular OS. The downside is that it can also be an easy target for hackers and malicious programs. When your operating system is infected by a virus, all of your computer files may be deleted without warning or held hostage. Since there is no way to predict when a virus infection may occur, make it a habit to always back up your data. 2. Transfer of Large Data Transferring large files from one device to another is a neat feature that is available to PCs with a Windows operating system. From movies to music files, you can easily manage the transfer of files no matter how big they are. All you need is a tool to facilitate the transfer, including USBs, external hard drives, and the internet (specifically the cloud). 3. Anti-Virus Software As mentioned above, there are plenty of malicious programs out there that target Windows computers. So, having an anti-virus software installed is your best means of protecting your device against malware. There is plenty of free-to-use options, such as Avira and Avast. In fact, Microsoft has its own free antivirus for Windows users. There are also paid programs offering more tools for protection. 4. Keyboard Shortcuts There are a few keyboard shortcuts that you can master when using a Windows PC. Here are some of the most commonly used ones: - Windows Key + E = Launch File Explorer - Windows Key + R = Launch Run Program - Windows Key + D = Minimize All Open Windows - Ctrl + F = Find a specific word in a text body (for word or text documents) - Alt + F4 = Close an open window - Ctrl + Shift + Esc = Open the Task Manager - Alt + Tab = Toggle between multiple windows - Prtscr = Take a screenshot of the window you are working on - Ctrl + C = Copy a particular text - Ctrl + V = Paste the copied text to a specified destination 5. Recovering Lost Files Losing files can be the most frustrating thing that could happen to anyone when using a Windows PC. You accidentally delete your files and go into panic mode! However, all is not lost. There is a way to restore the file you just deleted. You can use various free recovery software programs for emergency file restorations. To prevent the same problem from recurring, always make it a habit to save and back up your data. 6. Delete Your Computer Files If you want to delete all of your files so as no one can recover them, then don’t just do the usual “Delete” method. The files can still be stored on your computer and recovered. To ensure that everything is completely deleted from the system, you need software like Eraser. You won’t have to worry about anybody else gaining access to sensitive data on your computer. 7. Task Manager The Task Manager is a handy tool that enables you to organize your computer processes. As the name implies, you can access it to perform specific actions on your Windows PC. For example, if a program is not running properly, you can cancel the action from the Task Manager. You can also see from the Task Manager which program is consuming the highest RAM percentage (which causes your computer to run slow). Using this information, you can close programs as needed to improve the processing speed of your Windows PC. 8. Dealing with Junk Do you have any programs that you downloaded but no longer use? Even though you are not using those programs, they still consume valuable RAM space. The more RAM space that is in use, the slower your computer gets. If there are any software programs you no longer intend to use, remove those programs from your Windows PC. You can do so by going through the “Uninstall” process. This will dramatically improve your computer speed. 9. Removing Duplicate Files Aside from unused programs, duplicate files or programs can also cause your Windows PC to slow down. The key here is to find duplicate files so you can remove the ones you do not need. 10. Customized Lock Screen This feature is available for Windows 8 and above versions only. It is a neat feature that you can surely put to good use. When you boot your PC or put it into Sleep mode, you will be able to display helpful information on the display screen. Some of the information that can be displayed includes date, time, and any important notifications (such as email, social network, or calendar). You will then be able to determine if there is anything important you’ve missed while your computer is not in use. You can save time by not having to log into your account in order to check them. By knowing these important Windows PC-related tips, you are on your way to making the most of your device! Thanks for your feedback, add a comment here to help improve the article

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Sufism is basically a religion based on the truth of life. It is a mystic tradition that consists of a varied range of ideas and practices that emphasize on the attainment of divine love and compassion of the heart. In the 14th century, a Sufi saint wrote a book known as the "Principles of Sufism" that defines the essence of Sufism as "a science whose objective is the reparation of the heart and turning it away from all else but God". Universal Sufism has been defined by great Sufi masters as a way to travel to the presence of the Divine force and fill oneself with inner beauty and compassion. Read about the teachings and history of Sufi religion. History of Sufism Sufism is said to have been originated near a place called Basra located in Iraq. The Muslims located in this region started off this religion as a path to reach the divine. The divine form who is worshipped in Sufism is Prophet Mohammed and all schools of Sufism consider the Prophet as the manifestation of God. This is one reason why Sufi is considered to have branched from Islam. However, ancient Islamic scriptures have no mention of Sufism in them. Some scholars hold the view that Sufism is the evolution of Islam in a more spiritual and mystic direction. Sufism in its earlier stages was recited and meditated from the Quran. Sufi Saints in India India is the land of spiritualism. Some of the major religions of the world have been started over here. Sufism has also been present in India since a long time and even today we find a number of Sufi followers here. Some of the popular Sufi saints of India have been discussed Khwaja Moinuddin Chishti Khwaja Moinuddin Chisti was one of the most famous Sufi saints in India. He is the founder of the Chishtiya order in India. He was born in Persia and is said to be a direct descendent of Prophet Muhammad. He settled in Ajmer in India from where he preached the principles of Sufism to all. He had a massive following and even today, people irrespective of their religions are adopting his principles of Sufism. Every year, his death anniversary is celebrated in Ajmer at his tomb when thousands of believers gather to pay respect to this great Sufi Another famous Sufi saint of the Chisti order in India was Hazrat Khwaja Nizam-ud-din Auliya, who was popularly known as Hazrat Nizam-ud-Din. His real name was Mohammad and at the age of 20, he became the student of Fariduddin Ganj-i-Shakkar. He was revered saint who is supposed to have been the master of Amir Khusro. His shrine located in Delhi is a popular attraction for Sufi followers. Baba Bulleh Shah was a revered Sufi saint of India whose real name was Abdullah Shah. He preached his teachings and principles in Punjab. During the time he was at his peak, there was much unrest between Muslims and Sikhs. He preached nothing but the truth and his words of wisdom pacified those affected by the constant tiffs between Muslims and Sikhs. Through his poems, he criticized the orthodox religious systems that were prevalent during his time. His poems were written in Punjabi and Sindhi as these were languages that common people could read and Given below is information about the various practices in Sufism that form a part of this religion.

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Former New Deal logo shown on Ticonderoga, N.Y., cancel Postmark Pursuit by Molly Goad The postmark pictured here highlights a 1940 post office mural by New York artist Frederick Massa. The cancel includes a hybrid image of an eagle and a paint palette. The patriotic design served as the logo for the Federal Art Project, a New Deal program that ran from 1935 to 1943 employing out-of-work artists. Born in 1909 in the Bronx, N.Y., Massa painted murals for the Brooklyn Public Library and the Fort Ticonderoga, N.Y., post office during the Depression. The library mural has since been destroyed, but the latter is celebrating 80 years in 2020. The artwork is an oil-on-canvas piece called Exhortation of Ethan Allen. In an article in the February 2012 Postal History Journal, Linda Osborne and Robin Nowc described Massa’s mural: “The heroic scene depicts Ethan Allen and his Green Mountain Boys just before they captured Fort Ticonderoga from the British. The figure at left center is Benedict Arnold, who held a commission from the Massachusetts Committee of Safety to command an expedition against the Fort. The Green Mountain Boys had refused to follow Arnold, but Allen and Arnold worked out a shared command compromise. The moment depicted by the mural is the dawn speech of May 10, 1775 (probably apocryphal, but claimed in Allen’s account of the affair), exhorting the Boys to attack.” The Ticonderoga, N.Y., post office was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1989 and is still in operation today. To obtain the postmark, address your request to: 80th ANNIVERSARY Station, Postmaster, 169 Champlain Ave., Ticonderoga, NY 12883-9998, May 9. Connect with Linn’s Stamp News: Sign up for our newsletter Like us on Facebook Follow us on Twitter MORE RELATED ARTICLES US StampsJun 7, 2023, 6 PM A pleasant stop in Nebraska included a Valentine visit US StampsJun 7, 2023, 1 PM 2023 Tundra Swans federal duck stamp to be issued June 23 in Memphis US StampsJun 7, 2023, 12 PM Hunt for in-period use of 1978 U.S. Coast Guard Eagle postal card US StampsJun 6, 2023, 3 PM A closer look at the new Endangered Species collector’s kit

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Name in North American Boletes: Suillus grevillei - Genus: Boletus - Species 2: grevillei - Species 3: proximus - Species 4: elegans Common Name: “Larch Suillus” - Common Name 2: “Tamarack Jack” Tells: Pale- to orange-yellow cap flesh stains pinkish brown. Viscid cap. Cap-colored stem usually has yellow band above the ring & white below. Ammonia/KOH on cap. Grows w/larch. Other Information: Cap flesh may taste metallic, and stem flesh may stain bright green from the base up. Cap color varies from yellow all the way to chestnut brown, and can even be bright red if it’s never seen the light of day. Yellow pores age brown & stain red-brown. Suillus luteus is similar grows w/pines. Science Notes: This used to be known by the European name Suillus grevillei. The species name was changed after DNA evidence showed that the North American version is genetically distinct. Edibility: Good. Well… sort of. “So-so” would be more accurate, and many people prefer to peel of the cap skin before eating fresh specimens. - NH4OH (Ammonia): Cap skin turns dark green to olive-black. Cap flesh turns red/pink before shifting to blue and then blue/green. - KOH: Cap skin turns greenish black. Cap flesh flashes pink and then immediately shifts to blue and/or bluish black. - FeSO4 (Iron Salts): Cap flesh turns olive-brown to olive-black. Got something to discuss?

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What Is The Difference Between Oil And Natural Gas? The biggest separation between raw Oil and intrinsic Gas is their molecular makeup. raw Oil is comprised of a ramble and diverse choice of intricate hydrocarbons. … intrinsic Gas is also wetting up of a mixture of particularize hydrocarbons such as gasses resembling ethane propane butane and pentane.Nov 1 2017 What is natural gas and oil? Oil and intrinsic gas are naturally occurring chemicals that are wetting up of exact two elements — carbon and hydrogen. The pure of chemicals based on carbon and hydrogen are named hydrocarbons. The simplest hydrocarbon methane is wetting up of one carbon dissection and four hydrogen atoms. What is natural gas and how does it compare to oil? 1. raw oil and intrinsic gas are fossil fuels that are abashed for heating. 2. raw oil or petroleum consists of hydrocarbons and fuse inanimate compounds briefly intrinsic gas consists mainly of methane and hydrocarbons or ethane. Do cars use oil or natural gas? Jet fuel is abashed in jet airplanes and ant: gay types of helicopters. Residual fuel oil is abashed in ships. Biofuels are added to gasoline and diesel fuel. intrinsic gas as compressed intrinsic gas and liquefied intrinsic gas is abashed in cars buses trucks and ships. Why is it called natural gas? The total train as you can see is fully intrinsic and results in the shape of a colorless odorless gas which is greatly flammable. So the above-mentioned ‘natural gas’ is perfectly self-descriptive in a sense. … The reach of methane confuse in biogenic gas however is almost 20% – 30% pure sooner_than what is confuse in intrinsic gas. What is difference between oil and gas? Oil vs Gas. The separation between oil and gas is that the commensurate oil refers to hydrocarbon mixtures that are fluid at space temperature since gas is a mixture of gas formed engage the fossil remains buried profound in the Earth. … numerous types of oil are confuse naturally and ant: gay are processed. Is oil better than natural gas? On a global plane gas is also safer sooner_than heating oil for the planet owing intrinsic gas sends 25 percent pure carbon dioxide inter the atmosphere sooner_than oil. Which is more expensive oil or natural gas? Compared to oil intrinsic gas is pure expensive. The mean intrinsic gas account in winter 2014 to 2015 was $642 and intrinsic gas tends to be one of the smallest costly fuel options overall. The efficiency of intrinsic gas systems varies. The convenience disparity systems are good-natured sooner_than 90 percent efficient. Does natural gas come from petroleum? Natural gas is sometimes exact named gas See also since does accost storms mainly occur Is CNG a gas? CNG also mysterious as compressed intrinsic gas is an eco-friendly choice to gasoline. wetting by compressing intrinsic gas (methane) below to pure sooner_than 1% of its size CNG fuel is safer sooner_than gasoline and diesel owing it is non-toxic and does not defile strained water. Is natural gas renewable? As we traditionally colloquy it intrinsic gas is not renewable but its sustainability plane depends on since it comes from. accordingly are three types of intrinsic gas: Abiogenic methane is a agree of oil and gas that does not commence engage fossil deposits. Does natural gas damage the engine? Natural gas tends to prolong the advantageous vitality of the engine’s lubricating oil owing it produces pure carbon when burned. In conventionally fueled vehicles engine oil degrades as a ant: fail of soften and fuse impurities engage the combustion train that are genuine absorbed by the oil. How is oil gas made? The leading aloof of refining raw oil is to overreach it until it boils. The boiling fluid is separated inter particularize liquids and gases in a distillation column. These liquids are abashed to exult petrol paraffin diesel fuel etc. … The boiling oil turns inter a mixture of gases in the column. What’s wrong with natural gas? While carbon dioxide emission is not that elevated burning intrinsic gas also releases methane which is a powerful greenhouse gas that leaks to the atmosphere in a big amount. Burning intrinsic gas also emits carbon monoxide nitrogen oxides (NOx) and sulfur dioxide (SO2). Is natural gas liquid or air? Natural gas is an odourless colourless gas largely formed dispute millions of years underground. It’s wetting of a difference of compounds (see below) but methane is by far the interior significant. Is it worth switching from oil to gas? It is Cost-Effective See also what happens to air density as you go up in the layers of the atmosphere Although the initial address of switching to a gas furnace may be valuable the overall savings are commendable the upfront costs in the related run. Not single are you guaranteed elevated returns on investments but you antipathy also preserve good-natured money dispute early if you select to use intrinsic gas dispute oil heating systems. What’s cheaper gas or oil? Oil simply costs good-natured sooner_than gas but that doesn’t aid to expound why. During combustion it has been proven that intrinsic gas is far good-natured efficient at providing overreach energy. The worst order of heating a boiler is using electricity so we quiet commend oil or gas as preferable options. What is better gas or oil? Oil offers numerous open benefits. … Oil provides abundant good-natured overreach per aggregation sooner_than intrinsic gas. Biodiesel a ingredient of the Biofuel that Tragar ant: implicit delivers to its customers produces considerably good-natured overreach per aggregation (127 960 BTU) sooner_than intrinsic gas (22 453 BTU). Is natural gas the best for heating? Natural gas is one of the cleanest-burning fossil fuels available making it a relatively right option as a fuel material when comparing it to fuse fossil fuels resembling heating oil. If fossil fuels are your home’s single option intrinsic gas is probably the convenience one to use for heating. Who is the largest natural gas producer in the US? ExxonMobil ExxonMobil. ExxonMobil (XOM) produced 8.5 billion cubic feet of intrinsic gas per day in 2020 the lowest reach in the spent seven years and aloof of a continuing decline. 12It is the largest oil and gas follow in the United States based on revenue. Is natural gas the same as propane? Natural gas vs propane: conclusion twain are odourless colourless and clean-burning fossil fuels. Propane is good-natured energy-efficient and considered to be a green fuel briefly intrinsic gas is not. intrinsic gas is delivered to houses via gas pipelines. … Lastly propane is heavier sooner_than air but intrinsic gas is lighter. What are advantages of natural gas? Advantages of intrinsic Gas intrinsic gas is plentiful and a superiority material of energy. … Infrastructure already in place. … intrinsic gas can be easily transported. … intrinsic gas produces pure overall pollution. … intrinsic gas is a nonrenewable resource. … Storage. … intrinsic Gas Emits Carbon Dioxide. … intrinsic gas can be hard to harness. What is LPG full form? The acronym LPG stands for liquefied petroleum gas and in ordinary parlance describes gases that stay fluid at space temperature separate relatively low resistance such as propane butane and their mixtures. … As a fossil fuel LPG (liquefied petroleum gas) is frequently abashed for heating or cooking purposes. What does LNG stand for? Liquefied intrinsic gas (LNG) is intrinsic gas that has been cooled to a fluid lands (liquefied) at almost -260° Fahrenheit for shipping and storage. What does LPG stand for? liquefied petroleum gasAs we’ve exact learnt LPG stands for liquefied petroleum gas which resources when you say LPG gas you’re saying… liquefied petroleum gas gas See also how to articulate spiral How long will natural gas last? Oil can blight up to 50 years intrinsic gas up to 53 years and harmonize up to 114 years. Yet renewable energy is not common sufficient so emptying our reserves can despatch up. What creates natural gas? Natural gas is created naturally dispute the assembly of hundreds of millions of years. It is formed when layers of decomposing plants and animals are subordinate to intense overreach engage the Earth and resistance engage rocks. Is natural gas finite? Fossil fuels (coal oil and gas) are clear — use topic for related sufficient and global material antipathy eventually run out. What are the disadvantages of CNG? Disadvantages Of Having CNG In Your Car Decreased useless Space. CNG Powered Maruti Suzuki WagonR. … Decreased enable Output. 1.2-litre engine. … many labor Intervals. Engine Oil repulse – Basic Car DIYs. … Decreased Resale Value. Buying engage a special seller. … related Wait For Refuelling. CNG refilling. … Hydrotesting. … bespatter of Knowledge. Why CNG cars are not popular? Another innate disadvantage of the CNG cars is its shorter order compared to the diesel and petrol vehicle. The perfection fuel order resources that you antipathy own to share the car to refilling plaster good-natured regularly. Additionally the fuel efficiency of CNG-powered vehicles is also perfection sooner_than fuse customary vehicles. Can you convert a natural gas vehicle to gasoline? When the CNG storage tank becomes low on resistance the engine antipathy automatically switch to gasoline. Normally the driver antipathy not observation a vary in engine agency when this takes place. Where is natural gas found? Natural gas is confuse in profound underground rock formations or associated immediately fuse hydrocarbon reservoirs in harmonize beds and as methane clathrates. Petroleum is another fossil fuel confuse narrow to and immediately intrinsic gas. interior intrinsic gas was created dispute early by two mechanisms: biogenic and thermogenic. How is natural gas shipped? Natural gas can be transported on soft via pipeline or on water via ship. interior of the world’s intrinsic gas is delivered by pipeline. amplify networks of pipelines quickly liberate intrinsic gas on soft to superiority processing facilities and end consumers 2. Where is natural gas used? Most U.S. intrinsic gas use is for heating and generating electricity but ant: gay consuming sectors own fuse uses for intrinsic gas. The electric enable sector uses intrinsic gas to deteriorate electricity and ant: slave advantageous thermal output.

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Get Focus insights straight to your inbox Seaweed is two billion years old. There are three big families: green, red, and brown seaweed, and they are each very different. Green seaweed moved on land half a billion years ago and gave birth to all the vegetation we have now. It is genetically closer to an oak tree than it is to a red seaweed. The difference between red seaweed and green seaweed is bigger, from a genetic perspective, than the difference between a fungus and an elephant. This very wide area of genetic diversity offers an equally diverse range of applications. These revelations were shared by Vincent Doumeizel, author of ‘The Seaweed Revolution, in our recent webinar hosted in partnership with Bright Tide and the University of Plymouth. The webinar covered the incredible range of applications of seaweed and reflects its role as a vital part of a sustainable ocean economy.

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Index of files of monuments ALCALÁ DE MONCAYO (R) Mozarabic - 10th Century - Zaragoza Embedded in a semicircular cube of the castle wall we find a geminated window reused. Due to its characteristics, it corresponds to a Mozarabic building from the beginning of the 10th century. The jambs are made of sandstone ashlars. One on the left side and two on the right. Parteluz based on a monolithic cylindrical column on a very damaged base and on its top, a capital of simple forms based on leaves scarcely marked at their angles, with a central rib and a ball or perhaps pineapple at the top vertex. ALCAZABA DE MÉRIDA (R) Castles, Castles - 9th Century - Badajoz Built by Abderramán II in 835, it was the seat of the administrative units, the governor’s residence and the city’s defensive and control center. In its perimeter, surrounded by walls of 2.70 meters wide, are distributed 25 solid towers, but the towers albarranas were built after the reconquest of the area. In the courtyard of the citadel are preserved multiple remains of the Roman city, of which the most significant elements are the blasón gate and its cistern, in which decorated pieces and the famous Visigoth lintels were reused. For more information see his description in ALCAZABA DE TRUJILLO (R) Castles - 9th Century - Caceres Constructed by the Arabs in the second half of the 9th century, in the high of a rocky hill, it is formed by a construction of square plant of some 40m of side inside a wall of 900m of perimeter. The castle, which is constructed by Roman re-used ashlars, consists of two parts forming two big geometric adjacent enclosures. One is the Court of Weapon, with form of square, with a door placed between two towers, and other one, acquaintance as Albacar, with plant in the shape of hexagon. In times of the Kings Católicos a barbican was added. ALCÁZAR DE MEDINA DE POMAR (R) Castles - 14th Century - Burgos Begun to constructing about 1370, it consists of two big towers joined by a central body of minor height. In that of the south side, of ground floor and three floors, sets with coffered ceilings, and ramparts, there was dedicated to housing while the north one, of similar structure, but without decoration, it would was dedicated to the guard and servitude. The central building, it was the palace with a great lounge. Property of the Town hall of Pomar’s Medina, it has been restored without very much success and turned into the Historical Museum of the Merindades. ALCÁZAR DE SEGOVIA (R) Renacentista, Castles - 15th Century, 13th Century - Segovia It is one of the most impressive Spanish castles and of major historical importance. Documented from 1122 and with Roman and Arabic precedents, it was a royal residence from Alfonso VIII. Modified and extended by Fernando III and Alfonso X and later kings at least up to Philip II, in him Isabel The Catholic one was crowned as queen of Castile. Later it was prison, Royal College of Artillery and Historical Military File. Of irregular plant, it is clear of an exterior area that it includes the court, pit, drawbridge and tower of the honoring, and the interior of four floors, garrets, basements and several lounges and a chapel. ALCAZAR REAL DE GUADALAJARA (R) Castles - 9th Century - Guadalajara Fortification of Andalusian origin from the 9th century converted over time into royal palace, cloths factory and military barracks, is currently in ruins. It is a rectangular enclosure of just over a hectare located on the west side of Guadalajara to protect the entrance to the city. It was finished in the 10th century and conquered by Christian troops in 1086 the Alcazar became a place of stay for the Castilian kings. Alfonso XI built a church dedicated to San Ildefonso in his interior and under his reign it was expanded into an authentic royal palace in the Mudejar style. ANTECRIPTA DE SAN ANTOLÍN (R) Romanesque - 11th Century - Palencia Romanesque constructions in Palencia and in Castile in yes, since till then one had come this alone style realizing in the Aragonese and Asturian zone. Of the Romanesque cathedral you upset some vestiges have come to us, nevertheless, it turns out to be fundamental to know this crypt, since in her they agree the bases of what later would be the Romanesque one. ARCO DE SAN JUÁN DE PANJÓN Visigoth - 7th Century - Pontevedra Unknown until 1926 when it was discovered under several layers of lime, situated as an arch of access to the presbytery in the ancient church of San Juan, on which the “Votive Temple of the Sea” was built between 1932 and 1937. There is no previous reference to the church from which this magnificent preromanic arch was conserved, which links with the wide set of horseshoe arches that exist in Galicia. ASENTAMIENTO FORTIFICADO DE PUIG ROM Visigoth - 7th Century - Gerona At the top of a small peak near the sea called Puig de les Muralles are located the archaeological remains of an old fortified settlement which, due to its characteristics, has traditionally been identified as a military structure –castrum–, although it has also been interpreted as as a civilian town in height. The chronology attributed is from the 7th century, and so far no later chrono-typological element has been identified, so it is very likely that the place was abandoned after the Muslim occupation at the beginning of the 8th century (the latest element is a Agila II tremis). It has been tried to relate this fortified enclosure as one of the military agents of the rebellion of Doge Paul against King Wamba (a. 672); in fact, the site constitutes a paradigm among the settlements of Visigothic chronology in the northeast of the peninsula. ASUNCIÓN DE MARÍA DE BOSSÒST (R) Romanesque - 1st century - Lérida The church of the Asunción de María de Bossòst was built at the end of the 12th century following the Valle d’Aran standard consisting of a basilica floor plan with three naves and semicircular apses. It has two belfries (one high on the north side and the other lower belfry on the roof) and two access doors to the temple, one in the north with a sculpted tympanum and a simpler one to the south. BAÑOS ÁRABES DE TENERÍAS (R) Other Styles - 11th Century - Toledo Placed in the right margen of the river, close to the church of San Sebastian de las Carreras, they were discovered and excavated between 1988 and 1989 and studied in 1997. Constructed in the 11th century, in masonry with bricks placed to blight, it is compartimentado in several rooms or rooms which covers have disappeared between those who emphasize a foyer, the lavatories, a domed room, another room also domed, major that the previous one with two bedrooms in the ends, and in the southern part the Warm Room. BAPTISTERIO DE GABIA LA GRANDE Visigoth - 6th Century - Granada Semi buried building, almost square, with an octogonal font in white marmor in its centre, covered with a media sphere vault and with an apse, a tower with a spiral staircase and a long access gallery. The whole decoration found suggests it was built during the first Byzantine domination of this part of Spain. Basílica de Algezares Visigoth - 6th Century - Murcia Also called Basílica del Llano del Olivar, it has a basilica plan with three naves separated by arches on columns and a single extended semicircular apse. It had an attached circular baptistery, with a round pool. The construction technique is very poor but remains of richly decorated gates with geometric drawings, columns with secant circles, roped pilasters, etc. have been found. BASÍLICA DE BOBASTRO Mozarabic - 10th Century - Málaga BASÍLICA DE CABEZA DE GRIEGO Visigoth - 6th Century - Cuenca Remains of the largest Visigothic church ever known have been found in the ruins of the Roman city of Segóbriga It was of basilical type with an elongated pseudo crossing with the shape of “tau”. It was dismantled during the restoration of the Monastey of Uclés and only the studies of the excavation in the 18th century and a few remnants of the decoration have survived. Basílica de Casa Herrera Visigoth - 6th Century - Badajoz t has a square basilical plan of 15 metres by side with three naves separated by six columns and two opposed apses, both unattached, with prolonged semicircular shape. It was totally surounded by a set of small compartments that suggest it was built by African monks. BASÍLICA DE EIO (Tolmo de Minateda) Visigoth - 6th Century - Albacete Basílica de El Germo Visigoth - 6th Century - Córdoba It has a basilical plan of 19 x 13 m, with three naves separted by rectangular supports and two opposed apses that connect on the southern side with another extended building, also with a double apse that contained an oval baptismal font. There was also a lateral portico in the northern side. It seems it was further used after the Arab invasion. Basílica de Illetas del Rey Visigoth - 5th Century - Baleares Very similar to Torrello’s with a basilical plan with three naves and a square apse with two small lateral compartments. Here also the most interesting thing are the mosaics, very naturalist and fanciful, with drawings of flowers, plants and animals. Part of those have been preserved in the basilic an specially in the Museum of Mahón. BASILICA DE LA ALCUDIA Visigoth - 6th Century - Alicante Excavated in 1905 in Alcúdia de Elche, it has also been considered as a sinagogue of the 4th century. It consists of an apse nave of 11 x 8 m facing from east to west and paved with mosaics in blue, white, pink and yellow. Almost the whole decoration of the nave, divided by friezes in three decorative sections, is geometrical and floral with Greek inscriptions.

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World Zionist Organization |HaHistadrut Hazionit Haolamit| |Founder||Theodor Herzl | |Yaakov Hagoel, chairperson, Yaakov Aharoni, director general| The World Zionist Organization (Hebrew: הַהִסְתַּדְּרוּת הַצִּיּוֹנִית הָעוֹלָמִית; HaHistadrut HaTzionit Ha'Olamit), or WZO, is a non-governmental organization that promotes Zionism. It was founded as the Zionist Organization (ZO; 1897–1960) at the initiative of Theodor Herzl at the First Zionist Congress, which took place in August 1897 in Basel, Switzerland. The goals of the Zionist movement were set out in the Basel Program. Operating under the aegis of the WZO are organizations that define themselves as Zionist, such as WIZO, Hadassah, B'nai B'rith, Maccabi, the International Sephardic Federation, the World Union of Jewish Students (WUJS), and more. The Jewish Agency is a parallel organisation, with goals, attributes and leadership closely intertwined with those of the Zionist Organization during the years before the establishment of the State of Israel, and to varying degrees after that. Significant changes to the statutes of both organisations occurred in 1952, 1970 and 1979. Founded as the Zionist Organization (Hebrew: הַהִסְתַּדְּרוּת הַצִּיּוֹנִית; HaHistadrut HaTsionit), or ZO, in 1897 at the First Zionist Congress, held from August 29 to August 31 in Basel, Switzerland. The ZO's newspaper Die Welt was founded in the same year. It changed its name to World Zionist Organization in January 1960. The ZO served as an umbrella organization for the Zionist movement, whose objective was the creation of a Jewish homeland in Eretz Yisrael – at that time under the Ottoman Empire and following the First World War, the British Mandate of Palestine. When the State of Israel was declared 51 years later on May 14, 1948, many of its new administrative institutions were already in place, having evolved during the regular Zionist Congresses of the previous decades. Some of these institutions remain to this day. The finances of the WZO were conducted by the Jewish Colonial Trust (founded in 1899), and acquisition of land was conducted by the Jewish National Fund (founded in 1901).Keren Hayesod (founded 1920) funded Zionist and Yishuv activities prior to the creation of the state of Israel through enterprises such as the Palestine Electric Company, the Palestine Potash Company and the Anglo-Palestine Bank. Membership in the ZO was open to all Jews, and the right to vote for delegates to the congresses was secured by the purchase of the Zionist Shekel. Delegations from all around the world, and from many different political backgrounds and religious traditions, took part in each Congress; delegations/parties were mainly grouped by ideology, rather than by geography. In 1960 the ZO changed its name to the World Zionist Organization and adopted a new constitution under which individuals are ineligible for membership, which is reserved for organizations. In 2010 rabbi Yosef Shalom Elyashiv published a letter criticizing the Shas Party for joining the WZO. He wrote that the Party "is turning its back on the basics of Charedi Jewry of the past hundred years. In the words of Gedolei Yisroel: 'Zu Neveilah she’ein kamosa'." He compared this move to the decision of the Mizrachi movement to join the WZO [over one hundred years ago] which was the deciding factor in their separation from "authentic Torah Judaism." - Theodor Herzl: (1897–1904) - Max Nordau (de facto) (1904-1905) - David Wolffsohn: (1905–1911) - Otto Warburg: (1911–1921) - Chaim Weizmann (1st time): (1921–1931) - Nahum Sokolow: (1931–1935) - Chaim Weizmann (2nd time): (1935–1946) - David Ben-Gurion (acting): (1946–1956) - Nahum Goldmann: (1946-1948) - David Ben-Gurion (acting): (1948-1956) - Nahum Goldmann: (1956-1968) - Ehud Avriel: (1968–1972) - Tova Dorfman: (2023 to present) - Simon Greenberg (1963–1968) - Louis Arie Pincus (1968–Oct 1973), head WZO executive until 1972 - Yitzhak Navon (1972–1978), only head of WZO executive - Aryeh Dolchin (Oct 1973–1975), only chairman of Jewish Agency - Pinhas Sapir (1975–12 Aug 1975), only head of Jewish Agency - Aryeh Dolchin (12 Aug 1975–6 Jan 1976), only chairman of Jewish Agency - Yosef Almogi (6 Jan 1976–1978), only chairman of Jewish Agency - Aryeh Dolchin (1978–Dec 1987) - Simcha Dinitz (Dec 1987–14 Feb 1994) - Yehiel Leket (Feb 1994–Feb 1995) - Avraham Burg (Feb 1995–Feb 1999) - Sallai Meridor (25 Feb 1999–2005), "acting" until May 1999, then elected - Zeev Bielski (2005–2009) - Avraham Duvdevani (2010–2020) - Yaakov Hagoel (2020–present), former Vice Chairman & Head of the Department for Activities in Israel & Countering Antisemitism. In 2009, Natan Sharansky was elected head of the Jewish Agency and Avraham Duvdevani was elected Chairman of the WZO at the 36th Zionist Congress on 15 June 2010. World Zionist Congress The World Zionist Congress established by Theodor Herzl, is the supreme organ of the World Zionist Organization and its legislative authority. It elects the officers and decides on the policies of the WZO and the Jewish Agency. The first World Zionist Congress was held in Basel, Switzerland in 1897. |Part of a series on| |Aliyah in modern times| The platform of the WZO is the Jerusalem Program. The Zionist Council, meeting in Jerusalem in June 2004, adopted this text as the latest version. "Zionism, the national liberation movement of the Jewish people, brought about the establishment of the State of Israel, and views a Jewish, Zionist, democratic and secure State of Israel to be the expression of the common responsibility of the Jewish people for its continuity and future. The foundations of Zionism are: - The unity of the Jewish people, its bond to its historic homeland Eretz Yisrael, and the centrality of the State of Israel and Jerusalem, its capital, in the life of the nation; - Aliyah to Israel from all countries and the effective integration of all immigrants into Israeli Society. - Strengthening Israel as a Jewish, Zionist and democratic state and shaping it as an exemplary society with a unique moral and spiritual character, marked by mutual respect for the multi-faceted Jewish people, rooted in the vision of the prophets, striving for peace and contributing to the betterment of the world. - Ensuring the future and the distinctiveness of the Jewish people by furthering Jewish, Hebrew and Zionist education, fostering spiritual and cultural values and teaching Hebrew as the national language; - Nurturing mutual Jewish responsibility, defending the rights of Jews as individuals and as a nation, representing the national Zionist interests of the Jewish people, and struggling against all manifestations of anti-Semitism; - Settling the country as an expression of practical Zionism." Projects and initiatives This section relies excessively on references to primary sources. (November 2022) The World Zionist Organization is made up of several departments. The Department of Diaspora Affairs aims to build bridges between Jews everywhere and strengthen Zionist identity among young Jews The Department of Aliyah Promotion aims to motivate and assist Jews in the process of immigration to Israel, awaken an interest in learning Hebrew and strengthen ties between the Jewish Diaspora and the State of Israel. The Department of Activities in Israel and Countering Antisemitism seeks to strengthen Jewish Zionist identity among Israelis and combat antisemitism. The Department of Education works to bolster Jewish-Zionist identity and the connection to the State of Israel and the Diaspora through the Hebrew language and educational content in the formal and informal education systems in Israel and the Diaspora. Since 2004, Department for Zionist Activities of the World Zionist Organization bestows the annual Herzl Award for recognition of exceptional volunteer efforts on behalf of Israel and the Zionist cause. A document brought before Israel's Supreme Court in 2009 showed that private Palestinian land was taken and given to Israeli settlers by the World Zionist Organization. The land in question had been ruled off-limits by Israel. The World Zionist Organization had been acting as an agent of the government in assigning land to Jewish settlers in the Israeli-occupied territories. The Israeli government, to avoid responsibilities under international law, used the World Zionist Organization to settle its citizens in the territory occupied in 1967. The document concerns several homes in the Israeli settlement of Ofra, approximately 15 miles north of Jerusalem in the West Bank. The Israeli Justice Ministry confirmed that the land in question was owned by Palestinians and that the nine houses in question had been ordered demolished. Dror Etkes of Yesh Din said "It's an international organization that is, simply put, stealing land." In May 2022, activists of the World Zionist Organization disrupted a service of about 150 members of the Women of the Wall at the Western Wall in Jerusalem. A group of 1000 ultra-orthodox girls had been bussed in by the WZO. They attacked the Women of the Wall, taunting, shoving and spitting on them, while some waved WZO flags. The Board of Deputies of British Jews sent an open letter to the WZO demanding an "explanation and calling for urgent remedial action" over the violent harassment. - ^ The World Zionist Organization - ^ Spencer C. Tucker, Priscilla Roberts, ed. (2008). The Encyclopedia Of The Arab Israeli Conflict: A Political, Social, And Military History. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO. p. 1095. ISBN 978-1851098422. Retrieved 2 February 2015. - ^ See Chapter 2: The Seven Years of Herzl Archived 2010-01-25 at the Wayback Machine of Zionism – The First 120 Years Archived 2010-09-22 at the Wayback Machine by the Jewish Agency. - ^ "Chapter Two The Seven Years of Herzl". Jewishagency.org. Archived from the original on 2010-01-25. Retrieved 2008-11-29. - ^ Reich, Bernard; Goldberg, David H. (2016-08-30). Historical Dictionary of Israel. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 9781442271852. - ^ "Shas Becomes First ultra-Orthodox Party to Join WZO". Haaretz. - ^ Elyashiv, R. Yosef Shalom (2010-01-22). "Nevelah Ne'esta B'Yisroel" [An Atrocity Done in Israel]. Yated Ne'eman. - ^ "ZIONISM- Timeline of Events". Mfa.gov.il. Retrieved 2008-11-29. - ^ "President of the World Zionist Organization". wzo.org.il. Retrieved 2023-04-19. - ^ Howe, Marvine (July 28, 1993). "Obituary: Dr. Simon Greenberg, 92, Rabbi And Conservative Jewish Leader". New York Times. Retrieved September 15, 2011. - ^ Gur, Haviv Rettig (June 16, 2010). "WZO gets 1st religious-Zionist chairman". Jerusalem Post. - ^ "Zionist Congress". World Zionist Organization. Archived from the original on 2 February 2017. Retrieved 21 Feb 2015. - ^ "Jerusalem Program 2004". Wzo.org.il. Archived from the original on July 7, 2007. Retrieved 2008-11-29. - ^ "Department of Diaspora Affairs". World Zionist Organization. Retrieved June 6, 2019. - ^ "Aliyah Promotion Unit". World Zionist Organization. Retrieved June 6, 2019. - ^ "Activities in Israel and Countering Antisemitism Unit". World Zionist Organization. Retrieved June 6, 2019. - ^ "Department of Education". World Zionist Organization. Retrieved June 6, 2019. - ^ "The Herzl Award 2004-2005". Wzo.org.il. Archived from the original on September 27, 2007. Retrieved 2008-11-29. - ^ Teibel, Amy (21 June 2009). "Lawsuit brings murky West Bank land deals to light". Associated Press. Archived from the original on 2011-03-13. - ^ Maltz, Judy (May 2, 2022). "Women of the Wall Attacked at Event Organized by World Zionist Organization". Haaretz. - ^ Klein, Zvika (May 2, 2022). "Backlash against Women of the Wall prayer sparks Western Wall tensions". Jerusalem Post. - ^ Harpin, Lee (May 10, 2022). "Board of Deputies anger over 'disturbing harassment' of women at Western Wall". Jewish News. - World Zionist Organization English website - Constitution, updated as of November 2019. Jerusalem, World Zionist Organization - The New Constitution Of The World Zionist Organization and addresses by Dr. Nachum Goldmann, Zvi Lurie And Aryeh Pinkus. The constitution adopted in January 1960. Zionist Executive Organization Department, June 6, 1960

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Penetration testing, also known as a pen test or ethical hacking, verifies the effects of particular security flaws or problematic procedures. It is a legitimate attempt to take advantage of flaws in the system, such as those in the operating system, protocol stacks, applications, applications’ misconfigurations, risky end-user behavior, etc. It illustrates the possible repercussions of a network being violated or hacked by an actual attacker. This process entails a thorough active analysis of all the target system’s security-related features, followed by an attempt to access the system by circumventing these security features. Both paid and free tools can be used to carry out these tests. A report highlighting all the insecure areas that require the system managers’ attention is produced with the help of information about security vulnerabilities that have been successfully exploited through such testing. Penetration testing assesses a system’s capacity to defend its users, endpoints, networks, and applications from internal and external threats. It also makes an effort to safeguard security controls and ensures that only authorized users have access. Penetration testing is essential because: - It offers evidence to support the notion that increasing investments in the security facets of technology is crucial. - It assesses the size of the assault on potential customers. - It describes a simulation environment or how a hacker might attack the system using a white hat technique. - It is useful to identify vulnerable points where a hacker could launch an attack to access the computer’s functions and data. - It promotes protecting original data and avoiding black hat attacks. Let’s now explore some of the key stages of penetration testing. 1. Pre-engagement Interactions The testing scope must be established before conducting a penetration test. Pre-engagement discussions occur during the planning stage, when the assignment’s parameters are established, along with management approvals, paperwork, non-disclosure agreements, etc. The penetration testing team develops a clear plan following the current security regulations, professional norms, and best practices. The testing team must also list all the tasks to be completed before the penetration test during this phase. Several factors must be considered to carry out a properly planned, controlled attack. A successful penetration test requires careful planning because, in contrast to a hacker, a penetration tester faces many restrictions when carrying out a test. The time constraint is one of them. In a real-world setting, a hacker would have plenty of time to carefully plan his attack, whereas a penetration tester would have a deadline. The second is the legal constraints, where a penetration tester is bound by a legal contract that outlines the acceptable and unacceptable steps they must strictly adhere to avoid negatively impacting the target organization’s operations. 2. Intelligence Gathering A penetration tester learns about a target during the intelligence gathering phase, including how it behaves, functions, and can be attacked. The information gathered provides important insight into the security measures in place. To obtain as much information as possible about the target organization and its systems, both technical and non-technical methods are used during intelligence gathering. Various port scanners are freely accessible online for this purpose. Nmap, SuperScan, and Hping are a few well-liked port scanners. The services behind the open ports should be fingerprinted after successfully identifying them. Before including them in the final report, it is advised that the penetration tester verifies the precise name and version of the services currently running on the target system and the underlying Operating System. Additionally, this will aid in locating and removing any later discovered false positives. A penetration tester must make the most of this phase, be resourceful enough to find various vulnerabilities, and be open to exploring every angle that might, over time, result in the leakage of pertinent information about the target organization. 3. Vulnerability Analysis The knowledge gained from the earlier stages is combined and used to find potential vulnerabilities in the target system during vulnerability analysis. A penetration tester may use an automated tool to scan the target systems for known vulnerabilities during this stage. The most recent vulnerabilities and their details are typically stored in the databases of these tools. By subscribing to security-related mailing lists, security blogs, advisories, etc., a successful penetration tester will always keep up with the most recent vulnerabilities. A penetration tester may test the systems during this stage by providing erroneous inputs, random strings, etc., and observing any errors or unexpected behavior in the system output. There are many chances that the penetration tester will find previously unknown vulnerabilities by doing this. One of the most thrilling aspects of a penetration test is likely exploitation. The target may have unanticipated defenses that stop a specific exploit from working. However, the penetration tester must confirm that the system is vulnerable before exploiting it. It is always advisable to conduct extensive research on the target before launching well-planned, high-probability exploits. A penetration tester will look for exploits for the various vulnerabilities discovered in the earlier phase during this stage. The majority of the vulnerabilities have proof-of-concept exploits available in a large number of online repositories. If not done properly, this step can be dangerous. There is a chance that using an exploit could crash a production system. Before being used in real situations, every exploit must be tested in a lab setting. Some organizations would demand that certain critical system vulnerabilities not be exploited. In this case, a penetration tester must provide enough proof through well-documented proofs-of-concept that show how the vulnerability affects the organization’s operations. There are reliable exploitation frameworks available for creating exploits and carrying them out methodically. Instead of running exploits on such frameworks, a penetration tester can make the most of their potential. These frameworks can greatly speed up the process of creating original exploits. 5. Post Exploitation Post-exploitation is a critical component in any penetration test. Post-exploitation targets particular systems recognizes critical infrastructure, and targets the information or data that the company values the most and has made an effort to secure. It is necessary to make an effort to conduct additional analysis of the target system to gather more data that might result in administrative privileges. Demonstrating attacks with the greatest potential for business impact is the sole goal of this phase. The reporting portion of a penetration test is by far the most crucial. Reports explain what was tested, how it was tested, and, most importantly, how the organization should patch any vulnerabilities. Organizations rarely experience a penetration test where the tester works from an attacker’s perspective. The success of the organization’s information security program and preventing future attacks depend on the information gathered during a test. The information must be gathered and summarised so the organization can use it to increase awareness, address problems, and enhance general security rather than just fix the technical flaws. The report needs to be concise and precise. The client shouldn’t have to use their imagination in any way.

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More than 1.7 million Americans have amputated limbs. Losing a limb is traumatic in itself, but the physical amputation is not the end of the struggle. Ninety percent of amputees experience phantom limb syndrome, meaning they are haunted by continued sensation in the amputated area. This mysterious sensation manifests in a variety of ways. Two-thirds of patients describe a feeling of an insatiable itch. For others, the mere itch escalates to perpetual tenseness, a nagging feeling of discomfort, or even extreme stabbing pain. Painkillers are of no use when the limb is not really there. Nor does phantom limb syndrome fade with time — many victims live with it for the rest of their lives The mystery of phantom limbs has baffled scientists for centuries. Although modern theories are leading to potential treatments, there is no strong consensus among neuroscientists about what causes this unique syndrome. While earlier theories focused on psychology and surgical error, arguments have been made recently for neuronal plasticity, or the ability of neurons in the brain to adjust their function. At large, phantom limbs remain an unsolved mystery. Early theorists on phantom limbs believed that pathological denial caused the artificial sensation. Many patients underwent years of psychotherapy to no avail. This psychological theory added insult to injury — on top of tremendous disorienting pain, victims had to deal with the feeling that they were somehow to blame for it. The next dominant theory to emerge about the origin of phantom limbs was equally harmful to patients. When limbs are amputated, severed nerve endings remain in the stump. These raw edges, scientists theorized, might continue to be stimulated post-surgery. The frayed nerve endings could misfire, relaying false information back to the brain about a non-existent limb. With this mindset, surgeons attempted to alleviate phantom limb pain by shortening the amputee’s stump, hoping to remove problematic nerve endings. These efforts were a complete failure; most patients continued to experience phantom limb pain. Dr. V.S. Ramachandran, currently working at UC San Diego, is the renowned neurologist responsible for the most prominent modern theory on phantom limbs. He points to the somatosensory cortex, part of the brain that receives and interprets sensory signals from different parts of the body. In one experiment, Ramachandran used Q-tips to touch different parts of an amputee’s face. The patient realized that when Ramachandran touched his cheek, he also felt sensation in his phantom limb. Ramachandran claims that phantom limbs arise when the neurons that previously received signals from the amputated limb begin to overlap with the neurons responsible for other parts of the body. Neurologists used to think that the brain was a static organ, but new evidence illustrates neuronal plasticity, the idea that neurons in the brain change and adapt to new circumstances. Still, Ramachandran’s theory is imperfect, and several critics have voiced concerns. Dr. Tamar Makin of Oxford University claims to have found no evidence of cortical remapping through her research. Even more condemning, she has also discovered that cortical representations of the missing limb are stronger, not weaker, in patients who suffer phantom limb pain. This means that these neurons are not converted for use in other tasks. Phantom limb syndrome has eluded both explanation and treatment for centuries. Explanation remains a mystery, but treatment is within closer grasp. Though he has not managed to convince the entire scientific community with his neuronal plasticity theory, Ramachandran has been successful in curing some patients of their phantom limb pain. For one patient, who had an inexplicable feeling that his phantom arm and hand were clenched tightly, Ramachandran designed a cardboard box with two arm holes and a mirror in between — an impossibly simple-looking contraption. Looking at the intact arm and its reflection in the mirror creates the illusion that the patient has two fully functional arms. Ramachandran instructed the patient to clench and release his intact fist while looking into the mirror box. To the patient’s surprise, his long-endured phantom pain subsided immediately. Ramachandran believes that the mirror box illusion creates major neurological conflict between visual and tactile sensory information. The brain is overwhelmed by the conflicting signals, and the phantom limb disappears. But not all neuroscientists agree about why or how this treatment works, and just as many disagree about the cause of phantom limb syndrome itself. The key to understanding this phenomenon remains trapped within the complex labyrinth of the human brain.

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Cat Princess needed help with her Tooth ! Her gums were RED & BLEEDING & her BREATH was BAD Unfortunately black cat often SUFFER in SILENCE with FELINE TOOTH RESORPTION ! Tooth Resorption occurs when odontoclasts destroy the tooth root surfaces by causing the enamel to be resorbed. As the disease progresses, the different layers of the tooth are resorbed & the pulp cavity (the nerve & blood supply) becomes exposed, causing pain ! The resorption continues until the tooth is weakened & ultimately fractures.The cause of these lesions is unknown; no one knows why odontoclastic cells begin to resorb the tooth root. All black cat can develop feline tooth resorption. In fact it’s one of the most common oral conditions seen in cats. Unfortunately Cat usually HIDE symptoms of PAIN ! Feline tooth resorptive lesions are associated with pain, bad breath, mouth sensitivity (dropping food), drooling, tooth fractures, tooth loss, anorexia (inappetance), weight loss. Since these lesions usually start at the gum line, they are often covered with gum tissue or tartar & therefore may be difficult to detect without a thorough oral exam. As the lesions progress you may notice drooling, trouble eating, reluctance to eat or a decrease in appetite & occasionally bloody saliva or swelling around the mouth & jaw.Your vet may identify a feline tooth resorptive lesion while performing an oral exam during your pet’s check-up or during a dental cleaning. Dental radiographs (x-rays) are necessary to properly evaluate the extent of tooth & tooth root damage & determine the appropriate treatment. Since feline tooth resorption is a progressive disease, extraction/oral surgery is the best option for all affected teeth, even those with mild damage. It is important that people realize these lesions are very painful & simply leaving the affected tooth alone is not an option. Unfortunately there is no known prevention for this disease but the earlier it is identified the better it is for your cat ! Leave A Comment

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The Space Shuttle – a technological marvel that inspired the public and revolutionized the way people think of space exploration. Potent propulsion, unprecedented power, and unrivaled speed launched thousands of daring astronauts on pioneering missions beyond Earth’s atmosphere. It redefined flight as we know it with its revolutionary design that combined Delta wings with solid rocket boosters for powerful lift-off. The incredible Space Shuttle opened up an entire universe of possibilities, from medical advancements to scientific discoveries that have improved life on Planet Earth. This iconic spacecraft made history for humankind and will continue to be remembered for generations to come as a symbol of human ingenuity at its finest. Space Shuttle Facts for kids - Space Shuttles were used for NASA space missions. - Shuttles could carry people and cargo to space. - There were 5 Space Shuttles built: Columbia, Challenger, Discovery, Atlantis, and Endeavour. - Space Shuttles were launched from Kennedy Space Center. - Shuttles could land like airplanes. - The Space Shuttle program ended in 2011. The Space Shuttle was a Reusable Spacecraft Launching the space shuttle marked a major milestone for science and space exploration. There’s never been any vehicle like it. The revolutionary design was unlike anything anyone had ever seen before: the first-ever reusable spacecraft. The fact that they could be launched again and again was an incredible achievement – so different from a traditional space rocket, which can only be used once! That meant mission costs could be reduced significantly. This game-changing idea gave scientists hope that traveling to space would not just be exclusive to elite missions, but trips could become safer and more economical for everyone involved in exploring the unknown reaches of deep space and time. It was an exciting time of Discovery, with incredible potential to explore farther than we ever thought possible – something humankind had dreamed of since the dawn of time. Its First Launch Was In 1981 It was 1981 when the world saw something totally new. A spacecraft unlike anything we had seen before. They called it Columbia, and it had an amazing mission. To explore uncharted territory, to boldly go where no man had gone before, and to show us just what mankind is capable of achieving if we put our hearts and minds together. This one-of-a-kind, cutting-edge creation became an instant symbol of exploration and innovation for everyone who believed in the potential of space and all its exciting possibilities. It was a momentous achievement that opened up avenues of research and adventure that were previously unforeseen. This totally unique vehicle held limitless promise for generations to come, as well as a reminder to never stop dreaming big. NASA Retired The Space Shuttle In 2011 It was the end of an era. Since first taking off in 1981, the iconic space shuttles have made 135 launches and safely returned their passengers back to Earth, time and time again. But on July 21, 2011, after three decades of operation, it all came to a close as Atlantis touched down at the Kennedy Space Centre in Florida for its final mission. The moment marked the official retirement of NASA’s space shuttle program. An entire generation of dreamers, who had grown up watching these incredible spaceships take off from their T.V. screens, had watched their last launch blast off into the unknown and go beyond what seemed possible before. From now on, little would be understood about space exploration and Discovery that hadn’t already been discovered by the amazing accomplishments of these intrepid adventurers with thrusters blazing forward into the ultimate unknown. It was a farewell that left us with just one thought: The sky is not the limit; there are always new heights that humanity can reach when we work together. Space Shuttles Can Launch Like a Rocket and Land Like an Airplane! Space shuttles soar up to the heavens like shooting stars. Bursting into space with potent propulsion and unprecedented power, they can explore and discover in ways no one has before. But when it’s time to come home, these beacons of progress gracefully glide from the stratosphere back down to Earth, settling softly and safely on the runway just like a bird of prey returning to its nest. This remarkable combination of rocket velocity and airplane precision enables us to make expeditions for greater learning without sacrificing our chance of reuse! An exciting prospect for sure! There Were a Total of 135 Space Shuttle Flights For three decades, space shuttles defied what anyone thought was possible. They launched 135 awe-inspiring missions and created something that, up until then, had never existed – the International Space Station! From building the orbiting laboratory to launching satellites into orbit, these magnificent vessels provided humanity with an unprecedented look at space and a deeper appreciation of science. Not only did they show us what was possible in outer space, but they also created a lasting legacy of exploration and Discovery. They broke boundaries and rewrote history as they raced around Earth, gathering data, testing new equipment, and making history along the way. Every mission represented a milestone in human achievement — pushing the limits of technology and inspiring generations to come. With every mission, they conquered greater heights, took us further out into space than ever before, and took scientific odysseys to places we never dreamed were possible. Along their incredible journey, they showed the world that nothing is impossible if you set your mind to it. With every successful mission, hope for a better future was renewed. The Space Shuttle Could Accommodate up to 8 Astronauts on Each Mission The mighty space shuttle demands respect. It could carry up to 8 daring astronauts — never short of company! These intrepid explorers would make history by taking part in groundbreaking scientific experiments, deploying and recapturing satellites, and even helping to construct the awe-inspiring International Space Station! Taking a trip on the Shuttle was no ordinary adventure. On board were seasoned professionals who made the most of their journey into the unknown. They performed pivotal experiments, conducted game-changing research, and pushed humanity one remarkable step closer to reaching its ultimate outer-space goals. 355 Astronauts Had The Opportunity to Fly on The Space Shuttle It’s astonishing to think that, between 1981 and 2011, 355 brave astronauts flew on historic space shuttles. Breathtaking accomplishments were made, propelling us further into our vast and unknown cosmos. These daring trials of human exploration boasted about 135 successful shuttle launches, with some astronauts going into space more than once! The epic feats accomplished by the Shuttle’s astronauts demonstrated their own individual bravery and relentless determination whilst representing humanity’s unplugging hunger for knowledge. Here stood men and women who had devoted their lives to uncovering mysteries both in and beyond Earth’s boundaries. These heroes forged new pathways through untamed galaxies, pushing the boundaries of scientific research and dedicating themselves to paramount levels of exploration. As we come closer to understanding the heretofore inaccessible secrets in space, we must pay profound homage to all those that have played a part in its Discovery – especially those 355 astronauts aboard the pioneering Space Shuttles, who were armed only with courage and curiosity as they ventured out of this world. The Space Shuttle Consisted of 3 Sections At the core of a successful space mission lay the three essential components: an orbiter, an external tank, and boosters. These components would join forces to facilitate a journey skyward like never before. The orbiter was home to the crew, equipped with living quarters and necessary tools for work in space. It also had the remarkable ability to carry payloads beyond our atmosphere! Meanwhile, an external tank was filled with fuel and strapped onto the orbiter for added elevation on launch day. And finally, two indestructible boosters provided thrust and power for an impressive two minutes at takeoff-a true testament to man’s ingenuity in engineering. Together, these three components were all it took to propel humans farther than they ever dreamed possible. The Space Shuttles are Now on Display in Museums The space shuttles are the vehicles that launched us into a new era of exploration. From their iconic shape to the astronauts who rode them, these state-of-the-art machines have captivated our imaginations for decades. But now, with their retirement, they’ve become a part of history. They’re no longer our starships looking out into the unknown, but instead are memorials recognizing what once was and what can still be attained in the future. You can visit some of these retired shuttles around America in all their mighty glory - Shuttle Atlantis at the Kennedy Space Center Visitor Complex in Florida - Shuttle Discovery at the Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center outside Washington D.C. - Shuttle Endeavour at the California Science Center - Shuttle Enterprise at the Intrepid Sea, Air & Space Museum in New York City Each spacecraft has a unique story to tell about humanity’s spiral of progress and exploration—and seeing one up close is a beautiful experience full of inspiration and wonderment. So take your time! Enjoy this momentous part of history and appreciate just how far we’ve come—and how far there is still left to go! Columbia Space Shuttle The Space Shuttle Columbia was an innovative American marvel. Over two decades, it brought astronauts on a total of 28 thrilling voyages and exploration experiences, aiming for the stars and reaching them time and time again. From its ambitious April 12, 1981 launch – which inspired generations to become interested in the study of space – to its devastating reentry on February 1, 2003, that tragically took the lives of seven brave crew members, it carried out pioneering missions with daring and unwavering tenacity. Named after a classic U.S. Navy ship that completed a groundbreaking circumnavigation of the world in 1836, it made history by playing an instrumental role in this momentous endeavor, as well as acting as the lunar module for the iconic Apollo 11 mission. The Space Shuttle Columbia is thus memorialized as a dedicated symbol of our ambition and dream of discoveries beyond Earth’s boundaries. Challenger Space Shuttle The Challenger was a groundbreaking space shuttle, rocketing away to explore the unknown. But its mission ended shortly after takeoff when the catastrophic failure occurred 73 seconds in. All seven astronauts lost their lives that day, but their legacy lives on. What caused this tragedy? Faulty O-rings were to blame for the booster malfunctioning due to cold weather. But let’s not forget the brave souls who boarded that flight and whose memory we honor today. Challenger was named for an HMS ship of exploration back in 1872, an Apollo 17 Lunar Excursion Module – and a reminder of our courage in the face of uncertainty. Discovery Space Shuttle Soaring through the cosmos, the Discovery was the pioneering spirit of space exploration. Seamlessly blending beauty, thrust, and science, Discovery embodied a mission to take us beyond the limits of our world. At 25,000 tiles and counting, Discovery’s eye-catching ablative heat shield made every reentry a sight to behold. Through its 39 esteemed journeys, it refined its expertise for missions of all shapes and sizes -from conquering majestic new galaxies to launching the Hubble Space Telescope into space- taking mankind ever closer to space’s realms of the unknown. Discovery was the bright star that shone brightly with innovation while delivering unforeseen exploration opportunities in universities and classrooms around the globe. Now retired from service with its meteoritic impact on history firmly cemented in space flight annals, her legacy and celestial pursuits live on forever through young aspirants of their own epic shuttle dreams. Atlantis Space Shuttle Atlantis is the crown jewel of the Space Shuttle fleet, a marvel of engineering and shuttle ingenuity. Built by Rockwell International in 1985, this NASA spacecraft has been the stepping stone for modern space exploration, launching 33 successful missions into orbit over its lifetime. A true powerhouse of aeronautics, Atlantis was one of the first to be flown into space, boldly taking to the skies on a mission to break records and make history. Spanning multiple decades with impressive endurance and resiliency at its core, this craft has come full circle with its final mission just last year in 2011. As commander of STS-135 aboard Atlantis’ last flight ever, Astronaut Chris Ferguson described her as “proud and graceful” – a fitting reflection to encapsulate this machine’s illustrious journey from coast-to-coast: from California, where it was initially built to Florida, which launched it up above our terrestrial bounds. Now residing at Kennedy Space Center for all eternity as a symbol of interplanetary authority and grandeur. We give thanks for crucial years served with admirable courage, interstellar traversing undiscovered realms – parting life lessons for generations upon generations still dreaming beyond what we know today. Bon voyage, beauty, you will not be forgotten! Endeavour Space Shuttle Endeavour has been the beacon of what is possible when human ambition collides with unfaltering determination and technological innovation. Commissioned due to a heartbreaking tragedy, this majestic orbiter was crafted from structural spares and rose above any semblance of mere repair work to define a new idea – together, and we can create something better. From its first mission in 1992 to its historic last flight in 2011, Endeavour blazed an inspirational trail across the heavens and beyond. Showing immense determination, it agreed to bravely serve in place of its predecessor and set forth into space again and again. This incredible machine reshaped our concept of space exploration while simultaneously building dreams on Earth – dreams that will never be forgotten. It set the bar for all future spacecraft, demolishing boundaries as it flew valiantly into unknown territories – ever higher and further than any could have imagined before it. Onboard Endeavour’s final mission in 2011 lies one of human history’s greatest accomplishments as it was anticipated that STS-134 would be the end of NASA’s Shuttle program… but not without adding one more success story when Atlantis joined to launch on what became the final mission ever: STS-135. Enterprise Space Shuttle We’re proud to introduce you to the Space Shuttle Enterprise (OV-101) – the pioneering vessel that made the space journey a reality. It was designed without engines and a heat protection system, but its sheer innovation of it paved the way forward and paved the way for future space exploration. Construction began in June 1974, powered by cutting-edge technology and today’s best minds. Enterprise was completed within 2 years on September 17, 1976. To test how well it could be transported atop a Boeing 747 aircraft, NASA carried out three tests with manned flights still attached. Another five tests followed with pilots practicing glider-like landings at Edwards Airforce Base. Gordon Fullerton, Fred Haise (Apollo 13), Joe Engle, and Dick Truly obtained their wings in this incredible mission. After its final testing phase, parts of Enterprise were re-purposed for use in other shuttles that took us further into space than ever before! Final Space Shuttle Mission For thirty years, a spacecraft called ‘Atlantis’ had been inspiring and capturing the world’s imagination. It was the very first vehicle to break free from Earth and soar above our atmosphere, a technological feat that’s still beyond reach for all but the sturdiest spacecraft. The “final frontier” had finally been breached, and Atlantis enabled us to conduct experiments and explore regions of space that had remained unexplored until now. But after years of geology studies, spacewalks, construction marvels, and other adventures, it was time for Atlantis to come home. Its wheels rolled to a stop at NASA’s Kennedy Space Center in Florida on July 21, 2011, marking the completion of its final mission; STS-135. It signaled an ending, yes – but also a dawning of new possibilities as Earthlings discovered the secrets of the cosmos during STS-135’s successful 30-year journey. From capturing data on Black Holes to launching satellites – no single mission held more remarkable achievements than its final one aboard Atlantis. One era of space exploration: complete. A new chapter of Discovery: ready for takeoff!

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In 1485 England was a small kingdom, the whole country consisted of a population of less than 3 million people, with 60,000 living in the capital, London.1 The Wars of the Roses was very much a recent trauma in the national memory. The country was a predominantly rural society, with local loyalties to local landowners – such as the Percies in Northumberland – taking precedence over national considerations. Noticeable regional differences varied in speech, diet, cloth, farming methods, the shape of church towers, and even the veneration of the saints. In Tudor Lincolnshire the Fens were yet to be drained, few roads were well-maintained and even they could be treacherous in heavy rains. Lincoln itself had been effected by the decline in the wool trade, and with a shrinking population, its size and prosperity were also decreasing. A distinction was also rising among the aristocracy of the county and that of the royal court. In the regions, the minor nobility served the king as sheriffs, escheators and justices of the peace, or representing their county in parliament. The greater aristocracy, however, were looking for positions and influence at court; for themselves and their families. The Tudor court was a micro-world in itself. It set the standards in manners for the whole country. Service to the monarch was the primary concern. Most courtiers were related to each other, marriages were negotiated between the prominent families and service to the queen was the highest position a lady could aspire to. At first glance you would think there was very little interaction between the nobility of Lincolnshire and the Tudor court. However, as we delve deeper we can see that, not only was there movement between the court and the county, it was not only one-sided, but fluid and travelling in both directions. When looking at this over the Tudor period – of over a hundred years of history – we notice the subtle changes in the interactions between the county and royal court, not only based on the progress of the time, but also the personalities involved and their personal experiences. For some ladies, marrying into a member of the Lincoln aristocracy was a way of getting away from the glare of the court. For Elizabeth (Bessie) Blount, lady-in-waiting to Katherine of Aragon, a former mistress of Henry VIII and the mother of his illegitimate son Henry Fitzroy, Earl of Richmond, it was the chance at a normal life. Born in 1500, Bessie Blount married Gilbert Tailboys in 1519, following her affair with Henry VIII and just months after the birth of the king’s son. The marriage was probably arranged by Henry as a ‘reward’ for Bessie. The couple settled on Gilbert’s family estates at Kyme in Lincolnshire. And despite being far from court, Bessie was not forgotten by the king. She continued to receive Henry’s favour, with various grants between 1522 and 1539 and New Years’ gifts throughout her life; in 1532 Henry sent her a gilt goblet with a cover weighing over 35 ounces.2 Bessie and Gilbert had three children together, Elizabeth, George and Robert, before his death in 1530. Gilbert Tailboys had settled part of his Lincolnshire estates on Elizabeth, giving her an annual income of £200 a year for life. Following his death, Bessie appears to have been happy to stay in Lincolnshire instead of returning to her Shropshire roots, or an unwelcoming royal court. In 1535 she married again, to the soldier Edward Fiennes de Clinton, 9th Baron Clinton and Saye, who was 12 years her junior. Although de Clinton had his family seat in Kent, they settled on Bessie’s Lincolnshire estates. They had three daughters together, Bridget, Katherine and Margaret, before Bessie died sometime before June 1541 (when Clinton remarried). While Elizabeth appears to have stayed away from court, Clinton’s marriage to the king’s former mistress brought him royal favour; he attended on the king at Calais and Boulogne in 1532 and acted as cup-bearer at the coronation of Anne Boleyn in 1533. Following the Lincolnshire Uprising of 1536, one of several rebellions which formed the Pilgrimage of Grace, Clinton was rewarded for staying loyal to the king – most Lincolnshire gentlemen had joined the rebellion – with the dissolved monastery of Sempringham. Lincolnshire aristocratic families were often very closely related. Elizabeth and Edward’s daughter, Bridget, married Sir Robert Dymoke II, son of Sir Edward Dymoke and his wife Anne, who was the daughter of George Tailboys and the sister of Elizabeth’s first husband, Gilbert. The Dymoke family held Scrivelsby in Lincolnshire, through which tenure they were king’s champions; Sir Edward was champion at the coronations of Edward VI, Mary I and Elizabeth I. Sir Edward’s sister, Margaret, was born in Scrivelsby around 1500 and served several of Henry’s queens. After first marrying Richard Vernon of Haddon Hall, Derbyshire, she then married Sir William Coffin, Anne Boleyn’s Master of Horse. Margaret had been one of Queen Katherine of Aragon’s gentlewomen at the Field of Cloth of Gold and would also serve Henry VIII’s two subsequent queens. Margaret, however, was not a favourite of Henry’s second queen, Anne Boleyn. She was one of the women who attended the disgraced queen in the Tower of London. Anne was recorded as complaining to her jailer, Sir William Kingston, “I think much unkindness in the king to put such about me as I never loved.”3 Margaret Dymoke, Lady Coffin slept on a pallet bed in the Queen’s bedchamber during her time in the Tower. In her desperation the queen confided in Margaret, unaware that she was acting as a spy for the state. Master Kingston reported to Thomas Cromwell that “I have everything told me by Mistress Coffin that she thinks meet for me to know.” 4 There is also a possibility that Margaret was not only a spy for Kingston, but also for the Imperial ambassador, Eustace Chapuys, who wrote “The lady who had charge of her [Anne] has sent to tell me in great secrecy that the concubine, before and after receiving the sacrament, affirmed to her, on the damnations of her soul, that she had never been unfaithful to the king.”5 Following Anne’s execution, Margaret joined the household of Queen Jane Seymour. Lady Coffin was in high favour in Jane Seymour’s establishment and acted as intermediary for several families who had hopes of placing a daughter in the royal household. Margaret remained with the queen until the end, and was among the mourners who attended the late queen’s body as it lay in state, keeping vigil and attending masses for her soul. Margaret was in the funeral procession that accompanied Jane’s body to her final resting place in St George’s Chapel, Windsor. She rode in the third carriage and bore Princess Mary’s train at the requiem mass; Mary was chief mourner and rode on a horse trapped with black velvet.6 There were several ladies associated with the Tudor court, who married into Lincolnshire society. The most famous must surely be one of Henry VIII’s own queens. Henry’s sixth wife, Katherine Parr was the daughter of Sir Thomas Parr and his wife, Maud Green Parr, a lady-in-waiting to Katherine of Aragon. When Sir Thomas died while Katherine was still a child, Maud took it on herself to arrange her daughter’s future. After a failed proposal to marry Katherine to the son of Lord Dacre, In 1529 Maud turned to another of her late husband’s relatives and arranged for Katherine to marry Edward Burgh the eldest son of Sir Thomas Burgh, Baron Burgh of Gainsborough, Lincolnshire. Sir Thomas’s father, Sir Edward, had been declared a lunatic and Sir Thomas, himself, was renowned for his violent outbursts and wild rages (possibly due to an inherited mental instability in the family) and had a tyrannical control over his family. The first two years of the marriage, spent at Sir Thomas’s new Hall at Gainsborough (now known as the Old Hall), was an unhappy time for Katherine. She wrote, regularly, to her mother of her unhappiness and it seems the situation was only resolved following a visit by Maud Parr, who persuaded Sir Thomas to allow Edward and Katherine to move to their own, smaller, house at Kirton-in-Lindsey, a few miles outside of Gainsborough. We do not know whether Edward was a sickly individual, or whether or not he succumbed to a sudden illness, but their happiness was short-lived, as he died in the spring of 1533, after only 4 years of marriage. Having no children, Katherine was left with little from the marriage, and, with her mother having died the previous year, she was virtually alone in the world; possibly as a remedy to her isolation, Katherine married her second husband, Lord Latimer, in the same year as she lost her first. There is no record that Katherine served any of henry VIII’s queens. Her first appearance at court seems to be in 1542, when she became a lady-in-waiting in Mary Tudor’s household, before she caught the King’s eye. She does not seem to have forgotten her time with the Burgh family, however, and when she became queen Katherine paid a pension from her own purse to her former sister-in-law, Elizabeth Owen, widow of her husband’s younger brother, Thomas. Poor Elizabeth had been accused of adultery by her domineering father-in-law, Sir Thomas, and her children were declared illegitimate by Act of Parliament in 1542. Lord Burgh’s third surviving son, William, born in the early 1520s, would eventually succeed his father to the barony. He married Katherine Fiennes de Clinton, daughter of Edward Fiennes de Clinton – the future Earl of Lincoln – and Bessie Blount, demonstrating the interlinking relationships between the various great Lincolnshire families. Where Katherine Parr was linked to Lincolnshire before joining the royal court, others saw Lincolnshire as a place of retirement. Maria de Salinas was a lady-in-waiting and close friend to Katherine of Aragon; indeed, it seems that she came to England with the Spanish princess in 1501 for the marriage to Henry’s older brother, Arthur, Prince of Wales. Katherine and Maria were very close and by 1514 Caroz de Villagarut, ambassador of Katherine’s father, Ferdinand of Aragon, was complaining of Maria’s influence over the queen after she tried to persuade Katherine not to cooperate with the ambassador and encouraged the Queen to favour her English subjects.7 In June 1516 Maria married the largest landowner in Lincolnshire, William Willoughby, 11th Baron Willoughby de Eresby. The King and Queen paid for the wedding, which took place at Greenwich, and gave them a wedding gift of Grimsthorpe Castle, in Lincolnshire. The Queen even provided Maria with a dowry of 1100 marks. Maria remained at court for some years after her wedding, and attended Katherine at the Field of Cloth of Gold in 1520. Henry VIII was godfather to Maria and William’s oldest son, Henry, who died in infancy. Another son, Francis, also died young and their daughter Katherine, born in 1519, would be the only surviving child of the marriage. Lord Willoughby died in 1526, and for several years afterwards Maria was embroiled in a legal dispute with her brother-in-law, Sir Christopher Willoughby, over the inheritance of the Willoughby lands. It seems William had settled some lands on Maria which were entailed to Sir Christopher. The dispute went to the Star Chamber and caused Sir Thomas More, the king’s chancellor and a prominent lawyer, to make an initial redistribution of some of the disputed lands. This must have been a hard fight for a newly-widowed Maria, and the dispute threatened the stability of Lincolnshire itself, given the extensive lands involved. However, Maria attracted a powerful ally in Charles Brandon, Duke of Suffolk and brother-in-law of the King, who called on the assistance of Cardinal Thomas Wolsey, Henry’s first minister at the time, in the hope of resolving the situation. Suffolk had managed to obtain the wardship of Katherine Willoughby in 1529, intending her to marry his eldest son and heir Henry, Earl of Lincoln, and so had a vested interest in a favourable settlement for Maria. This interest became even greater following the death of Mary Tudor, Suffolk’s wife and Henry VIII’s sister, in September 1533, when only three months later the fifty-year-old Duke of Suffolk married fourteen-year-old Katherine, himself. Although Suffolk pursued the legal case with more vigour after the wedding, a final settlement was not reached until the reign of Elizabeth I. Suffolk eventually became the greatest landowner in Lincolnshire and, despite the age difference, the marriage does appear to have been successful. Katherine served at court, in the household of Henry VIII’s 6th and last queen, Katherine Parr. She was widowed in 1545 and lost her two sons – and heirs – by the Duke, Henry and Charles, to the sweating sickness, within hours of each other in 1551. As duchess of Suffolk, Katherine was a stalwart of the Protestant learning and used her position to introduce Protestant clergy to Lincolnshire, even inviting Hugh Latimer to preach at Grimsthorpe Castle. It was she and Sir William Cecil who persuaded Katherine Parr to publish her book, The Lamentacion of a Sinner in 1547, demonstrating her continuing links with the court despite her first husband’s death. Following the death of her sons by Suffolk, Katherine no longer had a financial interest in the Suffolk estates, which went to the heirs of Mary Tudor, Henry VIII’s sister. However, Katherine still had her own Willoughby estates to look after and it was in order to safeguard these that Katherine married her gentleman usher, Richard Bertie. The couple had a difficult time navigating the religious tensions of the age and even went into exile on the Continent during the reign of the Catholic Queen, Mary I. Following their return to England, on Elizabeth’s accession, Katherine resumed her position in Tudor society; her relations with the court, however, were strained by her tendency towards Puritan learning. She used her position in Lincolnshire and extensive patronage to help disseminate the Puritan teachings. The records of Katherine’s Lincolnshire household show that she employed Miles Coverdale – a prominent critic of the Elizabethan church – as tutor to her two children by Bertie; Susan and Peregrine.8 Unfortunately, Katherine died after a long illness, on 19th September 1580 and was buried in her native Lincolnshire, in Spilsby Church. Katherine’s mother, Maria de Salinas, Lady Willoughby, had died in 1539 and had stayed loyal to her mistress, Katherine of Aragon, throughout her married life and widowhood. Indeed, when Katherine was reported to be dying at Kimbolton Castle, Maria applied for a license to visit her ailing mistress, but was refused by Sir Thomas Cromwell, the King’s chief minister at the time. Despite this setback, Maria set out from London to visit Katherine at the beginning of January 1536 and contrived to get herself admitted by Sir Edmund Bedingfield by claiming a fall from her horse meant she could travel no further. According to Sarah Morris and Nathalie Grueninger, Katherine and Maria spent hours talking in their native Castilian; the former queen died in Maria’s arms on 7th January 1536. Katherine of Aragon was buried in Peterborough Cathedral on 29th January, with Maria and her daughter, Katherine, attending the funeral.9 The composition of the Tudor court changed under Elizabeth I. The new queen valued loyalty and most positions went to members of her extended family; the Howards and Careys among them. Throughout the forty-five years of Elizabeth’s reign, only twenty-eight women were appointed to salaried positions in the privy Chamber. Positions in the Bedchamber, Privy Chamber and Presence Chamber were highly sought after and mainly given to ladies from the same families, who were assigned positions based on their social status. The senior positions were those of the Chief and Second Gentlewoman of the Privy Chamber, these were followed by the Ladies of the Bedchamber, the Ladies of the Privy Chamber and the Ladies of the Presence Chamber, in descending order. Unmarried young ladies were given positions as maids of honour and were supervised by the Mother of the Maids. Elizabeth Fitzgerald, a great granddaughter of Elizabeth Woodville, had entered Princess Elizabeth’s household in 1539, possibly as a maid of honour but ostensibly to be raised alongside her cousin. She was only nine or ten years old at the time. Elizabeth Fitzgerald had been born in Ireland in about 1528 and was the second daughter of Gerald Fitzgerald, 9th Earl of Kildare. Her mother was Lady Elizabeth Grey, daughter of Sir Thomas Grey, Marquess of Dorset and only surviving son of Elizabeth Woodville, Edward IV’s queen. Elizabeth Fitzgerald must have been quite a beauty as Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey, wrote a sonnet, From Tuscan cam my ladies worthi race in praise of her as his Fair Geraldine; Bewty of kind, her vertues from above; Happy ys he that may obtaine her love.10 In 1542 Elizabeth married her first husband, Sir Anthony Browne, but he died in 1548 and their two sons died in infancy. In 1552 she married again, this time to Edward Fiennes de Clinton, 9th Baron Clinton and Saye; the same Baron Clinton who had married Bessie Blount in 1535. Clinton had remarried in 1541, after Bessie’s death, to Ursula, daughter of William, 7th Baron Stourton; Ursula was a niece of John Dudley, Duke of Northumberland during the reign of Edward VI. She died in 1551 and Edward married Elizabeth the following year. Sir Edward Fiennes de Clinton had led a very successful military career and in May 1550 he had been appointed a privy councillor and lord high admiral of England. He was made a knight of the garter in April 1551 and, later in the same year, was given the former Howard property of Tattershall Castle in Lincolnshire, which he made his principal residence. Clinton was an adept political survivor; after being involved in the plot to put Jane Grey on the throne he was imprisoned for a short while, but managed to win Queen Mary’s trust and was active in her military campaigns. With the accession of Elizabeth I, Clinton was appointed a privy councillor and his wife, Elizabeth Fiennes de Clinton, was appointed Gentlewoman of the Privy Chamber ‘without wages’ (this indicated her high-born status, as salaried members were drawn from the lower ranks of the nobility). In 1572 Baron Clinton was rewarded for his service with the earldom of Lincoln. Elizabeth had practically been raised with the new queen since she was ten years old and was able to use her influence at court to benefit her family, affecting the restoration of the Fitzgeralds to their blood and lineage, which they had lost when Elizabeth was a child. Suits made to Elizabeth as Countess of Lincoln demonstrate that she was believed to have influence with the queen, who she served until 1585. Edward trusted his wife considerably, and made her executor of his will, bequeathing Semprigham to Elizabeth, and Tattershall to his eldest son, Henry (his son by Ursula). Edward, Earl of Lincoln, died in 1585 and just before his father’s death, his son Henry had written to William Cecil, Lord Burghley, in an attempt to overturn his father’s will, accusing Elizabeth of attempting to deprive him of his inheritance, and of maligning him to the queen. However, Henry’s tactic failed and the will was confirmed in 1587. Elizabeth herself appears to have withdrawn from court following her husband’s death and when she died in March 1589 was laid to rest beside her husband in the Lincoln Chapel of St George’s Chapel Windsor. The court and society were both in a state of change during Elizabeth’s reign. Local Lincolnshire lords, such as the Burghs of Gainsborough, were increasingly absentee landlords, preferring to stay in their southern properties closer to the royal court and leaving their estates to run themselves. The Burghs increasingly resided mainly at their residence in Surrey, Sterborough Castle. Lord Thomas de Burgh fell heavily into debt in service of the Queen and was in failing health when his wife, Lady Frances begged Queen Elizabeth that he be relieved of his position as Governor of the Brill in the Netherlands. Sir Robert Sydney is quoted as saying in November 1595 “God send lady… better success than my lady Borow [Burgh], whose desire was absolutely denied and the Queen took it very ill that in such time he could desire to be from this government.”11 When Lord Burgh died in 1597 he asked the Queen, in his will, to protect his wife and family, who were now living in poverty due to his having spent his patrimony in Elizabeth’s service. The Queen, however, devised a a way of avoiding the duty imposed upon her, by requesting that whoever was appointed to Lord Burgh’s now vacant post, as Governor of Brill, should give £500 a year to his widow for her maintenance. Religious divisions were becoming more pronounced as Queen Elizabeth’s reign advanced, not only between Catholicism and Protestantism, but within Protestantism itself. With the encouragement of Katherine Willoughby, Duchess of Suffolk, ministers with Puritan leanings had been appointed to various churches throughout Lincolnshire. Several of the Pilgrim Fathers, who sailed to America on the Mayflower, would come from the region, including William Brewster and William Bradford. Families with strong ties to service at the Tudor court, such as the Burghs of Gainsborough, were moving south, closer to London and the person of the Queen, while other families were moving north. The Old Hall at Gainsborough was sold to William Hickman, a wealthy merchant who was the grandson of Sir William Locke, Henry VIII’s Royal Mercer, and the son of Lady Rose Hickman. According to Lady Rose her father, Sir William Locke, a merchant with strong links to Antwerp, had smuggled ‘herectic’ Protestant writings from abroad for Queen Anne Boleyn herself. Lady Rose had long been familiar with the new learning and wrote in 1610: “My mother in the dayes of King Henry the 8th came to some light of the gospel by means of some English books sent privately to her by my father’s factor from beyond the sea: where upon she used to call me with my 2 sisters into her chamber to read to us out of these same good books very privately for feare of troble because these good books were then accepted hereticall…”12 The Hickman family had become known for their Puritan leanings; Puritans were those who wanted the ‘purer’ church as envisaged in the reign of Edward VI, rather than the compromise established by Elizabeth I. In 1593, in order to curb the activities of such religious dissidents, Elizabeth I’s government had approved the ‘Act Against Puritans’, whereby it became illegal to become a Puritan or encourage others to that tendency. As a result, official appointments at court, for those known to have Puritan connections, suddenly dried up. Lady Rose’s son Walter, deeply entrenched in court circles and an old hand at brokering appointments for friends and family (usually with a financial incentive) discovered the implications of the new stance in 1594. The Cecil Papers show that Walter was refused when he applied for the position of Receiver of the Court of Wards for his brother William, despite offering an inducement of £1,000.13 The increasing hostility towards Puritans, and the possibility of escalating religious persecution, may well have persuaded William to move his family north; away from the prying eyes of the authorities and into Lincolnshire, a county with strong Puritan leanings thanks to the efforts of Katherine Willoughby, Duchess of Suffolk. In the early years of the Tudor dynasty, the counties of Lincolnshire and Yorkshire were still greatly associated with the old Yorkist dynasty. Henry VII made a progress through the counties only a year after his accession, keeping Easter 1486 at Lincoln and making a great show of regal pomp. His son, Henry VIII, also saw the need to show himself to his northern subjects. Following the defeat of the Pilgrimage of Grace and its forebear, the Lincolnshire Rising, Henry made a great progress through Lincolnshire and Yorkshire. He spent several days at Gainsborough Old Hall in August 1541, holding meetings of the Privy Council there on the 14th, 15th and 16th of August. At Lincoln Henry and his young queen, Katherine Howard, made a great show of royal majesty; “The King and Queen came riding into their tent, which was pitched at the furthest end of the liberty of Lincoln, and there shifted their apparel, from green and crimson velvet respectively, to cloth of gold and silver…”14 Henry VIII’s children, however, did not venture north. Although Elizabeth I had intended to visit York at various points in her reign, she stayed within the Home Counties, venturing no further north than East Anglia. This may well have contributed to the changing nature of Tudor Society in Lincolnshire, where the influence from court circles appears to have waned as the years progressed. Lincolnshire towns, such as Gainsborough and Boston, provided such families with the opportunities of, to some extent, religious freedom while also allowing them to continue with their merchant activities, due to navigable rivers that would take goods to the East coast ports and on to the Continent. Whereas those who saw the government as a hindrance to their personal liberties ventured away further from the centre of power; those who saw their futures in the person of the monarch, and whose duties at the Tudor Court were taking up more and more of their time, saw the need to move closer to London and the centre of power, 1 Neville Williams, The Life and Times of Henry VII; 2 Beverley A Murphy, Bastard Prince: Henry VIII’s Lost Son; 3 Letters and Papers, Foreign and Domestic, of Henry VIII, Volume 10, note 797; 4 Ibid; 5 Ibid; 6 Letters and Papers Volume 12, Part 2, note 1600; 7 Retha M. Warnicke, Oxforddnb.com; 8 Susan Wabuda, Oxforddnb.com; 9 Sarah Morris and Natalie Grueninger, In the Footsteps of the Six Wives of Henry VIII; 10 H. Howard [earl of Surrey], Poems, ed. E. Jones (1964); 11 Quoted by Sue Allan in A Guide to Gainsborough Old Hall; 12 Religion and politics in mid-Tudor England through the eyes of an English Protestant Woman: the Recollections of Rose Hickman; 13 Quoted by Sue Allan in A Guide to Gainsborough Old Hall; 14 Letters and Papers, Foreign and Domestic, of Henry VIII, 1541 Courtesy of Wikipedia except Grimsthorpe Castle and Gainsborough Old Hall, which are ©Sharon Bennett Connolly John Leland Leland’s Itinerary in England and Wales 1535-43 edited by L Toulmin Smith (1906-10); Letters and Papers, Foreign and Domestic, of the Reign of Henry VIII 1509-47 edited by JS Brewer, James Gairdner and RH Brodie, HMSO London 1862-1932; Privy Purse Expenses of King Henry VIII from November MDXIX to December MDXXXII edited by Sir Nicholas Harris Nicolas 1827; Religion and politics in mid-Tudor England through the eyes of an English Protestant Woman: the Recollections of Rose Hickman edited by Maria Dowling and Joy Shakespeare; Bulletin of the Institute of Historical Research, 1980 & 1982; Oxforddnb.com; A Guide to Gainsborough Old Hall by Sue Allan; The Life and Times of Henry VII by Neville Williams; Bastard Prince: Henry VIII’s Lost Son by Beverley A Murphy; In the Footsteps of the Six Wives of Henry VIII by Sarah Morris and Natalie Grueninger; H. Howard [earl of Surrey], Poems, ed. E. Jones (1964); The Earlier Tudors by J.D. Mackie; Religion and politics in mid-Tudor England through the eyes of an English Protestant Woman: the Recollections of Rose Hickman; Tudorplace.com; Elizabeth’s Women by Tracy Borman; England Under the Tudors by Arthur D Innes; Henry VIII: King and Court by Alison Weir; In Bed with the Tudors by Amy Licence; Ladies-in-Waiting: Women who Served at the Tudor Court by Victoria Sylvia Evans; The Six Wives and Many Mistresses of Henry VIII: The Women’s Stories by Amy Licence. Signed, dedicated copies of all my books are available, please get in touch by completing the contact me form. Defenders of the Norman Crown: The Rise and Fall of the Warenne Earls of Surrey tells the fascinating story of the Warenne dynasty, of the successes and failures of one of the most powerful families in England, from its origins in Normandy, through the Conquest, Magna Carta, the wars and marriages that led to its ultimate demise in the reign of Edward III. Defenders of the Norman Crown: Rise and Fall of the Warenne Earls of Surrey is now available from Pen & Sword Books, Amazon in the UK and US, Bookshop.org and Book Depository. 1 family. 8 earls. 300 years of English history! Also by Sharon Bennett Connolly: Ladies of Magna Carta: Women of Influence in Thirteenth Century England looks into the relationships of the various noble families of the 13th century, and how they were affected by the Barons’ Wars, Magna Carta and its aftermath; the bonds that were formed and those that were broken. It is now available in paperback and hardback from Pen & Sword, Amazon, Bookshop.org and from Book Depository worldwide. Heroines of the Medieval World tells the stories of some of the most remarkable women from Medieval history, from Eleanor of Aquitaine to Julian of Norwich. Available now from Amberley Publishing and Amazon, Bookshop.org and Book Depository. Silk and the Sword: The Women of the Norman Conquest traces the fortunes of the women who had a significant role to play in the momentous events of 1066. Available now from Amazon, Amberley Publishing, Bookshop.org and Book Depository. You can be the first to read new articles by clicking the ‘Follow’ button, liking our Facebook page or joining me on Twitter and Instagram. © 2021 Sharon Bennett Connolly

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When there is a problem with your pupils – the black part at the center of your eyeball – you have what’s known as a pupillary abnormality. The main types of pupillary abnormalities include: - Anisocoria: unequal pupil sizes - Horner’s syndrome: disruption of a nerve pathway from the brain to the one side of the face and that eye - Third nerve palsy: one eyelid is completely closed, and that eye has moved outward and downward - Adie’s tonic pupil: one pupil is permanently dilated and unresponsive to light and other stimulants Symptoms of a pupillary abnormality include: - Decreased size of one pupil - Difficulty focusing on objects in near visual field - Diplopia (double vision) - Drooping eyelids (ptosis) - Eye pain - Light sensitivity - Problems moving your eye - Reduced sweating Comprehensive Exam - Your doctor will conduct a thorough physical examination of your eyes – as well as gather a complete health history – to determine if you have papilledema. Your doctor may use an ophthalmoscope (specialized light with magnifying lenses) to look at the back of your eye. Imaging - Your eye care specialist may order magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or computerized tomography (CT) scan to help determine the cause of your papilledema. Your doctor may order ultrasonography of your eye to distinguish between papilledema and other disorders that can also cause swelling of the optic nerve. Lumbar Puncture - Your doctor may order a lumbar puncture (spinal tap) to measure the pressure of the cerebrospinal fluid. A sample of this fluid may be sent to the laboratory to check for evidence of a brain tumor or infection. None Required - There is no treatment required for anisocoria or Horner’s syndrome. Eye Patch - If you have third nerve palsy, wearing an eye patch over the affected eye may help reduce double vision (diplopia). Prism Eyeglasses - Wearing eyeglasses affixed with a prism may help relieve your diplopia. Sunglasses - If your pupillary abnormality has caused your eyes to be unusually sensitive to light, you should wear protective sunglasses whenever outdoors in sunlight. Eye Drops - If you have Adie’s tonic pupil, your eye care specialist may prescribe Pilocarpine eye drops to constrict the affected pupil. Surgery - If you have third nerve palsy that has not resolved after a waiting period of six months, your doctor may recommend you undergo surgery to realign your eyes or to correct drooping of the eyelid. Why Choose Bascom Palmer Eye Institute? Ranked #1 by U.S. News & World Report. Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, part of the University of Miami Health System, is the top-rated facility in the country for the treatment of diseases and disorders of the eye, according to U.S. News & World Report. When you choose us for your eye care, you will receive the best care in the nation in a compassionate setting. Patient-friendly Care. We take the time to understand your eyes. Our team coordinates your vision care, guides you along your journey to improved vision and connects you to valuable patient resources.

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When it came to conflict during the medieval period, various kinds of warriors arose. Soldiers differed in terms of where they originated from and how they were trained, as well as the types of weapons they employed. Read on for information about different kinds of medieval fighters, which will give you more insight into the forces of history and the fates of nations. Iconic for warriors in the Medieval period, archers were an essential part of a battlefield offensive. Candidates needed to possess great strength as well as sharp eyesight to accurately launch their arrows. Often it was hunters who became archers, due to the skills they picked up in pursuing animal prey for food. For self-protection, archers were outfitted with a short sword or bow and the armor was relatively light (gambeson or boiled leather) to allow them to move freely while firing their arrows. These Medieval soldiers take their name from the weapon they wielded, known as the billhook. A fierce weapon, a billhook enables a soldier to chop and carve their way with great thrusting attacks on the field of war. Billmen went through special training to tear opponents off of their horses. Doing so would devastate the line of shields reinforcing the enemy’s forward thrusting movements. Use of billmen reached a peak in the Late Medieval Period. As much as 50% to 75% of a billman’s body would be shielded with strong plate armor in addition to the protection of a standard gambeson underneath. Russian fighters during the Medieval era were called boyars. They operated at the top of the ranks in the aristocracies in Russia between the 10th and 17th centuries. A remnant of the Boyars occurs in the last names of people living in Russian and Finland (though in Finland, a variation in spelling has it as “Pajari.”). The boyars achieved high levels of power, which they preserved because they propped up princes in Kiev. The power of boyars was predicated on their continued service to the aristocracy for the most part, but over time owning land was another source of their prestige and status. You can compare devotion of service by boyars in the Ukraine to the same level of devotion to lords by their contemporary knights in western Europe. Crossbowmen came about during the High Middle Ages. Their skills, however, come from millennia ago, as the cross bow dates back to prehistoric times. Crossbowmen were used in lieu of archers when the battle plans called for massive defense. What’s more, when the crossbowmen neared closer to the enemy, they were skilled at raining down bows with accuracy. This is largely due to the fact that a crossbow’s mechanism provides power to launch the bow at your opponents. The result is that crossbowmen could stand to wear heavier armor in addition to the shield they would raise to defend themselves. Medieval soldiers in Scandinavia were known as housecarls, a kind of bodyguard or personal warrior to the lords and kings of the nation. The term “housecarl” is the English version of the Old Norse word “huskarl.” To pay for arming and maintaining housecarls, taxes were levied in England and Scandinavia. In addition to remaining a defensive army always at the ready, the housecarls served to represent the king in times of peace. Housecarls were outfitted with the best of weaponry (their swords had to include a hilt with inlaid gold to indicate they had sufficient financial means to buy the tools of war needed to defend the land.) Sworn to defend the weakest members of society in the Medieval days, knights followed a code of chivalry. Knights were members of the upper caste, and they enjoyed land they were empowered to govern, or held a position of authority because they served to guard a king. Kings had to spend a great deal on knights because of the years of training that went into producing them as well as to compensate them for their dutifully hard-fought battles. You would see knights fighting on horseback as well as on foot as part of the infantry. Weapons used by knights included the hand axe, arming sword and mace. Over the gambeson they wore plated armor, making them highly defended during wars. 7. Knights Templar Some of the most well known soldiers of the Medieval period were the Knights Templar. They persisted for about 200 years after being endorsed by the Roman Catholic Church. Founded to provide safety to Christians who were making pilgrimages to Jerusalem (once the city was conquered during the 1096 First Crusade), their ranks grew along with their reputation. The Knights Templar had a reputation for being excellent fighters. Non-fighting members of this group began handling financial transactions in Christian nations, which led to the earliest forms of banking institutions. Soldiers caught, enslaved and then forced to convert to Islam by sultans and caliphs in the Medieval period were known as mamluks. Oftentimes they received additional training in cavalry warfare. Because of the fighting abilities they demonstrated while fighting during the Crusades, they developed a reputation for being a formidable cohort of warriors. They developed skills in treating battle injuries and were obligated to follow a code of honor that emphasizes being generous and brave. Periodically the mamluks would wrest power from their rulers. One such occurrence took place between 1250-1517 when the mamluks took over Egypt, forming their own sultanate. 9. Peasant Soldiers In the earliest days of the Medieval era, before the development of specialized soldiers, commoners, also referred to as peasants were the biggest proportion of Middle Age warriors. Obligated to fight on demand because of their low position in feudal society, these peasants often resorted to whatever implements they had on the farm or used in hunting, such as axes and knives and spears. Farmers not outfitted by their king or the lord of the land would be motivated to used agricultural tools as weapons in order to defend the land they cherished and lived on. Among the most common warriors of the era, Medieval soldiers who carried a spear in conjunction with a sword were known as spearmen. It was not an enviable position, because spearmen lacked protective armor and therefore easier to injure and kill. Relatively untrained except for being shown how to stab the enemy with the pointed end of the weapon and to defend themselves with forcefully held shield, their job was to march in a line into the enemy ranks. Spearmen are icon representatives of Medieval warfare. Given the range of soldiers waging war during the medieval era, there is a lot to learn about their ways of life, their tactics and strategies and the roles they played in different conflicts. This introduction to various types of medieval soldiers will enrich your awareness of history and hopefully will stimulate your curiosity to learn more.

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Free Build Your Own Animal and Plant Cell Worksheet This free animal and plant cell worksheet, has children coloring in cell parts, cut and pasting them in the right cell, and finally comparing the cells. Perfect for Classical Conversations Science Cycle 1 Week 3. Get your free printable by clicking on the blue button at the very end of this post! It is life science time! We are working on learning about the kingdoms of living things, vertebrates, seeds, photosynthesis, and much more. But today my kiddos are focusing on learning about plant and animal cells. Memorizing and Reading A lot of our schooling focuses on memory work. Even my four-year-olds are working on memorizing large amounts of material, which in later years will be the basis for much deeper work. Songs work for us, and so our first step is to find or make up a song that will help us remember the parts of each cell. Then comes time for a little reading. There are so many books out there that grow my little knowledge and help them build their science vocabulary. And this simple way of learning works for our family! Christina Examines Plant Cells and Animal Cells (Science Alliance)Powerful Plant Cells (Microquests)Animal Cells (Genetics) Build A Cell Plant and Animal Cell Worksheet After some memorizing and reading it is time to explore and put our new knowledge to use. Our first activity is to create a cell on paper, but we will be making it out of food later on!! We like to eat! These printables are simple, and you can get them in black and white or color. - First, print off the pages you want to use on regular paper. You may not want to use the definitions if you just want your little one to know the parts of the cell. - Next, provide either books or a website like this so children can see a cell, build it, and find the definitions that match. - Finally, gather up scissors, glue, and crayons! Crayola Broad Point Washable Markers – Pack of 2 (58-7808-2Pack)Elmer’s All Purpose School Glue Sticks, Washable, 30 Pack, 0.24-ounce sticksACM14756 – Stainless Steel – Westcott Scissor Caddy with 24 Kids’ Scissors with Microban Protection – Each How to Use: Begin by placing the animal cell and plant cell in front of your students. Then give them the parts of the cells with the pictures. The students will cut out the picture and name. The picture goes into the cell and the word on the outside. Then they draw a line from the picture to the word. Once they are done with that, they can use the next page to add on the definitions. Comparing Animal and Plant Cell Worksheet The last step is to compare the two cells. Ask your little ones to figure out the similarities and difference between the cells. They can simply point out that both cells have cell membranes and nucleus. And they may tell you that a plant cell’s vacuole holds water, while the animal cell holds waste. The plant cell also has a cell wall, while the animal cell doesn’t. Besides making these cells out of paper, there are so many other creative ways to do so. - Make an animal cell out of Lego Bricks - Make an edible cell. - Or try a 3D model of aminal and plant cells. - Finally, you could make a very simple one with playdough. or for a little less mess, you can order your own professional model that can be assembled. Animal Cells and Plant Cells Assembly Model for Elementary Education or Teaching Presentations (Plant cell) Above all, enjoy building and creating with your kiddos. You’ve Got This,

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Utilizing the TV constructively It is prudent to balance science and Dharma appropriately: Dear Children ! In school, you must be studying about science as well as acquiring information on various inventions of science. One such invention is TV. Swami Vivekanand had emphasized on balancing science and Dharma appropriately. Since time immemorial, Hindu sanskruti has emphasized the importance of abiding by Dharma (Dharmapalan). According to the Hindu culture, true Anand (Bliss) is obtained through abiding by Dharma and not through happiness from worldly objects. Therefore, it is appropriate to utilize science with a good intent of abiding by Dharma and service unto Dharma (Dharmakarya). Taking this into consideration, we will explain how to use TV, mobile phones and internet for promoting activities related to Nation and Dharma. Watch useful programmes; make TV your friend :Don’t you think that if we use TV for our benefit, it can become our friend? Limit your TV-watching to useful programs and as per your parents’ directions. 1. Religious programmes and films 1A. Watch religious serials such as ‘Ramayaṇ’, ‘Mahabharat’, ‘Shrikrishṇa’ etc. 1B. Serials based on the biographies of Saints such as Shri Saibaba, Shri Gajanan Maharaj, Shri Swami Samartha and films on Saint Dnyaneshwar, Saint Tukaram etc. Ms Vaidehi trying to enhance her devotion and bhav after watching films on Saints : On 25.9.2004, Ms Vaidehi (Age 9 years) had gone to Jat (District Kolhapur, Maharashtra) with her father Dr. Pingale. On the next day, after she returned to the Ashram, she was very enthusiastic. When I asked her the reason, she replied, “I saw films on the lives of Saint Namdev Maharaj and Saint Tukaram Maharaj where we staying”. When I asked what she learnt from those films, she replied, ‘I am going to increase my devotion and bhav as Saint Namdev Maharaj and Saint Tukaram Maharaj. I am going to chant regularly from today’. From that day onwards, Ms Vaidehi is doing chanting regularly. – Ms Rajashri Sakhdev, Goa 1C. Watch Sanatan’s Dharmasatsangs (Spiritual discourses to impart education on various subjects like Dharma, spiritual science, religious rituals etc.) such as ‘Spiritual science underlying the festival of Deepavali’, ‘Religious acts and their underlying science’. You can watch these VCDs on your TV. 1D. You can also watch VCDs / DVDs based on Deities, Saints and tele-serials based on Puraṇas which are available in the market. 1E. Watch religious programmes telecast on channels such as ‘Sanskar’, ‘Astha’ etc. 2. Serials and films on patriotism 1. Watch serials such as Chanakya, Raja Shiva Chhatrapati, Rani Lakshmibai. 2. You can watch VCDs of films such as ‘The legend of Bhagat Singh’, ‘Veer Savarkar’ available in the market. 3A. Watching news on TV helps us study world events and the state of our Nation etc. 3B. Your teachers can advise you on watching some specific educational and cultural programmes. Using mobile phones constructively! 1. Send SMS’ pertaining to the Nation and Dharma : Today, the SMS facility on mobile is being used for sending jokes, quizzes, poetry and other entertaining messages. Dear Children ! Instead of wasting your time in this manner, send SMS’ pertaining to Nation and Dharma to as many people you know. Given ahead are some examples of such SMS’. A. Who should be our ideals ? Not movie stars, but national heroes ! B. Listen to patriotic songs for enhancing patriotism and National pride! C. Girls &women should apply a round kumkum (Vermillion) mark to their mid-brow region; boys and men should apply a vertical tilak of kumkum to their forehead. D. How to pay obeisance to your elders? Head slightly bowed and palms joined. E. Do not wear footwear during marriage ceremonies, foundation-stone laying ceremony or while lighting a lamp in a function ! Plenty of material on the Nation and Dharma has been published on Balsanskar.com and in Sanatan’s Holy texts. You can prepare your own SMS’ based on this material. Become patriots and Dharma-loving by the constructive use of internet ! 1. Visit Balsanskar.com that instills values ! : Dear Children, visit Balsanskar.com (and also encourage your friends to visit), inculcate virtues and bring glory to the Nation ! 2. Send various information on Nation and Dharma to your contacts through social networking websites ! :Contribute towards the mission of protecting Nation and doing Dharmajagruti (awakening Dharma) by sending information from Balsanskar.com / other patriotic sources to your contacts through the social networking websites such as Blogs, Twitter, Facebook. 3. Send promotional E-mails ! :Promotional E-mails are regularly sent by Balsanskar.com on the glorious radiant history of Hindus, and about our Saints and Sages, National heroes, Holy festivals, Religious festivals etc. Forward these E-mails to your friends and relatives. Dear Children ! Use the TV, mobile phone and the internet constructively, participate in the mission of serving the Nation and Dharma and fulfill the purpose of your life !

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From a biological perspective, testosterone is what makes a man a man. But women produce the hormone too, and it’s an important element of overall health for both sexes. Testosterone production increases during puberty and then begins to decline around the age of 30. A gradual decline is a normal part of aging, but this decline can bring about some unwanted side effects, especially if testosterone levels drop abnormally. Using red light therapy for testosterone could be a way to support your body in restoring normal testosterone levels, and in the process, getting your zest and vitality back. Why You May Want to Increase Your Testosterone Testosterone is the primary sex hormone that’s responsible for men’s ability to perform sexually and to reproduce. Its secondary effects on men include deeper voices, facial hair, and denser, more pronounced muscle and bone mass. Low testosterone can interfere with primary sexual functioning as well as secondary characteristics, all of which can lead to psychological distress. In women, testosterone is a necessary component of well-being, contributing to bone health, reproductive health, mental focus, and physical energy. Women produce small amounts of testosterone in the ovaries, adrenal glands, fat cells, and skin cells. As with men, women can suffer from the effects of low testosterone. While it’s not as commonly talked about, it can nevertheless be problematic for women. The American Urology Association acknowledges that a gradual decline in testosterone production is a normal part of aging. The group says, however, that about two out of every 100 men have abnormally low testosterone (known as Low T). Even if you haven’t been diagnosed with Low T, you may wish to increase your body’s natural ability to produce testosterone if you’re having troubles with: - Reduced muscle mass and weight gain (particularly excess belly fat); - Low energy levels, diminished strength, poor endurance, and poor physical performance; - Low sex drive and poor sexual satisfaction; - Reduced bone mass, which can lead to osteoporosis and increased risk of fractures; - Erectile dysfunction; - Insomnia and sleep apnea, leading to increased daytime fatigue; - Mood swings, irritability, and depression; - Lack of mental focus/brain fog; - Hot flashes: Low T is one cause of hot flashes in men with andropause (male menopause); - Infertility: Low T can lead to testicular shrinkage and increased softness of the scrotum, both of which could be an indication of reduced sperm counts. Low testosterone could be a contributing factor in these symptoms, but other factors are often involved as well. Many could have causes other than Low T, such as stress, poor lifestyle habits, and chronic underlying conditions. Therefore, it’s important to consult a doctor before trying to increase your testosterone levels on your own. If your symptoms are mild, you may not feel the need to do anything about it right now. But if you’ve been feeling older than your years, you don’t have the sex drive you once had, and you lack your former energy levels, there are ways to boost testosterone naturally and safely. Red Light Therapy for Testosterone Research suggests that there is a direct correlation between natural sunlight exposure and the body’s ability to produce testosterone. Humans are highly responsive to light, and increasing exposure to light has proved to spark positive biological processes in the body. The key is using the right types of light. Natural bright light therapy from sunlight has been used for centuries to treat a wide variety of physical and psychological ailments. Today, bright light may be delivered via artificial full-spectrum lights. Bright light therapy is often used to treat seasonal depression, which is known as seasonal affective depressive disorder (SADD), as well as chronic (non-seasonal) depression, postpartum depression, acne, and other chronic skin conditions, pain, and as an immune system booster. According to the European College of Neuropsychopharmacology, low libido affects nearly 25 percent of men over age 40. During a 2016 study by the group, exposure to bright light increased sexual desire and satisfaction, as well as testosterone levels. Research had previously discovered seasonal fluctuations in libido, which prompted this study. The challenge with natural sunlight or full-spectrum bright light devices is that in addition to beneficial wavelengths of light, the sun also emits harmful ultraviolet (UV) light that is known to cause premature aging of the skin, as well as skin cancer. Blue light has been successfully used to treat acne since it is known to kill acne-causing bacteria on the skin — but blue light has also been linked to a serious eye disorder – macular degeneration. So, the challenge is to isolate the beneficial wavelengths of light to receive the benefits of light therapy without the adverse effects. This is where red light therapy comes in. Technological advances now let us enjoy the benefits of red light via safe, economical, and easy-to-use LED devices. Red light therapy uses isolated wavelengths of light, specifically red, which ranges from 630 to 660 nanometers (nm); and near-infrared (NIR), which ranges from 810 to 850 nm. These wavelengths have been widely studied in conjunction with a variety of human health conditions. Although human clinical studies on the direct effects of red and NIR light wavelengths on testosterone are still in the early stages, the benefits of the therapy on both the male and female reproductive systems hold promise in its use in boosting testosterone levels. Also called low-level light therapy (LLLT) or photobiomodulation (PBM), red light therapy wavelengths fall within what is known as the “therapeutic window” of light. How Red Light Therapy Can Naturally Boost Testosterone There are several mechanisms by which red light therapy can support your body in naturally boosting testosterone levels and potentially reversing testosterone abnormalities. A 2013 study by researchers from Korea involved stimulating increased production of testosterone in male rats after treating them with a combination of red and NIR light, suggesting that red light could be an alternative treatment modality to conventional testosterone replacement therapy — which, even though it’s effective, can carry many unwanted side effects. Here’s how red light therapy works to treat testosterone problems. Increased Energy Production in the Cells In men, red light stimulates energy production in the Leydig cells, which are the cells responsible for producing testosterone. Enhanced energy production in Leydig cells is believed to help naturally increase testosterone production and restore age-appropriate (or better) testosterone levels. It’s not just the Leydig cells that benefit from increased energy production. Red light therapy has numerous benefits, the most important being the positive interaction between light photons and the mitochondria, which are the energy centers within cells. But why is it important to boost cellular energy? Here’s where things get interesting because treating the cause of low cellular energy could potentially hold the answer to reversing Low T. The mitochondria’s job is to convert raw materials into adenosine triphosphate (ATP), which is the primary fuel for all the cells in the body. When cells are energized, they function optimally, repair themselves, and replicate. But when mitochondria aren’t able to produce ATP (known as mitochondrial dysfunction), the cells suffer — and low-energy cells can’t do their jobs properly. In the case of the Leydig cells, if they don’t have enough energy, they may prioritize survival over their specialized functions. Therefore, reversing mitochondrial dysfunction could hold the answer to many chronic health problems, including Low T. A study published in a 2019 issue of Review of Optometry found that red light may have therapeutic value and even reverse the damage of mitochondrial function. Although this study was focused on eye care, the researchers’ discovery about red light and mitochondrial function was profound. During an older University of California San Diego study (published in 2008), researchers confirmed that treatment with red and NIR light increased ATP production by mitochondria. In addition, the treatment positively influenced cellular homeostasis (optimal functioning under normal circumstances), as well as cell proliferation. What this means for you: red light therapy (which includes both red and NIR wavelengths) can work from the inside-out, on a cellular level, to boost cellular performance. This could potentially have a ripple effect that normalizes the production of sex hormones, including testosterone.

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Indigestion definition (dyspepsia, upset stomach) and facts Indigestion can have many different causes. - Indigestion (dyspepsia) is a functional disease in which the gastrointestinal (GI) organs, primarily the stomach and first part of the small intestine (and occasionally the esophagus), function abnormally. It is a chronic disease in which the symptoms fluctuate in frequency and intensity usually over many months or years. It may occur every day or intermittently for days or weeks at a time followed by days or weeks of relief (a pattern referred to as periodicity). - Theories of the cause of indigestion include abnormal input from intestinal sensory nerves, abnormal processing of input from the sensory nerves, and abnormal stimulation of the intestines by motor nerves. - The primary symptoms of indigestion are - upper abdominal pain or discomfort, - abdominal bloating, - feeling full after eating only a small amount of food (early satiety), - abdominal distention (swelling), and - occasionally, vomiting. - The symptoms most often are provoked by eating. - Indigestion frequently occurs during pregnancy, however, most the time, the symptoms are heartburn caused by acid reflux. - Indigestion is diagnosed on the basis of typical symptoms and the absence of other GI diseases, particularly acid-related diseases (acid indigestion, esophagitis, gastritis, and ulcers), and non-gastrointestinal diseases that might give rise to the symptoms. - Since the heart sits near the stomach, there often is confusion about what is causing lower chest or upper abdominal pain. Therefore, indigestion should be considered in anyone with lower chest pain, and heart attack should be considered in anyone with upper abdominal pain. Occasionally, the discomfort of indigestion can be felt in the back. - Testing in indigestion is directed primarily at excluding the presence of other GI diseases and non-GI diseases. Some people may require specific testing of certain GI functions. It is important to exclude other causes for the indigestion since their treatment will be different from indigestion without a clear cause. - Treatment in indigestion for which there is no other cause found, is primarily with education as well as smooth muscle relaxant and promotility drugs. There also may be a role for anti-depressant drugs and dietary changes. Because acid reflux is so common, a trial of potent stomach acid suppression often is used as the initial treatment. - Many people are able to identify specific foods that provoke their indigestion. Despite this fact, there are few foods whose avoidance can be universally recommended since not all people with indigestion have trouble with the same foods. There also are no foods or diets that can be recommended for preventing indigestion other than those that eliminated foods that provoke symptoms. - There is no evidence that home remedies or natural remedies prevent indigestion. - Future advances in the treatment of indigestion depend on a clearer understanding of its many cause(s). Indigestion Symptoms and Signs Indigestion or dyspepsia is a disorder in which there may be symptoms of - the sensation of abdominal fullness without visible distention (bloating), - abdominal pain above the navel, - burping and belching, - nausea with or without vomiting, - the sensation of fullness after a very small amount of food, and - abdominal distention. More signs and symptoms of indigestion » What is indigestion (dyspepsia, upset stomach)? Picture of the organs and glands in the abdomen Dyspepsia (indigestion) is best described as a functional disease. (Sometimes, it is called functional dyspepsia.) The concept of functional disease is particularly useful when discussing diseases of the gastrointestinal tract. The concept applies to the muscular organs of the gastrointestinal tract, the esophagus, stomach, small intestine, gallbladder, and colon that are controlled by nerves. What is meant by the term, functional, is that either the muscles of the organs or the nerves that control the organs are not working normally, and, as a result, the organs do not function normally, and the dysfunction causes the symptoms. The nerves that control the organs include not only the nerves that lie within the muscles of the organs but also the nerves of the spinal cord and brain. Some gastrointestinal diseases can be seen and diagnosed with the naked eye, such as ulcers of the stomach and can be seen at surgery, on X-rays, and by endoscopy. Other diseases cannot be seen with the naked eye but can be seen and diagnosed under the microscope. For example, gastritis (inflammation of the stomach) can be diagnosed by microscopic examination of biopsies of the stomach. In contrast, gastrointestinal functional diseases cannot be seen with the naked eye or the microscope. Accordingly, and by default, functional gastrointestinal diseases are those that involve abnormal function of gastrointestinal organs in which the abnormalities cannot be seen in the organs with either the naked eye or the microscope. In some instances, the abnormal function can be demonstrated by tests (for example, gastric emptying studies or antro-duodenal motility studies). However, the tests often are complex, are not widely available, and do not reliably detect the functional abnormalities. Occasionally, diseases that are thought to be functional are ultimately found to be associated with abnormalities that can be seen by the naked eye or under the microscope. Then, the disease moves out of the functional category. An example of this would be Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection of the stomach. Some patients with mild upper gastrointestinal symptoms who were thought to have abnormal function of the stomach or intestines have been found to have stomachs infected with H. pylori. This infection can be diagnosed under the microscope by identifying the bacterium in biopsies from the stomach. When patients are treated with antibiotics, the H. pylori and symptoms disappear. Thus, recognition of infections with Helicobacter pylori has removed some patients' symptoms from the functional disease category. The distinction between functional disease and non-functional disease may, in fact, be blurry. Thus, even functional diseases probably have associated biochemical or molecular abnormalities that ultimately will be able to be measured. For example, functional diseases of the stomach and intestines may be shown ultimately to be associated with reduced or increased levels of normal chemicals within the gastrointestinal organs, the spinal cord, or the brain. Should a disease that is demonstrated to be due to a reduced or increased chemical still be considered a functional disease? In this theoretical situation, we can't see the abnormality with the naked eye or the microscope, but we can measure it. If we can measure an associated or causative abnormality, should the disease no longer be considered functional, even though the disease (symptoms) are being caused by abnormal function? The answer is unclear. Despite the shortcomings of the term, functional, the concept of a functional abnormality is useful for approaching many of the symptoms originating from the muscular organs of the gastrointestinal tract. To repeat, this concept applies to those symptoms for which there are no associated abnormalities that can be seen with the naked eye or the microscope. While dyspepsia is a major functional disease(s), it is important to mention several other functional diseases. A second major functional disease is the irritable bowel syndrome, or IBS. The symptoms of IBS are thought to originate primarily from the small intestine and/or colon. The symptoms of IBS include abdominal pain that is accompanied by alterations in bowel movements (defecation), primarily constipation or diarrhea. In fact, indigestion and IBS may be overlapping diseases since up to half of patients with IBS also have symptoms of indigestion. A third distinct functional disorder is non-cardiac chest pain. This pain may mimic heart pain (angina), but it is unassociated with heart disease. In fact, non-cardiac chest pain is thought to often result from a functional abnormality of the esophagus. Functional disorders of the gastrointestinal tract often are categorized by the organ of involvement. Thus, there are functional disorders of the esophagus, stomach, small intestine, colon, and gallbladder. The amount of research that has been done with functional disorders is greatest in the esophagus and stomach (for example, non-cardiac chest pain, indigestion), perhaps because these organs are easiest to reach and study. Research into functional disorders affecting the small intestine and colon (IBS) is more difficult to conduct, and there is less agreement among the research studies. This probably is a reflection of the complexity of the activities of the small intestine and colon and the difficulty in studying these activities. Functional diseases of the gallbladder (referred to as biliary dyskinesia), like those of the small intestine and colon, are more difficult to study, and at present they are less well-defined. Each of the functional diseases is associated with its own set of characteristic symptoms. How common is indigestion? Indigestion is one of the most common ailments of the bowel (intestines), affecting an estimated 20% of persons in the United States. Perhaps only 10% of those affected actually seek medical attention for their indigestion. Indigestion is not a particularly good term for the ailment since it implies that there is "dyspepsia" or abnormal digestion of food, and this most probably is not the case. In fact, another common name for dyspepsia is indigestion, which, for the same reason, is no better than the term dyspepsia! Doctors frequently refer to the condition as non-ulcer dyspepsia to distinguish it from the more common acid or ulcer-related symptoms. GERD is the back up of stomach acid into the esophagus. What are the signs and symptoms of indigestion or upset stomach? We usually think of symptoms of indigestion as originating from the upper gastrointestinal tract, primarily the stomach and first part of the small intestine. These symptoms include: - upper abdominal pain or discomfort (above or around the navel), - nausea (with or without vomiting), - abdominal bloating (the sensation of abdominal fullness without visible distention), - early satiety (the sensation of fullness after a very small amount of food), - abdominal distention (visible swelling as opposed to bloating), and - lower chest pain. The symptoms most often are provoked by eating, which is a time when many different gastrointestinal functions are called upon to work in concert. This tendency to occur after meals is what gave rise to the erroneous notion that indigestion might be caused by an abnormality in the digestion of food. Latest Digestion News - Fermented Foods Could Boost Your Microbiome - A Little Lead in Drinking Water Can Harm Kidneys - Ultra-Processed Foods Might Help Drive IBD - New Drug Shows Promise Against Celiac Disease - Innovative Kidney Donor ‘Voucher’ System - Want More News? Sign Up for MedicineNet Newsletters! Daily Health News - H5N6 Bird Flu Infection in China - COVID Vaccine Misinformation - Antibiotic-Resistant Pneumonia - Mask Mandate Returns to L.A. - Fermented Foods Help Microbiome - More Health News » Trending on MedicineNet - Guillain-Barre Syndrome - What Triggers Shingles? - Normal Blood Sugar Levels - Identify Tick Bites - Why Is Autism Increasing? Abdominal discomfort and excessive air in the stomach Everyone knows that when they have mild abdominal discomfort, belching often relieves the problem. This is because excessive air in the stomach often is the cause of mild abdominal discomfort; as a result, people force belches whenever mild abdominal discomfort is felt, whatever the cause. Unfortunately, if there is no excessive gas to be expelled, forced belches do nothing more than draw air into the esophagus. Usually this air is expelled during the same belch (referred to as a supradiaphragmatic belch), but the air also may enter the stomach, and itself result in excess gas that must be expelled with additional belching. If the problem causing the discomfort is not excessive air in the stomach, then belching does not provide relief. As mentioned previously, it even may make the situation worse by increasing air in the stomach. When belching does not ease the discomfort, the belching should be taken as a sign that something may be wrong within the abdomen, and the cause of the discomfort should be sought. Belching by itself, however, does not help the physician determine what may be wrong because belching can occur in virtually any abdominal disease or condition that causes discomfort. Is burping (belching) a symptom of indigestion? It is appropriate to discuss belching in detail since it is a commonly misunderstood symptom associated with indigestion. - The ability to belch is almost universal. - Belching, also known as burping or eructating, is the act of expelling gas from the stomach out through the mouth. - The usual cause of belching is a distended (inflated) stomach that is caused by swallowed air or gas. - The distention of the stomach causes abdominal discomfort, and the belching expels the air and relieves the discomfort. - The common reasons for swallowing large amounts of air (aerophagia) or gas are - People often are unaware that they are swallowing air. - "Burping" infants during bottle or breastfeeding is important in order to expel air in the stomach that has been swallowed with the formula or milk. Excessive air in the stomach is not the only cause of belching. - For some people, belching becomes a habit and does not reflect the amount of air in their stomachs. - For others, belching is a response to any type of abdominal discomfort and not just to discomfort due to increased gas. How long does indigestion (dyspepsia) last? Indigestion is a chronic disease that usually lasts years, if not a lifetime. It does, however, display periodicity, which means that the symptoms may be more frequent or severe for days, weeks, or months and then less frequent or severe for days, weeks, or months. The reasons for these fluctuations are unknown. Because of the fluctuations, it is important to judge the effects of treatment over many weeks or months to be certain that any improvement is due to treatment and not simply to a natural fluctuation in the frequency or severity of the disease. Subscribe to MedicineNet’s General Health Newsletter What other non-functional GI diseases mimic indigestion? How are they diagnosed? Exclusion of non-functional gastrointestinal disease A detailed history from the patient and a physical examination frequently will suggest the cause of dyspepsia. Routine screening blood tests often are performed looking for clues to unsuspected diseases. Examinations of stool are a part of the evaluation since they may reveal infection, signs of inflammation, or blood and direct further diagnostic testing. Sensitive stool testing (antigen/antibody) for Giardia lamblia would be reasonable because this parasitic infection is common and can be acute or chronic. Some physicians do blood testing for celiac disease (sprue), but the value of doing this is unclear. (Moreover, if an EGD is planned, biopsies of the duodenum usually will make the diagnosis of celiac disease.) If bacterial overgrowth of the small intestine is being considered, breath hydrogen testing can be considered. There are many tests to exclude non-functional gastrointestinal diseases. The primary issue, however, is to decide which tests are reasonable to perform. Since each case is individual, different tests may be reasonable for different patients. Nevertheless, certain basic tests are often performed to exclude non-functional gastrointestinal disease. These tests identify anatomic (structural) and histological (microscopic) diseases of the esophagus, stomach, and intestines. Both X-rays and endoscopies can identify anatomic diseases. Only endoscopies, however, can diagnose histological diseases because biopsies (samples of tissue) can be taken during the procedure. The X-ray tests include: - The esophagram and video-fluoroscopic swallowing study for examining the esophagus - The upper gastrointestinal series for examining the stomach and duodenum - The small bowel series for examining the small intestine - The barium enema for examining the colon and terminal ileum. - The computerized tomography (CT) scan for examining the small intestine Health Solutions From Our Sponsors What causes of indigestion are non-digestive? Non-gastrointestinal causes of indigestion It's not surprising that many gastrointestinal (GI) diseases have been associated with indigestion. However, many non-GI diseases also have been associated with indigestion. Examples of non-GI causes of indigestion include - thyroid disease, - hyperparathyroidism (overactive parathyroid glands), and - severe kidney disease. It is not clear, however, how these non-GI diseases might cause indigestion. Another important cause of indigestion is drugs. Many drugs are frequently associated with indigestion, for example, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs such as ibuprofen), antibiotics, and estrogens). In fact, most drugs are reported to cause indigestion in at least some people with functional symptoms. Antidepressants for indigestion Patients with functional disorders, including indigestion, are frequently found to be suffering from depression and/or anxiety. It is unclear, however, if the depression and anxiety are the cause or the result of the functional disorders or are unrelated to these disorders. (Depression and anxiety are common and, therefore, their occurrence together with functional disorders may be coincidental.) Several clinical trials have shown that antidepressants are effective in IBS in relieving abdominal pain. Antidepressants also have been shown to be effective in unexplained (non-cardiac) chest pain, a condition thought to represent a dysfunction of the esophagus. Antidepressants have not been studied adequately in other types of functional disorders, including indigestion. It probably is reasonable to treat patients with indigestion with psychotropic drugs if they have moderate or severe depression or anxiety. The antidepressants work in functional disorders at relatively low doses that have little or no effect on depression. It is believed, therefore, that these drugs work not by combating depression, but in different ways (through different mechanisms). For example, these drugs have been shown to adjust (modulate) the activity of the nerves and to have analgesic (pain-relieving) effects as well. Commonly used psychotropic drugs include the tricyclic antidepressants, desipramine (Norpramine) and trimipramine (Surmontil). Although studies are encouraging, it is not yet clear whether the newer class of antidepressants, the serotonin-reuptake inhibitors such as fluoxetine (Prozac), sertraline (Zoloft), and paroxetine (Paxil), are effective in functional disorders, including indigestion. Diet and indigestion Dietary factors have not been well-studied in the treatment of indigestion. Nevertheless, people often associate their symptoms with specific foods (such as salads and fats). Although specific foods might worsen the symptoms of indigestion, they usually are not the cause of indigestion. (Intolerance to specific foods, for example, lactose intolerance [milk] and allergies to wheat, eggs, soy, and milk protein are not considered functional diseases like indigestion). The common placebo response in functional disorders such as indigestion also may explain the improvement of symptoms in some people with the elimination of specific foods. Dietary fiber often is recommended for patients with IBS, but fiber has not been studied in the treatment of indigestion. Nevertheless, it probably is reasonable to treat patients with indigestion with fiber if they also have constipation. Intolerance to lactose (the sugar in milk) often is blamed for indigestion. Since indigestion and lactose intolerance both are common, the two conditions may coexist. In this situation, restricting lactose will improve the symptoms of lactose intolerance, but will not affect the symptoms of indigestion. Lactose intolerance is easily determined by a milk challenge testing the effects of lactose (hydrogen breath testing) or trying a strict lactose elimination diet. If lactose is determined to be responsible for some or all of the symptoms, elimination of lactose-containing foods is appropriate. Unfortunately, many patients stop drinking milk or eating milk-containing foods without good evidence that it improves their symptoms. This often is detrimental to their intake of calcium which may contribute to osteoporosis. One of the food substances most commonly associated with the symptoms of indigestion is fat. The scientific evidence that fat causes indigestion is weak. Most of the support is anecdotal (not based on carefully done, scientific studies). Nevertheless, fat is one of the most potent influences on gastrointestinal function. (It tends to slow down the gastrointestinal muscles while it causes the muscles of the gallbladder to contract.) Therefore, it is possible that fat may worsen indigestion even though it doesn't cause it. Moreover, reducing the ingestion of fat might relieve symptoms. A strict low fat diet can be accomplished fairly easily and is worth trying. Additionally, there are other health-related reasons for reducing dietary fat. Other dietary factors, fructose, and other sugar-related foods (fermentable, oligo- di- and mono-saccharides and polyols or FODMAPs), have been suggested as a cause of indigestion since many people do not fully digest and absorb them before they reach the distal intestine. Fructose intolerance and perhaps also FODMAP intolerance can be diagnosed with a hydrogen breath test using fructose and treated by elimination of fructose and/or FODMAP containing foods from the diet. Unfortunately, fructose and FODMAPs are widespread among fruits and vegetables, and fructose is found in high concentrations in many food products sweetened with corn syrup. Thus, an elimination diet can be difficult to maintain. Pro-motility medication for indigestion One of the leading theories for the cause of indigestion is abnormalities in the way gastrointestinal muscles function. The function of muscles may be abnormally increased, abnormally decreased, or it may by uncoordinated. There are medications, called smooth muscle relaxants that can reduce the activity of the muscles and other drugs that can increase the activity of the muscles, called promotility drugs. Many of the symptoms of indigestion can be explained on the basis of reduced activity of the gastrointestinal muscles that results in slowed transport (transit) of food through the stomach and intestine. (It is clear, as discussed previously, that there are other causes of these symptoms in addition to slowed transit.) Such symptoms include nausea, vomiting, and abdominal bloating. When transit is severely affected, abdominal distention (swelling) also may occur and can result in abdominal pain. (Early satiety is unlikely to be a function of slowed transit because it occurs too early for slowed transit to have consequences.) Theoretically, drugs that speed up the transit of food should, in at least some patients, relieve symptoms of indigestion that are due to slow transit. The number of promotility drugs that are available for use clinically is limited. Studies of their effectiveness in indigestion are even more limited. The most studied drug is cisapride (Propulsid), a promotility drug that was withdrawn from the market because of serious cardiac side effects. (Newer drugs that have similar effects but lack the toxicity are being developed.) The few studies with cisapride for indigestion were inconsistent in their results. Some studies demonstrated benefits whereas others showed no benefit. Cisapride was effective in patients with severe emptying problems of the stomach (gastroparesis) or severely slowed transit of food through the small intestine (chronic intestinal pseudo-obstruction). These two diseases may or may not be related to indigestion. Another promotility drug that is available is erythromycin, an antibiotic that stimulates gastrointestinal smooth muscle as one of its side effects. Erythromycin is used to stimulate smooth muscles of the gastrointestinal tract at doses that are lower than those used for treating infections. There are no studies of erythromycin in indigestion, but erythromycin is effective in gastroparesis and probably also in chronic intestinal pseudo-obstruction. Metoclopramide (Reglan) is another promotility drug that is available. It has not been studied, however, in indigestion. Moreover, it is associated with some troubling side effects. Therefore, it may not be a good drug to undergo further testing in indigestion. Domperidone (Motilium) is a promotility drug that is available in the U.S., but requires a special permit from the US Food and Drug administration. As a result, it is not very commonly prescribed. It is an effective drug with minimal side effects. How do you know if you have indigestion (diagnosis)? Indigestion is diagnosed primarily based on typical symptoms and the exclusion of non-functional gastrointestinal diseases (including acid-related diseases), non-gastrointestinal diseases, and psychiatric illness. There are tests for identifying abnormal gastrointestinal function directly, but they are limited in their ability to do so. What natural or home remedies are used to treat dyspepsia (indigestion)? Studies of natural and home remedies for indigestion are few. Most recommendations for natural and home remedies have little evidence to support their use. Several potential remedies, however, deserve mention including: - Acid-suppressing remedies: The most common cause of dyspepsia is probably gastrointestinal reflux disease (acid reflux or GERD). That may be why remedies such as baking soda, which neutralizes stomach acid, have been recommended. Even if baking soda works, it is more effective (and probably safer) to use antacids in liquid or pill form for this purpose. - Ginger: Ginger has been demonstrated to relieve nausea. One small study showed it to be ineffective in relieving dyspepsia, but ginger is harmless and worth a try if nausea is a component of the dyspepsia. - Peppermint: Peppermint has been demonstrated to have effects on the function of the gastrointestinal tract; it is among the most potent inhibitors of intestinal muscles. It is effective in another functional disease, irritable bowel syndrome, but there is minimal evidence that it is effective in dyspepsia. Nevertheless, like ginger, it is harmless and worth a try. - Meals: Eating smaller, more frequent meals. - Lifestyle changes: Stay away from specific foods and drinks, smoking, and alcohol if they provoke symptoms. What treatments relieve and cure indigestion (dyspepsia)? The treatment of indigestion is a difficult and unsatisfying topic because so few drugs have been studied and have been shown to be effective. Moreover, the drugs that have been shown to be effective have not been shown to be very effective. This difficult situation exists for many reasons including: - Life-threatening illnesses (for example, cancer, heart disease, and high blood pressure) are the illnesses that capture the public's interest and, more importantly, research funding. Indigestion is not a life-threatening illness and has received little research funding. Because of the lack of research, an understanding of the physiologic processes (mechanisms) that are responsible for indigestion has been slow to develop. Effective drugs cannot be developed until there is an understanding of these mechanisms. - Research in indigestion is difficult. Indigestion is defined by subjective symptoms (such as pain) rather than objective signs (for example, the presence of an ulcer). Subjective symptoms are more unreliable than objective signs in identifying homogenous groups of patients. As a result, groups of patients with indigestion who are undergoing treatment are likely to contain some patients who do not have indigestion, which may dilute (negatively affect) the results of the treatment. Moreover, the results of treatment must be evaluated on the basis of subjective responses (such as improvement of pain). In addition to being more unreliable, subjective responses are more difficult to measure than objective responses (for example, healing of an ulcer). - Different subtypes of indigestion (for example, abdominal pain and abdominal bloating) are likely to be caused by different physiologic processes (mechanisms). It also is possible, however, that the same subtype of indigestion may be caused by different mechanisms in different people. What's more, any drug is likely to affect only one mechanism. Therefore, it is unlikely that any one medication can be effective in all-even most-patients with indigestion, even patients with similar symptoms. This inconsistent effectiveness makes the testing of drugs particularly difficult. Indeed, it can easily result in drug trials that demonstrate no efficacy (usefulness) when, in fact, the drug is helping a subgroup of patients. - Subjective symptoms are particularly prone to responding to placebos (inactive drugs). In fact, in most studies, 20% to 40% of patients with indigestion will improve if they receive placebo drugs. Now, all clinical trials of drugs for indigestion require a placebo-treated group for comparison with the drug-treated group. The large placebo response means that these clinical trials must utilize large numbers of patients to detect meaningful (significant) differences in improvement between the placebo and drug groups. Therefore, these trials are expensive to conduct. The lack of understanding of the physiologic processes (mechanisms) that cause indigestion has meant that treatment usually cannot be directed at the mechanisms. Instead, treatment usually is directed at the symptoms. For example, nausea is treated with medications that suppress nausea but do not affect the cause of the nausea. On the other hand, the psychotropic drugs (antidepressants) and psychological treatments (such as cognitive behavioral therapy) treat hypothetical causes of indigestion (for example, abnormal function of sensory nerves and the psyche) rather than causes or even the symptoms. Treatment for indigestion often is similar to that for irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) even though the causes of IBS and indigestion are likely to be different. It is important to educate patients with indigestion about their illness, particularly by reassuring them that the illness is not a serious threat to their physical health (though it may be to their emotional health). Patients need to understand the potential causes for the symptoms. Most importantly, they need to understand the medical approach to the problem and the reasons for each test or treatment. Education prepares patients for a potentially prolonged course of diagnosis and trials of treatment. Education also may prevent patients from falling prey to the charlatans who offer unproven and possibly dangerous treatments for indigestion. Many symptoms are tolerable if patients' anxieties about the seriousness of their symptoms can be relieved. It also helps patients deal with symptoms when they feel that everything that should be done to diagnose and treat, in fact, is being done. The truth is that psychologically healthy people can tolerate a good deal of discomfort and continue to lead happy and productive lives. Smooth muscle relaxants for indigestion The most widely studied drugs for the treatment of abdominal pain in functional disorders are a group of drugs called smooth-muscle relaxants. The gastrointestinal tract is primarily composed of a type of muscle called smooth muscle. (By contrast, skeletal muscles such as the biceps are composed of a type of muscle called striated muscle.) Smooth muscle relaxant drugs reduce the strength of contraction of the smooth muscles but do not affect the contraction of other types of muscles. They are used in functional disorders, particularly IBS, with the assumption (not proven) that strong or prolonged contractions of smooth muscles in the intestine-spasms-are the cause of the pain in functional disorders. There are even smooth muscle relaxants that are placed under the tongue, as is nitroglycerin for angina, so that they may be absorbed rapidly. There are not enough studies of smooth muscle relaxants in indigestion to conclude that they are effective at reducing pain. Since their side effects are few, these drugs probably are worth trying. As with all drugs that are given to control symptoms, patients should carefully evaluate whether or not the smooth muscle relaxant they are using is effective at controlling the symptoms. If it is not clearly effective, the option of discontinuing the relaxant should be discussed with a physician. Commonly used smooth muscle relaxants are hyoscyamine (Levsin, Anaspaz, Cystospaz, Donnamar) and methscopolamine (Pamine, Pamine Forte). Other drugs combine smooth muscle relaxants with a sedative chlordiazepoxide hydrochloride and clidinium bromide (Donnatal, Librax), but there is no evidence that the addition of sedatives adds to the effectiveness of the treatment. Psychological treatments for indigestion Psychological treatments include cognitive-behavioral therapy, hypnosis, psychodynamic or interpersonal psychotherapy, and relaxation/stress management. Few studies of psychological treatments have been conducted in indigestion, although more studies have been done in IBS. Thus, there is little scientific evidence that they are effective in indigestion, although there is some evidence that they are effective in IBS. Hypnosis has been proposed as an effective treatment for IBS. It is unclear exactly how effective hypnosis is, or how it works. Which specialties of doctors treat indigestion (dyspepsia)? Since indigestion is very common, almost all doctors see and treat patients with indigestion, especially family practitioners, internists and even pediatricians. If these generalists are unable to provide adequate treatment, the patient usually is referred to a gastroenterologist, an internist or pediatrician with specialty training in gastrointestinal diseases. What are the complications of indigestion (dyspepsia)? The complications of functional diseases of the gastrointestinal tract are relatively limited. Since symptoms are most often provoked by eating, patients who alter their diets and reduce their intake of calories may lose weight. However, loss of weight is unusual in functional diseases. In fact, loss of weight should suggest the presence of non-functional diseases. Symptoms that awaken patients from sleep also are more likely to be due to non-functional than functional disease. Most commonly, functional diseases interfere with patients' comfort and daily activities. Individuals who develop nausea or pain after eating may skip breakfast or lunch because of the symptoms they experience. Patients also commonly associate symptoms with specific foods (for example, milk, fat, vegetables). Whether or not the associations are real, these patients will restrict their diets accordingly. Milk is the most common food that is eliminated, often unnecessarily, and this can lead to inadequate intake of calcium and osteoporosis. The interference with daily activities also can lead to problems with interpersonal relationships, especially with spouses. Most patients with functional disease live with their symptoms and infrequently visit physicians for diagnosis and treatment. What can a person expect during the diagnosis and treatment of indigestion (prognosis)? The initial approach to dyspepsia, whether it be treatment or testing, depends on the patient's age, symptoms and the duration of the symptoms. If the patient is younger than 50 years of age and serious disease, particularly cancer, is not likely, testing is less important. If the symptoms are typical for dyspepsia and have been present for many years without change, then there is less need for testing, or at least extensive testing, to exclude other gastrointestinal and non-gastrointestinal diseases. On the other hand, if the symptoms are of recent onset (weeks or months), progressively worsening, severe, or associated with "warning" signs, then early, more extensive testing is appropriate. Warning signs include loss of weight, nighttime awakening, blood in the stool or the material that is vomited (vomitus), and signs of inflammation, such as fever or abdominal tenderness. Testing also is appropriate if, in addition to symptoms of dyspepsia, there are other prominent symptoms that are not commonly associated with dyspepsia. If there are symptoms that suggest conditions other than dyspepsia, tests that are specific for these diseases should be done first. The reason is that if these other tests disclose other diseases, it may not be necessary to do additional testing. Examples of such symptoms and possible testing include: - Vomiting: upper gastrointestinal endoscopy to diagnose inflammatory or obstructing diseases; gastric emptying studies and/or electrogastrography to diagnose impaired emptying of the stomach. - Abdominal distention with or without increased flatulence: upper gastrointestinal and small intestinal x-rays to diagnose obstructing diseases; hydrogen breath testing to diagnose bacterial overgrowth of the small intestine. For a patient with typical symptoms of dyspepsia who requires testing to exclude other diseases, a standard screening panel of blood tests would reasonably be included. These tests might reveal clues to non-gastrointestinal diseases. Sensitive stool testing (antigen/antibody) for Giardia lamblia would be reasonable because this parasitic infection is common and can be acute or chronic. Some physicians do blood testing for celiac disease (sprue), but the value of doing this is unclear. Moreover, if an EGD is planned, biopsies of the duodenum usually will make the diagnosis of celiac disease. A plain X-ray of the abdomen might be done during an episode of abdominal pain (to look for intestinal blockage or obstruction). Testing for lactose intolerance or a trial of a strict lactose-free diet should be considered. The physician's clinical judgment should determine the extent to which initial testing is appropriate. Once testing has been done to an extent that is appropriate for the clinical situation, it is reasonable to first try a therapeutic trial of stomach acid suppression to see if symptoms improve. Such a trial probably should involve a PPI (proton pump inhibitor) for 8 to 12 weeks. If there is no clear response of symptoms, the options then are to discontinue the PPI or confirm its effectiveness in suppressing acid with 24 hour acid testing. If there is a clear and substantial decrease in symptoms with the PPI, then decisions need to be made about continuing acid suppression and which drugs to use. Another therapeutic approach is to test for Helicobacter pylori infection of the stomach (with blood, breath or stool tests) and to treat patients with infection to eradicate the infection. It may be necessary to retest patients after treatment to prove that treatment has effectively eradicated the infection, particularly if dyspeptic symptoms persist after treatment. If treatment with a PPI has satisfactorily suppressed acid according to acid testing (or acid suppression has not been measured) and yet the symptoms have not improved, it is reasonable to conduct further testing as described above. Esophago-gastro-duodenoscopy, or EGD, (and, possibly, colonoscopy) would be the next consideration, probably with multiple biopsies of the stomach and duodenum (and colon if colonoscopy is done). Finally, small intestinal x-rays and an ultrasound examination of the gallbladder might be done. An abdominal ultrasound examination, CT scan, or MRI scan can exclude non-gastrointestinal diseases. Once appropriate testing has been completed, empiric trials of other drugs (for example, smooth muscle relaxants, psychotropic drugs, and promotility drugs) can be done. (An empiric trial of a drug is a trial that is not based on an understanding of the exact cause of the symptoms) If all of the appropriate testing reveals no disease that could be causing the symptoms and the dyspeptic symptoms have not responded to empiric treatments, other, more specialized tests should be considered. These tests include hydrogen breath testing to diagnose bacterial overgrowth of the small intestine, gastric emptying studies, EGG, small intestinal transit studies, antro-duodenal motility and barostatic studies, and possibly capsule endoscopy. These specialized studies probably should be done at centers that have experience and expertise in diagnosing and treating functional diseases. What research is ongoing for treatments to cure indigestion (dyspepsia)? The future of dyspepsia will depend on our increasing knowledge of the processes (mechanisms) that cause dyspepsia. Acquiring this knowledge, in turn, depends on research funding. Because of the difficulties in conducting research in dyspepsia, this knowledge will not come quickly. Until we have an understanding of the mechanisms of dyspepsia, newer treatments will be based on our developing a better understanding of the normal control of gastrointestinal function, which is proceeding more rapidly. Specifically, there is intense interest in intestinal neurotransmitters, which are chemicals that the nerves of the intestine use to communicate with each other. The interactions of these neurotransmitters are responsible for adjusting (modulating) the functions of the intestines, such as contraction of muscles and secretion of fluid and mucus. 5-hydroxytriptamine (5-HT or serotonin) is a neurotransmitter that stimulates several different receptors on nerves in the intestine. Examples of experimental drugs for intestinal neurotransmission are sumatriptan (Imitrex) and buspirone (Buspar). These drugs are believed to reduce the responsiveness (sensitivity) of the sensory nerves to what's happening in the intestine by attaching to a particular 5-HT receptor, the 5-HT1 receptor. The 5-HT1 receptor drugs, however, have received only minimal study so far and their role in the treatment of dyspepsia, if any, is unclear. Promotility drugs similar to cisapride, as previously discussed, are being pursued actively. Another area of active research is relaxation of the muscles of the stomach for the treatment of dyspepsia. Normally when food enters the stomach, the stomach relaxes to accommodate the food and the secretions it stimulates. Many patients with dyspepsia have been found to have reduced relaxation of the stomach when food enters, and it is possible that this results in discomfort. Drugs that specifically relax the muscles of the stomach are being developed, but more clinical trials showing their benefit are needed. What is small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO)? - Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO): A potential cause of indigestion is bacterial overgrowth of the small intestine (small intestinal bacterial overgrowth or SIBO), although the frequency with which this condition causes indigestion has not been determined, and there is little research in the area. The relationship between overgrowth and indigestion needs to be pursued, however, since many of the symptoms of indigestion are also symptoms of bacterial overgrowth. Overgrowth can be diagnosed by hydrogen breath testing and is treated primarily with antibiotics. Other diseases and conditions can aggravate indigestion and other functional diseases. - Anxiety and/or depression are probably the most commonly-recognized exacerbating factors for patients with functional diseases. - The menstrual cycle: During their periods, women often note that their functional symptoms are worse. This corresponds to the time during which the female hormones, estrogen and progesterone, are at their highest levels. Furthermore, it has been observed that treating women who have indigestion with leuprolide (Lupron), an injectable drug that shuts off the body's production of estrogen and progesterone, is effective at reducing symptoms of indigestion in premenopausal women. These observations support a role for hormones in the intensification of fun What endoscopy tests help exclude other diseases? The endoscopic tests include: - Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy (esophago-gastro-duodenoscopy or EGD) to examine the esophagus, stomach and duodenum - Colonoscopy to examine the colon and terminal ileum - Endoscopy also is available to examine the small intestine, but this type of endoscopy is complex, not widely available, and of unproven value in indigestion. - To examen the small intestine, a capsule containing a tiny camera and transmitter that can be swallowed (capsule endoscopy). As the capsule travels through the intestines, it transmits pictures of the inside of the intestines to an external recorder for later review. The capsule is not widely available and its value, particularly in indigestion, has not yet been proven. - Newer endoscopes, similar to those used for EGD and colonoscopy are available that allow the entire small intestine to be examined. Unlike the capsule, however, the endoscope has channels in it that allow instruments to be passed into the intestine to collect samples of tissue (biopsies) and to treat abnormal findings such as polyps. - X-rays are easier to perform and less costly than endoscopies. The skills necessary to perform gastrointestinal X-rays, however, are becoming rare among radiologists because they are doing them less often. Therefore, the quality of the X-rays often is not as high as it used to be, and, as a result, CT scans of the small intestine are replacing small intestinal X-rays. As noted previously, endoscopies have an advantage over X-rays since at the time of endoscopies, biopsies can be taken to diagnose or exclude histological diseases, something that X-rays cannot do.

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ASTR 205 (Universe—The Ultimate Frontier) is a three-credit introductory astronomy and astrophysics course that describes the universe as we now understand it, explains how our current understanding came about, and shows how the scientific method forms the basis for both the tools and the theories of astronomy. This course has no prerequisites and has a Challenge for Credit option if students are interested. ASTR 205 is offered as an individualized online study with a video component. Students should note that registration into AST 205 includes an e-textbook, a telecourse student guide, and a spectrum viewer to view the video component of the course. Supplementary video lessons are available as streaming videos through the course website. Alternatively, the videos can be borrowed as DVDs from the Athabasca University Library. Universe—The Ultimate Frontier is made up of five parts: the sky, the stars, the universe of galaxies, the solar system, and life. There are also two assignments that weigh ten percent each, two multiple-choice quizzes worth ten percent each, four short-answer quizzes weighing a total of twenty percent, and a final examination for forty percent. Throughout this course students will learn about topics such as light and how it carries information to us, how stars group together into galaxies, how galaxies are distributed, and the characteristics and origins of the planets and other bodies in our solar system. To receive credit for ASTR 205, students must achieve a course composite mark of at least a “D” or fifty percent and a grade of at least fifty percent on the final examination. The final examination for this course must be taken online with an AU-approved exam invigilator at an approved invigilation centre. It is your responsibility to ensure your chosen invigilation centre can accommodate online exams. For a list of invigilators who can accommodate online exams, visit the Exam Invigilation website. Karen Fletcher enrolled in the Bachelor of Science major in Mathematics program at Athabasca University in May of 2019 and completed ASTR 205 recently. She provides a bit of an introduction, stating “’I’m from Ottawa, and I have three kids (ages 2, 4, and 6). I received a Bachelor of Arts when I was younger but as my kids will all be in school full-time in the next couple of years, I’m looking to do something a bit different, and have recently returned to school to get my Bachelor of Science in Mathematics. I work part-time designing knitting patterns for magazines and yarn companies and when I have free time I love to sew or play board games with my husband.” When asked to explain the course to students, Karen states “I loved this course. ASTR 205 is an introduction to astronomy including our solar system, the history of the universe, types of stars and other stellar objects, how telescopes work, and the history of astronomy. It was really interesting, and both the textbook and video lectures were fantastic.” As for the structure of the course, she states “There are twenty units, each with a chapter of reading, a video lecture, and some questions to work through. There are two major assignments, one involving multiple evenings of observations of the night sky an hour after twilight (so maybe do not take this in the dead of winter), and then an analysis of the movement of the moon and planets you observed. There were no minimum word counts but to answer all of the questions took me several thousand words.” Karen continues “The second assignment was to analyze a piece of popular culture for good or bad astronomy and that had a maximum of 1500 words. Then there were four short-answer “quizzes” of six questions each, which was more like an assignment. Each quiz took me about 2000 words. Then there were two multiple-choice quizzes and a multiple-choice exam. I found the multiple-choice quizzes and final exam to be very difficult. It seems the questions were taken from Pearson’s Mastering Astronomy course, which does not100% line up with the content of this course (but many people who have taken that course put their study notes on Quizlet which helped me prepare enormously.” Karen would recommend this course, stating “I loved this course and I would totally recommend it with the caveat that you likely will not be able to rush through it. I would also like to see all the multiple-choice questions changed to reflect the content of the course.” As for tips and tricks, she explains to “Look up the questions from your multiple-choice quizzes on Quizlet, save the sets they are in and study those for your exam!” When asked how communications with her tutor has been, she states “I had David Lyder for my tutor. He was friendly and approachable, and marked the quizzes pretty quickly. For the assignments, he printed out, wrote feedback on them, then mailed them to me (which is fine but I was not expecting that), so it seemed like it took a while to get the feedback but that is because it went through the mail.” Whether ASTR 205 is a degree or program requirement of yours, or the topics mentioned above are of interest to you, this course will have you learning a lot of interesting material surrounding the topic of the universe.

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If flu activity in Australia and the Southern Hemisphere is any indication, Canada, and North America on the whole, could be in for a nasty flu season in the months ahead. Australia, Hong Kong – and other spots in the Southern Hemisphere — have grappled with one of their worst flu seasons on record. Health officials keep a watchful eye over the flu in the Southern Hemisphere, which affects residents during their winter (or our summer). Its patterns there that lay the groundwork for predicting which viruses may make the rounds by the time they make their way north. “The key thing with influenza is that it’s predictably unpredictable but a few arrows are pointing in the direction that this may be a bit more on the rough side for influenza seasons,” Dr. Isaac Bogoch, a tropical infectious disease specialist at Toronto General Hospital and the University of Toronto, told Global News. “There were more documented influenza cases in Australia compared to last year and the year before, more hospitalizations related to influenza and more deaths,” Bogoch said. READ MORE: Why last year’s flu season was off to a slow, nearly non-existent start And then there’s the predominant strain: H3N2 – what health officials say may cause the biggest problems. It’s the same virus that wreaked havoc three years ago when the vaccine was a mismatch. It’s typically known for affecting older patients, leading to serious complications and higher rates of hospitalizations. This time around it got worse because it “drifted,” creating subtypes of H3N2, according to Jason Tetro, a Canadian microbiologist and bestselling author. READ MORE: What happens to your body when you get the flu, step by step “It’s basically gone from one root of the virus, one clade split into five. As a result of that, the vaccine strain is losing its ability to match these five different ones. It’s very difficult once you start seeing these changes to develop a new vaccine,” Tetro said. “We have to find out if any one of those subtypes is going to take over in North America and then once we’re done that we have to decide if the vaccine is a good match,” he said. Which strains are circulating this year? There are three types of influenza: A, B and C. Influenza A is the “big bad one we always worry about,” according to Dr. Gerald Evans, a Queen’s University professor and Kingston General Hospital chief of infectious diseases. Influenza C, on the other hand, is “inconsequential,” Evans says. Influenza B, for its part, is an important disease in that it hits kids more than adults. Each year, the flu vaccine contains protection against two strains of influenza A and one strain of influenza B. This year, public health officials are bracing for three major strains based on H1N1 called A/Michigan/45/2015, H3N2 known as A/Singapore/INFIHM-16-0019/2016, and a B strain, B/Phuket/3073/2013. This presents a problem as this year’s vaccine is not an exact match for the H3N2 and the B. READ MORE: 7 steps to surviving the cold and flu season without getting sick However, researchers in Australia suggest there will be overlap between the circulating strains and the vaccine, meaning getting the shot could still help your chances at staying safe. And even if the vaccine is a mismatch, those who get the flu shot typically end up with milder symptoms if they get the flu. This year, the flu virus should make an appearance by November, and by January, an upswing of sickness should hit the country and linger for about four weeks before influenza dies down, Evans said. There are typically two peaks — one in December as kids return home from school, germs in tow, and again in January and into February, as frigid temperatures set in. How do experts make their guesses? Each year, influenza strains mutate and re-emerge, infecting victims and triggering a new season. Scientists look at the patterns and make their predictions based on which viruses made their rounds in the Southern Hemisphere and estimate what mutations could occur before the influenzas make their way over the equator. READ MORE: Signs you’re too sick with the flu and should stay home They narrow their guesses to only a handful and those three strains are then included in the seasonal vaccine that’s given to the masses. Evans says that three-quarters of the time, the medical community is right, and the flu vaccine concocted that year is the correct defence against that year’s influenza. Who should be getting the flu shot? As always, doctors are advising Canadians to get their flu shots to help protect themselves, and the people around them from catching influenza. At this point, Evans says that vaccination rates nationally sit at a meagre 20 to 25 per cent while health-care workers report higher numbers at about 40 per cent. READ MORE: 6 vaccination myths debunked Evans says that if at least 75 per cent of the public were to be immunized, “herd immunity” would occur. That means that if most people were vaccinated, the odds of an unvaccinated person getting sick would be very low. He cautions that while most of us feel healthy, the flu shot has benefits that extend beyond our own immune systems. “I’m a doctor and I get my shot every year so the likelihood of me getting the flu is reduced, and that means I’m unlikely to transmit to my family, my friends and to my patients that I see,” he said. “It’s one of those things where it’s good for you, but it’s also good for everybody around you, too.” Kids as young as six months old can start getting the vaccine. READ MORE: Got the flu? Stay home and bosses, don’t ask for sick notes It’s also recommended for populations at risk of complications. These people who are more vulnerable include pregnant women, children under five years old, seniors and residents in long-term care or nursing homes. Those with underlying health problems, such as chronic diseases (asthma, chronic bronchitis, cancer) should also make their way to a flu vaccination clinic. Evans suggests that getting the vaccine earlier helps. It takes about two weeks for the vaccine to be most effective, and its effects are long-lasting. READ MORE: Should flu shots be mandatory for health care workers? For more on the flu season, take a look at the government’s Flu Watch. To read about flu prevention tips, take a look at the Public Health Agency of Canada’s website.

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Vitreous Haemorrhage of any Etiology Vitreous haemorrhage refers to blood in the vitreous inside the eye causing loss of vision and in severe cases blindness. Vitreous/vitreous humour, mainly composed of water, is a clear gel-like substance located between the crystalline lens and the retina (light receptive tissue) inside the eye. It fills the centre of the eye (interior of the eyeball) and occupies 2/3 of the eye's volume giving it the round shape and provides a clear path for the light entering the eye to reach the retina. It is the viscous property of the vitreous that maintains the shape of the eye if compressed. Symptoms of Vitreous Haemorrhage The symptoms of vitreous haemorrhage occur all of a sudden and are painless, varying from mild to severe. The most common symptoms are the appearance of floaters (small specks or clouds moving in the field of vision) and blurred vision. Patients often report the perception of shadows, cobwebs and also photophobia. Mild vitreous haemorrhage is characterized by new multiple floaters, moderate vitreous haemorrhage by dark streaks, and severe vitreous haemorrhage by a significant decrease in vision. In some patients, vision is found to be worse in the morning as blood settles at the back of the eye during the night. Causes of Vitreous Haemorrhage There are many causes for vitreous haemorrhage and the mechanisms mainly fall into three categories: - Growth of abnormal blood vessels: Certain eye disorders like diabetic retinopathy, retinal vein occlusion, retinopathy of prematurity, etc., cause the growth of abnormal blood vessels that are fragile, predisposing them to rupture and bleed into the vitreous cavity. - Damage to normal blood vessels: Blood vessels in the retina can be damaged due to injury or trauma to the eye. Eye disorders such as retinal detachment cause damage to retinal blood vessels and also retinal vein occlusion in which the small veins that carry blood away from the retina are blocked which may bleed into the vitreous cavity. - Bleeding from adjacent parts of the eye: Blood from another source or haemorrhage in other parts of the eye or ocular tumours can cause blood to leak through the internal limiting membrane (a layer that separates the retina from the vitreous) into the vitreous cavity. Diagnosis of Vitreous Haemorrhage Your doctor performs a complete eye examination to diagnose vitreous haemorrhage. Eye drops are instilled and pupils are dilated to view the retina and evaluate the cause of haemorrhage. In cases of severe haemorrhage, the doctor examines the eye with ultrasonography to visualize the retina when direct visualization is not possible due to large amounts of blood in the vitreous gel. The cause of haemorrhage may be determined by performing a test called Angiography. Treatment for Vitreous Haemorrhage Initially, treatment is not considered, as mild haemorrhages often clot and resolve on their own in a few weeks or months. In severe cases, a surgical procedure called vitrectomy is performed to remove the blood and improve vision and also treat the underlying cause of haemorrhage. Recently, a sutureless approach for vitrectomy has been developed that enables the surgeon to reach the vitreous with minute cuts that close on their own without requiring sutures.

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October is National Breast Cancer Awareness Month and many local and national organizations are promoting breast cancer awareness, sharing information about the disease, and celebrating survivors. This month represents the most visible part of a year-round effort to educate about, screen for, and hopefully cure this devastating disease. Of course, these are all worthy goals that deserve our attention and support. What is often missing are the steps women—especially young women—can take to reduce their risk for, or even prevent, breast cancer. Approximately 1 in 8 women will develop breast cancer. The American Cancer Society estimates that around 300,000 new cases of breast cancer are diagnosed and nearly 40,000 women die from this disease each year. Breast cancer can occur in men, but these cases are rare, so the focus is rightfully on women. Much attention is given to genetic factors that increase the risk of breast cancer. These include certain gene mutations, including BRCA1 and BRCA2, as well as family history. A woman who has a first-degree relative (mother, sister, or daughter) who has had breast cancer has nearly twice the risk of being diagnosed herself. Considering that most women diagnosed with breast cancer have no family history, it is also important to try to reduce other modifiable risk factors. This involves making health behavior changes that are probably familiar to most people. The good news is that these changes can also reduce the risk of other cancers, cardiovascular disease, and most other chronic diseases. Avoid tobacco use. While the results of studies of smoking and breast cancer are mixed, a conservative interpretation is that smoking may increase the risk. Smoking increases the risk of other cancers, especially lung cancer, as well as heart attack, stroke, and other lung diseases. Not smoking, or quitting now, is among the best health decisions a woman can make. Consume alcohol in moderation. Women should limit their alcohol intake to one drink per day. Women who consume more than two drinks per day increase their risk of breast cancer by 20% over women who don’t drink. Maintain a healthy body weight. Being overweight can increase the risk of breast cancer in post-menopausal women by 30–60%. Excess body fat can alter the levels of estrogen and other hormones. The good news is that losing as little as 10 pounds can reduce this risk. Be physically active everyday. Regular activity and exercise can lower breast cancer risk by as much as 20%. In addition to helping with weight control, physical activity may lower the level of certain hormones that are associated with breast cancer. The biggest reduction in risk of breast cancer is seen in women who have been active their whole lives, but it is never too late to start. Eat a healthy diet. The evidence from studies on the effect of diet on breast cancer risk is mixed, and more research is needed. In general, increasing fruit, vegetable, and whole grain intake and reducing red meat is associated with at least some decrease in breast cancer risk. These “healthy” foods are rich in vitamins, minerals, and other nutrients and eating more of these foods may lead to weight loss or prevent weight gain with age. Every woman has a different breast cancer risk based on her unique family history, biology, and lifestyle. But by making some simple health behavior changes, all women can reduce their risk for, or even prevent, breast cancer and improve their overall health.

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The Early Bird: Plants book by Evan-Moor based on the central "Plants" theme. This book comes along with comprehension activities that integrate reading, language, and math skills. With the help of this book, students will work on themes relating to the plants, how we use them and more. The Early Bird: Plants book included 64 pages with answer key and cut-out flashcards. This book is suitable to those childs whose age is 4 and 4+.

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Investigator: Steve Tennes, Country Mill Farms, Charlotte, Michigan Project locations: This project will be conducted at seven farms in southern Michigan over a total of three summers (2009-2011). The farms include organic, conventional and mixed operations. Organic farming involves creating a system approach that is in harmony with Mother Nature. Organic farmers must determine what the natural predator is of any harmful insect in order to keep its population in balance. Across several commodities, the moth order of insects are extremely harmful as internal feeders of crops like corn, apples, pears, peaches, oranges and even nuts. Specific species of bats need these moths as part of their diet. Codling moth is the most destructive fruit pest for apples and pears across the United States and Canada. Bats can potentially act as a natural predator that could reduce codling moth populations. Targeting adult flying moths with bats in conjunction with targeting early life stages of the moths with existing organically approved viruses and nematodes will establish a comprehensive system approach to manage these pests. This research project will monitor the current level of bat activity at seven apple orchards. The number of individual bats at an orchard can be potentially influenced by variables such as the distance from the application of synthetic insecticide, an open water source, a summer habitat and hibernacula (overwintering sites) suitable for that specific species. Building upon existing bat research, this three year fruit project will determine the species of bats that are present on project farms, the composition of their diets, their pest management contribution and the best location for artificial bat habitat. This information will be used to develop a procedural model that organic farmers can follow in order to increase the bat populations on their individual farms. The project is being done in cooperation with faculty and students from Michigan State University and Eastern Michigan University. A final report describing the results of this project will be posted upon completion.

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The Arabic language is unusual in that it has remained unchanged for thousands of years Online Holy Quran Teaching. However, there are several expressions and terms that are unique to Quranic Arabic. How well do you understand the Arabic language of the Quran? When learning Online Holy Quran Teaching Arabic, there are a few important things to keep in mind. Why should you learn Quranic Arabic? People, whether they are Muslims or not, must learn the Quran. The Quran is the basic source of Islamic doctrine. All of Islam’s laws and regulations are include inside the pages of this sacred book. Nothing is more precise than God’s message, which is the Quran, in this case. This essay is intend for academics who wish to learn more about Islam, as well as Muslims who do not speak Arabic. The Quran is write in Arabic You know how poetry can defy logic and order while yet sounding good? You’ve probably heard it. The Arabic of the Quran is quite similar to the Arabic of the Bible. It appears to be in conflict with normal Quranic Arabic grammar. In reality, it is most likely the most complex form of Arabic grammar available. Reader of the Quran in Arabic In general, certain vocabulary words are frequently employed. It is difficult to pinpoint the cause because it is supernatural intervention. A list of popular Online Holy Quran Teaching terms, on the other hand, may found here. Because this is a fixed-price book, they even provide percentages of the price. In addition, the lists distinguish between nouns, verbs, and prepositions. It’s simply a few clicks away from you. Texts from the Quran Yes, there are books available to assist individuals in need. In certain instances, the Quranic Arabic is simply translated into English. They are available at all times. Course in Arabic Quranic recitation Taking a course is the quickest and most convenient choice. You must, in fact, seek assistance. The pace and level of assistance offered by online courses differ. It could be a live course or an online one. Apps for the Quran in Arabic Finding the proper app for you is critical if you don’t have the luxury of time to follow up on your leads. Someone or something that is always available and on the go, just like you Anyone can learn Quranic Arabic and lead a regular life after completing the course. Exactly. No-one. It’s supposed to be that way You must practice, practice, and more practice if you want to enhance your Quranic Arabic. Things should done the old-fashioned way. Revisit your texts and memories as much as you can. Drilling is the most effective method of memorising information. After you have memorized all of the vocabulary words and phrases that have been repeat, you will begin to see a pattern. Every Surah in the Quran has its own distinct rhyming pattern that is unique to it. In addition, some of the statements start to sound predictable. In order for the Quran to be coherent, it must convey the same message while illuminating different locations. Quranic Arabic Proficiency Aside from that, studying about different religions might help you gain a better understanding of the world. At the same time, we encourage that you study cultures and religions together! We encourage you to visit our website Online Quran Tutors in UK and download the Kaleela Arabic learning app if you enjoyed this post and are interest in learning Arabic. When you use the Kaleela Arabic learning app, you may study Arabic at your own pace, whenever and from any location you want. It is by far the most effective method of learning Arabic! To discover out, give it a try today.

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Are you searching for the top 10 largest animals in the world ever recorded (2022)? When it comes to creations, humans could comfortably sit in the class of the smallest species created by God. The animal kingdom in its diversity of categories features some of the wonders of God’s magnificent handiwork in living things with gigantic physiques that make them a threat to the collective existence of other animals in their shared habitat and humans on exploration. These animals are tall enough to kiss the tip of buildings, rival metro trains in length, match up with ships in terms of weight, and mammoth enough to occupy a standard warehouse. Here are the top 10 largest animals in the world The Blue Whale The Blue Whale is by far the largest animal in the world ever recorded. This sea animal is colossal enough to comfortably swallow four luxury buses and won’t choke on them. It weighs about 180 tonnes and spans in length to about 98 ft. that’s equivalent to the height of a 30 m high-rise building when stretched vertically. The tongue of a blue whale can lift a full-sized elephant and hurl it up right into the middle of the ocean without summoning all of its energy. The Blue Whale has an undeniable and intimidating presence underwater. Although its size is too mammoth to go unnoticeable, this gargantuan of an animal lives a reclusive life submerged in the sea and rarely bothers about what’s up on the surface of the blue sea. Contrary to popular belief that the giant squid is the largest in the squid family, the colossal squid is actually the biggest. This squid is 45 ft. (14 m) long. Its eyes are the biggest in the animal kingdom, bigger than the size of a 32-inch football and reaching about 25 cm in diameter. RELATED: Top 10 Most Spoken Languages In India This animal is also timid like the whale and lives at the depth of the ocean around 1000m. The squid is so large, only a sperm whale, and perhaps the blue whale can prey on it for a snack. The African Elephant The sea has no monopoly on the largest creatures in the world. The largest terrestrial mammal in the world is the African Elephant which by temperament is one of the most extroverted animals under the sun. The African elephant weighs up to 6,350kg (7 tons). It can span in length up to 35 ft. (10.6 m) and stand up to 13 ft. (4.2 m) in height. Its weight alone is enough to sink some water-logged soils and her trunk is her most powerful weapon. This said trunk can fell trees when she’s unhappy with just one strike. East African Giraffe If the height is the yardstick to measure the largest creatures in the world, then the Giraffe will come top on the list. Residing mainly in the grasslands of East Africa and the open woodlands in southern Sahara, the Giraffe is the tallest animal in existence. It stands at a height of 19 ft. (5.8 m), its neck alone is the height of an ideal tall guy at 6 ft. (1.8 m). Their babies are birthed 2m tall already. One of the scariest sights you can ever witness in the river is the imposing physical structure of the hippopotamus with its large eyes and ears afloat the water leaving its entire body of height: 14 ft., submerged in water. The hippo is found majorly in Africa across 29 nations. An adult hippo can weigh up to 4 tons, while a baby hippo can weigh about a thousand pounds. At 14 ft. tall, this monster of an animal is almost unsinkable in its river habitat. The hippo is the third largest land mammal and the largest semi-aquatic mammal in the world. Brown and Polar Bears Both animals of the bear family are the largest terrestrial carnivores in the universe. The polar bears are found remotely in the arctic poles while the brown bears are residents of the forests and highlands of Europe, Asia, and North America. These bears weigh up to 970 kg and can attain a height of 10 ft. (3 m) when they stand on their hind legs. The bulk of their weight lies in the deposit of fats in their bodies, more importantly for the polar bear who needs the fat to adapt to its frigging sub-zero temperatures at the Artic Circle. The whale shark happens to be the most colossal living fish underwater. It weighs up to 22 tonnes and is 40 ft. long (12 m). This fish considers tiny planktons the most ideal diet to follow despite being that mammoth in size. The whale sharks are an endangered species which too many predators rendering them extinct. They are mostly found in the tropical seas across the world. When God decided to crossbreed between the elephant and the seal, this mammoth creature was the result. The elephant seal is over 6 m long (20 ft.) and can weigh up to 4.5 tons. They come in two species: the elephant seal of the north found in California and the elephant seal of the south found in the Antarctic and its waters. Their major habitat is the sea with their large trunk-like inflatable snouts. The birds are not left out when it comes to prodigious-sized creatures. The ostrich is representing from its end as the largest bird in existence. When the ostrich stands, it measures at a height of 9 ft. (2.7 m) which’s about the highest height any human could possibly attain. RELATED: Top 10 Highest Currencies in Africa This bird weighs about 156 kg and its eyes which is about 5 cm in size are the largest eyes seen on any mammal on land. The bulk of its height comes from its long legs and neck. The ostrich can’t fly since it’s the heaviest bird on earth but then it’s the fastest running bird in existence with a speed of about 65 km/h. The Green Anaconda From the reptile, the class comes the largest snake in the world. This green anaconda of the boa family is 30 ft. long, that’s about 9 m in height, and weighs over 250 kg (550 lb). Its native habitat lies in the tropical rain forests of the world’s most luxurious aggregation of trees; Amazon. The close rival of the green anaconda in the reptile class is the reticulated python which can rival victoriously in length but with the weight of the green anaconda resting on its giant girth put into consideration, it’s twice heavier than the python and so undoubtedly becomes the largest snake in the world. What do you think about the top 10 largest animals in the world?

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What is a waterless barrier and how could it slow cane toads? - Written by Mike Letnic, Professor, Centre for Ecosystem Science, UNSW A federal parliamentary inquiry into stopping cane toads’ relentless march across Australia has proposed creating “waterless barriers” in the semi-arid land between Western Australia’s Kimberley and Pilbara regions. Because cane toads need regular access to water to survive, the plan is to fence off man-made watering points like dams and tanks, creating the equivalent of a firebreak the toads cannot cross. My colleagues and I have been working with the federal inquiry to create this proposal. Here are the facts. What is a waterless barrier? There are large areas of Australia that are naturally dry. Except after big rains, there’s very little above-ground water. When people began farming sheep and cattle out in the western ranges, they created artificial water points with the help of dams, tanks and bores. These water points are refuges for cane toads during droughts and act as stepping-stones when it rains, because the toads can move safely from point to point. This is how they are colonising large areas of Australia. But if the toads can’t reach open water they cannot live through a dry season. The proposal aims to restrict the toads’ access to the water, but still let the cattle drink.Shutterstock What kind of fences are we talking about? Many water sources are actually already inaccessible to cane toads. Steel or plastic tanks filled from pipelines or underground dams cannot be reached. Troughs give a very limited supply. The main problem comes from turkeynest dams (these are classic dams: pools of water in the ground with a mounded earth edge). My colleagues and I did research years ago that found a simple 60cm fence is enough to keep cane toads out. Read more: We've cracked the cane toad genome, and that could help put the brakes on its invasion This doesn’t mean fencing dams is easy: the stations where this would be most helpful are very remote and have plenty of water sources, so fencing (and maintaining) them all presents a logistical hurdle. However many stations are increasingly replacing dams with tanks, which serve the same purpose (and lose far less water to leakage and evaporation).Shutterstock Another promising development is the number of farmers installing “cut-off switches” for the pumps that fill dams. This is a move away from the older system of turning on a pump and leaving it on until the generator ran out of fuel – perhaps days later. This meant considerable overflow, and created ideal conditions for cane toads. Tanks with solar panels and a cut-off switch that senses when a trough is full can save farms water, power and money, as well as stranding cane toads. Read more: Yes, you heard right: more cane toads really can help us fight cane toads Would it affect native animals? It’s true some of these dams are now part of the landscape – they’ve been there for a long time. On the other hand, we’re talking about areas that did not originally have much above-ground water before people showed up, and most animals native to the area don’t really need the water (of course, they will drink it if it’s there). The other part of the equation is the presence of cane toads seriously threatens native wildlife. Cane toads are poisonous and kill native predators, with devastating effects to the environment.Shutterstock How big does the barrier need to be, and won’t the rains let the toads cross anyway? The cattle stations in northern Australia are huge - often 5,000ha. On this scale, just a handful of stations could make a huge difference. Research suggests a barrier of 50km across could stop toads in their tracks. The distance a toad can travel in a day varies highly with the environment and weather. In a hot, humid environment a toad might be able to travel roughly 20-30km during a wet season; during cold or dry weather they’re stuck where they are. Therefore even after heavy rains there won’t be enough water in standing puddles or river beds to let the toads cross the waterless barrier. The puddles would dry out, leaving the toads stranded and without access to dams they would quickly die. Read more: The economics of 'cash for cane toads' – a textbook example of perverse incentives Why should we do it? Cane toads haven’t been found in this part of Australia, but we believe they will be soon. By creating waterless barriers we can cut them off. Excitingly, this strategy also has potential to be used in other parts of the country to push cane toads back, reclaiming invaded areas. Most of the pests Australia has really gone to war against affect agriculture. Cane toads, on the other hand, are an environmental pest: they wreak havoc on native fauna, but have comparatively little impact on cash crops. Eradication of environmental pests receives comparatively little resources. This proposal would be both a win against a devastating invader, and also a symbol of how much we care for our natural environment, and how important it is to protect it. Read more http://theconversation.com/what-is-a-waterless-barrier-and-how-could-it-slow-cane-toads-114363

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The demise and funeral of Britain’s Queen Elizabeth II has supplied a lot alternative for an exploration of the customarily uncared for, brutal historical past of British colonialism – the story of the nation’s murderous subjugation and the plundering of populations all over the world. The function of the royal household on this, It’s heartening to see that so many individuals are refusing to go on the rail route and are most likely mourning his demise. most seen image of that historical past. Nevertheless, I could not assist however discover a major break up. Whereas his topics had been desperate to uncover previous British crimes, the present rulers of Britain’s former colonies had been much less enthusiastic. Actually, virtually unanimously, they joined Elizabeth II’s memorial, waving flags at half-mast, praising her qualities as a logo of devotion to obligation, and even flight to london Dozens to attend funeral Curiously, amidst all of the excavations of the previous, there was little dialogue of how that historical past goes within the current. This is the Fact: Even We Condemn British and European Exploitation What they thought-about to be their colonial possessions, many people, many years after “independence”, dwell our lives surrounded by recollections of our occasions. Every week earlier than the Queen’s demise, Kenya’s Supreme Court docket started listening to challenges to the declared end result of the August 9 presidential election, which she received. William Ruto, The garments and wigs that attorneys and judges used to handle themselves in addition to the quaint method – My Lords and My Girls – are all traditions borrowed from Mom England. For a lot of former colonies, political independence didn’t actually imply freedom from colonialism. As political scientist and anthropologist Partha Chatterjee mentioned in an interview revealed in Narmeen Shaikh’s ebook, The Current as Historical past: Essential Views on International Energy, “Many postcolonial state types … have made fashionable state types within the West fairly acutely aware. repeatedly repeated”. After all, there have been exceptions corresponding to Thomas Shankar In Burkina Faso, who understood colonialism as a revolutionary, experimental course of centered on the mental emancipation of the frequent individuals, who can be answerable for their very own empowerment. Nonetheless, students corresponding to Mahmoud Mamdani have argued that post-independence leaders, particularly in Africa, centered on decolonization – undoing white supremacy by way of Africanization and nationalization – quite than decolonization. “In all places, decolonization started with demonetisation,” he as soon as famous, Sadly, as soon as the native elite acquired for themselves the privileges, assets and alternatives beforehand reserved for white individuals, they by no means sought deeper colonialism. Decolonization with out colonialism left so-called unbiased nationwide governments weak to affect and stress from international pursuits, as their umbilical wire was by no means damaged for colonial-era methods and practices. Actually, many liberators ended up like pigs at George Orwell’s animal farm—sustaining or recreating the identical colonial constructions they as soon as raided towards. In Kenya, for instance, as associated in a 1992 paper by former Lawyer Common Githu Muigai, makes an attempt to impose a liberal structure on the authoritarian colonial administrative construction upon independence failed, with the previous adapting the latter quite than the opposite method round. with. Most not too long ago, Ruto and his former boss and predecessor as president, Uhuru Kenyatta, have been tasked with implementing a brand new structure in 2010 on the authoritarian colonial state that has been in place since 2013, however has largely backtracked on it. . What his father, the primary post-independence president, Jomo Kenyatta, did to the brand new structure on the time of independence, Uhuru, in his second and ultimate time period, tried to introduce amendments to weaken the constraints on corruption. This modification, finally blocked by the nation’s high court docket, centered on enabling a power-sharing regime by multiplying the variety of accessible state positions – President, Vice President, Prime Minister, Deputy Prime Minister and Official Chief of the Opposition – that may be distributed amongst companions. After all, this is able to have revived the related alternatives for plundering the treasury that existed earlier than 2010. So the proof is evident: even this newest era of rulers, which have saved colonial states comparatively intact, sees former European masters as their political family. Elizabeth II’s passing offers a chance to do far more than simply debate the previous. It must also provoke a long-overdue self-examination that acknowledges our personal function in preserving the colonial heritage inherited from Europe, and the resumption of the undertaking of de-colonization that was repealed on the time of independence. For. The thought behind such conversations is to not recreate the pre-colonial previous. As Chatterjee put it, it’s a dialogue about “whether or not a special modernity is feasible”. It’s a debate that may profit even Westerners who’ve hassle defining the exterior construction created by imperialism, which positioned them on the high of the heap. After all, we cannot begin from scratch. Many thinkers and writers working exterior the Western framework, from Frantz Fanon to Ngugi wa Thiongo, have laid the muse for the monumental undertaking of cleansing up the political, social, financial and cultural mess left behind by the likes of Elizabeth II. Nevertheless, to do that, we should not solely keep in mind the previous, but additionally face its presence within the current. And because of this post-independence a “completely different modernity” arose to take care of our personal failure. The views expressed on this article are these of the creator and don’t essentially mirror the editorial stance of Al Jazeera.

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Alzheimer disease is the most common cause of dementia and the fifth leading cause of death in adults older than 65 years. The estimated total healthcare costs for the treatment of Alzheimer disease in 2020 is estimated at $305 billion, with the cost expected to increase to more than $1 trillion as the population ages. Most of the direct costs of care for Alzheimer disease are attributed to skilled nursing care, home healthcare, and hospice care. Indirect costs of care, including quality of life and informal caregiving, are likely underestimated and are associated with significant negative societal and personal burden. Managed care organizations are in a unique position to develop utilization strategies that would positively impact early diagnosis and treatment to lead to better outcomes and lower costs for patients, caregivers, and the healthcare system. Additionally, the recent inclusion of Alzheimer disease diagnoses into risk corridor calculations by the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services may encourage Medicare Advantage organizations to invest in programs that aid in its early detection and diagnosis. Am J Manag Care. 2020;26:S177-S183. https://doi.org/10.37765/ajmc.2020.88482 Dementia is a term for any disease causing a change in memory that impairs a person’s daily functioning.1 Alzheimer disease (AD), the most common type of dementia, is a degenerative disease characterized by loss of memory, loss of cognitive function, and functional impairment, with associated neuropsychological symptoms. As AD is a progressive disease, patients can be classified as having preclinical AD, mild cognitive impairment (MCI) due to AD, and mild, moderate, or severe dementia due to AD along the disease continuum. MCI is defined as deficits in memory with no significant impact on daily functioning, whereas MCI due to AD is defined as evidence of AD pathology and impairment in one or more cognitive domains that does not interfere with daily functioning. MCI can be a result of several conditions including, but not limited to, AD, cerebrovascular disease, Parkinson disease, frontotemporal degeneration, or traumatic brain injury. However, patients with MCI are more likely to develop AD than those who do not have MCI, suggesting that MCI may be an early sign of AD.2-7 Evaluation of patients with MCI and other risk factors for AD may help in early identification and diagnosis of AD. AD has been identified as the sixth leading cause of death among adults in the United States, and the fifth leading cause of death among adults over 65 years.8 In 2018, more than 122,000 people died from AD, an increase of 146% from the year 2000. An estimated 5.8 million adults over 65 years are living with AD, with the number expected to more than double by the year 2050 to approximately 14 million individuals. A diagnosis of AD is typically not made until the patient has progressed to mild or moderate dementia. Many patients with AD go undiagnosed, and about 50% of Medicare patients are unaware they have a documented diagnosis of AD. When evaluating the economic burden of AD, it is important to consider direct costs, such as skilled nursing care, home healthcare, and long-term care, and indirect costs, such as quality of life and the impact on the caregiver. Indirect costs of care have been shown to be higher than the costs of direct care for patients with AD and should not be overlooked when evaluating the cost of care for patients with AD.9 Many patients living with AD are undiagnosed; therefore, estimating true costs of AD care is difficult. The incorporation of medication therapy management (MTM) into AD care is an important strategy to optimize early medication initiation. Early detection and diagnosis of AD, leading to early initiation of current AD therapies, is associated with improved quality of care and quality of life, and economic and caregiver outcomes. Barriers to early diagnosis of AD include healthcare provider time restraints regarding testing and counseling, hesitancy of patient and caregiver reporting of symptoms, and lack of diagnostic resources in primary care.3-6,10,11 Direct and Indirect Costs of AD As the prevalence of AD continues to rise with the aging “baby boomer” population, so do the costs of care associated with AD. The total cost of care for the treatment of AD in 2020 is estimated to be $305 billion. Medicare and Medicaid cover the largest proportion of these costs, estimated to be around $206 billion (≈68%), while patient out-of-pocket (OOP) costs are estimated to be around $66 billion (≈22%)2,12 (Table2). Total costs for AD care are estimated to increase to more than $1 trillion by 2050. Direct medical costs associated with the treatment of AD include physician visits, emergency department and hospital admissions, long-term care or skilled nursing facility care, and medications. Direct nonmedical costs include home healthcare, transportation to medical visits, and modifications to adapt to changes in physical function. Long-term care and nursing home care costs account for the majority of direct costs associated with AD care.13 Direct costs of care reported for AD may vary depending on the time frame being evaluated, and may include analysis of end-of-life costs, lifetime costs, pre- and postdiagnosis costs, and prevalence-based costs.13 Total Medicare costs in 2019 for patients 65 years and older with AD or other dementias have been estimated to be $25,213 per person, about 3 times higher than those without AD ($7750). Medicaid pays for nursing home and long-term care services for patients with low income who meet certain criteria. The average annual Medicaid payments for beneficiaries with AD are estimated to be 23 times higher than those without AD (average $8779 vs $374).2 Three studies evaluated the direct costs of care for patients with AD around the time of death. A retrospective analysis evaluated 338,288 beneficiaries older than 69 years. Of these beneficiaries, 21% were classified as having AD. Beneficiaries with AD had costs on average of at least $18,000 more than those who did not have AD in the 8 years before death plus the year of death (P <.01), with most of these costs associated with skilled nursing care, home healthcare, and hospice care as compared with intensive medical treatments, such as Medicare Part B drugs (P <.01). Additionally, patients with AD had used 11% higher costs over the last 8 years of life compared to those who did not have AD.14 Kelley et al showed the mean adjusted total healthcare spending in the last 5 years of life was $287,038 in patients with dementia, compared with $183,001 in other disease groups (eg, cancer, heart disease).15 Another study estimated the cost of dementia to Medicare and Medicaid by analyzing the 1997 to 2005 Medicare Current Beneficiary Survey. Using cohort-based simulation models, the costs of dementia were estimated from the time of diagnosis until death. Patients with dementia had significantly higher annual Medicare and Medicaid expenditures at $10,814 and $6234 compared with those without dementia at $5953 and $1962, respectively (P <.05).16 One study evaluated direct costs of care for patients with AD around the time of diagnosis. A retrospective, observational cohort study using a 5% sample of the 2009 to 2013 Medicare claims files evaluated Medicare expenditures during the 24 months before and after the diagnosis of AD and related dementia (ADRD) or MCI, each with propensity score-matched controls. Patients in the ADRD group were older and had more comorbidities when compared with those in the MCI or control groups. During months 13 to 24 before diagnosis, the average Medicare costs for patients in the ADRD group were $10,533. Costs increased to an average of $15,091 in the 12 months before diagnosis. The 12 months after diagnosis were found to be the most costly, totaling on average $27,126, and decreased during months 13 to 24 after diagnosis to an average of $17,257 due to a decrease in inpatient and acute care. Utilization of inpatient care, home healthcare, and post-acute skilled nursing facility care significantly increased in the 12 months before and after diagnosis. Patients in the MCI group experienced similar trends as patients in the ADRD group when compared with the control group.17 As skilled nursing care, home healthcare, and hospice care have been identified as major drivers of direct costs of care in AD, it is important to review healthcare utilization in these settings. It is estimated that 32% of patients using home healthcare services, 42% of patients in residential care facilities, and 48% of nursing home residents have AD.2 Goldfeld and colleagues evaluated 323 nursing home residents over 18 months with advanced dementia in a prospective, cohort study to examine the factors associated with increased Medicare costs. The average total Medicare expense over 18 months was $8522 per resident. Medicare expenditures were highest for hospice care (45.6%), followed by hospitalizations (30.2%). Medicare spending was found to be highest in the last 90 days before death.18 Additionally, OOP costs for patients with AD are estimated to be higher than OOP costs for patients without AD. A retrospective, cross-sectional study using data from the 2012 Medicare Current Beneficiary Study aimed to estimate the OOP healthcare spending associated with ADRD. The average annual per-capita OOP spending was $3285 in patients with ADRD and $1895 in patients without ADRD. The majority of OOP spending in patients with ADRD was for prescription drugs and home healthcare services.19 Indirect costs of care associated with AD include caregiver burden and associated healthcare utilization and costs.13 Family and friends may take on the burden of caregiving due to a sense of obligation and love, and desire to keep their loved ones comfortable in their own homes. This desire to keep loved ones at home is supported by the observation that patients with AD and dementia will be less agitated and more comfortable in surroundings that they recognize and are familiar with. Informal caregiving is the unpaid care that is provided to a patient with AD by their family and friends. It has been estimated that 75% of caregiving for a patient with AD is informal care.13 Providing care to a patient with AD is financially, physically, and emotionally burdensome to the caregiver. Caregiving for patients with AD is unique compared with caregiving in other disease states due to the long duration of disease, and the progressive, unrelenting decline in cognitive and physical functioning.2 The majority of AD care consists of assisting with activities of daily living (ADLs), but many more AD caregivers report also handling finances and advocating in terms of healthcare than non-AD caregivers. Other caregiver tasks for patients with AD include ensuring medication compliance, managing behavioral symptoms of the disease, finding and participating in support services such as adult day programs, and organizing in-home care.2,20 Several studies have examined the impact of AD on the caregiver. When evaluating the financial impact of informal caregiving in AD, researchers have typically expressed these costs as either replacement cost of hiring formal care or forgone wages. In 2019, 16.3 million informal caregivers provided an estimated 18.6 billion hours of unpaid care. When evaluating the cost using replacement costs of care valued at $13.11 per hour, the estimated value of informal care provided in 2019 was $244 billion.2 A retrospective cohort study evaluated social costs and financial risks in Medicare fee-for-service beneficiaries older than 70 years from the Health and Retirement Study in the 5 years before their death between 2010 and 2015. This study found that costs of informal care for patients with AD were significantly higher than those with other conditions, including cancer and heart disease. The costs of informal care, measured in this study by replacement costs, were found to be $83,022 for patients with AD versus $38,272 for other diseases.15 A large, multicenter, prospective cohort study used bivariate probit models to estimate home health and informal care utilization and costs in patients with AD from the Predictors Study over a span of 7 years. This study estimated informal caregiving costs by using the national average hourly earning for all private industries for each year. The majority of patients received informal care (80.6%), which increased from 4 hours of care per day at baseline to 7.6 hours per day at year 4. The costs of informal care were estimated to be $20,590 for the baseline year, and increased to $43,031 in year 4.21 It is estimated that informal caregiver costs increase 18% per year as symptoms of AD progress.22 Lastly, one study estimated the “welfare cost,” a more comprehensive cost estimate of informal caregiving that takes into account the value of time, implications for future employability, and intrinsic benefits that accrue to daughters caring for mothers with AD, and the cost of forgone wages in the same population. When comparing cost estimates of informal caregiving over 2 years, the average cost in forgone wages was estimated to be $24,500 over all health states (needing assistance with ADLs only, memory only, both, or cannot be left alone) compared with welfare cost of $180,000. This study highlights that the financial impact on the informal caregiver may be much greater than other current estimates, and estimating by forgone wage or replacement costs, provide underestimates of informal care costs.23 The impact on physical health of the caregiver and the associated healthcare utilization and costs are often overlooked. Caregivers to patients with AD have been shown to have higher rates of stress, depression, anxiety, physical ailments, increased cardiovascular disease, and weakened immune systems. One study showed that as the comorbid diseases in patients with AD progressed and dependence on the caregiver increased, healthcare utilization and costs of the caregiver increased.24 A retrospective cohort study using Medicare Advantage Prescription Drug Plan members with a diagnosis of AD and their household members compared with those without AD evaluated the medical condition burden, healthcare usage, and healthcare costs of the caregiver. Rheumatoid arthritis, mood and anxiety disorders, insomnia, and substance use/abuse were significantly more prevalent in household members caring for patients with AD. Household members caring for patients with AD had significantly higher average annual healthcare costs ($7168 ± $10,050 vs $6301 ± $8311; P <.001).25 Therefore, it is imperative to support and treat the caregiver as much as the patient. Caregiver interventions include case management, educational and psychotherapeutic approaches, respite care options, and support groups. Education on the progression of the disease, how to find and access help, and optimal usage of resources to assist in providing AD care have shown to have a positive impact on AD caregivers. The quality of life (QOL) in patients with AD is also significantly negatively impacted. Dementia interferes with daily functioning and independence, and places not only an economic burden, but also a heavy personal burden on the patient and their caregivers. The symptoms of dementia are disabling, the degree to which depend largely on the stage of AD. Symptoms include loss of memory, difficulty speaking, psychological and psychiatric changes, and the inability to perform ADLs.2 According to Lawton’s model of QOL in AD, physiological well-being, behavioral competence (eg, cognitive and functional ability), and objective environment (eg, caretakers and living situation) are the 3 main factors that contribute to QOL in patients with AD.26 The long duration of AD contributes to the negative impact it has on public health and decreases in QOL. To quantify this, disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) assess the number of years of life lost due to a disease. DALYs are calculated as the number of years of life lost (YLLs) due to premature mortality plus the number of years lived with disability (YLDs), totaled across all those with the disease or injury.2 According to The State of US Health, 1990-2016: Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Among US States, AD ranked number 4 in YLLs and 19 in YLDs, indicating the high burden of disease to the patient and the caregiver.27 Although it is known that QOL is negatively impacted in individuals with AD, there is a paucity in data quantifying the cost of decreased QOL in the patient. Early Treatment Optimization Strategies The overall goals of treatment for patients with AD are to maintain QOL; maximize function in daily activities; enhance cognition, mood, and behavior; foster a safe environment; and promote social engagement. These goals are achieved by regular monitoring of health and cognition in patients with AD, providing education and support to patients and their caregivers, and initiation of pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic interventions.28 The National Plan to Address Alzheimer’s Disease was established in 2012 to fulfill the 2011 National Alzheimer’s Project Act (NAPA), which established a set of goals to address the current needs of patients with AD and prevent future cases of AD and ADRD. These goals include prevention and effective treatment of AD by 2025, optimizing care quality and efficiency, expanding support for patients with AD and their families and caregivers, enhancing public awareness and engagement, and tracking progress to drive improvement.29 Unfortunately, most patients with AD are diagnosed in the late stages of the disease when the symptoms are noticeable, with very few patients being diagnosed in the preclinical stages. As a response to the detrimental impacts and costs of misdiagnosed or undiagnosed AD, new practice guidelines for the clinical evaluation of AD in primary and specialty care settings were released at the 2018 Alzheimer’s Association International Conference. These guidelines sought to improve and coordinate efforts for more timely and accurate AD diagnosis and evaluation of symptoms, as well as providing continued care and support for the affected individual and their caregivers. The guidelines focus on recommendations for appropriate, timely evaluation and assessment, and highlight the importance of including the caregiver in all aspects of AD care.30 In its recent practice recommendations, the Alzheimer’s Association renewed the focus of care on the individual with dementia and their caregiver in a person-centered care delivery model that focuses more on the individual’s unique needs, personal experiences, and strengths rather than the loss of abilities.2 The Alzheimer Association guidelines for the treatment of dementia-related behaviors indicate that nonpharmacologic psychosocial interventions should be used as first-line interventions. For the treatment of cognitive symptoms of AD, current pharmacologic agents approved for use in the treatment of patients with AD at various stages of the disease include cholinesterase inhibitors (donepezil, galantamine, and rivastigmine) and memantine.31 These current pharmacologic therapies for AD provide symptomatic relief by improving cognitive symptoms of memory loss and confusion, but do not stop AD progression.32 Promising disease-modifying therapies that target inflammatory processes, tau proteins, and β-amyloid proteins are currently in development. In the preclinical stages of AD, patients do not show signs of MCI or dementia, but may have measurable changes in the brain that can be detected on positron emission tomography scans, by specific biomarkers, possibly by retinal nerve fiber layer thickness as detected on optical coherence tomography, or other changes that may be detected through varying laboratory and genetic tests that are in development.2,33 Patients with MCI are more likely to have AD than those who do not have MCI, suggesting that MCI may be an early sign of AD. If MCI is properly detected and diagnosed, this may lead to an earlier diagnosis of AD.34,35 Early diagnosis of AD can lead to earlier interventions, both pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic, to help maintain and improve physical and cognitive functioning.36 Early diagnosis may lead to earlier interventions, such as coordinated care planning involving the affected individual, better management of symptoms, reduced costs, and better QOL for the patient and caregiver.37 One study evaluated the costs and benefits of early identification and treatment of patients with AD using a Monte Carlo cost-benefit analysis. This analysis showed that early diagnosis and management of patients with AD with pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic measures would lead to cost savings, with cost savings being greatest when AD cases were diagnosed earlier. Cost savings were greatest when drug treatment in combination with caregiver interventions (eg, increased counseling and support) were initiated when cognitive impairment was lower. For example, a Monte Carlo cost-benefit analysis predicted that the net savings for a 70-year-old woman with MCI (defined as a Mini-Mental State Examination score of 28) may be estimated at $125,000 in social benefits, $16,000 in state fiscal benefits, and $34,000 in federal fiscal benefits.38 De Vugt and colleagues argue that early diagnosis of AD allows the informal caregiver to have more time to adjust to their role in providing care for their loved one with AD, but highlight the importance of the caregiver finding the support they need in caring for a patient with AD. While stress levels may be lower in the preclinical stages of AD, early interventions and support can help the caregiver anticipate and plan for future care needs and allow the patient to be involved in the decision-making process.39 More studies assessing the impact of early diagnosis and early intervention on quality of life, caregiver burden, and economic burden are needed as more patients receive a diagnosis earlier. Managed care organizations (MCOs) have a unique opportunity in developing medication utilization strategies that support the goals of the National Plan and have an impact on early diagnosis and treatment that can lead to better outcomes and lower costs for patients, caregivers, and the healthcare system. While there is promise in the various emerging treatment options to modify the progression of AD, the current pharmacologic therapies that provide temporary, symptomatic relief are associated with significant adverse effects that often lead to noncompliance. Appropriate utilization of current pharmacotherapy options and care coordination is important for managing costs of AD, as well as optimizing QOL and care for patients with AD and their caregivers. To achieve this, MCOs must first prioritize and encourage appropriate, timely testing for cognitive status earlier in the disease process. MCOs can prioritize review of emerging treatment options that target inflammatory processes, tau proteins, and β-amyloid proteins as they become available. One study suggests that the maximum effective price of these potential disease-modifying therapies per patient per year is $10,000 from a payer perspective under the willingness-to-pay threshold of $150,000 per quality-adjusted life-year, assuming 20% reduction relative to standard of care.40 Care planning should be initiated for all patients with AD, as it provides individuals with cognitive impairment and their caregivers information on medical and nonmedical treatments, and helps to coordinate care among clinicians vital to the care of patients with AD.41 MCOs can also use MTM approaches to help initiate and maintain patients on currently approved pharmacologic agents in the treatment of AD early in the disease process. MTM is a process of collecting patient-specific information, assessing medication therapies to identify medication-related issues, and creating a plan to resolve these issues. The core elements of MTM services include medication therapy review, personal medication record, medication-related action planning, intervention/referral, and documentation and follow-up. MTM is especially important in chronic disease states with several comorbidities. Disease management programs that incorporate MTM have been developed for AD, as patients with AD and their caregivers manage this complex, progressive disease and associated comorbidities at home. Disease management programs that incorporate MTM services have been shown to reduce healthcare costs and improve QOL of the patient and caregiver.42 Additionally, caregiver coaching can help to educate, prepare, and train the caregiver to minimize caregiver burden. Caregiver coaching includes, but is not limited to, education on AD, how to manage changes in behavior and communication, personal care and hygiene tips, home safety and fall prevention strategies, medication management, how to manage financial and legal matters, and emergency procedures. There are many resources and support groups available for caregivers of patients with AD, and it is imperative for the caregiver to have a support team while caring for their loved one with AD.43 The Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) uses a risk-adjustment mechanism, currently the Hierarchical Condition Category (HCC) risk adjuster, to calculate revenue payments made to Medicare Advantage organizations (MAOs) for their Part C Medicare Advantage (MA) plans. This is done so that MAOs do not select their members by their risk score, but allows for a market where quality and efficiency of service is optimized. Risk scores are calculated by patient medical diagnoses submitted to CMS from the prior year, which are then used to calculate member-specific revenue payments, which make up most of the revenue of the plan. Thorough diagnosis coding and submission, and retention of members, directly impacts the ability of the MAO to maintain and increase their revenue.44 CMS released its proposed risk score methodology for MA plans for 2020 in December 2018. In January 2020, CMS included 2 additional HCC risk adjusters for patients with dementia, which includes patients with AD to the risk score calculation methodology. Therefore, it is in the MAO’s best interest to actively identify and track costs for patients with AD and dementia to be included in their risk-adjustment calculations. MAOs are encouraged to provide care to patients with AD and dementia because the costs are already included in their risk-adjustment calculations and are being paid to provide the services.45 This will also encourage MAOs to invest in programs that aid in early detection and diagnosis of AD. In addition to pharmacologic therapy, early nonpharmacologic interventions, such as learning basic strengthening exercises and learning how to use basic self-help assistive devices while patients with AD have the capacity to learn them, can help patients maintain autonomy in ADLs and physical and cognitive functioning. The American Academy of Neurology recommends that patients with MCI exercise regularly as part of an overall approach to managing their symptoms and to consider cognitive training.46 Physical and occupational therapy for learning and maintaining fine and gross motor function skills are important aspects of nonpharmacologic management to help maintain ADLs. Physical therapists are well trained to assist in exercising by using specific methods, techniques, and approaches to help maintain physical functioning in patients with AD, including sight, sound, and touch cues for walking, mirroring movements, task breakdown to safely get out of bed, hand-over-hand guidance to learn different motions, and muscle training to help patients walk safely.47 Occupational therapists can evaluate the home for safety to prevent falls or injuries, create safety plans to keep the patient safe while at home when the caregiver is unavailable, and observe the patient at home to recommend changes to foster independence.48 Various cognitive training programs, including cognitive stimulation therapy (CST), are being considered for coverage by MA plans under supplement benefit funds from CMS.49,50 CST has been shown to be a cost-effective early intervention in patients with dementia, and is typically delivered in a group setting consisting of cognitive-based tasks and activities, such as word games and puzzles. A multicenter, single-blind, randomized control trial evaluated the effect of CST on cognition using the AD assessment scale-cognition (ADAS-Cog) in patients with AD. CST showed a significant impact in improving the ability to follow commands and spoken language ability in patients with AD (P <.05).51 The use of assistive devices for ADLs can help patients with AD maintain their independence, and includes devices such as button, zipper, and sock aids to help get dressed, and modified utensils, plates, and bowls to assist in eating.52,53 Technological advances in medical equipment for patients with dementia who have several comorbidities with high pill burden, such as automated pill dispensers that remind patients with AD to take their medications, may have a positive impact on medication management and reduce healthcare utilization for comorbid disease states.MCOs should consider coverage of nonpharmacologic therapies and tools that have shown to be cost-effective, and increase QOL in patients with AD and their caregivers. AD is prevalent among adults older than 65 years and is often misdiagnosed or underdiagnosed. The economic burden from treating patients with AD is overwhelming, and estimated to increase in the coming years as the population ages. The direct costs of care for patients with AD are largely attributed to skilled nursing care, home healthcare, and hospice care, and have been shown to be significantly more costly for patients with AD as compared with other diseases. The costs of informal care and QOL burden have also been shown to be significantly higher in patients with AD and their caregivers than other disease states. The financial and personal burden experienced by caregivers to patients with AD is immense and often underestimated. It is important to treat and support the caregiver of patients with AD just as much as the patient with AD. MCOs can have a profound impact on the QOL of the patient with AD, caregiver burden, and economic and healthcare burden of AD by supporting early diagnosis of AD with MTM strategies, early review of emerging therapies, care coordination, and providing covered nonpharmacologic interventions. Author affiliation: Winston Wong, PharmD, is president of W-Squared Group, Longboat Key, FL. Funding source: This activity is supported by an educational grant from Biogen MA, Inc. Author disclosure: Dr Wong has no relevant financial relationships with commercial interests to disclose. Authorship information: Substantial contributions to the concept and design; drafting of the manuscript; overall supervision; and critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content. Address correspondence to: firstname.lastname@example.org Medical writing and editorial support: Elenna M. Smalley, PharmD, BCPS 1. UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences: Memory and Aging Center. What is dementia? Accessed June 11, 2020. memory.ucsf.edu/what-dementia 2. Alzheimer’s Association Report. 2020 Alzheimer’s disease facts and figures. Alzheimers Dement. 2020;16:391-460. doi: 10.1002/alz.1206 3. Petersen RC. Mild cognitive impairment. Continuum (Minneap Minn). 2016;22(2):404-418. doi: 10.1212/CON.0000000000000313 4. Albert MS, DeKosky ST, Dickson D, et al. The diagnosis of mild cognitive impairment due to Alzheimer’s disease: recommendations from the National Institute on Aging–Alzheimer’s Association workgroups on diagnostic guidelines for Alzheimer’s disease. Alzheimers Dement. 2011;7(3):270-279. doi: 10.1016/j.jalz.2011.03.008 5. Morris JC, Blennow K, Froelich L, et al. Harmonized diagnostic criteria for Alzheimer’s disease: recommendations. J Intern Med. 2014;275(3):204-213. doi: 10.1111/joim.12199 6. Food and Drug Administration; US Department of Health and Human Services. Early Alzheimer’s disease: developing drugs for treatment; guidelines for industry. February 2018. Accessed February 20, 2020. fda.gov/media/110903/download 7. NIH: National Institute on Aging. What is mild cognitive impairment? Updated May 17, 2017. Accessed June 11, 2020. nia.nih.gov/health/what-mild-cognitive-impairment 8. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. What is the burden of Alzheimer’s disease in the United States? Updated September 20, 2019. Accessed April 30, 2020. cdc.gov/aging/aginginfo/alzheimers.htm#burden 9. Prabhune K, Pande A, Mahadik B, Paratane D. Healthcare costs associated with Alzheimer’s disease in the US and EU-5—a systematic literature review. 2020-05, ISPOR 2020. Abstract. 10. Cordell CB, Borson S, Boustani M, et al; Medicare Detection of Cognitive Impairment Workgroup. Alzheimer’s Association recommendations for operationalizing the detection of cognitive impairment during the Medicare Annual Wellness Visit in a primary care setting. Alzheimers Dement. 2013;9(2):141-150. doi: 10.1016/j.jalz.2012.09.011 11. Galvin JE, Sadowsky CH; NINCDS-ADRDA. 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A longitudinal analysis of the lifetime cost of dementia. Health Serv Res. 2012;47(4):1660-1678. doi: 10.1111/j.1475-6773.2011.01365.x 17. Lin PJ, Zhong Y, Fillit HM, Chen E, Neumann PJ. Medicare expenditures of individuals with Alzheimer’s disease and related dementias or mild cognitive impairment before and after diagnosis. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2016;64(8):1549-1557. doi: 10.1111/jgs.14227 18. Goldfeld KS, Stevenson DG, Hamel MB, Mitchell SL. Medicare expenditures among nursing home residents with advanced dementia. Arch Intern Med. 2011;171(9):824-830. doi: 10.1001/archinternmed.2010.478 19. Dwibedi N, Findley PA, Wiener RC, Shen C, Sambamoorthi U. Alzheimer disease and related disorders and out-of-pocket healthcare spending and burden among elderly Medicare beneficiaries. Med Care. 2018;56(3):240-246. doi: 10.1097/MLR.0000000000000869 20. El-Hayek YH, Wiley RE, Khoury CP, et al. Tip of the iceberg: assessing the global socioeconomic costs of Alzheimer’s disease and related dementias and strategic implications for stakeholders. J Alzheimers Dis. 2019;70(2):323-341. doi: 10.3233/JAD-190426 21. Zhu CW, Scarmeas N, Torgan R, et al. Home health and informal care utilization and costs over time in Alzheimer’s disease. Home Health Care Serv Q. 2008;27(1):1-20. doi: 10.1300/J027v27n01_01 22. Rattinger GB, Schwartz S, Mullins CD, et al. Dementia severity and the longitudinal costs of informal care in the Cache County population. Alzheimers Dement. 2015;11(8):946-954. doi: 10.1016/j.jalz.2014.11.004 23. Coe NB, Skira MM, Larson EB. A comprehensive measure of the costs of caring for a parent: differences according to functional status. Am Geriatr Soc. 2018;66(10):2003-2008. doi: 10.1111/jgs.15552 24. Zhu CW, Scarmeas N, Ornstein K, et al. Health-care use and cost in dementia caregivers: longitudinal results from the Predictors Caregiver Study. Alzheimers Dement. 2015;11(4):444–454. doi: 10.1016/j.jalz.2013.12.018 25. Seuhs BT, Shah SN, Davis CD, et al. Household members of persons with Alzheimer’s disease: health conditions, healthcare resource use, and healthcare costs. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2014;62(3):435-441. doi: 10.1111/jgs.12694 26. Lawton, MP. Quality of life in Alzheimer disease. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord. 1994;8(suppl 3):138-150. 27. Mokdad AH, Ballestros K, Echko M, et al; US Burden of Disease Collaborators. The state of US health, 1990-2016: burden of diseases, injuries, and risk factors among US states. JAMA. 2018;319(14):1444-1472. doi: 10.1001/jama.2018.0158 28. Alzheimer’s Association. Health systems and clinicians: Management. Accessed June 11, 2020. alz.org/professionals/health-systems-clinicians/management 29. US Department of Health and Human Services. National Alzheimer’s Project Act. Updated July 1, 2020. Accessed July 20, 2020. aspe.hhs.gov/national-alzheimers-project-act 30. Alzheimer’s Association International Conference 2018. Press release. First practice guidelines for clinical evaluation of Alzheimer’s disease and other dementias for primary and specialty care. July 22, 2018. Accessed May 6, 2020. alz.org/aaic/releases_2018/AAIC18-Sun-clinical-practice-guidelines.asp 31. Alzheimer’s Association. Dementia-related behaviors. 2015. Accessed July 20, 2020. alz.org/media/Documents/dementia-related-behaviors-statement.pdf 32. Alzheimer’s Association. Treatments: Medications for memory. Accessed June 11, 2020. alz.org/alzheimers-dementia/treatments/medications-for-memory 33. Asanad S, Fantini M, Sultan W, et al. Retinal nerve fiber layer thickness predicts CSF amyloid/tau before cognitive decline. PLoS One. 2020;15(5):e0232785. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0232785 34. Cordell CB, Borson S, Boustani M, et al; Medicare Detection of Cognitive Impairment Workgroup. Alzheimer’s Association recommendations for operationalizing the detection of cognitive impairment during the Medicare Annual Wellness Visit in a primary care setting. Alzheimers Dement. 2013;9(2):141-150. doi: 10.1016/j.jalz.2012.09.011 35. Breitner JC. Mild cognitive impairment and progression to dementia: new findings. Neurology. 2014;82(4):e34-5. doi: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000000158 36. Rassmussen J, Langerman H. Alzheimer’s disease—why we need early diagnosis. Degener Neurol Neuromuscul Dis. 2019;9:123-130. doi: 10.2147/DNND.S228939 37. Dubois B, Padovani A, Scheltens P, Rossi A, Dell’Agnello G. Timely diagnosis for Alzheimer’s disease: a literature review on benefits and challenges. J Alzheimers Dis. 2016;49(3):617-631. doi: 10.3233/JAD-150692 38. Weimer DL, Sager MA. Early identification and treatment of Alzheimer’s disease: social and fiscal outcomes. Alzheimers Dement. 2009;5(3):215-226. doi: 10.1016/j.jalz.2009.01.028 39. De Vugt ME, Verhey FR. The impact of early dementia diagnosis and intervention on informal caregivers. Prog Neurobiol. 2013;110:54-62. doi: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2013.04.005 40. Jun H, Cho SK, Mattke S, Suen SC. How much value should a preventive treatment for Alzheimer’s disease offer? Cost-effectiveness thresholds for pricing a disease-modifying therapy. 2020-05, ISPOR 2020. Abstract.Accessed July 20, 2020. ispor.org/heor-resources/presentations-database/presentation/intl2020-3182/100323 41. Alzheimer’s Association. Medicare coverage of care planning for people with cognitive impairment. Updated February 2020. Accessed May 5, 2020. alz.org/media/Documents/alzheimers-dementia-medicare-coverage-for-careplanners-ts.pdf 42. American Pharmacists Association. Medication therapy management (MTM) services. Accessed May 9, 2020. pharmacist.com/medication-therapy-management-services 43. Allen K. BrightFocus Foundation. Caregiver training: what you need to know. Accessed June 11, 2020. brightfocus.org/alzheimers/article/caregiver-training-what-you-need-know 44. Millican HH, Piper BJ. Medicare Advantage risk score primer: what you need to know about diagnoses supporting risk scores and revenue payment timing. Milliman White Paper. October 9, 2017. Accessed July 20, 2020. us.milliman.com/en/insight/medicare-advantage-risk-score-primer-what-you-need-to-know-about-diagnoses-supporting-ris 45. Pyenson BS, Steffens C. Including dementia in the Part C Medicare risk adjuster: health services issues. Milliman White Paper. February 2019. Accessed July 20, 2020. milliman.com/-/media/Milliman/importedfiles/uploadedFiles/insight/2019/including-dementia-medicare-risk-adjuster.ashx 46. Petersen RC, Lopez O, Armstrong MJ, et al. Practice guideline update summary: mild cognitive impairment: Report of the Guideline Development, Dissemination, and Implementation Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Neurology. 2018;90(3):126-135. doi: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000004826 47. American Physical Therapy Association. ChoosePT Guide: Physical therapy guide to Alzheimer’s disease. Accessed June 11, 2020. choosept.com/symptomsconditionsdetail/physical-therapy-guide-to-alzheimers-disease 48. American Occupational Therapy Association. Alzheimer’s disease tip sheet. Accessed June 11, 2020. aota.org/About-Occupational-Therapy/Patients-Clients/Adults/Alzheimers.aspx 49. RenewActive by UnitedHealthcare. Updated May 27, 2020. Accessed June 11, 2020. uhcrenewactive.com/brain 50. BrainHQ brain exercises spread across 2019 Medicare Advantage plans. October 15, 2018. Accessed July 20, 2020. brainhq.com/news/brainhq-brain-exercises-spread-across-2019-medicare-advantage-plans 51. Spector A, Orrell M, Woods B. Cognitive stimulation therapy (CST): effects on different areas of cognitive function for people with dementia. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2010;25(12):1253-1258. doi: 10.1002/gps.2464 52. Prizer LP, Zimmerman S. Progressive support for activities of daily living for persons living with dementia. Gerontologist. 2018;58(suppl 1):S74-S87. doi: 10.1093/geront/gnx103 53. North Coast Medical & Rehabilitation Products. Occupational therapy: assistive devices (ADL). Accessed July 20, 2020. ncmedical.com/categories/Assistive-Devices-ADL_12839533.html

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Dr. Justus Verhagen shares his take on a new Dutch exhibition that will showcase artwork that evoke the sense of smell in a recent article published by Smithsonian magazine. “The sense of smell is tightly interwoven with the evolutionarily old limbic system of the brain by having direct access to structures like the amygdala, hippocampal complex, and cortex,” Dr. Verhagen says. “[Smells] are strongly involved in emotions and memories.” The article talks about the impending opening of a new exhibition at the Dutch museum Mauritshuis in The Hague, Netherlands. The exhibition entitled “Smell the Art: Fleeting–Scents in Colour,” will combine paintings with relevant experiences for the nose by including scent dispensers near the exhibits. Read more at Mauritshuis’ official website.

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A cryptocurrency is a decentralized, digital, and encrypted form of currency. It is electronic or digital money used in real-time through peer-to-peer computer networks or on mobile phones as a medium of exchange that uses cryptography to secure financial transactions, control the creation of units, and verify the transfer of assets. Cryptocurrency is like any other currency, mainly used to exchange digital information. During the past few years, the use of cryptocurrency has grown significantly in Nigeria. The usage or adoption of cryptocurrency as a medium of exchange is gaining momentum worldwide, and Nigeria crypto exchange is no exception. The high cost of traditional banking services, the increasing demand for more secure and efficient payment systems, and the accessibility of international currency transactions are the core reasons behind this. Many Nigerians have chosen cryptocurrency as a hedge against currency devaluation and inflation. And it is easier for people to purchase and trade cryptocurrencies thanks to the growth of businesses and cryptocurrency exchange in Nigeria. However, the Nigerian government faces some challenges in using cryptocurrencies, such as a lack of clear regulations and the possibility of fraud and scams. The government is concerned about using cryptocurrencies for illegal activities like money laundering and financing terrorism. Positive Impacts of Cryptocurrency on the Nigerian Economy The Nigerian economy can benefit significantly from cryptocurrency. One of those benefits is the improvement in financial accessibility, as cryptocurrencies enable access to financial services for those who do not have access to traditional banking services. It is necessary for Nigeria, where some of the population lacks access to banking. The cost of remittances, a necessary income for many Nigerians, is also decreased by using cryptocurrencies. The old remittance system subjects consumers to hefty costs and long wait times, but with cryptocurrency, these obstacles are removed, enabling quicker and less expensive cross-border transactions. In addition, Nigerians now have more investment alternatives due to cryptocurrencies. They can now invest in things like international equities and commodities that were previously out of reach. As a result, their wealth and style of living could rise. Also, expanding the best crypto exchange in Nigeria opens up new employment prospects in Nigeria, notably in industries like blockchain development, trading, and mining. These employment alternatives could lower unemployment and increase economic growth. In essence, crypto exchanges in Nigeria have positively impacted the country’s economy and are likely to grow and gain popularity. Negative Impacts of Cryptocurrency on the Nigerian Economy Though cryptocurrencies provide several benefits, there are some drawbacks as well that can not be ignored. One major drawback is the likelihood of fraud and scams, which are frequent in this industry. As this industry functions outside of the traditional financial system, and there is a lack of watchdogs, cryptocurrencies are more susceptible to fraud and scams. Due to widespread financial losses caused by fraudulent schemes, public trust in the industry has decreased. Another drawback of cryptocurrencies is their volatility and unpredictability. They are known for their unpredictable nature and significant price swings. Consequently, they can put investors at risk of suffering huge losses. In addition, the instability and unreliability of cryptocurrencies make them unsuitable for use as a medium of exchange. The possibility of the disruption of well-established financial systems and procedures is another problem. Cryptocurrencies operating outside of the traditional banking system may put the stability of the financial industry in danger. It may be a concern in Nigeria, where the banking sector is still expanding and is essential for peace and economic growth. As the industry grows, the Nigerian government must take steps to ease these concerns, such as by setting clear regulations and laws for the usage of cryptocurrencies. Future Outlook and Recommendations The Nigerian economy has enough potential for further Bitcoin acceptance and integration. In Nigeria, where people are looking for alternate financial solutions that are less expensive, quicker, and more accessible than traditional banking services, cryptocurrencies are becoming a better option. In addition, the Nigerian government has taken action to regulate the industry after realizing the potential of cryptocurrencies. For organizations and individuals that want to invest in or use cryptocurrency, the Central Bank of Nigeria published regulations in 2021 that provide clarification. In Nigeria, an increasing number of businesses and cryptocurrency exchanges facilitate the buying and selling cryptocurrencies. It is enhancing the country’s ability to employ cryptocurrencies and their accessibility. There is enormous potential for increased cryptocurrency acceptance and integration into the Nigerian economy. Cryptocurrencies are set to play an integral part in Nigeria’s economic environment as the sector develops and becomes more widely accepted, enabling greater financial inclusion, investment opportunities, and cross-border transactions. In conclusion, we can say that the best cryptocurrency exchange in Nigeria may positively or negatively affect the country’s economic growth. Though these exchanges offer solutions to some of the problems existing with the traditional financial system, they have some challenges that must be addressed. The Nigerian government must balance regulating them and encouraging innovation to maximize cryptocurrencies’ positive aspects and reduce their negative ones. Stakeholders need to work together to ensure that cryptocurrencies are included in the Nigerian economy in a way that promotes economic growth, stability, and inclusivity as the industry develops.

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While setting boundaries around money can sometimes be a daunting task, doing so can help put you on the path to financial wellness. If you struggle with setting (and sticking to) financial boundaries, there’s no better time than the start of a new year to get into the habit. What are financial boundaries? “Money boundaries are limits that you put in place to protect how you feel and to protect your finances,” says Aja Evans, a licensed mental health counselor and financial therapist in New York City. Financial boundaries let you set clear expectations around how you engage with money and how you allow money to affect your relationships. Some examples of financial boundaries might include: - Creating and adhering to a budget. - Limiting how much you spend on wants versus needs. - Saying no to someone who frequently borrows money. - Offering to cover a specific expense for someone, instead of handing over cash. Why are financial boundaries important? Boundary setting is an empowering skill. Standing firm on healthy financial limits can sometimes be uncomfortable, but doing so can help you achieve financial goals. “From a positive psychology standpoint, we should look at setting financial boundaries as a way to cultivate our capacity to say ‘yes,’” says Michael G. Thomas Jr., a lecturer with a doctorate in financial planning at the University of Georgia and accredited financial counselor. You can more easily say “yes” to things like saving for a house, taking a vacation or paying down debt by learning to set boundaries with yourself — or with someone who constantly drains your funds. Financial boundaries can also help to positively shift how you feel about money. “It’s important to know how you feel when you cross a boundary, and having money boundaries can help to prevent you from feeling bad later on,” Evans says. “For example, if you realize that you have $400 in your budget to spend on eating out every month, that can feel really good, but if you blow more than that, you’ll probably end up feeling pretty bad.” 6 ways to set financial boundaries Here are some strategies to help you begin. 1. Figure out what’s outside of your money comfort zone Before you can set any sort of guardrails, you have to get clear on what boundaries you need. “Check in with yourself and recognize when you feel bad about spending money,” Evans says. “Say you go out to dinner with friends and agree to split the bill but end up paying for more than what you actually ate, and then you feel uncomfortable about what you spent. That could be a good place for a money boundary.” Keep track of when money situations with others take you outside of your comfort zone, which will allow you to identify the boundaries you need. And if you’re setting a boundary with yourself, leave some wiggle room for indulgence. As with dieting, being too restrictive can make it harder to stick to your plan. 2. Get clear on what you want Getting clear on the specific aspirations or goals you have can further motivate you. “Create a list of things that you want to achieve over the course of the year, be it more self-care or more travel,” Thomas says. He adds that once you know what you’re trying to achieve with your money, you’ll have talking points that can help you communicate your boundaries. 3. Start early It can be hard to communicate in the heat of conflict. “Start early and communicate money boundaries while things are going well,” Thomas says. You may have a better chance at being heard and having your boundaries honored by others if you address them during times of peace (especially for the first time) rather than when you’re in the middle of a disagreement. 4. Provide context When you communicate a boundary, the response can be almost as if you’re just delivering a hard “no” to something or someone. But providing additional context for why you are setting a financial boundary may improve the odds of it being respected. “Once you’ve listed all the things you want to do with your money this year, you can tell people what you’re excited about and your hopes,” Thomas says. “When you share that with people, people are less likely to bother you — you’re not just saying ‘no,’ you’re saying, ‘Here’s what I want to accomplish, which means being more resourceful.’” 5. Rebrand yourself People who are used to being givers — or depended on by friends, family or partners — may struggle with putting themselves first when it comes to their financial needs. If this sounds like you, Thomas suggests “rebranding” and changing the role that you play within a relationship. You don’t have to snuff out your giving spirit, but you do have to be firm about how much money you can give. 6. Be prepared for pushback Your guardrails may cause tension with others, even when you’ve provided context and communicated in a compassionate way. This can be especially true in the face of cultural expectations. “As a Black woman, expectations of my white counterparts tend to be very different,” Evans says. “My peers from communities of color are often expected to contribute to their families.” It’s important to expect that your boundaries won’t always be honored and have a plan for when they aren’t. Try the following when you receive pushback: - Offer nonmonetary support. Think through ways that you can help others without directly giving them money. - Stand firm on your boundaries and reiterate your reasons for having them. - Outline the consequences of not having your boundaries honored, which might mean reaching out less or even ending certain relationships. Tiffany Curtis writes for NerdWallet. Email: firstname.lastname@example.org. Image from 123fr.com Image ID: 121015115

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What do you think of when you hear the word “border?” The Cambridge dictionary defines it as “the line that divides one country or place from another.” The Merriam-Webster dictionary defines it as a boundary or “something that indicates or fixes a limit or extent.” No matter where you look, the word border indicates division and separation. However, for the Rio South Texas region, the border is anything but divisive. Looking at a map, the Rio Grande River (known as Rio Bravo or “Brave River” by residents on the southern riverbank) looks as though it would divide the United States from Mexico. However, rather than divide the two nations, it serves to connect them. From an economic and cultural standpoint, the river sees thousands of people and commercial goods traveling between the two countries across its system of bridges on a daily basis. These bridges have become essential aspects of daily trade, not only to the region but also to businesses across the nation and around the globe. “These bridges [of Rio South Texas] are the arteries of the region,” said the Counsel for South Texas Economic Development Progress (COSTEP) Vice President for Economic Development, Matt Z. Ruszczak. One of the main connecting points in the region is the Laredo International Bridge System. According to the bridge’s website, its mission is “to serve as the most convenient and safe crossing points for all citizens and tourists of both U.S. and Mexico, as well as facilitate the crossing of all freight and import-export trade that utilizes the Port of Laredo.” One look at the crossing’s annual statistics verifies that the Laredo International Bridge System meets this goal with aplomb. The Laredo International Bridge System is by far the number one truck border crossing in the United States with 2,133,327 crossings for the first 10 months of 2021, almost twice the quantity of the number 2 ranked crossing, with 1,162,478 trucks for the same time period. Additionally, the Laredo International Bridge System truck crossing numbers are up 11.7% compared to the same time period in 2020, and they are also up 6.7% compared to the first 10 months in 2019, which outperforms pre-pandemic conditions. Using the river to facilitate the transport of goods and people is nothing new to the Rio South Texas region, which dates back to at least the 14th century. While the Rio Grande/Rio Bravo had been part of daily life for centuries, it wasn’t fully mapped until the passing of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo in 1848. Around this time, steamboats, which had become popular throughout the United States, were also used on the river. While today’s river is no longer as deep and as wide as it used to be, due to the dams built in the past decades for irrigation purposes, the history, culture, and importance of the river runs deeper than ever. For those who live in the region, that border, delineated by the river, is a means to connect, trade, and collaborate with others. Being at the connecting point of the U.S. and Mexico allows for a distinct and rich culture to grow and for future-oriented commerce to thrive. Rio South Texas is a unique region due to its history and geographic location, and COSTEP invites the rest of the world to explore the opportunities it provides. For more information on Rio South Texas, visit www.costep.org or follow the organization on Facebook, LinkedIn, and Twitter: @costep

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Hair loss can be a distressing experience for many individuals, and alopecia is one of the causes of hair loss that can be particularly challenging. Alopecia is an auto-immunity disorder that disturbs hair follicles, triggering hair to decrease in patches. This condition can impact anyone, regardless of gender, age, or ethnicity. While the exact cause of alopecia is not fully understood, research has shown that genetic factors may play a role. Some individuals have a small period of intense hair damage throughout their whole life, while others only experience it once. Recovery is unpredictable too, with hair regrowing fully in some people but not others. Some Indications Of Alopecia Are: - Small hairless areas on the scalp - These patches may increase in size and merge, resulting in a bald area - Hair grows back in one place, only to fall out in another - You experience rapid and substantial hair loss - Hair loss may increase in cold weather - Fingernails and toenails become red, fragile, and pitted - Hair falls out gradually over time - The hairline recedes. There is no cure for alopecia, but there are treatments that help hair grow back more quickly. Common Causes of Alopecia The causes of alopecia can differ depending on the individual. The following are some potential reasons why you may be encountering alopecia: - Family history or genetics - Hormonal changes - Medications and supplements - Radiation therapy directed at the head - An extremely stressful occurrence - Specific hair styles and treatments There are various effective treatments to help individuals manage hair loss. In this article, we will explore female alopecia in more detail, including its causes, types, and available treatment options that can help individuals in maintaining healthy hair. Understanding Female Alopecia: Types and Symptoms About one-third of women experience hair loss at some point in their lives. According to Harvard, almost two-thirds of post-menopausal women suffer from hair thinning or bald spots, which can negatively impact their self-confidence, emotional well-being, and overall quality of life. Alopecia in females can manifest in various forms, and the most common type is female patterned hair loss (FPHL), specifically known to be androgenetic alopecia. FPHL affects women of all ages, and it usually presents with a gradual thinning of hair on the top of the head, with a widening of the parting line. FPHL can also cause thinning of hair at the temples and the front of the head. It is a type of hair loss in women that is caused by genetic factors, aging, and hormonal changes in the body. It often appears after the beginning of menopause and is characterized by an all-around thinning of hair, a wide spread of center portion. Unlike male pattern baldness, women rarely exhibit a receding hairline as the first sign of hair loss. Other types of alopecia that can affect women include: Androgenic alopecia: This is a type of non-scarring hair loss that has a genetic origin and can affect both men and women. Men may experience this condition in the form of male pattern baldness that can begin as early as their teens or early 20s. In women, this condition is known as female pattern baldness, and hair loss is generally not noticeable until their 40s or later. Alopecia barbae: Also known as beard alopecia, is an autoimmune disorder that results from inflammation of the hair follicles, causing hypotrichia (a decrease in the number of hairs). Alopecia totalis: It is a type of hair loss that causes complete baldness on the scalp, usually within two years. Retrograde alopecia: It is a condition that causes hair loss around the hairline at the nape of the neck. Symptoms of retrograde alopecia include gradual thinning over several months or years, and the hair stops growing, with no new hair being produced. Telogen effluvium: A temporary form of hair loss that arises when a great amount of hair follicles come in the resting area (telogen) at the same time. This can be due to several aspects, such as stress, medicines, and hormonal variations. Traction alopecia: This type of hair loss is caused by tight hairstyles such as ponytails, braids, hair extensions, and chemical relaxers that can cause tension on the scalp, resulting in hair loss. Symptoms of traction alopecia include itching, redness, folliculitis or pustules, multiple short broken hairs, and thinning hair or hair loss. Anagen effluvium: This type of hair loss occurs when the hair follicles stop growing due to the effects of chemotherapy or radiation therapy. Scarring alopecia: An erratic form of alopecia that is due to the damaging of the hair follicles. It can occur due to various conditions, such as lupus, lichen planus, and folliculitis decalvans. Preventive Measures for Alopecia Alopecia can be a distressing condition, but there are some preventive measures that can be taken to help maintain healthy hair and minimize hair loss. While some forms of hair loss are inevitable, you can still take steps to reduce your risk. Here are some measures you can take to prevent hair loss: - Maintain a healthy and balanced diet that includes enough calories, protein, and iron. These nutrients are essential for maintaining strong, healthy hair. - Find different ways to manage stress, as higher levels of tension and stress can significantly lead to hair loss. Yoga, meditation, and regular exercise are some effective stress-reducing techniques. - Manage medical conditions that could result in hair loss, such as thyroid disease. Treating the underlying condition can help prevent hair loss. - Avoid hairstyles that pull hair tightly, such as tight braids, ponytails, or buns. These styles can cause traction alopecia, a type of hair loss caused by prolonged tension on the hair follicles. - For those undergoing chemotherapy treatment, they should consider using a cooling cap. Cooling caps have been found to reduce hair loss during chemotherapy by constricting blood vessels in the scalp, reducing the amount of chemotherapy drugs that reach the hair follicles. By taking above precautions, you can help minimize the risk of hair loss and promote healthy hair growth. If you are experiencing hair loss, consult with a healthcare professional or a hair loss specialist to determine the underlying cause and the most appropriate treatment for your specific needs. The Solution to Female Alopecia: Effective Treatment Options While hair loss is commonly associated with men, it’s important to recognize that women are also affected by this issue. In fact, research reveals that over 50% of women face visible hair loss at some phase in their lives. The primary cause of hair loss in women is female-pattern hair loss (FPHL), which can affect up to one-third of women who are susceptible to this condition. This equates to approximately 30 million women in the United States alone who may experience FPHL. The available treatment options for female pattern baldness include Minoxidil (Rogaine), laser therapy, and hair transplantation. Minoxidil is officially permitted by the FDA especially for women as the only hair loss treatment drug, it can slow or nearly stop hair damage and loss in some cases. Also, Laser therapy is one more effective method to stimulate healthy hair growth. However, continuous usage is required for both Minoxidil as well as laser therapy for good results. Hair transplant is considered the only everlasting method for female patterned hair loss, and it also reestablishes lost hair. It is a surgical procedure and typically only needs to be done once, although some patients may choose to have more than one procedure. Additionally, the widely known and effective treatment option available for female alopecia is the Bosley Treatment Kit for Women. With noticeable results achievable in as little as two months, the kit is the perfect non-surgical, FDA-approved solution for those looking to restore their hair. About Bosley: The Brand Revolutionizing Hair Restoration and Hair Care Bosley is a renowned brand in the hair restoration and care business. With over 45 years of experience, they have established themselves as America’s #1 Hair Restoration Experts. Following are some captivating reasons to choose Bosley hair treatment as your preferred brand: - Bosley offers a range of surgical and non-surgical hair loss solutions, tailored to each patient’s unique goals. - Bosley hair growth uses the latest techniques in medical hair restoration to recreate a patient’s natural hair growth pattern and recapture their unique hairstyle. - Bosley has received numerous accolades from the medical hair restoration community for their artistry, innovations, and commitment to the field. - They have also won awards from highly regarded hair restoration medical societies like the International Society of Hair Restoration Surgery (ISHRS). - Bosley hair restoration offers precise guarantees for all hair restoration treatments. - Bosley is committed to ensuring that their patients’ hair restoration results and experience meet their expectations. With their proven solutions and commitment to patient satisfaction. - Bosley also offers free consultation either in-person or through video, to gain further understanding of hair loss solutions, with this option patients can have their inquiries answered, and collaborate with a Bosley expert to personalize a strategy that aligns with their hair restoration Bosley’s Healthy Hair Kit (Two Months) for Women: The Ultimate Solution for Hair Loss Bosley hair loss treatment kit combines clinically-proven treatments with high-quality hair care products to promote hair regrowth and restore your confidence. Whether you’re experiencing mild or severe hair loss, Bosley Healthy Hair Kit for Women can help you achieve a fuller, thicker head of hair. Let’s get an overview of what this kit has to offer. Payment Options: Google Pay, Shop Pay What’s in the Kit Two Months Package Contains: - Two (1 fluid oz.) Follicle Scalp Energizer - One bottle of (60 Caps) Hair Growth Supplements - One (10.1 fluid oz.) BosRevive Color Safe Nourishing Shampoo - One (10.1 fluid oz.) BosRevive Color Safe Volumizing Conditioner - Two (2 fluid oz.) 2% Minoxidil Topical Solution Spray The kit comprises of the following active components that work together to promote healthy hair growth: - LifeXtend complex: This contains saw palmetto extract that supports healthy follicles. - Pentapeptides: These stimulate the production of keratin protein that strengthens roots. - Soy amino acids: These restore strength, thickness, and volume to hair. - Plankton extract: This protects hair against damage from frequent washing and brushing as well as photoaging. - Color Keeper™: This extends the longevity of hair color. - Vegetable protein: This volumizes, thickens, and fortifies hair shafts. - Emollients: These add shine and smoothen hair. - Scalp activators: These may help increase follicle energy levels. - Apple stem cells extract: This supports healthy hair function. - Biotinyl-GHK: This protects and repairs hair follicles. - Wheat amino: This nourishes and strengthens hair. The Bosley Hair Kit offers the following benefits: - Includes minoxidil, the only topical ingredient FDA-approved to promote hair regrowth. - Demonstrated to halt hair loss and support the regrowth of healthy hair. - Visible outcomes can be observed in as little as three months. - Majority of users notice substantial results within four to six months. FDA-Approved Minoxidil: The Proven Solution for Hair Loss Minoxidil and finasteride are effective medications for those looking to slow down hair loss, thinning, or shedding. These drugs can help retain, grow, and revive hair follicles, which can significantly result in more healthy, fuller, as well as thicker hairs. Minoxidil Spray is included in the Bosley’s Healthy Hair Kit. Additionally, the kit also offers a range of products to support healthy hair growth and combat hair loss. The Follicle Energizer with biotin and caffeine is an advanced leave-in serum that helps support healthy hair function in areas of thinning, it also contains stimulating activators that increase cellular energy and microcirculation on the scalp, creating the foundation for healthy hair growth. With Bosley’s range of products, individuals experiencing hair loss have access to effective treatments that can help them regain thicker, fuller-looking hair and boost their confidence. These products are formulated with essential substances such as biotin, caffeine, and zinc, which are important for promoting hair growth and maintaining healthy hair. Bosley’s products are clinically proven to regrow hair and slow down hair loss, making them a great option for those looking to maintain and improve the health of their hair.

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The oldest inhabitants of India’s financial capital Mumbai are members of a community that gives its women rights and privileges at par with men. The equality, empowerment and financial independence of Koli women reflects in their personalities – the confidence in their speech, the gold jewellery and flowers in hair and their bargaining skills while negotiating fish sale with a haggling customer. José Gerson da Cunha, whose book ‘Origin of Mumbai’ was published in the year 1900, describes the Maximum City as ‘the desolate islet of the Mumbai Koli fishermen’. Also See: Indian women’s workforce participation falls below Pak & Bangladesh as slowdown bites A thousand years later, the Koli community remains an integral part of Mumbai’s cosmopolitan culture. The men go fishing and women sell the catch in the fish market, signifying equal division of labour. A Koli woman, also called Kolin, is the source of economic stability for her family. Her day starts early with procuring fishes from the sea shore. She then heads to the market where she interacts as freely with men as with women. Until about a decade back, Koli women would invest their earnings into buying gold ornaments as a means of saving money. Now, most have opened bank accounts but a Kolin can even today be identified from a distance by the big bindi on her forehead, green bangles and chunky gold jewellery. Also Read: LifeCraft: empowering Jharkhand’s Kuiani women through fabric hand dyeing The nine-yard saree draped in Kaashtha style (tucked at the back) has, however, made way for the regular saree but hasn’t diminished the independence of women in a community where the birth of girls is celebrated as much as the birth of boys. The women procure, sort, grade and sell fishes across markets in Mumbai. The fish selling license is passed on from mother to daughter or mother-in-law to daughter-in-law like a heirloom. In pictures here, the women of Koli community: Also Read: Gujarat’s Pabiben Rabari: from a daily wager to a millionaire entrepreneur Also Read: Thousands of Rajasthan’s rural women empowered through up-skilling in embroidery Also Read: How organic fruit farming made Rajasthan’s Santosh Devi a millionaire Also Read: Kashmiri teen turns mentor to speech and hearing impaired sportspersons Also Read : Udaipur’s Jovaki empowers tribal women by processing wild fruits & vegetable Also Read: Women of substance share how they overcame challenges on the road less travelled

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Any new financial system gives economic development and the improvement in living standards by contributes some services to the the economy. That is clearing and settlement systems to facilitate trade, channelling financial resources between borrowers and savers, and some products to deal with the high risk and uncertainty. In principle, these functions can be provided by banks or other financial institutions or directly through capital markets. Banks and other financial intermediaries exist because they are an efficient response to the fact that information is costly. Banks specialise in assessing the credit worthiness of borrowers and providing an ongoing monitoring function to ensure borrowers meet their obligations. They are rewarded for these services by the spread between the rates they offer to the accumulated pool of savers, and the rates they offer to potential borrowers. This process is known as ‘maturity transformation’ and is at the heart of modern banking. Banks offer a repository for savings, and then transform them into long-lived (illiquid) assets – housing loans and lending to businesses. In addition, banks play a role in providing payment and settlement services which are necessary for households, business and other financial institutions to settle day-to-day transactions. As a country becomes more developed, one typically sees the capital markets playing a greater role in supplying financial products and services relative to that supplied by the banks. We Will Write a Custom Essay Specifically For You For Only $13.90/page! In many advanced economies, for example, raising business debt through securities rivals or exceeds that provided though the banking system. Unusually, New Zealand has a large banking sector, while the role played by the capital markets and non-bank financial institutions is small.

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For nearly four centuries, Harvard’s libraries, archives, and museums have developed extraordinary collections that reflect the scope and the breadth of the University’s world-renowned academic programs. In 2002, Harvard began to open an online window on those resources through the Open Collections Program (OCP). Through the Islamic Heritage Project (IHP), Harvard University has cataloged, conserved, and digitized hundreds of Islamic manuscripts, maps, and published texts from Harvard’s renowned library and museum collections. These rare and frequently unique materials are now freely available to Internet users worldwide. IHP is made possible with the generous support of Prince Alwaleed Bin Talal. For the IHP, Harvard’s Open Collections Program (OCP) has produced digital copies of over 280 manuscripts, 275 printed texts, and 50 maps, totaling over 156,000 pages. Users can search or browse online materials that date from the 10th to the 20th centuries CE and represent many - regions, including Saudi Arabia, North Africa, Egypt, Syria, Lebanon, Palestine, Iran, Iraq, Turkey, and South, Southeast, and Central Asia; - languages, primarily Arabic, Persian, and Ottoman Turkish; also Urdu, Chagatai, Malay, Gujarati, Indic languages, and several Western languages; and - subjects, including religious texts and commentaries; Sufism; history, geography, law, and the sciences (astronomy, astrology, mathematics, medicine); poetry and literature; rhetoric, logic, and philosophy; calligraphy, dictionaries and grammar, as well as biographies and autobiographical works. - Islamic Heritage Project (IHP) - The Prince Alwaleed Bin Talal Islamic Studies Program at Harvard University - Open Collections Program (OCP)

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Life Tag solar bird tracker goes commercial By Krishna Ramanujan Cornell researchers have created a solar wildlife tag, an innovation that solves key challenges in bird-tracking devices: how to make them lightweight and long-lasting. Batteries that power wildlife trackers make them too heavy for small bird species and limit the lifespan of such devices. By going solar and using efficient chips that coordinate processes to transmit a signal, the new tags weigh less than a gram. “We got rid of the battery entirely,” said David Winkler, professor of ecology and evolutionary biology, who led the development of the solar tags through a bioengineering development group on campus called TABER (Technology for Animal Biology and Environmental Research). “These are the first really small, totally solar-powered wildlife tags.” Michael Lanzone, CEO of Cellular Tracking Technologies (CTT), signed a licensing agreement with the Center for Technology Licensing at Cornell University last summer and is now commercially producing the trackers, called Life Tags. A patent is also in the works. Using 3-D printed harnesses developed by TABER and CTT, Life Tags can be permanently attached to birds without discomfort or hindrance, allowing researchers to track small birds over the course of their lifetimes. Ornithologists may now gather invaluable data on migration routes and dispersal, the movement from a young bird’s natal site to where it first breeds. The data promise to reveal valuable information about dispersal patterns, a life event that is poorly understood even though it affects every aspect of a species’ population biology, Winkler said. One challenge of the small solar tags is they lack the power to connect with a satellite, which limits their range to just a mile or two. “That places the burden on you to get a receiver near your bird, by putting receiver stations in places where you think the birds will collect, a roost site or a migratory concentration point,” Winkler said. To address this issue, Winkler and Lanzone and colleagues are testing a concept of using larger birds to track smaller birds, the first trial of which they are calling “VultureNet.” Turkey vultures with a battery-run receiver tuned to the frequency of the Life Tags will share air space and migration routes with smaller birds, such as tree swallows or sanderlings, that ornithologists want to study. When the bigger bird flies within a mile of a swallow fitted with a Life Tag, it will transmit the tags ID along with GPS location and time to a satellite or cellular tower, enabling researchers to collect data remotely. “We want to do this in habitats around the world,” Winkler said. Winkler and Lanzone are already planning an AlbatrossNet, to distribute receivers in the open ocean. Among other projects, they are also working with a colleague in Canada to design a tag and harness for eared grebes, an aquatic diving bird, and with colleagues in Monterey Bay, California, to design a Life Tag for sea otters.

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Listen NCERT Audio Books to boost your productivity and retention power by 2X. A rigid container of negligible heat capacity contains one mole of an ideal gas. The temperature of the gas increases by 1°C it 3.0 cal of heat is added to it. The gas may be Let us use the formula, Heat supplied to a gas, dQ = nCvdT. n is the number of mole of the ags Cv is the specific heat of the gas at constant volume T is the temperature Putting the values in the above formula, we get dQ = 3.0 cal = (3.0 x 4.2)J = 12.6 J. dT = 1°C, n = 1. Therefore, Cv is approximately equal to 12.6 J/mol/°C ~ 1.5R = 3R/2 Where Cp = specific heat at constant pressure R = universal gas constant = 8.314 J/kg/mol which holds for monoatomic gases. Helium and Argon are monoatomic and so options (a) and (b) hold.

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Brett M. Kavanaugh, The Judge as Umpire: Ten Principles, 65 Cath. U. L. Rev. 683 (2016). First, and most obviously, a good judge, like a good umpire, cannot act as a partisan. Fifth, at the same time, to be a good judge and a good umpire you have to possess some backbone. Sixth, to be a good judge and a good umpire, you have to tune out the crowd noise. And from the abstract: Judge Kavanaugh discusses the notion of Judges as umpires and sets forth ten principles that are vital for an impartial judiciary dedicated to the rule of law in our separation of powers system. According to Judge Kavanaugh, Judges cannot act as partisans, must follow establish rules and principles, and must strive for consistency, not only in terms of respecting precedent, but from day to day, in how they decide cases, confront issues, interpret statutes and interpret the Constitution. Judges must also understand that their role is to apply the rules rather than remake the rules according to their own policy views and have the fortitude to stand up to the other political branches in deciding that an action is unconstitutional or otherwise unlawful. In maintain their role in standing up to other political branches and refraining from remaking the law, Judges must have the ability to tune out criticism, so that they are able to stand up for unpopular positions. In their conduct, Judges must maintain a proper demeanor, keeping emotions in check, be collegial, and have the ability to work with colleagues and learn from them in order to reach the best decisions. And finally in reaching their decisions, Judges must be clear in explaining their reasoning behind a decision. Of course, for us to be good judges and good umpires, the rule-makers can help by drafting rules that are as clear as possible. And, in the federal system, that means Congress.

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How does activated carbon work for dechlorination？ The source of chlorine in the water is mainly the remaining chlorine after killing microorganisms in the effluent of waterworks or sewage treatment plants. The residual chlorine in the water will cause harm to the taste of drinking water, human health, and food and beverage quality. Activated carbon can effectively remove chlorine in water. Activated carbon has high removal efficiency, does not produce secondary pollution, and can simultaneously remove the characteristics of organic matter in water, so it is often used in large-scale dechlorination process. Most of clients will choose fruit shell activated carbon, like coconut shell or apricot shell ctivated carbon for dechlorination. There are many capillary pores in the activated carbon interconnected, so the specific surface area is extremely large. According to the test, 1 gram of activated carbon has a surface area of 500-1000m2, and the activated carbon for filtration is granular, and the particle size is generally 1-4mm. These micropores can play an adsorption role. The dechlorination of activated carbon is not entirely due to physical adsorption, it also has a catalytic effect, which further converts residual chlorine into carbon. The reaction mechanism is C12 H2O ==== HC1 HOCI Any question, pls contact us.

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Treating cancers with radiotherapy Radiation therapy, also known as Radiotherapy, is one of the most common cancer treatment. Radiation therapy uses radiation to treat cancer by killing and reducing the spread of the cancer cells. While radiation therapy may only be used for cancer treatments, it can also be administered with other treatments such as surgery or chemotherapy. The type of cancer treatment also depends on the location of cancer, stage of cancer and other health factors. Let's hear from Dr Francis Chin, Senior Consultant in Radiation Oncology, Palliative Medicine from Icon Cancer Centre where he answers some of your burning questions on radiation therapy treatment for cancer. 1. How does radiation therapy work? Radiation therapy, also known as radiotherapy, uses small doses of highly-targeted radiation to safely treat and manage cancer. It does this by delivering radiation over an extended period of time, typically days and weeks, to destroy cancer cells (which are more sensitive to radiation) while preserving normal healthy cells. 2. How long is each session? Radiation therapy treatment is typically delivered every day (Monday to Friday) across several weeks, which helps your healthy cells to recover while delivering enough radiation to target the cancer cells. The session generally lasts between five to 20 minutes and you generally will not need to stay in hospital following your radiation therapy treatment. The duration of the treatment session is a guideline and the course of radiation therapy is unique for every individual, depending on the location and stage of the disease, type of cancer, age and general health. 3. Are there any side effects of radiation therapy? There are some common short-term side effects that develop during radiation therapy treatment. These may include skin reactions such as redness, itchiness and irritation in the area that is being treated, which typically resolve four to six weeks after treatments. Your care team will show you how to care for your skin and manage any skin reactions. Another common side effect from radiation therapy treatment is fatigue. You may feel tired or lack energy for daily activities during your treatment, which can worsen as you reach the end of your treatment. This is a common reaction to radiation therapy and each person is usually affected in varying degrees, which can also depend on whether you are also receiving other cancer treatments such as chemotherapy. Fatigue usually eases a few weeks after treatment finishes. Finding a balance between rest and activity will help you manage daily life. If you have any concerns about the side effects, please discuss these with your radiation oncologist as they are the best person to provide more details. 4. What are the benefits of radiation therapy compared to other cancer treatments? Depending on the type of cancer you have and your unique needs, radiation therapy may be the only cancer treatment that is required. One of the benefits of radiation therapy is that it is usually given as outpatient treatment, so patients can still continue with their daily activities and lead a normal life. Radiation therapy also works hand-in-hand with other treatments such as surgery, chemotherapy and immunotherapy. Radiation therapy can reduce the risk of cancer recurrence when delivered either before or after surgery for many types of cancer, such as breast cancer, uterine cancer, skin cancer and prostate cancer. Other cancers such as head and neck cancer, bladder cancer, lung cancer and cervical cancer will typically have radiation therapy delivered as the main treatment to avoid the need to remove organs and/or avoid surgery. Radiation therapy can also be used as palliative care for advanced cancers to effectively provide pain management. 5. I read that exposure to radiation can cause cancer and heart issues. How can radiation still treat cancer? When radiation therapy is delivered to the chest area for cancers such as lung cancer, oesophageal cancer or breast cancer, there is a small risk that certain heart issues can develop due to radiation being delivered to healthy tissue surrounding the cancer. Heart conditions that may develop include: - Pericarditis – Inflammation of the tissue surrounding the heart - Premature coronary artery disease and atherosclerosis - Myocarditis – Inflammation of the heart muscle - Congestive heart failure – Loss of heart pumping ability - Heart valve disease - Heart rhythm changes – Arrhythmia - Cardiomyopathy – Enlarged heart However, there are a number of techniques that are used to reduce damage to the heart and surrounding organs during radiation therapy such as Deep Inspiration Breath Hold (DIBH). The process involves holding a certain number of breaths for short bursts during treatment which allows the heart to move backwards into the chest while the breast is exposed to radiation. Usually, your doctor will assess your personal health history before deciding on the best course of treatment for your cancer. Here are some of the factors that the doctor will look into: - Heart disease risk factors – Such as obesity, cigarette smoking, diabetes and family history - A personal history of heart disease People who have been treated with radiation therapy for a previous cancer have a slightly higher risk of developing cancer again. The risk is different depending on where in the body you have been treated, the dose of radiation you received and your age when treated, with an average time of about 10 years between the radiation treatment and the diagnosis of a secondary cancer. If you are concerned about other cancers that may develop following radiation therapy treatment, please discuss this with your doctor. The article is contributed by Dr Francis Chin, Senior Consultant in Radiation Oncology, Palliative Medicine from Icon Cancer Centre. Plan ahead to guard yourself against rising medical costs Now you might be worried about the hefty cost of cancer treatments. The average cost of radiation therapy treatment in Singapore is approximately S$25,000 to S$30,0001 and it depends on the number of sessions you need. While all Singapore Citizens and Permanent Residents are covered under MediShield Life, the public health insurance scheme, it may only cover a portion of the total cancer treatment costs, within specified claim limits. Have peace of mind knowing that our GREAT SupremeHealth and GREAT TotalCare plans come with comprehensive outpatient cancer drug treatment benefits to defray the cost of cancer drugs and treatments not covered under MediShield Life. Terms and conditions apply. Contact your Great Eastern Financial Representative to find out more or request for us to call you back today. This advertisement has not been reviewed by the Monetary Authority of Singapore. GREAT TotalCare is not a MediSave-approved Integrated Shield plan and premiums are not payable using MediSave. GREAT TotalCare is designed to complement the benefits offered under GREAT SupremeHealth. The information presented is for general information only and does not have regard to the specific investment objectives, financial situation or particular needs of any particular person. This is only product information provided by us. You may wish to seek advice from a qualified adviser before buying the product. If you choose not to seek advice from a qualified adviser, you should consider whether the product is suitable for you. Buying health insurance products that are not suitable for you may impact your ability to finance your future healthcare needs. If you decide that the policy is not suitable after purchasing the policy, you may terminate the policy in accordance with the free-look provision, if any, and the insurer may recover from you any expense incurred by the insurer in underwriting the policy. These policies are protected under the Policy Owners’ Protection Scheme which is administered by the Singapore Deposit Insurance Corporation (SDIC). Coverage for your policy is automatic and no further action is required from you. For more information on the types of benefits that are covered under the scheme as well as the limits of coverage, where applicable, please contact us or visit the Life Insurance Association (LIA) or SDIC websites (www.lia.org.sg or www.sdic.org.sg). Information correct as at 6 April 2023. Let us match you with a qualified financial representative Our financial representative will answer any questions you may have about our products and planning.

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In 2015, Te Papa is creating a teacher resource to support you to ‘do science’ in your own backyard/outdoor environments – with a focus on the invertebrates who make these places home. It is very exciting to share our first update from one of the three Early Childhood Centres working with us! Thank you Adela, Kaiako (Teacher) at Imagine Childcare in Petone, for writing this learning story. How do spiders make their webs? This was the big inquiry question that we decided to investigate at the end of Rebecca and Scott’s visit to our centre. An initial hypothesis included that pungawerewere (spiders) make their webs from their legs, however it was debated that they perhaps use their bottoms instead. This discussion brought us to our next decision – Where do we start our investigation? It would be ideal if we could observe real spiders spinning their webs, so we asked the learning community for spiders to be brought into the centre. Spiders came from far and wide some as close as Korokoro and others as far as Wainuiomata and Plimmerton! (Thank you to all families and teachers that have participated in this). We investigated the spiders’ names using images from Andrew Crowe’s book on New Zealand spiders. On one occasion we concluded that we had two large brown Vagrant spiders, and a green Orb web spider. Our tamariki (children) brainstormed what their enclosures needed: “leaves, water, flower-petals, sticks, bark and plants”, and retrieved these items from our garden. A few of us were pretty sure that the spiders needed the leaves (Catie & Olivia. L) and plants (Emily) to eat, whereas others thought that they would prefer ants (Emmaline) and flies (Alex). We took photos of our new friends and posted them online to the Spiders with Te Papa page – a citizen science initiative with NatureWatch NZ that is part of the Declassified: Nature’s secrets exposed exhibition. Phil Sirvid, an entomologist (an insect scientist) from Te Papa, commented on our posts adding the genus species. Sammy’s mum Kim also bought in two spiders to us to observe. “My mum found us lots of spiders at her school and at home” (Sammy). The Daddy long legs was of particular interest. I read some facts about how they shake their bodies to scare off intruders and soon after this we noticed the spider shaking, when we carefully lifted its container! The Orb web spider, which was initially found in our maple tree here at the centre, was an interesting specimen to watch. Prior to its release we had a closer look at the web that it had made encapsulating an insect. Once released, it built a new orb web in full view within our decks eaves! One day, a large leaf was blown onto its web and a number of us watched as the spider busily work to break parts of its web to remove the leaf. Through observation we found out that many spiders make their webs at night which meant it would be hard for us to observe them in action. So we needed to look to other resources to help us answer our big question. Books were borrowed from the local library and we watched spiders making their webs on YouTube too. Finally, we found our answer… “Out of their tails!!”. Their liquid silk web comes from their tails, the bottom of their abdomen from tubes within their spinnerets. Spiders use their legs to help them to form their webs. Through our research, we also found out that not all spiders make webs, and that some spiders catch their prey (as they are what you call predators) by hunting for them. Some jump onto of their victims and kill them with the poisonous venom from their fangs! We acted out these ideas by either being a jumping spider leaping on its prey or spinning a web and waiting for an insect to get stuck in it. We were able to have a closer look at a spider’s fangs thanks to Maggie’s dad who brought in his Rose Tarantula specimen for us to view. The dead spider was within a glass frame and its size made it easy for us to see all of its structures. Some of us even had a go at drawing some observational pictures. Another thing that we learnt is that spiders don’t just use their webs to catch food – they also use it as a safety trail. This line, a bit like a bungee cord, is released in case their fall. Webs have sticky parts for catching food and non sticky parts to ensure that they can move about. Charlotte, Olivia L. and Emily created an interpretation of this fact by treading wool through cardboard, creating the spider’s web and then covering parts of it with PVA glue to act as the sticky bits. From there, they covered the glue with glitter to represent insects that had become stuck. Pompom spiders were made to reside on top of the web. Nichola (another one of our kaiako) also made a web with the children using wool, glitter and a large dead branch. We endeavoured to create our very own spider webs in the garden out of wool and rope too. We had learnt a lot about the different types of webs that are created by different spiders. “There are orb web spiders and tunnel web spiders too, and there are sheet web spiders” said Ava. We had a go at constructing webs like an orb web spider, as well as a sheet web spider, a nursery web spider, and a tunnel web spider! As I assisted the children in creating our Orb web spider web, I talked about how the spider forms the spoke shaped frame first before creating the circular patterns around. To reinforce this concept, some children also had a go at drawing Orb webs on the concrete with chalk. Many children wanted to help in erecting the web, and once it was up it had become a real talking point! Some children questioned how it got there and others explained that a huge spider had made it! Kayla pointed to the top corner of the web and said “look the big spiders up there!!”. Other children attempted to climb through it like giant insects, some of them becoming entwined. Oh no! Once the Orb web spider web had become disfigured (there was a lot of prey after all!), Alex and Ava planned to make another one in its place. The end result looked very much like a line web spider web – a different web again. When we made a web like the Nursery web spider, it was discussed that a mother and her baby spiders should be included inside. “The babies are inside the web and the mother dies” stated Emmaline. She came up with the idea of making the spiders by scrunching up pieces of paper into balls, painting them black and then sticking them together. She decided to use pipe cleaners for the legs and dotted on eyes with paint. From Rebecca and Scott’s visit we knew that spiders have 8 legs but since then we have found out more about the bodies of our arachnid friends. Unlike insects, that have three body parts, spiders only have two. Spiders have an abdomen (like an insect) and a cephalothorax (this means their head and thorax are fused together). This word proved to be quite tricky for us to say and remember but from then on we often pointed out the spiders “abdomen”. To extend this idea of different body parts further, we had a go at making spiders out of clay. Some of us made two body parts with the 8 legs coming off the cephalothorax, and an abdomen with a trail of web. Some of us included 6-8 eyes, and hairs which are used by a spider to feel vibrations. We also had a go at painting spiders with puff paint! Observations continue outside on a daily basis. We have made some very interesting discoveries. One afternoon a Daddy long leg’s spider was found in the back shed carrying an egg sank on its back. Inside the play house another Daddy long leg was found on its web surrounded by many tiny baby spiders. I am frequently called to check out spider webs. It has been noticed that spiders tend to wait on the out reaches of their webs during the day. They sometimes enter the web if they feel their web moving indicating that something may be present. What’s happening here? Our tamariki have been engaging with some of the five key science capabilities, by having had a number of opportunities to gather information through observations (Capability One), and think about how we might find the evidence to back up or dismiss our theories (Capability 2). They have found and used many different ways to represent their findings to others (Capability 4). These experiences have presented opportunities for our tamariki to participate in active inquiry and develop their confidence in offering ideas and understanding (Contribution strand, Te Whāriki). They have learnt strategies for active investigation, thinking and reasoning (Exploration strand, Te Whāriki ). Where to next? We plan on reading Patricia Grace’s The Kuia and the Spider story, which touches on a number of different uses for a spider web. Learning the pungawerewere waiata (song) from the Four Seasons CD is another must do. It mentions the making of webs for catching flies and laying baby spiders inside. How much fun would it be to re-enactment this with our own dance!!. We also have other inquiry questions about spiders that we could look to investigate, including: “I wonder if spiders live in flowers” (Charlotte) “Why do they live in their webs so long?”, “How do spiders walk” (Augustine) and “Are spiders born with 8 legs or do they grow later?”. Interesting… I wonder what we think the answers to these questions maybe? How we could go about finding out? Great inspiration Thank you!! This is a very exciting inquiry with many great ideas and questions coming from the tamariki. Tino pai, teachers and children! A great example of how to do science research in early childhood. Thank you for your feedback. Spiders are definitely an on going interest of our tamariki I’m glad you have found it helpful. If you have any further ideas please feel free to share.

<urn:uuid:4d2d2926-660c-4b35-971f-ac28d0c3967e>

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https://blog.tepapa.govt.nz/2015/06/03/its-a-bugs-life-education-project-update-from-imagine-childcare/

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en

Exclusive Economic Zone & Maritime Potential of Pakistan Keywords:EEZ, Marine Resources, Harbors, Harmony among authorities Pakistan’s Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) is greatly important for economic development because of having plentiful resources. In the past, very little attention has been paid to the marine sector due to which its utility could not be considered. Under the aegis of SMEDA & United Nation Development Program shed light on the marine sector. Government policies were made but not fully implemented, resulting in resources are still untapped. Less coordination among authorities of different harbors in Pakistan leads to failure. China-Pakistan's relationship is largely leading to development in EEZ. Pakistan can be able to achieve an incredible position in the national and international seafood market which in turn will stimulate the nation’s economy. The reason is, stakeholders do not have enough awareness, the government made attempts for land resources whereas attempts for sea resources have never been made as for land resources. Policies and decisions are wisely made for land resources, but unfortunately, the maritime sector is being overlooked just because of less research, negligence of the government, less coordination among concerning departments as well as inadequate capability in terms of technical aspects. Pakistan is suffering from a kind of Sea Blindness.

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https://ojs.mul.edu.pk/index.php/JPRSS/article/view/192

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Don’t fight Syndactyly alone.Find your community on the free RareGuru App. Syndactyly is a term used to describe webbed or conjoined digits (fingers or toes). It may occur as an isolated finding or may be a symptom of a genetic syndrome. There are over 300 genetic syndromes that involve syndactyly, such as Apert syndrome and Saethre-Chotzen syndrome. There are many different ways to classify or group non-syndromic (isolated) syndactyly. Presently, researchers classify the different types of syndactyly based on how severe the syndactyly is, which digits are involved, how the trait appears to run through families, and whether an underlying gene mutation has been identified. Using this system, nine different non-syndromic types of syndactyly have been defined. Syndactyly is caused by a mixture of genetic and environmental factors. In about 10-40% of individuals with syndactyly, there is a family history. Syndactyly can run through families in many different ways, depending on the underlying cause. When isolated, it can be inherited in an autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive, or X-linked recessive manner. Treatment usually involves surgery to separate the digits. Source: GARD Last updated on 05-01-20 During normal embryonic (fetal) development, the hand initially forms in the shape of a paddle, and then eventually splits into separate fingers. Syndactyly results when one or more fingers fail to separate during this time. Research continues into further understanding why this happens. Many cases seem to occur without an apparent cause, while some may occur due to a genetic (inherited) defect, environmental exposure during pregnancy, or a combination or both factors. Syndactyly may also occur as a part of an underlying genetic syndrome and can be found in over 300 different genetic syndromes. Last updated on 05-01-20 The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia offers information on Syndactyly. Last updated on 04-27-20 Do you have information about a disease, disorder, or syndrome? Want to suggest a symptom? Please send suggestions to RareGuru!

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https://rareguru.com/library/disease/6318/syndactyly

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The hypothesis that the Solar System was born from a gigantic cloud of gas and dust was first floated in the second half of the eighteenth century. It was proposed by German philosopher Immanuel Kant and developed by French mathematician Pierre-Simon de Laplace. It is now a consensus among astronomers. Thanks to the enormous amount of observational data, theoretical input and computational resources now available, it has been continually refined, but this is not a linear process. Nor is it without controversies. Until recently the Solar System was thought to have acquired its present features as a result of a period of turbulence that occurred some 700 million years after its formation. However, some of the latest research suggests it took shape in the more remote past, at some stage during the first 100 million years and very probably between 10 million and 60 million years ago. A study conducted by three Brazilian researchers offers robust evidence of this earlier structuring. Reported in an article published in the journal Icarus, the study was supported by São Paulo Research Foundation – FAPESP. The authors are all affiliated with São Paulo State University’s Engineering School (FEG-UNESP) in Guaratinguetá (Brazil). The lead author is Rafael Ribeiro de Sousa. The other two authors are André Izidoro Ferreira da Costa and Ernesto Vieira Neto, principal investigator for the study. “The large amount of data acquired from detailed observation of the Solar System enables us to define with precision the trajectories of the many bodies that orbit the Sun,” Ribeiro told. “This orbital structure enables us to write the history of the formation of the Solar System. Emerging from the gas and dust cloud that surrounded our star some 4.6 billion years ago, the giant planets formed in orbits closer to each other and also closer to the Sun. The orbits were also more co-planar and more circular than they are now, and more interconnected in resonant dynamic systems. These stable systems are the most likely outcome of the gravitational dynamics of planet formation from gaseous protoplanetary disks.” Izidoro offered more details. “The four giant planets – Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune – emerged from the gas and dust cloud in more compact orbits,” he said. “Their motions were strongly synchronous owing to resonant chains, with Jupiter completing three revolutions around the Sun while Saturn completed two. All the planets were involved in this synchronicity produced by the dynamics of the primordial gas disk and the gravitational dynamics of the planets.” However, throughout the formation region of the outer Solar System, which includes the zone located beyond the current orbits of Uranus and Neptune, the Solar System had a large population of planetesimals, small bodies of rock and ice considered the building blocks of planets and forerunners of asteroids, comets and satellites. The outer planetesimal disk began disturbing the system’s gravitational balance. The resonances were disrupted after the gas phase, and the system entered a period of chaos in which the giant planets interacted violently and ejected matter into space. “Pluto and its icy neighbors were pushed into the Kuiper Belt, where they’re located now, and the entire group of planets migrated to orbits more distant from the Sun,” Ribeiro said. The Kuiper Belt, whose existence was proposed in 1951 by Dutch astronomer Gerard Kuiper and later confirmed by astronomical observations, is a toroidal (doughnut-shaped) structure made up of thousands of small bodies orbiting the Sun. The diversity of their orbits is not seen in any other part of the Solar System. The Kuiper Belt’s inner edge begins at the orbit of Neptune about 30 astronomical units (AUs) from the Sun. The outer edge is about 50 AUs from the Sun. One AU is approximately equal to the average distance from Earth to the Sun. Returning to the disruption of synchronicity and the onset of the chaotic stage, the question is when this happened – very early in the life of the Solar System, when it was 100 million years old or less, or much later, probably about 700 million years after the planets formed? “Until recently the late instability hypothesis predominated,” Ribeiro said. “Dating of the Moon rocks brought back by the Apollo astronauts suggested they were created by asteroids and comets crashing into the lunar surface at the same time. This cataclysm is known as the ‘late heavy bombardment’ of the Moon. If it happened on the Moon, it presumably also happened on Earth and the Solar System’s other terrestrial planets. Because a great deal of matter in the form of asteroids and comets was projected in all directions in the Solar System during the period of planetary instability, it was deduced from the Moon rocks that this chaotic period occurred late, but in recent years the idea of a ‘late bombardment’ of the Moon has fallen out of favor.” According to Ribeiro, if the late chaotic catastrophe had occurred it would have destroyed Earth and the other terrestrial planets, or at least caused disturbances that would have placed them in totally different orbits from those we observe now. Furthermore, the Moon rocks brought back by the Apollo astronauts were found to have been produced by a single impact. If they had originated in late giant planet instability, there would be evidence of several different impacts, given the scattering of the planetesimals by the giant planets. “The starting-point for our study was the idea that the instability should be dated dynamically. The instability can only have happened later if there was a relatively large distance between the inner edge of the disk of planetesimals and Neptune’s orbit when the gas was exhausted. This relatively large distance proved unsustainable in our simulation,” Ribeiro said. The argument is based on a simple premise: the shorter the distance between Neptune and the planetesimal disk, the greater the gravitational influence, and hence the earlier the period of instability. Conversely, later instability requires a larger distance. “What we did was sculpt the primordial planetesimal disk for the first time. To do so we had to go back to the formation of the ice giants Uranus and Neptune. Computer simulations based on a model constructed by Professor Izidoro [Ferreira da Costa] in 2015 showed that the formation of Uranus and Neptune may have originated in planetary embryos with several Earth masses. Massive collisions of these super-Earths would explain, for example, why Uranus spins on its side,” Ribeiro said, referring to Uranus’s “tilt”, with north and south poles located on its sides rather than top and bottom. Previous studies had pointed to the importance of the distance between Neptune’s orbit and the inner boundary of the planetesimal disk, but they used a model in which the four giant planets were already formed. “The novelty of this latest study is that the model doesn’t begin with completely formed planets. Instead, Uranus and Neptune are still in the growth stage, and the growth driver is two or three collisions involving objects with up to five Earth masses,” Izidoro said. “Imagine a situation in which Jupiter and Saturn are formed but we have five to ten super-Earths instead of Uranus and Neptune. The super-Earths are forced by the gas to synchronize with Jupiter and Saturn, but being numerous their synchronicity fluctuates and they end up colliding. The collisions reduce their number, making synchronicity possible. Eventually Uranus and Neptune are left. “While the two ice giants were forming in the gas, the planetesimal disk was being consumed. Part of the matter was accreted to Uranus and Neptune, and part was propelled to the outskirts of the Solar System. The growth of Uranus and Neptune therefore defined the position of the inner boundary of the planetesimal disk. What was left of the disk is now the Kuiper Belt. The Kuiper Belt is basically a relic of the primordial planetesimal disk, which was once far more massive.” The proposed model is consistent with the giant planets’ current orbits and with the structure observed in the Kuiper Belt. It is also consistent with the motion of the Trojans, a large group of asteroids that share Jupiter’s orbit and were presumably captured during the disruption of synchronicity. According to a paper published by Izidoro in 2017, Jupiter and Saturn were still in formation, with their growth contributing to displacement of the asteroid belt. The latest paper is a kind of continuation, starting from a stage in which Jupiter and Saturn were fully formed but still synchronized, and describing the evolution of the Solar System from there on. “Gravitational interaction between the giant planets and the planetesimal disk produced disturbances in the gas disk that spread in the form of waves. The waves produced compact and synchronous planetary systems. When the gas ran out, interaction between the planets and planetesimal disk disrupted the synchronicity and gave rise to the chaotic phase. Taking all this into account, we discovered that the conditions simply didn’t exist for the distance between Neptune’s orbit and the inner boundary of the planetesimal disk to become large enough to sustain the late instability hypothesis. This is the main contribution of our study, which shows that the instability occurred in the first hundred million years and may have occurred, for example, before the formation of Earth and the Moon,” Ribeiro said.

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https://spaceandplanetarynewswire.com/discovery/2020/03/25/solar-system-acquired-current-configuration-not-long-after-its-formation

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Rapidly Deployable Repair System for Levee Breaches Thousands of miles of levees and floodwalls protect critical infrastructure in highly populated areas throughout the United States. Of these structures, many are aging, have not been properly maintained and have been compromised by natural occurrences. Since traditional levee breach repair work can take days, the key element in all response systems designed to counteract the devastating effects of broken levees should be mobility and fast deployment. Seals Levee Breaches Quickly, Minimizing Damages Levee breaches during Hurricane Katrina in August 2005 raised national awareness for the potentially dangerous condition of levees across the country. Soon after, with funding from the US Department of Homeland Security, ERDC Coastal and Hydraulics Laboratory (CHL) researchers investigated innovative ways to stop a levee breach within the first 4 to 6 hours, before it grew too big to contain. Researchers developed a rapid repair response system to quickly close breaches in areas difficult to access. This technology, dubbed the Portable Lightweight Ubiquitous Gasket (PLUG), is a large tube of non-stretch fabric that is dropped into floodwaters where it fills rapidly to 60-70 percent capacity assisted by 4-inch trash pumps. The water transforms the unyielding fabric into a rigid plug that conforms to the levee breach and seals it. Light enough to be transported by helicopter and flexible enough to adapt to a wide range of environmental situations and adverse weather conditions, PLUG uses a primary structural element readily available during flood events: water. PLUG could be used at a primary breach on a levee and at a secondary location within an area undergoing flooding to accomplish the following: - Reduce water flows rapidly - Minimize the possibility of additional "raveling" along the levee - Repair breaches difficult or impossible to reach with conventional construction equipment - Provide faster, more resilient response to flooding situations - Protect people and infrastructure from the destructive effects of floods due to levee breach PLUG seals a levee breach and reduces floodwaters through the opening within 4 to 6 hours of detection—before the water can do major damage. The US Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) Jacksonville District requested a method to prevent the rapid increase of a levee breach at Lake Okeechobee, Fla. Lake Okeechobee is a prime example of how soil conditions play a large role in rapid breach expansion. To stop the expanding of the breach it will be necessary to prevent the sides from continuing to erode. CHL researchers and engineers deployed PLUG to prevent the widening of potential levee breaches at Lake Okeechobee. This will limit the outflow of water and reduce the level of necessary repair once a flood event has ended. This system can be rapidly deployed and will either help stop the outflow of water from the lake or limit the flow while other methods are used to fix the levee breach. The system also helped the USACE Jacksonville district develop procedures and deployment options for a wide range of potential flood control and levee breach scenarios. - 104 feet in length and can hold 400 tons of water - Tube-shaped balloon made of polyester and PVC - Automatic motorized water pumps - First tool designed to repair a levee breach while powerful floodwaters are still coursing through it - Lightweight design can be transported by helicopter to reach remote and/or difficult levee breach areas Tailored Variations for Different Breach Types While the PLUG system is designed specifically for narrow, deep breaches, CHL researchers have developed and tested several other solutions tailored for other types of levee breaches, including the following: - Rapidly Emplaced Hydraulic Arch Barrier (REHAB)—Arched tube designed to hold back a surge of water during a levee breach repair, seal breaches obstructed by debris or other structures, and function as a temporary surge or flood gate to help engineers make permanent repairs. - Rapidly Emplaced Protection for Earthen Levees (REPEL)—Structure positioned prior to a flood to provide protection to a levee/dam section from overtopping in extreme flood events. REPEL also protects against erosion during the intentional overtopping of levees. - Repair of Long Shallow Breaches—Modified version of PLUG is used to repair long shallow breaches which typically are storm induced. This includes breaching of navigation and drainage channel floodwalls in coastal areas and overtopping long stretches of levees along rivers during floods. - Variation on PLUG Deployment—PLUG can be used to seal the sides of a breach to inhibit further breach widening. The importance of this capability is critical in situations where the breach is very rapidly growing through erodible material. Such a capability could save many millions of dollars per breach over the present alternatives which allow breaches to grow until the water levels equilibrate or flooding subsides. See Success Stories and Future Work. CHL researchers demonstrated that innovative lightweight fabric structures like the PLUG can play an important role in revolutionizing the way engineers repair levee breaches. Throughout 3 years of incremental testing, the CHL research team successfully completed the following: - Conceptual investigation and theoretical design of breach mitigation alternatives, including fabric structures - Demonstration of systems for protecting exposed levees during overtopping and closing very long breaches - Demonstration of the PLUG’s capability to seal a 7-ft wide breach - Conceptual framework for PLUG deployment and transition to permanent repairs - Design of a full-scale facility for testing the PLUG and demonstrating its capability to seal a 40-ft wide breach The PLUG work unit was completed in 2012. The research showed the PLUG has high potential for rapidly plugging a breach in a levee early in the breach development, preventing millions of dollars in flood damages and loss of life.

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https://www.erdc.usace.army.mil/Media/Fact-Sheets/Fact-Sheet-Article-View/Article/476704/portable-lightweight-ubiquitous-gasket/

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The northeastern part of Thailand is considered to be the least developed region compared with the other regions of the country. Due to erratic rainfall, shortage of agricultural rainwater, and low soil fertility, income in this region is the lowest in the country. The shortage of irrigation water is the main cause of poverty in Northeast Thailand. Further large-scale dams cannot be constructed in Northeast Thailand due to topographical constraints. The development of water resources through the construction of small-scale ponds is the only feasible method of irrigation in the region. However, small-scale ponds are seldom used for irrigation in spite of their large number. In this report, the situation of water resources in Northeast Thailand is reviewed. Then, some issues concerning the current utilization of small-scale ponds will be discussed. Subsurface dams will be proposed as a new method of effectively using excess rain water in the rainy season.

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https://www.jircas.go.jp/ja/publication/jircas_journal/7/45

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Last week while I was using my friends laptop, he found out that his Gmail account had been breached ( according to the account activity on Gmail). I accessed my own Gmail account just before or the same time. Now it seemed like I accessed his email, which I did not. His Gmail account activity shows the same IP address as the one I used. Is it possible that someone could have hacked in and used the same IP address to access my friends Gmail account? In short, probably not. IP addresses are technically not able to be hacked. They’re fundamental to routing data on the internet, and as such an attempt to hack an IP address would break the hackers connection to whatever he was trying to access. However, there are actually a couple of common reasons that accesses from two different machines might appear to be from the same IP address. I’ll look at ’em both. Two machines can appear to have the same IP address on the internet at the same time if they happen to both be behind the same router. In your home, you may have a router that connects to the internet as provided by your ISP. That connection can then be shared among multiple computers. Part of what’s being shared in the IP address. In a situation such as this, the IP address is actually assigned to the router – it then in turn assigns local area network IP addresses to each of the machines connected to it. These are usually addresses of the form 192.168.x.x which by definition cannot appear on the internet itself. Each time a machine makes a request of the internet the IP address is “translated” by the router and appears to come from the single internet IP address that was assigned to it. In other words, all the machines behind the router look like they have the same IP address on the internet. Two machines can appear to have the same IP address on the internet at different times if they connect via DHCP. DHCP, for Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol, is one of the ways that ISPs re-use IP addresses when computers aren’t continuously connected (and even sometimes when they are). DHCP dates back to the days of dialup when computers were typically only connected for a short while before someone had to use the telephone again. When you connected your computer via dialup, an IP address was assigned on the spot, and when they disconnected it was released. If another computer came along and dialed up after you had disconnected there is a good possibility that they might be assigned the same IP address that you’d just been using. Even though we’re often connected for much longer, the same technology is still in use. Depending on your equipment and how you connect it’s very possible that your ISP is assigning you an IP address when you first connect and releasing it some time later. Once again, if after you disconnect someone else comes along it’s possible that they could be assigned that IP that you’d just been using. And much like dialup, they really don’t have to be all that close to you either, they simply need to be using the same ISP. To muddy the waters even further, you don’t really even have to disconnect to have your IP address released out from underneath you and placed back into the available pool. The protocol is such that you’d be assigned a new one immediately, and you’d never notice, but I’ve seen it happen. The net effect is that even if you’re connected continuously your IP address could change, and the one you had been using could be assigned to another machine elsewhere. Finally, one note about your specific situation – it’s possible that it could be something as simple as his having had “remember me” checked so that when you went to check your email it “touched” his and recorded your IP address before you logged in as yourself. Similarly, if you use a different browser, both accounts could have been logged in simultaneously. Finally, if he’s running a tool like GTalk or the Gmail notifier, these too could have retained a persistent connection to Google and his account while you read your email. 7 comments on “Is it possible to hack an IP address?” Reading the full text of the question, I think something obvious has been missed. “While I was using my friend’s laptop…” would indicate to me that both Gmail accounts were indeed accessed by the same machine. I don’t know how Gmail works, or how the laptop is set up, but it may be as simple as the laptop automatically accessing the friend’s e-mails through Outlook or something similar in the background, and the person posing the question accessing their own Gmail via the web. “The protocol is such that you’d be assigned a new one immediately, and you’d never notice, but I’ve seen it happen.” It’s not always “invisible” when the IP address changes. I know someone who had his business on a dynamic IP connection. The address would stay the same for days on end, until, that is, someone would try to ftp a file to his system. (My guess is that his TOS didn’t allow him to run servers on his connection, unless he upgraded to the static IP service.) Within seconds of starting the ftp, his IP address would change. Which, in turn, killed any active connection, like ftp and telnet, regardless of which was the “server” and which was the “client”. Umm.. spoofing a WAN IP address is not a hard task these days, yet do I think someone that doesn’t know how NAT’n works spoofed an IP address… Probably not. I am not getting yahoo email from my normal contacts. A few days ago on one of my yahoo accounts, i was forwarding emails to one of my other accounts, “news letters”, then in that process there was a notification “your account is unusable for a period of time as it is detected as a spam account.” something like that/ I am not a spammer. Another one of my friends had to open a gmail account instead of his normal isp email. Is there some radical changes eliminating email perse? Speaking of Yahoo, be EXTREMELY careful with them. I had a Yahoo account with them for THIRTEEN YEARS. However, last month I suddenly was unable to get into that account. One option offered was “Forgot password?”. I took that route and after a couple of screens I got a message saying that I needed to contact customer support. I did. Two days later, I was told that my account had been cancelled for violating TOS ?!? No explanations whatsoever. I answered asking what violation I had committed. 3 days later I got a message saying they could not tell me any more and that was that. Fortunately, I had absolutely nothing valuable with them. But, if someone hacks your Yahoo account, expect ABSOLUTELY NOTHING from Yahoo !! They will be useless. I believe I was hacked recently…with someone using my IP address,e-mail, and eventually my bank account to order some program on line..I have been charged and the bank resfuses to fight this since the company says my IP address came from my computer…is this possible? Does anyone have physical or remote access to your computer or to your router? In order to come from your IP the transaction would have to come from your computer or home network. This can also be the result of malware running on your machine.

<urn:uuid:8d0010a9-9d85-45db-8582-950ddab62f42>

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https://askleo.com/is_it_possible_to_hack_an_ip_address/

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A Student's "Fresh" Take on Trash A University of Michigan student takes initiative to clean up the nearly 22 million pounds of plastic in the Great Lakes by establishing sustainable brand, Oshki. Oshki (meaning "fresh" in Native American Ojibwe) repurposes plastic waste found in the Great Lakes to make recycled polyester for t-shirts. It takes about six bottles worth of plastic trash to make one t-shirt. Oshki's entire supply chain is located within the United States, with its recycled polyester produced in North Carolina, its cotton sourced from South Carolina, and a design team located in Michigan. Five percent of all company proceeds are donated to non-profits dedicated to preserving the Great Lakes. To learn more, read the Michigan Radio article here. To buy an Oshki t-shirt, click here.

<urn:uuid:b5742213-f0fb-413b-9ae5-1bdc9a05c6a6>

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https://www.highfashionlowimpact.com/post/a-student-s-fresh-take-on-trash

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5G Networks and Connectivity Era refer to the fifth generation of wireless mobile networks, which promise to deliver faster speeds, lower latency, and more reliable connections than previous generations. The technology is designed to enable a range of new applications, including smart cities, autonomous vehicles, and virtual reality experiences. One of the key features of 5G networks is their ability to transmit data at extremely high speeds. This is achieved through the use of millimeter-wave frequencies, which have a higher bandwidth than the frequencies used in previous generations of wireless networks. As a result, 5G networks can support data speeds of up to 20 Gbps, which is more than 100 times faster than 4G networks. Another key feature of 5G Networks and Connectivity Era is their low latency, or the time it takes for data to travel between a device and a network. 5G networks have a latency of just one millisecond, which is up to 50 times faster than 4G networks. This makes 5G networks ideal for applications that require real-time responsiveness, such as virtual reality and autonomous vehicles. In addition to faster speeds and lower latency, 5G networks are also designed to be more reliable than previous generations of wireless networks. This is achieved through the use of advanced technologies such as beamforming, which allows the network to focus its signal in specific directions, and network slicing, which enables the creation of virtual networks that can be customized to meet the needs of specific applications. Challenges of 5G networks One of the main challenges of 5G networks is the need for a significant amount of new infrastructure to support the technology. This includes the installation of new cell towers, as well as the deployment of small cells and other infrastructure in urban areas. In addition, the high frequencies used by 5G networks have a shorter range than the frequencies used by previous generations of wireless networks, which means that more infrastructure is needed to provide coverage. Despite these challenges, the potential benefits of 5G networks are significant. The technology is expected to enable a range of new applications, from autonomous vehicles and smart cities to remote surgery and immersive gaming experiences. In addition, 5G networks are expected to have a significant impact on industries such as healthcare, manufacturing, and logistics, by enabling new levels of automation and connectivity. However, there are also concerns about the potential risks associated with 5G networks. These include issues such as cybersecurity and privacy, as well as potential health risks associated with exposure to high-frequency radiation. As such, it will be important for regulators and industry leaders to work together to address these issues and ensure that the benefits of 5G networks are realized in a safe and responsible manner.

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How do you name an article? So your title is arguably the most important part of your article….Use Numbers. This is the key ingredient in writing catchy titles for articles: use numbers! Include the Word ‘Guide’ Create a Knowledge Deficit or ‘Curiosity Gap’ Solve a Problem. Avoidance of Pain. Change The Reader’s Life. Fear of Failure. Use Negatives. Do you italicize the name of an article in an essay? should be italicized and shorter works like poems, articles, etc. should be put in quotations. For example, a book title would be placed in italics but an article title would be placed in quotation marks. How do you cite an article in text apa? When using APA format, follow the author-date method of in-text citation. This means that the author’s last name and the year of publication for the source should appear in the text, for example, (Jones, 1998), and a complete reference should appear in the reference list at the end of the paper. Can you italicize in text messages? The Bold, Italics and Underline are not a feature of the keyboard, rather they are the features of the app and the specific input form where you are entering the data. Or you can use *YOUR TEXT* to get bold, _YOUR TEXT_ for italics etc. How do you italicize on mobile? Double tap the text you want to format. Tap Format, then choose a formatting option like bolding, italics, or changing the font color. How do you make text bold in text? On Samsung, you simply go to Settings then tap Display and Font Style to produce a list of font options. Scroll through these options to find a nice bold typeface. How do you underscore text? For Android phones, bring up the keyboard and press the “? 123” key to go to the symbols page. Tap the “underscore” key to type the symbol. It is located on the first page of symbols, so you don’t have to do anything else. What is the BIU button? This time the bar includes the option “B-I-U” (bold, italics, underline). If you are looking at a smaller screen (the iPhone) you may have to touch an arrow on the side of the bar to extend it in order to see this option. Tap the “BIU”, and your options of “Bold, Italics, and Underline” become clear. Where is Biu button on iPhone? Easy! Double-tap a word to highlight it and drag the indicators to select multiple words if you want. Then, a menu will pop up. Tap “BIU” here, then select from one of the four options: Bold, Italic, Underline, or Strikethrough. Can you do italics on iPhone? Italics is just as easy: Select the text you want to be bold. Tap the arrow on the menu bar. Tap on the Italic button. How do you put a line through words? When you’ve got your text selected, look on the “Home” tab of Word’s Ribbon. In the “Font” group, click the “Strikethrough” button (it’s the three letters with a line drawn through them). Now, any text you had selected should be struck through. You can also apply strikethrough formatting using the Font window. What is the shortcut to make a line through text? To access the Font dialog box using a keyboard shortcut and then apply Strikethrough:Select the text you want to strikethrough.Press Ctrl + D. The Font dialog box appears.Press Alt + K to select Strikethrough (note that k is the underlined letter).Press Enter.

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Researchers Have Devised A Way To Charge Smartphones With Ambient Light These days, we use our cell phones for a lot more than just making calls. Smartphones have become essential tools for monitoring our health, interacting with our vehicles, and entering the world of augmented reality. But these expanded smartphone functions have brought with them the need for us to find new ways to keep our cell phones charged. Recently, some have attempted to power smartphones through wireless power transmission or by capturing the kinetic energy of the user’s movements. Now, researchers have devised a method to charge cell phones with ambient light. Scientists at Dracula Technologies, a French solar energy company, have developed “LAYER” technology — short for “Light As Your Energetic Response.” Essentially, LAYERs are thin, flexible solar cells that can be manufactured using an inkjet printer. A PRINTED CHARGER These cost-effective, foldable sheets are composed of a unique conductive plastic that can capture energy from both solar and artificial light — making this technology much more versatile than many of its predecessors. A LAYER could either be printed onto the electronic device itself, or a larger sheet could be fixed to something that might capture more light, such as a backpack. That object, then, would be hooked up to the device. “You can imagine printing it on a t-shirt and using that to charge your phone,” Sadok Ben Dkhil, a materials physicist with Dracula Technologies, said in an interview with New Scientist. These solar cells only take about an hour to print and can be customized in shape and color, or even transparent. While the researchers are still looking for ways to shorten the time it takes the solar cells to charge cell phones, they are confident that the technology is almost ready for real-world applications. “In a few months’ time, we should be able to charge a smartphone,” Ben Dkhil said in the interview. Image Credit: Pixabay.com I am Luke Miller, content manager at Truth Theory and creator of Potential For Change. I like to blend psychology and spirituality to help you create more happiness in your life.Grab a copy of my free 33 Page Illustrated eBook- Psychology Meets Spirituality- Secrets To A Supercharged Life You Control Here

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FTD Changes Over Time Mom says things started to change a few years ago but we didn’t know what was happening. Now we know things are getting harder for Dad because of FTD. At first he said things that didn’t make sense. Now he hardly talks at all. Sometimes now he forgets how to be safe when we’re out and Mom makes sure someone is with him. Grandma and Grandpa come over to help almost every day. Mom says things will keep changing with Dad as the FTD keeps changing his brain. It stinks for all of us; but we know he can’t help it. Kids often know there is trouble even before the doctor says it’s FTD. Things you could once count on now start to change – maybe your mom doesn’t go to your school activities as much as she used to or your dad doesn’t tuck you into bed anymore. Maybe there are fewer fun times that you have together as a family. FTD changes the way a person thinks and acts. The problems start slowly and may not be noticed at first. Little by little the person has more that make it harder for them to do everyday things. The doctors call FTD a , which means it gets worse over time. As the disease gets worse, the person will need more help from others. You may notice differences between the person now and how your remember them from pictures when you were younger. Someone with FTD may not be able to say or show their feelings in the right way because of FTD. It is important to remember that their responses are not your fault. The disease changes how they act and talk, but it does not change their love for you. What happens next? Kids often want to know what changes to expect next but with FTD this is very hard for even the best doctors to say. FTD is different for every person. Also, things can change from one day to the next. No one can say exactly what part of the brain will stop working next or what activity will become hard. But in general, doctors talk about the symptoms of FTD going from the early stage, to the middle stage and then to the late stage. In the early stage the person with FTD is probably still able to work, drive, and take care of things at home. People outside the family, who don’t see things every day like the family does, may be surprised and may not think the person has a disease at all. Someone in the early stage does not feel sick and may not know there is anything wrong with them. You may notice that things seem different from before. Some days may seem mostly normal while on other days it can be especially hard. This can be very confusing. Talking to your healthy parent can help make sense of all the things that are changing. In the middle stage it is common for people with FTD to start to do things that seem strange, especially for grown-ups. They may not go to work anymore. They may have trouble talking clearly or use the wrong words for things. They may watch TV for hours or not talk at all when you see them. They may tell the same story over and over or eat lots of the same food every day. They may need reminders to take a shower or change their clothes and they may need help to finish a job. Most people with FTD will stop driving because it becomes harder to pay attention to too many things at once. It may not be safe for them to go out on their own or be home alone. That is because they cannot make good decisions. You may notice that the person is sad, angry, moody, or nervous. They may not ask how your day was or notice how you feel. They may not be able to comfort you when you are sad. A mom or dad with FTD might do or say things that make you really upset. They may not seem to care that you are crying, or that they may play too rough. All these things are happening because they are sick. They don’t do these things on purpose; they can’t help it. Be sure to ask for help anytime you are scared or upset by something the person does or says. As FTD damages the brain more and more, even really simple things become hard. The person with FTD may need help eating with a fork and knife or might need food that is soft and easy to swallow. They may forget how to use the bathroom. Some people in this stage still walk and are active but others may need a wheelchair to get around. It is normal at this stage for someone with FTD to forget even very important things like who their family and friends are or what your name is. They may forget how to talk. They may get upset that they don’t know the people around them or they may stop acting like they care about anything at all. They will no longer be like the person who took care of you. At this stage, they may start acting more like a child and will need someone to take care of them. Some families ask friends and relatives to come to your house to help. Others get help from people who are paid to take care of people who are sick and come to your house. Over time, the person with FTD needs so much help that it may become too hard to take care of them at home. They may be safer and more comfortable living in a special place, which may be called an assisted living facility or a nursing home. At those places, there are doctors and nurses who can take care of the person with FTD 24-hours a day. Learn more about by clicking here. What you can do Not knowing what to expect can be really frustrating. Whether you feel angry or sad, confused, embarrassed or scared, talk to your healthy parent. They can help you find good ways to deal with your feelings. There are other kids who have someone they love who is sick with FTD just like YOU do. They have written stories and drawn pictures about what it’s like for them so you don’t feel alone. Check it out! Dad is a pretty big guy and when he started to fuss about taking a shower Mom needed help. Now a woman comes from an agency three times a week to help. Connor and I don’t like having her in our house. But she does know how to help Dad and having her here let’s Mom spend a little time with us.

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As we navigate this pandemic, many people are turning to nature for solace, enjoyment, or just a change of pace. Getting outdoors is a healthy response to the stressful and intense times we are living through. The Nature Conservancy is focused on the safety and health of our staff, partners and supporters. This means that all TNC offices in Colorado are closed and our staff are working remotely. But if you like to get outside, there are many places open to the public where you can see the impact and lasting legacy of TNC’s work. These destinations can be perfect day trips for hiking, watching wildlife, learning about conservation and enjoying nature. We remind you to follow local regulations and guidance when traveling during this time. Make sure to confirm that areas you’re visiting are currently welcoming visitors, explore at a safe social distance, wear masks when required and avoid large gatherings. With safety in mind, check out this list of places to see in Colorado! First, there are several TNC preserves—land owned and stewarded by TNC—in Colorado that are open to the public dawn to dusk. Click on the preserve name for visitor information and to learn what makes these places important for conservation. 1. High Creek Fen Preserve Located 8.5 miles south of Fairplay, High Creek Fen is an astonishing vestige of the last Ice Age and contains more rare plant species than any other wetland known in Colorado. 2. Aiken Canyon A 20-minute drive from Colorado Springs, Aiken Canyon offers beautiful scenery and wildlife viewing in the zone where mountains meet plains. 3. Yampa River About 20 minutes west of Steamboat Springs, the Yampa River Preserve harbors one of the largest remaining examples of a rare riverside forest dominated by narrowleaf cottonwood, box elder, and red-osier dogwood. 4. San Miguel River In Southwest Colorado, three TNC preserves support rare streamside habitat along more than 30 miles of the San Miguel River. Destinations Within Two Hours of Denver In addition to our preserves, TNC’s lasting impacts can also been seen across Colorado. The places listed below are open to the public, including some off-the-beaten path destinations to explore! 5. Mueller State Park and Dome Rock State Wildlife Area Teddy Roosevelt visited the Mueller Ranch west of Colorado Springs in 1901 and exclaimed that the scenery was “such as to bankrupt the English language!” Recognizing that the property was threatened by development, TNC purchased the 12,000-acre ranch in 1978. The area is host to wildlife including eagles, elk, black bear and Rocky Mountain big horn sheep. The original ranch is now divided into two state-owned areas: Mueller State Park and Dome Rock State Wildlife Area. Mueller State Park offers 36 miles of mountain biking trails, picnic areas, log cabins, camping and hiking. Dome Rock State Wildlife Area, a prime calving ground for Rocky Mountain bighorn sheep, offers seasonal hunting and fishing, but visitors must have a valid hunting or fishing license to access the area. 6. Boulder Creek In Boulder, you don’t have to go far to see TNC’s influence on people and nature! Boulder Creek flows with water that TNC helped purchase in 1983. This transaction was the first time in Colorado that a water right was converted from agricultural use to an instream flow, benefitting the river and surrounding habitat. Instream flows are now a common conservation tool to protect water running in rivers for plants and wildlife. Today, Boulder Creek is popular for swimming, fishing, tubing, kayaking, walking, biking and more. Enjoy the creek by walking or biking the Boulder Creek path, picnicking in Eben G. Fine Park, or birdwatching in the restored prairie and ponds north of CU Boulder’s East Campus. 7. White Rocks Nature Preserve Near Gunbarrel, the White Rocks Trailhead takes you through the rolling hills of a grassland ecosystem. TNC and the City of Boulder entered into an agreement in 1982 to purchase White Rocks Nature Preserve and place a conservation easement on approximately 200 acres adjacent to Teller Lake and Teller Preserve. The area is host to magnificent sandstone outcroppings and supports a wide variety of wildlife including a heron rookery, barn owls and mule deer. Multi-use and handicap-accessible trails are available at White Rocks, with connections to the Teller Farm. 8. Heil Valley Ranch In 1994, TNC helped purchase the Heil Valley Ranch and transfer it to the City of Boulder. Today, the park has trails for hiking, mountain biking and horseback riding, while still protecting large, connected habitat for wildlife. The 6,231-acre ranch is home to over 50 species of mammals and nearly 100 species of birds. Golden eagles and prairie falcons nest in the cliffs and canyons. While picnic shelters and tables are currently closed, restrooms are available, and the variety of trails and scenery make for a great outing close to the Front Range. 9. Bluff Lake Nature Center Bluff Lake is a unique urban wildlife refuge in north Denver. It is Denver’s largest open space managed as native habitat. The Bluff Lake Nature Center is dedicated to educating and inspiring people of all ages to respect, protect, and connect with our natural world. More than 8,000 local school children come to Bluff Lake each year to enjoy nature or to take part in scheduled programs or events. TNC in Colorado partners with Bluff Lake to make youth education programs accessible to low-income and underserved children in north Denver neighborhoods. Bluff Lake is open to visitors daily, sunrise to sunset, and offers several walking or jogging trails as well as a self-guided nature tour oriented toward kids. Destinations More Than Two Hours from Denver 10. Great Sand Dunes National Park The Great Sand Dunes National Park and Preserve is one of the most biologically significant landscapes of its size in the state. It has several rare insect species, like the Great Sand Dunes tiger beetle, that are found nowhere else in the world. Together with TNC’s Medano and Zapata Ranches, which lie just south of the dunes, the landscape is considered one of Colorado’s hotspots because of the abundance of native and rare species and its connection to vast conserved areas (including the Baca National Wildlife Refuge and the Sangre de Cristo Wilderness Area). In 2000, TNC worked with residents of the San Luis Valley, National Park Service staff, and elected officials to develop legislation to designate the park. In 2004, TNC acquired the 97,000-acre Baca Ranch, which was essential to establishing the national park. Great Sand Dunes National Park is open to the public for hiking, camping, surfing the dunes, playing in Medano Creek, and more. It’s also an International Dark Sky Park, where you can see the Milky Way on dark nights. 11. North Star Preserve A popular river destination near Aspen for paddle boarding and floating the in the summer, the North Star Preserve was once a historic ranch. In the 1960s and 70s, the ranch was slated for development for up to 1,500 homes. TNC purchased 175 acres of North Star Ranch in 1977 and transferred it to Pitkin County, which began managing the property as the first nature preserve in the county. North Star supports high biological diversity, with at least 107 species of birds and many animals including elk, coyotes, black bears, and bobcats. An especially unique feature is a great blue heron colony, one of only 63 in Colorado. The North Star colony is thought to be one of very few occurring above 8,000 feet. Visit North Star for floating the river or walking the trails. Please remain on trails and do not venture into closed areas of the preserve. 12. Keystone Gorge Just outside of Telluride, Keystone Gorge features a moderate 2.5-mile loop trail that goes through aspen groves and fir forests and over several crossings of the San Miguel River. The trail lies on a 40-acre parcel that TNC protected in 2006 and transferred to San Miguel County in 2009. The trail offers river views, historic mining ruins, and a quiet adventure close to town. Hikers recommend starting down the south part of the loop, which follows the Galloping Goose trail and is an old railroad grade and hiking up the steeper north side. 13. Picket Wire Canyonlands These canyons in the Comanche National Grasslands are home to the largest dinosaur track site in North America. Over 1,900 prints in 130 separate trackways extend across a quarter mile of bedrock along the Purgatoire River. This area provides a window into the ecology, history and paleontology of canyon country in southeast Colorado. While TNC wasn’t involved in its protection, in the early 1990s the Colorado Natural Heritage Program (at the time under the leadership of Chris Pague, now Senior Conservation Ecologist for TNC in Colorado) did an ecological inventory of the area. The data gleaned from that effort, and Chris’ personal experience, served as the wakeup call that elevated the little-known region to one of TNC’s biggest conservation priorities. Since then, TNC and our partners have conserved more than 600,000 acres of grasslands in the area. To visit, you can camp at the Withers Trailhead, where there is also a short, 1-mile loop trail with big views. Otherwise, be prepared for heat and long hikes—it’s 11.5 miles roundtrip to see the dinosaur tracks. 14. Black Canyon of the Gunnison National Park One of the first big western successes in water conservation occurred here when TNC negotiated the transfer of a large water right from a coal mining company in 1988. Instead of a building a dam, the company donated the water rights to TNC to be dedicated to instream flows for the Gunnison River through the area that became the national park. Now, the canyon is loved for its spectacular views, hiking, fishing, rafting and rock climbing. The visitor center is currently closed but viewpoints and trails are open. 15. Fishers Peak State Park South of Trinidad, Colorado, Fishers Peak was purchased by TNC and the Trust for Public Land in 2019 and transferred to the state in 2020 to become our next—and second-largest—state park. As of October 2020, a small part of Fishers Peak State Park—250 acres—is open to the public. This section of the park includes a ¾-mile trail, a picnic area, and scenic views, and requires a Colorado Parks and Wildlife vehicle pass to enter. As the rest of the park undergoes a planning process, this is a great way to glimpse the incredible landscape and wildlife in the area.

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Mental health is a vital aspect of overall health, but roadblocks such as societal stigmas, lack of awareness and misunderstanding treatment options can make it difficult for individuals to get the help they need. National Recovery Month provides the opportunity to promote the message that everyone can benefit from behavioral health services. The History of National Recovery Month National Recovery Month was launched in 1989 by the National Association of Alcoholism and Drug Abuse Counselors (NAADAC) and was originally called Treatment Works! Month. Its primary goal was to celebrate the work of addiction specialists who help individuals overcome substance abuse. Nine years later in 1998, the focus expanded to include not only the professionals who treat substance abuse disorders but also those who do the hard work of overcoming addiction. The name was changed to National Alcohol and Drug Addiction Recovery Month to reflect this shift. In 2011, the event underwent another change, this time to its modern-day form as National Recovery Month. This change was made to recognize other aspects of behavior health such as eating and drinking habits, addictive behavior patterns and mental illness. The focus of this month-long event, which takes place every September, is to educate Americans on mental illnesses and addiction disorders while also celebrating the hard work of mental healthcare professionals and those seeking recovery. Increasing public awareness on issues related to behavioral health helps to normalize the conversation and point to the success of professional treatment. The Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) and National Recovery Month The Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) originally launched National Recovery Month to celebrate success stories and encourage Americans to get the help they need. Every year, the SAMHSA selected a theme and created a toolkit that organizations could use for their outreach initiatives. In 2014, for example, the theme was “Speak Up, Reach Out” to encourage individuals to openly discuss mental and substance use disorders and help others obtain help. In 2020, the theme was “Join the Voices of Recovery: Celebrating Connections,” with a focus on honoring the strength and resilience of those living in recovery as well as those seeking treatment. By 2020, SAMHSA was working with a network of over 300 partnering organizations that helped with event development, creating materials that could be distributed, obtaining funding, marketing and putting together the Recovery Month Toolkit. A Change in Sponsorship In June of 2020, SAMHSA announced that it would no longer put together National Recovery Month stakeholders, develop annual themes and toolkits, or manage the event calendar. However, the administration remains an ardent supporter of National Recovery Month, and it continued to host weekly seminars during the event in 2020 to cover topics such as medication-assisted treatment and how communities and employers can support recovery. In 2021 and going forward, National Recovery Month is being sponsored once again by NAADAC, the organization that launched the earliest annual events. What Is NAADAC? NAADAC was originally launched under the Comprehensive Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism Treatment, Rehabilitation and Prevention Act in the 1970s. It was first called the National Association of Alcoholism Counselors and Trainers, and then in 1974, it became the National Association of Addiction Counselors. In the 1980s, it changed its name to the current National Association of Alcoholism and Drug Abuse Counselors. Today, it’s the largest membership organization for healthcare professionals who focus on addiction treatment. It represents more than 100,000 addiction counselors, educators and others in the field in 47 U.S. states, Canada and abroad. Over the years, the NAADAC has played a significant role in raising awareness of addiction treatment options and supporting mental healthcare professionals. It operates the National Certification Commission for Addiction Professionals (NCC AP), which offers seven national certifications and endorsements for addiction professionals. It also has multiple membership levels for individuals and organizations, providing access to benefits such as telehealth platforms and professional liability insurance. In recent years, the NAADAC has promoted awareness on mental health issues and educated lawmakers on how addiction is a disease experienced by people of all demographics and walks of life. The administration has given light to how certain populations are underserved and have limited access to behavioral health services. It has also overseen studies on how the pandemic has impacted the number of drug overdoses and increases in substance use. Along with starting National Recovery Month, the NAADAC has partnered with SAMHSA in the past for the event. It has hosted free webinars and highlighted state initiatives and professional practices that have been effective in addressing substance abuse. National Recovery Month 2021 The theme of 2021 National Recovery Month is “Recovery is For Everyone: Every Person, Every Family, Every Community.” The focus is to remind people that while everyone’s experience with addiction is unique, no one who’s going through treatment and recovery is alone. As with past years, 2021 Recovery Month is oriented around educating the public about substance use disorders and co-occurring disorders. It also highlights the effectiveness of treatment and recovery services and showcases stories of successful recoveries. To reflect the changes in sponsorship, Faces & Voices of Recovery created an updated National Recovery Month website. This site has a calendar of events, banners, logos, flyers and social media tools. It also features the free downloadable 2021 Recovery Month Toolkit. The kit has several sections, including: - Media Outreach, which has instructions for planning community events and activities and templates to send to media outlets - Targeted Outreach, which provides information to the public on the benefits of recovery and tips for navigating the process - Resources, which are available to help cultivate partnerships with local organizations and plan and prepare for events - Join the Voices for Recovery, a special section that features real-life examples of those who are recovering from mental illnesses or substance addictions How to Support National Recovery Month For those who are living with a mental illness or addiction, National Recovery Month is a great time to reach out for help. For those who are already pursuing recovery, this event provides the opportunity to celebrate addiction recovery and help others understand the effectiveness of treatment. Individuals have several ways to get involved with National Recovery Month. Share Their Experience Taking a step back and appreciating their hard work isn’t something that everyone feels comfortable doing, but it can be an important part of the recovery process. Individuals pursuing recovery for mental illness or addiction can share their experiences and take pride in what they’ve accomplished. Talking about their journey can be inspiring to others who want to pursue treatment. Celebrating past milestones can inspire individuals to set new goals and strengthen their resolve for continued health. Setting new goals is important for improved physical and mental health, so individuals in recovery may want to take this time to consider what they hope to celebrate during next year’s National Recovery Month. Attend a Webinar Series Attending an online webinar is a great opportunity to learn strategies for recovery, get information on how communities promote addiction treatment and hear about others’ experiences with treatment. Some topics covered in 2021 National Recovery Month include addressing burnout and an overview of the multiple pathways to recovery. Attend a Community Event Communities across the country are hosting events to raise behavioral health awareness and celebrate National Recovery Month, including special events with speakers and live entertainment, conferences and exhibitions. Individuals can find out if there’s an event near them by referring to the calendar of events.

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LESSON # 68 HOLY QUR’AAN BAQARAH – 2 An Other Arrogance Of Israelite Verse –55 of 286, Section – 6 And when ye said: O Moses! We will not believe in thee till we see Allah manifestly; and even while ye gazed the lightning seized you. Wa ‘iz qultum yaa-Muusaa lan-nu’-mina laka hattaa naral-laaha jahratan- fa-‘akhazat-kumus-saa-‘iqatu wa ‘antum tanzuruun. Naraa – (we will see). The Prophet Moses (peace be upon Him) brought chosen seventy persons from the children of Israel on the Mountain Sinai for listening to the Speech of God Almighty. When they listened to the Speech they said, “O Moses! We do not believe on listening from the veil. Show us with eyes. ‘Akhazat-kumus-saa-‘iqatu – (the lightning seized you). The children of Israel were falsifying the speech of Prophet Moses (peace be upon Him) and claiming that they would see the God openly otherwise they would not believe on Him. So they were punished as the lightning fell suddenly upon them from which their eyes were dazzled and their eyesight made unable to see anything. It has been discussed earlier that when the Prophet Moses (peace be upon Him) went on the Mountain Sinai for getting Guide Book (Torah) for the children of Israel, then they started worship of the calf in His absence and involved in plurality of God. When He returned, it was announced by the God Almighty to kill them as punishment of plurality. Even now they started killing each other. At that time the God, the Most High relented and their penitence was accepted. Then seventy old-men from the children of Israel claimed that they would go on the Mount of Sinai with the Prophet Moses to listen the Speech of the God Almighty. Prophet Moses brought them with Him. He instructed them to stay in the foot of Mountain and went on the Mountain Himself. The God Almighty spoke with the Prophet Moses (peace be upon Him) and after returning He told them. Then they said, “We wish to see the God Almighty with our eyes”. Due to their opposing and refusal openly they were punished and the lightning fell down upon them, and they expired. After looking how big miracles and getting favors of the God Almighty the children of Israel could not leave their old bad habits. They wished to see the God Almighty with these material eyes which is impossible. So they were punished like this. Transliteration in Roman Script, English Translation by Marmaduke Pickthall, Published by Paak Company, 17-Urdu Bazar, Lahore and Paraphrase collected from Dars e Qur’aan published By Idara Islah wa Tableegh, Lahore (translated by Muhammad Sharif Fauji) (http://hltsharif.blogspot.com)

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In this article, we will discuss two open source database management system i.e. MySQL and PostgreSQL. Where MySQL is the product of Oracle Corporation and PostgreSQL is the product of Global Development Group. Which one is best to use? The answer to this question varies from programmer to programmer. This depends on the requirement of the application or website that a programmer is creating. Both MySQL and PostgreSQL differ in many aspects. Let us discuss the differences between MySQL and PostgreSQL with the help of comparison chart shown below. Content: MySQL Vs PostgreSQL |Basis for Comparison||MySQL||PostgreSQL| |Basic||MySQL is a relational database management system.||PostgreSQL is an object-relational database management system.| |Product||MySQL is the product of Oracle Corporation.||PostgreSQL is the product of Global Development Group.| |Operating System||MySQL is supported by Windows, Mac OS X, Linux, BSD, UNIX, z/OS, Symbian, AmigaOS.||Postgre is supported by Windows, Mac OS X, Linux and BSD but not by UNIX, z/OS, Symbian, AmigaOS.| |Extensible||MySQL is not extensible.||PostgreSQL is highly extensible.| |Interface||In MySQL, the phpMyAdmin tool provides GUI.||In PostgreSQL, the pgAdmin tool provides GUI.| |Backup||Mysqldump, and XtraBackup provides backup in MySQL.||PostgresSQL provides online backup.| |Materialized View||MySQL provides temporary table, but not provide materialized View.||PostgreSQL provides temporary table as well as materialized View.| |Data Domain Object||MySQL does not provide the Data Domain Object.||PostgreSQL provides the Data Domain Object.| Definition of MySQL MySQL is an open source relational database management system. MySQL’s name is the combination of the name of co-founder’s Michael Widenius daughter “My” and SQL the abbreviation for Structured Query Language. MySQL is the product of Oracle Corporation. MySQL supports the lot of the standard of SQL. When it comes to operating system MySQL is supported by almost all the operating systems like Windows, Mac OS X, Linux, BSD, UNIX, z/OS, Symbian, AmigaOS. The MySQL database system is used on the web for adding, accessing and managing data online. In MySQL, phpMyAdmin tool is responsible for providing GUI and SQL interface. MySQL does not offer backup option but, it uses Mysqldump, and XtraBackup tool to provide backup. MySQL offers the temporary tables but does not provide materialized view. Because MySQL is only relational database management hence, it does not provide data domain object. Definition of PostgreSQL PostgreSQL is an open source object-relational database management system. The Global Development Group develops PostgreSQL. It uses the lots of standard of SQL. The PostgreSQL is fully ACID compliant. Foreign Key support, triggers, and Union are available in PostgreSQL. PostgreSQL is supported by Windows, Mac OS X, Linux and BSD operating systems but not by UNIX, z/OS, Symbian, AmigaOS operating system. PostgreSQL programming language is highly extensible. The PostgreSQL uses the pgAdmin tool to provide GUI and SQL interface. PostgresSQL offers an online backup option. It provides the temporary tables and also the materialized view. and it also provides data domain object. Key Differences Between MySQL and PostgreSQL - The architectural difference between MySQL and PostgreSQL is that MySQL is a relational database management system whereas, PostgresSQL is object-relational database management system. - MySQL is supported by the following operating system, Windows, Mac OS X, Linux, BSD, UNIX, z/OS, Symbian, AmigaOS. However, the PostgreSQL is supported by Windows, Mac OS X, Linux and BSD but not by UNIX, z/OS, Symbian, AmigaOS. - MySQL is the product of Oracle Corporation while PostgreSQL is a product of Global Development Group. - My SQL programming language is not extensible whereas, the programming language PostgreSQL is highly extensible. - In MySQL, the phpMyAdmin tool provides GUI and SQL interface. However, in PostgreSQL, the pgAdmin tool provides GUI and SQL interface. - In MySQL, Mysqldump, and XtraBackup tools provides backup. On the other hands, PostgresSQL provides complete backup online. - MySQL provides temporary tables but does not provide materialized view. However, PostgreSQL provides temporary table and also the materialized view. - MySQL does not offers data domain object whereas, PostgreSQL provide data domain object. It is not necessary that MySQL is better than PostgreSQL or vice-versa. It depends upon what are the requirement of the programmer to design the web application or website. wowwww nice article. Pepe Hands says this is very informational. A very good article…

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Disney Conservation Fund Celebrates 20 Years with New Initiatives The Disney Conservation Fund was launched on Earth Day in 1995 and so far has helped 330 nonprofit organizations and over 400 different animal species through donations and active participation in in the field. The Fund also has succeeded in connecting millions of children and families with nature. To celebrate two decades of success, the Conservation Fund is renewing their efforts by launching two tandem programs: Reverse the Decline and Increase the Time. Reverse the Decline focuses Disney’s active participation in environmental and animal conservation programs. Their scientists, veterinarians, and other specialists will be working to create measurable methods and goals to help form strategies that can be applied in the field to create the best impact. Disney is working to bring professionals and organizations across a variety of areas into a closer working relationship to further research and community engagement. The Reverse the Decline initiative will focus on 10 animal groups to help protect habitats and prevent further species loss. See below for a full list and descriptions. Increase the Time, the second part of the program, focuses on providing opportunities for kids to get outdoors. By promoting a connection with nature and direct involvement with conservation programs, Disney hopes to increase awareness of how integral man and nature really are in the big picture and foster the next generation of conservationists. The Conservation Fund provides donations to several nonprofit organizations, such as 4H, National Park Foundation, and National Wildlife Federation, to support outdoor and learning programs. Disney parks also is a major player is providing learning opportunities for kids, such as the Wilderness Explorers at Animal Kingdom where they can visit stations around the park and learn about different animals and cultures in between thrill rides with their families. Since 2012 the DCF increased their dedication to this area and has already helped connect over 50 million kids with the great outdoors. For more information on the Disney Conservation Fund, such as programs and nonprofit organizations which receive donations, click here to visit their website. The 10 threatened species targeted in the Reverse the Decline program include: Big Cats: The Sumatran tiger is critically endangered as a result of poaching, both of tigers and their prey species; high rates of habitat loss as a result of human encroachment, deforestation, and forest fires; illegal wildlife trade; and the killing of tigers involved in human-tiger conflict. A consortium of Sumatra-based organizations aims to increase Sumatran tiger population levels by reducing poaching and illegal trade, encouraging community engagement, and improving the management of protected areas. Butterflies: In many cultures, butterflies are considered beautiful symbolic creatures; but they are also important pollinators and indicators of environmental health and model organisms for studying the impact of habitat loss and climate change. Butterflies are threatened by loss, degradation and fragmentation of habitat. Disney is supporting work to identify the numerous at-risk butterfly species in Florida and California and to develop tailored conservation strategies for the most critical groups, including habitat restoration, captive breeding and reintroduction programs. Coral Reefs: Living coral reefs are diverse ecosystems built by colonies of tiny animals (corals) that support a vast array of marine organisms and help provide natural protective barriers to coastal erosion. Numerous threats to coral reefs include coral bleaching, reduced growth and dying reefs as a result of climate change and changing ocean chemistry caused through acidification; in addition, widespread disease, coastal development, anchor damage, predation, and invasive species contribute to their decline. Disney is collaborating with experts in the Caribbean to protect the shrinking Bahamian reefs through a comprehensive study, training, and actions such as limiting harmful human contact with existing reefs, promoting natural coral reef ecosystem resilience, setting up coral nurseries, and experimenting with reef rehabilitation techniques. Elephants: The African elephant is currently listed as a vulnerable species, due in large part to poaching driven by the illegal ivory trade. However, human-elephant conflict also contributes to elephant declines as many elephants are killed in retaliation for damaged crops and homes and even loss of human life. Disney is helping to reverse their decline by supporting work that addresses both poaching and human-elephant conflict, protects elephant habitat, promotes conservation legislation and helps train local conservationists. Great Apes: Gorillas and chimpanzees are among our closest relatives, yet they are threatened as a result of human activities. Grauer’s gorillas and eastern chimpanzees are two endangered great ape species found in the Eastern portion of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Their populations have dwindled due to hunting for bushmeat, capture for the illegal wildlife pet trade, and habitat loss and fragmentation. Disney’s support will help nonprofit organizations work with communities to reduce hunting, explore strategies to reintroduce rehabilitated apes to the wild, increase protection of great apes by local communities, and fund analysis and implementation of additional conservation strategies. Migratory Birds: Cranes are iconic birds, especially in China, where the Siberian crane overwinters before traveling to its breeding grounds in northern Russia. The Siberian crane is critically endangered due to the loss of wetland habitat along its migratory route. Disney is supporting work to monitor and protect the relevant stopover sites along the birds’ more-than-three-thousand-mile migration path. Monkeys: Disney is supporting work to protect two kinds of tamarins (tiny forest dwelling monkeys) – golden lion tamarins in Brazil and cotton-top tamarins in Colombia. Golden lion tamarins are threatened by forest habitat fragmentation due to urban development and Disney is supporting efforts in Brazil to restore the connections among enough forest fragments and golden-lion tamarin populations to save the species from extinction. In Colombia, Disney’s support is helping to protect and expand forest habitat, reduce the illegal wildlife trade, recycle more than three million plastic bags, and create alternative income sources for community members. Rhinos: The critically endangered Sumatran rhino is the smallest member of the rhinoceros family and is known for its distinct hairiness. While the exact number of remaining Sumatran rhinos is difficult to determine, some estimate the population at less than a hundred. Disney’s support will help nonprofit organizations to address the threats of habitat loss and poaching by improving the range and effectiveness of anti-poaching patrols, increasing population numbers through a conservation breeding program, working with local communities to stop forest encroachment, and working with the Indonesian government to implement a national protection strategy. Sea Turtles: The five species of endangered and threatened sea turtles in Florida face numerous threats including death in fisheries bycatch, loss of nesting and foraging habitats, and climate change. Disney’s support to Reverse the Decline of Florida’s sea turtles helps nonprofit organizations to combat the many threats to sea turtles by increasing public awareness, monitoring populations, and restoring marine habitat and beach nesting areas. Sharks and Rays: Many species of sharks and rays around the world are considered endangered, impacted by factors such as overfishing, loss of habitat, and pollution. Sharks and rays cannot easily overcome these threats because they are slow to mature and reproduce relative to other fish. Disney is supporting the recovery of sharks and rays by supporting the scientific management of fisheries, reducing the demand for shark and ray products, and advancing research to secure protected status for threatened species.

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Match structural and non-structural element If deformation-sensitive non-structural partition walls and facade elements (e.g. of masonry) are incorporated into a horizontally soft structure (e.g. a frame structure) without using joints, substantial damage may develop even for relatively weak earthquakes. Experience shows that in such cases a building must sometimes be demolished, even though the structure suffered no substantial damage. A modern earthquake resistant design must therefore match the stiffness of the structure and the deformation capacity of the non-structural partition walls and facade elements. The skillful selection and combination of structural and non-structural elements can prevent damages, even for relatively strong earthquakes.

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- This event has passed. Assistive Technology—Just One Thing (AT-JOT) Register For The Lunch Or After-School Session. March 15 @ 11:30 am - 12:00 pm MST Why Does My Paper Have Red Squiggly Lines? Composing and editing written material can be a difficult and frustrating process for many students with disabilities, especially as the demands continue to increase in middle and high school. Fortunately, many previously specialized tools are now built into word processing programs and available to all students as part Universal Design for Learning (UDL). For example, Microsoft Office 365 has tools such as Read Aloud, Dictate, and Editor easily accessible to help students in the writing process. We just have to teach students how to access and use these tools effectively. Come to this session to learn more about the various tools in Office 365 and for some ideas such as simple checklists and instructional videos to help your students find and use the tools independently.

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Sleep is often overlooked, yet it plays a crucial role in our overall well-being. In addition to physical rejuvenation, sleep has a profound impact on our mental health. Understanding the importance of restful sleep can help us prioritize our sleep habits and improve our mental well-being. The Importance of Sleep for Mental Health Quality sleep is essential for maintaining good mental health. When we sleep, our brains process emotions, consolidate memories, and regulate mood. Adequate sleep allows our brain to recharge, leading to improved concentration, productivity, and emotional stability. Lack of sleep, on the other hand, can contribute to a range of mental health issues such as anxiety, depression, and mood disorders. Factors Affecting Sleep Quality Getting a good night’s sleep is not just about feeling rested; it also has a significant impact on our mental health. Sleep plays a crucial role in regulating our emotions, consolidating memories, and sharpening our cognitive abilities. By understanding the connection between sleep and mental health, we can prioritize healthy sleep habits and change some aspects of the way we sleep to support our overall well-being. Here are some key factors that influence sleep quality and how they can affect our mental health: - Emotional Regulation: Adequate sleep helps regulate our emotions, enabling us to better handle stress, anxiety, and mood swings. Sleep deprivation can lead to increased irritability, difficulty managing emotions, and a higher risk of developing mood disorders. - Memory Consolidation: During sleep, our brains process and consolidate memories, facilitating learning and retention. Insufficient sleep can impair memory function, affecting our ability to recall information, learn new skills, and perform tasks effectively. - Cognitive Function: Quality sleep supports optimal cognitive function, including attention, concentration, problem-solving, and decision-making abilities. Inadequate sleep can lead to decreased alertness, poor focus, reduced productivity, and impaired cognitive performance. - Mental Health Disorders: Sleep disturbances are often linked to mental health disorders such as depression, anxiety, and bipolar disorder. Disrupted sleep patterns can exacerbate symptoms, contribute to mood instability, and impact overall mental well-being. - Stress Response: Sleep plays a vital role in regulating our body’s stress response system. Insufficient sleep can increase stress hormone levels, leading to heightened anxiety, reduced resilience, and a diminished ability to cope with daily challenges. - Psychiatric Vulnerability: Chronic sleep problems can increase the risk of developing psychiatric disorders. Individuals with insomnia, for example, are more likely to experience depression, anxiety, and other mental health conditions. - Overall Well-being: Good sleep is crucial for overall well-being and quality of life. It supports physical health, boosts energy levels, enhances mood, and promotes a sense of mental and emotional balance. Understanding these factors emphasizes the importance of prioritizing healthy sleep habits and creating an environment conducive to quality rest. By recognizing the impact of sleep on our mental health, we can make conscious efforts to optimize our sleep patterns and establish routines that promote restful sleep. The Role of Pillows in Sleep Quality Pillows play a significant role in ensuring a good night’s sleep. They provide support and alignment for our neck and spine, helping to alleviate discomfort and prevent muscle tension. Choosing the right pillow can make a substantial difference in sleep quality and overall well-being. The Benefits of Adjustable Pillows The growing popularity of adjustable pillows stems from their versatility and ability to accommodate individual preferences. These pillows provide the flexibility to customize the height and firmness, ensuring optimal support and comfort tailored to each person’s needs. By making personalized adjustments, individuals can alleviate pain, reduce snoring, and enhance overall sleep quality, ultimately contributing to better mental well-being. Introducing Cloudpillow – A Remarkable Sleep Companion Cloudpillow is an innovative adjustable pillow designed with the utmost consideration for sleep quality and comfort. It integrates cutting-edge technology and employs high-quality materials to create an unparalleled sleep experience. Cloudpillow features adjustable layers and utilizes breathable, soft materials like Supima cotton. This design allows users to personalize their pillow based on their sleep preferences, ensuring a customized fit and optimal support throughout the night. By connecting the dots between sleep and mental health, Cloudpillow emerges as a recommendation for those seeking to prioritize their overall well-being. Investing in a pillow that can be tailored to individual needs can promote better sleep, which in turn positively impacts mental health. While Cloudpillow is one example of such a pillow, there are other adjustable pillow options available on the market that can offer similar benefits. The key lies in finding a pillow that suits your preferences and provides the necessary support for restful sleep, ultimately aiding in maintaining good mental health. Understanding the profound connection between sleep and mental health is essential for prioritizing our well-being. By recognizing the importance of restful sleep and implementing strategies to improve sleep quality, we can enhance our mental health, productivity, and overall quality of life. Investing in a high-quality pillow like Cloudpillow can further optimize our sleep experience, ensuring a peaceful and rejuvenating night’s rest. Remember, a good night’s sleep is not just a luxury but a necessity for a healthy mind and body.

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Every new technology often sounds like science fiction. But Blockchain is not, and it is definitely not overhyped. It has applications in almost every area from healthcare to supply chain management, voting, digital ID, certifications, gaming, media, and this list goes on. Most people know it as the technology powering bitcoin, Ethereum, and other popular cryptocurrencies. However, Blockchain has expanded beyond its use in cryptocurrencies. But people still have one big misconception about this technology; they consider that Blockchain is a cryptocurrency, which is certainly not the case. The Blockchain can exist without cryptocurrency, but as of this moment, cryptocurrency cannot exist without Blockchain. A blockchain is just one type of distributed ledger; not all distributed ledgers necessarily employ blocks or chained transactions. Blockchain is a time-stamped, tamper-proof ledger of activity that is shared across a network of computers. Invented in 2009 by an anonymous person or group known as Satoshi Nakamoto as a way to transfer the digital currency bitcoin, its applications have now expanded to include the exchange of other forms of digital assets, such as data, in private, permissioned networks ideal for companies . Blockchain has disrupted many industries, and healthcare is one of the industries, which has been entirely transformed with the application of Blockchain. With digitalization, the healthcare industry worldwide is experiencing massive change. Concerns over surging health care costs, effective care of chronically ill and rural patients, and the need for early detection of diseases have all resulted in a marked increase in IoT innovations and their rapid adoption over the past few years. Blockchain is gaining popularity as a technology that may be able to assist in alleviating these long-standing issues. Previously hesitant competitors are collaborating together to see what the technology can accomplish and are aiming to create new transparent business models. There is no doubt that for every touchpoint in the healthcare ecosystem; there could be a blockchain application. The reason is simple – the healthcare ecosystem is nourished with data generation and sharing, from biomedical research in a lab with cell/tissue analysis all the way through to insurance payments when care is provided . For a long time, the healthcare industry has been struggling with data collection, storage, and transmission issues. Blockchain technology can assist the healthcare industry in resolving the problem of patient data storage. It has the potential to eliminate all of the cultural, geographical, political, and religious barriers that now obstruct patient data management. In most cases, key patient information is scattered across different medical institutions in different formats, which is the key hurdle in managing and accessing the relevant data. What makes it even more difficult for healthcare providers and patients is that data management systems and security regulations often vary from agency to agency. Further, many medical records contain errors, and outdated data management systems cannot track and repair these errors. Hence, in extreme situations and urgent needs, it is almost impossible to easily, quickly, and safely access all the information necessary for the patient. With the help of blockchain technology, healthcare providers will be able to facilitate data management processes that they cannot identify. Blockchain can help healthcare providers seamlessly collect, share, analyze, and protect medical records. The typical use cases of Blockchain in the healthcare sector are shown in Figure 1 . Blockchain enables doctors and patients with the opportunity to access necessary patient data from anywhere without compromising the privacy or security of either party. However, blockchain technology is not a panacea for the healthcare industry; there are several issues in adopting the blockchain platform. The healthcare data is highly distributed, and the entities involved do not want to share their data due to profitability concerns; and lastly, Blockchain causes a major change in the way the healthcare sector traditionally works, and people involved are rigid in adapting as per the change . Apart from these issues, it is still anticipated that Blockchain will become the key to removing barriers to medical data sharing and ultimately realizing the industry-wide transformation towards value-based healthcare. - Nakamoto, S. (2008). Bitcoin: A peer-to-peer electronic cash system (White Paper). URL: Https://Bitcoin. Org/Bitcoin. Pdf (Accessed: 18.07. 2019). - Yaqoob, I., Salah, K., Jayaraman, R., & Al-Hammadi, Y. (2021). Blockchain for healthcare data management: Opportunities, challenges, and future recommendations. Neural Computing and Applications, 1-16. - Yaqoob, I., Salah, K., Jayaraman, R. et al. Blockchain for healthcare data management: opportunities, challenges, and future recommendations. Neural Comput & Applic (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00521-020-05519-w. - McGhin, T., Choo, K. K. R., Liu, C. Z., & He, D. (2019). Blockchain in healthcare applications: Research challenges and opportunities. Journal of Network and Computer Applications, 135, 62-75.

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- This event has passed. Strong Interest Explorer February 20, 2013 @ 10:00 am - 4:00 pmFree For Teenagers 13-18 years Empower your teens to identify and pursue a career path according to their interest and personality. For teenager it can be difficult to decide future professional interests. Every teenager wants to be successful in their career, but they are confused which career path to follow. The Strong Interest Explorer (SIE), which is developed bu Judy Chartrand, is used to help teenagers to know about their interest to define a career direction, to select classes activity, or to choose a major or a technical program. SIE also helps the communication between parents and their children, it helps the children to open up on how they can achieve their dreams.

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Differences in at-risk children’s preschool assessment by educators’ levels of education We determined that significant differences existed between assessment scores of at-risk children taught by assistant teachers with different levels of education using standardized assessments (Teaching Strategies GOLD [TSG] and Phonological Awareness Literacy Screening [PALS]). A 1-way MANOVA indicated that assistant teachers’ level of education was statistically significant at p = .012. Archived pretest and posttest data were collected from TSG and PALS assessment scores of 142 at-risk Prekindergarten 4 children taught by 18 different Prekindergarten 4 lead and assistant teachers at a local Head Start site. We found that irrespective of teachers’ levels of education, the role of assistant teachers should not be underestimated in at-risk children’s learning process. We recommend future studies focus on the role of assistant teachers in the classroom to ascertain whether teacher-child interaction was a factor in this study. (author abstract) Related resources include summaries, versions, measures (instruments), or other resources in which the current document plays a part. Research products funded by the Office of Planning, Research, and Evaluation are related to their project records.

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Zionist entity archaeologists on Wednesday unveiled a rare ancient mosque in the country’s south that the antiquities officials said sheds light on the region’s transition from Christianity to Islam. The remains of the mosque, believed to be more than 1,200 years old, were discovered during works to build a new neighborhood in the Bedouin city of Rahat, the Zionist Antiquities Authority said in a statement. The mosque located in the Negev desert contains “a square room and a wall facing the direction of Mecca”, with a half-circle niche in that wall pointing to the south, the IAA said. “These unique architectural features show that the building was used as a mosque,” the authority said, noting it probably hosted a few dozen worshippers at a time. A short distance from the mosque, a “luxurious estate building” was also discovered, with remains of tableware and glass artefacts pointing to the wealth of its residents, the IAA said. Three years ago, the authority unearthed another mosque nearby from the same era of the seventh to eighth century AD, calling the two Islamic places of worship “among the earliest known worldwide”. The mosques, estate and other homes found nearby illuminate “the historical process that took place in the northern Negev with the introduction of a new religion-the religion of Islam, and a new rulership and culture in the region,” the IAA said. “These were gradually established, inheriting the earlier Byzantine government and Christian religion that held sway over the land for hundreds of years.” The Muslim conquest of the region occurred in the first half of the seventh century. The IAA said the mosques found in Rahat would be preserved in their current locations, whether as historic monuments or as active places of prayer. – AFP

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The President's Certificate of Merit was created June 6, 1946 by In the United States, an executive order is a directive by the president of the United States that manages operations of the federal government. The legal or constitutional basis for executive orders has multiple sources. Article Two of t ... 9734 signed by US President Harry S. Truman (May 8, 1884December 26, 1972) was the 33rd president of the United States, serving from 1945 to 1953. A leader of the Democratic Party, he previously served as the 34th vice president from January to April 1945 under Franklin ... , "for award by the President or at his direction to any civilian who on or after December 7, 1941'' (see Attack on Pearl Harbor The attack on Pearl HarborAlso known as the Battle of Pearl Harbor was a surprise military strike by the Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service upon the United States against the naval base at Pearl Harbor in Honolulu, Territory of Hawaii, ju ... )'', has performed a meritorious act or service which has aided the The United States of America (U.S.A. or USA), commonly known as the United States (U.S. or US) or America, is a country Continental United States, primarily located in North America. It consists of 50 U.S. state, states, a Washington, D.C., ... or any nation engaged with the United States in the prosecution of World War II World War II or the Second World War, often abbreviated as WWII or WW2, was a world war that lasted from 1939 to 1945. It involved the World War II by country, vast majority of the world's countries—including all of the great power ... , and for which there is no other suitable award or recognition." The award was for an act or service that was of high degree, but not sufficiently extraordinary or meritorious enough to warrant the Medal for Merit . The Certificate of Merit is generally awarded at the recommendation of the Medal for Merit Board, and its design must be approved by the Board. No person can receive more than one award, and the certificates may be awarded posthumously. In 1948, 324 Certificates were awarded, including 67 for people who served in various capacities in connection with production of An aircraft is a vehicle that is able to fly by gaining support from the air. It counters the force of gravity by using either static lift or by using the dynamic lift of an airfoil, or in a few cases the downward thrust from jet engines. ... or aircraft components, or in connection with air carrier operations under contract to the Army Air Forces Air Transport Command Air Transport Command (ATC) was a United States Air Force unit that was created during World War II as the strategic airlift component of the United States Army Air Forces. It had two main missions, the first being the delivery of supplies and ... . The remaining 257 served in some capacity with or for the Office of Scientific Research and Development * John G. Trump * Gladys Anslow Donald Balfour Donald Church Balfour (August 22, 1882 – July 25, 1963) was a Canadian medical educator and surgeon who specialized in gastrointestinal surgery. He worked at the Mayo Clinic from 1907 until 1947, and was director of the Mayo Foundation for Medic ... * Hendrik Wade Bode * Thomas H. Chilton Harold Forster Chapin (; December 7, 1942 – July 16, 1981) was an American singer-songwriter, philanthropist, and hunger activist best known for his folk rock and pop rock songs. He achieved worldwide success in the 1970s. Chapin, a Grammy A ... * Hugh Latimer Dryden * Donald G. Fink * Ernst Guillemin * W. W. Hansen * Henry M. Hart Jr. * Arthur R. von Hippel * Franz N. D. Kurie * Edward H. Lambert Wendell Mitchell Latimer Wendell Mitchell Latimer (April 22, 1893 – July 6, 1955) was an American chemist notable for his description of oxidation states in his book "The Oxidation States of the Elements and Their Potentials in Aqueous Solution" (ASIN B000GRXLSA, ... * Richard C. Lord Holbrook Mann MacNeille Holbrook Mann MacNeille (May 11, 1907 – September 30, 1973) was an American mathematician who worked for the United States Atomic Energy Commission before becoming the first Executive Director of the American Mathematical Society. Personal l ... * Nathan M. Newmark * Joseph M. Pettit * W. Conway Pierce * Ernest C. Pollard * Mary E. Switzer Ernst Weber (engineer) Ernst Weber (September 6, 1901 in Vienna, Austria – February 16, 1996 in Columbus, North Carolina), Austria-born American electrical engineer, was a pioneer in microwave technologies and played an important role in the history of the New Y ... * March 31, 1948 Medal for Merit Board memo from Richmond B. Keech to President Harry Truman. Civil awards and decorations of the United States Awards established in 1946 1946 establishments in the United States

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Table of Contents The process of bleaching your teeth, also called tooth whitening, is the process of bleaching your teeth. It is done through the application of a bleaching agent on the tooth surface which alters the color. Sometimes, it could be accomplished by applying a bleaching agent to the tooth's surface itself. It is often utilized by those who wish to have whiter teeth and by people whose teeth have discolored due to causes like ageing, staining from drinking and smoking drinks that contain caffeine. It can also be done by turning on the light in the dentist's office to help the whitening process last longer. Dentists' whitening kits are available with different strengths depending on the level of whitening that you require. You should consult your dentist about the strength he recommends for your dental. In general, tooth whitening kits that are applied correctly according to the directions provide a substantial amount of whitening. The right products and formula will make your smile stronger and whiter. Teeth whitening kits can be very reliable as compared to the treatments offered by dentists. They are cost effective and can be used at home without any fear of harming the teeth and gums. The bleaches are mild enough that they are safe for kids. Patients can avail bleaching treatments from a variety of dentists. However, they aren't strong enough and could cause a lot of discomfort. Dentist whiteners typically come with pastes, gels, and strips. They use peroxide-based bleachers for the strips, gels, and pastes. Some make use of hydrogen peroxide-based whiteners. These are extremely powerful chemicalsthat are capable of making teeth appear brighter and whiter. TheraBrite, LefyBrite are two of the most popular teeth whiteners on the market today. Dentist whiteners can be very efficient and can yield amazing results. You should ensure that your teeth are bleached by a professional. There are chemicals and equipment that could cause damage to teeth when they are not done correctly. There are many kinds of products that can be used to whiten teeth, including strips, gels and gels as well as toothpaste. You should select the one that is most suitable for your requirements and budget. It is important to know that whitening agents are applied by applying chemical treatments to teeth. The agents eliminate the discolorations and stains and make the teeth shine like new. The treatments can range from just a few minutes to several hours, based on the severity of your problem. Dentists employ different whitening agents to solve various problems. For instance, if you've got sensitive teeth, your dentist would probably use bleaching gel. If you're experiencing a lot of cavity formation or cavities, your dentist will probably recommend hydrogen peroxide toothpaste. If you suffer from gum disease or severe staining, your dentist would probably recommend teeth whitening through laser treatment. Dentist whitening products are available online, too. Online stores sell toothpastes, gels for whitening, and other products. You can look at prices and browse the assortment of products. Make sure you read reviews from customers and gather information about the product prior to you purchase it. Some websites do not offer customer reviews and the products might not be authentic Some websites also provide testimonials on their websites. You should only purchase products from websites with a good reputation and from well-known dental practitioners. A professional procedure by dentists is the most effective method to whiten your teeth. These treatments are quite expensive and you can save money by going for teeth whitening toothpastes and other products like them that are sold on the Internet. To make your smile radiant be sure to follow the recommendations of your dentist. There are also over-the-counter items which can be used to bleach your teeth. These gels, strips, and other products come in a variety of different forms. A well-known over-the-counter product is an whitening toothpaste, or mouthwash. Simply apply the bleaching gel to your teeth and then rub it into your gums. There are many advantages and disadvantages to using dental whiteningkits, teeth whitening and in-office treatments. It is possible to not achieve the same results when you employ a product at home like if you had an office for a treatment. It's not a good idea to have treatments done regularly because it is often difficult to get rid of the stain. If you keep a check on your dental hygiene, you will be successful in keeping your smile sparkling and white. Keep your smile bright and white by cleaning your teeth twice per day and seeing your dentist regularly, and only using over-the-counter products. What to Look for in the Top Dentist: There are a lot of ways to locate a top dentist. It is essential to start with the best place possible. Consider the price and experience, location, and cost to locate the best dentist for you. You can examine the different locations to locate the right dentist. Doing some research is the most effective method to find a dentist. Ask friends, family members or neighbors for their recommendations. Contact your local pharmacist or your general physician. If you're moving to another city, contact the dentist you currently see to determine whether they're in network. Contact the state or city dental association. Other ways to find a dentist is visiting the American Dental Association website or calling the state or city dental association. They have an approved list of dentists. Another source to find the list of dentists that are approved is on the website of the American Academy for Cosmetic Dentistry. The website also lists approved dentists. This website lists approved providers by specialty as well as by location. It is important to set an appointment when you've found someone you like. It is recommended to make an appointment to have a check-up. This will allow the dentist to determine the dental issues that require to be addressed. If you are comfortable you can make a date for your treatment. There are many ways to locate dental work. You can search your telephone book for dentists or search at the Internet for ads. Call each dental clinic and ask for the receptionist. They will be able to schedule an appointment for you. The most efficient method to find a family dentist practice is to use the yellow pages in your phone book. Shopping online is simpler when the clinic accepts credit cards. Many dentists have payment options that include annual installments along with monthly installments and take out loans. If you have questions about their services, contact the office to talk to the team of pediatric dentists. To get the answers you need you'll need, it's a good idea to visit the clinic in person. A good pediatric dentist will make an appointment for both of your children to see them at the same time. When scheduling your appointment, you will be required to bring the dates for all your children's routine checkups. Your dentist may recommend preventative services that you can do while your children are sitting in their chair. Some options include taking out the garbage and brushing teeth. It is also important to be aware of when the dental office for your family closes for the day , so you can make your next appointment for cosmetic dental care without worrying about the appointment being booked. You should also consult your dentist for CEs. They should be licensed and required to complete continuing education courses. This is crucial as you want to find the right dentist for you. You should also inquire whether they're willing let you tour the facility so you can examine how well the dental office is constructed. In addition, ask them about emergency care services. You'll have peace of peace of mind knowing that your dentist is prepared to handle any issue that might arise during the course of your child's regular visit. Because this is an area of personal taste and financial resources, it's important to look around for the best dentists. There are certain characteristics you'd like to see in a dentist. You don't feel at ease with the dentist you have chosen. Find another that fits your needs. This can help you save money as you get the best dentist possible for your family. It is crucial to know the things to look out for when you are looking for a new dentist. There are many things to consider when choosing the right dentist. If you're seeking better oral health, you should ensure that the dentist you select utilizes the best methods to care for your teeth. A good dental program will comprise both preventative and emergency care. In addition to that, there are numerous cosmetic dentists who use porcelain veneers, bonding crowns, teeth whitening , and other procedures to enhance the appearance of your smile. If you're looking to get healthier teeth and gums, then a dentist who is functional might be the right option for you. When it concerns your oral health, you need to ensure you find a dentist who knows what they're doing. It is the only way to make sure that you get the best possible care for your teeth. Dental Implants are constructed of metal, titanium and dental steel. Implants are surgically placed in the jaw bone to restore its function and form after an accident or illness has damaged or destroyed teeth. A dental implant is a tiny screw of metal that is connected directly with the jaw bone or bone of the patient to serve as an artificial anchor , bridge, crown, dentures or another dental prosthetic. It is placed in the jaw in a place that allows it to perform the required function for the patient. Dental Implants can be used to replace teeth or restore function in several areas of the mouth. The dental implants themselves are extremely thin metal wires around a millimeter in size. Through a small incision made within the mouth, they're placed into the jaw bone. Once they have been placed they are surgically moulded to fit the jaw and are then secured using an appropriate screw to hold them in their place. After six to nine months of healing, patients are able to utilize their new dental implants with more confidence than before. Endosteal and endosteal are the principal types of dental implants. Both are made of titanium. Endosteal implants are the most popular type of implant currently. They are made of titanium. Endosteal implants are placed in the bone at the rear of the jaw of a patient. After the dental implants in the jawbone are removed, the endosteal one remains in place and becomes permanent. Once the titanium is shaped into the correct shape, the two parts are then firmly fixed with screws. Since dental implants might be visible to others and therefore, the procedure may be disguised with a simple brace that protects the jaw. The look of a brace made of metal could alter the way people perceive you. Dental Implants work just like other prosthetic teeth implants in that they're inserted in the jawbone, so that a tooth or a set of teeth may be substituted. After the procedure is complete, a false tooth (or teeth) can be bonded to the bridgework. Dental Implants can be used to replace a single tooth that is missing or multiple missing teeth or all of your missing teeth. Your dentist will be able to determine which dental implants are right for you before they place them in your jawbone. Dental Implants are a reliable and durable replacement option. With a reputable dentist and top quality materials the replacement of your natural teeth using Dental Implants is an affordable permanent and long-lasting solution. Before you are able to undergo the procedure, your dentist will evaluate the health of your teeth as well as your gums. The procedure will also include x-rays and CT scans to ensure that your implant is suitable to your jaw. The dental implant procedure may not be the ideal option if your mouth has a gap that is large between two or more of its teeth. In this scenario the dentist may suggest a bridge or alternative solutions for temporary use. If there's not enough space between the implant, your molars, or the bridge, the dentist might suggest a partial plate or a bridge to strengthen your jaw and cover it for long-term use. Dental Implants might not be suitable for everyone. Invisalign could be a good option in cases where your jaw is too small or if you have a gap that is large. This treatment involves aligning your teeth with dental crowns or false teeth. Your periodontist might recommend Invisalign for patients who don't have enough space between their teeth in order to comfortably support implants. If you already have false teeth or dentures, you might be urged to switch to Dental Implants if your bite isn't quite right. You will need to have several oral exams before you can put in the implant. Your periodontist will advise two weeks of regular maintenance if the implants look good. You will be put to sleep and given painkillers to ease your pain on days you don't eat. Dentures or false teeth are required to be removed, and the implants will be placed into your gums. Taylor-Osborne encourages anybody searching for a dental practitioner to share past dental experiences or dental concerns, including any stress and anxiety (Dentist Ratings Near Me). "Ensure the dental practitioner comprehends your concerns and answers all your concerns," she states - Bruxism Dentist Near Me. Select a Partner Above all, you want to choose a dental professional who can be a part of your total healthcare team. Dentist Cleaning Near Me. Taylor-Osborne says. "Try to find somebody who can be a coach to motivate you, a relied on advisor to turn to when health concerns arise and a partner to make dental care choices with - Family Dentist in Leesburg Va." More from Mouth, Healthy (Emergency Pediatric Dentist Near Me). If you are trying to find a partner in oral care, then you need to make sure you discover the ideal dentist for the long run. Nevertheless, it is not as simple as it sounds. There are dozens of professionals in Kenosha alone (Garfield Family Dentistry Leesburg Va 20175). It might take an excellent amount of time and effort, but here are a few tips to help you speed up the procedure. 1 - Biomimetic Dentist Near Me. Go for Benefit This does not always imply proximity to your house (Tmj Dentist Near Me). The dental workplace might be near to your work or your child's school (Walk in Dentist Near Me). Aside from place, you must also consider workplace hours - Family Dentist in Leesburg Va. It will be difficult to schedule visits for a dental practitioner who only works when you are on the task too. 4. Dentist Open Weekends Near Me - Dentist Implants Near Me. Ask About Education and Experience Does the dental expert have any accreditations? Are they members of any associations? What kind of specialized training has he or she finished? For how long has the practice been in organization? Does the dental expert take part in continuous or continued education and training? These are all essential questions to find the answers to before committing to a dental practitioner (Gum Disease Dentist Near Me). Dentist Ratings and Reviews Near Me. Check to see if staff wear gloves, what the treatment spaces appear like and the type of innovation they utilize around the workplace. Gum Disease Dentist Near Me. If you call ahead you can find out if there is a possibility, you can take a trip of the office before you make an appointment (Best Invisalign Dentist Near Me). This will give you first-hand experience with the staff, the workplace layout and the dentist. Table of Contents The Best Way To Soundproof Your Home Or Office Discover More About Dentist Office Read More About Dentin The Best Way To Soundproof Your Home Or Office Discover More About Dentist Office Read More About Dentin

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Eyebrows have always played a huge role in aesthetics. From middle school, when you were over-plucking them to mimic all the famous people of the era, today, when having full bushy brows is all that matters. Besides looking fabulous, your eyebrows have a purpose. Have you ever wondered why we have eyebrows anyways? Well, the answer is simple—there are tons of different reasons, from function to thickness, and much more! We’re here to break down why we have eyebrows and their functions. History of Eyebrows When you’re born, your eyebrows are a mirrored pair. That’s right! We know that that may seem impossible, considering all you’ve tried to do in your adult life is to get them even. That’s just because, over time, your eyebrows change. Some parts can start thinning, or some areas may be over-plucked. Adults rarely have completely symmetrical eyebrows. Eyebrows: What’s the Point? Eyebrows have many functions and serve us in many ways; we bet in more ways than you originally thought! Let’s talk about it. The thickness of your eyebrows is an inherited trait. This means if neither of your parents was blessed with Cara Delevinge eyebrows, the chances of your growing a pair yourself are pretty thin (pun intended). The thickness of your eyebrows doesn’t necessarily affect the function, that is unless you’re rapidly losing your eyebrow hairs. Eyebrow hair loss could affect how well your eyebrows protect your eyes. If you want thicker brows but didn’t inherit the needed genetics, you’re not out of luck! There are so many different growth serums on the market that can aid eyebrow hair growth. You can still have your dream brows without having to go through a painful and costly treatment such as microblading. Eyebrows Protect Our Eyes Yes, eyebrows serve as a great fashion accessory, but they’re also vital protectants for our eyes. While eyebrows are useful for a few other reasons, protecting the eyes is most likely their most important duty. Think back to a hot summer’s day when sweat is beating off your forehead; your eyebrows are always there to help shield your delicate eyes. The way your brows are arched and swooped down is unique to your face’s bone structure and designed to serve you best. Getting dirt, dust, sweat, or water in your eyes is painful! But luckily, we have built-in bodyguards to help us steer clear of any unwanted debris. Eyebrows Express Emotions Your face is where all your emotions are conveyed. Yes, body language plays a significant role too, but there is no comparison to your facial expressions—in other words, if you’re trying to read someone, look at their eyebrows. These key conveyors of moods clarify when someone is sad, happy, stressed, or angry. Just look a little deeper. Think about it; when you see propped-up eyebrows paired with a couple of wide eyes, you immediately assume someone is surprised. If you see droopy brows paired with tired eyes, you’re going to assume someone is sad. Eyebrows, at first glance, may just seem like an unnecessary strip of hair. However, their functions go way beyond protecting your eyes from sweat or looking nice. They Are Apart of Your Identity Your brows are a part of you! Everyone's eyebrows have a unique shape, color, and fullness—those traits set you apart from your peers. Some people have sparse, thin brows, and others have thick bushy ones. Each set of eyebrows is unique and beautiful! Eyebrows play a key role during the brain’s process of face recognition. If you tried to recognize an old friend, colleague, or acquaintance, it would be much more difficult if their eyebrows were different or shaved off, right? Think about when someone you know tries something new in their brow routine. Maybe they’re a little grown-out, or a little more plucked. Chances are no matter what, you've noticed the difference. Even if you don’t have the best relationship with your eyebrows, we’re telling you they’re 100% beautiful. Everyone’s eyebrows are unique to their face and are a huge part of their identity. Eyebrows can sometimes seem like a hassle to keep up with, but we see them as an investment. If you care for your eyebrows from early on, you’ll have full and luscious brows down the road. Often, thinning eyebrows are due to years of over-plucking. Now would be a great time to allow your brows to grow out and get some volume—overgrown, thick brows are totally in right now. They Help With Facial Recognition The role eyebrows play with facial recognition is just as significant as your eyes! This is because your eyebrows depict a lot of emotions. Your eyebrows are linked to your facial expressions. They’re a Fashion Statement Eyebrows can be a true fashion statement. Yes, with today’s trends, full, thick, and wild brows are most popular. However, that’s not to say you’re bound to those standards. Trust, all eyebrows are loved and accepted. If you don’t have naturally thick brows and you’ve always longed for them, there are tons of products that can aid in brow growth—there’s no reason to get down in the dumps over your sparse brows. If you love your brows for what they are, that’s awesome too! We want all of you to feel comfortable and confident in your eyebrows. They’re Fun To Do Even if makeup isn’t usually your thing, once you get into the right brow routine, we think anyone can enjoy doing them! With tons of TatBrow products to choose from, you’re bound to find one that’ll work for you and your brows. Here are a few of our favorites: Microblade Pen: If you’re new to filling in your brows, then the Microblade Pen is for you! We know it sounds intimidating, but trust, it’s so simple. All you have to do is take the pen, gently press it against your brows, and stroke in an upward motion, always going with the hairs. This product will give you salon results from the comfort of your home—much cheaper too! Micro Precision Pen: Our Micro Precision Pen is similar to our Microblade Pen; the results are just as great, but the design is slightly different. Instead of a three-bristle point, it’s a very thin single bristle point. Compared to the Microblade Pen, this product is truly a personal preference; it’s whatever is easiest for you. There Is More to Eyebrows Than Meets the Eye Eyebrows are truly a very cool part of the body. We bet you never realized how many functions eyebrows serve and how significant their role is in day-to-day life. Why do we have eyebrows? The answer is simple: to aid in our communication and look totally fab 24/7. Having on-point eyebrows is just one part of the puzzle. Yes, you can buy products to help you get your desired look. However, it’s key to remember how important it is to care for your brows and preserve your natural shape. 9 Ways to Grow Thicker Eyebrows | Healthline Curious Kids: why do we have eyebrows? | The Conversation Eyebrows: An Open Window Into Your Emotions | Cve Clinic

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Pythagoras: Life, work and achievements Although famous throughout the world, Pythagoras’ life is shrouded in mystery. Born in Samos in around 570 B.C, Pythagoras is commonly said to be the first pure mathematician who proposed that everything is a number. Although he is most famous for his mathematical theorem, Pythagoras also made extraordinary developments in astronomy and geometry. He also developed a theory of music while and founded a philosophical and religious school in Croton, Italy. It was here he taught that "the whole cosmos is a scale and a number", according to the University of St Andrews . While playing on his lyre, which was an ancient Greek stringed instrument, Pythagoras discovered that the vibrating strings created a beautiful sound when the ratios of the lengths of the wires were whole numbers, and that this was also true of other instruments. He combined this discovery with his understanding of the planets, conceiving the theory that when the planets were in harmony, it created beautiful music that man was incapable of hearing. Pythagoras concluded that mathematics and music were interconnected and that knowledge of one area led to an understanding of the other, according to the University of Connecticut . He also believed that music had healing properties and would often play his lyre for the sick and dying. Little is known about the life of Pythagoras and, as a result, many bizarre myths have sprung up around the man. It was claimed amongst other things that he had taken part in the Olympics and was awarded laurels for pugilism, or boxing, when he was a young man. It was also said that he had fought in the Trojan Wars during a previous life. This last myth reflects Pythagoras' genuine belief in metempsychosis, which argues that all souls are everlasting and, when the physical body dies, it simply floats away and finds a new body to live in, according to Stanford University. Later reports stated that he had been able to clearly recall four previous lives. His fascination with astronomy ,as with many ancient Greeks, combined with his deep understanding of numbers led Pythagoras to confirm that the Earth was in fact a sphere and, through patient study, he discovered that the Evening Star and the Morning Star were the same planet, Venus. Pythagoras' Theory states that in a right angled triangle the square of the hypotenuse is equal to the sum of the squares of the other two sides, according to Encyclopedia Britannica. In other words, when a triangle has a right angle and squares are made of each of the three sides, then the biggest square has the same area as the other two squares combined. The equation can be used to work out the length of a third side if only two measurements are given. The Babylonians discovered this mathematical phenomena circa 1900 – 1600 BC but Pythagoras may have been first to prove it, according to New Scientist. Although Pythagoras’ Theory is still taught in every classroom today, no one would recognise his original school of thought as it combined his mathematical teachings with philosophy and religion. His followers, the Pythagoreans created a secret commune, filled with strange rules and regulations, according to Encyclopaedia Britannica. Much of his written work was stored in the Great Library of Alexandria. Far from being the master mathematician that we think of today, Pythagoras was known for his belief in reincarnation, religious rituals and almost magical abilities, according to Stanford University. For example, it was said that he could be in two places at the same time. Today, these mystical elements have been almost forgotten and he is now looked upon as a founding father of science and mathematics. In his footsteps Greek philosopher Plato created the world's first university, known as the Platonic Academy, in ancient Athens. Although different from a modern day university, the Academy was a place where people could meet and share their academic beliefs. Plato based a large proportion of his teachings on the thoughts of Pythagoras and his Pythagorean disciples, according to Stanford University. Like Pythagoras, Aristotle was interested in the concept of a soul, according to the University of Washington. He wrote "On the Soul", which set out to examine the psychology of mankind, the principles of which are still referred to by psychologists today. Aristotle combined metaphysics with scientific investigation just as Pythagoras had achieved with metaphysics and the Number Theory. He was also inspired by Pythagoras’ interest in astronomy, ultimately developing the physical model of the heavens. To find out more about Pythagoras, check out “Pythagoras: His Life, Teaching, and Influence”, by Christoph Riedweg and “Pythagoras: His Lives And The Legacy Of A Rational Universe”, by Kitty Ferguson. - Mickaël Launay & Stephen S. Wilson, "It All Adds Up: The Story of People and Mathematics", William Collins, 2019. - NRICH, "All is Number", University of Cambridge, 2017. - Michael Marshall, "Babylonians calculated with triangles centuries before Pythagoras", New Scientist, August 2021. - Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, "Pythagoras", University of Stanford, October 2018. - Holger Thesleff, "Pythagoreanism", Encyclopedia Britannica, May 2020. - Encyclopedia Britannica, "Pythagorean theorem", May 2020. - University of Connecticut, "3.7 Music of the Spheres and the Lessons of Pythagoras", accessed in March 2022. - Silvano Leonessi, "The Pythagorean Philosophy of Numbers", Rosicrucian Digest, Volume 1, 2009. - J. J. O'Connor & E. F. Robertson, "Pythagoras of Samos", University of St Andrews, January 1999. - Brent Swancer, "The Great Pythagoras and his Mystical Cult", Mysterious Universe, January 2021. - Dimtry Sudakov, "Pythagoras and his theory of reincarnation", Pravda.ru, May 2013. Live Science newsletter Stay up to date on the latest science news by signing up for our Essentials newsletter. Jo is a freelance journalist, academic lawyer and lecturer specialising in criminal law and forensics. Jo has written for several magazines, including Real Crime and All About History. She is also the author of a number of true crime books and horror anthologies, such as "Murderous East Anglia" and "Strangers".

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To learn and be able to use phrasal verbs to do with relationships - To practise a range of vocabulary to do with relationships - To tell a story with a clear narrative sequence Intermediate – All ages from teens and above To access the lesson plan, fill out the form below. The post Lesson Plan: Phrasal Verbs appeared first on i-to-i TEFL.

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Winter dry skin is a common condition that occurs during the cold months. It is characterized by dry, flaky, and itchy skin, as well as redness and tightness. The low humidity and cold temperatures outside, combined with indoor heating, can strip the skin of its natural oils and moisture, leading to dryness and cracking. Winter dry skin is often more common in people with eczema, psoriasis, or other dry skin conditions. To combat winter dry skin, it is important to keep the skin hydrated, protect it from harsh weather, and use gentle, moisturizing skincare products. One of the skincare products that you may use is Aqueous Cream. What is Aqueous Cream? Aqueous cream is a type of emulsion cream that is commonly used as a moisturizer and skin cleanser. It is typically made with a mixture of water, emulsifying wax, and a variety of other ingredients, such as glycerin and mineral oil. Aqueous cream is often used as a gentle, non-irritating alternative to soap for cleansing the skin, and it can also be used to moisturize and soothe dry, itchy skin conditions such as eczema. Some formulations of aqueous cream also include added ingredients such as urea, which can help to soften and exfoliate the skin. It's important to note that Aqueous cream BP (British Pharmacopoeia) contains Sodium lauryl sulfate which may cause irritation and dryness of skin. Top 10 Benefits and Uses of Aqueous Cream Moisturizer: Aqueous cream can be used as a moisturizer for dry or sensitive skin. It can be applied to the face and body to help hydrate the skin and reduce dryness. Cleanser: Aqueous cream can also be used as a cleanser to remove makeup, dirt, and impurities from the skin. It is gentle and non-irritating, making it suitable for sensitive skin types. Eczema treatment: Aqueous cream can be used to help soothe and moisturize skin affected by eczema. It can be applied to the affected area several times a day to help reduce itching and inflammation. Sunburn relief: Aqueous cream can be used as a soothing agent for sunburned skin. It can help to hydrate and cool the skin, reducing pain and discomfort. Aftershave: Aqueous cream can be used as a post-shave lotion, it is gentle and non-irritating, making it a good option for use after shaving the face or other sensitive areas. Diaper rash treatment: Aqueous cream can be used to treat and prevent diaper rash in infants by creating a barrier between the skin and diaper. Lip balm: Aqueous cream can be used as a lip balm to hydrate and protect the lips from dryness and cracking. Makeup remover: Aqueous cream can be used as a makeup remover to gently remove makeup from the face without drying out the skin. Hair conditioner: Aqueous cream can be used as a hair conditioner to add moisture and shine to dry, damaged hair. Nail and cuticle cream: Aqueous cream can be used to moisturize and nourish the nails and cuticles, helping to prevent dryness and cracking. Aqueous cream is a versatile and affordable emulsion cream that has a number of benefits for the skin. It can be used as a daily moisturizer, gentle cleanser, and treatment for eczema and other dry, itchy skin conditions. Its benefits include hydration, soothing, non-irritation, gentle cleansing and can be used as an emollient and lubricant for wound healing and scar management. It is a cost-effective alternative to other moisturizing and eczema treatment products. However, it is important to check the ingredients and do patch test before using it regularly to avoid any irritation or dryness of the skin. About N Medical N Medical (N Med) is a leading healthcare supplier that aims to deliver the best quality medical consumables, devices, and equipment. The company is engaged in the design, development, manufacturing, sales, and marketing of various medical supplies. N Med emphasizes on the quality of the products that we manufacture and distribute. Since inception in 2015, N Med has already become one of the major suppliers for medical products to public and private hospitals, government entities, and clinics. The information provided is for general informational purposes only and is not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Please consult a qualified healthcare provider for advice on medical issues.

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Each and everyone of us has to manage our personal mental health and physical health. Being mentally healthy means that we feel good about ourselves. We make and maintain positive relationships with other people. We take responsibility to embrace and manage the full range of emotions that comes through journeying life! Author Caroline Leaf says: Our brains are made for love. Not fear. Not performance. Not aggression. But LOVE. With this in mind, it is important that children are encouraged and supported to look after their mental health every day. At One In A Million you will regularly hear us say, “it takes a community to raise a child”. Creating a mentally healthy school will always be a task for the whole school community to play their part rather than relying on one individual to shoulder the full weight of it. Here, at One In A Million Free School, we now have a Wellbeing and Development Lead, Mrs Oldroyd (Director of Sports), who is supported by a team of colleagues to help equip and encourage students, parents/carers and staff with information that might just make all the difference! Below is a list of FREE resource that, which will begin to help you to support your child. Please click on: - Coping with self harm parents guide - Emotionally healthy guide to GCSE– Parents guide - Looking after yourselves during GCSE - Parents guide to depression - Social media and teenagers - childline.org.uk | 0800 1111 (free 24hr) confidential listening samaritans.org | 116 123 (free 24 hr) confidential listening - Professional Help: GPs School Nurses Counsellors/Therapists - Helplines and Online Information/Support: YoungMinds www.youngminds.org.uk - Call the Parents Helpline: 0808 802 5544 (Monday to Friday 9.30am – 4pm, free for mobiles and landlines) - themix.org.uk essential support for under 25s In School: Contact your child’s Head of Year. Below are some behaviours that you may observe in your teen that will help to decipher the difference between mental illness and normal teenage behaviour*. - Decrease in enjoyment and time spent with friends and family - Significant decrease in school performance - Strong resistance to attending school or absenteeism - Problems with memory, attention or concentration - Big changes in energy levels, eating or sleeping patterns - Physical symptoms (stomach aches, headaches, backaches) - Feelings of hopelessness, sadness, anxiety, crying often - Frequent aggression, disobedience or lashing out verbally - Excessive neglect of personal appearance or hygiene - Substance abuse - Dangerous or illegal thrill-seeking behaviour - Is overly suspicious of others - Sees or hears things that others do not *It’s important to remember that no one sign means that there is a problem. It’s important to examine the: nature, intensity, severity and duration of a problem. Let’s work together and create a culture where everybody’s wellbeing thrives!

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A book widens the reader’s imagination by taking them to new places and different situations and offers them the meaning of life from someone else’s eyes through the literary devices. Truly indeed, it renders them astonishing plots with heart-warming theme that eternally breathes to touch human spirit. Thus, it leads them to observe society from afar and lives of other people at other times and deepens their understanding of philosophy, history, politics, science, arts and culture across nations generations ago. In its widest sense, a great book has the power to awaken in them a lively sense of pleasure and quickens their love for beauty, truth or goodness and therefore, it moves them to generous thoughts and noble actions. Within the same context, the dystopian contemporary novel, The Hunger Games Trilogy contains comprehensive course of life that provides lesson on literature and philosophy. It explores human values interspersing psychological, moral and social elements that Suzanne Collins provides for the readers. Indeed, The Hunger Games Trilogy is engagingly-read, exquisitely-written and virtually-impressive. Had it not been so, it would not receive numerous literary awards like USA Today Bestseller , New York Times Bestseller, Wall Street Journal Bestseller, Publishers Weekly Bestseller, New York Times Notable Children’s Book of 2010, New York Times Book Review Editors’ Choice, 2010 Booklist Editors’ Choice, 2010 Kirkus Best Book of the Year, Publishers Weekly Best Book of 2010 and NPR Best Book of 2010. Hence, this study is initially conceived to understand the philosophical perspectives of the The Hunger Games Trilogy. This also intends to stimulate critical thinking and mold minds which allow young people to question government and how it affects their lives. True enough, Katniss Everdeen has become an icon on the researcher’s life for her characterization constitutes a deepening emotional overtone as reflected by Katniss’ struggle as a bread-winner and caregiver of her family. More importantly, Katniss, the major character gets inside the researcher’s skin and sets forth on her own terms. In this sense, this study symbolizes what a young woman should be. It emphasizes strong female character alongside feminism to depict societal injustices and class warfare. Interestingly, this study signifies a feminist component that is elevating and liberating as portrayed by the female protagonist. For this reason, this study is brought up to introduce Suzanne Collins as one of the young adult fiction novelists who created a niche of her own. It also attempts to unearth her experiences reflective of her literary principles. She manipulates stories excellently creating a maximum interest for the readers with emphasis on the characters. Her characters run deep and passionate who sublimate the injusticesand tyranny of a merciless and corrupt government as presented in Panem. Brilliantly-poignant, the book series may produce a desired effect to the readers about moral redemption, courage and sacrifice the characters in the story offer. With this in mind, this is how the study is conceptualized not just to analyze but scrutinize the philosophical perspectives in the book series. The purpose behind its inception is to undermine the philosophical indentations ranging from state of nature, war, celebrity, authenticity, sacrifice, altruism, moral choice and social class. This views the trilogy in relation to socio-political and moral situatedness whereas literature is philosophy enmeshed with philosophical framework and dimension. Best of all, this trilogy contains philosophical perspectives that take readers deeper into the story and move them to change one’s point of view and attitude in life. Such an account of literature places its value in the philosophical perspectives the trilogy opens up to both readers and teachers. It clearly explains that the affective experience of reading the three selected novels may even possibly result in improved critical thinking and decision making. The trilogy, matter-of-factly does not shelter young readers from the bitter taste realities of the imperfect world but address sensitive global issues to create responsible adults. It may help to confront disturbing realities such as capitalistic avarice and exploitation aligned with the problems on identity crisis and media which will inspire to form future citizens who are socially and ethically conscious members of the society.

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What is a persuasive essay? Essays are written for many reasons, but in essence, essays are personal statements that are made to support a particular perspective or concept or argument. An essay is, in essence an account of a personal experience, with the writer’s viewpoint however, the definition of an essay is unclear, encompassing those of a report, a letter or essay, novel, and even a short tale. Essays are typically classified as informal or formal. Formal essays are more difficult to write and require more research. However they are usually published and given higher grades. Essays that are informal are submitted to student newspapers and literary magazines. They are meant to provide a single perspective or provide a broad overview of a specific subject or issue. The most important element of the essay is the introduction. It should entice the reader to set the stage for the rest of the essay, and finally convince readers that the writer’s point of perspective is important and relevant. All great essays start with a bang, to say, and set the stage for the remainder of the essay. A well-thought-out introduction puts the writer in the proper mental frame to think about the subject of the essay. The author’s name, address and the name of the university or college, and the name of the person who is the recipient of the award are typical introduction points. Another method of beginning an essay is by writing the descriptive essay. A descriptive essay is similar to a narrative essay , except that it doesn’t tell a story, but instead describes a particular aspect of the author’s life. These essays are intended to test the writer’s abilities and skill to combine information and arrange it in a cohesive and logical manner. They test the ability to connect this information to the reader’s knowledge and understanding of the subject. A thesis statement is the final sentence of the essay. The thesis statement is usually an assertion that is the most strong and conclusive about the topic, although some variations of this structure are available. A thesis statement is a declaration that makes a case for a specific point. It is not intended to answer all the questions in the introduction or body of the piece. The aim of thesis statements is to establish a specific claim and to support that claim with evidence and other facts. A thesis statement cannot allow for testimonials or comparisons or other statements that are not comparable to one another. A descriptive essay has numerous advantages. The writer can express her point of view and share the experiences she has had. Contrary to essays that present only ideas the essay that is descriptive provides real information about the topic and the author of the essay is able to argue and contest the arguments and facts presented. It is up to the reader to determine whether the arguments and facts provided are valid and support the conclusion the writer has come to. In contrast to an essay that is solely analytical in nature, a descriptive essay is more subjective and relies on the reader’s opinions about the topic. This format Ideas for writing essay papers in business school is often used by professionals and students alike even though it could appear to be controversial. It allows them to examine the subject from both an emotional and logical perspective. The introduction is the most crucial part of an essay. It can determine the success or failure of the essay. The introduction paragraph should begin with a statement that the essay is an introduction. It typically includes interesting facts about the past of the subject or the writer’s expertise on the topic. The opening paragraph of an essay often summarizes the main points of the essay. These opening sentences establish the tone for the rest of the essay and establish the writer’s enthusiasm for the subject. The remainder of the essay will provide the specifics of the topic as well as the research needed to support the conclusions drawn. Different types of essays have different styles. However all essays require a conclusion in order to submit their thesis assertions. The conclusion is the most formal and crucial element of any essay. The writer must clearly state the arguments that he made in his essay, and then tie it all together with solid arguments. He needs to be sure that his hypothesis is not just logical but also supported by sufficient evidence to support it. There are a variety of different ways to structure a persuasive essay, depending on the topic. It is crucial to be clear and provide as little evidence as you can to back up the conclusion. Essays can be written in the form of reviews cases studies, case studies, investigations or even tests. Whatever the topic there is a certain persuasive essay style that is perfect for it.

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Autonomous Drones & AI Speed Search and Rescue Efforts When disasters happen – whether a natural disaster like a flood or earthquake, or a human-caused one like a mass shooting or bombing – it can be extremely dangerous to send first responders in, even though there are people who badly need help. Drones are useful, and are helping in the recovery after the deadly Alabama tornadoes, but most require individual pilots, who fly the unmanned aircraft by remote control. That limits how quickly rescuers can view an entire affected area, and can delay actual aid from reaching victims. Autonomous drones could cover more ground more quickly, but would only be more effective if they were able on their own to help rescuers identify people in need. At the University of Dayton Vision Lab, we are working on developing systems that can help spot people or animals – especially ones who might be trapped by fallen debris. Our technology mimics the behavior of a human rescuer, looking briefly at wide areas and quickly choosing specific regions to focus in on, to examine more closely. Looking for an object in a chaotic scene Disaster areas are often cluttered with downed trees, collapsed buildings, torn-up roads and other disarray that can make spotting victims in need of rescue very difficult. My research team has developed an artificial neural network system that can run in a computer on-board a drone. This system can emulate some of the excellent ways human vision works. It analyzes images captured by the drone’s camera and communicates notable findings to human supervisors. First, our system processes the images to improve their clarity. Just as humans squint their eyes to adjust their focus, our technologies take detailed estimates of darker regions in a scene and computationally lighten the images. When images are too hazy or foggy, the system recognizes they’re too bright and reduces the whiteness of the image to see the actual scene more clearly. In a rainy environment, human brains use a brilliant strategy to see clearly. By noticing the parts of a scene that don’t change – and the ones that do, as the raindrops fall – people can see reasonably well despite rain. Our technology uses the same strategy, continuously investigating the contents of each location in a sequence of images to get clear information about the objects in that location. We also have developed technology that can make images from a drone-borne camera larger, brighter and clearer. By expanding the size of the image, both algorithms and people can see key features more clearly. Confirming objects of interest Our system can identify people in various positions, such as lying prone or curled in the fetal position, even from different viewing angles and in varying lighting conditions. The human brain can look at one view of an object and envision how it would look from other angles. When police issue an alert asking the public to look for someone, they often include a still photo – knowing that viewers’ minds will imagine three-dimensional views of how that person might look, and recognize them on the street, even if they don’t get the exact same view as the photo offered. We employ this strategy by computing three-dimensional models of people – either general human shapes or more detailed projections of specific people. Those models are used to match similarities when a person appears in a scene. We have also developed a way to detect parts of an object, without seeing the whole thing. Our system can be trained to detect and locate a leg sticking out from under rubble, a hand waving at a distance, or a head popping up above a pile of wooden blocks. It can tell a person or animal apart from a tree, bush or vehicle. Putting the pieces together During its initial scan of the landscape, our system mimics the approach of an airborne spotter, examining the ground to find possible objects of interest or regions worth further examination, and then looking more closely. For example, an aircraft pilot who is looking for a truck on the ground would typically pay less attention to lakes, ponds, farm fields and playgrounds – because trucks are less likely to be in those areas. Our autonomous technology employs the same strategy to focus the search area to the most significant regions in the scene. Then our system investigates each selected region to obtain information about the shape, structure and texture of objects there. When it detects a set of features that matches a human being or part of a human, it flags that as a location of a victim. The drone also collects GPS data about its location, and senses how far it is from other objects it’s photographing. That information lets the system calculate exactly the location of each person needing assistance, and alert rescuers. All of this process – capturing an image, processing it for maximum visibility and analyzing it to identify people who might be trapped or concealed – takes about one-fifth of a second on the normal laptop computer that the drone carries, along with its high-resolution camera. The U.S. military is interested in this technology. We have worked with the U.S. Army Medical Research and Materiel Command to find wounded individuals in a battlefield who need rescue. We have adapted this work to serve utility companies searching for intrusions on pipeline paths by construction equipment or vehicles that may damage the pipelines. Utility companies are also interested in detecting any new constructions of buildings near the pipeline pathways. All of these groups – and many more – are interested in technology that can see as humans can see, especially in places humans can’t be. Vijayan Asari, Professor of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Dayton This article is republished from The Conversation under a Creative Commons license. We are sorry that this post was not useful for you! Let us improve this post! Tell us how we can improve this post?

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It is difficult to establish greenery in Abu Dhabi, while commercial agricultural forms have been sought as a coveted measure to keep up with the modern era ever since the 1950s. However, the results of it did not always meet with success. Thanks to the Chinese technology which was used to turn the Gobi desert into lush green vegetation as sunflowers thrived to transform the desert landscape could also change the “dunes of Sweihan” within a period of six months. The Chongqing Jiaotong University researchers will get ten square kilometres in Abu Dhabi’s “spartan interior of the emirate” for growing “desert grasses, vegetables and shrubbery”. The government, however, has classified 85% of this area to a “naturally-degraded”. Researcher, Wang Min presented to the government officials of UAE the transformational videos and slides wherein “flattened dunes in inner Mongolia” were being “tilled by tractors and bushy chaffs of sorghum blowing in the wind”. While she said: “You can see the grass here and the crops, more than 40 types of crops, are growing prosperously in the sand. This is after only four months of soilisation”. The technology has been termed as “Soilisation” by the researchers, although the details on how the technology works was kept short, while “its reliance on physics instead of chemicals” was elaborated to a great detail, as the Vice-President of the University, Yi Zhijian, described: “It’s a mechanical manipulation, not chemical”. Abu Dhabi will provide an opportunity wherein the technology could be tested to see if this can find place in the commercial agricultural sector to promote cultivation in the “most extreme climates on Earth”. “Chongqing Earthskin Eco-technology” waits for the project to yield success for developing the same in a commercial scale. In fact, the company has also entered into an agreement with Mawarid Holding, the manager of Abu Dhabi forests along with much of the country’s agricultural production. Mawarid Holding has received the government support and it will provide the funds for the above mentioned project. In the words of the “Minister of Climate Change and Environment”, Dr Thani Al Zeyoudi: “The way that you managed to transform huge areas of the desert into cultivated land and green areas is a model that we looked at in a very interested manner. “We’re looking forward to implementing it here in the UAE”. Nevertheless, the government officials are betting their hopes on the technology to turn into a food security promoter, while twenty crops were identified by the government for this purpose, for example “wheat, rice, types of livestock fodder and varieties of dates and mangoes”. And Dr Al Zeyoudi added: “We’re going to give full support to ensure the success of this project”. The technology of soilisation was being developed from 2009. It has now come to Abu Dhabi after its successful venture in Ulan Buh Desert of China, wherein it reclaimed the desert through steppe cultivation. Photographs showed “ripe radishes, watermelon, aubergine and potatoes” that were harvested from the dunes that appeared identical to Al Ain. Dr Al Zeyoudi said: “It’s one of the strategic options when it comes to producing our own food locally”. “As you all know more than 85 per cent of our food comes from abroad so one of the main pillars for food security is to ensure that we do produce certain crops here in the UAE.” This project is considered to be beneficial for the “Belt and Road Initiative” which aims to provide a linking corridor to China from Europe, as Dr Zhijian stated: “We aim to serve the Belt and Road initiative. You see there are a lot of countries along the Belt and Road that are suffering from [desertification] and which are in need of soilisation technology.” The experiments were carried out in China with the help of “sands watered by aquifers and piped water”; while in Abu Dhabi the project will test the technologies response to “highly saline water and salty soil”. In stage one the researchers will chalk out “an ecological and agricultural plan” suitable to “large-scale commercialisation and application”. And in the following stage, they will carry out “two to three-year experiment” to determine the cost reduction besides gathering the data on water consumption. Soil and water preservation is a “national priority” for nearly “8,000 farms” had to be abandoned due to “increasing salinity and salty soil”, for both these resources were considered to be “non-renewable”. Furthermore, Dr Al Zeyoudi gave a hint that one could expect the announcements of “related projects” in the near future, whereby adding: “Soil is one of the big issues that the whole world is facing and techniques by Chinese researchers and institutions are going to have a huge impact globally, not only in the UAE. “Desertification is becoming a global challenge that everyone has to work towards.”

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Coastal and ocean acidification chemistry involves three main components that are found in the ocean and coastal zone, both naturally and through human contributions. These component, seen below, are Carbon Dioxide, Water, and Carbonate Ions. Acidification can occur when the naturally occurring chemical reactions are thrown off balance. Read below for a primer on acidification chemistry. More resources can be found on our Resources Page. NOAA Ocean Acidification Program When carbon dioxide (CO2) is absorbed by seawater (H2O), it forms carbonic acid (H2CO3). Carbonic acid quickly breaks apart to form hydrogen ions (H+) and bicarbonate (HCO3-). The amount of hydrogen ions in the seawater will tell us the pH, or how acidic or basic the water is. When there are more hydrogen ions, the water becomes more acidic, ultimately through the production of free hydrogen ions that are released from bicarbonate. It is important to note that seawater will still be basic for the foreseeable future, but as we add CO2 the pH goes down. Carbon dioxide can come from many sources but one is from the burning of fossil fuels. The changes to seawater chemistry caused by absorption of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere is called ocean acidification. NOAP Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory There is naturally a lot of carbonate in seawater, which absorbs (attaches to) hydrogen ions to buffer against changes in pH. Antacids actually do the same thing for our stomachs. Freshwater, from the coastal ocean, doesn't have a lot of carbonate (or "antacids"). This is why freshwater runoff can cause large swings in pH. Large storm events or impervious surfaces (like concrete that prevents rain from being absorbed into the ground) can contribute to large influxes of freshwater that temporarily lower the pH. CO2 not only comes from the atmosphere, it also comes from mixing with deep waters from off the shelf. Deeper waters have higher concentrations of CO2 because over time, organic material is decomposed and CO2 is released during this process called respiration. Mixing and upwelling are the physical processes that bring the CO2 onto the self either from the coastal zone or deep waters. Conversely, CO2 can also be exported to the open ocean as water moves offshore due to tides or wind.

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Addition for Kindergarten - Let's Match! Find the answer! Multiplying and Dividing Integers Students will solve problems relating to multiplying and dividing integers in order to progress in the game. Money and Calculators Students add or subtract dollar amounts using a calculator. Match the Number Try and match the number to the word الصيغ الرياضية (Mathematical formulas) IT subject - Time out game for grade six students. Let's Match the Number to the Correct Spelling. Let's test your memory. Can you match the word with the number? Matching Elementary Math Terms Students will match terms to the correct answer. Types of Data Knowledge Check Students will assess their knowledge on the types of data. Addisjon 3 (Addition)

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Cities have a role to play in bird conservation By Kathi Borgmann Cities provide important connections to nature as well as habitat for many species, according to new research in Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment. Many people tend to think of cities as places devoid of nature, but a study by researchers at the Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Auburn University and Rutgers University suggests that cities offer unique opportunities for wildlife conservation, not to mention the value that nature can have for human health and well-being. “As a city kid growing up during the 1980s, I was fascinated with peregrine falcons that nested on high-rise buildings, and that experience is what sparked my interest in birds and nature,” said co-author Frank La Sorte, a researcher at the Lab of Ornithology. “Observing birds in cities gives us an opportunity to see nature as something that is part of our well-being and if we protect nature, in the end we are protecting ourselves.” To document the value of cities to the bird themselves, the team combined bird observations made by citizen scientists to the Lab’s eBird program; federal and state lists of threatened and endangered bird species in the United States; critical habitat designations for threatened and endangered species in the U.S.; and 2010 U.S. Census data. In the continental U.S., 38 bird species have been listed as threatened or endangered under the Endangered Species Act. Seven of those species can be found in 81% of urbanized areas (390 out of 481) that have populations of more than 50,000. For the 618 bird species listed as threatened or endangered at the state level, 11% of them occur in urban areas in the states where they are listed. In some cases, natural areas within cities could mean increased access to resources, warmer temperatures or protection from natural disasters, all of which could benefit some species. The authors also suggest that natural areas in cities could provide important refugia, or allow for unique reintroduction opportunities for species where reintroduction is not possible in their natural habitat. The authors caution that cities don’t always operate as safe spaces for wildlife. A particular city would need to have positive effects on the species for at least one part of their life cycle. “If a species is drawn to a city, but doesn’t fare well, that can be a problem,” La Sorte said. When species are attracted to areas where they do poorly, scientists call that an “ecological trap.” Ensuring that cities are not ecological traps, through measures such as Lights Out programs and greenspace initiatives, is an important part of making a city a truly safe space for wildlife. “If you want to understand what’s happening with bird populations, you need data across the entire landscape,” La Sorte said. “Rock pigeons, for example, are not well represented in eBird data because we don’t get many checklists from core urban areas, but that kind of information is valuable.” Reframing our views of cities as places where we can connect with nature, the authors said, is a key to stemming biodiversity loss. Many cities are creating more opportunities for people to engage with nature, which may lead to greater environmental stewardship. Citizen science programs such as eBird, they said, have the potential to transform this engagement into real opportunities for advancing science and conservation. Kathi Borgmann is communications project coordinator at the Cornell Lab of Ornithology.

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Meningococcal Group A, B, C, Y and W-135 Vaccines What is meningococcal disease and what are the complications of this disease? Invasive meningococcal disease is caused by a bacteria called Neisseria meningitidis (N. meningitidis). There are many different groups or types of this bacteria that can cause disease and each type is identified by a letter. The majority of invasive meningococcal disease (IMD) is associated with Neisseria meningitidis serogroups A, B, C, Y and W-135. The bacteria can cause infection of joints (septic arthritis), blood (bacteremia or septicemia), the lining of the heart (pericarditis), the lung (pneumonia), or the brain (meningitis). The most common illness caused by this bacteria is meningitis and there have been outbreaks of meningococcal meningitis in several Canadian provinces since 1989. Meningocococcus Group C was responsible for an outbreak of bacterial meningitis in PEI during 1990 to 1992. There were deaths among young adults during that outbreak. Approximately 10 per cent of people who get meningococcal disease will die and 10-20 per cent of survivors have long term effects including hearing loss, digit or limb amputations, and neurological disabilities. What are the contents of the vaccines? Meningococcal A,C,Y and W135 This is an inactivated vaccine containing portions of the N. meningitidis antigens of serogroups A, C, Y, and W-135 bacteria conjugated to a carrier protein from diphtheria. This component of the vaccine is responsible for stimulating the body to make antibodies to meningococcal A, C, Y, and W-135 strains of the bacteria, which results in protection for the vaccinated person. As well, the vaccine contains traces of medicinal ingredients that keep the vaccine stable, sterile, and help the body be more effective in producing antibodies. There is no preservative and no mercury in the vaccine. The product is latex free. This is an inactivated vaccine containing portions of the N. meningitidis bacteria of serogroup C conjugated to a carrier protein, which stimulates the body to make antibodies to the Meningococcal C strain. This results in protection for the vaccinated person. As well, the vaccine contains traces of non-medicinal ingredients that keep the vaccine stable, sterile, and help the body be more effective in producing antibodies. There is no preservative and no mercury in the vaccine. This is an inactivated recombinant vaccine containing protein from the N. meningitidis bacteria of serogroup B which then stimulates the body to make antibodies. This results in protection for the vaccinated person. As well, the vaccine contains traces of non-medicinal ingredients that keep the vaccine stable, sterile, and help the body be more effective in producing antibodies. There is no preservative and no mercury in the vaccine. All vaccine contents are licensed for use in Canada by the Biologics and Genetics Therapies Directorate within Health Canada. A complete listing of contents is included in the product insert which is available from the immunizer. What are the possible reactions to the vaccine? The most serious but rare side effect is a severe allergic reaction (anaphylaxis), which can be life threatening and which usually occurs within 15-20 minutes of receiving the vaccine. Procedures are in place for the immuizer to quickly respond to anaphylaxis by administering adrenaline. The most common side effects after receiving the vaccine are tenderness, redness, and swelling at the site where the vaccine is given. Headache and mild flu-like symptoms including malaise, tiredness, nausea, and muscle aches and pains have been reported. These symptoms generally last one to two days. It is not necessary to give acetaminophen after immunization. If discomfort or fever occur acetaminophen can relieve the symptoms. - Please remain in the waiting room for 15 minutes after immunization. - See a doctor or seek medical attention if any serious side effect occurs. - Report serious reaction(s) to the immunizer. What are the situations in which Meningococcal vaccine should not be given? Meningococcal vaccine is contraindicated in persons with a history of anaphylaxis after previous administration of the vaccine and in persons with proven immediate or anaphylactic hypersensitivity to any component of the vaccine or its container. In situations of suspected hypersensitivity or non-anaphylactic allergy to vaccine components, investigation is indicated, which may involve immunization in a controlled setting. Administration of meningococcal vaccine should be postponed in persons with moderate or severe acute illness. Persons with minor acute illness, with or without fever, may be vaccinated. What are the risks if the vaccine is not received? The chance of getting invasive meningococcal disease varies greatly from time to time and an outbreak can occur without warning. There had been on average over 100 cases of meningococcal disease caused by groups A, B, C, Y, and W-135 meningococcus in Canada each year, with an increased number of cases when an outbreak occurred. Illness due to Meningococcus group C has decreased due to immunization programs, and the corresponding decline in serogroup C IMD, serogroup B has become the leading cause of IMD in Canada. IMD mortality is approximately 10% and of IMD survivors, 10% to 20% have long term sequelae which may include hearing loss, neurologic disabilities, and digit or limb amputations. Who is eligible for publicly funded meningococcal vaccines in PEI? Men- C vaccine is provided to individuals at 12 months of age, and Men A,C,Y, W-135 is given to children as part of the school-based program in Grade 9. Men-B vaccine is provided during outbreaks and for individuals that are at higher risk of developing Men-B IMD, including; PEI residents attending post-secondary school who are living in residence in PEI or out-of-province; individuals with asplenia; persons with congenital complement, properdin, factor D or primary antibody deficiencies; individuals with HIV; and, persons with acquired complement deficiency due to receipt of the terminal complement inhibitor eculizumab).

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Vertical farming: a possible solution to the challenges of the food industry Vertical farming systems, or vertical and controlled agriculture, are now seen as a possible solution to current problems in the food industry, such as sustainability and supply. Long-term food security and self-sufficiency are vital for the economic growth of any country, and the search for alternatives for the food industry both for humans and pets is a constant, as what's human is also animal. Is vertical farming the answer to industry challenges? We know that costs, raw materials availability, land and water use, greenhouse gas emissions, and weather-related contingencies are only some of the challenges facing a growing food industry. It seems that vertical farming can help solve, or at least alleviate, some of these challenges. Vertical farming is a revolutionary approach that proposes growing crops in vertically stacked layers to make efficient use of space and create closed-loop ecosystems. It usually works climate-independent, with controlled-environment agriculture, which optimizes crop growth, and even, in many cases, uses soilless cultivation techniques. Most commonly deployed to grow crops, such as leafy greens and herbs for human consumption, there are also companies that have already started using them for livestock feed crops. Currently, the vertical farming market is expected to reach $24.11 billion by 2030. Vertical agriculture, a path full of possibilities Climate change is destroying or seriously affecting dozens of ecosystems around the world, which affects land for cultivation. Short growing seasons also affect the ability to produce enough food for populations internationally. That is why having the ability to grow food indoors and avoiding the unpredictability that comes with outdoor cultivation could prove to be the most rewarding solution for the industry. Vertical farming is presented as an alternative that solves problems such as irrigation restrictions, land limitations, low forage years, access to quality feed, inflation, and rising and unpredictable input costs. Its great advantages lie in that it uses less water and land for production, can reduce methane emissions, combat deforestation, use fewer fossil fuels, generate less food waste, and even alleviate some interruptions in the supply chain. Therefore, that's why it's considered one of the most viable forms of sustainable production and supply. Another notable benefit is its ease of implementation since it can be installed where it is most needed. Addressing the problem from the grassroots We can highlight that vertical farming, by allowing local growth, can make producers need less labor for growth and harvesting. They will be able to control pests and diseases better and scale their production to achieve sustained quantities throughout all annual seasons. Instead of focusing on producing a product directly for human consumption, this alternative addresses an important problem from its bases: livestock feed and nutrition, produced in a sustainable manner. Automation, at the center, once again Automation will play a fundamental role in vertical farming management. With networks of sensors connected to a digital control panel to monitor all crop parameters, not only is labor reduced but the raw ingredients are improved. Furthermore, with artificial intelligence, health, and growth rate can be optimized, and diseases or mold can be predetermined, for example. Even the harvesting process can be automated so that, with the push of a button, the crop can be cut and transported. Resilience: new paths for the industry Vertical farming seems a great alternative to address labor shortages and sustainability concerns. It allows out-of-season food growth and supplement crops during the growing season. If implemented correctly and at scale, it can have a major impact on regional food security, gas emission reduction, and global food transport. The positive thing about this type of agriculture is that it is not tied to the externalities of climate change. And that, in a world beset by the climate crisis, makes it a promising food production method. Source: All Pet Food Magazine Leave a comment

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About LaMancha Goats LaMancha goats are a short-eared goat believed to have originated in Spain and been brought over to California by Spanish missionaries. The goats were then taken to Oregon, where the breed was further developed. LaManchas are the only dairy goat that was developed in the United States. One story as to their name notes that some of these goats were sent to Paris in crates addressed from LaMancha, Spain, and the name of the region they originated from attached to the goats. LaManchas are a medium-size goat with uniquely small ears. LaMancha does can be 28” tall and weigh around 130 pounds, whereas bucks can be 30” tall and weigh around 165 pounds. They are easy to milk, agile, curious, smart and have great dispositions. Among the standard-sized dairy goat breeds, the milk of the LaMancha is 2nd highest in butterfat, next to the Nubian. Its size makes the LaMancha another goat that is good for homesteads and hobby farms. They are great pets, milkers, show goats and all-around nice goats to own.

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What are the uses and features of sanitary diaphragm valves? The advantages of sanitary diaphragm valve are the structural characteristics, for example, health-class diaphragm valve design is particularly suitable for ultra-pure media or serious pollution, very viscous liquid, gas, corrosive or inert media. When combined with control equipment, diaphragm valves are a better alternative to other conventional control systems, especially for solid and contaminated inert media. The uses and characteristics of sanitary diaphragm valves: The sanitary valve adopts the clamp type, which has the advantages such as simple structure, beautiful appearance, quick assembly and disassembly, quick switch, flexible operation, small fluid resistance and safe and reliable use. Hygienic diaphragm valves are made of acid-proof stainless steel, and the seals are made of food silicone rubber or polytetrafluoroethylene, which conforms to food hygiene standard. Sanitary diaphragm valves are widely used in food, wine, beverages, dairy products, fine chemicals, pharmaceutical and biological engineering and many other industries. Classification of sanitary diaphragm valves: Hygienic diaphragm valve has kinds of connections such as looper flange connection, quick discharge flange connection, welded connection. Welded connection is divided into welded I-type connection, welding type II connection, the other end of the insert connection.

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Tiina K. Urv, Ph.D., leads the Rare Diseases Clinical Research Network, part of NIH’s Office of Rare Diseases Research. She discussed the network, which includes 22 groups across the country and conducts research on approximately 200 rare diseases, with NIH MedlinePlus magazine. What makes a rare disease rare? We define rare diseases as defined in law, through an amendment to the Orphan Drug Act of 1983. That is a condition that affects fewer than 200,000 Americans. What is the biggest misconception about rare diseases? The biggest misconception is that rare diseases are rare. There are over 7,000 rare diseases that impact the lives of over 30 million people. If you look at it collectively, that's as many people in the U.S. who have diabetes, and as many as those with HIV, cancer, and Alzheimer's combined. Rare diseases are a huge public health problem and we need to start thinking about them as a group as opposed to one at a time. Can you tell us about the Rare Diseases Clinical Research Network? The network came about through legislation that passed in November of 2002, known as the Rare Diseases Act. Since 2003, the network has funded 31 individual consortia (smaller research groups within the network), touched on over 238 disorders, and over 40,000 people have participated in one way or another in the network over time. What areas of research are promising for rare diseases? Everyone within the network is doing something a little different. For instance, gene editing is really exciting. We have a lot of hope with that. How do you recruit people with rare diseases for clinical trials? It is challenging. That's one of the things that the network works on. How to best go out and find patients. They work closely with the patient advocacy groups. Each of the individual groups consists of a team that includes patients, advocacy groups, researchers, and clinicians. The individual groups each focus on at least three rare diseases. These consortia work very closely with NIH and its Rare Diseases Clinical Research Network. How do you recommend patients or their loved ones with rare diseases get involved or join a study? A really good resource we have at NIH is the Genetic and Rare Disease Information Center (GARD). It links you to so many wonderful resources. If you're looking for a family group, you can either email them or call them. We can help them find the care they need as best we can. If somebody's looking for a clinical trial, all clinical trials have to be registered at clinicaltrials.gov. And the Rare Diseases Clinical Research Network has a patient registry. What message do you have for patients struggling with a rare disease? You're not alone. There are people who care and there are people out there—researchers, clinicians, patient advocacy groups—who are really working hard to make a difference and find answers. It's a really amazing community.

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Assistive technology devices are identified in the IDEA 2004 as, any item, piece of equipment or product system, whether acquired commercially off the shelf, modified or customized, that is used to increase, maintain or improve the functional capabilities of children with disabilities. Switches fall under this category which allows people with physical disabilities such as cerebral palsy to manipulate their environment by controlling various types of adaptive and assistive switches used for environmental control and communication devices. The following are resources for assistive technology switches: Ablenet- Helps people with disabilities through the creation of assistive technology. Ablenet provides switches for both children and adults. Adaptive Tech Solutions– A therapist-owned and operated company which provides adaptive equipment for individuals with disabilities eSpecial Needs– Provides adaptive switches to children and adults with physical disabilities which allows them to manipulate their environment. Enabling Devices– Creates customized one-of-a-kind assistive technology devices for communication, education and playing. Rehabmart– sells inclusive learning devices which help children with impairments including augmentative communication and adaptive toys Assistive Technology Websites Glenda Assistive Technology Information and More– A website containing information on various types of assistive technology including visual supports, AAC, switches and tablets Teaching Learners With Multiple Special Needs- Created by Kate Ahern, an assistive technology specialist. This website serves as a resource for teachers or learners with severe, profound, or multiple special needs. There is a great article on 60 things to do with a single switch Assistiveware- How to Support a Student Who Uses a Switch Device Breezy Special Ed- How to use your iPAD as a switch device Perkins School for the Blind: Favorite Cause and Affect Switch Apps Understood- Checklist: What to consider when looking at assistive technology For more ideas and resources, visit my Pinterest Site: Assistive Technology

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English 101 essay assignment 1: character evolution | English Composition | Rasmussen College System It is an English 101 essay on character development in a film, novel, television program, or other medium. It should have a debatable thesis and at least three body sentences. Every body paragraph must include supporting material, original material, and a topic phrase, followed by an explanation and a concluding statement. Conclusions should be brief and restate thesis statements in new language, without offering any new arguments. The essay should be at least 500 words, with MLA style documentation, a header, double-spacing, a title, standard font, and 1″ margins on all sides. Underline your thesis. You can also find out more about the following:

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COP27 is short for The 27th Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change COP27 Will Be the 27th Meeting of the Parties to the Convention Being held in Egypt from November 6 to November 18, the conference of the parties to the United Nations convention on climate change (COP27) is an annual meeting of the heads of state or government of all united nations member states. The two-week conference brings together the parties with world leaders, scientific experts, members of civil society and UN officials to identify responses to the climate crisis and facilitate their implementation. With an expected 35,000 participants, COP 27 will be one of the largest COPs ever held. It will also undoubtedly be one of the most contentious COPs as the world grapples not only with climate change but also with conflicts, economic recession, COVID-19, loss of biodiversity and more. Faced with these challenges, the Egyptian COP presidency will commit to promoting progress on mitigation, adaptation, financing and international cooperation.

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For this second part in Nick LaBanca’s series on the Eastern Catholic Rites, he explores in detail the history and distinctions of the Armenian Catholic Rite. You can find the first part of the series here. When we proclaim the Nicene Creed every Sunday, we find ourselves recalling the four marks of the Church. We remember that she is one, holy, catholic, and apostolic. Turning our attention to the “oneness” of the Catholic Church, we must also realize that there is great diversity within that oneness. The popes have acknowledged this time and time again. In September of 2000, Pope St. John Paul II sent a message to his brother bishops from Armenia who were holding a synod in Rome: “‘Rejoice, Holy Church, for today Christ, King of heaven, has crowned you with his Cross and adorned your walls with the splendour of his glory’. “Your liturgy sings these words on many occasions, dear brothers and sisters of the Armenian people who have come here to celebrate your Jubilee. The Bishop of Rome extends his cordial greeting to you all and gives you a fatherly embrace. I exchange a holy kiss of brotherhood with His Beatitude Nerses Bedros XIX, Patriarch of Cilicia for Armenian Catholics, and the Bishops who accompany him. On this happy occasion, I express my best wishes for the Synod which in a few days will begin in this city of Rome… “The Armenian people know the Cross well: they bear it engraved upon their hearts. It is the symbol of their identity, of the tragedies of their history and of the glory of their recovery after every adverse event. In all epochs, the blood of your martyrs has mingled with that of the crucified One.” What We Need to Know The pope was of course referencing the Armenian Genocide which was carried out by the Ottoman Empire shortly before World War I. An estimated 1.5 million Armenians were wiped out during the persecutions, most of whom were Christians. Many of these Armenians who were martyred professed the Catholic Faith. As we explored recently, one need not be “Roman” to be Catholic. In the second part of this series, we will become better acquainted with the twenty-four particular Churches that make up the universal Catholic Church. Twenty-three of those Churches are what we call the Eastern Catholic Churches, and each of those twenty-three Churches utilize one of five liturgical traditions or rites. The first of these that we’ll become more acquainted with is the Armenian Rite. Reunited with Rome Unlike the other particular Eastern Catholic Churches, the liturgical tradition of the Armenian Rite is practiced by only one sui iuris Church, the Armenian Catholic Church. As many know, one of many titles Pope Francis has is “Bishop of Rome”. Not only is he the Supreme Pontiff, but he is also the bishop for Latin Catholics in the Diocese of Rome. Armenian Catholics are also led by a bishop or patriarch. With the official title of “Catholicos Patriarch of Cilicia of Armenian Catholics”, Gregory Petros XX Gabroyan is the head of the Armenian Catholic Church. He was enthroned as patriarch on August 9, 2015, and Pope Francis himself concelebrated Holy Mass with him a month later as a sign of ecclesial communion. As we mentioned in the first part of this series, the Church splintered at certain points of history, most notably with the Great Schism of East and West in 1054. But since the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, as Fr. Thomas Loya deftly explains in this video, “parts of the Eastern Church reunited with the Western Church… That part that reunited with Rome, and Rome with them, is what we call the Eastern Catholic Churches.” The Armenian Kingdom Following the Ecumenical Council of Chalcedon in 451, some Christians, including the Armenians, did not recognize certain Christological definitions that were formulated. This sadly led to a split with Christians in Rome and Constantinople. Reunion was attempted during the Crusades in the twelfth century, as well as during the Council of Florence in 1439. Fr. Ronald Robertson expounds on this in “The Eastern Christian Churches”: “An alliance between the Crusaders and the Armenian King contributed to the establishment of a union between the [Catholic Church and the Armenian Apostolic Church] in Cilicia in 1198. This union, which was not accepted by Armenians outside Cilicia, ended with the conquest of the Armenian kingdom by the Tatars in 1375.” Armenian Catholics Around the World A few centuries later, Abraham Petros I Ardzivian, was instrumental for bringing lasting communion with Rome in the year 1740. After being received into the Catholic Church, he was ordained a bishop and consecrated as the first patriarch of the Armenian Catholic Church on November 26, 1740. Ardzivian then traveled to Rome with his vicar and clergymen to have his election as patriarch ratified by the pope. On December 8, 1742, Ardzivian’s election was recognized, and he was given the pallium by Pope Benedict XIV, affirming the unity between the Latin and Armenian Catholic Churches, a union that has continued to this very day. Since then, each patriarch has taken the name “Petros” in their ecclesial title. Since then, the Armenian Catholic Church has grown significantly, crossing the globe throughout four archeparchies (the Eastern equivalent of an archdiocese), six eparchies, and several smaller exarchates and ordinariates throughout the world. This growth has continued despite the Armenian Genocide in the early twentieth century. Communism also played a major role in the suppression of the Armenian Catholic Church, but Catholics in those regions began to reemerge in the early 1990’s. Today, most of the Armenian Catholic population is currently in Canada, the United States, and France, while the patriarch’s seat is currently in Beirut, Lebanon with around 12,500 faithful living there according to the 2017 Annuario Pontificio. Veneration and Reverence Regarding the sacred liturgy, the Armenian Catholic Church uses the Liturgy of St. Gregory the Illuminator. While some of the prayers are different from what you may hear in the Latin Rite, the structure of the Divine Liturgy (which is what Latin Catholics would refer to as the Mass), is basically the same with readings from Scripture, prayers of the faithful, the consecration, etcetera. St. Gregory, the patron saint of the Armenian Church, lived in the early fourth century and first composed the liturgy in the Syriac language. It wasn’t until the fifth century when St. Mesrob Mashdotz translated the liturgy into the Armenian alphabet that he had composed. This language differs from modern-day Armenian, and thus remains one of the oldest liturgies still said today in the Catholic Church. Similar to what is done in the Byzantine tradition, the Armenians will sometimes have an excess of bread that is not consecrated during the Divine Liturgy, and this “blessed bread” (called antidoron) is given to the people after the liturgy has ended as a sign of fellowship following veneration of the Cross. But as the Latin Church does, the Armenian Church reserves the excess consecrated Hosts in a tabernacle on the altar. Another difference between the Armenians and their Latin and Byzantine counterparts, is that instead of using an altar rail, rood screen, or iconostasis to separate the laity from the altar, two curtains are used in front of the sanctuary, concealing the priests and deacons at certain points during the Liturgy. According to the Catholic Encyclopedia, following the ordinary recitation of the Creed, a sentence pronounced by the First Council of Nicaea is said: “Those who say there was a time when the Son was not, or when the Holy Ghost was not; or that they were created out of nothing; or that the Son of God and the Holy Ghost are of another substance or that they are mutable; the Catholic and Apostolic church condemns.” Again, some of the prayers and parts of the liturgy may differ from what you experience at your local Latin Catholic parish, but the true oneness of the Church is recognized through the diversity of these liturgical traditions as they developed in different regions of the world. The Armenian Sacraments As far as the sacraments are concerned, the sacraments of initiation are given together, as is typical with many of the other Eastern Catholic Churches. Immediately following the Armenian Catholic child’s baptism, confirmation (or chrismation, as it is called in the East) is administered by the priest as he anoints with the holy chrism on the child’s forehead, eyes, ears, nose, mouth, palms, heart, spine and feet, each time with a reference to the seal of the Holy Spirit. Then, the priest or bishop lays his hands on the child and makes the Sign of the Cross. Following this, Holy Communion may be given to the child. In some areas, the first reception of Holy Communion is postponed until the child turns seven or eight, as we see in the Latin Catholic Church. The Armenian Calendar The liturgical calendar also differs from the Latin and Byzantine Calendars. For instance, most Holy Days are moved to the following Sunday, except for a few feasts including Christmas, Epiphany, and the Ascension of our Lord. Holy Days of Obligation which are specific to the Armenian Catholic Calendar include the Exaltation of the Holy Cross and the feast of St. Gregory the Illuminator. The seasons also differ from the Latin calendar. The equivalent of the Latin season of Advent, which is called Aratchavorats, lasts six to eight weeks, and begins on the feast of Christ the King. The Armenians also have a special season of preparation between the Epiphany season and Bahots (what the Latin Church calls Lent), which includes the ancient Fast of Nineveh, lasting for two weeks. This Lenten preparation is somewhat analogous to the season of Septuagesima, or Shrovetide, which was seen in the Latin Rite before the new calendar was issued in 1969. But unlike Septuagesima, fasting obviously takes place during these two weeks. St. Gregory of Narek Since the Church provides us examples to venerate and imitate in the saints, we shouldn’t be surprised that several of these saints are Armenian. As was already mentioned, St. Gregory the Illuminator is one of the foremost among these saints. But perhaps the greatest of the Armenian Catholic saints would be St. Gregory of Narek, who was declared a Doctor of the Church by Pope Francis in February of 2015. St. Gregory of Narek was born in 950, and lived in the Narek monastery on the south-east shore of Lake Van in present day Turkey. His writings are numerous and have been translated into several languages. His most popular work entitled “The Book of Prayers” has been called an encyclopedia of prayers for all Christians. He has been included in the Roman Martyrology since at least 2005 with a feast day of February 27 (October 13 in the East) where he is listed as: “monk, doctor of the Armenians, distinguished for his writings and mystic science”. He was even quoted by name in the Catechism of the Catholic Church in Article 2678 on the section entitled “The Way of Prayer”. In addition, this great Doctor of the Church was also mentioned by Pope St. John Paul II in his 1987 encyclical, Redemptoris Mater, where he observes the following: “In his panegyric of the Theotokos, Saint Gregory of Narek, one of the outstanding glories of Armenia, with powerful poetic inspiration ponders the different aspects of the mystery of the Incarnation, and each of them is for him an occasion to sing and extol the extraordinary dignity and magnificent beauty of the Virgin Mary, Mother of the Word made flesh (RM 31).” Holy and Blessed Armenians Other saints like St. Nerses Klaietsi and Blessed Gomidas Keumurgian lived before the eighteenth century reunion, and have been venerated as saints for quite some time in the Catholic Church, with both appearing in Butler’s Lives of the Saints. Regarding St. Nerses, Butler writes that this patriarch, who died in 1173, “worked for the reconciliation of the Orthodox Greeks; and writing to the Emperor Manuek Comnenos he refers to the pope as ‘the first of all the archbishops and successor of the apostle Peter.’” Bl. Gomidas, martyred in the early eighteenth century, was beatified by Pope Pius XI in 1929. Another recent Armenian Catholic saint beatified by the Church is martyr Blessed Ignatius Shoukrallah Maloyan. Bl. Ignatius was the Armenian Catholic bishop of Mardin from 1911-1915, and was especially devoted to the Sacred Heart of Jesus. During the Armenian Genocide in the summer of 1915, Bl. Ignatius, along with most of his flock, was forced to march into the desert where he was made to watch his clergy and flock murdered before his eyes. Before Bl. Ignatius was executed he was asked if he would convert to Islam, to which he refused. He was subsequently shot, and then attained the martyr’s crown. On the day of his beatification, St. John Paul II said the following in his homily: Let’s Show Our Gratitude “Archbishop Ignatius Maloyan, who died a martyr when he was 46, reminds us of every Christian’s spiritual combat, whose faith is exposed to the attacks of evil. It is in the Eucharist that he drew, day by day, the force necessary to accomplish his priestly ministry with generosity and passion, dedicating himself to preaching, to a pastoral life connected with the celebration of the sacraments and to the service of the neediest. Throughout his existence, he fully lived the words of St Paul: ‘God has not given us a spirit of fear but a spirit of courage, of love and self-control’ (2 Tim. 1:14). Before the dangers of persecution, Bl. Ignatius did not accept any compromise, declaring to those who were putting pressure on him, ‘It does not please God that I should deny Jesus my Savior. To shed my blood for my faith is the strongest desire of my heart’. May his example enlighten all those who today wish to be witnesses of the Gospel for the glory of God and for the salvation of their neighbor.” Catholics across the universal Church would benefit greatly from venerating these great men, asking for their intercession before God in our lives, as we can see from the example of several popes. Additionally, the patrimony of the Armenian Catholic Church is a great treasure to the Church as a whole. The blood of the martyrs is the seed of the Church, and many great witnesses have come from this beautiful tradition, with their lives and writings still inspiring us to this day. If you live nearby an Armenian Catholic parish, it would certainly be worthwhile to stop in. Visit the Armenian Catholic Eparchy of Our Lady of Nareg’s website for a list of parishes in North America. As St. John Paul exhorted, Latin Catholics should: “[A]ccept gratefully the spiritual treasures of which the Eastern Catholic Churches are the bearers.” To worship alongside our brothers and sisters would be an excellent way to show our gratitude. Featured photo of St. Gregory the Illuminator Cathedral. Yerevan, Armenia, by Marcin Konsek on Wikimedia Commons. You May Also Like: The Other 23 Catholic Churches and Why They Exist Why I Go to a Byzantine Church, and Other Questions A Great Benefit to Having a Universal Church About Nicholas LaBanca Nicholas is a cradle Catholic and hopes to give a unique perspective on life in the Church as a millennial. His favorite saints include his patron St. Nicholas, St. Ignatius of Loyola, St. Thomas Aquinas, St. John Mary Vianney, and St. Athanasius of Alexandria. You did not mention the much large number of Catholics in Armenia which is much larger than the Armenian Catholics in than Canada and the United States. In some places the number of Catholics were around 250,000 Where can I find more information about the Armenian Catholic Church? Are they multi-generation Armenians? Or are many from other countries who settled in the area?

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Grades K-2, 3-5 Economic Spotter: Resources During World War II In World War II pennies were made of steel and zinc instead of copper and women were working at jobs that men had always been hired to do. Why? Because during war times, scarcity forces many things to change! You are an economic spotter! You can spot economic concepts in history. This lesson will take you back in time when the world was at war! During World War II, the United States was forced to make changes. There was a huge problem with scarcity! Scarcity is whenever there are limited resources and unlimited wants. Scarcity exists whenever the wants for a good or service exceed the resources needed to make that good or service. Can you spot the scarce resources needed to help the US win WWII? - Identify alternative resources used during World War II when regular resources became scarce. - Analyze the effects of a new workforce and new technology on the standard of living in the United States. - Time Machine: This PowerPoint story sends students back in time to the Depression era and World War II. Economic Spotter in WWII - The Great Depression and WWII Worksheet: As students go through the time machine activity they can use this worksheet to identify resources. - It’s a Woman’s War Too!: This site shows actual posters from World War II urging women to take a role in the war. - Decision Making Worksheet: Use this worksheet at the end of the lesson to assess students problem solving skills. Start the lesson with some questions to get the students thinking about how the United States was different in the 1940’s than it is now. Questions such as: What are you going to be when you grow up? Can girls do the same jobs as boys? If you were born in 1900, would girls be able to have the same job as boys? Do you think there was a time when the United States PREFERRED women in jobs normally held by men? What was going on that women NEEDED to hold the jobs that were normally held by men? Explain that SCARCITY was a serious issue in World War II. Scarcity occurred when our wants were greater than the resources were available to satisfy those wants. Scarcity affected our choices on how to use our resources. Humans were not the only scarce resources. We had a scarcity of natural resources too. Ask students: What are pennies made of today? What were they made of 50 years ago? Why were they made of steel during WWII? Capital resources were scarce, also. Tell students that they will read a story in this lesson and they are to keep track of all the scarce resources that is discussed on the site. The students will also note what choices the United States made to deal with those scarce resources. After the lesson, use the following Decision Making Grid handout and complete the decision making grid together. The Problem: There is not enough oil to provide gasoline to all the war related equipment. How can the United States get enough oil for the war? Example of Alternatives: - Borrow oil from other countries - Find a substitute for oil - Ration oil in the United States Examples of Criteria: - Needed soon - Needed to power old and new ships, planes, and automobiles - Needed for an indefinite amount of time. Show that countries during war must make hard decisions and must deal with SCARCITY issues. The United States had a scarcity problem at the start of World War II. The United States men to be soldiers, factories to make equipment, metals to build equipment, extra food to feed the soldiers, nylon to make parachutes, etc. All of the country’s resources became even more scarce! The United States had some tough choices to make. Have your students think about the natural, human, and capital resources used in production of war materials. Natural resources include trees, water, minerals, oil (to make gasoline), and many more. What will a country do if it does not have enough oil for ALL the planes, ships, tanks, cars, etc. that need gasoline? [divert the use of oil away from the homeland to the war efforts, find more oil, or find a substitute for oil.] So, the country must make a choice. Should the United States let the civilians back home have the gasoline made from oil, or send the gasoline to the war equipment? [send to the war effort] Have your students discuss and recognize that human resources, also called labor, were the men and women (women worked before WWII!) who worked to produce goods and services. The United States needed men to be soldiers. So, our human resources (the men of our country) were needed to go to war. Men became an even scarcer resource. Remember, scarcity means that people cannot have all the goods and services they want, so, they must choose some things and give up others. What do you think the country does when the men who worked in farms, factories, and businesses had to leave their jobs so that they could become soldiers? [the country must let another group fill those positions] Whenever a choice is made, something is given up. In the case of the men leaving their jobs to become soldiers, what was given up? [trained workers leaving their jobs] Likewise, what did the country gain? [soldiers] Capital resources include goods such as tools, equipment, machines, and buildings. Many capital goods were needed to produce war materials. How could America’s factories make cars for people in the United States, and at the same time make more tanks? [they couldn’t] So, the country had to make a choice: use resources to help the war effort and go without at home or satisfy the wants of the civilians and go without on the war front. What choice do you think the United States made? [use the scarce resources to help the war effort] The war placed additional demands on scarce natural, human, and capital resources. Go to the The Great Depression and World War II activity and see if you can spot examples of how people in the United States solved some of its scarcity issues. You will be searching for examples in the Great Depression and World War II section. Print out the Great Depression and World War II worksheet and list all the scarce items you see on the site. Put this scarce items in the correct column (natural resource, human resource, or capital resource). Then write a sentence or two on what the United States gained and what they gave up when they made the choice to send the scarce resource to the war effort. Let’s see how you did! Here’s how the country coped with the scarcity of resources. The United States government started a rationing program during World War II, families could buy only so much gas, sugar, meat, and other goods. By rationing food in this way, the government could make sure that adequate supplies of food would be available for the war effort. Check to make sure that your students marked their chart that the country gained another human resource when they sent the men to war? Before that time, very few women worked away from the home–not, at least, in heavy industrial jobs. But when all the men left for the war, someone had to fill their jobs. Have your students go the “https://www.archives.gov/exhibits/powers-of-persuasion ” page at the national archives, scroll down to the section “It’s A Woman’s War, Too” and see the posters urging women to take jobs. The war effort trained a part of our population that had never been trained for technical jobs before! The women in America stepped up and did the job! STANDARD OF LIVING is a comparison of how the people of a country are doing, in terms of wealth compared to an earlier time. What do you think that the training of women meant to the country as far as the future standard of living? Think this through…women who were never trained for factory jobs before became technical workers. Women who never had a great deal of money before, started jobs that paid them better than they ever had been paid. When the men came back from the war, the country had double the amount of workers that were technically trained. You can see that the future standard of living is going to be higher because of the training the women got from their jobs. There were new factories and new technology proved that production was faster if things were built on an assembly line. Remember that according to the story, it had previously taken a year to build a ship? But with new technology and pressure created by the great need for ships, the job later could be done in a week! Do you think all these changes meant that the future standard of living was going to be lower or higher in America? [higher] Reinforce with your students that the standard of living in America was raised as a result of the new technology developed during the war and newly trained women who joined the workforce. Even though many resources were scarce, our government limited the domestic use of those resources and sent them off for the use in the war effort–or it found new resources to be used as substitutes for the scarce items. Draw: Have your students draw their own WWII Posters. How would they convince women to participate in the war effort? Write: Have your students think about these questions and write a paragraph telling what you think. - Can you predict what happened to America after World War II? - Do you think the standard of living in America was increased or decreased after the war? Standard of living is a comparison of how the people of a country are doing, in terms of wealth, compared to an earlier time. [The standard of living increased.] - What happened to the American factories when the war ended and the government no longer needed these factories to build ships, ammunition, tanks, uniforms, and guns? [They went back to being factories that made peace time items, and many of them were more productive than they had been before, thanks to the new technology that had been developed during the war.] - What did American women do when the men returned from the war? [Many women went back to their homes, and many of the jobs they had held were taken by men returning from war-time duties. Some women continued to work outside their homes, however, and many others eventually returned to the workforce.] - How was America changed forever? Can you Allocate Ethically?

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Disaster and Respiratory Diseases Page Count178 Pages About the e-Book Disaster and Respiratory Diseases Pdf This book provides valuable data on the outbreak, aggravation, treatment and prevention of respiratory diseases based on prior experiences of natural disasters such as earthquakes and tsunamis. Poor hygiene and air pollution can lead to the onset of pneumonia and other respiratory disease, while a lack of medical supplies aggravates existing pulmonary diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and asthma. Furthermore, there are cases where those forced to live in cramped conditions, such as cars, following a disaster have developed pulmonary thromboembolism as a result of deep vein thrombosis. The large numbers of patients diagnosed with respiratory diseases make understanding the links between natural disasters and pulmonary disease vital. Disaster and Respiratory Diseases is a valuable resource for all medical staff, including physicians involved in primary care, respiratory medicine and infection control and emergency medicine, as well as respiratory surgeons. It is also useful to national and regional governments concerned about anti-disaster measures. Download e-Book Pdf Amazon ViewBuy It From Amazon This site comply with DMCA digital copyright. We do not store files not owned by us, or without the permission of the owner. We also do not have links that lead to sites DMCA copyright infringement. If You feel that this book is belong to you and you want to unpublish it, Please Contact us . Liver Disease: A Clinical Casebook Advances in Asthma: Pathophysiology, Diagnosis and Treatment

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