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pia toscano, one of the presumed favorites to advance far in the season, was unexpectedly eliminated on april 7, 2011, finishing in ninth place. her elimination drew criticisms from some former idol contestants, as well as actor tom hanks. | what contestant came in ninth on season ten of american idol? | {'text': array(['pia toscano'], dtype=object), 'answer_start': array([0], dtype=int32)} | pia toscano |
the two finalists in 2011 were lauren alaina and scotty mccreery, both teenage country singers. mccreery won the competition on may 25, being the youngest male winner and the fourth male in a row to win american idol. mccreery released his first single, "i love you this big", as his coronation song, and alaina released... | what genre of music did season ten american idol contestant lauren alaina sing? | {'text': array(['country'], dtype=object), 'answer_start': array([79], dtype=int32)} | country |
season 11 premiered on january 18, 2012. on february 23, it was announced that one more finalist would join the top 24 making it the top 25, and that was jermaine jones. however, on march 14, jones was disqualified in 12th place for concealing arrests and outstanding warrants. jones denied the accusation that he concea... | in what year did american idol first air its eleventh season? | {'text': array(['2012'], dtype=object), 'answer_start': array([35], dtype=int32)} | 2012 |
finalist phillip phillips suffered from kidney pain and was taken to the hospital before the top 13 results show, and later received medical procedure to alleviate a blockage caused by kidney stones. he was reported to have eight surgeries during his idol run, and had considered quitting the show due to the pain. he un... | which season 11 contestant had to go to the hospital before the top 13 results? | {'text': array(['phillip phillips'], dtype=object), 'answer_start': array([9], dtype=int32)} | phillip phillips |
jessica sanchez received the fewest number of votes during the top 7 week, and the judges decided to use their "save" option on her, making her the first female recipient of the save. the following week, unlike previous seasons, colton dixon was the only contestant sent home. sanchez later made the final two, the first... | which contestant was saved by the judges on season 11 of american idol? | {'text': array(['jessica sanchez'], dtype=object), 'answer_start': array([0], dtype=int32)} | jessica sanchez |
phillips became the winner, beating sanchez. prior to the announcement of the winner, season five finalist ace young proposed marriage to season three runner-up diana degarmo on stage β which she accepted. | what former contestant did ace young ask to marry him? | {'text': array(['diana degarmo'], dtype=object), 'answer_start': array([161], dtype=int32)} | diana degarmo |
phillips released "home" as his coronation song, while sanchez released "change nothing". phillips' "home" has since become the best selling of all coronation songs. | what is the first song that phillip phliips released after winning american idol? | {'text': array(['home'], dtype=object), 'answer_start': array([19], dtype=int32)} | home |
season 12 premiered on january 16, 2013. judges jennifer lopez and steven tyler left the show after two seasons. this season's judging panel consisted of randy jackson, along with mariah carey, keith urban and nicki minaj. this was the first season since season nine to have four judges on the panel. the pre-season buzz... | what year did season 12 of american idol first air? | {'text': array(['2013'], dtype=object), 'answer_start': array([35], dtype=int32)} | 2013 |
the top 10 contestants started with five males and five females, however, the males were eliminated consecutively in the first five weeks, with lazaro arbos the last male to be eliminated. for the first time in the show's history, the top 5 contestants were all female. it was also the first time that the judges' "save"... | how many girls were in the top 10 on season 12 of american idol? | {'text': array(['five'], dtype=object), 'answer_start': array([36], dtype=int32)} | five |
23-year-old candice glover won the season with kree harrison taking the runner-up spot. glover is the first female to win american idol since jordin sparks. glover released "i am beautiful" as a single while harrison released "all cried out" immediately after the show. glover sold poorly with her debut album, and this ... | who was the winner of american idols twelfth season? | {'text': array(['candice glover'], dtype=object), 'answer_start': array([12], dtype=int32)} | candice glover |
towards the end of the season, randy jackson, the last remaining of the original judges, announced that he would no longer serve as a judge to pursue other business ventures. both judges mariah carey and nicki minaj also decided to leave after one season to focus on their music careers. | which long time judge decided to leave his position at the end of the season? | {'text': array(['randy jackson'], dtype=object), 'answer_start': array([31], dtype=int32)} | randy jackson |
the thirteenth season premiered on january 15, 2014, with ryan seacrest returning as host. randy jackson and keith urban returned, though jackson moved from the judging panel to the role of in-mentor. mariah carey and nicki minaj left the panel after one season. former judge jennifer lopez and former mentor harry conni... | what year did season 13 of american idol first air? | {'text': array(['2014'], dtype=object), 'answer_start': array([47], dtype=int32)} | 2014 |
this was the first season where the contestants were permitted to perform in the final rounds songs they wrote themselves. in the top 8, sam woolf received the fewest votes, but he was saved from elimination by the judges. the 500th episode of the series was the top 3 performance night. | which contestant was saved by the judges after getting the least votes on season 13 of american idol? | {'text': array(['sam woolf'], dtype=object), 'answer_start': array([137], dtype=int32)} | sam woolf |
caleb johnson was named the winner of the season, with jena irene as the runner-up. johnson released "as long as you love me" as his coronation single while irene released "we are one". | who won season 13 of american idol? | {'text': array(['caleb johnson'], dtype=object), 'answer_start': array([0], dtype=int32)} | caleb johnson |
the fourteenth season premiered on january 7, 2015. ryan seacrest returned to host, while jennifer lopez, keith urban and harry connick, jr. returned for their respective fourth, third and second seasons as judges. eighth season runner-up adam lambert filled in for urban during the new york city auditions. randy jackso... | what year did american idol first air its fourteenth season? | {'text': array(['2015'], dtype=object), 'answer_start': array([46], dtype=int32)} | 2015 |
changes this season include only airing one episode a week during the final ten. coca cola ended their longtime sponsorship of the show and ford motor company maintained a reduced role. the winner of the season also received a recording contract with big machine records. | how many episodes did american idol have each week of the top ten? | {'text': array(['one'], dtype=object), 'answer_start': array([40], dtype=int32)} | one |
nick fradiani won the season, defeating clark beckham. by winning, fradiani became the first winner from the northeast region. fradiani released "beautiful life" as his coronation single while beckham released "champion". jax, the third place finalist, also released a single called "forcefield". | who won american idols fourteenth season? | {'text': array(['nick fradiani'], dtype=object), 'answer_start': array([0], dtype=int32)} | nick fradiani |
fox announced on may 11, 2015 that the fifteenth season would be the final season of american idol; as such, the season is expected to have an additional focus on the program's alumni. ryan seacrest returns as host, with harry connick jr., keith urban, and jennifer lopez all returning for their respective third, fourth... | what year did fox announce the cancellation of american idol? | {'text': array(['2015'], dtype=object), 'answer_start': array([25], dtype=int32)} | 2015 |
since the show's inception in 2002, ten of the fourteen idol winners, including its first five, have come from the southern united states. a large number of other notable finalists during the series' run have also hailed from the american south, including clay aiken, kellie pickler, and chris daughtry, who are all from... | as of 2012, how many finalists did american idol have? | {'text': array(['131'], dtype=object), 'answer_start': array([365], dtype=int32)} | 131 |
the show itself is popular in the southern united states, with households in the southeastern united states 10% more likely to watch american idol during the eighth season in 2009, and those in the east central region, such as kentucky, were 16 percent more likely to tune into the series. data from nielsen soundscan, a... | how many cds from american idol contestants had been sold at the beginning of 2010? | {'text': array(['47 million'], dtype=object), 'answer_start': array([370], dtype=int32)} | 47 million |
theories given for the success of southerners on idol have been: more versatility with musical genres, as the southern u.s. is home to several music genre scenes; not having as many opportunities to break into the pop music business; text-voting due to the south having the highest percentage of cell-phone only househol... | who won season five of american idol? | {'text': array(['taylor hicks'], dtype=object), 'answer_start': array([626], dtype=int32)} | taylor hicks |
for five consecutive seasons, starting in season seven, the title was given to a white male who plays the guitar β a trend that idol pundits call the "white guy with guitar" or "wgwg" factor. just hours before the season eleven finale, where phillip phillips was named the winner, richard rushfield, author of the book a... | what does the acronym wgwg stand for? | {'text': array(['white guy with guitar'], dtype=object), 'answer_start': array([151], dtype=int32)} | white guy with guitar |
the show had been criticized in earlier seasons over the onerous contract contestants had to sign that gave excessive control to 19 entertainment over their future career, and handed a large part of their future earnings to the management. | what company are contestants required to sign a contract with on american idol? | {'text': array(['19 entertainment'], dtype=object), 'answer_start': array([129], dtype=int32)} | 19 entertainment |
voting results have been a consistent source of controversy. the mechanism of voting had also aroused considerable criticisms, most notably in season two when ruben studdard beat clay aiken in a close vote, and in season eight, when the massive increase in text votes (100 million more text votes than season 7) fueled t... | who won season two of american idol? | {'text': array(['ruben studdard'], dtype=object), 'answer_start': array([159], dtype=int32)} | ruben studdard |
idol gives back is a special charity event started in season six featuring performances by celebrities and various fund-raising initiatives. this event was also held in seasons seven and nine and has raised nearly $185 million in total. | what is the name of the special that raises money for charities on american idol? | {'text': array(['idol gives back'], dtype=object), 'answer_start': array([0], dtype=int32)} | idol gives back |
american idol premiered in june 2002 and became the surprise summer hit show of 2002. the first show drew 9.9 million viewers, giving fox the best viewing figure for the 8.30 pm spot in over a year. the audience steadily grew, and by finale night, the audience had averaged 23 million, with more than 40 million watching... | what year did american idol being to air on television? | {'text': array(['2002'], dtype=object), 'answer_start': array([32], dtype=int32)} | 2002 |
the growth continued into the next season, starting with a season premiere of 26.5 million. the season attracted an average of 21.7 million viewers, and was placed second overall amongst the 18β49 age group. the finale night when ruben studdard won over clay aiken was also the highest-rated ever american idol episode a... | how many people watched the first episode of american idols second season? | {'text': array(['26.5 million'], dtype=object), 'answer_start': array([78], dtype=int32)} | 26.5 million |
season six premiered with the series' highest-rated debut episode and a few of its succeeding episodes rank among the most watched episodes of american idol. during this time, many television executives begun to regard the show as a programming force unlike any seen before, as its consistent dominance of up to two hour... | which season premier of american idol was the most watched? | {'text': array(['season six'], dtype=object), 'answer_start': array([720], dtype=int32)} | season six |
the loss of viewers continued into season seven. the premiere was down 11% among total viewers, and the results show in which kristy lee cook was eliminated delivered its lowest-rated wednesday show among the 18β34 demo since the first season in 2002. however, the ratings rebounded for the season seven finale with the ... | during which season of american idol did fox beat the other networks in ratings for the first time? | {'text': array(['season seven'], dtype=object), 'answer_start': array([35], dtype=int32)} | season seven |
the declining trend however continued into season eight, as total viewers numbers fell by 5β10% for early episodes compared to season seven, and by 9% for the finale. in season nine, idol's six-year extended streak of perfection in the ratings was broken, when nbc's coverage of the 2010 winter olympics on february 17 b... | which television network aired the winter olympics in 2010? | {'text': array(['nbc'], dtype=object), 'answer_start': array([261], dtype=int32)} | nbc |
in season ten, the total viewer numbers for the first week of shows fell 12β13%, and by up to 23% in the 18β49 demo compared to season nine. later episodes, however, retained viewers better, and the season ended on a high with a significant increase in viewership for the finale β up 12% for the adults 18β49 demo and a ... | what was the average age of american idols viewers in its first season? | {'text': array(['32.1'], dtype=object), 'answer_start': array([563], dtype=int32)} | 32.1 |
season eleven, however, suffered a steep drop in ratings, a drop attributed by some to the arrival of new shows such as the voice and the x-factor. the ratings for the first two episodes of season eleven fell 16β21% in overall viewer numbers and 24β27% in the 18/49 demo, while the season finale fell 27% in total viewer... | for how many years was american idol the top rated show on television? | {'text': array(['eight'], dtype=object), 'answer_start': array([530], dtype=int32)} | eight |
the loss of viewers continued into season 12, which saw the show hitting a number of series low in the 18-49 demo. the finale had 7.2 million fewer viewers than the previous season, and saw a drop of 44% in the 18-49 demo. the season viewers averaged at 13.3 million, a drop of 24% from the previous season. the thirteen... | how many people on average watched season 12 of american idol? | {'text': array(['13.3 million'], dtype=object), 'answer_start': array([254], dtype=int32)} | 13.3 million |
the continuing decline influenced further changes for season 14, including the loss of coca-cola as the show's major sponsor, and a decision to only broadcast one, two-hour show per week during the top 12 rounds (with results from the previous week integrated into the performance show, rather than having a separate res... | what drink company ended its relationship with american idol during season 14? | {'text': array(['coca-cola'], dtype=object), 'answer_start': array([87], dtype=int32)} | coca-cola |
the enormous success of the show and the revenue it generated was transformative for fox broadcasting company. american idol and fellow competing shows survivor and who wants to be a millionaire were altogether credited for expanding reality television programming in the united states in the 1990s and 2000s, and idol b... | for how many years was american idol the highest rated reality show on television? | {'text': array(['9'], dtype=object), 'answer_start': array([294], dtype=int32)} | 9 |
the show pushed fox to become the number one u.s. tv network amongst adults 18β49, the key demographic coveted by advertisers, for an unprecedented eight consecutive years by 2012. its success also helped lift the ratings of other shows that were scheduled around it such as house and bones, and idol, for years, had bec... | for how many years was fox the highest rated network with young adults because of american idol? | {'text': array(['8'], dtype=object), 'answer_start': array([77], dtype=int32)} | 8 |
the show's massive success in the mid-2000s and early 2010s spawned a number of imitating singing-competition shows, such as rock star, nashville star, the voice, rising star, the sing-off, and the x factor. its format also served as a blueprint for non-singing tv shows such as dancing with the stars and so you think y... | what dancing show featuring celebrities has been helped by american idol? | {'text': array(['dancing with the stars'], dtype=object), 'answer_start': array([279], dtype=int32)} | dancing with the stars |
as one of the most successful shows on u.s. television history, american idol has a strong impact not just on television, but also in the wider world of entertainment. it helped create a number of highly successful recording artists, such as kelly clarkson, daughtry and carrie underwood, as well as others of varying no... | what show helped launched the career of kelly clarkson? | {'text': array(['american idol'], dtype=object), 'answer_start': array([64], dtype=int32)} | american idol |
various american idol alumni had success on various record charts around the world; in the u.s. they had achieved 345 number ones on the billboard charts in its first ten years. according to fred bronson, author of books on the billboard charts, no other entity has ever created as many hit-making artists and best-selli... | how many number one billboard singles were released by american idol contestants in the shows first decade? | {'text': array(['345'], dtype=object), 'answer_start': array([114], dtype=int32)} | 345 |
as of 2013, the american idol alumni in their post-idol careers have amassed over 59 million albums and 120 million singles and digital track downloads in the united states alone. | how many albums have been sold by american idol contestants up until 2013? | {'text': array(['59 million'], dtype=object), 'answer_start': array([82], dtype=int32)} | 59 million |
the impact of american idol is also strongly felt in musical theatre, where many of idol alumni have forged successful careers. the striking effect of former american idol contestants on broadway has been noted and commented on. the casting of a popular idol contestant can lead to significantly increased ticket sales. ... | which american idol contestant won an oscar for dreamgirls? | {'text': array(['jennifer hudson'], dtype=object), 'answer_start': array([402], dtype=int32)} | jennifer hudson |
early reviews were mixed in their assessment. ken tucker of entertainment weekly considered that "as tv, american idol is crazily entertaining; as music, it's dust-mote inconsequential". others, however, thought that "the most striking aspect of the series was the genuine talent it revealed". it was also described as a... | what publication does ken tucker work for? | {'text': array(['entertainment weekly'], dtype=object), 'answer_start': array([60], dtype=int32)} | entertainment weekly |
some of the later writers about the show were more positive, michael slezak, again of entertainment weekly, thought that "for all its bloated, synthetic, product-shilling, money-making trappings, idol provides a once-a-year chance for the average american to combat the evils of today's music business." singer sheryl cr... | what publication does michael slezak write for? | {'text': array(['entertainment weekly'], dtype=object), 'answer_start': array([86], dtype=int32)} | entertainment weekly |
some in the entertainment industry were critical of the star-making aspect of the show. usher, a mentor on the show, bemoaning the loss of the "true art form of music", thought that shows like american idol made it seem "so easy that everyone can do it, and that it can happen overnight", and that "television is a lie".... | what famous singer declined an offer to be a judge on american idol after having been a mentor? | {'text': array(['elton john'], dtype=object), 'answer_start': array([1037], dtype=int32)} | elton john |
the success of the show's alumni however has led to a more positive assessment of the show, and the show was described as having "proven it has a valid way to pick talent and a proven way to sell records". while the industry is divided on the show success, its impact is felt particularly strongly in the country music f... | which music genre has had the most success from american idol? | {'text': array(['country'], dtype=object), 'answer_start': array([305], dtype=int32)} | country |
american idol was nominated for the emmy's outstanding reality competition program for nine years but never won. director bruce gower won a primetime emmy award for outstanding directing for a variety, music or comedy series in 2009, and the show won a creative arts emmys each in 2007 and 2008, three in 2009, and two i... | how many nominations has american idol received for outstanding reality competition program? | {'text': array(['9'], dtype=object), 'answer_start': array([231], dtype=int32)} | 9 |
the dominance of american idol in the ratings had made it the most profitable show in u.s. tv for many years. the show was estimated to generate $900 million for the year 2004 through sales of tv ads, albums, merchandise and concert tickets. by season seven, the show was estimated to earn around $900 million from its a... | how much money did american idol make in 2004? | {'text': array(['$900 million'], dtype=object), 'answer_start': array([145], dtype=int32)} | $900 million |
american idol became the most expensive series on broadcast networks for advertisers starting season four, and by the next season, it had broken the record in advertising rate for a regularly scheduled prime-time network series, selling over $700,000 for a 30-seconds slot, and reaching up to $1.3 million for the finale... | in which season did american idol become the costliest show for advertising on television? | {'text': array(['season four'], dtype=object), 'answer_start': array([94], dtype=int32)} | season four |
ford motor company and coca-cola were two of the first sponsors of american idol in its first season. the sponsorship deal cost around $10 million in season one, rising to $35 million by season 7, and between $50 to $60 million in season 10. the third major sponsor at&t wireless joined in the second season but ended af... | in which season did coca-cola become a sponsor of american idol? | {'text': array(['season one'], dtype=object), 'answer_start': array([150], dtype=int32)} | season one |
american idol prominent display of its sponsors' logo and products had been noted since the early seasons. by season six, idol showed 4,349 product placements according to nielsen media research. the branded entertainment integration proved beneficial to its advertisers β promotion of at&t text-messaging as a means to ... | what service did at&t promote on american idol as a way of voting? | {'text': array(['text-messaging'], dtype=object), 'answer_start': array([291], dtype=int32)} | text-messaging |
coca-cola's archrival pepsico declined to sponsor american idol at the show's start. what the los angeles times later called "missing one of the biggest marketing opportunities in a generation" contributed to pepsi losing market share, by 2010 falling to third place from second in the united states. pepsico sponsored t... | which major drink manufacturer decided at the beginning of american idol not to be a sponsor? | {'text': array(['pepsico'], dtype=object), 'answer_start': array([22], dtype=int32)} | pepsico |
the top ten (eleven in season ten) toured at the end of every season. in the season twelve tour a semi-finalist who won a sing-off was also added to the tour. kellogg's pop-tarts was the sponsor for the first seven seasons, and guitar hero was added for the season seven tour. m&m's pretzel chocolate candies was a spons... | which season of american idol had the highest profit on its tour? | {'text': array(['season five'], dtype=object), 'answer_start': array([352], dtype=int32)} | season five |
american idol has traditionally released studio recordings of contestants' performances as well as the winner's coronation single for sale. for the first five seasons, the recordings were released as a compilation album at the end of the season. all five of these albums reached the top ten in billboard 200 which made t... | when did itunes become a sponsor on american idol? | {'text': array(['season seven'], dtype=object), 'answer_start': array([591], dtype=int32)} | season seven |
19 recordings, a recording label owned by 19 entertainment, currently hold the rights to phonographic material recorded by all the contestants. 19 originally partnered with bertelsmann music group (bmg) to promote and distribute the recordings through its labels rca records, arista records, j records, jive records. in ... | what company has the right to all recordings from contestants on american idol? | {'text': array(['19 recordings'], dtype=object), 'answer_start': array([0], dtype=int32)} | 19 recordings |
on february 14, 2009, the walt disney company debuted "the american idol experience" at its disney's hollywood studios theme park at the walt disney world resort in florida. in this live production, co-produced by 19 entertainment, park guests chose from a list of songs and auditioned privately for disney cast members.... | what company has a them park attraction known as the american idol experience? | {'text': array(['the walt disney company'], dtype=object), 'answer_start': array([22], dtype=int32)} | the walt disney company |
american idol is broadcast to over 100 nations outside of the united states. in most nations these are not live broadcasts and may be tape delayed by several days or weeks. in canada, the first thirteen seasons of american idol were aired live by ctv and/or ctv two, in simulcast with fox. ctv dropped idol after its thi... | how many different countries air american idol on television? | {'text': array(['over 100'], dtype=object), 'answer_start': array([30], dtype=int32)} | over 100 |
in latin america, the show is broadcast and subtitled by sony entertainment television. in southeast asia, it is broadcast by star world every thursday and friday nine or ten hours after. in philippines, it is aired every thursday and friday nine or ten hours after its united states telecast; from 2002 to 2007 on abc 5... | what network in italy aired american idol in season twelve? | {'text': array(['la3'], dtype=object), 'answer_start': array([1116], dtype=int32)} | la3 |
individual contestants have generated controversy in this competition for their past actions, or for being 'ringers' planted by the producers. a number of contestants had been disqualified for various reasons, such as for having an existing contract or undisclosed criminal records, although the show had been accused of... | producers have been accused of planting what within the show? | {'text': array(['ringers'], dtype=object), 'answer_start': array([108], dtype=int32)} | ringers |
seasonal rankings (based on average total viewers per episode) of american idol. it holds the distinction of having the longest winning streak in the nielsen annual television ratings; it became the highest-rated of all television programs in the united states overall for an unprecedented seven consecutive years, or ei... | how many consecutive years was american idol the top rated show? | {'text': array(['seven'], dtype=object), 'answer_start': array([290], dtype=int32)} | seven |
the domestic dog (canis lupus familiaris or canis familiaris) is a domesticated canid which has been selectively bred for millennia for various behaviors, sensory capabilities, and physical attributes. | what is the three word latin name for domesticated dogs? | {'text': array(['canis lupus familiaris'], dtype=object), 'answer_start': array([18], dtype=int32)} | canis lupus familiaris |
although initially thought to have originated as a manmade variant of an extant canid species (variously supposed as being the dhole, golden jackal, or gray wolf), extensive genetic studies undertaken during the 2010s indicate that dogs diverged from an extinct wolf-like canid in eurasia 40,000 years ago. being the old... | what decade had significant studies of dog genes to determine origins? | {'text': array(['2010s'], dtype=object), 'answer_start': array([212], dtype=int32)} | 2010s |
the term "domestic dog" is generally used for both of the domesticated and feral varieties. the english word dog comes from middle english dogge, from old english docga, a "powerful dog breed". the term may possibly derive from proto-germanic *dukkΕn, represented in old english finger-docce ("finger-muscle"). the word ... | what is the proto-germanic word that "dog" may have come from? | {'text': array(['dukkΕn'], dtype=object), 'answer_start': array([244], dtype=int32)} | dukkΕn |
in 14th-century england, hound (from old english: hund) was the general word for all domestic canines, and dog referred to a subtype of hound, a group including the mastiff. it is believed this "dog" type was so common, it eventually became the prototype of the category "hound". by the 16th century, dog had become the ... | what was the common 14th-century word for dogs for those who spoke english? | {'text': array(['hound'], dtype=object), 'answer_start': array([25], dtype=int32)} | hound |
in breeding circles, a male canine is referred to as a dog, while a female is called a bitch (middle english bicche, from old english bicce, ultimately from old norse bikkja). a group of offspring is a litter. the father of a litter is called the sire, and the mother is called the dam. offspring are, in general, called... | what are a single birth group of puppies of a dog called collectively? | {'text': array(['a litter.'], dtype=object), 'answer_start': array([200], dtype=int32)} | a litter. |
in 1758, the taxonomist linnaeus published in systema naturae a categorization of species which included the canis species. canis is a latin word meaning dog, and the list included the dog-like carnivores: the domestic dog, wolves, foxes and jackals. the dog was classified as canis familiaris, which means "dog-family" ... | what is the latin term for "dog.?" | {'text': array(['canis'], dtype=object), 'answer_start': array([109], dtype=int32)} | canis |
in 2003, the iczn ruled in its opinion 2027 that if wild animals and their domesticated derivatives are regarded as one species, then the scientific name of that species is the scientific name of the wild animal. in 2005, the third edition of mammal species of the world upheld opinion 2027 with the name lupus and the n... | what year was it decided that if wolves and dogs were one species, then their scientific name is the name of the wild variety? | {'text': array(['2003'], dtype=object), 'answer_start': array([3], dtype=int32)} | 2003 |
later genetic studies strongly supported dogs and gray wolves forming two sister monophyletic clades within the one species, and that the common ancestor of dogs and extant wolves is extinct. | what indicated dogs and gray wolves developed as two monophyletic clades? | {'text': array(['genetic studies'], dtype=object), 'answer_start': array([6], dtype=int32)} | genetic studies |
the origin of the domestic dog (canis lupus familiaris or canis familiaris) is not clear. whole genome sequencing indicates that the dog, the gray wolf and the extinct taymyr wolf diverged at around the same time 27,000β40,000 years ago. these dates imply that the earliest dogs arose in the time of human hunter-gathere... | modern dogs likely began when human beings were considered to be what? | {'text': array(['hunter-gatherers'], dtype=object), 'answer_start': array([306], dtype=int32)} | hunter-gatherers |
domestic dogs have been selectively bred for millennia for various behaviors, sensory capabilities, and physical attributes. modern dog breeds show more variation in size, appearance, and behavior than any other domestic animal. dogs are predators and scavengers, and like many other predatory mammals, the dog has power... | what species shows more difference in size, looks and actions than any other? | {'text': array(['modern dog breeds'], dtype=object), 'answer_start': array([125], dtype=int32)} | modern dog breeds |
dogs are highly variable in height and weight. the smallest known adult dog was a yorkshire terrier, that stood only 6.3 cm (2.5 in) at the shoulder, 9.5 cm (3.7 in) in length along the head-and-body, and weighed only 113 grams (4.0 oz). the largest known dog was an english mastiff which weighed 155.6 kg (343 lb) and w... | dogs show an extreme range in what two characteristics? | {'text': array(['height and weight.'], dtype=object), 'answer_start': array([28], dtype=int32)} | height and weight. |
the coats of domestic dogs are of two varieties: "double" being common with dogs (as well as wolves) originating from colder climates, made up of a coarse guard hair and a soft down hair, or "single", with the topcoat only. | which coat is more common with dogs living in colder climates? | {'text': array(['double'], dtype=object), 'answer_start': array([50], dtype=int32)} | double |
domestic dogs often display the remnants of countershading, a common natural camouflage pattern. a countershaded animal will have dark coloring on its upper surfaces and light coloring below, which reduces its general visibility. thus, many breeds will have an occasional "blaze", stripe, or "star" of white fur on their... | when a dog has a camouflage pattern on its coat, this is called what? | {'text': array(['countershading'], dtype=object), 'answer_start': array([44], dtype=int32)} | countershading |
there are many different shapes for dog tails: straight, straight up, sickle, curled, or cork-screw. as with many canids, one of the primary functions of a dog's tail is to communicate their emotional state, which can be important in getting along with others. in some hunting dogs, however, the tail is traditionally do... | what part of a dog can be straight, curly or cork-screwed? | {'text': array(['tails'], dtype=object), 'answer_start': array([40], dtype=int32)} | tails |
some breeds of dogs are prone to certain genetic ailments such as elbow and hip dysplasia, blindness, deafness, pulmonic stenosis, cleft palate, and trick knees. two serious medical conditions particularly affecting dogs are pyometra, affecting unspayed females of all types and ages, and bloat, which affects the larger... | what are some dogs prone to? | {'text': array(['genetic ailments'], dtype=object), 'answer_start': array([41], dtype=int32)} | genetic ailments |
a number of common human foods and household ingestibles are toxic to dogs, including chocolate solids (theobromine poisoning), onion and garlic (thiosulphate, sulfoxide or disulfide poisoning), grapes and raisins, macadamia nuts, xylitol, as well as various plants and other potentially ingested materials. the nicotine... | some foods that are okay for people to eat are what to dogs? | {'text': array(['toxic'], dtype=object), 'answer_start': array([61], dtype=int32)} | toxic |
in 2013, a study found that mixed breeds live on average 1.2 years longer than pure breeds, and that increasing body-weight was negatively correlated with longevity (i.e. the heavier the dog the shorter its lifespan). | mutts, dogs that have several breed characteristics, live how much longer than purebred dogs? | {'text': array(['1.2 years'], dtype=object), 'answer_start': array([57], dtype=int32)} | 1.2 years |
the typical lifespan of dogs varies widely among breeds, but for most the median longevity, the age at which half the dogs in a population have died and half are still alive, ranges from 10 to 13 years. individual dogs may live well beyond the median of their breed. | what is the median lifespan of canines? | {'text': array(['10 to 13 years.'], dtype=object), 'answer_start': array([187], dtype=int32)} | 10 to 13 years. |
the breed with the shortest lifespan (among breeds for which there is a questionnaire survey with a reasonable sample size) is the dogue de bordeaux, with a median longevity of about 5.2 years, but several breeds, including miniature bull terriers, bloodhounds, and irish wolfhounds are nearly as short-lived, with media... | what is the canine breed with shortest median lifespan? | {'text': array(['dogue de bordeaux'], dtype=object), 'answer_start': array([131], dtype=int32)} | dogue de bordeaux |
the longest-lived breeds, including toy poodles, japanese spitz, border terriers, and tibetan spaniels, have median longevities of 14 to 15 years. the median longevity of mixed-breed dogs, taken as an average of all sizes, is one or more years longer than that of purebred dogs when all breeds are averaged. the dog wide... | what is the average length of years of life for canines with long lifespans? | {'text': array(['14 to 15 years.'], dtype=object), 'answer_start': array([131], dtype=int32)} | 14 to 15 years. |
in domestic dogs, sexual maturity begins to happen around age six to twelve months for both males and females, although this can be delayed until up to two years old for some large breeds. this is the time at which female dogs will have their first estrous cycle. they will experience subsequent estrous cycles biannuall... | how many times per year do female dogs go into heat? | {'text': array(['two'], dtype=object), 'answer_start': array([152], dtype=int32)} | two |
dogs bear their litters roughly 58 to 68 days after fertilization, with an average of 63 days, although the length of gestation can vary. an average litter consists of about six puppies, though this number may vary widely based on the breed of dog. in general, toy dogs produce from one to four puppies in each litter, w... | how long do female dogs carry before delivering puppies? | {'text': array(['58 to 68 days'], dtype=object), 'answer_start': array([32], dtype=int32)} | 58 to 68 days |
neutering refers to the sterilization of animals, usually by removal of the male's testicles or the female's ovaries and uterus, in order to eliminate the ability to procreate and reduce sex drive. because of the overpopulation of dogs in some countries, many animal control agencies, such as the american society for th... | what is it called when an animal is altered to prevent procreation? | {'text': array(['neutering'], dtype=object), 'answer_start': array([0], dtype=int32)} | neutering |
neutering reduces problems caused by hypersexuality, especially in male dogs. spayed female dogs are less likely to develop some forms of cancer, affecting mammary glands, ovaries, and other reproductive organs. however, neutering increases the risk of urinary incontinence in female dogs, and prostate cancer in males, ... | hypersexual behavior in male dogs is diminished by what? | {'text': array(['neutering'], dtype=object), 'answer_start': array([0], dtype=int32)} | neutering |
dog intelligence is the ability of the dog to perceive information and retain it as knowledge for applying to solve problems. dogs have been shown to learn by inference. a study with rico showed that he knew the labels of over 200 different items. he inferred the names of novel items by exclusion learning and correctly... | what is the name of the dog that could id over 200 things? | {'text': array(['rico'], dtype=object), 'answer_start': array([183], dtype=int32)} | rico |
dog behavior is the internally coordinated responses (actions or inactions) of the domestic dog (individuals or groups) to internal and/or external stimuli. as the oldest domesticated species, with estimates ranging from 9,000β30,000 years bce, the minds of dogs inevitably have been shaped by millennia of contact with ... | dogs are estimated to be domesticated as far back as what date range of years on the calendar? | {'text': array(['9,000β30,000 years bce'], dtype=object), 'answer_start': array([221], dtype=int32)} | 9,000β30,000 years bce |
dog communication is about how dogs "speak" to each other, how they understand messages that humans send to them, and how humans can translate the ideas that dogs are trying to transmit.:xii these communication behaviors include eye gaze, facial expression, vocalization, body posture (including movements of bodies and ... | what is gustatory communication include in dogs? | {'text': array(['scents, pheromones and taste'], dtype=object), 'answer_start': array([356], dtype=int32)} | scents, pheromones and taste |
despite their close genetic relationship and the ability to inter-breed, there are a number of diagnostic features to distinguish the gray wolves from domestic dogs. domesticated dogs are clearly distinguishable from wolves by starch gel electrophoresis of red blood cell acid phosphatase. the tympanic bullae are large,... | which typically has thicker skin, dogs or wolves? | {'text': array(['dogs.'], dtype=object), 'answer_start': array([160], dtype=int32)} | dogs. |
unlike other domestic species which were primarily selected for production-related traits, dogs were initially selected for their behaviors. in 2016, a study found that there were only 11 fixed genes that showed variation between wolves and dogs. these gene variations were unlikely to have been the result of natural ev... | instead of genetic traits for production, dogs are bred for what? | {'text': array(['behaviors.'], dtype=object), 'answer_start': array([130], dtype=int32)} | behaviors. |
the global dog population is estimated at 525 million:225 based on a transparent methodology, as opposed to other estimates where the methodology has not been made available β all dog population estimates are based on regional human population densities and land uses. | what is the larger count for numbers of dogs considered to populate the planet? | {'text': array(['525 million'], dtype=object), 'answer_start': array([42], dtype=int32)} | 525 million |
although large wild dogs, like wolves, are apex predators, they can be killed in territory disputes with wild animals. furthermore, in areas where both dogs and other large predators live, dogs can be a major food source for big cats or canines. reports from croatia indicate wolves kill dogs more frequently than they k... | like wolves, big domesticated dogs are considered what type of predator? | {'text': array(['apex'], dtype=object), 'answer_start': array([43], dtype=int32)} | apex |
coyotes and big cats have also been known to attack dogs. leopards in particular are known to have a predilection for dogs, and have been recorded to kill and consume them regardless of the dog's size or ferocity. tigers in manchuria, indochina, indonesia, and malaysia are reputed to kill dogs with the same vigor as le... | what large cat has a particular taste for dogs no matter how big the dog is? | {'text': array(['leopards.'], dtype=object), 'answer_start': array([318], dtype=int32)} | leopards. |
despite their descent from wolves and classification as carnivora, dogs are variously described in scholarly and other writings as carnivores or omnivores. unlike obligate carnivores, such as the cat family with its shorter small intestine, dogs can adapt to a wide-ranging diet, and are not dependent on meat-specific p... | dogs exhibit carnivore as well as what other type of dietary behavior? | {'text': array(['omnivores'], dtype=object), 'answer_start': array([145], dtype=int32)} | omnivores |
most breeds of dog are at most a few hundred years old, having been artificially selected for particular morphologies and behaviors by people for specific functional roles. through this selective breeding, the dog has developed into hundreds of varied breeds, and shows more behavioral and morphological variation than a... | the majority of dog breeds have only been around for how long? | {'text': array(['a few hundred years'], dtype=object), 'answer_start': array([31], dtype=int32)} | a few hundred years |
while all dogs are genetically very similar, natural selection and selective breeding have reinforced certain characteristics in certain populations of dogs, giving rise to dog types and dog breeds. dog types are broad categories based on function, genetics, or characteristics. dog breeds are groups of animals that pos... | natural selection and what makes certain dogs behave certain ways? | {'text': array(['selective breeding'], dtype=object), 'answer_start': array([67], dtype=int32)} | selective breeding |
purebred dogs of one breed are genetically distinguishable from purebred dogs of other breeds, but the means by which kennel clubs classify dogs is unsystematic. systematic analyses of the dog genome has revealed only four major types of dogs that can be said to be statistically distinct. these include the "old world d... | the methods kennel clubs used to classify dogs is what? | {'text': array(['unsystematic.'], dtype=object), 'answer_start': array([148], dtype=int32)} | unsystematic. |
domestic dogs inherited complex behaviors, such as bite inhibition, from their wolf ancestors, which would have been pack hunters with complex body language. these sophisticated forms of social cognition and communication may account for their trainability, playfulness, and ability to fit into human households and soci... | what is one of the complex behaviors pet dogs have gotten from wolves? | {'text': array(['bite inhibition'], dtype=object), 'answer_start': array([51], dtype=int32)} | bite inhibition |
the dogs' value to early human hunter-gatherers led to them quickly becoming ubiquitous across world cultures. dogs perform many roles for people, such as hunting, herding, pulling loads, protection, assisting police and military, companionship, and, more recently, aiding handicapped individuals. this impact on human s... | dogs had a worth to what type of early humans? | {'text': array(['hunter-gatherers'], dtype=object), 'answer_start': array([31], dtype=int32)} | hunter-gatherers |
humans would also have derived enormous benefit from the dogs associated with their camps. for instance, dogs would have improved sanitation by cleaning up food scraps. dogs may have provided warmth, as referred to in the australian aboriginal expression "three dog night" (an exceptionally cold night), and they would h... | what did dogs clean up to help with keeping habitations of people clean? | {'text': array(['food scraps.'], dtype=object), 'answer_start': array([156], dtype=int32)} | food scraps. |
anthropologists believe the most significant benefit would have been the use of dogs' robust sense of smell to assist with the hunt. the relationship between the presence of a dog and success in the hunt is often mentioned as a primary reason for the domestication of the wolf, and a 2004 study of hunter groups with and... | what type of hunting is it called when humans and dogs hunt together? | {'text': array(['cooperative hunting'], dtype=object), 'answer_start': array([401], dtype=int32)} | cooperative hunting |
emigrants from siberia that walked across the bering land bridge into north america may have had dogs in their company, and one writer suggests that the use of sled dogs may have been critical to the success of the waves that entered north america roughly 12,000 years ago, although the earliest archaeological evidence ... | what type of working dog may have been the reason so many humans were able to get into north america 12,000 tears ago? | {'text': array(['sled dogs'], dtype=object), 'answer_start': array([160], dtype=int32)} | sled dogs |
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