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/wiki/Knox_Cunningham#P39#0

Which position did Knox Cunningham hold before Apr 1956?

Knox Cunningham Sir Samuel Knox Cunningham , 1st Baronet , QC ( 3 April 1909 – 29 July 1976 ) , was a Northern Irish barrister , businessman and politician . As an Ulster Unionist politician at a time when the Unionists were part of the Conservative Party , he was also a significant figure in United Kingdom politics as Parliamentary Private Secretary to Harold Macmillan . His nephew was Sir Josias Cunningham . Early career . Cunningham was from an Ulster family . His father was Samuel Cunningham , and his mother was Janet Muir Knox ( nee McCosh ) of Dalry , Ayrshire . His elder brothers were Colonel James Glencairn Cunningham , Josias Cunningham stockbroker , Dunlop McCosh Cunningham owner of Murrays tobacco works , Belfast . He was sent to the Royal Belfast Academical Institution , and then to Fettes College in Edinburgh . He then won a place at Clare College , Cambridge - where he was heavy-weight boxing champion . The Cunningham family still remain prominent landowners around the Parkgate area of South Antrim with relatives including great nephews Joe , Richard and Garret still residing on the family estate . The family had considerable business interests in land , Tobacco , commerce and finance . From 1931 Cunningham went into business in Northern Ireland . He married Dorothy Enid Riley JP on 2 July 1935 . Later in the 1930s , Cunningham studied law and was called to the Bar by the Middle Temple in 1939 . During the Second World War he served in the Scots Guards although he continued his legal studies , and called to the Bar in Northern Ireland in 1942 . He fought the Belfast West by-election in 1943 and the same seat in the 1945 general election . After the war Cunningham mainly lived in Orpington , although he retained membership of the Ulster Unionist Council . His religious faith led him to be involved with the World Alliance of YMCAs from 1947 , and he was Chairman of the National Council of the YMCA in 1949 . In 1954 he was elected to Orpington Urban District Council . Later he maintained a home , the Derhams House , near Minchinhampton . Parliament . In the 1955 general election , Cunningham was chosen as the new Ulster Unionist MP for South Antrim . He was a delegate to the Council of Europe and Western European Union Parliamentary Assembly from 1956 to 1959 . He also served as Parliamentary Private Secretary to Jocelyn Simon , Financial Secretary to the Treasury , from 1958 . In 1959 he was made a Queens Counsel . After the 1959 general election , Cunningham was picked by Prime Minister Harold Macmillan as his Parliamentary Private Secretary , responsible for the Prime Ministers relations with backbench Conservative MPs . He was also a member of the National Executive of the Conservative and Unionist Party . When Macmillan resigned , he awarded Cunningham a baronetcy in his resignation honours . Post-Parliamentary career . Cunningham remained on the backbenches , known as one to the right of Ulster Unionism and a friend of Ian Paisley , through the rest of the 1960s , he frequently clashed with Harold Wilson during this period , but decided to retire at the 1970 general election . He was Master of the Drapers Company in 1973–74 . He was Provincial Grand Master of the Masonic Order in Gloucestershire from 1970-76 . He was a member of the Apprentice Boys Club in Derry and attended the 275th Anniversary of the shutting of the gates . Throughout his life he represented the old landed interests of Ulster and remained personally wealthy through family inheritance . He died suddenly at Derhams House , Minchinhampton on 29 July 1976 at the age of sixty-seven . Military intelligence , the RUC and victims named Cunningham as a paedophile and identified his close links to the sex offender ring at Kincora Boys Home but MI5 deny this . Sources . - M . Stenton and S . Lees , Whos Who of British MPs , vol . IV ( Harvester Press , 1981 ) .

/wiki/Knox_Cunningham#P39#1

Which position did Knox Cunningham hold between Jun 1956 and Sep 1956?

Knox Cunningham Sir Samuel Knox Cunningham , 1st Baronet , QC ( 3 April 1909 – 29 July 1976 ) , was a Northern Irish barrister , businessman and politician . As an Ulster Unionist politician at a time when the Unionists were part of the Conservative Party , he was also a significant figure in United Kingdom politics as Parliamentary Private Secretary to Harold Macmillan . His nephew was Sir Josias Cunningham . Early career . Cunningham was from an Ulster family . His father was Samuel Cunningham , and his mother was Janet Muir Knox ( nee McCosh ) of Dalry , Ayrshire . His elder brothers were Colonel James Glencairn Cunningham , Josias Cunningham stockbroker , Dunlop McCosh Cunningham owner of Murrays tobacco works , Belfast . He was sent to the Royal Belfast Academical Institution , and then to Fettes College in Edinburgh . He then won a place at Clare College , Cambridge - where he was heavy-weight boxing champion . The Cunningham family still remain prominent landowners around the Parkgate area of South Antrim with relatives including great nephews Joe , Richard and Garret still residing on the family estate . The family had considerable business interests in land , Tobacco , commerce and finance . From 1931 Cunningham went into business in Northern Ireland . He married Dorothy Enid Riley JP on 2 July 1935 . Later in the 1930s , Cunningham studied law and was called to the Bar by the Middle Temple in 1939 . During the Second World War he served in the Scots Guards although he continued his legal studies , and called to the Bar in Northern Ireland in 1942 . He fought the Belfast West by-election in 1943 and the same seat in the 1945 general election . After the war Cunningham mainly lived in Orpington , although he retained membership of the Ulster Unionist Council . His religious faith led him to be involved with the World Alliance of YMCAs from 1947 , and he was Chairman of the National Council of the YMCA in 1949 . In 1954 he was elected to Orpington Urban District Council . Later he maintained a home , the Derhams House , near Minchinhampton . Parliament . In the 1955 general election , Cunningham was chosen as the new Ulster Unionist MP for South Antrim . He was a delegate to the Council of Europe and Western European Union Parliamentary Assembly from 1956 to 1959 . He also served as Parliamentary Private Secretary to Jocelyn Simon , Financial Secretary to the Treasury , from 1958 . In 1959 he was made a Queens Counsel . After the 1959 general election , Cunningham was picked by Prime Minister Harold Macmillan as his Parliamentary Private Secretary , responsible for the Prime Ministers relations with backbench Conservative MPs . He was also a member of the National Executive of the Conservative and Unionist Party . When Macmillan resigned , he awarded Cunningham a baronetcy in his resignation honours . Post-Parliamentary career . Cunningham remained on the backbenches , known as one to the right of Ulster Unionism and a friend of Ian Paisley , through the rest of the 1960s , he frequently clashed with Harold Wilson during this period , but decided to retire at the 1970 general election . He was Master of the Drapers Company in 1973–74 . He was Provincial Grand Master of the Masonic Order in Gloucestershire from 1970-76 . He was a member of the Apprentice Boys Club in Derry and attended the 275th Anniversary of the shutting of the gates . Throughout his life he represented the old landed interests of Ulster and remained personally wealthy through family inheritance . He died suddenly at Derhams House , Minchinhampton on 29 July 1976 at the age of sixty-seven . Military intelligence , the RUC and victims named Cunningham as a paedophile and identified his close links to the sex offender ring at Kincora Boys Home but MI5 deny this . Sources . - M . Stenton and S . Lees , Whos Who of British MPs , vol . IV ( Harvester Press , 1981 ) .

/wiki/Knox_Cunningham#P39#2

Which position did Knox Cunningham hold between Jul 1957 and Jul 1958?

Knox Cunningham Sir Samuel Knox Cunningham , 1st Baronet , QC ( 3 April 1909 – 29 July 1976 ) , was a Northern Irish barrister , businessman and politician . As an Ulster Unionist politician at a time when the Unionists were part of the Conservative Party , he was also a significant figure in United Kingdom politics as Parliamentary Private Secretary to Harold Macmillan . His nephew was Sir Josias Cunningham . Early career . Cunningham was from an Ulster family . His father was Samuel Cunningham , and his mother was Janet Muir Knox ( nee McCosh ) of Dalry , Ayrshire . His elder brothers were Colonel James Glencairn Cunningham , Josias Cunningham stockbroker , Dunlop McCosh Cunningham owner of Murrays tobacco works , Belfast . He was sent to the Royal Belfast Academical Institution , and then to Fettes College in Edinburgh . He then won a place at Clare College , Cambridge - where he was heavy-weight boxing champion . The Cunningham family still remain prominent landowners around the Parkgate area of South Antrim with relatives including great nephews Joe , Richard and Garret still residing on the family estate . The family had considerable business interests in land , Tobacco , commerce and finance . From 1931 Cunningham went into business in Northern Ireland . He married Dorothy Enid Riley JP on 2 July 1935 . Later in the 1930s , Cunningham studied law and was called to the Bar by the Middle Temple in 1939 . During the Second World War he served in the Scots Guards although he continued his legal studies , and called to the Bar in Northern Ireland in 1942 . He fought the Belfast West by-election in 1943 and the same seat in the 1945 general election . After the war Cunningham mainly lived in Orpington , although he retained membership of the Ulster Unionist Council . His religious faith led him to be involved with the World Alliance of YMCAs from 1947 , and he was Chairman of the National Council of the YMCA in 1949 . In 1954 he was elected to Orpington Urban District Council . Later he maintained a home , the Derhams House , near Minchinhampton . Parliament . In the 1955 general election , Cunningham was chosen as the new Ulster Unionist MP for South Antrim . He was a delegate to the Council of Europe and Western European Union Parliamentary Assembly from 1956 to 1959 . He also served as Parliamentary Private Secretary to Jocelyn Simon , Financial Secretary to the Treasury , from 1958 . In 1959 he was made a Queens Counsel . After the 1959 general election , Cunningham was picked by Prime Minister Harold Macmillan as his Parliamentary Private Secretary , responsible for the Prime Ministers relations with backbench Conservative MPs . He was also a member of the National Executive of the Conservative and Unionist Party . When Macmillan resigned , he awarded Cunningham a baronetcy in his resignation honours . Post-Parliamentary career . Cunningham remained on the backbenches , known as one to the right of Ulster Unionism and a friend of Ian Paisley , through the rest of the 1960s , he frequently clashed with Harold Wilson during this period , but decided to retire at the 1970 general election . He was Master of the Drapers Company in 1973–74 . He was Provincial Grand Master of the Masonic Order in Gloucestershire from 1970-76 . He was a member of the Apprentice Boys Club in Derry and attended the 275th Anniversary of the shutting of the gates . Throughout his life he represented the old landed interests of Ulster and remained personally wealthy through family inheritance . He died suddenly at Derhams House , Minchinhampton on 29 July 1976 at the age of sixty-seven . Military intelligence , the RUC and victims named Cunningham as a paedophile and identified his close links to the sex offender ring at Kincora Boys Home but MI5 deny this . Sources . - M . Stenton and S . Lees , Whos Who of British MPs , vol . IV ( Harvester Press , 1981 ) .

/wiki/Knox_Cunningham#P39#3

Which position did Knox Cunningham hold in early 1960s?

Knox Cunningham Sir Samuel Knox Cunningham , 1st Baronet , QC ( 3 April 1909 – 29 July 1976 ) , was a Northern Irish barrister , businessman and politician . As an Ulster Unionist politician at a time when the Unionists were part of the Conservative Party , he was also a significant figure in United Kingdom politics as Parliamentary Private Secretary to Harold Macmillan . His nephew was Sir Josias Cunningham . Early career . Cunningham was from an Ulster family . His father was Samuel Cunningham , and his mother was Janet Muir Knox ( nee McCosh ) of Dalry , Ayrshire . His elder brothers were Colonel James Glencairn Cunningham , Josias Cunningham stockbroker , Dunlop McCosh Cunningham owner of Murrays tobacco works , Belfast . He was sent to the Royal Belfast Academical Institution , and then to Fettes College in Edinburgh . He then won a place at Clare College , Cambridge - where he was heavy-weight boxing champion . The Cunningham family still remain prominent landowners around the Parkgate area of South Antrim with relatives including great nephews Joe , Richard and Garret still residing on the family estate . The family had considerable business interests in land , Tobacco , commerce and finance . From 1931 Cunningham went into business in Northern Ireland . He married Dorothy Enid Riley JP on 2 July 1935 . Later in the 1930s , Cunningham studied law and was called to the Bar by the Middle Temple in 1939 . During the Second World War he served in the Scots Guards although he continued his legal studies , and called to the Bar in Northern Ireland in 1942 . He fought the Belfast West by-election in 1943 and the same seat in the 1945 general election . After the war Cunningham mainly lived in Orpington , although he retained membership of the Ulster Unionist Council . His religious faith led him to be involved with the World Alliance of YMCAs from 1947 , and he was Chairman of the National Council of the YMCA in 1949 . In 1954 he was elected to Orpington Urban District Council . Later he maintained a home , the Derhams House , near Minchinhampton . Parliament . In the 1955 general election , Cunningham was chosen as the new Ulster Unionist MP for South Antrim . He was a delegate to the Council of Europe and Western European Union Parliamentary Assembly from 1956 to 1959 . He also served as Parliamentary Private Secretary to Jocelyn Simon , Financial Secretary to the Treasury , from 1958 . In 1959 he was made a Queens Counsel . After the 1959 general election , Cunningham was picked by Prime Minister Harold Macmillan as his Parliamentary Private Secretary , responsible for the Prime Ministers relations with backbench Conservative MPs . He was also a member of the National Executive of the Conservative and Unionist Party . When Macmillan resigned , he awarded Cunningham a baronetcy in his resignation honours . Post-Parliamentary career . Cunningham remained on the backbenches , known as one to the right of Ulster Unionism and a friend of Ian Paisley , through the rest of the 1960s , he frequently clashed with Harold Wilson during this period , but decided to retire at the 1970 general election . He was Master of the Drapers Company in 1973–74 . He was Provincial Grand Master of the Masonic Order in Gloucestershire from 1970-76 . He was a member of the Apprentice Boys Club in Derry and attended the 275th Anniversary of the shutting of the gates . Throughout his life he represented the old landed interests of Ulster and remained personally wealthy through family inheritance . He died suddenly at Derhams House , Minchinhampton on 29 July 1976 at the age of sixty-seven . Military intelligence , the RUC and victims named Cunningham as a paedophile and identified his close links to the sex offender ring at Kincora Boys Home but MI5 deny this . Sources . - M . Stenton and S . Lees , Whos Who of British MPs , vol . IV ( Harvester Press , 1981 ) .

/wiki/Knox_Cunningham#P39#4

Which position did Knox Cunningham hold between Oct 1968 and Feb 1970?

Knox Cunningham Sir Samuel Knox Cunningham , 1st Baronet , QC ( 3 April 1909 – 29 July 1976 ) , was a Northern Irish barrister , businessman and politician . As an Ulster Unionist politician at a time when the Unionists were part of the Conservative Party , he was also a significant figure in United Kingdom politics as Parliamentary Private Secretary to Harold Macmillan . His nephew was Sir Josias Cunningham . Early career . Cunningham was from an Ulster family . His father was Samuel Cunningham , and his mother was Janet Muir Knox ( nee McCosh ) of Dalry , Ayrshire . His elder brothers were Colonel James Glencairn Cunningham , Josias Cunningham stockbroker , Dunlop McCosh Cunningham owner of Murrays tobacco works , Belfast . He was sent to the Royal Belfast Academical Institution , and then to Fettes College in Edinburgh . He then won a place at Clare College , Cambridge - where he was heavy-weight boxing champion . The Cunningham family still remain prominent landowners around the Parkgate area of South Antrim with relatives including great nephews Joe , Richard and Garret still residing on the family estate . The family had considerable business interests in land , Tobacco , commerce and finance . From 1931 Cunningham went into business in Northern Ireland . He married Dorothy Enid Riley JP on 2 July 1935 . Later in the 1930s , Cunningham studied law and was called to the Bar by the Middle Temple in 1939 . During the Second World War he served in the Scots Guards although he continued his legal studies , and called to the Bar in Northern Ireland in 1942 . He fought the Belfast West by-election in 1943 and the same seat in the 1945 general election . After the war Cunningham mainly lived in Orpington , although he retained membership of the Ulster Unionist Council . His religious faith led him to be involved with the World Alliance of YMCAs from 1947 , and he was Chairman of the National Council of the YMCA in 1949 . In 1954 he was elected to Orpington Urban District Council . Later he maintained a home , the Derhams House , near Minchinhampton . Parliament . In the 1955 general election , Cunningham was chosen as the new Ulster Unionist MP for South Antrim . He was a delegate to the Council of Europe and Western European Union Parliamentary Assembly from 1956 to 1959 . He also served as Parliamentary Private Secretary to Jocelyn Simon , Financial Secretary to the Treasury , from 1958 . In 1959 he was made a Queens Counsel . After the 1959 general election , Cunningham was picked by Prime Minister Harold Macmillan as his Parliamentary Private Secretary , responsible for the Prime Ministers relations with backbench Conservative MPs . He was also a member of the National Executive of the Conservative and Unionist Party . When Macmillan resigned , he awarded Cunningham a baronetcy in his resignation honours . Post-Parliamentary career . Cunningham remained on the backbenches , known as one to the right of Ulster Unionism and a friend of Ian Paisley , through the rest of the 1960s , he frequently clashed with Harold Wilson during this period , but decided to retire at the 1970 general election . He was Master of the Drapers Company in 1973–74 . He was Provincial Grand Master of the Masonic Order in Gloucestershire from 1970-76 . He was a member of the Apprentice Boys Club in Derry and attended the 275th Anniversary of the shutting of the gates . Throughout his life he represented the old landed interests of Ulster and remained personally wealthy through family inheritance . He died suddenly at Derhams House , Minchinhampton on 29 July 1976 at the age of sixty-seven . Military intelligence , the RUC and victims named Cunningham as a paedophile and identified his close links to the sex offender ring at Kincora Boys Home but MI5 deny this . Sources . - M . Stenton and S . Lees , Whos Who of British MPs , vol . IV ( Harvester Press , 1981 ) .

/wiki/Anna_Karina#P26#0

Who was Anna Karina 's spouse in Dec 1961?

Anna Karina Anna Karina ( born Hanne Karin Bayer , 22 September 194014 December 2019 ) was a Danish-French film avant garde actress , director , writer , and singer . She was French New Wave director Jean-Luc Godards muse in the 1960s , performing in several of his films , including The Little Soldier , A Woman Is a Woman , My Life to Live , ( Band of Outsiders ) , ( Crazy Pete ) and Alphaville . For her performance in A Woman Is a Woman , Karina won the Silver Bear Award for Best Actress at the Berlin Film Festival . In 1972 , Karina set up a production company for her directorial debut , Vivre ensemble ( 1973 ) , which screened in the Critics Week lineup at the 26th Cannes Film Festival . She also directed the French-Canadian film Victoria ( 2008 ) . In addition to her work in cinema , she worked as a singer , and wrote several novels . Karina was an icon of 1960s cinema , and referred to as the effervescent free spirit of the French New Wave , with all of the scars that the position entails . The New York Times described her as one of the screens great beauties and an enduring symbol of the French New Wave . Early life . Hanne Karin Bayer ( later known as Anna Karina ) was born in Frederiksberg , Denmark . Her mother was a dress shop owner and her father left the family a year after she was born . She lived with her maternal grandparents for three years , then spent the next four years in foster care before returning to live with her mother . She has described her childhood as terribly wanting to be loved , and as a child she made numerous attempts to run away from home . Her mother remarried , but her step-father was abusive . She began her career in Denmark , where she sang in cabarets and worked as a model playing in commercials . At age 14 , she appeared in a Danish short film by Ib Schmedes , which won a prize at Cannes . In 1958 , after a row with her mother , she hitchhiked to Paris . Career . Modeling . Bayer was 17 when she arrived in Paris , with only 10,000 francs and unable to speak French . One day while sitting at the café Les Deux Magots she was approached by a woman from an advertisement agency who asked her to do some photos . She began to work as a model and eventually became successful , posing for several magazines , including Elle , and meeting Pierre Cardin and Coco Chanel . Karina said that Chanel helped her devise her professional name , Anna Karina , which was deliberately coined to evoke the Leo Tolstoy novel , Anna Karenina . She appeared on the front cover of the Elle fashion magazine and in commercials for products such as Coca-Cola , Pepsodent , and Palmolive soap . Film . Jean-Luc Godard , then a film critic for Cahiers du cinéma , first saw Karina in the Palmolive adverts in which she posed in bathtubs , during movie previews in a Monsavon pub . He was casting his debut feature film , Breathless ( À bout de souffle , 1960 ) , and offered her a small part in it , but she refused when he mentioned that there would be a nude scene . When Godard questioned her refusal , mentioning her apparent nudity in the Palmolive ads , she is said to have replied , Are you mad ? I was wearing a bathing suit in those ads—the soapsuds went up to my neck . It was in your mind that I was undressed . In the end , the character Godard reserved for Karina did not appear in the film . Godard offered her a role in The Little Soldier ( , not released until 1963 ) which concerns contentious French actions during the Algerian War . She played a pro-Algerian activist . Karina , then still under 21 , had to persuade her estranged mother to sign the contract for her . The film was immediately controversial , outlawed from French theaters for its content referencing the Algerian War . As Angela in A Woman Is a Woman ( Une femme est une femme , 1961 ) . Karinas role was as an unattached striptease dancer who nevertheless wishes to have a child and daydreams about appearing in MGM musicals . Her school-girl costume emulated Leslie Caron in Gigi ( 1958 ) , worn even while performing her act . Karina won the Silver Bear for Best Actress at the 11th Berlin International Film Festival for her performance . In all , Karina appeared in eight films directed by Godard , including My Life to Live ( , 1962 ) , Band of Outsiders ( , 1964 ) and Alphaville ( both 1965 ) . In , Karinas character is on the run with her ex-boyfriend , while in Alphaville , a science-fiction film often equated to Bladerunner , Karinas role requires her to have difficulty saying the phrase I love you . The last film in the sequence was Made in USA ( 1966 ) . Anne Billson , in an article querying the concept of the female muse , wrote that Godard in his films with Karina seems to have trouble conceiving that the female experience revolves around anything other than prostitution , duplicity , or wanting babies . Karina herself did not object to being described as Godards muse : Maybe it’s too much , it sounds so pompous . But of course I’m always very touched to hear people say that . Because Jean-Luc gave me a gift to play all of those parts . Her career flourished , with Karina appearing in dozens of films through the 1960s , including The Nun ( La Religieuse , 1966 ) , directed by Jacques Rivette , Luchino Viscontis The Stranger ( Lo straniero , 1967 ) , the George Cukor/Joseph Strick collaboration Justine ( 1969 ) , and Tony Richardsons Laughter in the Dark ( 1969 ) . She continued to work steadily into the 1970s , with roles in Christian de Chalonges The Wedding Ring ( LAlliance , 1971 ) , Andre Delvauxs Rendezvous at Bray ( Rendez-vous à Bray , also 1971 ) , The Salzburg Connection ( 1972 ) , and Franco Brusatis Bread and Chocolate ( Pane e cioccolata , 1973 ) . In 1972 , she set up a production company , Raska , for her directorial debut , Living Together ( Vivre ensemble , 1973 ) , in which she also acted . The film screened in the Critics’ Week lineup at the 26th Cannes Film Festival . She starred in Rainer Werner Fassbinders Chinese Roulette ( Chinesisches Roulette , 1976 ) ; Fassbinder allegedly wrote the film for her and her partner at the time , Ulli Lommel . She later wrote and acted in Last Song ( 1987 ) and appeared in Up , Down , Fragile ( Haut bas fragile , 1995 ) , directed by Jacques Rivette , and sang in The Truth About Charlie ( 2002 ) , a remake of the film Charade ( 1963 ) . Karina wrote , directed and starred in Victoria ( 2008 ) , a musical road movie filmed in Montreal and Saguenay–Lac-Saint-Jean , Quebec . The lead character , played by Karina , has amnesia . Richard Kuipers praised it in Variety as a pleasant gambol through the backwoods of Quebec . Music and writing . Karina maintained a singing career . At the end of the 1960s , she scored a major hit with Sous le soleil exactement and Roller Girl by Serge Gainsbourg . Both songs are from the TV musical comedy Anna ( 1967 ) , by the film director Pierre Koralnik , in which she sings seven songs alongside Gainsbourg and Jean-Claude Brialy . Karina subsequently recorded an album , , with Philippe Katerine , which was followed by a concert tour . In 2005 , she released Chansons de films , a collection of songs sung in movies . Karina wrote four novels : ( 1973 ) , Golden City ( 1983 ) , ( 1988 ) , and Jusquau bout du hasard ( 1998 ) . Personal life . While working together on , Karina and Godard began a relationship and married in 1961 . Eventually , Karina served as a cinematic muse to Godard , appearing in eight of his films , including , and , during their five year marriage and after . Karina liked being the muse . How could I not be honoured ? she told Xan Brooks of The Guardian in 2016 . Maybe it’s too much , it sounds so pompous . But of course I’m always very touched to hear people say that . Because Jean-Luc gave me a gift to play all of those parts . It was like Pygmalion , you know ? I was Eliza Doolittle and he was the teacher . At this , she briefly channels Henry Higgins . By Jove , she says . I think she’s got it . The couple became , according to The Independent , one of the most celebrated pairings of the 1960s . A writer for Filmmaker magazine called their work arguably the most influential body of work in the history of cinema . Despite the critical success , their relationship behind the scenes was described as tumultuous ; they fought on film sets , Karina fell ill several times , and Godard was often absent without explanation . One Godard film from this period which does not feature Karina , Contempt ( 1963 ) , is said to be based on their difficult relationship . The couple divorced in 1965 . Karina said in spring 2016 that she and Godard no longer spoke to each other . She described the relationship in an interview with W magazine:It was all very exciting from the beginning . Of course we have a great love story and all that , but we were so different . He was 10 years older than me . He was very strange . He would go away and come back three weeks later .. . It was difficult , and I was a young girl , not even 21—at the time Godard was 30 . I know he didnt mean to hurt me , but he did . He was never there , he was never coming back , and I never knew where he was . He drove me a bit crazy.After divorcing Godard , Karina remarried three times ; she was married to French actors Pierre Fabre from 1968 to 1974 and Daniel Duval from 1978 to 1981 , and to American film director Dennis Berry from 1982 until her death . Karina died at the age of 79 on Saturday , December 14 , 2019 , at a hospital in Paris . According to her agent , Laurent Balandras , the cause of death was cancer . However , her husband , Dennis Berry , said that the cause was not cancer , but a complication following a muscular rupture . Legacy . Karina is regularly considered an icon of 1960s cinema , a staple in French New Wave cinema , as well as a style icon . The Guardian described her as an effervescent free spirit of the French new wave . The New York Times described her style as looking like a schoolgirl in her acting roles , regardless whether she was playing a streetwalker or a terrorist . Her signature look was her dark hair , wispy bangs , heavy eyeliner and school uniform of primary-coloured sailor-uniform tops , knee socks , plaid headwear such as berets and boaters . Refinery29 wrote that her 60s French girl style – think sailor dresses , tartan , long socks , and hats – and mesmerizing doe-eyed beauty mean she continues to be referenced today by the super-stylish . External links . - Anna Karina at Yahoo ! Movies - Anna Karina biography on newwavefilm.com - Anna Karina fan site

/wiki/Anna_Karina#P26#1

Who was Anna Karina 's spouse between Jan 1968 and Mar 1971?

Anna Karina Anna Karina ( born Hanne Karin Bayer , 22 September 194014 December 2019 ) was a Danish-French film avant garde actress , director , writer , and singer . She was French New Wave director Jean-Luc Godards muse in the 1960s , performing in several of his films , including The Little Soldier , A Woman Is a Woman , My Life to Live , ( Band of Outsiders ) , ( Crazy Pete ) and Alphaville . For her performance in A Woman Is a Woman , Karina won the Silver Bear Award for Best Actress at the Berlin Film Festival . In 1972 , Karina set up a production company for her directorial debut , Vivre ensemble ( 1973 ) , which screened in the Critics Week lineup at the 26th Cannes Film Festival . She also directed the French-Canadian film Victoria ( 2008 ) . In addition to her work in cinema , she worked as a singer , and wrote several novels . Karina was an icon of 1960s cinema , and referred to as the effervescent free spirit of the French New Wave , with all of the scars that the position entails . The New York Times described her as one of the screens great beauties and an enduring symbol of the French New Wave . Early life . Hanne Karin Bayer ( later known as Anna Karina ) was born in Frederiksberg , Denmark . Her mother was a dress shop owner and her father left the family a year after she was born . She lived with her maternal grandparents for three years , then spent the next four years in foster care before returning to live with her mother . She has described her childhood as terribly wanting to be loved , and as a child she made numerous attempts to run away from home . Her mother remarried , but her step-father was abusive . She began her career in Denmark , where she sang in cabarets and worked as a model playing in commercials . At age 14 , she appeared in a Danish short film by Ib Schmedes , which won a prize at Cannes . In 1958 , after a row with her mother , she hitchhiked to Paris . Career . Modeling . Bayer was 17 when she arrived in Paris , with only 10,000 francs and unable to speak French . One day while sitting at the café Les Deux Magots she was approached by a woman from an advertisement agency who asked her to do some photos . She began to work as a model and eventually became successful , posing for several magazines , including Elle , and meeting Pierre Cardin and Coco Chanel . Karina said that Chanel helped her devise her professional name , Anna Karina , which was deliberately coined to evoke the Leo Tolstoy novel , Anna Karenina . She appeared on the front cover of the Elle fashion magazine and in commercials for products such as Coca-Cola , Pepsodent , and Palmolive soap . Film . Jean-Luc Godard , then a film critic for Cahiers du cinéma , first saw Karina in the Palmolive adverts in which she posed in bathtubs , during movie previews in a Monsavon pub . He was casting his debut feature film , Breathless ( À bout de souffle , 1960 ) , and offered her a small part in it , but she refused when he mentioned that there would be a nude scene . When Godard questioned her refusal , mentioning her apparent nudity in the Palmolive ads , she is said to have replied , Are you mad ? I was wearing a bathing suit in those ads—the soapsuds went up to my neck . It was in your mind that I was undressed . In the end , the character Godard reserved for Karina did not appear in the film . Godard offered her a role in The Little Soldier ( , not released until 1963 ) which concerns contentious French actions during the Algerian War . She played a pro-Algerian activist . Karina , then still under 21 , had to persuade her estranged mother to sign the contract for her . The film was immediately controversial , outlawed from French theaters for its content referencing the Algerian War . As Angela in A Woman Is a Woman ( Une femme est une femme , 1961 ) . Karinas role was as an unattached striptease dancer who nevertheless wishes to have a child and daydreams about appearing in MGM musicals . Her school-girl costume emulated Leslie Caron in Gigi ( 1958 ) , worn even while performing her act . Karina won the Silver Bear for Best Actress at the 11th Berlin International Film Festival for her performance . In all , Karina appeared in eight films directed by Godard , including My Life to Live ( , 1962 ) , Band of Outsiders ( , 1964 ) and Alphaville ( both 1965 ) . In , Karinas character is on the run with her ex-boyfriend , while in Alphaville , a science-fiction film often equated to Bladerunner , Karinas role requires her to have difficulty saying the phrase I love you . The last film in the sequence was Made in USA ( 1966 ) . Anne Billson , in an article querying the concept of the female muse , wrote that Godard in his films with Karina seems to have trouble conceiving that the female experience revolves around anything other than prostitution , duplicity , or wanting babies . Karina herself did not object to being described as Godards muse : Maybe it’s too much , it sounds so pompous . But of course I’m always very touched to hear people say that . Because Jean-Luc gave me a gift to play all of those parts . Her career flourished , with Karina appearing in dozens of films through the 1960s , including The Nun ( La Religieuse , 1966 ) , directed by Jacques Rivette , Luchino Viscontis The Stranger ( Lo straniero , 1967 ) , the George Cukor/Joseph Strick collaboration Justine ( 1969 ) , and Tony Richardsons Laughter in the Dark ( 1969 ) . She continued to work steadily into the 1970s , with roles in Christian de Chalonges The Wedding Ring ( LAlliance , 1971 ) , Andre Delvauxs Rendezvous at Bray ( Rendez-vous à Bray , also 1971 ) , The Salzburg Connection ( 1972 ) , and Franco Brusatis Bread and Chocolate ( Pane e cioccolata , 1973 ) . In 1972 , she set up a production company , Raska , for her directorial debut , Living Together ( Vivre ensemble , 1973 ) , in which she also acted . The film screened in the Critics’ Week lineup at the 26th Cannes Film Festival . She starred in Rainer Werner Fassbinders Chinese Roulette ( Chinesisches Roulette , 1976 ) ; Fassbinder allegedly wrote the film for her and her partner at the time , Ulli Lommel . She later wrote and acted in Last Song ( 1987 ) and appeared in Up , Down , Fragile ( Haut bas fragile , 1995 ) , directed by Jacques Rivette , and sang in The Truth About Charlie ( 2002 ) , a remake of the film Charade ( 1963 ) . Karina wrote , directed and starred in Victoria ( 2008 ) , a musical road movie filmed in Montreal and Saguenay–Lac-Saint-Jean , Quebec . The lead character , played by Karina , has amnesia . Richard Kuipers praised it in Variety as a pleasant gambol through the backwoods of Quebec . Music and writing . Karina maintained a singing career . At the end of the 1960s , she scored a major hit with Sous le soleil exactement and Roller Girl by Serge Gainsbourg . Both songs are from the TV musical comedy Anna ( 1967 ) , by the film director Pierre Koralnik , in which she sings seven songs alongside Gainsbourg and Jean-Claude Brialy . Karina subsequently recorded an album , , with Philippe Katerine , which was followed by a concert tour . In 2005 , she released Chansons de films , a collection of songs sung in movies . Karina wrote four novels : ( 1973 ) , Golden City ( 1983 ) , ( 1988 ) , and Jusquau bout du hasard ( 1998 ) . Personal life . While working together on , Karina and Godard began a relationship and married in 1961 . Eventually , Karina served as a cinematic muse to Godard , appearing in eight of his films , including , and , during their five year marriage and after . Karina liked being the muse . How could I not be honoured ? she told Xan Brooks of The Guardian in 2016 . Maybe it’s too much , it sounds so pompous . But of course I’m always very touched to hear people say that . Because Jean-Luc gave me a gift to play all of those parts . It was like Pygmalion , you know ? I was Eliza Doolittle and he was the teacher . At this , she briefly channels Henry Higgins . By Jove , she says . I think she’s got it . The couple became , according to The Independent , one of the most celebrated pairings of the 1960s . A writer for Filmmaker magazine called their work arguably the most influential body of work in the history of cinema . Despite the critical success , their relationship behind the scenes was described as tumultuous ; they fought on film sets , Karina fell ill several times , and Godard was often absent without explanation . One Godard film from this period which does not feature Karina , Contempt ( 1963 ) , is said to be based on their difficult relationship . The couple divorced in 1965 . Karina said in spring 2016 that she and Godard no longer spoke to each other . She described the relationship in an interview with W magazine:It was all very exciting from the beginning . Of course we have a great love story and all that , but we were so different . He was 10 years older than me . He was very strange . He would go away and come back three weeks later .. . It was difficult , and I was a young girl , not even 21—at the time Godard was 30 . I know he didnt mean to hurt me , but he did . He was never there , he was never coming back , and I never knew where he was . He drove me a bit crazy.After divorcing Godard , Karina remarried three times ; she was married to French actors Pierre Fabre from 1968 to 1974 and Daniel Duval from 1978 to 1981 , and to American film director Dennis Berry from 1982 until her death . Karina died at the age of 79 on Saturday , December 14 , 2019 , at a hospital in Paris . According to her agent , Laurent Balandras , the cause of death was cancer . However , her husband , Dennis Berry , said that the cause was not cancer , but a complication following a muscular rupture . Legacy . Karina is regularly considered an icon of 1960s cinema , a staple in French New Wave cinema , as well as a style icon . The Guardian described her as an effervescent free spirit of the French new wave . The New York Times described her style as looking like a schoolgirl in her acting roles , regardless whether she was playing a streetwalker or a terrorist . Her signature look was her dark hair , wispy bangs , heavy eyeliner and school uniform of primary-coloured sailor-uniform tops , knee socks , plaid headwear such as berets and boaters . Refinery29 wrote that her 60s French girl style – think sailor dresses , tartan , long socks , and hats – and mesmerizing doe-eyed beauty mean she continues to be referenced today by the super-stylish . External links . - Anna Karina at Yahoo ! Movies - Anna Karina biography on newwavefilm.com - Anna Karina fan site

/wiki/Anna_Karina#P26#2

Who was Anna Karina 's spouse in Jul 1979?

Anna Karina Anna Karina ( born Hanne Karin Bayer , 22 September 194014 December 2019 ) was a Danish-French film avant garde actress , director , writer , and singer . She was French New Wave director Jean-Luc Godards muse in the 1960s , performing in several of his films , including The Little Soldier , A Woman Is a Woman , My Life to Live , ( Band of Outsiders ) , ( Crazy Pete ) and Alphaville . For her performance in A Woman Is a Woman , Karina won the Silver Bear Award for Best Actress at the Berlin Film Festival . In 1972 , Karina set up a production company for her directorial debut , Vivre ensemble ( 1973 ) , which screened in the Critics Week lineup at the 26th Cannes Film Festival . She also directed the French-Canadian film Victoria ( 2008 ) . In addition to her work in cinema , she worked as a singer , and wrote several novels . Karina was an icon of 1960s cinema , and referred to as the effervescent free spirit of the French New Wave , with all of the scars that the position entails . The New York Times described her as one of the screens great beauties and an enduring symbol of the French New Wave . Early life . Hanne Karin Bayer ( later known as Anna Karina ) was born in Frederiksberg , Denmark . Her mother was a dress shop owner and her father left the family a year after she was born . She lived with her maternal grandparents for three years , then spent the next four years in foster care before returning to live with her mother . She has described her childhood as terribly wanting to be loved , and as a child she made numerous attempts to run away from home . Her mother remarried , but her step-father was abusive . She began her career in Denmark , where she sang in cabarets and worked as a model playing in commercials . At age 14 , she appeared in a Danish short film by Ib Schmedes , which won a prize at Cannes . In 1958 , after a row with her mother , she hitchhiked to Paris . Career . Modeling . Bayer was 17 when she arrived in Paris , with only 10,000 francs and unable to speak French . One day while sitting at the café Les Deux Magots she was approached by a woman from an advertisement agency who asked her to do some photos . She began to work as a model and eventually became successful , posing for several magazines , including Elle , and meeting Pierre Cardin and Coco Chanel . Karina said that Chanel helped her devise her professional name , Anna Karina , which was deliberately coined to evoke the Leo Tolstoy novel , Anna Karenina . She appeared on the front cover of the Elle fashion magazine and in commercials for products such as Coca-Cola , Pepsodent , and Palmolive soap . Film . Jean-Luc Godard , then a film critic for Cahiers du cinéma , first saw Karina in the Palmolive adverts in which she posed in bathtubs , during movie previews in a Monsavon pub . He was casting his debut feature film , Breathless ( À bout de souffle , 1960 ) , and offered her a small part in it , but she refused when he mentioned that there would be a nude scene . When Godard questioned her refusal , mentioning her apparent nudity in the Palmolive ads , she is said to have replied , Are you mad ? I was wearing a bathing suit in those ads—the soapsuds went up to my neck . It was in your mind that I was undressed . In the end , the character Godard reserved for Karina did not appear in the film . Godard offered her a role in The Little Soldier ( , not released until 1963 ) which concerns contentious French actions during the Algerian War . She played a pro-Algerian activist . Karina , then still under 21 , had to persuade her estranged mother to sign the contract for her . The film was immediately controversial , outlawed from French theaters for its content referencing the Algerian War . As Angela in A Woman Is a Woman ( Une femme est une femme , 1961 ) . Karinas role was as an unattached striptease dancer who nevertheless wishes to have a child and daydreams about appearing in MGM musicals . Her school-girl costume emulated Leslie Caron in Gigi ( 1958 ) , worn even while performing her act . Karina won the Silver Bear for Best Actress at the 11th Berlin International Film Festival for her performance . In all , Karina appeared in eight films directed by Godard , including My Life to Live ( , 1962 ) , Band of Outsiders ( , 1964 ) and Alphaville ( both 1965 ) . In , Karinas character is on the run with her ex-boyfriend , while in Alphaville , a science-fiction film often equated to Bladerunner , Karinas role requires her to have difficulty saying the phrase I love you . The last film in the sequence was Made in USA ( 1966 ) . Anne Billson , in an article querying the concept of the female muse , wrote that Godard in his films with Karina seems to have trouble conceiving that the female experience revolves around anything other than prostitution , duplicity , or wanting babies . Karina herself did not object to being described as Godards muse : Maybe it’s too much , it sounds so pompous . But of course I’m always very touched to hear people say that . Because Jean-Luc gave me a gift to play all of those parts . Her career flourished , with Karina appearing in dozens of films through the 1960s , including The Nun ( La Religieuse , 1966 ) , directed by Jacques Rivette , Luchino Viscontis The Stranger ( Lo straniero , 1967 ) , the George Cukor/Joseph Strick collaboration Justine ( 1969 ) , and Tony Richardsons Laughter in the Dark ( 1969 ) . She continued to work steadily into the 1970s , with roles in Christian de Chalonges The Wedding Ring ( LAlliance , 1971 ) , Andre Delvauxs Rendezvous at Bray ( Rendez-vous à Bray , also 1971 ) , The Salzburg Connection ( 1972 ) , and Franco Brusatis Bread and Chocolate ( Pane e cioccolata , 1973 ) . In 1972 , she set up a production company , Raska , for her directorial debut , Living Together ( Vivre ensemble , 1973 ) , in which she also acted . The film screened in the Critics’ Week lineup at the 26th Cannes Film Festival . She starred in Rainer Werner Fassbinders Chinese Roulette ( Chinesisches Roulette , 1976 ) ; Fassbinder allegedly wrote the film for her and her partner at the time , Ulli Lommel . She later wrote and acted in Last Song ( 1987 ) and appeared in Up , Down , Fragile ( Haut bas fragile , 1995 ) , directed by Jacques Rivette , and sang in The Truth About Charlie ( 2002 ) , a remake of the film Charade ( 1963 ) . Karina wrote , directed and starred in Victoria ( 2008 ) , a musical road movie filmed in Montreal and Saguenay–Lac-Saint-Jean , Quebec . The lead character , played by Karina , has amnesia . Richard Kuipers praised it in Variety as a pleasant gambol through the backwoods of Quebec . Music and writing . Karina maintained a singing career . At the end of the 1960s , she scored a major hit with Sous le soleil exactement and Roller Girl by Serge Gainsbourg . Both songs are from the TV musical comedy Anna ( 1967 ) , by the film director Pierre Koralnik , in which she sings seven songs alongside Gainsbourg and Jean-Claude Brialy . Karina subsequently recorded an album , , with Philippe Katerine , which was followed by a concert tour . In 2005 , she released Chansons de films , a collection of songs sung in movies . Karina wrote four novels : ( 1973 ) , Golden City ( 1983 ) , ( 1988 ) , and Jusquau bout du hasard ( 1998 ) . Personal life . While working together on , Karina and Godard began a relationship and married in 1961 . Eventually , Karina served as a cinematic muse to Godard , appearing in eight of his films , including , and , during their five year marriage and after . Karina liked being the muse . How could I not be honoured ? she told Xan Brooks of The Guardian in 2016 . Maybe it’s too much , it sounds so pompous . But of course I’m always very touched to hear people say that . Because Jean-Luc gave me a gift to play all of those parts . It was like Pygmalion , you know ? I was Eliza Doolittle and he was the teacher . At this , she briefly channels Henry Higgins . By Jove , she says . I think she’s got it . The couple became , according to The Independent , one of the most celebrated pairings of the 1960s . A writer for Filmmaker magazine called their work arguably the most influential body of work in the history of cinema . Despite the critical success , their relationship behind the scenes was described as tumultuous ; they fought on film sets , Karina fell ill several times , and Godard was often absent without explanation . One Godard film from this period which does not feature Karina , Contempt ( 1963 ) , is said to be based on their difficult relationship . The couple divorced in 1965 . Karina said in spring 2016 that she and Godard no longer spoke to each other . She described the relationship in an interview with W magazine:It was all very exciting from the beginning . Of course we have a great love story and all that , but we were so different . He was 10 years older than me . He was very strange . He would go away and come back three weeks later .. . It was difficult , and I was a young girl , not even 21—at the time Godard was 30 . I know he didnt mean to hurt me , but he did . He was never there , he was never coming back , and I never knew where he was . He drove me a bit crazy.After divorcing Godard , Karina remarried three times ; she was married to French actors Pierre Fabre from 1968 to 1974 and Daniel Duval from 1978 to 1981 , and to American film director Dennis Berry from 1982 until her death . Karina died at the age of 79 on Saturday , December 14 , 2019 , at a hospital in Paris . According to her agent , Laurent Balandras , the cause of death was cancer . However , her husband , Dennis Berry , said that the cause was not cancer , but a complication following a muscular rupture . Legacy . Karina is regularly considered an icon of 1960s cinema , a staple in French New Wave cinema , as well as a style icon . The Guardian described her as an effervescent free spirit of the French new wave . The New York Times described her style as looking like a schoolgirl in her acting roles , regardless whether she was playing a streetwalker or a terrorist . Her signature look was her dark hair , wispy bangs , heavy eyeliner and school uniform of primary-coloured sailor-uniform tops , knee socks , plaid headwear such as berets and boaters . Refinery29 wrote that her 60s French girl style – think sailor dresses , tartan , long socks , and hats – and mesmerizing doe-eyed beauty mean she continues to be referenced today by the super-stylish . External links . - Anna Karina at Yahoo ! Movies - Anna Karina biography on newwavefilm.com - Anna Karina fan site

/wiki/Anna_Karina#P26#3

Who was Anna Karina 's spouse between Jan 2004 and Mar 2013?

Anna Karina Anna Karina ( born Hanne Karin Bayer , 22 September 194014 December 2019 ) was a Danish-French film avant garde actress , director , writer , and singer . She was French New Wave director Jean-Luc Godards muse in the 1960s , performing in several of his films , including The Little Soldier , A Woman Is a Woman , My Life to Live , ( Band of Outsiders ) , ( Crazy Pete ) and Alphaville . For her performance in A Woman Is a Woman , Karina won the Silver Bear Award for Best Actress at the Berlin Film Festival . In 1972 , Karina set up a production company for her directorial debut , Vivre ensemble ( 1973 ) , which screened in the Critics Week lineup at the 26th Cannes Film Festival . She also directed the French-Canadian film Victoria ( 2008 ) . In addition to her work in cinema , she worked as a singer , and wrote several novels . Karina was an icon of 1960s cinema , and referred to as the effervescent free spirit of the French New Wave , with all of the scars that the position entails . The New York Times described her as one of the screens great beauties and an enduring symbol of the French New Wave . Early life . Hanne Karin Bayer ( later known as Anna Karina ) was born in Frederiksberg , Denmark . Her mother was a dress shop owner and her father left the family a year after she was born . She lived with her maternal grandparents for three years , then spent the next four years in foster care before returning to live with her mother . She has described her childhood as terribly wanting to be loved , and as a child she made numerous attempts to run away from home . Her mother remarried , but her step-father was abusive . She began her career in Denmark , where she sang in cabarets and worked as a model playing in commercials . At age 14 , she appeared in a Danish short film by Ib Schmedes , which won a prize at Cannes . In 1958 , after a row with her mother , she hitchhiked to Paris . Career . Modeling . Bayer was 17 when she arrived in Paris , with only 10,000 francs and unable to speak French . One day while sitting at the café Les Deux Magots she was approached by a woman from an advertisement agency who asked her to do some photos . She began to work as a model and eventually became successful , posing for several magazines , including Elle , and meeting Pierre Cardin and Coco Chanel . Karina said that Chanel helped her devise her professional name , Anna Karina , which was deliberately coined to evoke the Leo Tolstoy novel , Anna Karenina . She appeared on the front cover of the Elle fashion magazine and in commercials for products such as Coca-Cola , Pepsodent , and Palmolive soap . Film . Jean-Luc Godard , then a film critic for Cahiers du cinéma , first saw Karina in the Palmolive adverts in which she posed in bathtubs , during movie previews in a Monsavon pub . He was casting his debut feature film , Breathless ( À bout de souffle , 1960 ) , and offered her a small part in it , but she refused when he mentioned that there would be a nude scene . When Godard questioned her refusal , mentioning her apparent nudity in the Palmolive ads , she is said to have replied , Are you mad ? I was wearing a bathing suit in those ads—the soapsuds went up to my neck . It was in your mind that I was undressed . In the end , the character Godard reserved for Karina did not appear in the film . Godard offered her a role in The Little Soldier ( , not released until 1963 ) which concerns contentious French actions during the Algerian War . She played a pro-Algerian activist . Karina , then still under 21 , had to persuade her estranged mother to sign the contract for her . The film was immediately controversial , outlawed from French theaters for its content referencing the Algerian War . As Angela in A Woman Is a Woman ( Une femme est une femme , 1961 ) . Karinas role was as an unattached striptease dancer who nevertheless wishes to have a child and daydreams about appearing in MGM musicals . Her school-girl costume emulated Leslie Caron in Gigi ( 1958 ) , worn even while performing her act . Karina won the Silver Bear for Best Actress at the 11th Berlin International Film Festival for her performance . In all , Karina appeared in eight films directed by Godard , including My Life to Live ( , 1962 ) , Band of Outsiders ( , 1964 ) and Alphaville ( both 1965 ) . In , Karinas character is on the run with her ex-boyfriend , while in Alphaville , a science-fiction film often equated to Bladerunner , Karinas role requires her to have difficulty saying the phrase I love you . The last film in the sequence was Made in USA ( 1966 ) . Anne Billson , in an article querying the concept of the female muse , wrote that Godard in his films with Karina seems to have trouble conceiving that the female experience revolves around anything other than prostitution , duplicity , or wanting babies . Karina herself did not object to being described as Godards muse : Maybe it’s too much , it sounds so pompous . But of course I’m always very touched to hear people say that . Because Jean-Luc gave me a gift to play all of those parts . Her career flourished , with Karina appearing in dozens of films through the 1960s , including The Nun ( La Religieuse , 1966 ) , directed by Jacques Rivette , Luchino Viscontis The Stranger ( Lo straniero , 1967 ) , the George Cukor/Joseph Strick collaboration Justine ( 1969 ) , and Tony Richardsons Laughter in the Dark ( 1969 ) . She continued to work steadily into the 1970s , with roles in Christian de Chalonges The Wedding Ring ( LAlliance , 1971 ) , Andre Delvauxs Rendezvous at Bray ( Rendez-vous à Bray , also 1971 ) , The Salzburg Connection ( 1972 ) , and Franco Brusatis Bread and Chocolate ( Pane e cioccolata , 1973 ) . In 1972 , she set up a production company , Raska , for her directorial debut , Living Together ( Vivre ensemble , 1973 ) , in which she also acted . The film screened in the Critics’ Week lineup at the 26th Cannes Film Festival . She starred in Rainer Werner Fassbinders Chinese Roulette ( Chinesisches Roulette , 1976 ) ; Fassbinder allegedly wrote the film for her and her partner at the time , Ulli Lommel . She later wrote and acted in Last Song ( 1987 ) and appeared in Up , Down , Fragile ( Haut bas fragile , 1995 ) , directed by Jacques Rivette , and sang in The Truth About Charlie ( 2002 ) , a remake of the film Charade ( 1963 ) . Karina wrote , directed and starred in Victoria ( 2008 ) , a musical road movie filmed in Montreal and Saguenay–Lac-Saint-Jean , Quebec . The lead character , played by Karina , has amnesia . Richard Kuipers praised it in Variety as a pleasant gambol through the backwoods of Quebec . Music and writing . Karina maintained a singing career . At the end of the 1960s , she scored a major hit with Sous le soleil exactement and Roller Girl by Serge Gainsbourg . Both songs are from the TV musical comedy Anna ( 1967 ) , by the film director Pierre Koralnik , in which she sings seven songs alongside Gainsbourg and Jean-Claude Brialy . Karina subsequently recorded an album , , with Philippe Katerine , which was followed by a concert tour . In 2005 , she released Chansons de films , a collection of songs sung in movies . Karina wrote four novels : ( 1973 ) , Golden City ( 1983 ) , ( 1988 ) , and Jusquau bout du hasard ( 1998 ) . Personal life . While working together on , Karina and Godard began a relationship and married in 1961 . Eventually , Karina served as a cinematic muse to Godard , appearing in eight of his films , including , and , during their five year marriage and after . Karina liked being the muse . How could I not be honoured ? she told Xan Brooks of The Guardian in 2016 . Maybe it’s too much , it sounds so pompous . But of course I’m always very touched to hear people say that . Because Jean-Luc gave me a gift to play all of those parts . It was like Pygmalion , you know ? I was Eliza Doolittle and he was the teacher . At this , she briefly channels Henry Higgins . By Jove , she says . I think she’s got it . The couple became , according to The Independent , one of the most celebrated pairings of the 1960s . A writer for Filmmaker magazine called their work arguably the most influential body of work in the history of cinema . Despite the critical success , their relationship behind the scenes was described as tumultuous ; they fought on film sets , Karina fell ill several times , and Godard was often absent without explanation . One Godard film from this period which does not feature Karina , Contempt ( 1963 ) , is said to be based on their difficult relationship . The couple divorced in 1965 . Karina said in spring 2016 that she and Godard no longer spoke to each other . She described the relationship in an interview with W magazine:It was all very exciting from the beginning . Of course we have a great love story and all that , but we were so different . He was 10 years older than me . He was very strange . He would go away and come back three weeks later .. . It was difficult , and I was a young girl , not even 21—at the time Godard was 30 . I know he didnt mean to hurt me , but he did . He was never there , he was never coming back , and I never knew where he was . He drove me a bit crazy.After divorcing Godard , Karina remarried three times ; she was married to French actors Pierre Fabre from 1968 to 1974 and Daniel Duval from 1978 to 1981 , and to American film director Dennis Berry from 1982 until her death . Karina died at the age of 79 on Saturday , December 14 , 2019 , at a hospital in Paris . According to her agent , Laurent Balandras , the cause of death was cancer . However , her husband , Dennis Berry , said that the cause was not cancer , but a complication following a muscular rupture . Legacy . Karina is regularly considered an icon of 1960s cinema , a staple in French New Wave cinema , as well as a style icon . The Guardian described her as an effervescent free spirit of the French new wave . The New York Times described her style as looking like a schoolgirl in her acting roles , regardless whether she was playing a streetwalker or a terrorist . Her signature look was her dark hair , wispy bangs , heavy eyeliner and school uniform of primary-coloured sailor-uniform tops , knee socks , plaid headwear such as berets and boaters . Refinery29 wrote that her 60s French girl style – think sailor dresses , tartan , long socks , and hats – and mesmerizing doe-eyed beauty mean she continues to be referenced today by the super-stylish . External links . - Anna Karina at Yahoo ! Movies - Anna Karina biography on newwavefilm.com - Anna Karina fan site

/wiki/Carl_Eric_Almgren#P39#0

Carl Eric Almgren took which position in Nov 1960?

Carl Eric Almgren General Carl Eric Åke Almgren ( 4March 1913 – 20May 2001 ) was a Swedish Army officer . Almgren served as Chief of the Defence Staff from 1961 to 1967 , military commander of the Eastern Military District ( Milo Ö ) from 1967 to 1969 and as the Chief of the Army from 1969 to 1976 . Early life . Almgren was born on 4 March 1913 in Linköping , Sweden , the son of captain Carl Almgren and his wife Esther ( née Tell ) . The father , Carl , who derived from a farming family , was a commissioned officer in the Life Grenadier Regiment , where he was among the more prominent representatives of his corps and had several positions both in the regiment and in the city of Linköping . Carl Eric did very well in school and was chairman of the school association . It is said to have been a disappointment for Almgrens teacher that with his striking theoretical endowment did not choose the academic path . Almgren was an avid reader and in 1930 at the age of 17 he read , according to his reading records , 198 books ; ie almost four books per week . Almgren graduated from Linköpings högre allmänna läroverket with exceptionally high grades on 4 June 1931 . A week later he stood as an officer cadet outside the barracks of the Life Grenadier Regiment , the year after his father had resigned . At Military Academy Karlberg , he would have been the top student , if he had not been too outspoken . He graduated third best in his class and at the Royal Swedish Army Staff College he graduated with some of the best grades awarded . Almgren was appointed in April 1934 to officership at Jönköpings-Kalmar Regiment . In 1936 he became a lieutenant and went through the Infantry Officer School . The winter of 1938 to 1939 , he studied Russian on a scholarship in Tallinn . Apart from Russian , he also spoke English , German and French fluently . Career . In October 1939 , Almgren was appointed assistant military attaché in Tallinn , Riga , and Kaunas . With placement in Tallinn , he became interested in the tense global political activities . The Soviet Union invasion in 1940 ended his ability to act as attaché , so he was told to observe the Soviet tanks when they crossed the Estonian border . During the war years he served , among other things , in the war preparedness organized army corps and division staffs and attended the Royal Swedish Army Staff College from 1941 to 1943 . Almgren was promoted to captain in 1942 and was an officer candidate in the General Staff Corps and the captain of the same in 1945 . In the next post-war years , he was placed at the Army Inspectorates Central Department and the Army Staffs Organization Department , while he taught at the Royal Swedish Army Staff College in tactics and staff service and a shorter time at the Swedish Air Force Flying School . In 1949 he was appointed captain of Västernorrland Regiment ( I 21 ) and he was promoted to major in the General Staff Corps in 1951 . Almgren was a teacher at the newly established Swedish National Defence College from 1951 to 1953 and was placed at the Defence Staff and then as head of the Army Staffs Tactics Department . Almgren was promoted lieutenant colonel in the General Staff Corps in 1955 . He was head of the Defence Staffs Army Department , a central post with influence over operational planning and cooperation between the central staffs . He returned to the troop service as training officer in Hälsinge Regiment ( I 14 ) in 1957 and was appointed to colonel and commander of Jämtland Ranger Regiment ( I 5 ) in 1960 . Already the following year in 1961 he took up the post as Chief of the Defence Staff , while also being promoted to major general . In 1966 he was promoted to lieutenant general , and in 1967 he was appointed military commander of the Eastern Military District ( Milo Ö ) , and also the Commandant General in Stockholm . Almgren took office as Chief of the Army on 1 October 1969 and served until 1976 . When he took office the Defence Act of 1968 had just been put into force . Having lost their previous political agreement between the Social Democrats and the centre-right parties , and it was obvious that the Supreme Commanders military and political assessments accorded less importance . The appropriations frame shrank , the fixed mark-up for technological development disappeared , and the carefully calculated price compensation system previously in force was replaced by a less favorable net price index . Among Almgrens contributions during his six years as Chief of the Armys was to improve leadership , staff treatment and training methods , as his predecessor Curt Göransson had initiated and that despite no small resistance pushed through a merger of regiments and defense area staffs ; the provincial regiments thus regained its original role to both coordinate the defense of their own counties and train brigades for national defense . These far-sighted reforms survived , unfortunately , not the so-called restructuring in the 1990s . By the time of his retirement as army chief , he was promoted to general . Other work . Alongside the traditional career had his services been used in numerous investigations and special assignments . Almgren was secretary of the Army Officers Training Committee from 1943 to 1946 , member of the 1948 Air Defense Committee , expert in the committee for voluntary defence in 1949 , expert in the ÖB investigations of 1947 , 1954 , 1957 , 1962 and 1965 , expert in the 1962 Defence Committee and the 1965 Defense Investigation , member of the board of the Swedish Civil Defence League ( Sveriges civilförsvarsförbund ) from 1956 to 1957 , the Total Defences head-board ( Totalförsvaret chefsnämnd ) , the Total Defences information board ( Totalförsvarets upplysningsnämnd ) , the National Singal Security Board ( Statens signalskyddsnämnd ) and the presidium of the Central Association of Society and Defence . Almgren was also a military employee of Stockholms-Tidningen in two periods 1943-1946 and 1952–1954 . During his time as Chief of the Army 1969-1976 he was at the same time chairman of the Swedish Army Museum . He put a great effort in the Fältjägare Association ( Föreningen Fältjägare ) in Stockholm and often attended meetings of the Swedish Military History Commission ( Svenska militärhistoriska kommissionen ) and could occasionally find amusement in the cultural evenings with the Idun Society ( Sällskapet Idun ) . At the military academy Almgren had served as a palace poet . He became an honorary member of the Royal Swedish Society of Naval Sciences and a member of the Royal Swedish Academy of War Sciences in 1952 . Almgren was chairman of the academys Section I , Land Warfare Studies from 1970 to 1975 and was president of the academy from 1969 to 1971 . Later life . In the obituaries Almgren was termed as extraordinarily talented and extremely hardworking . It also appears that he could be perceived as harsh in his criticism of the persons who in his opinion did not measure up . It also emphasizes that he gladly wrote verse that he performed on various occasions . He also had a strong Christian faith . After his resignation he got involved in The Salvation Army . In 1983 he entered the Salvation Armys counsel and worked actively to plan the activities in crisis situations . In the early 1990s , he followed closely the efforts to build the organization in the Baltic states . Among his former colleagues the perception of him was diverse . Lieutenant General Carl Björeman said that when you asked Almgren a question and came up with a proposal that he did not like , you felt as a subordinate officer but still not dejected . The opposite was not unusual . Almgren was for many years an active member of Försvarsfrämjandet , an organization that primarily works with advocacy for a strong defense . Personal life . In 1938 he married Lisa Salomonsson ( 1910–1988 ) , the daughter of Anton Salomonsson and Edla ( née Sköld ) . Almgren was the father of Bo ( born 1943 ) and Åke ( born 1946 ) . Dates of rank . - 1934 – Fänrik - 1936 – Lieutenant - 1942 – Captain - 1951 – Major - 1955 – Lieutenant Colonel - 1960 – Colonel - 1961 – Major General - 1966 – Lieutenant General - 1976 – General Awards and decoration . Swedish . - Commander Grand Cross of the Order of the Sword ( 6 June 1968 ) - Knight of the Order of Vasa - Home Guard Medal of Merit in Gold - Swedish Central Federation for Voluntary Military Training Medal of Merit in silver - Swedish Civil Defence Leagues badge of merit in gold ( Sveriges civilförsvarsförbund förtjänsttecken i guld ) - SLSM ? - Central Board of the National Swedish Rifle Associations silver medal ( Sveriges skytteförbunds överstyrelses silvermedalj ) Foreign . - Finnish War Memorial Medal ( Finsk krigsminnesmedalj ) External links . - Article about Almgrens reading habits

/wiki/Carl_Eric_Almgren#P39#1

Carl Eric Almgren took which position in Apr 1965?

Carl Eric Almgren General Carl Eric Åke Almgren ( 4March 1913 – 20May 2001 ) was a Swedish Army officer . Almgren served as Chief of the Defence Staff from 1961 to 1967 , military commander of the Eastern Military District ( Milo Ö ) from 1967 to 1969 and as the Chief of the Army from 1969 to 1976 . Early life . Almgren was born on 4 March 1913 in Linköping , Sweden , the son of captain Carl Almgren and his wife Esther ( née Tell ) . The father , Carl , who derived from a farming family , was a commissioned officer in the Life Grenadier Regiment , where he was among the more prominent representatives of his corps and had several positions both in the regiment and in the city of Linköping . Carl Eric did very well in school and was chairman of the school association . It is said to have been a disappointment for Almgrens teacher that with his striking theoretical endowment did not choose the academic path . Almgren was an avid reader and in 1930 at the age of 17 he read , according to his reading records , 198 books ; ie almost four books per week . Almgren graduated from Linköpings högre allmänna läroverket with exceptionally high grades on 4 June 1931 . A week later he stood as an officer cadet outside the barracks of the Life Grenadier Regiment , the year after his father had resigned . At Military Academy Karlberg , he would have been the top student , if he had not been too outspoken . He graduated third best in his class and at the Royal Swedish Army Staff College he graduated with some of the best grades awarded . Almgren was appointed in April 1934 to officership at Jönköpings-Kalmar Regiment . In 1936 he became a lieutenant and went through the Infantry Officer School . The winter of 1938 to 1939 , he studied Russian on a scholarship in Tallinn . Apart from Russian , he also spoke English , German and French fluently . Career . In October 1939 , Almgren was appointed assistant military attaché in Tallinn , Riga , and Kaunas . With placement in Tallinn , he became interested in the tense global political activities . The Soviet Union invasion in 1940 ended his ability to act as attaché , so he was told to observe the Soviet tanks when they crossed the Estonian border . During the war years he served , among other things , in the war preparedness organized army corps and division staffs and attended the Royal Swedish Army Staff College from 1941 to 1943 . Almgren was promoted to captain in 1942 and was an officer candidate in the General Staff Corps and the captain of the same in 1945 . In the next post-war years , he was placed at the Army Inspectorates Central Department and the Army Staffs Organization Department , while he taught at the Royal Swedish Army Staff College in tactics and staff service and a shorter time at the Swedish Air Force Flying School . In 1949 he was appointed captain of Västernorrland Regiment ( I 21 ) and he was promoted to major in the General Staff Corps in 1951 . Almgren was a teacher at the newly established Swedish National Defence College from 1951 to 1953 and was placed at the Defence Staff and then as head of the Army Staffs Tactics Department . Almgren was promoted lieutenant colonel in the General Staff Corps in 1955 . He was head of the Defence Staffs Army Department , a central post with influence over operational planning and cooperation between the central staffs . He returned to the troop service as training officer in Hälsinge Regiment ( I 14 ) in 1957 and was appointed to colonel and commander of Jämtland Ranger Regiment ( I 5 ) in 1960 . Already the following year in 1961 he took up the post as Chief of the Defence Staff , while also being promoted to major general . In 1966 he was promoted to lieutenant general , and in 1967 he was appointed military commander of the Eastern Military District ( Milo Ö ) , and also the Commandant General in Stockholm . Almgren took office as Chief of the Army on 1 October 1969 and served until 1976 . When he took office the Defence Act of 1968 had just been put into force . Having lost their previous political agreement between the Social Democrats and the centre-right parties , and it was obvious that the Supreme Commanders military and political assessments accorded less importance . The appropriations frame shrank , the fixed mark-up for technological development disappeared , and the carefully calculated price compensation system previously in force was replaced by a less favorable net price index . Among Almgrens contributions during his six years as Chief of the Armys was to improve leadership , staff treatment and training methods , as his predecessor Curt Göransson had initiated and that despite no small resistance pushed through a merger of regiments and defense area staffs ; the provincial regiments thus regained its original role to both coordinate the defense of their own counties and train brigades for national defense . These far-sighted reforms survived , unfortunately , not the so-called restructuring in the 1990s . By the time of his retirement as army chief , he was promoted to general . Other work . Alongside the traditional career had his services been used in numerous investigations and special assignments . Almgren was secretary of the Army Officers Training Committee from 1943 to 1946 , member of the 1948 Air Defense Committee , expert in the committee for voluntary defence in 1949 , expert in the ÖB investigations of 1947 , 1954 , 1957 , 1962 and 1965 , expert in the 1962 Defence Committee and the 1965 Defense Investigation , member of the board of the Swedish Civil Defence League ( Sveriges civilförsvarsförbund ) from 1956 to 1957 , the Total Defences head-board ( Totalförsvaret chefsnämnd ) , the Total Defences information board ( Totalförsvarets upplysningsnämnd ) , the National Singal Security Board ( Statens signalskyddsnämnd ) and the presidium of the Central Association of Society and Defence . Almgren was also a military employee of Stockholms-Tidningen in two periods 1943-1946 and 1952–1954 . During his time as Chief of the Army 1969-1976 he was at the same time chairman of the Swedish Army Museum . He put a great effort in the Fältjägare Association ( Föreningen Fältjägare ) in Stockholm and often attended meetings of the Swedish Military History Commission ( Svenska militärhistoriska kommissionen ) and could occasionally find amusement in the cultural evenings with the Idun Society ( Sällskapet Idun ) . At the military academy Almgren had served as a palace poet . He became an honorary member of the Royal Swedish Society of Naval Sciences and a member of the Royal Swedish Academy of War Sciences in 1952 . Almgren was chairman of the academys Section I , Land Warfare Studies from 1970 to 1975 and was president of the academy from 1969 to 1971 . Later life . In the obituaries Almgren was termed as extraordinarily talented and extremely hardworking . It also appears that he could be perceived as harsh in his criticism of the persons who in his opinion did not measure up . It also emphasizes that he gladly wrote verse that he performed on various occasions . He also had a strong Christian faith . After his resignation he got involved in The Salvation Army . In 1983 he entered the Salvation Armys counsel and worked actively to plan the activities in crisis situations . In the early 1990s , he followed closely the efforts to build the organization in the Baltic states . Among his former colleagues the perception of him was diverse . Lieutenant General Carl Björeman said that when you asked Almgren a question and came up with a proposal that he did not like , you felt as a subordinate officer but still not dejected . The opposite was not unusual . Almgren was for many years an active member of Försvarsfrämjandet , an organization that primarily works with advocacy for a strong defense . Personal life . In 1938 he married Lisa Salomonsson ( 1910–1988 ) , the daughter of Anton Salomonsson and Edla ( née Sköld ) . Almgren was the father of Bo ( born 1943 ) and Åke ( born 1946 ) . Dates of rank . - 1934 – Fänrik - 1936 – Lieutenant - 1942 – Captain - 1951 – Major - 1955 – Lieutenant Colonel - 1960 – Colonel - 1961 – Major General - 1966 – Lieutenant General - 1976 – General Awards and decoration . Swedish . - Commander Grand Cross of the Order of the Sword ( 6 June 1968 ) - Knight of the Order of Vasa - Home Guard Medal of Merit in Gold - Swedish Central Federation for Voluntary Military Training Medal of Merit in silver - Swedish Civil Defence Leagues badge of merit in gold ( Sveriges civilförsvarsförbund förtjänsttecken i guld ) - SLSM ? - Central Board of the National Swedish Rifle Associations silver medal ( Sveriges skytteförbunds överstyrelses silvermedalj ) Foreign . - Finnish War Memorial Medal ( Finsk krigsminnesmedalj ) External links . - Article about Almgrens reading habits

/wiki/Carl_Eric_Almgren#P39#2

Carl Eric Almgren took which position in Feb 1968?

Carl Eric Almgren General Carl Eric Åke Almgren ( 4March 1913 – 20May 2001 ) was a Swedish Army officer . Almgren served as Chief of the Defence Staff from 1961 to 1967 , military commander of the Eastern Military District ( Milo Ö ) from 1967 to 1969 and as the Chief of the Army from 1969 to 1976 . Early life . Almgren was born on 4 March 1913 in Linköping , Sweden , the son of captain Carl Almgren and his wife Esther ( née Tell ) . The father , Carl , who derived from a farming family , was a commissioned officer in the Life Grenadier Regiment , where he was among the more prominent representatives of his corps and had several positions both in the regiment and in the city of Linköping . Carl Eric did very well in school and was chairman of the school association . It is said to have been a disappointment for Almgrens teacher that with his striking theoretical endowment did not choose the academic path . Almgren was an avid reader and in 1930 at the age of 17 he read , according to his reading records , 198 books ; ie almost four books per week . Almgren graduated from Linköpings högre allmänna läroverket with exceptionally high grades on 4 June 1931 . A week later he stood as an officer cadet outside the barracks of the Life Grenadier Regiment , the year after his father had resigned . At Military Academy Karlberg , he would have been the top student , if he had not been too outspoken . He graduated third best in his class and at the Royal Swedish Army Staff College he graduated with some of the best grades awarded . Almgren was appointed in April 1934 to officership at Jönköpings-Kalmar Regiment . In 1936 he became a lieutenant and went through the Infantry Officer School . The winter of 1938 to 1939 , he studied Russian on a scholarship in Tallinn . Apart from Russian , he also spoke English , German and French fluently . Career . In October 1939 , Almgren was appointed assistant military attaché in Tallinn , Riga , and Kaunas . With placement in Tallinn , he became interested in the tense global political activities . The Soviet Union invasion in 1940 ended his ability to act as attaché , so he was told to observe the Soviet tanks when they crossed the Estonian border . During the war years he served , among other things , in the war preparedness organized army corps and division staffs and attended the Royal Swedish Army Staff College from 1941 to 1943 . Almgren was promoted to captain in 1942 and was an officer candidate in the General Staff Corps and the captain of the same in 1945 . In the next post-war years , he was placed at the Army Inspectorates Central Department and the Army Staffs Organization Department , while he taught at the Royal Swedish Army Staff College in tactics and staff service and a shorter time at the Swedish Air Force Flying School . In 1949 he was appointed captain of Västernorrland Regiment ( I 21 ) and he was promoted to major in the General Staff Corps in 1951 . Almgren was a teacher at the newly established Swedish National Defence College from 1951 to 1953 and was placed at the Defence Staff and then as head of the Army Staffs Tactics Department . Almgren was promoted lieutenant colonel in the General Staff Corps in 1955 . He was head of the Defence Staffs Army Department , a central post with influence over operational planning and cooperation between the central staffs . He returned to the troop service as training officer in Hälsinge Regiment ( I 14 ) in 1957 and was appointed to colonel and commander of Jämtland Ranger Regiment ( I 5 ) in 1960 . Already the following year in 1961 he took up the post as Chief of the Defence Staff , while also being promoted to major general . In 1966 he was promoted to lieutenant general , and in 1967 he was appointed military commander of the Eastern Military District ( Milo Ö ) , and also the Commandant General in Stockholm . Almgren took office as Chief of the Army on 1 October 1969 and served until 1976 . When he took office the Defence Act of 1968 had just been put into force . Having lost their previous political agreement between the Social Democrats and the centre-right parties , and it was obvious that the Supreme Commanders military and political assessments accorded less importance . The appropriations frame shrank , the fixed mark-up for technological development disappeared , and the carefully calculated price compensation system previously in force was replaced by a less favorable net price index . Among Almgrens contributions during his six years as Chief of the Armys was to improve leadership , staff treatment and training methods , as his predecessor Curt Göransson had initiated and that despite no small resistance pushed through a merger of regiments and defense area staffs ; the provincial regiments thus regained its original role to both coordinate the defense of their own counties and train brigades for national defense . These far-sighted reforms survived , unfortunately , not the so-called restructuring in the 1990s . By the time of his retirement as army chief , he was promoted to general . Other work . Alongside the traditional career had his services been used in numerous investigations and special assignments . Almgren was secretary of the Army Officers Training Committee from 1943 to 1946 , member of the 1948 Air Defense Committee , expert in the committee for voluntary defence in 1949 , expert in the ÖB investigations of 1947 , 1954 , 1957 , 1962 and 1965 , expert in the 1962 Defence Committee and the 1965 Defense Investigation , member of the board of the Swedish Civil Defence League ( Sveriges civilförsvarsförbund ) from 1956 to 1957 , the Total Defences head-board ( Totalförsvaret chefsnämnd ) , the Total Defences information board ( Totalförsvarets upplysningsnämnd ) , the National Singal Security Board ( Statens signalskyddsnämnd ) and the presidium of the Central Association of Society and Defence . Almgren was also a military employee of Stockholms-Tidningen in two periods 1943-1946 and 1952–1954 . During his time as Chief of the Army 1969-1976 he was at the same time chairman of the Swedish Army Museum . He put a great effort in the Fältjägare Association ( Föreningen Fältjägare ) in Stockholm and often attended meetings of the Swedish Military History Commission ( Svenska militärhistoriska kommissionen ) and could occasionally find amusement in the cultural evenings with the Idun Society ( Sällskapet Idun ) . At the military academy Almgren had served as a palace poet . He became an honorary member of the Royal Swedish Society of Naval Sciences and a member of the Royal Swedish Academy of War Sciences in 1952 . Almgren was chairman of the academys Section I , Land Warfare Studies from 1970 to 1975 and was president of the academy from 1969 to 1971 . Later life . In the obituaries Almgren was termed as extraordinarily talented and extremely hardworking . It also appears that he could be perceived as harsh in his criticism of the persons who in his opinion did not measure up . It also emphasizes that he gladly wrote verse that he performed on various occasions . He also had a strong Christian faith . After his resignation he got involved in The Salvation Army . In 1983 he entered the Salvation Armys counsel and worked actively to plan the activities in crisis situations . In the early 1990s , he followed closely the efforts to build the organization in the Baltic states . Among his former colleagues the perception of him was diverse . Lieutenant General Carl Björeman said that when you asked Almgren a question and came up with a proposal that he did not like , you felt as a subordinate officer but still not dejected . The opposite was not unusual . Almgren was for many years an active member of Försvarsfrämjandet , an organization that primarily works with advocacy for a strong defense . Personal life . In 1938 he married Lisa Salomonsson ( 1910–1988 ) , the daughter of Anton Salomonsson and Edla ( née Sköld ) . Almgren was the father of Bo ( born 1943 ) and Åke ( born 1946 ) . Dates of rank . - 1934 – Fänrik - 1936 – Lieutenant - 1942 – Captain - 1951 – Major - 1955 – Lieutenant Colonel - 1960 – Colonel - 1961 – Major General - 1966 – Lieutenant General - 1976 – General Awards and decoration . Swedish . - Commander Grand Cross of the Order of the Sword ( 6 June 1968 ) - Knight of the Order of Vasa - Home Guard Medal of Merit in Gold - Swedish Central Federation for Voluntary Military Training Medal of Merit in silver - Swedish Civil Defence Leagues badge of merit in gold ( Sveriges civilförsvarsförbund förtjänsttecken i guld ) - SLSM ? - Central Board of the National Swedish Rifle Associations silver medal ( Sveriges skytteförbunds överstyrelses silvermedalj ) Foreign . - Finnish War Memorial Medal ( Finsk krigsminnesmedalj ) External links . - Article about Almgrens reading habits

/wiki/Carl_Eric_Almgren#P39#3

Carl Eric Almgren took which position after Oct 1969?

Carl Eric Almgren General Carl Eric Åke Almgren ( 4March 1913 – 20May 2001 ) was a Swedish Army officer . Almgren served as Chief of the Defence Staff from 1961 to 1967 , military commander of the Eastern Military District ( Milo Ö ) from 1967 to 1969 and as the Chief of the Army from 1969 to 1976 . Early life . Almgren was born on 4 March 1913 in Linköping , Sweden , the son of captain Carl Almgren and his wife Esther ( née Tell ) . The father , Carl , who derived from a farming family , was a commissioned officer in the Life Grenadier Regiment , where he was among the more prominent representatives of his corps and had several positions both in the regiment and in the city of Linköping . Carl Eric did very well in school and was chairman of the school association . It is said to have been a disappointment for Almgrens teacher that with his striking theoretical endowment did not choose the academic path . Almgren was an avid reader and in 1930 at the age of 17 he read , according to his reading records , 198 books ; ie almost four books per week . Almgren graduated from Linköpings högre allmänna läroverket with exceptionally high grades on 4 June 1931 . A week later he stood as an officer cadet outside the barracks of the Life Grenadier Regiment , the year after his father had resigned . At Military Academy Karlberg , he would have been the top student , if he had not been too outspoken . He graduated third best in his class and at the Royal Swedish Army Staff College he graduated with some of the best grades awarded . Almgren was appointed in April 1934 to officership at Jönköpings-Kalmar Regiment . In 1936 he became a lieutenant and went through the Infantry Officer School . The winter of 1938 to 1939 , he studied Russian on a scholarship in Tallinn . Apart from Russian , he also spoke English , German and French fluently . Career . In October 1939 , Almgren was appointed assistant military attaché in Tallinn , Riga , and Kaunas . With placement in Tallinn , he became interested in the tense global political activities . The Soviet Union invasion in 1940 ended his ability to act as attaché , so he was told to observe the Soviet tanks when they crossed the Estonian border . During the war years he served , among other things , in the war preparedness organized army corps and division staffs and attended the Royal Swedish Army Staff College from 1941 to 1943 . Almgren was promoted to captain in 1942 and was an officer candidate in the General Staff Corps and the captain of the same in 1945 . In the next post-war years , he was placed at the Army Inspectorates Central Department and the Army Staffs Organization Department , while he taught at the Royal Swedish Army Staff College in tactics and staff service and a shorter time at the Swedish Air Force Flying School . In 1949 he was appointed captain of Västernorrland Regiment ( I 21 ) and he was promoted to major in the General Staff Corps in 1951 . Almgren was a teacher at the newly established Swedish National Defence College from 1951 to 1953 and was placed at the Defence Staff and then as head of the Army Staffs Tactics Department . Almgren was promoted lieutenant colonel in the General Staff Corps in 1955 . He was head of the Defence Staffs Army Department , a central post with influence over operational planning and cooperation between the central staffs . He returned to the troop service as training officer in Hälsinge Regiment ( I 14 ) in 1957 and was appointed to colonel and commander of Jämtland Ranger Regiment ( I 5 ) in 1960 . Already the following year in 1961 he took up the post as Chief of the Defence Staff , while also being promoted to major general . In 1966 he was promoted to lieutenant general , and in 1967 he was appointed military commander of the Eastern Military District ( Milo Ö ) , and also the Commandant General in Stockholm . Almgren took office as Chief of the Army on 1 October 1969 and served until 1976 . When he took office the Defence Act of 1968 had just been put into force . Having lost their previous political agreement between the Social Democrats and the centre-right parties , and it was obvious that the Supreme Commanders military and political assessments accorded less importance . The appropriations frame shrank , the fixed mark-up for technological development disappeared , and the carefully calculated price compensation system previously in force was replaced by a less favorable net price index . Among Almgrens contributions during his six years as Chief of the Armys was to improve leadership , staff treatment and training methods , as his predecessor Curt Göransson had initiated and that despite no small resistance pushed through a merger of regiments and defense area staffs ; the provincial regiments thus regained its original role to both coordinate the defense of their own counties and train brigades for national defense . These far-sighted reforms survived , unfortunately , not the so-called restructuring in the 1990s . By the time of his retirement as army chief , he was promoted to general . Other work . Alongside the traditional career had his services been used in numerous investigations and special assignments . Almgren was secretary of the Army Officers Training Committee from 1943 to 1946 , member of the 1948 Air Defense Committee , expert in the committee for voluntary defence in 1949 , expert in the ÖB investigations of 1947 , 1954 , 1957 , 1962 and 1965 , expert in the 1962 Defence Committee and the 1965 Defense Investigation , member of the board of the Swedish Civil Defence League ( Sveriges civilförsvarsförbund ) from 1956 to 1957 , the Total Defences head-board ( Totalförsvaret chefsnämnd ) , the Total Defences information board ( Totalförsvarets upplysningsnämnd ) , the National Singal Security Board ( Statens signalskyddsnämnd ) and the presidium of the Central Association of Society and Defence . Almgren was also a military employee of Stockholms-Tidningen in two periods 1943-1946 and 1952–1954 . During his time as Chief of the Army 1969-1976 he was at the same time chairman of the Swedish Army Museum . He put a great effort in the Fältjägare Association ( Föreningen Fältjägare ) in Stockholm and often attended meetings of the Swedish Military History Commission ( Svenska militärhistoriska kommissionen ) and could occasionally find amusement in the cultural evenings with the Idun Society ( Sällskapet Idun ) . At the military academy Almgren had served as a palace poet . He became an honorary member of the Royal Swedish Society of Naval Sciences and a member of the Royal Swedish Academy of War Sciences in 1952 . Almgren was chairman of the academys Section I , Land Warfare Studies from 1970 to 1975 and was president of the academy from 1969 to 1971 . Later life . In the obituaries Almgren was termed as extraordinarily talented and extremely hardworking . It also appears that he could be perceived as harsh in his criticism of the persons who in his opinion did not measure up . It also emphasizes that he gladly wrote verse that he performed on various occasions . He also had a strong Christian faith . After his resignation he got involved in The Salvation Army . In 1983 he entered the Salvation Armys counsel and worked actively to plan the activities in crisis situations . In the early 1990s , he followed closely the efforts to build the organization in the Baltic states . Among his former colleagues the perception of him was diverse . Lieutenant General Carl Björeman said that when you asked Almgren a question and came up with a proposal that he did not like , you felt as a subordinate officer but still not dejected . The opposite was not unusual . Almgren was for many years an active member of Försvarsfrämjandet , an organization that primarily works with advocacy for a strong defense . Personal life . In 1938 he married Lisa Salomonsson ( 1910–1988 ) , the daughter of Anton Salomonsson and Edla ( née Sköld ) . Almgren was the father of Bo ( born 1943 ) and Åke ( born 1946 ) . Dates of rank . - 1934 – Fänrik - 1936 – Lieutenant - 1942 – Captain - 1951 – Major - 1955 – Lieutenant Colonel - 1960 – Colonel - 1961 – Major General - 1966 – Lieutenant General - 1976 – General Awards and decoration . Swedish . - Commander Grand Cross of the Order of the Sword ( 6 June 1968 ) - Knight of the Order of Vasa - Home Guard Medal of Merit in Gold - Swedish Central Federation for Voluntary Military Training Medal of Merit in silver - Swedish Civil Defence Leagues badge of merit in gold ( Sveriges civilförsvarsförbund förtjänsttecken i guld ) - SLSM ? - Central Board of the National Swedish Rifle Associations silver medal ( Sveriges skytteförbunds överstyrelses silvermedalj ) Foreign . - Finnish War Memorial Medal ( Finsk krigsminnesmedalj ) External links . - Article about Almgrens reading habits

/wiki/John_J._Pettus#P39#0

Which position did John J. Pettus hold in Aug 1850?

John J . Pettus John Jones Pettus ( October 9 , 1813January 25 , 1867 ) was an American politician and lawyer who served as the 23rd Governor of Mississippi , from 1859 to 1863 . Prior to being elected in his own right to full gubernatorial terms in 1859 and 1861 , he served as acting governor from January 5 to 10 , 1854 , following the resignation of Henry S . Foote . A member of the Democratic Party , Pettus had previously been a Mississippi state representative , a member and president of the Mississippi Senate . He strongly supported Mississippis secession from the Union in 1861 and sought cooperation with the Confederate States Government . Early life . John Jones Pettus was born on October 9 , 1813 in Wilson County , Tennessee , to John Jones , a farmer , and his wife Alice Taylor ( née Winston ) Pettus . He was the brother of Edmund Pettus . He was raised in Limestone County , Alabama , after his father moved the family from Tennessee . Only nine when his father died , Pettus helped out with chores and was educated at home by his mother . Pettus settled in Mississippi in 1835 . After a brief stay in Sumter County , Alabama , where he studied law , he opened a law practice in Scooba , Mississippi , where in the 1840s he married a cousin , Permelia Winston . He became a successful farmer and by 1850 owned with twenty-four slaves . Political career . In 1844 , Pettus represented Kemper County in the Mississippi House of Representatives . In 1848 , he was elected to the Mississippi Senate . In 1853 , while Governor Henry S . Foote was waiting for the January 11 inauguration of John J . McRae , Foote grew bitter and angry , addressing the legislative session by announcing that he had considered resigning in protest once the election results came in . At noon at January 5 , 1854 , Footes resignation was received by the state senate . The Mississippi Constitution of 1832 had abolished the office of lieutenant governor . Pettus , as President of the Mississippi Senate , was next in seniority and sworn at noon on January 7 , 1854 . He held the governorship until McRae was sworn in on January 10 , 1854 . His only recorded act during these 120 hours was to order a special session in Noxubee County to fill the office of a deceased state representative , Francis Irby . On January 11 , McRae was inaugurated as Governor and Pettus returned as senate president . During the 1850s , he became identified as the Mississippi Fire-eater , a term referring to Southerners supporting secession . In 1859 , he was elected Governor . In his inaugural address , he said that the souths only way to maintain slavery was secession and called for the establishment of a southern confederacy . Following President Abraham Lincolns election , on November 26 , 1860 , Pettus called for a Special Session of the Legislature and urged the Legislature to call for a convention to withdraw Mississippi from the Union . The Legislature called for a Secession Convention which convened in Jackson on January 7 , 1861 . Two days later , Mississippi officially seceded from the Union . On February 4 , 1861 , along with five other slave states , the Confederate States of America was established at Montgomery , Alabama . Pettus was re-elected in the fall of 1861 . Pettus was succeeded by Charles Clark . Later life . Ineligible under the Mississippi Constitution to run for a third term , Pettus was commissioned a colonel in the state militia . In September 1865 he took the oath of allegiance to the United States government , but failed on three separate occasions to receive a presidential pardon . After the war , he relocated to Pulaski County ( present-day Lonoke County ) , Arkansas . Pettus died on January 25 , 1867 , of pneumonia and is buried in the Flat Bayou Cemetery , Jefferson County , Arkansas .

/wiki/John_J._Pettus#P39#1

Which position did John J. Pettus hold in 1854?

John J . Pettus John Jones Pettus ( October 9 , 1813January 25 , 1867 ) was an American politician and lawyer who served as the 23rd Governor of Mississippi , from 1859 to 1863 . Prior to being elected in his own right to full gubernatorial terms in 1859 and 1861 , he served as acting governor from January 5 to 10 , 1854 , following the resignation of Henry S . Foote . A member of the Democratic Party , Pettus had previously been a Mississippi state representative , a member and president of the Mississippi Senate . He strongly supported Mississippis secession from the Union in 1861 and sought cooperation with the Confederate States Government . Early life . John Jones Pettus was born on October 9 , 1813 in Wilson County , Tennessee , to John Jones , a farmer , and his wife Alice Taylor ( née Winston ) Pettus . He was the brother of Edmund Pettus . He was raised in Limestone County , Alabama , after his father moved the family from Tennessee . Only nine when his father died , Pettus helped out with chores and was educated at home by his mother . Pettus settled in Mississippi in 1835 . After a brief stay in Sumter County , Alabama , where he studied law , he opened a law practice in Scooba , Mississippi , where in the 1840s he married a cousin , Permelia Winston . He became a successful farmer and by 1850 owned with twenty-four slaves . Political career . In 1844 , Pettus represented Kemper County in the Mississippi House of Representatives . In 1848 , he was elected to the Mississippi Senate . In 1853 , while Governor Henry S . Foote was waiting for the January 11 inauguration of John J . McRae , Foote grew bitter and angry , addressing the legislative session by announcing that he had considered resigning in protest once the election results came in . At noon at January 5 , 1854 , Footes resignation was received by the state senate . The Mississippi Constitution of 1832 had abolished the office of lieutenant governor . Pettus , as President of the Mississippi Senate , was next in seniority and sworn at noon on January 7 , 1854 . He held the governorship until McRae was sworn in on January 10 , 1854 . His only recorded act during these 120 hours was to order a special session in Noxubee County to fill the office of a deceased state representative , Francis Irby . On January 11 , McRae was inaugurated as Governor and Pettus returned as senate president . During the 1850s , he became identified as the Mississippi Fire-eater , a term referring to Southerners supporting secession . In 1859 , he was elected Governor . In his inaugural address , he said that the souths only way to maintain slavery was secession and called for the establishment of a southern confederacy . Following President Abraham Lincolns election , on November 26 , 1860 , Pettus called for a Special Session of the Legislature and urged the Legislature to call for a convention to withdraw Mississippi from the Union . The Legislature called for a Secession Convention which convened in Jackson on January 7 , 1861 . Two days later , Mississippi officially seceded from the Union . On February 4 , 1861 , along with five other slave states , the Confederate States of America was established at Montgomery , Alabama . Pettus was re-elected in the fall of 1861 . Pettus was succeeded by Charles Clark . Later life . Ineligible under the Mississippi Constitution to run for a third term , Pettus was commissioned a colonel in the state militia . In September 1865 he took the oath of allegiance to the United States government , but failed on three separate occasions to receive a presidential pardon . After the war , he relocated to Pulaski County ( present-day Lonoke County ) , Arkansas . Pettus died on January 25 , 1867 , of pneumonia and is buried in the Flat Bayou Cemetery , Jefferson County , Arkansas .

/wiki/John_J._Pettus#P39#2

Which position did John J. Pettus hold in early 1860s?

John J . Pettus John Jones Pettus ( October 9 , 1813January 25 , 1867 ) was an American politician and lawyer who served as the 23rd Governor of Mississippi , from 1859 to 1863 . Prior to being elected in his own right to full gubernatorial terms in 1859 and 1861 , he served as acting governor from January 5 to 10 , 1854 , following the resignation of Henry S . Foote . A member of the Democratic Party , Pettus had previously been a Mississippi state representative , a member and president of the Mississippi Senate . He strongly supported Mississippis secession from the Union in 1861 and sought cooperation with the Confederate States Government . Early life . John Jones Pettus was born on October 9 , 1813 in Wilson County , Tennessee , to John Jones , a farmer , and his wife Alice Taylor ( née Winston ) Pettus . He was the brother of Edmund Pettus . He was raised in Limestone County , Alabama , after his father moved the family from Tennessee . Only nine when his father died , Pettus helped out with chores and was educated at home by his mother . Pettus settled in Mississippi in 1835 . After a brief stay in Sumter County , Alabama , where he studied law , he opened a law practice in Scooba , Mississippi , where in the 1840s he married a cousin , Permelia Winston . He became a successful farmer and by 1850 owned with twenty-four slaves . Political career . In 1844 , Pettus represented Kemper County in the Mississippi House of Representatives . In 1848 , he was elected to the Mississippi Senate . In 1853 , while Governor Henry S . Foote was waiting for the January 11 inauguration of John J . McRae , Foote grew bitter and angry , addressing the legislative session by announcing that he had considered resigning in protest once the election results came in . At noon at January 5 , 1854 , Footes resignation was received by the state senate . The Mississippi Constitution of 1832 had abolished the office of lieutenant governor . Pettus , as President of the Mississippi Senate , was next in seniority and sworn at noon on January 7 , 1854 . He held the governorship until McRae was sworn in on January 10 , 1854 . His only recorded act during these 120 hours was to order a special session in Noxubee County to fill the office of a deceased state representative , Francis Irby . On January 11 , McRae was inaugurated as Governor and Pettus returned as senate president . During the 1850s , he became identified as the Mississippi Fire-eater , a term referring to Southerners supporting secession . In 1859 , he was elected Governor . In his inaugural address , he said that the souths only way to maintain slavery was secession and called for the establishment of a southern confederacy . Following President Abraham Lincolns election , on November 26 , 1860 , Pettus called for a Special Session of the Legislature and urged the Legislature to call for a convention to withdraw Mississippi from the Union . The Legislature called for a Secession Convention which convened in Jackson on January 7 , 1861 . Two days later , Mississippi officially seceded from the Union . On February 4 , 1861 , along with five other slave states , the Confederate States of America was established at Montgomery , Alabama . Pettus was re-elected in the fall of 1861 . Pettus was succeeded by Charles Clark . Later life . Ineligible under the Mississippi Constitution to run for a third term , Pettus was commissioned a colonel in the state militia . In September 1865 he took the oath of allegiance to the United States government , but failed on three separate occasions to receive a presidential pardon . After the war , he relocated to Pulaski County ( present-day Lonoke County ) , Arkansas . Pettus died on January 25 , 1867 , of pneumonia and is buried in the Flat Bayou Cemetery , Jefferson County , Arkansas .

/wiki/Thierry_Audel#P54#0

Which team did the player Thierry Audel belong to before Jun 2006?

Thierry Audel Thierry Gerard Audel ( born 15 January 1987 ) is a French footballer who plays as a centre back for Brackley Town . He is the cousin of former French footballer Johan Audel . He has played in France , Italy and England ( also spending a brief time on the books of Slovenian club Izola ) . A reserve team player at AJ Auxerre , he spent three years at Italian side Triestina from 2007 to 2010 , and also played on loan at San Marino , before moving on to Pisa . He moved to England in January 2013 to play for Macclesfield Town , before signing with Crewe Alexandra five months later . During his time at Crewe , Audel had two loan spells at Lincoln City . In February 2015 , Audel re-signed for Macclesfield Town , before a summer move to newly relegated Notts County in League Two . In July 2017 , Audel joined Barrow , moving to Welling United a year later . Career . Audel played for the reserves of Auxerre before moving to the Italian Serie B club U.S . Triestina Calcio in 2007 via MNK Izola ( a pure transfer trick or allegedly false accounting ) . He played two Serie B games for Triestina in the 2007–08 season , and spent the 2008–09 season in the Lega Pro Seconda Divisione for San Marino , making 31 appearances . Audel had an unsuccessful trial at Portsmouth in summer 2009 . He moved to A.C . Pisa 1909 of the Lega Pro Prima Divisione in mid-2010 . He made eight appearances in the 2010–11 season and played 23 matches in the 2011–12 campaign . He had a trial with Conference National club Luton Town in December 2012 . The following month he signed a deal with Macclesfield Town . He played 20 games for the Silkmen in the latter half of the 2012–13 season , putting in a number of impressive displays . He did , however , give away a penalty in a 1–0 defeat to Premier League side Wigan Athletic at Moss Rose on 26 January after mistiming a tackle on Callum McManaman . He signed a two-year contract with League One side Crewe Alexandra in June 2013 after manager Steve Davis paid Macclesfield an undisclosed fee . However , he played just five games for the Railwaymen , being sent on two loan spells to Lincoln City , before returning to Macclesfield Town in February 2015 . He then played for newly relegated Notts County in League Two for two seasons . In July 2017 , Audel joined Barrow , moving to Welling United a year later . On 27 June 2019 it was confirmed , that Audel had joined Brackley Town . Style of play . Audel is a defender who can play at centre-back and at right-back . His agent described him as a strong and powerful defender whos good on the ball . Honours . Welling United - London Senior Cup ( 1 ) : 2018–19

/wiki/Thierry_Audel#P54#1

Which team did the player Thierry Audel belong to in Jun 2007?

Thierry Audel Thierry Gerard Audel ( born 15 January 1987 ) is a French footballer who plays as a centre back for Brackley Town . He is the cousin of former French footballer Johan Audel . He has played in France , Italy and England ( also spending a brief time on the books of Slovenian club Izola ) . A reserve team player at AJ Auxerre , he spent three years at Italian side Triestina from 2007 to 2010 , and also played on loan at San Marino , before moving on to Pisa . He moved to England in January 2013 to play for Macclesfield Town , before signing with Crewe Alexandra five months later . During his time at Crewe , Audel had two loan spells at Lincoln City . In February 2015 , Audel re-signed for Macclesfield Town , before a summer move to newly relegated Notts County in League Two . In July 2017 , Audel joined Barrow , moving to Welling United a year later . Career . Audel played for the reserves of Auxerre before moving to the Italian Serie B club U.S . Triestina Calcio in 2007 via MNK Izola ( a pure transfer trick or allegedly false accounting ) . He played two Serie B games for Triestina in the 2007–08 season , and spent the 2008–09 season in the Lega Pro Seconda Divisione for San Marino , making 31 appearances . Audel had an unsuccessful trial at Portsmouth in summer 2009 . He moved to A.C . Pisa 1909 of the Lega Pro Prima Divisione in mid-2010 . He made eight appearances in the 2010–11 season and played 23 matches in the 2011–12 campaign . He had a trial with Conference National club Luton Town in December 2012 . The following month he signed a deal with Macclesfield Town . He played 20 games for the Silkmen in the latter half of the 2012–13 season , putting in a number of impressive displays . He did , however , give away a penalty in a 1–0 defeat to Premier League side Wigan Athletic at Moss Rose on 26 January after mistiming a tackle on Callum McManaman . He signed a two-year contract with League One side Crewe Alexandra in June 2013 after manager Steve Davis paid Macclesfield an undisclosed fee . However , he played just five games for the Railwaymen , being sent on two loan spells to Lincoln City , before returning to Macclesfield Town in February 2015 . He then played for newly relegated Notts County in League Two for two seasons . In July 2017 , Audel joined Barrow , moving to Welling United a year later . On 27 June 2019 it was confirmed , that Audel had joined Brackley Town . Style of play . Audel is a defender who can play at centre-back and at right-back . His agent described him as a strong and powerful defender whos good on the ball . Honours . Welling United - London Senior Cup ( 1 ) : 2018–19

/wiki/Thierry_Audel#P54#2

Which team did the player Thierry Audel belong to between Nov 2008 and Dec 2008?

Thierry Audel Thierry Gerard Audel ( born 15 January 1987 ) is a French footballer who plays as a centre back for Brackley Town . He is the cousin of former French footballer Johan Audel . He has played in France , Italy and England ( also spending a brief time on the books of Slovenian club Izola ) . A reserve team player at AJ Auxerre , he spent three years at Italian side Triestina from 2007 to 2010 , and also played on loan at San Marino , before moving on to Pisa . He moved to England in January 2013 to play for Macclesfield Town , before signing with Crewe Alexandra five months later . During his time at Crewe , Audel had two loan spells at Lincoln City . In February 2015 , Audel re-signed for Macclesfield Town , before a summer move to newly relegated Notts County in League Two . In July 2017 , Audel joined Barrow , moving to Welling United a year later . Career . Audel played for the reserves of Auxerre before moving to the Italian Serie B club U.S . Triestina Calcio in 2007 via MNK Izola ( a pure transfer trick or allegedly false accounting ) . He played two Serie B games for Triestina in the 2007–08 season , and spent the 2008–09 season in the Lega Pro Seconda Divisione for San Marino , making 31 appearances . Audel had an unsuccessful trial at Portsmouth in summer 2009 . He moved to A.C . Pisa 1909 of the Lega Pro Prima Divisione in mid-2010 . He made eight appearances in the 2010–11 season and played 23 matches in the 2011–12 campaign . He had a trial with Conference National club Luton Town in December 2012 . The following month he signed a deal with Macclesfield Town . He played 20 games for the Silkmen in the latter half of the 2012–13 season , putting in a number of impressive displays . He did , however , give away a penalty in a 1–0 defeat to Premier League side Wigan Athletic at Moss Rose on 26 January after mistiming a tackle on Callum McManaman . He signed a two-year contract with League One side Crewe Alexandra in June 2013 after manager Steve Davis paid Macclesfield an undisclosed fee . However , he played just five games for the Railwaymen , being sent on two loan spells to Lincoln City , before returning to Macclesfield Town in February 2015 . He then played for newly relegated Notts County in League Two for two seasons . In July 2017 , Audel joined Barrow , moving to Welling United a year later . On 27 June 2019 it was confirmed , that Audel had joined Brackley Town . Style of play . Audel is a defender who can play at centre-back and at right-back . His agent described him as a strong and powerful defender whos good on the ball . Honours . Welling United - London Senior Cup ( 1 ) : 2018–19

/wiki/Thierry_Audel#P54#3

Which team did the player Thierry Audel belong to between Dec 2011 and 2012?

Thierry Audel Thierry Gerard Audel ( born 15 January 1987 ) is a French footballer who plays as a centre back for Brackley Town . He is the cousin of former French footballer Johan Audel . He has played in France , Italy and England ( also spending a brief time on the books of Slovenian club Izola ) . A reserve team player at AJ Auxerre , he spent three years at Italian side Triestina from 2007 to 2010 , and also played on loan at San Marino , before moving on to Pisa . He moved to England in January 2013 to play for Macclesfield Town , before signing with Crewe Alexandra five months later . During his time at Crewe , Audel had two loan spells at Lincoln City . In February 2015 , Audel re-signed for Macclesfield Town , before a summer move to newly relegated Notts County in League Two . In July 2017 , Audel joined Barrow , moving to Welling United a year later . Career . Audel played for the reserves of Auxerre before moving to the Italian Serie B club U.S . Triestina Calcio in 2007 via MNK Izola ( a pure transfer trick or allegedly false accounting ) . He played two Serie B games for Triestina in the 2007–08 season , and spent the 2008–09 season in the Lega Pro Seconda Divisione for San Marino , making 31 appearances . Audel had an unsuccessful trial at Portsmouth in summer 2009 . He moved to A.C . Pisa 1909 of the Lega Pro Prima Divisione in mid-2010 . He made eight appearances in the 2010–11 season and played 23 matches in the 2011–12 campaign . He had a trial with Conference National club Luton Town in December 2012 . The following month he signed a deal with Macclesfield Town . He played 20 games for the Silkmen in the latter half of the 2012–13 season , putting in a number of impressive displays . He did , however , give away a penalty in a 1–0 defeat to Premier League side Wigan Athletic at Moss Rose on 26 January after mistiming a tackle on Callum McManaman . He signed a two-year contract with League One side Crewe Alexandra in June 2013 after manager Steve Davis paid Macclesfield an undisclosed fee . However , he played just five games for the Railwaymen , being sent on two loan spells to Lincoln City , before returning to Macclesfield Town in February 2015 . He then played for newly relegated Notts County in League Two for two seasons . In July 2017 , Audel joined Barrow , moving to Welling United a year later . On 27 June 2019 it was confirmed , that Audel had joined Brackley Town . Style of play . Audel is a defender who can play at centre-back and at right-back . His agent described him as a strong and powerful defender whos good on the ball . Honours . Welling United - London Senior Cup ( 1 ) : 2018–19

/wiki/Thierry_Audel#P54#4

Which team did the player Thierry Audel belong to in Mar 2013?

Thierry Audel Thierry Gerard Audel ( born 15 January 1987 ) is a French footballer who plays as a centre back for Brackley Town . He is the cousin of former French footballer Johan Audel . He has played in France , Italy and England ( also spending a brief time on the books of Slovenian club Izola ) . A reserve team player at AJ Auxerre , he spent three years at Italian side Triestina from 2007 to 2010 , and also played on loan at San Marino , before moving on to Pisa . He moved to England in January 2013 to play for Macclesfield Town , before signing with Crewe Alexandra five months later . During his time at Crewe , Audel had two loan spells at Lincoln City . In February 2015 , Audel re-signed for Macclesfield Town , before a summer move to newly relegated Notts County in League Two . In July 2017 , Audel joined Barrow , moving to Welling United a year later . Career . Audel played for the reserves of Auxerre before moving to the Italian Serie B club U.S . Triestina Calcio in 2007 via MNK Izola ( a pure transfer trick or allegedly false accounting ) . He played two Serie B games for Triestina in the 2007–08 season , and spent the 2008–09 season in the Lega Pro Seconda Divisione for San Marino , making 31 appearances . Audel had an unsuccessful trial at Portsmouth in summer 2009 . He moved to A.C . Pisa 1909 of the Lega Pro Prima Divisione in mid-2010 . He made eight appearances in the 2010–11 season and played 23 matches in the 2011–12 campaign . He had a trial with Conference National club Luton Town in December 2012 . The following month he signed a deal with Macclesfield Town . He played 20 games for the Silkmen in the latter half of the 2012–13 season , putting in a number of impressive displays . He did , however , give away a penalty in a 1–0 defeat to Premier League side Wigan Athletic at Moss Rose on 26 January after mistiming a tackle on Callum McManaman . He signed a two-year contract with League One side Crewe Alexandra in June 2013 after manager Steve Davis paid Macclesfield an undisclosed fee . However , he played just five games for the Railwaymen , being sent on two loan spells to Lincoln City , before returning to Macclesfield Town in February 2015 . He then played for newly relegated Notts County in League Two for two seasons . In July 2017 , Audel joined Barrow , moving to Welling United a year later . On 27 June 2019 it was confirmed , that Audel had joined Brackley Town . Style of play . Audel is a defender who can play at centre-back and at right-back . His agent described him as a strong and powerful defender whos good on the ball . Honours . Welling United - London Senior Cup ( 1 ) : 2018–19

/wiki/Thierry_Audel#P54#5

Which team did the player Thierry Audel belong to in Feb 2014?

Thierry Audel Thierry Gerard Audel ( born 15 January 1987 ) is a French footballer who plays as a centre back for Brackley Town . He is the cousin of former French footballer Johan Audel . He has played in France , Italy and England ( also spending a brief time on the books of Slovenian club Izola ) . A reserve team player at AJ Auxerre , he spent three years at Italian side Triestina from 2007 to 2010 , and also played on loan at San Marino , before moving on to Pisa . He moved to England in January 2013 to play for Macclesfield Town , before signing with Crewe Alexandra five months later . During his time at Crewe , Audel had two loan spells at Lincoln City . In February 2015 , Audel re-signed for Macclesfield Town , before a summer move to newly relegated Notts County in League Two . In July 2017 , Audel joined Barrow , moving to Welling United a year later . Career . Audel played for the reserves of Auxerre before moving to the Italian Serie B club U.S . Triestina Calcio in 2007 via MNK Izola ( a pure transfer trick or allegedly false accounting ) . He played two Serie B games for Triestina in the 2007–08 season , and spent the 2008–09 season in the Lega Pro Seconda Divisione for San Marino , making 31 appearances . Audel had an unsuccessful trial at Portsmouth in summer 2009 . He moved to A.C . Pisa 1909 of the Lega Pro Prima Divisione in mid-2010 . He made eight appearances in the 2010–11 season and played 23 matches in the 2011–12 campaign . He had a trial with Conference National club Luton Town in December 2012 . The following month he signed a deal with Macclesfield Town . He played 20 games for the Silkmen in the latter half of the 2012–13 season , putting in a number of impressive displays . He did , however , give away a penalty in a 1–0 defeat to Premier League side Wigan Athletic at Moss Rose on 26 January after mistiming a tackle on Callum McManaman . He signed a two-year contract with League One side Crewe Alexandra in June 2013 after manager Steve Davis paid Macclesfield an undisclosed fee . However , he played just five games for the Railwaymen , being sent on two loan spells to Lincoln City , before returning to Macclesfield Town in February 2015 . He then played for newly relegated Notts County in League Two for two seasons . In July 2017 , Audel joined Barrow , moving to Welling United a year later . On 27 June 2019 it was confirmed , that Audel had joined Brackley Town . Style of play . Audel is a defender who can play at centre-back and at right-back . His agent described him as a strong and powerful defender whos good on the ball . Honours . Welling United - London Senior Cup ( 1 ) : 2018–19

/wiki/Sherif_Ashraf#P54#0

Which team did the player Sherif Ashraf belong to in Mar 2004?

Sherif Ashraf Sherif Ashraf Hamid Oqila ( ; born on 1 January 1987 ) is an Egyptian international footballer who plays as a striker . He is known as a prolific goalscorer and is renowned for his mastery of set pieces . Club career . Al-Ahly youth academy . He is a graduate of the Al-Ahly youth academy . He was the top scorer in the history of the Egyptian youth league for seven seasons after scoring over 280 goals . He was close to transfer to Belgian giants Standard Liège together with his teammate Mohamed El Shenawy , however El-Ahly management interfered with the transfer . He became known as a machine scorer when he scored 70 goals in the season 2006–2007 , and was transferred to his clubs arch rivals Zamalek as a free agent after not signing a professional contract with Al-Ahly . Al-Ahly later claimed that Ashraf had signed a contract but the paperwork turned out to be forged . As a result , the Egyptian Football Association placed a 50,000 Egyptian Pounds fine on Al-Ahly . Zamalek SC . Ashraf was the top scorer in his team in the season 2008–2009 with 6 goals . In the Egyptian Premier League he wore number 32 but in 2009-2010 he shifted his shirt number to 4 . El Gouna FC . In 2010 , he signed for El Gouna FC for a transfer fee worth 125,000 Euros , despite his expiring contract with Zamalek . He finished his first season as the teams top-scorer followed by Ahmed Hassan Farag . HJK Helsinki . In order to regain match fitness because the league was postponed in Egypt , he signed for HJK Helsinki in March 2012 , also citing as a reason his desire to attempt a breakthrough in European football . On April 26 , 2012 , Ashraf made his debut for HJK Helsinki against Jaro in a Quarter final Suomen Cup game . On May 9 , 2012 , Ashraf scored his debut goal with the club with a header from a corner kick to make the score 1-0 for his club against FC KooTeePee in the semi-final of the Suomen Cup . FF Jaro . On September 4 , 2012 , Ashraf was loaned out to Veikkausliiga side FF Jaro for the remainder of the season . He scored 3 important goals in the final 3 games of the season and assisted 4 times . He scored his debut goal against JJK . His second and third goals for the club were both historic . He scored the fastest goal in the leagues history ( 11 seconds ) in a 3-3 draw with Mariehamn , and the third was the winning goal against TPS , the goal which kept Jaro in the Veikkausliiga for another season . Sherif was selected in the Veikkausliiga October team of the month . Haras El-Hodood . On February 26 , 2013 , despite an offer from FF Jaro , he joined Haras El-Hodood until the end of the 2012-2013 season . FC Biel-Bienne . On July 18 , 2013 , Sherif Ashraf made a quick comeback to European football joining Swiss Challenge League side FC Biel-Bienne . He took the league by storm , scoring 4 goals in his first 117 minutes on the pitch . El-Gouna . In early 2014 , Ashraf made a surprise move back to Egypt , signing a short-term deal at El Gouna FC . He scored his first goal after less than 15 minutes on the field . In summer 2014 , he renewed his contract at the club . El-Mokawloon and El-Entag El-Harby . Despite strong performances from Ashraf , El-Gounas relegation meant that he had to leave the club . He chose El Mokawloon SC in August 2015 . After managerial changes , he moved on loan to El-Entag El-Harby SC in January 2016 , making his debut against El Mokawloon . International career . International Call-Ups . Ashrafs performances caught the attention of the Egyptian National Team , who gave him his first senior national call-up in the friendly match against Georgia Correct as of 14 January 2013 Honors . with Zamalek . - Egyptian Cup ( 2008 ) with HJK Helsinki . - Finnish Premier League ( 2012 )

/wiki/Sherif_Ashraf#P54#1

Which team did the player Sherif Ashraf belong to in Nov 2007?

Sherif Ashraf Sherif Ashraf Hamid Oqila ( ; born on 1 January 1987 ) is an Egyptian international footballer who plays as a striker . He is known as a prolific goalscorer and is renowned for his mastery of set pieces . Club career . Al-Ahly youth academy . He is a graduate of the Al-Ahly youth academy . He was the top scorer in the history of the Egyptian youth league for seven seasons after scoring over 280 goals . He was close to transfer to Belgian giants Standard Liège together with his teammate Mohamed El Shenawy , however El-Ahly management interfered with the transfer . He became known as a machine scorer when he scored 70 goals in the season 2006–2007 , and was transferred to his clubs arch rivals Zamalek as a free agent after not signing a professional contract with Al-Ahly . Al-Ahly later claimed that Ashraf had signed a contract but the paperwork turned out to be forged . As a result , the Egyptian Football Association placed a 50,000 Egyptian Pounds fine on Al-Ahly . Zamalek SC . Ashraf was the top scorer in his team in the season 2008–2009 with 6 goals . In the Egyptian Premier League he wore number 32 but in 2009-2010 he shifted his shirt number to 4 . El Gouna FC . In 2010 , he signed for El Gouna FC for a transfer fee worth 125,000 Euros , despite his expiring contract with Zamalek . He finished his first season as the teams top-scorer followed by Ahmed Hassan Farag . HJK Helsinki . In order to regain match fitness because the league was postponed in Egypt , he signed for HJK Helsinki in March 2012 , also citing as a reason his desire to attempt a breakthrough in European football . On April 26 , 2012 , Ashraf made his debut for HJK Helsinki against Jaro in a Quarter final Suomen Cup game . On May 9 , 2012 , Ashraf scored his debut goal with the club with a header from a corner kick to make the score 1-0 for his club against FC KooTeePee in the semi-final of the Suomen Cup . FF Jaro . On September 4 , 2012 , Ashraf was loaned out to Veikkausliiga side FF Jaro for the remainder of the season . He scored 3 important goals in the final 3 games of the season and assisted 4 times . He scored his debut goal against JJK . His second and third goals for the club were both historic . He scored the fastest goal in the leagues history ( 11 seconds ) in a 3-3 draw with Mariehamn , and the third was the winning goal against TPS , the goal which kept Jaro in the Veikkausliiga for another season . Sherif was selected in the Veikkausliiga October team of the month . Haras El-Hodood . On February 26 , 2013 , despite an offer from FF Jaro , he joined Haras El-Hodood until the end of the 2012-2013 season . FC Biel-Bienne . On July 18 , 2013 , Sherif Ashraf made a quick comeback to European football joining Swiss Challenge League side FC Biel-Bienne . He took the league by storm , scoring 4 goals in his first 117 minutes on the pitch . El-Gouna . In early 2014 , Ashraf made a surprise move back to Egypt , signing a short-term deal at El Gouna FC . He scored his first goal after less than 15 minutes on the field . In summer 2014 , he renewed his contract at the club . El-Mokawloon and El-Entag El-Harby . Despite strong performances from Ashraf , El-Gounas relegation meant that he had to leave the club . He chose El Mokawloon SC in August 2015 . After managerial changes , he moved on loan to El-Entag El-Harby SC in January 2016 , making his debut against El Mokawloon . International career . International Call-Ups . Ashrafs performances caught the attention of the Egyptian National Team , who gave him his first senior national call-up in the friendly match against Georgia Correct as of 14 January 2013 Honors . with Zamalek . - Egyptian Cup ( 2008 ) with HJK Helsinki . - Finnish Premier League ( 2012 )

/wiki/Sherif_Ashraf#P54#2

Which team did the player Sherif Ashraf belong to between Oct 2011 and Nov 2011?

Sherif Ashraf Sherif Ashraf Hamid Oqila ( ; born on 1 January 1987 ) is an Egyptian international footballer who plays as a striker . He is known as a prolific goalscorer and is renowned for his mastery of set pieces . Club career . Al-Ahly youth academy . He is a graduate of the Al-Ahly youth academy . He was the top scorer in the history of the Egyptian youth league for seven seasons after scoring over 280 goals . He was close to transfer to Belgian giants Standard Liège together with his teammate Mohamed El Shenawy , however El-Ahly management interfered with the transfer . He became known as a machine scorer when he scored 70 goals in the season 2006–2007 , and was transferred to his clubs arch rivals Zamalek as a free agent after not signing a professional contract with Al-Ahly . Al-Ahly later claimed that Ashraf had signed a contract but the paperwork turned out to be forged . As a result , the Egyptian Football Association placed a 50,000 Egyptian Pounds fine on Al-Ahly . Zamalek SC . Ashraf was the top scorer in his team in the season 2008–2009 with 6 goals . In the Egyptian Premier League he wore number 32 but in 2009-2010 he shifted his shirt number to 4 . El Gouna FC . In 2010 , he signed for El Gouna FC for a transfer fee worth 125,000 Euros , despite his expiring contract with Zamalek . He finished his first season as the teams top-scorer followed by Ahmed Hassan Farag . HJK Helsinki . In order to regain match fitness because the league was postponed in Egypt , he signed for HJK Helsinki in March 2012 , also citing as a reason his desire to attempt a breakthrough in European football . On April 26 , 2012 , Ashraf made his debut for HJK Helsinki against Jaro in a Quarter final Suomen Cup game . On May 9 , 2012 , Ashraf scored his debut goal with the club with a header from a corner kick to make the score 1-0 for his club against FC KooTeePee in the semi-final of the Suomen Cup . FF Jaro . On September 4 , 2012 , Ashraf was loaned out to Veikkausliiga side FF Jaro for the remainder of the season . He scored 3 important goals in the final 3 games of the season and assisted 4 times . He scored his debut goal against JJK . His second and third goals for the club were both historic . He scored the fastest goal in the leagues history ( 11 seconds ) in a 3-3 draw with Mariehamn , and the third was the winning goal against TPS , the goal which kept Jaro in the Veikkausliiga for another season . Sherif was selected in the Veikkausliiga October team of the month . Haras El-Hodood . On February 26 , 2013 , despite an offer from FF Jaro , he joined Haras El-Hodood until the end of the 2012-2013 season . FC Biel-Bienne . On July 18 , 2013 , Sherif Ashraf made a quick comeback to European football joining Swiss Challenge League side FC Biel-Bienne . He took the league by storm , scoring 4 goals in his first 117 minutes on the pitch . El-Gouna . In early 2014 , Ashraf made a surprise move back to Egypt , signing a short-term deal at El Gouna FC . He scored his first goal after less than 15 minutes on the field . In summer 2014 , he renewed his contract at the club . El-Mokawloon and El-Entag El-Harby . Despite strong performances from Ashraf , El-Gounas relegation meant that he had to leave the club . He chose El Mokawloon SC in August 2015 . After managerial changes , he moved on loan to El-Entag El-Harby SC in January 2016 , making his debut against El Mokawloon . International career . International Call-Ups . Ashrafs performances caught the attention of the Egyptian National Team , who gave him his first senior national call-up in the friendly match against Georgia Correct as of 14 January 2013 Honors . with Zamalek . - Egyptian Cup ( 2008 ) with HJK Helsinki . - Finnish Premier League ( 2012 )

/wiki/Sherif_Ashraf#P54#3

Which team did the player Sherif Ashraf belong to in Jan 2012?

Sherif Ashraf Sherif Ashraf Hamid Oqila ( ; born on 1 January 1987 ) is an Egyptian international footballer who plays as a striker . He is known as a prolific goalscorer and is renowned for his mastery of set pieces . Club career . Al-Ahly youth academy . He is a graduate of the Al-Ahly youth academy . He was the top scorer in the history of the Egyptian youth league for seven seasons after scoring over 280 goals . He was close to transfer to Belgian giants Standard Liège together with his teammate Mohamed El Shenawy , however El-Ahly management interfered with the transfer . He became known as a machine scorer when he scored 70 goals in the season 2006–2007 , and was transferred to his clubs arch rivals Zamalek as a free agent after not signing a professional contract with Al-Ahly . Al-Ahly later claimed that Ashraf had signed a contract but the paperwork turned out to be forged . As a result , the Egyptian Football Association placed a 50,000 Egyptian Pounds fine on Al-Ahly . Zamalek SC . Ashraf was the top scorer in his team in the season 2008–2009 with 6 goals . In the Egyptian Premier League he wore number 32 but in 2009-2010 he shifted his shirt number to 4 . El Gouna FC . In 2010 , he signed for El Gouna FC for a transfer fee worth 125,000 Euros , despite his expiring contract with Zamalek . He finished his first season as the teams top-scorer followed by Ahmed Hassan Farag . HJK Helsinki . In order to regain match fitness because the league was postponed in Egypt , he signed for HJK Helsinki in March 2012 , also citing as a reason his desire to attempt a breakthrough in European football . On April 26 , 2012 , Ashraf made his debut for HJK Helsinki against Jaro in a Quarter final Suomen Cup game . On May 9 , 2012 , Ashraf scored his debut goal with the club with a header from a corner kick to make the score 1-0 for his club against FC KooTeePee in the semi-final of the Suomen Cup . FF Jaro . On September 4 , 2012 , Ashraf was loaned out to Veikkausliiga side FF Jaro for the remainder of the season . He scored 3 important goals in the final 3 games of the season and assisted 4 times . He scored his debut goal against JJK . His second and third goals for the club were both historic . He scored the fastest goal in the leagues history ( 11 seconds ) in a 3-3 draw with Mariehamn , and the third was the winning goal against TPS , the goal which kept Jaro in the Veikkausliiga for another season . Sherif was selected in the Veikkausliiga October team of the month . Haras El-Hodood . On February 26 , 2013 , despite an offer from FF Jaro , he joined Haras El-Hodood until the end of the 2012-2013 season . FC Biel-Bienne . On July 18 , 2013 , Sherif Ashraf made a quick comeback to European football joining Swiss Challenge League side FC Biel-Bienne . He took the league by storm , scoring 4 goals in his first 117 minutes on the pitch . El-Gouna . In early 2014 , Ashraf made a surprise move back to Egypt , signing a short-term deal at El Gouna FC . He scored his first goal after less than 15 minutes on the field . In summer 2014 , he renewed his contract at the club . El-Mokawloon and El-Entag El-Harby . Despite strong performances from Ashraf , El-Gounas relegation meant that he had to leave the club . He chose El Mokawloon SC in August 2015 . After managerial changes , he moved on loan to El-Entag El-Harby SC in January 2016 , making his debut against El Mokawloon . International career . International Call-Ups . Ashrafs performances caught the attention of the Egyptian National Team , who gave him his first senior national call-up in the friendly match against Georgia Correct as of 14 January 2013 Honors . with Zamalek . - Egyptian Cup ( 2008 ) with HJK Helsinki . - Finnish Premier League ( 2012 )

/wiki/Sherif_Ashraf#P54#4

Which team did the player Sherif Ashraf belong to in Aug 2013?

Sherif Ashraf Sherif Ashraf Hamid Oqila ( ; born on 1 January 1987 ) is an Egyptian international footballer who plays as a striker . He is known as a prolific goalscorer and is renowned for his mastery of set pieces . Club career . Al-Ahly youth academy . He is a graduate of the Al-Ahly youth academy . He was the top scorer in the history of the Egyptian youth league for seven seasons after scoring over 280 goals . He was close to transfer to Belgian giants Standard Liège together with his teammate Mohamed El Shenawy , however El-Ahly management interfered with the transfer . He became known as a machine scorer when he scored 70 goals in the season 2006–2007 , and was transferred to his clubs arch rivals Zamalek as a free agent after not signing a professional contract with Al-Ahly . Al-Ahly later claimed that Ashraf had signed a contract but the paperwork turned out to be forged . As a result , the Egyptian Football Association placed a 50,000 Egyptian Pounds fine on Al-Ahly . Zamalek SC . Ashraf was the top scorer in his team in the season 2008–2009 with 6 goals . In the Egyptian Premier League he wore number 32 but in 2009-2010 he shifted his shirt number to 4 . El Gouna FC . In 2010 , he signed for El Gouna FC for a transfer fee worth 125,000 Euros , despite his expiring contract with Zamalek . He finished his first season as the teams top-scorer followed by Ahmed Hassan Farag . HJK Helsinki . In order to regain match fitness because the league was postponed in Egypt , he signed for HJK Helsinki in March 2012 , also citing as a reason his desire to attempt a breakthrough in European football . On April 26 , 2012 , Ashraf made his debut for HJK Helsinki against Jaro in a Quarter final Suomen Cup game . On May 9 , 2012 , Ashraf scored his debut goal with the club with a header from a corner kick to make the score 1-0 for his club against FC KooTeePee in the semi-final of the Suomen Cup . FF Jaro . On September 4 , 2012 , Ashraf was loaned out to Veikkausliiga side FF Jaro for the remainder of the season . He scored 3 important goals in the final 3 games of the season and assisted 4 times . He scored his debut goal against JJK . His second and third goals for the club were both historic . He scored the fastest goal in the leagues history ( 11 seconds ) in a 3-3 draw with Mariehamn , and the third was the winning goal against TPS , the goal which kept Jaro in the Veikkausliiga for another season . Sherif was selected in the Veikkausliiga October team of the month . Haras El-Hodood . On February 26 , 2013 , despite an offer from FF Jaro , he joined Haras El-Hodood until the end of the 2012-2013 season . FC Biel-Bienne . On July 18 , 2013 , Sherif Ashraf made a quick comeback to European football joining Swiss Challenge League side FC Biel-Bienne . He took the league by storm , scoring 4 goals in his first 117 minutes on the pitch . El-Gouna . In early 2014 , Ashraf made a surprise move back to Egypt , signing a short-term deal at El Gouna FC . He scored his first goal after less than 15 minutes on the field . In summer 2014 , he renewed his contract at the club . El-Mokawloon and El-Entag El-Harby . Despite strong performances from Ashraf , El-Gounas relegation meant that he had to leave the club . He chose El Mokawloon SC in August 2015 . After managerial changes , he moved on loan to El-Entag El-Harby SC in January 2016 , making his debut against El Mokawloon . International career . International Call-Ups . Ashrafs performances caught the attention of the Egyptian National Team , who gave him his first senior national call-up in the friendly match against Georgia Correct as of 14 January 2013 Honors . with Zamalek . - Egyptian Cup ( 2008 ) with HJK Helsinki . - Finnish Premier League ( 2012 )

/wiki/Sherif_Ashraf#P54#5

Which team did the player Sherif Ashraf belong to in Jun 2014?

Sherif Ashraf Sherif Ashraf Hamid Oqila ( ; born on 1 January 1987 ) is an Egyptian international footballer who plays as a striker . He is known as a prolific goalscorer and is renowned for his mastery of set pieces . Club career . Al-Ahly youth academy . He is a graduate of the Al-Ahly youth academy . He was the top scorer in the history of the Egyptian youth league for seven seasons after scoring over 280 goals . He was close to transfer to Belgian giants Standard Liège together with his teammate Mohamed El Shenawy , however El-Ahly management interfered with the transfer . He became known as a machine scorer when he scored 70 goals in the season 2006–2007 , and was transferred to his clubs arch rivals Zamalek as a free agent after not signing a professional contract with Al-Ahly . Al-Ahly later claimed that Ashraf had signed a contract but the paperwork turned out to be forged . As a result , the Egyptian Football Association placed a 50,000 Egyptian Pounds fine on Al-Ahly . Zamalek SC . Ashraf was the top scorer in his team in the season 2008–2009 with 6 goals . In the Egyptian Premier League he wore number 32 but in 2009-2010 he shifted his shirt number to 4 . El Gouna FC . In 2010 , he signed for El Gouna FC for a transfer fee worth 125,000 Euros , despite his expiring contract with Zamalek . He finished his first season as the teams top-scorer followed by Ahmed Hassan Farag . HJK Helsinki . In order to regain match fitness because the league was postponed in Egypt , he signed for HJK Helsinki in March 2012 , also citing as a reason his desire to attempt a breakthrough in European football . On April 26 , 2012 , Ashraf made his debut for HJK Helsinki against Jaro in a Quarter final Suomen Cup game . On May 9 , 2012 , Ashraf scored his debut goal with the club with a header from a corner kick to make the score 1-0 for his club against FC KooTeePee in the semi-final of the Suomen Cup . FF Jaro . On September 4 , 2012 , Ashraf was loaned out to Veikkausliiga side FF Jaro for the remainder of the season . He scored 3 important goals in the final 3 games of the season and assisted 4 times . He scored his debut goal against JJK . His second and third goals for the club were both historic . He scored the fastest goal in the leagues history ( 11 seconds ) in a 3-3 draw with Mariehamn , and the third was the winning goal against TPS , the goal which kept Jaro in the Veikkausliiga for another season . Sherif was selected in the Veikkausliiga October team of the month . Haras El-Hodood . On February 26 , 2013 , despite an offer from FF Jaro , he joined Haras El-Hodood until the end of the 2012-2013 season . FC Biel-Bienne . On July 18 , 2013 , Sherif Ashraf made a quick comeback to European football joining Swiss Challenge League side FC Biel-Bienne . He took the league by storm , scoring 4 goals in his first 117 minutes on the pitch . El-Gouna . In early 2014 , Ashraf made a surprise move back to Egypt , signing a short-term deal at El Gouna FC . He scored his first goal after less than 15 minutes on the field . In summer 2014 , he renewed his contract at the club . El-Mokawloon and El-Entag El-Harby . Despite strong performances from Ashraf , El-Gounas relegation meant that he had to leave the club . He chose El Mokawloon SC in August 2015 . After managerial changes , he moved on loan to El-Entag El-Harby SC in January 2016 , making his debut against El Mokawloon . International career . International Call-Ups . Ashrafs performances caught the attention of the Egyptian National Team , who gave him his first senior national call-up in the friendly match against Georgia Correct as of 14 January 2013 Honors . with Zamalek . - Egyptian Cup ( 2008 ) with HJK Helsinki . - Finnish Premier League ( 2012 )

/wiki/Sokołowsko#P17#0

Which country did Sokołowsko belong to before Feb 1396?

Sokołowsko Sokołowsko ( ) is a village and traditional climatic health resort in Gmina Mieroszów , within Wałbrzych County , Lower Silesian Voivodeship , in south-western Poland . Prior to 1945 it was in Germany . It lies approximately north-east of Mieroszów , south of Wałbrzych , and south-west of the regional capital Wrocław . Geography . Located about north-east of Mieroszów , south of Wałbrzych , and south-west of the regional capital Wrocław , Sokołowsko is the largest village within the Stone Mountains of the Central Sudetes . It is situated in a deep forest-covered hollow traversed by the Sokołowiec and Dziczy streams , at an altitude of above sea level . The border with the town of Meziměstí in the Czech Republic is about in the south . Sokołowsko is surrounded by several forested mountains , predominantly made up from porphyry rocks : Stożek Mały ( ) in the north-west and Masyw Bukowca ( ) in the north-east , as well as Garbatka ( ) in the south-west , Włostowa ( ) in the south and south-east and Radosno ( in the east . The range offers numerous trails for hiking and cross-country skiing in winter . History . It is difficult to indicate the exact foundation date of the village . The area had originally been part of the County of Kłodzko , acquired by Bohemia under Duke Soběslav I in 1137 . His successors of the Přemyslid dynasty became hereditary Bohemian kings by order of Emperor Frederick II in 1212 and promoted the German Ostsiedlung . Sokołowsko was probably founded about 1250 by monks of the Benedictine Order at Police , a filial monastery of Břevnov Abbey in Prague . The first record of Girbrechtsdorff is documented in a 1357 deed itemising the villages within the burgraviate of Radosno castle ( German : Freudenburg ) , that fell to the Piast Duke Bolko II the Small of Świdnica shortly afterwards , whose duchy in turn was finally incorporated as a Silesian fief of the Bohemian crown in 1392 . During the 15th century Görbersdorf had several possessors and suffered from the Hussite Wars . Together with the southern part of the former Duchy of Świdnica the village passed to the Imperial counts of Hoberg ( Hochberg ) at Książ , the later Princes of Pless . With the Bohemian kingdom the area fell to the Habsburg Monarchy in 1526 and was seized by Prussia under King Frederick II in the First Silesian War of 1742 . From 1815 Görbersdorf was part of the Prussian Province of Silesia . Görbersdorf didnt differentiate from neighbouring villages until it was visited in 1849 by Countess Maria von Colomb , a niece of Prussian General Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher . The countess , delighted by the scenery , persuaded her brother-in-law Hermann Brehmer to establish a health resort for consumptive patients . In 1854 she and Brehmer opened the worlds first sanatorium for the treatment of tuberculosis at Görbersdorf . The care included the Priessnitz method of hydrotherapy and also a precursory method of climatic-dietetic treatment was applied . The treatment of consumption practised by Alexander Spengler at Davos , perpetuated by Thomas Manns novel The Magic Mountain , was modelled after Görbersdorf , which at times was called the Silesian Davos , although perhaps Davos should be called the Swiss Görbersdorf . The resort was relatively expensive , but well organised , and before 1888 it had both a post office and phone lines . At the same time the quantity of 730 curates well exceeded the number of inhabitants . Several further sanatoriums were established in the following years and until World War I , Görbersdorf had become popular with guests from all over Europe , who had numerous mansions and even a Russian Orthodox chapel erected . At the beginning of the 20th century Scandinavian guests introduced snow skiing and a ski jumping hill was opened in 1930 . Post World War II . In 1945 Görbersdorf , now belonging to Poland , was named Sokołowsko in honour of the Polish internist Alfred Sokołowski who had been a close co-worker of Hermann Brehmer . The now-called Grunwald sanatorium has continued to operate as a public anti-consumptive resort , while large parts of the facilities decayed . On the initiative of medical director Stanisław Domin the treatment profile was broadened to all kind of lung diseases , later also dementia . The filmmaker Krzysztof Kieślowski , whose father suffered from tuberculosis , spent several years of his youth at Sokołowsko . In the 1970s the settlement was being transformed into Provincial Centre of Winter Sports , but due to lack of resources the project was not completed . Sokołowsko didnt regain its village status until the beginning of the 21st century . In the recent years , some of the mansions were renovated . The Russian Orthodox Archangel Michael chapel has been rebuilt by the Catholic Renovabis organisation . External links . - Sokołowsko official website - Website of PTTK hostel Andrzejówka containing pictures of surroundings , Sokołowsko included

/wiki/Sokołowsko#P17#1

Which country did Sokołowsko belong to in late 1520s?

Sokołowsko Sokołowsko ( ) is a village and traditional climatic health resort in Gmina Mieroszów , within Wałbrzych County , Lower Silesian Voivodeship , in south-western Poland . Prior to 1945 it was in Germany . It lies approximately north-east of Mieroszów , south of Wałbrzych , and south-west of the regional capital Wrocław . Geography . Located about north-east of Mieroszów , south of Wałbrzych , and south-west of the regional capital Wrocław , Sokołowsko is the largest village within the Stone Mountains of the Central Sudetes . It is situated in a deep forest-covered hollow traversed by the Sokołowiec and Dziczy streams , at an altitude of above sea level . The border with the town of Meziměstí in the Czech Republic is about in the south . Sokołowsko is surrounded by several forested mountains , predominantly made up from porphyry rocks : Stożek Mały ( ) in the north-west and Masyw Bukowca ( ) in the north-east , as well as Garbatka ( ) in the south-west , Włostowa ( ) in the south and south-east and Radosno ( in the east . The range offers numerous trails for hiking and cross-country skiing in winter . History . It is difficult to indicate the exact foundation date of the village . The area had originally been part of the County of Kłodzko , acquired by Bohemia under Duke Soběslav I in 1137 . His successors of the Přemyslid dynasty became hereditary Bohemian kings by order of Emperor Frederick II in 1212 and promoted the German Ostsiedlung . Sokołowsko was probably founded about 1250 by monks of the Benedictine Order at Police , a filial monastery of Břevnov Abbey in Prague . The first record of Girbrechtsdorff is documented in a 1357 deed itemising the villages within the burgraviate of Radosno castle ( German : Freudenburg ) , that fell to the Piast Duke Bolko II the Small of Świdnica shortly afterwards , whose duchy in turn was finally incorporated as a Silesian fief of the Bohemian crown in 1392 . During the 15th century Görbersdorf had several possessors and suffered from the Hussite Wars . Together with the southern part of the former Duchy of Świdnica the village passed to the Imperial counts of Hoberg ( Hochberg ) at Książ , the later Princes of Pless . With the Bohemian kingdom the area fell to the Habsburg Monarchy in 1526 and was seized by Prussia under King Frederick II in the First Silesian War of 1742 . From 1815 Görbersdorf was part of the Prussian Province of Silesia . Görbersdorf didnt differentiate from neighbouring villages until it was visited in 1849 by Countess Maria von Colomb , a niece of Prussian General Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher . The countess , delighted by the scenery , persuaded her brother-in-law Hermann Brehmer to establish a health resort for consumptive patients . In 1854 she and Brehmer opened the worlds first sanatorium for the treatment of tuberculosis at Görbersdorf . The care included the Priessnitz method of hydrotherapy and also a precursory method of climatic-dietetic treatment was applied . The treatment of consumption practised by Alexander Spengler at Davos , perpetuated by Thomas Manns novel The Magic Mountain , was modelled after Görbersdorf , which at times was called the Silesian Davos , although perhaps Davos should be called the Swiss Görbersdorf . The resort was relatively expensive , but well organised , and before 1888 it had both a post office and phone lines . At the same time the quantity of 730 curates well exceeded the number of inhabitants . Several further sanatoriums were established in the following years and until World War I , Görbersdorf had become popular with guests from all over Europe , who had numerous mansions and even a Russian Orthodox chapel erected . At the beginning of the 20th century Scandinavian guests introduced snow skiing and a ski jumping hill was opened in 1930 . Post World War II . In 1945 Görbersdorf , now belonging to Poland , was named Sokołowsko in honour of the Polish internist Alfred Sokołowski who had been a close co-worker of Hermann Brehmer . The now-called Grunwald sanatorium has continued to operate as a public anti-consumptive resort , while large parts of the facilities decayed . On the initiative of medical director Stanisław Domin the treatment profile was broadened to all kind of lung diseases , later also dementia . The filmmaker Krzysztof Kieślowski , whose father suffered from tuberculosis , spent several years of his youth at Sokołowsko . In the 1970s the settlement was being transformed into Provincial Centre of Winter Sports , but due to lack of resources the project was not completed . Sokołowsko didnt regain its village status until the beginning of the 21st century . In the recent years , some of the mansions were renovated . The Russian Orthodox Archangel Michael chapel has been rebuilt by the Catholic Renovabis organisation . External links . - Sokołowsko official website - Website of PTTK hostel Andrzejówka containing pictures of surroundings , Sokołowsko included

/wiki/Sokołowsko#P17#2

Which country did Sokołowsko belong to between Apr 1940 and Aug 1942?

Sokołowsko Sokołowsko ( ) is a village and traditional climatic health resort in Gmina Mieroszów , within Wałbrzych County , Lower Silesian Voivodeship , in south-western Poland . Prior to 1945 it was in Germany . It lies approximately north-east of Mieroszów , south of Wałbrzych , and south-west of the regional capital Wrocław . Geography . Located about north-east of Mieroszów , south of Wałbrzych , and south-west of the regional capital Wrocław , Sokołowsko is the largest village within the Stone Mountains of the Central Sudetes . It is situated in a deep forest-covered hollow traversed by the Sokołowiec and Dziczy streams , at an altitude of above sea level . The border with the town of Meziměstí in the Czech Republic is about in the south . Sokołowsko is surrounded by several forested mountains , predominantly made up from porphyry rocks : Stożek Mały ( ) in the north-west and Masyw Bukowca ( ) in the north-east , as well as Garbatka ( ) in the south-west , Włostowa ( ) in the south and south-east and Radosno ( in the east . The range offers numerous trails for hiking and cross-country skiing in winter . History . It is difficult to indicate the exact foundation date of the village . The area had originally been part of the County of Kłodzko , acquired by Bohemia under Duke Soběslav I in 1137 . His successors of the Přemyslid dynasty became hereditary Bohemian kings by order of Emperor Frederick II in 1212 and promoted the German Ostsiedlung . Sokołowsko was probably founded about 1250 by monks of the Benedictine Order at Police , a filial monastery of Břevnov Abbey in Prague . The first record of Girbrechtsdorff is documented in a 1357 deed itemising the villages within the burgraviate of Radosno castle ( German : Freudenburg ) , that fell to the Piast Duke Bolko II the Small of Świdnica shortly afterwards , whose duchy in turn was finally incorporated as a Silesian fief of the Bohemian crown in 1392 . During the 15th century Görbersdorf had several possessors and suffered from the Hussite Wars . Together with the southern part of the former Duchy of Świdnica the village passed to the Imperial counts of Hoberg ( Hochberg ) at Książ , the later Princes of Pless . With the Bohemian kingdom the area fell to the Habsburg Monarchy in 1526 and was seized by Prussia under King Frederick II in the First Silesian War of 1742 . From 1815 Görbersdorf was part of the Prussian Province of Silesia . Görbersdorf didnt differentiate from neighbouring villages until it was visited in 1849 by Countess Maria von Colomb , a niece of Prussian General Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher . The countess , delighted by the scenery , persuaded her brother-in-law Hermann Brehmer to establish a health resort for consumptive patients . In 1854 she and Brehmer opened the worlds first sanatorium for the treatment of tuberculosis at Görbersdorf . The care included the Priessnitz method of hydrotherapy and also a precursory method of climatic-dietetic treatment was applied . The treatment of consumption practised by Alexander Spengler at Davos , perpetuated by Thomas Manns novel The Magic Mountain , was modelled after Görbersdorf , which at times was called the Silesian Davos , although perhaps Davos should be called the Swiss Görbersdorf . The resort was relatively expensive , but well organised , and before 1888 it had both a post office and phone lines . At the same time the quantity of 730 curates well exceeded the number of inhabitants . Several further sanatoriums were established in the following years and until World War I , Görbersdorf had become popular with guests from all over Europe , who had numerous mansions and even a Russian Orthodox chapel erected . At the beginning of the 20th century Scandinavian guests introduced snow skiing and a ski jumping hill was opened in 1930 . Post World War II . In 1945 Görbersdorf , now belonging to Poland , was named Sokołowsko in honour of the Polish internist Alfred Sokołowski who had been a close co-worker of Hermann Brehmer . The now-called Grunwald sanatorium has continued to operate as a public anti-consumptive resort , while large parts of the facilities decayed . On the initiative of medical director Stanisław Domin the treatment profile was broadened to all kind of lung diseases , later also dementia . The filmmaker Krzysztof Kieślowski , whose father suffered from tuberculosis , spent several years of his youth at Sokołowsko . In the 1970s the settlement was being transformed into Provincial Centre of Winter Sports , but due to lack of resources the project was not completed . Sokołowsko didnt regain its village status until the beginning of the 21st century . In the recent years , some of the mansions were renovated . The Russian Orthodox Archangel Michael chapel has been rebuilt by the Catholic Renovabis organisation . External links . - Sokołowsko official website - Website of PTTK hostel Andrzejówka containing pictures of surroundings , Sokołowsko included

/wiki/Sokołowsko#P17#3

Which country did Sokołowsko belong to after Jul 1945?

Sokołowsko Sokołowsko ( ) is a village and traditional climatic health resort in Gmina Mieroszów , within Wałbrzych County , Lower Silesian Voivodeship , in south-western Poland . Prior to 1945 it was in Germany . It lies approximately north-east of Mieroszów , south of Wałbrzych , and south-west of the regional capital Wrocław . Geography . Located about north-east of Mieroszów , south of Wałbrzych , and south-west of the regional capital Wrocław , Sokołowsko is the largest village within the Stone Mountains of the Central Sudetes . It is situated in a deep forest-covered hollow traversed by the Sokołowiec and Dziczy streams , at an altitude of above sea level . The border with the town of Meziměstí in the Czech Republic is about in the south . Sokołowsko is surrounded by several forested mountains , predominantly made up from porphyry rocks : Stożek Mały ( ) in the north-west and Masyw Bukowca ( ) in the north-east , as well as Garbatka ( ) in the south-west , Włostowa ( ) in the south and south-east and Radosno ( in the east . The range offers numerous trails for hiking and cross-country skiing in winter . History . It is difficult to indicate the exact foundation date of the village . The area had originally been part of the County of Kłodzko , acquired by Bohemia under Duke Soběslav I in 1137 . His successors of the Přemyslid dynasty became hereditary Bohemian kings by order of Emperor Frederick II in 1212 and promoted the German Ostsiedlung . Sokołowsko was probably founded about 1250 by monks of the Benedictine Order at Police , a filial monastery of Břevnov Abbey in Prague . The first record of Girbrechtsdorff is documented in a 1357 deed itemising the villages within the burgraviate of Radosno castle ( German : Freudenburg ) , that fell to the Piast Duke Bolko II the Small of Świdnica shortly afterwards , whose duchy in turn was finally incorporated as a Silesian fief of the Bohemian crown in 1392 . During the 15th century Görbersdorf had several possessors and suffered from the Hussite Wars . Together with the southern part of the former Duchy of Świdnica the village passed to the Imperial counts of Hoberg ( Hochberg ) at Książ , the later Princes of Pless . With the Bohemian kingdom the area fell to the Habsburg Monarchy in 1526 and was seized by Prussia under King Frederick II in the First Silesian War of 1742 . From 1815 Görbersdorf was part of the Prussian Province of Silesia . Görbersdorf didnt differentiate from neighbouring villages until it was visited in 1849 by Countess Maria von Colomb , a niece of Prussian General Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher . The countess , delighted by the scenery , persuaded her brother-in-law Hermann Brehmer to establish a health resort for consumptive patients . In 1854 she and Brehmer opened the worlds first sanatorium for the treatment of tuberculosis at Görbersdorf . The care included the Priessnitz method of hydrotherapy and also a precursory method of climatic-dietetic treatment was applied . The treatment of consumption practised by Alexander Spengler at Davos , perpetuated by Thomas Manns novel The Magic Mountain , was modelled after Görbersdorf , which at times was called the Silesian Davos , although perhaps Davos should be called the Swiss Görbersdorf . The resort was relatively expensive , but well organised , and before 1888 it had both a post office and phone lines . At the same time the quantity of 730 curates well exceeded the number of inhabitants . Several further sanatoriums were established in the following years and until World War I , Görbersdorf had become popular with guests from all over Europe , who had numerous mansions and even a Russian Orthodox chapel erected . At the beginning of the 20th century Scandinavian guests introduced snow skiing and a ski jumping hill was opened in 1930 . Post World War II . In 1945 Görbersdorf , now belonging to Poland , was named Sokołowsko in honour of the Polish internist Alfred Sokołowski who had been a close co-worker of Hermann Brehmer . The now-called Grunwald sanatorium has continued to operate as a public anti-consumptive resort , while large parts of the facilities decayed . On the initiative of medical director Stanisław Domin the treatment profile was broadened to all kind of lung diseases , later also dementia . The filmmaker Krzysztof Kieślowski , whose father suffered from tuberculosis , spent several years of his youth at Sokołowsko . In the 1970s the settlement was being transformed into Provincial Centre of Winter Sports , but due to lack of resources the project was not completed . Sokołowsko didnt regain its village status until the beginning of the 21st century . In the recent years , some of the mansions were renovated . The Russian Orthodox Archangel Michael chapel has been rebuilt by the Catholic Renovabis organisation . External links . - Sokołowsko official website - Website of PTTK hostel Andrzejówka containing pictures of surroundings , Sokołowsko included

/wiki/Thomas_Robert_Shannon_Broughton#P108#0

Thomas Robert Shannon Broughton was an employee for whom before Jun 1926?

Thomas Robert Shannon Broughton Thomas Robert Shannon Broughton , FBA ( ; 17 February 1900 – 17 September 1993 ) was a Canadian classical scholar and leading Latin prosopographer of the twentieth century . He is especially noted for his definitive three-volume work , Magistrates of the Roman Republic ( 1951-1986 ) . Life and career . Broughton was born in 1900 in Corbetton , Ontario . He attended Victoria College at the University of Toronto . There he received a B.A . in 1921 with honors in classics . He earned his M.A . in 1922 . After studying at the University of Chicago , he was made a Rogers Fellow at Johns Hopkins University , where he received a Ph.D . in Latin in 1928 , having studied under the famed ancient historian Tenney Frank ( 1876-1939 ) . He began his teaching career at Victoria College , Toronto . Broughton would go on to teach at Amherst College , Bryn Mawr College ( 1928-1965 ) and , later , serve as George L . Paddison Professor of Latin at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill ( 1965-1971 ) , where the Library Epigraphy Room , created at his behest , remains a seminal resource . Although he retired from UNC in 1971 ( then aged 71 ) , he would continue to work and advise students until his death in 1993 . In 1931 , he married Annie Leigh Hobson Broughton of Norfolk , Virginia . They had two children , Margaret Broughton Tenney and T . Alan Broughton ( b . 1936 ) , a poet and pianist and professor emeritus of the University of Vermont . Mrs . Broughton died on September 19 , 2005 , in Charleston , South Carolina . Magistrates of the Roman Republic . Broughtons main scholarly work was his massive , three-volume Magistrates of the Roman Republic ( commonly abbreviated MRR ) , published 1951 to 1986 and requiring more than 30 years to complete . The project provides an unparalleled accounting of the names of men elected to office during the Roman Republic and has become a standard reference work . It provides a year-by-year list of all known office-holders , including not only the magistracies of the cursus honorum from consul to quaestor , but also promagistracies and military commands in the provinces , legates ( both official and ad hoc ) , military prefects , priesthoods , and special commissions . Each entry is documented with ancient sources and selected works of modern scholarship . An index by name , listing each mans known offices , appears in volume 2 . In 1953 the Magistrates of the Roman Republic was recognized with the Charles J . Goodwin Awards of Merit from the American Philological Association . Achievements and awards . Broughtons career included a variety of academic appointments and awards : visiting professor at Johns Hopkins University , Simon F . Guggenheim Memorial Foundation Fellow , holder of a Fulbright research grant to Italy and professor in charge of the School of Classical Studies of the American Academy in Rome . Broughton served as president of the American Philological Association and as vice president of the International Federation of Societies of Classical Studies for 10 years . He was a member of the American Philosophical Society , a fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences , an honorary member of the Society for the Promotion of Roman Studies , a corresponding member of the German Archaeological Institute and a corresponding Fellow of the British Academy . Three universities awarded him honorary LL.D . degrees : Johns Hopkins University in 1969 , the University of Toronto in 1971 and UNC in 1974 . After Broughtons death in September 1993 , a Colloquium was organised for November 1994 at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in honour of his memory . The papers delivered on this occasion , including those by eminent scholars such as T.P . Wiseman , Erich S . Gruen , and Ernst Badian , later formed the basis of the honorific volume Imperium Sine Fine : T . Robert S . Broughton and the Roman Republic , edited by J . Linderski . Works . - [ dissertation ] The Romanization of Africa Proconsularis ( 1929 , reissued 1968 ) . - 1936 . Was Sallust Fair to Cicero ? Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association 67:34-46 . - Magistrates of the Roman Republic ( 1951-1986 ) . - 1934 . Roman Landholding in Asia Minor . Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association 65:207-239 . - Roman Asia Minor , in Tenney Frank , An Economic Survey of Ancient Rome IV ( 1938 ) - 1946 . Notes on Roman Magistrates . I . The Command of M . Antonius in Cilicia . II . Lucullus Commission and Pompeys Acta . Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association 77:35-43 . - 1991 . Candidates Defeated in Roman Elections : some ancient Roman also-rans Transactions of the American Philological Association 81.4 : 1-64 . Students . - 1969 . Packard , Jane . Official Notices in Livy’s Fourth Decade : Style and Treatment . Ph.D. , Department of Classics , University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill . - 1969 . Wade , Donald W . The Roman Auxiliary Units and Camps in Dacia . Ph.D. , Department of Classics , University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill - 1971 . Houston , George W . Roman Imperial Administrative Personnel During the Principates of Vespasian and Titus ( AD 69-81 ) . Ph.D. , Department of Classics , University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill . - 1973 . Goldsberry , Mary . Sicily and its Cities in Hellenistic and Roman Times . Ph.D. , Department of Classics , University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill . - 1974 . Harrison , James Geraty . The Official Priests of Rome in the Reigns of Trajan and Hadrian . Ph.D. , Department of Classics , University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill . Sources . - Jerzy Linderski in BDNAC pp . 64–66 . - George W . Houston in J . Linderski ( ed. ) , Imperium Sine Fine : T . Robert S . Broughton and the Roman Republic ( 1996 ) pp . 1–30 , 35–42 . - Brennan , T . Corey , T . Alan Broughton , Ryan C . Fowler , Andrew G . Scott and Kathleen J . Shea ( edd. ) . Autobiography : A scholars life by T . R . S . Broughton ( 1900-1993 ) . Piscataway , N.J. : Gorgias Press , 2008 ( American Journal of Ancient History , n.s. , vol . 5 2006 [ 2008 ] ) . External links . - Volume 1 of The Magistrates of the Roman Republic , hosted by Hathi Trust Digital Library

/wiki/Thomas_Robert_Shannon_Broughton#P108#1

Thomas Robert Shannon Broughton was an employee for whom between Oct 1955 and Feb 1960?

Thomas Robert Shannon Broughton Thomas Robert Shannon Broughton , FBA ( ; 17 February 1900 – 17 September 1993 ) was a Canadian classical scholar and leading Latin prosopographer of the twentieth century . He is especially noted for his definitive three-volume work , Magistrates of the Roman Republic ( 1951-1986 ) . Life and career . Broughton was born in 1900 in Corbetton , Ontario . He attended Victoria College at the University of Toronto . There he received a B.A . in 1921 with honors in classics . He earned his M.A . in 1922 . After studying at the University of Chicago , he was made a Rogers Fellow at Johns Hopkins University , where he received a Ph.D . in Latin in 1928 , having studied under the famed ancient historian Tenney Frank ( 1876-1939 ) . He began his teaching career at Victoria College , Toronto . Broughton would go on to teach at Amherst College , Bryn Mawr College ( 1928-1965 ) and , later , serve as George L . Paddison Professor of Latin at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill ( 1965-1971 ) , where the Library Epigraphy Room , created at his behest , remains a seminal resource . Although he retired from UNC in 1971 ( then aged 71 ) , he would continue to work and advise students until his death in 1993 . In 1931 , he married Annie Leigh Hobson Broughton of Norfolk , Virginia . They had two children , Margaret Broughton Tenney and T . Alan Broughton ( b . 1936 ) , a poet and pianist and professor emeritus of the University of Vermont . Mrs . Broughton died on September 19 , 2005 , in Charleston , South Carolina . Magistrates of the Roman Republic . Broughtons main scholarly work was his massive , three-volume Magistrates of the Roman Republic ( commonly abbreviated MRR ) , published 1951 to 1986 and requiring more than 30 years to complete . The project provides an unparalleled accounting of the names of men elected to office during the Roman Republic and has become a standard reference work . It provides a year-by-year list of all known office-holders , including not only the magistracies of the cursus honorum from consul to quaestor , but also promagistracies and military commands in the provinces , legates ( both official and ad hoc ) , military prefects , priesthoods , and special commissions . Each entry is documented with ancient sources and selected works of modern scholarship . An index by name , listing each mans known offices , appears in volume 2 . In 1953 the Magistrates of the Roman Republic was recognized with the Charles J . Goodwin Awards of Merit from the American Philological Association . Achievements and awards . Broughtons career included a variety of academic appointments and awards : visiting professor at Johns Hopkins University , Simon F . Guggenheim Memorial Foundation Fellow , holder of a Fulbright research grant to Italy and professor in charge of the School of Classical Studies of the American Academy in Rome . Broughton served as president of the American Philological Association and as vice president of the International Federation of Societies of Classical Studies for 10 years . He was a member of the American Philosophical Society , a fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences , an honorary member of the Society for the Promotion of Roman Studies , a corresponding member of the German Archaeological Institute and a corresponding Fellow of the British Academy . Three universities awarded him honorary LL.D . degrees : Johns Hopkins University in 1969 , the University of Toronto in 1971 and UNC in 1974 . After Broughtons death in September 1993 , a Colloquium was organised for November 1994 at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in honour of his memory . The papers delivered on this occasion , including those by eminent scholars such as T.P . Wiseman , Erich S . Gruen , and Ernst Badian , later formed the basis of the honorific volume Imperium Sine Fine : T . Robert S . Broughton and the Roman Republic , edited by J . Linderski . Works . - [ dissertation ] The Romanization of Africa Proconsularis ( 1929 , reissued 1968 ) . - 1936 . Was Sallust Fair to Cicero ? Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association 67:34-46 . - Magistrates of the Roman Republic ( 1951-1986 ) . - 1934 . Roman Landholding in Asia Minor . Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association 65:207-239 . - Roman Asia Minor , in Tenney Frank , An Economic Survey of Ancient Rome IV ( 1938 ) - 1946 . Notes on Roman Magistrates . I . The Command of M . Antonius in Cilicia . II . Lucullus Commission and Pompeys Acta . Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association 77:35-43 . - 1991 . Candidates Defeated in Roman Elections : some ancient Roman also-rans Transactions of the American Philological Association 81.4 : 1-64 . Students . - 1969 . Packard , Jane . Official Notices in Livy’s Fourth Decade : Style and Treatment . Ph.D. , Department of Classics , University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill . - 1969 . Wade , Donald W . The Roman Auxiliary Units and Camps in Dacia . Ph.D. , Department of Classics , University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill - 1971 . Houston , George W . Roman Imperial Administrative Personnel During the Principates of Vespasian and Titus ( AD 69-81 ) . Ph.D. , Department of Classics , University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill . - 1973 . Goldsberry , Mary . Sicily and its Cities in Hellenistic and Roman Times . Ph.D. , Department of Classics , University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill . - 1974 . Harrison , James Geraty . The Official Priests of Rome in the Reigns of Trajan and Hadrian . Ph.D. , Department of Classics , University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill . Sources . - Jerzy Linderski in BDNAC pp . 64–66 . - George W . Houston in J . Linderski ( ed. ) , Imperium Sine Fine : T . Robert S . Broughton and the Roman Republic ( 1996 ) pp . 1–30 , 35–42 . - Brennan , T . Corey , T . Alan Broughton , Ryan C . Fowler , Andrew G . Scott and Kathleen J . Shea ( edd. ) . Autobiography : A scholars life by T . R . S . Broughton ( 1900-1993 ) . Piscataway , N.J. : Gorgias Press , 2008 ( American Journal of Ancient History , n.s. , vol . 5 2006 [ 2008 ] ) . External links . - Volume 1 of The Magistrates of the Roman Republic , hosted by Hathi Trust Digital Library

/wiki/Thomas_Robert_Shannon_Broughton#P108#2

Thomas Robert Shannon Broughton was an employee for whom between Aug 1968 and Nov 1969?

Thomas Robert Shannon Broughton Thomas Robert Shannon Broughton , FBA ( ; 17 February 1900 – 17 September 1993 ) was a Canadian classical scholar and leading Latin prosopographer of the twentieth century . He is especially noted for his definitive three-volume work , Magistrates of the Roman Republic ( 1951-1986 ) . Life and career . Broughton was born in 1900 in Corbetton , Ontario . He attended Victoria College at the University of Toronto . There he received a B.A . in 1921 with honors in classics . He earned his M.A . in 1922 . After studying at the University of Chicago , he was made a Rogers Fellow at Johns Hopkins University , where he received a Ph.D . in Latin in 1928 , having studied under the famed ancient historian Tenney Frank ( 1876-1939 ) . He began his teaching career at Victoria College , Toronto . Broughton would go on to teach at Amherst College , Bryn Mawr College ( 1928-1965 ) and , later , serve as George L . Paddison Professor of Latin at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill ( 1965-1971 ) , where the Library Epigraphy Room , created at his behest , remains a seminal resource . Although he retired from UNC in 1971 ( then aged 71 ) , he would continue to work and advise students until his death in 1993 . In 1931 , he married Annie Leigh Hobson Broughton of Norfolk , Virginia . They had two children , Margaret Broughton Tenney and T . Alan Broughton ( b . 1936 ) , a poet and pianist and professor emeritus of the University of Vermont . Mrs . Broughton died on September 19 , 2005 , in Charleston , South Carolina . Magistrates of the Roman Republic . Broughtons main scholarly work was his massive , three-volume Magistrates of the Roman Republic ( commonly abbreviated MRR ) , published 1951 to 1986 and requiring more than 30 years to complete . The project provides an unparalleled accounting of the names of men elected to office during the Roman Republic and has become a standard reference work . It provides a year-by-year list of all known office-holders , including not only the magistracies of the cursus honorum from consul to quaestor , but also promagistracies and military commands in the provinces , legates ( both official and ad hoc ) , military prefects , priesthoods , and special commissions . Each entry is documented with ancient sources and selected works of modern scholarship . An index by name , listing each mans known offices , appears in volume 2 . In 1953 the Magistrates of the Roman Republic was recognized with the Charles J . Goodwin Awards of Merit from the American Philological Association . Achievements and awards . Broughtons career included a variety of academic appointments and awards : visiting professor at Johns Hopkins University , Simon F . Guggenheim Memorial Foundation Fellow , holder of a Fulbright research grant to Italy and professor in charge of the School of Classical Studies of the American Academy in Rome . Broughton served as president of the American Philological Association and as vice president of the International Federation of Societies of Classical Studies for 10 years . He was a member of the American Philosophical Society , a fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences , an honorary member of the Society for the Promotion of Roman Studies , a corresponding member of the German Archaeological Institute and a corresponding Fellow of the British Academy . Three universities awarded him honorary LL.D . degrees : Johns Hopkins University in 1969 , the University of Toronto in 1971 and UNC in 1974 . After Broughtons death in September 1993 , a Colloquium was organised for November 1994 at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in honour of his memory . The papers delivered on this occasion , including those by eminent scholars such as T.P . Wiseman , Erich S . Gruen , and Ernst Badian , later formed the basis of the honorific volume Imperium Sine Fine : T . Robert S . Broughton and the Roman Republic , edited by J . Linderski . Works . - [ dissertation ] The Romanization of Africa Proconsularis ( 1929 , reissued 1968 ) . - 1936 . Was Sallust Fair to Cicero ? Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association 67:34-46 . - Magistrates of the Roman Republic ( 1951-1986 ) . - 1934 . Roman Landholding in Asia Minor . Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association 65:207-239 . - Roman Asia Minor , in Tenney Frank , An Economic Survey of Ancient Rome IV ( 1938 ) - 1946 . Notes on Roman Magistrates . I . The Command of M . Antonius in Cilicia . II . Lucullus Commission and Pompeys Acta . Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association 77:35-43 . - 1991 . Candidates Defeated in Roman Elections : some ancient Roman also-rans Transactions of the American Philological Association 81.4 : 1-64 . Students . - 1969 . Packard , Jane . Official Notices in Livy’s Fourth Decade : Style and Treatment . Ph.D. , Department of Classics , University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill . - 1969 . Wade , Donald W . The Roman Auxiliary Units and Camps in Dacia . Ph.D. , Department of Classics , University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill - 1971 . Houston , George W . Roman Imperial Administrative Personnel During the Principates of Vespasian and Titus ( AD 69-81 ) . Ph.D. , Department of Classics , University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill . - 1973 . Goldsberry , Mary . Sicily and its Cities in Hellenistic and Roman Times . Ph.D. , Department of Classics , University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill . - 1974 . Harrison , James Geraty . The Official Priests of Rome in the Reigns of Trajan and Hadrian . Ph.D. , Department of Classics , University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill . Sources . - Jerzy Linderski in BDNAC pp . 64–66 . - George W . Houston in J . Linderski ( ed. ) , Imperium Sine Fine : T . Robert S . Broughton and the Roman Republic ( 1996 ) pp . 1–30 , 35–42 . - Brennan , T . Corey , T . Alan Broughton , Ryan C . Fowler , Andrew G . Scott and Kathleen J . Shea ( edd. ) . Autobiography : A scholars life by T . R . S . Broughton ( 1900-1993 ) . Piscataway , N.J. : Gorgias Press , 2008 ( American Journal of Ancient History , n.s. , vol . 5 2006 [ 2008 ] ) . External links . - Volume 1 of The Magistrates of the Roman Republic , hosted by Hathi Trust Digital Library

/wiki/GCR_Class_11E#P137#0

What was the operator of GCR Class 11E between Jun 1920 and Dec 1922?

GCR Class 11E The GCR Class 11E was a type of 4-4-0 steam locomotive used by the Great Central Railway for express passenger services . Ten were built in the railways own workshops at Gorton , Manchester during 1913 ; they remained in service until the mid-1950s . History . In the early part of the 20th century , the Great Central Railway ( GCR ) had favoured the 4-4-0 wheel arrangement for express passenger services . They had bought 40 such locomotives to the design of their Locomotive Engineer , John G . Robinson ( Robinson became Chief Mechanical Engineer in 1902 ) , between 1901 and 1904 , and these formed class 11B . These were found to be too small , and subsequently several classes of 4-4-2 and 4-6-0 locomotive were introduced for express passenger trains , with the 4-4-2 type predominating . After the class 1 4-6-0 , which were larger than any of the others , proved disappointing , Robinson decided to reduce the size of these and designed a 4-4-0 which became Class 11E . Ten were built in 1913 , and were immediately successful . Compared to the class 1 4-6-0 , the omission of one coupled axle allowed a longer wheelbase between two adjacent axles of a 4-4-0 than with the 4-6-0 , so the firebox could be positioned between the axles instead of on top of one of them ; thus it could be deeper , giving better draughting which aided steaming . The shorter overall length meant that the boiler tubes were shorter , which also improved draughting . Unusually , outside admission was used for the piston valves of the cylinders . Conventionally , piston valve locomotives had inside admission , whereas outside admission was used with slide valve locomotives . Outside admission gives a shorter exhaust passage , with the consequent advantages of a lower back pressure and sharper blast , but with the disadvantage that the valve spindle glands must be made to withstand much higher pressures and temperatures . Robinson had previously used outside admission for his class 11D rebuilds from class 11B , and the new class 11E used the same cylinder casting as those rebuilds . When further 4-4-0s of similar capability to class 11E were required after World War I , these were given normal cylinders with inside admission for the piston valves , and so were placed in class 11F . Withdrawal occurred between March 1953 and November 1955 . Accidents and incidents . On 27 February 1927 , locomotive No . 5437 Prince George was hauling an express passenger train that was involved in a collision with a light engine at Yorkshire . Numbers and names . The original names were those of directors of the GCR ; Sir Alexander Henderson was the Chairman of the Board , and William Purdon Viccars was Deputy Chairman . At the time , there were twelve members of the GCR Board ; of these , two ( Viscount Cross and Sir Alexander Henderson ) already had locomotives named after them . However , the latters name was removed from class 11B no . 1014 and used on class 11E no . 429 , so one director was not honoured at this stage ; this was rectified the following year when class 1A 4-6-0 no . 439 was named Sutton Nelthorpe . Two locomotives had their names altered subsequently , one of them twice . Sir Alexander Henderson was created Baron Faringdon in 1916 , but his new name was used on a class 9P 4-6-0 , so in 1917 no . 429 was renamed Sir Douglas Haig after the Commander-in-Chief of the British Expeditionary Force . In turn , Sir Douglas was created Earl Haig in 1919 and his new name used on another class 9P 4-6-0 , so no . 429 was renamed a second time , becoming Prince Henry after the fourth child of King George V . When Charles Stuart-Wortley was raised to the peerage as Baron Stuart of Wortley in 1917 , his name was used on a further class 9P , so no . 437 was renamed Prince George after the fifth child of King George V . After the 1923 Grouping , the LNER increased the GCR numbers by 5000 , this occurring in 1924–5 . Under the 1946 renumbering , they became 2650–9 in the same order . During 1948–50 , British Railways increased these numbers by 60000 .

/wiki/GCR_Class_11E#P137#1

What was the operator of GCR Class 11E in late 1920s?

GCR Class 11E The GCR Class 11E was a type of 4-4-0 steam locomotive used by the Great Central Railway for express passenger services . Ten were built in the railways own workshops at Gorton , Manchester during 1913 ; they remained in service until the mid-1950s . History . In the early part of the 20th century , the Great Central Railway ( GCR ) had favoured the 4-4-0 wheel arrangement for express passenger services . They had bought 40 such locomotives to the design of their Locomotive Engineer , John G . Robinson ( Robinson became Chief Mechanical Engineer in 1902 ) , between 1901 and 1904 , and these formed class 11B . These were found to be too small , and subsequently several classes of 4-4-2 and 4-6-0 locomotive were introduced for express passenger trains , with the 4-4-2 type predominating . After the class 1 4-6-0 , which were larger than any of the others , proved disappointing , Robinson decided to reduce the size of these and designed a 4-4-0 which became Class 11E . Ten were built in 1913 , and were immediately successful . Compared to the class 1 4-6-0 , the omission of one coupled axle allowed a longer wheelbase between two adjacent axles of a 4-4-0 than with the 4-6-0 , so the firebox could be positioned between the axles instead of on top of one of them ; thus it could be deeper , giving better draughting which aided steaming . The shorter overall length meant that the boiler tubes were shorter , which also improved draughting . Unusually , outside admission was used for the piston valves of the cylinders . Conventionally , piston valve locomotives had inside admission , whereas outside admission was used with slide valve locomotives . Outside admission gives a shorter exhaust passage , with the consequent advantages of a lower back pressure and sharper blast , but with the disadvantage that the valve spindle glands must be made to withstand much higher pressures and temperatures . Robinson had previously used outside admission for his class 11D rebuilds from class 11B , and the new class 11E used the same cylinder casting as those rebuilds . When further 4-4-0s of similar capability to class 11E were required after World War I , these were given normal cylinders with inside admission for the piston valves , and so were placed in class 11F . Withdrawal occurred between March 1953 and November 1955 . Accidents and incidents . On 27 February 1927 , locomotive No . 5437 Prince George was hauling an express passenger train that was involved in a collision with a light engine at Yorkshire . Numbers and names . The original names were those of directors of the GCR ; Sir Alexander Henderson was the Chairman of the Board , and William Purdon Viccars was Deputy Chairman . At the time , there were twelve members of the GCR Board ; of these , two ( Viscount Cross and Sir Alexander Henderson ) already had locomotives named after them . However , the latters name was removed from class 11B no . 1014 and used on class 11E no . 429 , so one director was not honoured at this stage ; this was rectified the following year when class 1A 4-6-0 no . 439 was named Sutton Nelthorpe . Two locomotives had their names altered subsequently , one of them twice . Sir Alexander Henderson was created Baron Faringdon in 1916 , but his new name was used on a class 9P 4-6-0 , so in 1917 no . 429 was renamed Sir Douglas Haig after the Commander-in-Chief of the British Expeditionary Force . In turn , Sir Douglas was created Earl Haig in 1919 and his new name used on another class 9P 4-6-0 , so no . 429 was renamed a second time , becoming Prince Henry after the fourth child of King George V . When Charles Stuart-Wortley was raised to the peerage as Baron Stuart of Wortley in 1917 , his name was used on a further class 9P , so no . 437 was renamed Prince George after the fifth child of King George V . After the 1923 Grouping , the LNER increased the GCR numbers by 5000 , this occurring in 1924–5 . Under the 1946 renumbering , they became 2650–9 in the same order . During 1948–50 , British Railways increased these numbers by 60000 .

/wiki/GCR_Class_11E#P137#2

What was the operator of GCR Class 11E after Nov 1948?

GCR Class 11E The GCR Class 11E was a type of 4-4-0 steam locomotive used by the Great Central Railway for express passenger services . Ten were built in the railways own workshops at Gorton , Manchester during 1913 ; they remained in service until the mid-1950s . History . In the early part of the 20th century , the Great Central Railway ( GCR ) had favoured the 4-4-0 wheel arrangement for express passenger services . They had bought 40 such locomotives to the design of their Locomotive Engineer , John G . Robinson ( Robinson became Chief Mechanical Engineer in 1902 ) , between 1901 and 1904 , and these formed class 11B . These were found to be too small , and subsequently several classes of 4-4-2 and 4-6-0 locomotive were introduced for express passenger trains , with the 4-4-2 type predominating . After the class 1 4-6-0 , which were larger than any of the others , proved disappointing , Robinson decided to reduce the size of these and designed a 4-4-0 which became Class 11E . Ten were built in 1913 , and were immediately successful . Compared to the class 1 4-6-0 , the omission of one coupled axle allowed a longer wheelbase between two adjacent axles of a 4-4-0 than with the 4-6-0 , so the firebox could be positioned between the axles instead of on top of one of them ; thus it could be deeper , giving better draughting which aided steaming . The shorter overall length meant that the boiler tubes were shorter , which also improved draughting . Unusually , outside admission was used for the piston valves of the cylinders . Conventionally , piston valve locomotives had inside admission , whereas outside admission was used with slide valve locomotives . Outside admission gives a shorter exhaust passage , with the consequent advantages of a lower back pressure and sharper blast , but with the disadvantage that the valve spindle glands must be made to withstand much higher pressures and temperatures . Robinson had previously used outside admission for his class 11D rebuilds from class 11B , and the new class 11E used the same cylinder casting as those rebuilds . When further 4-4-0s of similar capability to class 11E were required after World War I , these were given normal cylinders with inside admission for the piston valves , and so were placed in class 11F . Withdrawal occurred between March 1953 and November 1955 . Accidents and incidents . On 27 February 1927 , locomotive No . 5437 Prince George was hauling an express passenger train that was involved in a collision with a light engine at Yorkshire . Numbers and names . The original names were those of directors of the GCR ; Sir Alexander Henderson was the Chairman of the Board , and William Purdon Viccars was Deputy Chairman . At the time , there were twelve members of the GCR Board ; of these , two ( Viscount Cross and Sir Alexander Henderson ) already had locomotives named after them . However , the latters name was removed from class 11B no . 1014 and used on class 11E no . 429 , so one director was not honoured at this stage ; this was rectified the following year when class 1A 4-6-0 no . 439 was named Sutton Nelthorpe . Two locomotives had their names altered subsequently , one of them twice . Sir Alexander Henderson was created Baron Faringdon in 1916 , but his new name was used on a class 9P 4-6-0 , so in 1917 no . 429 was renamed Sir Douglas Haig after the Commander-in-Chief of the British Expeditionary Force . In turn , Sir Douglas was created Earl Haig in 1919 and his new name used on another class 9P 4-6-0 , so no . 429 was renamed a second time , becoming Prince Henry after the fourth child of King George V . When Charles Stuart-Wortley was raised to the peerage as Baron Stuart of Wortley in 1917 , his name was used on a further class 9P , so no . 437 was renamed Prince George after the fifth child of King George V . After the 1923 Grouping , the LNER increased the GCR numbers by 5000 , this occurring in 1924–5 . Under the 1946 renumbering , they became 2650–9 in the same order . During 1948–50 , British Railways increased these numbers by 60000 .

/wiki/Preston_Smith_(governor)#P39#0

What position did Preston Smith (governor) take between Dec 1947 and Apr 1949?

Preston Smith ( governor ) Preston Earnest Smith ( March 7 , 1912 October 18 , 2003 ) was the 40th Governor of Texas from 1969 to 1973 , who previously served as the lieutenant governor from 1963 to 1969 . Early life . Smith was born into a tenant farming family of 13 children in Corn Hill , a town in Williamson County , Texas , that has since been absorbed into nearby Jarrell . The family later moved to Lamesa , Texas , where Smith graduated in 1928 from Lamesa High School . In 1934 , he graduated from Texas Technological College ( now Texas Tech University ) in Lubbock with a bachelors degree in business administration . Staying in Lubbock , he founded a movie theater business and invested in real estate . Political career . Smith was first elected to the Texas House of Representatives in 1944 and then to the Texas State Senate in 1956 . He won the Senate seat by defeating in the primary the incumbent Kilmer B . Corbin , the father of actor Barry Corbin . In 1962 , Smith won the lieutenant governors race , securing majorities in all but 16 of the 254 counties to defeat the Republican O.W . Bill Hayes . In 1968 , Smith was elected governor , a position he held for two two-year terms . He succeeded the popular Democratic Governor John B . Connally Jr. , who later switched to the Republican Party in 1973 . To win the governorship , Smith first defeated Don Yarborough in the 1968 Democratic runoff election . Several other candidates , including Dolph Briscoe , a large landholder from Uvalde in the Texas Hill Country , and former Texas Attorney General Waggoner Carr , also of Lubbock , were eliminated in the primary . Smiths inauguration on January 21 , 1969 , had what was called the flavor of the South Plains . The Texas Tech University marching band led the parade just behind the marshal and the color guard . A mounted masked Red Raider rode with the band . Governor and Mrs . Smith , both Tech graduates , followed in an open convertible . Other Smith family members rode in the parade , followed by the new lieutenant governor , Ben Barnes . The band of Lamesa High School , Smiths alma mater , was the first among the high school groups . Before the oath taking , the first to be televised in Texas history , Smith had been feted with a $25-per-place victory dinner in the Austin Municipal Auditorium , now the Long Center for the Performing Arts . Smith twice defeated Republican nominee Paul W . Eggers , a tax attorney from Wichita Falls and later Dallas , and a close friend of U.S . Senator John G . Tower . In the high-turnout general election of 1968 , Smith received 1,662,019 ballots ( 57 percent ) to Eggers 1,254,333 ( 43 percent ) . In the general election of 1970 , Smith , who had been unopposed in the Democratic primaries , received 1,197,726 votes ( 53.6 percent ) to Eggers 1,037,723 ( 46.4 percent ) - still the highest midterm year turnout in past 50 years . The state switched to four-year terms in 1974 , two years after Smith left office . In 1971 and 1972 , Smith was embroiled in the Sharpstown scandal stock fraud scheme , which eventually led to his downfall . Smith lost his third-term bid for the governorship of Texas to Dolph Briscoe of Uvalde in the Democratic primary in 1972 . He ran a distant fourth in the primary , behind Briscoe , womens activist Frances Sissy Farenthold of Corpus Christi , and Lieutenant Governor Ben Barnes , formerly of Comanche County . Among his appointments , Smith in 1970 named Paul Pressler of Houston , a former state representative , as judge of the Texas 133rd District Court in Harris County . Pressler , who later switched to the Republican Party , subsequently became known as a prime leader in the Southern Baptist Convention Conservative Resurgence which began in Houston in 1979 . He appointed former State Senator Grady Hazlewood of Amarillo and Austin as a regent of Hazlewoods alma mater , West Texas A&M University in Canyon . In 1969 , Smith named state Representative Randy Pendleton of Andrews to head the Office of State and Federal Relations in Washington , D.C . Later life and attempted political comeback . In 1974 , Smith joined banker Stanton Leon Koop ( 1937–2008 ) , a native of Pampa , in forming the West Texas Savings Association in Lubbock . In 1986 , Koop moved to Dallas , where he was affiliated with Great Western Mortgage Company , until his retirement in 1994 . In 1978 , at the age of 66 , Smith again entered the Democratic gubernatorial primary against his intraparty rival , Governor Briscoe . Both Smith and Briscoe lost in the primary to former Texas Supreme Court Chief Justice John Hill , who in turn was narrowly defeated in the general election by Republican Bill Clements . Toward the end of his life , Smith worked as a political liaison officer for Texas Tech University . After his death in Lubbock , the airport was renamed in 2004 in his memory as Lubbock Preston Smith International Airport . Smith termed himself a conservative Democrat ; although he was generally supportive of President Lyndon B . Johnson , he refused to support his partys nominees for president in 1980 and for governor in 1982 . Instead of voting to reelect President Jimmy Carter and Mark White in the gubernatorial race , Smith cast his ballot for Ronald Reagan and Bill Clements , respectively . On October 18 , 2003 , Smith died at age 91 in the Texas Tech University Medical Center in Lubbock after being hospitalized for pneumonia . He is interred with his wife , the former Ima Mae Smith ( 1911–1998 ) , at the Texas State Cemetery in Austin . External links . - Programs for people , by Preston Smith , published 1973 , hosted by the Portal to Texas History . - http://www.lubbockonline.com/stories/020508/obi_243811655.shtml - Papers , 1930-1975 and undated , in the Southwest Collection/Special Collections Library at Texas Tech University

/wiki/Preston_Smith_(governor)#P39#1

What position did Preston Smith (governor) take between Nov 1960 and Dec 1962?

Preston Smith ( governor ) Preston Earnest Smith ( March 7 , 1912 October 18 , 2003 ) was the 40th Governor of Texas from 1969 to 1973 , who previously served as the lieutenant governor from 1963 to 1969 . Early life . Smith was born into a tenant farming family of 13 children in Corn Hill , a town in Williamson County , Texas , that has since been absorbed into nearby Jarrell . The family later moved to Lamesa , Texas , where Smith graduated in 1928 from Lamesa High School . In 1934 , he graduated from Texas Technological College ( now Texas Tech University ) in Lubbock with a bachelors degree in business administration . Staying in Lubbock , he founded a movie theater business and invested in real estate . Political career . Smith was first elected to the Texas House of Representatives in 1944 and then to the Texas State Senate in 1956 . He won the Senate seat by defeating in the primary the incumbent Kilmer B . Corbin , the father of actor Barry Corbin . In 1962 , Smith won the lieutenant governors race , securing majorities in all but 16 of the 254 counties to defeat the Republican O.W . Bill Hayes . In 1968 , Smith was elected governor , a position he held for two two-year terms . He succeeded the popular Democratic Governor John B . Connally Jr. , who later switched to the Republican Party in 1973 . To win the governorship , Smith first defeated Don Yarborough in the 1968 Democratic runoff election . Several other candidates , including Dolph Briscoe , a large landholder from Uvalde in the Texas Hill Country , and former Texas Attorney General Waggoner Carr , also of Lubbock , were eliminated in the primary . Smiths inauguration on January 21 , 1969 , had what was called the flavor of the South Plains . The Texas Tech University marching band led the parade just behind the marshal and the color guard . A mounted masked Red Raider rode with the band . Governor and Mrs . Smith , both Tech graduates , followed in an open convertible . Other Smith family members rode in the parade , followed by the new lieutenant governor , Ben Barnes . The band of Lamesa High School , Smiths alma mater , was the first among the high school groups . Before the oath taking , the first to be televised in Texas history , Smith had been feted with a $25-per-place victory dinner in the Austin Municipal Auditorium , now the Long Center for the Performing Arts . Smith twice defeated Republican nominee Paul W . Eggers , a tax attorney from Wichita Falls and later Dallas , and a close friend of U.S . Senator John G . Tower . In the high-turnout general election of 1968 , Smith received 1,662,019 ballots ( 57 percent ) to Eggers 1,254,333 ( 43 percent ) . In the general election of 1970 , Smith , who had been unopposed in the Democratic primaries , received 1,197,726 votes ( 53.6 percent ) to Eggers 1,037,723 ( 46.4 percent ) - still the highest midterm year turnout in past 50 years . The state switched to four-year terms in 1974 , two years after Smith left office . In 1971 and 1972 , Smith was embroiled in the Sharpstown scandal stock fraud scheme , which eventually led to his downfall . Smith lost his third-term bid for the governorship of Texas to Dolph Briscoe of Uvalde in the Democratic primary in 1972 . He ran a distant fourth in the primary , behind Briscoe , womens activist Frances Sissy Farenthold of Corpus Christi , and Lieutenant Governor Ben Barnes , formerly of Comanche County . Among his appointments , Smith in 1970 named Paul Pressler of Houston , a former state representative , as judge of the Texas 133rd District Court in Harris County . Pressler , who later switched to the Republican Party , subsequently became known as a prime leader in the Southern Baptist Convention Conservative Resurgence which began in Houston in 1979 . He appointed former State Senator Grady Hazlewood of Amarillo and Austin as a regent of Hazlewoods alma mater , West Texas A&M University in Canyon . In 1969 , Smith named state Representative Randy Pendleton of Andrews to head the Office of State and Federal Relations in Washington , D.C . Later life and attempted political comeback . In 1974 , Smith joined banker Stanton Leon Koop ( 1937–2008 ) , a native of Pampa , in forming the West Texas Savings Association in Lubbock . In 1986 , Koop moved to Dallas , where he was affiliated with Great Western Mortgage Company , until his retirement in 1994 . In 1978 , at the age of 66 , Smith again entered the Democratic gubernatorial primary against his intraparty rival , Governor Briscoe . Both Smith and Briscoe lost in the primary to former Texas Supreme Court Chief Justice John Hill , who in turn was narrowly defeated in the general election by Republican Bill Clements . Toward the end of his life , Smith worked as a political liaison officer for Texas Tech University . After his death in Lubbock , the airport was renamed in 2004 in his memory as Lubbock Preston Smith International Airport . Smith termed himself a conservative Democrat ; although he was generally supportive of President Lyndon B . Johnson , he refused to support his partys nominees for president in 1980 and for governor in 1982 . Instead of voting to reelect President Jimmy Carter and Mark White in the gubernatorial race , Smith cast his ballot for Ronald Reagan and Bill Clements , respectively . On October 18 , 2003 , Smith died at age 91 in the Texas Tech University Medical Center in Lubbock after being hospitalized for pneumonia . He is interred with his wife , the former Ima Mae Smith ( 1911–1998 ) , at the Texas State Cemetery in Austin . External links . - Programs for people , by Preston Smith , published 1973 , hosted by the Portal to Texas History . - http://www.lubbockonline.com/stories/020508/obi_243811655.shtml - Papers , 1930-1975 and undated , in the Southwest Collection/Special Collections Library at Texas Tech University

/wiki/Preston_Smith_(governor)#P39#2

What position did Preston Smith (governor) take in Mar 1965?

Preston Smith ( governor ) Preston Earnest Smith ( March 7 , 1912 October 18 , 2003 ) was the 40th Governor of Texas from 1969 to 1973 , who previously served as the lieutenant governor from 1963 to 1969 . Early life . Smith was born into a tenant farming family of 13 children in Corn Hill , a town in Williamson County , Texas , that has since been absorbed into nearby Jarrell . The family later moved to Lamesa , Texas , where Smith graduated in 1928 from Lamesa High School . In 1934 , he graduated from Texas Technological College ( now Texas Tech University ) in Lubbock with a bachelors degree in business administration . Staying in Lubbock , he founded a movie theater business and invested in real estate . Political career . Smith was first elected to the Texas House of Representatives in 1944 and then to the Texas State Senate in 1956 . He won the Senate seat by defeating in the primary the incumbent Kilmer B . Corbin , the father of actor Barry Corbin . In 1962 , Smith won the lieutenant governors race , securing majorities in all but 16 of the 254 counties to defeat the Republican O.W . Bill Hayes . In 1968 , Smith was elected governor , a position he held for two two-year terms . He succeeded the popular Democratic Governor John B . Connally Jr. , who later switched to the Republican Party in 1973 . To win the governorship , Smith first defeated Don Yarborough in the 1968 Democratic runoff election . Several other candidates , including Dolph Briscoe , a large landholder from Uvalde in the Texas Hill Country , and former Texas Attorney General Waggoner Carr , also of Lubbock , were eliminated in the primary . Smiths inauguration on January 21 , 1969 , had what was called the flavor of the South Plains . The Texas Tech University marching band led the parade just behind the marshal and the color guard . A mounted masked Red Raider rode with the band . Governor and Mrs . Smith , both Tech graduates , followed in an open convertible . Other Smith family members rode in the parade , followed by the new lieutenant governor , Ben Barnes . The band of Lamesa High School , Smiths alma mater , was the first among the high school groups . Before the oath taking , the first to be televised in Texas history , Smith had been feted with a $25-per-place victory dinner in the Austin Municipal Auditorium , now the Long Center for the Performing Arts . Smith twice defeated Republican nominee Paul W . Eggers , a tax attorney from Wichita Falls and later Dallas , and a close friend of U.S . Senator John G . Tower . In the high-turnout general election of 1968 , Smith received 1,662,019 ballots ( 57 percent ) to Eggers 1,254,333 ( 43 percent ) . In the general election of 1970 , Smith , who had been unopposed in the Democratic primaries , received 1,197,726 votes ( 53.6 percent ) to Eggers 1,037,723 ( 46.4 percent ) - still the highest midterm year turnout in past 50 years . The state switched to four-year terms in 1974 , two years after Smith left office . In 1971 and 1972 , Smith was embroiled in the Sharpstown scandal stock fraud scheme , which eventually led to his downfall . Smith lost his third-term bid for the governorship of Texas to Dolph Briscoe of Uvalde in the Democratic primary in 1972 . He ran a distant fourth in the primary , behind Briscoe , womens activist Frances Sissy Farenthold of Corpus Christi , and Lieutenant Governor Ben Barnes , formerly of Comanche County . Among his appointments , Smith in 1970 named Paul Pressler of Houston , a former state representative , as judge of the Texas 133rd District Court in Harris County . Pressler , who later switched to the Republican Party , subsequently became known as a prime leader in the Southern Baptist Convention Conservative Resurgence which began in Houston in 1979 . He appointed former State Senator Grady Hazlewood of Amarillo and Austin as a regent of Hazlewoods alma mater , West Texas A&M University in Canyon . In 1969 , Smith named state Representative Randy Pendleton of Andrews to head the Office of State and Federal Relations in Washington , D.C . Later life and attempted political comeback . In 1974 , Smith joined banker Stanton Leon Koop ( 1937–2008 ) , a native of Pampa , in forming the West Texas Savings Association in Lubbock . In 1986 , Koop moved to Dallas , where he was affiliated with Great Western Mortgage Company , until his retirement in 1994 . In 1978 , at the age of 66 , Smith again entered the Democratic gubernatorial primary against his intraparty rival , Governor Briscoe . Both Smith and Briscoe lost in the primary to former Texas Supreme Court Chief Justice John Hill , who in turn was narrowly defeated in the general election by Republican Bill Clements . Toward the end of his life , Smith worked as a political liaison officer for Texas Tech University . After his death in Lubbock , the airport was renamed in 2004 in his memory as Lubbock Preston Smith International Airport . Smith termed himself a conservative Democrat ; although he was generally supportive of President Lyndon B . Johnson , he refused to support his partys nominees for president in 1980 and for governor in 1982 . Instead of voting to reelect President Jimmy Carter and Mark White in the gubernatorial race , Smith cast his ballot for Ronald Reagan and Bill Clements , respectively . On October 18 , 2003 , Smith died at age 91 in the Texas Tech University Medical Center in Lubbock after being hospitalized for pneumonia . He is interred with his wife , the former Ima Mae Smith ( 1911–1998 ) , at the Texas State Cemetery in Austin . External links . - Programs for people , by Preston Smith , published 1973 , hosted by the Portal to Texas History . - http://www.lubbockonline.com/stories/020508/obi_243811655.shtml - Papers , 1930-1975 and undated , in the Southwest Collection/Special Collections Library at Texas Tech University

/wiki/Preston_Smith_(governor)#P39#3

What position did Preston Smith (governor) take after Apr 1970?

Preston Smith ( governor ) Preston Earnest Smith ( March 7 , 1912 October 18 , 2003 ) was the 40th Governor of Texas from 1969 to 1973 , who previously served as the lieutenant governor from 1963 to 1969 . Early life . Smith was born into a tenant farming family of 13 children in Corn Hill , a town in Williamson County , Texas , that has since been absorbed into nearby Jarrell . The family later moved to Lamesa , Texas , where Smith graduated in 1928 from Lamesa High School . In 1934 , he graduated from Texas Technological College ( now Texas Tech University ) in Lubbock with a bachelors degree in business administration . Staying in Lubbock , he founded a movie theater business and invested in real estate . Political career . Smith was first elected to the Texas House of Representatives in 1944 and then to the Texas State Senate in 1956 . He won the Senate seat by defeating in the primary the incumbent Kilmer B . Corbin , the father of actor Barry Corbin . In 1962 , Smith won the lieutenant governors race , securing majorities in all but 16 of the 254 counties to defeat the Republican O.W . Bill Hayes . In 1968 , Smith was elected governor , a position he held for two two-year terms . He succeeded the popular Democratic Governor John B . Connally Jr. , who later switched to the Republican Party in 1973 . To win the governorship , Smith first defeated Don Yarborough in the 1968 Democratic runoff election . Several other candidates , including Dolph Briscoe , a large landholder from Uvalde in the Texas Hill Country , and former Texas Attorney General Waggoner Carr , also of Lubbock , were eliminated in the primary . Smiths inauguration on January 21 , 1969 , had what was called the flavor of the South Plains . The Texas Tech University marching band led the parade just behind the marshal and the color guard . A mounted masked Red Raider rode with the band . Governor and Mrs . Smith , both Tech graduates , followed in an open convertible . Other Smith family members rode in the parade , followed by the new lieutenant governor , Ben Barnes . The band of Lamesa High School , Smiths alma mater , was the first among the high school groups . Before the oath taking , the first to be televised in Texas history , Smith had been feted with a $25-per-place victory dinner in the Austin Municipal Auditorium , now the Long Center for the Performing Arts . Smith twice defeated Republican nominee Paul W . Eggers , a tax attorney from Wichita Falls and later Dallas , and a close friend of U.S . Senator John G . Tower . In the high-turnout general election of 1968 , Smith received 1,662,019 ballots ( 57 percent ) to Eggers 1,254,333 ( 43 percent ) . In the general election of 1970 , Smith , who had been unopposed in the Democratic primaries , received 1,197,726 votes ( 53.6 percent ) to Eggers 1,037,723 ( 46.4 percent ) - still the highest midterm year turnout in past 50 years . The state switched to four-year terms in 1974 , two years after Smith left office . In 1971 and 1972 , Smith was embroiled in the Sharpstown scandal stock fraud scheme , which eventually led to his downfall . Smith lost his third-term bid for the governorship of Texas to Dolph Briscoe of Uvalde in the Democratic primary in 1972 . He ran a distant fourth in the primary , behind Briscoe , womens activist Frances Sissy Farenthold of Corpus Christi , and Lieutenant Governor Ben Barnes , formerly of Comanche County . Among his appointments , Smith in 1970 named Paul Pressler of Houston , a former state representative , as judge of the Texas 133rd District Court in Harris County . Pressler , who later switched to the Republican Party , subsequently became known as a prime leader in the Southern Baptist Convention Conservative Resurgence which began in Houston in 1979 . He appointed former State Senator Grady Hazlewood of Amarillo and Austin as a regent of Hazlewoods alma mater , West Texas A&M University in Canyon . In 1969 , Smith named state Representative Randy Pendleton of Andrews to head the Office of State and Federal Relations in Washington , D.C . Later life and attempted political comeback . In 1974 , Smith joined banker Stanton Leon Koop ( 1937–2008 ) , a native of Pampa , in forming the West Texas Savings Association in Lubbock . In 1986 , Koop moved to Dallas , where he was affiliated with Great Western Mortgage Company , until his retirement in 1994 . In 1978 , at the age of 66 , Smith again entered the Democratic gubernatorial primary against his intraparty rival , Governor Briscoe . Both Smith and Briscoe lost in the primary to former Texas Supreme Court Chief Justice John Hill , who in turn was narrowly defeated in the general election by Republican Bill Clements . Toward the end of his life , Smith worked as a political liaison officer for Texas Tech University . After his death in Lubbock , the airport was renamed in 2004 in his memory as Lubbock Preston Smith International Airport . Smith termed himself a conservative Democrat ; although he was generally supportive of President Lyndon B . Johnson , he refused to support his partys nominees for president in 1980 and for governor in 1982 . Instead of voting to reelect President Jimmy Carter and Mark White in the gubernatorial race , Smith cast his ballot for Ronald Reagan and Bill Clements , respectively . On October 18 , 2003 , Smith died at age 91 in the Texas Tech University Medical Center in Lubbock after being hospitalized for pneumonia . He is interred with his wife , the former Ima Mae Smith ( 1911–1998 ) , at the Texas State Cemetery in Austin . External links . - Programs for people , by Preston Smith , published 1973 , hosted by the Portal to Texas History . - http://www.lubbockonline.com/stories/020508/obi_243811655.shtml - Papers , 1930-1975 and undated , in the Southwest Collection/Special Collections Library at Texas Tech University

/wiki/Paula_Hitler#P734#0

What was the family name of Paula Hitler between Jun 1920 and Oct 1926?

Paula Hitler Paula Hitler , also known as Paula Wolff and Paula Hitler-Wolff , ( 26 January 1896 – 1 June 1960 ) was the younger sister of Adolf Hitler and the last child of Alois Hitler and his third wife , Klara Pölzl . Pre-war life . Paula Hitler was born in Hafeld , Austria on 26 January 1896 to Alois Hitler and Klara Hitler née Pölzl . She was Adolf Hitlers only full sister . She was six years old when her father , a retired customs official , died , and eleven when she lost her mother Klara , after which the Austrian government provided a small pension to Paula and Adolf . However , the amount was relatively meager and Hitler , who was by then old enough to support himself , agreed to sign his share over to her . Paula later moved to Vienna . In the early 1920s , she was hired as a housekeeper at a dormitory for Jewish university students . In 1921 , while she worked at the dormitory , she was visited by her brother who she said appeared as if he had fallen from heaven . For the most part , she had no other contact with her brother during his struggling years as a painter in Vienna and later Munich , his military service during World War I and his early political activities back . She was delighted to meet him again in Vienna during the early 1930s . Paula used the surname Hiedler , the original spelling of Hitler . By her own account , after losing a job with the Austrian State Insurance Company on 2 August 1930 when her employers found out who she was , Paula received financial support of 250 schillings a month from her brother , and lived under the assumed surname of Wolff at Hitlers request . Wolf was a childhood nickname of his which he had also used during the 1920s for security purposes . Hitler appears to have had a low opinion of Paulas intelligence , referring to both Paula and their half-sister Angela as stupid geese . Paula later claimed to have seen her brother about once a year during the 1930s and early 1940s . She worked as a secretary in a military field hospital for much of World War II . On 14 April 1945 , during the closing days of the war , at the age of 49 , she was driven by two SS men to Berchtesgaden , Germany – the location of Hitlers summer home , the Berghof – apparently on the orders of Martin Bormann . She and her half-sister , Angela were each given 100,000 marks on Hitlers orders . There is some evidence Paula shared her brothers strong German nationalist beliefs , but she was not politically active and never joined the Nazi Party . Post-war life . Paula was arrested by US counter-intelligence officers on 26 May 1945 and interviewed on 12 July . A transcript shows one of the agents remarking she bore a physical resemblance to her brother . She told them that the Soviets had confiscated her house in Austria , that the Americans had expropriated her Vienna apartment , and that she was taking English lessons . She characterized her childhood relationship with her brother as one of both constant bickering and strong affection . Paula said that she could not bring herself to believe that her brother had been responsible for the Holocaust . She had also told them that she had met Eva Braun only once . After her debriefing , Paula was released from American custody and returned to Vienna , where she lived on her savings for a time , then worked in an arts and crafts shop . She returned to Berchtesgaden on 1 December 1952 and took up full-time residence there under the name Paula Wolff or Paula Hitler-Wolff , in connection with a claim she had filed under Hitlers will , which had been denied by a court . During this time , she was looked after by former members of the SS and survivors of her brothers inner circle . In February 1959 , she agreed to be interviewed by Peter Morley , a documentary producer for Associated-Rediffusion , an ITV commercial station in Great Britain . The conversation was the only filmed interview she ever gave and was broadcast as part of a programme called Tyranny : The Years of Adolf Hitler . She talked mostly about Hitlers childhood and refused to be drawn on political questions . Footage from this and a contemporary interview with Peter Morley was included in the 2005 television documentary The Hitler Family ( original German title Familie Hitler . Im Schatten des Diktators ) , directed by Oliver Halmburger and Thomas Staehler . Death and burial . Paula died on 1 June 1960 in Schönau near Berchtesgaden , at the age of 64 , the last surviving member of Hitlers immediate family . She was buried in the Bergfriedhof in Berchtesgaden/Schönau under the name Paula Hitler . In June 2005 , the wooden grave marker and remains were reportedly removed and replaced with another burial , a common practice in German cemeteries after two or more decades have elapsed . In May 2006 , however , it was reported the grave marker had been returned to Paulas grave and a second marker had been added , indicating another more recent burial in the same spot . Five months after her death , the Federal Court in Berchtesgaden issued a certificate of inheritance in which Paula Hitler was awarded two-thirds of Hitlers estate .

/wiki/Paula_Hitler#P734#1

What was the family name of Paula Hitler in early 1950s?

Paula Hitler Paula Hitler , also known as Paula Wolff and Paula Hitler-Wolff , ( 26 January 1896 – 1 June 1960 ) was the younger sister of Adolf Hitler and the last child of Alois Hitler and his third wife , Klara Pölzl . Pre-war life . Paula Hitler was born in Hafeld , Austria on 26 January 1896 to Alois Hitler and Klara Hitler née Pölzl . She was Adolf Hitlers only full sister . She was six years old when her father , a retired customs official , died , and eleven when she lost her mother Klara , after which the Austrian government provided a small pension to Paula and Adolf . However , the amount was relatively meager and Hitler , who was by then old enough to support himself , agreed to sign his share over to her . Paula later moved to Vienna . In the early 1920s , she was hired as a housekeeper at a dormitory for Jewish university students . In 1921 , while she worked at the dormitory , she was visited by her brother who she said appeared as if he had fallen from heaven . For the most part , she had no other contact with her brother during his struggling years as a painter in Vienna and later Munich , his military service during World War I and his early political activities back . She was delighted to meet him again in Vienna during the early 1930s . Paula used the surname Hiedler , the original spelling of Hitler . By her own account , after losing a job with the Austrian State Insurance Company on 2 August 1930 when her employers found out who she was , Paula received financial support of 250 schillings a month from her brother , and lived under the assumed surname of Wolff at Hitlers request . Wolf was a childhood nickname of his which he had also used during the 1920s for security purposes . Hitler appears to have had a low opinion of Paulas intelligence , referring to both Paula and their half-sister Angela as stupid geese . Paula later claimed to have seen her brother about once a year during the 1930s and early 1940s . She worked as a secretary in a military field hospital for much of World War II . On 14 April 1945 , during the closing days of the war , at the age of 49 , she was driven by two SS men to Berchtesgaden , Germany – the location of Hitlers summer home , the Berghof – apparently on the orders of Martin Bormann . She and her half-sister , Angela were each given 100,000 marks on Hitlers orders . There is some evidence Paula shared her brothers strong German nationalist beliefs , but she was not politically active and never joined the Nazi Party . Post-war life . Paula was arrested by US counter-intelligence officers on 26 May 1945 and interviewed on 12 July . A transcript shows one of the agents remarking she bore a physical resemblance to her brother . She told them that the Soviets had confiscated her house in Austria , that the Americans had expropriated her Vienna apartment , and that she was taking English lessons . She characterized her childhood relationship with her brother as one of both constant bickering and strong affection . Paula said that she could not bring herself to believe that her brother had been responsible for the Holocaust . She had also told them that she had met Eva Braun only once . After her debriefing , Paula was released from American custody and returned to Vienna , where she lived on her savings for a time , then worked in an arts and crafts shop . She returned to Berchtesgaden on 1 December 1952 and took up full-time residence there under the name Paula Wolff or Paula Hitler-Wolff , in connection with a claim she had filed under Hitlers will , which had been denied by a court . During this time , she was looked after by former members of the SS and survivors of her brothers inner circle . In February 1959 , she agreed to be interviewed by Peter Morley , a documentary producer for Associated-Rediffusion , an ITV commercial station in Great Britain . The conversation was the only filmed interview she ever gave and was broadcast as part of a programme called Tyranny : The Years of Adolf Hitler . She talked mostly about Hitlers childhood and refused to be drawn on political questions . Footage from this and a contemporary interview with Peter Morley was included in the 2005 television documentary The Hitler Family ( original German title Familie Hitler . Im Schatten des Diktators ) , directed by Oliver Halmburger and Thomas Staehler . Death and burial . Paula died on 1 June 1960 in Schönau near Berchtesgaden , at the age of 64 , the last surviving member of Hitlers immediate family . She was buried in the Bergfriedhof in Berchtesgaden/Schönau under the name Paula Hitler . In June 2005 , the wooden grave marker and remains were reportedly removed and replaced with another burial , a common practice in German cemeteries after two or more decades have elapsed . In May 2006 , however , it was reported the grave marker had been returned to Paulas grave and a second marker had been added , indicating another more recent burial in the same spot . Five months after her death , the Federal Court in Berchtesgaden issued a certificate of inheritance in which Paula Hitler was awarded two-thirds of Hitlers estate .

/wiki/Paula_Hitler#P734#2

What was the family name of Paula Hitler after Apr 1957?

Paula Hitler Paula Hitler , also known as Paula Wolff and Paula Hitler-Wolff , ( 26 January 1896 – 1 June 1960 ) was the younger sister of Adolf Hitler and the last child of Alois Hitler and his third wife , Klara Pölzl . Pre-war life . Paula Hitler was born in Hafeld , Austria on 26 January 1896 to Alois Hitler and Klara Hitler née Pölzl . She was Adolf Hitlers only full sister . She was six years old when her father , a retired customs official , died , and eleven when she lost her mother Klara , after which the Austrian government provided a small pension to Paula and Adolf . However , the amount was relatively meager and Hitler , who was by then old enough to support himself , agreed to sign his share over to her . Paula later moved to Vienna . In the early 1920s , she was hired as a housekeeper at a dormitory for Jewish university students . In 1921 , while she worked at the dormitory , she was visited by her brother who she said appeared as if he had fallen from heaven . For the most part , she had no other contact with her brother during his struggling years as a painter in Vienna and later Munich , his military service during World War I and his early political activities back . She was delighted to meet him again in Vienna during the early 1930s . Paula used the surname Hiedler , the original spelling of Hitler . By her own account , after losing a job with the Austrian State Insurance Company on 2 August 1930 when her employers found out who she was , Paula received financial support of 250 schillings a month from her brother , and lived under the assumed surname of Wolff at Hitlers request . Wolf was a childhood nickname of his which he had also used during the 1920s for security purposes . Hitler appears to have had a low opinion of Paulas intelligence , referring to both Paula and their half-sister Angela as stupid geese . Paula later claimed to have seen her brother about once a year during the 1930s and early 1940s . She worked as a secretary in a military field hospital for much of World War II . On 14 April 1945 , during the closing days of the war , at the age of 49 , she was driven by two SS men to Berchtesgaden , Germany – the location of Hitlers summer home , the Berghof – apparently on the orders of Martin Bormann . She and her half-sister , Angela were each given 100,000 marks on Hitlers orders . There is some evidence Paula shared her brothers strong German nationalist beliefs , but she was not politically active and never joined the Nazi Party . Post-war life . Paula was arrested by US counter-intelligence officers on 26 May 1945 and interviewed on 12 July . A transcript shows one of the agents remarking she bore a physical resemblance to her brother . She told them that the Soviets had confiscated her house in Austria , that the Americans had expropriated her Vienna apartment , and that she was taking English lessons . She characterized her childhood relationship with her brother as one of both constant bickering and strong affection . Paula said that she could not bring herself to believe that her brother had been responsible for the Holocaust . She had also told them that she had met Eva Braun only once . After her debriefing , Paula was released from American custody and returned to Vienna , where she lived on her savings for a time , then worked in an arts and crafts shop . She returned to Berchtesgaden on 1 December 1952 and took up full-time residence there under the name Paula Wolff or Paula Hitler-Wolff , in connection with a claim she had filed under Hitlers will , which had been denied by a court . During this time , she was looked after by former members of the SS and survivors of her brothers inner circle . In February 1959 , she agreed to be interviewed by Peter Morley , a documentary producer for Associated-Rediffusion , an ITV commercial station in Great Britain . The conversation was the only filmed interview she ever gave and was broadcast as part of a programme called Tyranny : The Years of Adolf Hitler . She talked mostly about Hitlers childhood and refused to be drawn on political questions . Footage from this and a contemporary interview with Peter Morley was included in the 2005 television documentary The Hitler Family ( original German title Familie Hitler . Im Schatten des Diktators ) , directed by Oliver Halmburger and Thomas Staehler . Death and burial . Paula died on 1 June 1960 in Schönau near Berchtesgaden , at the age of 64 , the last surviving member of Hitlers immediate family . She was buried in the Bergfriedhof in Berchtesgaden/Schönau under the name Paula Hitler . In June 2005 , the wooden grave marker and remains were reportedly removed and replaced with another burial , a common practice in German cemeteries after two or more decades have elapsed . In May 2006 , however , it was reported the grave marker had been returned to Paulas grave and a second marker had been added , indicating another more recent burial in the same spot . Five months after her death , the Federal Court in Berchtesgaden issued a certificate of inheritance in which Paula Hitler was awarded two-thirds of Hitlers estate .

/wiki/Writers_Guild_of_America_West#P1448#0

What was the official name of Writers Guild of America West in Sep 1942?

Writers Guild of America West The Writers Guild of America West ( WGAW ) is a labor union representing film , television , radio , and new media writers . It was formed in 1954 from five organizations representing writers , including the Screen Writers Guild . It has around 20,000 members . History . The Screen Writers Guild ( SWG ) was formed in 1921 by a group of ten screenwriters in Hollywood angered over wage reductions announced by the major film studios . The group affiliated with the Authors Guild in 1933 and began representing TV writers in 1948 . In 1954 , the SWG was one of five groups who merged to represent professional writers on both coasts and became the Writers Guild of America , East ( WGAe ) and West ( WGAw ) . Howard J . Green and John Howard Lawson were the first two presidents during the SWG era . Daniel Taradash was president of the WGAw from 1977 to 1979 . In 1952 , the Guild authorized movie studios to delete onscreen credits for any writers who had not been cleared by Congress , as part of the industrys blacklisting of writers with alleged Communist or leftist leanings or affiliations . From March to August 1988 , WGAw members were on strike against the major American television networks in a dispute over residuals from repeat airings and foreign/home video use of scripted shows and made-for-TV movies . The 22-week strike crippled American broadcast television and drove millions of viewers , disgusted with the lack of new scripted programming , to cable channels and home video , a blow to ratings and revenues from which , some industry watchers argue , the networks have never fully recovered . In 2004 , Victoria Riskin resigned as WGAw President after being accused by her opponent Eric Hughes during the 2003 election of using a sham writing contract to maintain her membership status . She was replaced by vice-president Charles Holland , who resigned a few weeks later when questions arose about statements he had made about his college football career and his claim of having secretly served in combat as a Green Beret , a claim his army records did not support . After Riskins resignation , the U.S . Department of Labor investigated the sham contract and concluded that Riskin was indeed ineligible to run . The WGAw entered into a settlement by offering to re-run the election under DOL supervision . A new election was held in September 2004 between Eric Hughes and Daniel Petrie , Jr . which Petrie won . On April 17 , 2019 , WGA West and WGA East filed a lawsuit in Los Angeles Superior Court against the four dominant Hollywood talent agencies , William Morris Agency , Creative Artists Agency , United Talent Agency and ICM Partners , citing movie packaging fee practices , which the WGA asserts are a violation of state and federal laws . Approximately 95 percent of Guild members voted in favor of a code of conduct that would cease packaging fees . During the week following its lawsuit filing ; en masse , over 7,000 Guild members fired their talent agents , as not just drastically out-earning them , but preventing them from receiving better pay . WGA president David A . Goodman was then quoted as stating to NPR that in a period of unprecedented profits and growth of our business .. . writers themselves are actually earning less . Reality united . In June 2005 , WGAw started a reality rights campaign to allow writers of reality television shows to qualify for guild rights and benefits . The union maintained that the storytellers who conceive the tests and confrontations on such shows were bona fide writers . The Guild also expressed concern the 1988 strike showed that lack of representation in the genre would weaken their future bargaining position . Studio executives maintained that these employees were primarily editors , not writers , and that the shows needed to appear to be unscripted in order for viewers to feel they were real . As part of this campaign , on September 20 , 2006 the WGAw held a Los Angeles unity rally in support of the Americas Next Top Model writers strike . President Patric Verrone said , Every piece of media with a moving image on a screen or a recorded voice must have a writer , and every writer must have a WGA contract . On November 6 , 2006 , the WGAw filed an unfair labor practice complaint with the National Labor Relations Board after Top Model producers said the shows next season would be produced using a new system that would not require writers . In response , Verrone said , as they demanded union representation , the company decided they were expendable . This is illegal strikebreaking . 2007–08 strike . On November 2 , 2007 , the Guild again went on strike , this time over writers share of revenues from DVD releases and from Internet , cellphone shows , and other new media uses of programs and films written by members . The strike vote followed the expiration of the guilds contract with the Alliance of Motion Picture and Television Producers . Governance . The WGAw is governed by its membership . Elections for a board of directors are held annually by secret mail-in ballot . Half of the board is elected each year to a two-year term of office , and a board member may not serve more than four consecutive terms . In 2017 the officers are : - President : David A . Goodman - Vice President : Marjorie David - Secretary-Treasurer : Aaron Mendelsohn - Board of Directors : John August , Andrea Berloff , Angelina Burnett , Patti Carr , Zoanne Clack , Courtney Ellinger , Jonathan Fernandez , Chip Johannessen , Glen Mazzara , Michele Mulroney , Zak Penn , Luvh Rakhe , Meredith Stiehm , Patric M . Verrone , Matthew Weiner , and Nicole Yorkin David Young is employed as the Guilds executive director and Tony Segall is general counsel . Young served as the Guilds chief negotiator during the 2007 contract negotiations and subsequent 100-day strike . According to WGAws Department of Labor records since 2006 , over half of the guilds total membership is ineligible to vote , comprising the guilds post current , emeritus , and associate members . Magazine . The WGAw has published its official publication , the journal Written By , which it describes as the magazine of Americas Storytellers , six times a year since 1997 .

/wiki/Writers_Guild_of_America_West#P1448#1

What was the official name of Writers Guild of America West between Feb 2001 and May 2004?

Writers Guild of America West The Writers Guild of America West ( WGAW ) is a labor union representing film , television , radio , and new media writers . It was formed in 1954 from five organizations representing writers , including the Screen Writers Guild . It has around 20,000 members . History . The Screen Writers Guild ( SWG ) was formed in 1921 by a group of ten screenwriters in Hollywood angered over wage reductions announced by the major film studios . The group affiliated with the Authors Guild in 1933 and began representing TV writers in 1948 . In 1954 , the SWG was one of five groups who merged to represent professional writers on both coasts and became the Writers Guild of America , East ( WGAe ) and West ( WGAw ) . Howard J . Green and John Howard Lawson were the first two presidents during the SWG era . Daniel Taradash was president of the WGAw from 1977 to 1979 . In 1952 , the Guild authorized movie studios to delete onscreen credits for any writers who had not been cleared by Congress , as part of the industrys blacklisting of writers with alleged Communist or leftist leanings or affiliations . From March to August 1988 , WGAw members were on strike against the major American television networks in a dispute over residuals from repeat airings and foreign/home video use of scripted shows and made-for-TV movies . The 22-week strike crippled American broadcast television and drove millions of viewers , disgusted with the lack of new scripted programming , to cable channels and home video , a blow to ratings and revenues from which , some industry watchers argue , the networks have never fully recovered . In 2004 , Victoria Riskin resigned as WGAw President after being accused by her opponent Eric Hughes during the 2003 election of using a sham writing contract to maintain her membership status . She was replaced by vice-president Charles Holland , who resigned a few weeks later when questions arose about statements he had made about his college football career and his claim of having secretly served in combat as a Green Beret , a claim his army records did not support . After Riskins resignation , the U.S . Department of Labor investigated the sham contract and concluded that Riskin was indeed ineligible to run . The WGAw entered into a settlement by offering to re-run the election under DOL supervision . A new election was held in September 2004 between Eric Hughes and Daniel Petrie , Jr . which Petrie won . On April 17 , 2019 , WGA West and WGA East filed a lawsuit in Los Angeles Superior Court against the four dominant Hollywood talent agencies , William Morris Agency , Creative Artists Agency , United Talent Agency and ICM Partners , citing movie packaging fee practices , which the WGA asserts are a violation of state and federal laws . Approximately 95 percent of Guild members voted in favor of a code of conduct that would cease packaging fees . During the week following its lawsuit filing ; en masse , over 7,000 Guild members fired their talent agents , as not just drastically out-earning them , but preventing them from receiving better pay . WGA president David A . Goodman was then quoted as stating to NPR that in a period of unprecedented profits and growth of our business .. . writers themselves are actually earning less . Reality united . In June 2005 , WGAw started a reality rights campaign to allow writers of reality television shows to qualify for guild rights and benefits . The union maintained that the storytellers who conceive the tests and confrontations on such shows were bona fide writers . The Guild also expressed concern the 1988 strike showed that lack of representation in the genre would weaken their future bargaining position . Studio executives maintained that these employees were primarily editors , not writers , and that the shows needed to appear to be unscripted in order for viewers to feel they were real . As part of this campaign , on September 20 , 2006 the WGAw held a Los Angeles unity rally in support of the Americas Next Top Model writers strike . President Patric Verrone said , Every piece of media with a moving image on a screen or a recorded voice must have a writer , and every writer must have a WGA contract . On November 6 , 2006 , the WGAw filed an unfair labor practice complaint with the National Labor Relations Board after Top Model producers said the shows next season would be produced using a new system that would not require writers . In response , Verrone said , as they demanded union representation , the company decided they were expendable . This is illegal strikebreaking . 2007–08 strike . On November 2 , 2007 , the Guild again went on strike , this time over writers share of revenues from DVD releases and from Internet , cellphone shows , and other new media uses of programs and films written by members . The strike vote followed the expiration of the guilds contract with the Alliance of Motion Picture and Television Producers . Governance . The WGAw is governed by its membership . Elections for a board of directors are held annually by secret mail-in ballot . Half of the board is elected each year to a two-year term of office , and a board member may not serve more than four consecutive terms . In 2017 the officers are : - President : David A . Goodman - Vice President : Marjorie David - Secretary-Treasurer : Aaron Mendelsohn - Board of Directors : John August , Andrea Berloff , Angelina Burnett , Patti Carr , Zoanne Clack , Courtney Ellinger , Jonathan Fernandez , Chip Johannessen , Glen Mazzara , Michele Mulroney , Zak Penn , Luvh Rakhe , Meredith Stiehm , Patric M . Verrone , Matthew Weiner , and Nicole Yorkin David Young is employed as the Guilds executive director and Tony Segall is general counsel . Young served as the Guilds chief negotiator during the 2007 contract negotiations and subsequent 100-day strike . According to WGAws Department of Labor records since 2006 , over half of the guilds total membership is ineligible to vote , comprising the guilds post current , emeritus , and associate members . Magazine . The WGAw has published its official publication , the journal Written By , which it describes as the magazine of Americas Storytellers , six times a year since 1997 .

/wiki/Writers_Guild_of_America_West#P1448#2

What was the official name of Writers Guild of America West after Feb 2018?

Writers Guild of America West The Writers Guild of America West ( WGAW ) is a labor union representing film , television , radio , and new media writers . It was formed in 1954 from five organizations representing writers , including the Screen Writers Guild . It has around 20,000 members . History . The Screen Writers Guild ( SWG ) was formed in 1921 by a group of ten screenwriters in Hollywood angered over wage reductions announced by the major film studios . The group affiliated with the Authors Guild in 1933 and began representing TV writers in 1948 . In 1954 , the SWG was one of five groups who merged to represent professional writers on both coasts and became the Writers Guild of America , East ( WGAe ) and West ( WGAw ) . Howard J . Green and John Howard Lawson were the first two presidents during the SWG era . Daniel Taradash was president of the WGAw from 1977 to 1979 . In 1952 , the Guild authorized movie studios to delete onscreen credits for any writers who had not been cleared by Congress , as part of the industrys blacklisting of writers with alleged Communist or leftist leanings or affiliations . From March to August 1988 , WGAw members were on strike against the major American television networks in a dispute over residuals from repeat airings and foreign/home video use of scripted shows and made-for-TV movies . The 22-week strike crippled American broadcast television and drove millions of viewers , disgusted with the lack of new scripted programming , to cable channels and home video , a blow to ratings and revenues from which , some industry watchers argue , the networks have never fully recovered . In 2004 , Victoria Riskin resigned as WGAw President after being accused by her opponent Eric Hughes during the 2003 election of using a sham writing contract to maintain her membership status . She was replaced by vice-president Charles Holland , who resigned a few weeks later when questions arose about statements he had made about his college football career and his claim of having secretly served in combat as a Green Beret , a claim his army records did not support . After Riskins resignation , the U.S . Department of Labor investigated the sham contract and concluded that Riskin was indeed ineligible to run . The WGAw entered into a settlement by offering to re-run the election under DOL supervision . A new election was held in September 2004 between Eric Hughes and Daniel Petrie , Jr . which Petrie won . On April 17 , 2019 , WGA West and WGA East filed a lawsuit in Los Angeles Superior Court against the four dominant Hollywood talent agencies , William Morris Agency , Creative Artists Agency , United Talent Agency and ICM Partners , citing movie packaging fee practices , which the WGA asserts are a violation of state and federal laws . Approximately 95 percent of Guild members voted in favor of a code of conduct that would cease packaging fees . During the week following its lawsuit filing ; en masse , over 7,000 Guild members fired their talent agents , as not just drastically out-earning them , but preventing them from receiving better pay . WGA president David A . Goodman was then quoted as stating to NPR that in a period of unprecedented profits and growth of our business .. . writers themselves are actually earning less . Reality united . In June 2005 , WGAw started a reality rights campaign to allow writers of reality television shows to qualify for guild rights and benefits . The union maintained that the storytellers who conceive the tests and confrontations on such shows were bona fide writers . The Guild also expressed concern the 1988 strike showed that lack of representation in the genre would weaken their future bargaining position . Studio executives maintained that these employees were primarily editors , not writers , and that the shows needed to appear to be unscripted in order for viewers to feel they were real . As part of this campaign , on September 20 , 2006 the WGAw held a Los Angeles unity rally in support of the Americas Next Top Model writers strike . President Patric Verrone said , Every piece of media with a moving image on a screen or a recorded voice must have a writer , and every writer must have a WGA contract . On November 6 , 2006 , the WGAw filed an unfair labor practice complaint with the National Labor Relations Board after Top Model producers said the shows next season would be produced using a new system that would not require writers . In response , Verrone said , as they demanded union representation , the company decided they were expendable . This is illegal strikebreaking . 2007–08 strike . On November 2 , 2007 , the Guild again went on strike , this time over writers share of revenues from DVD releases and from Internet , cellphone shows , and other new media uses of programs and films written by members . The strike vote followed the expiration of the guilds contract with the Alliance of Motion Picture and Television Producers . Governance . The WGAw is governed by its membership . Elections for a board of directors are held annually by secret mail-in ballot . Half of the board is elected each year to a two-year term of office , and a board member may not serve more than four consecutive terms . In 2017 the officers are : - President : David A . Goodman - Vice President : Marjorie David - Secretary-Treasurer : Aaron Mendelsohn - Board of Directors : John August , Andrea Berloff , Angelina Burnett , Patti Carr , Zoanne Clack , Courtney Ellinger , Jonathan Fernandez , Chip Johannessen , Glen Mazzara , Michele Mulroney , Zak Penn , Luvh Rakhe , Meredith Stiehm , Patric M . Verrone , Matthew Weiner , and Nicole Yorkin David Young is employed as the Guilds executive director and Tony Segall is general counsel . Young served as the Guilds chief negotiator during the 2007 contract negotiations and subsequent 100-day strike . According to WGAws Department of Labor records since 2006 , over half of the guilds total membership is ineligible to vote , comprising the guilds post current , emeritus , and associate members . Magazine . The WGAw has published its official publication , the journal Written By , which it describes as the magazine of Americas Storytellers , six times a year since 1997 .

/wiki/Edward_Adolf_Sonnenschein#P108#0

Which employer did Edward Adolf Sonnenschein work for before Sep 1878?

Edward Adolf Sonnenschein Edward Adolf Sonnenschein ( 20 November 1851 – 2 September 1929 , Bath ) was an English classical scholar and writer on Latin grammar and verse . Career . Sonnenschein was educated at University College School and then in 1868 at University College London . He was appointed Oxford professor of Greek and Latin at Mason College ( afterwards the University of Birmingham ) in 1883 , staying there until 1918 . He was a Plautine scholar , publishing editions of Captivi ( 1879 ) , Mostellaria ( 1884 ) , and Rudens ( 1891 ) . He took up the reform of grammar teaching , and published the Parallel Grammar series . With John Percival Postgate , he founded the Classical Association in 1903 . Much of his grammatical research was summed up in The Unity of the Latin Subjunctive ( 1910 ) and The Soul of Grammar ( 1927 ) . He insisted upon the humanities taking their proper place in the modern university , and took up the question of war-guilt during the European war ; he was a very exact scholar . Family . Sonnenschein was born in London in 1851 , the eldest son of a teacher , Adolphus ( Adolf ) Sonnenschein from Moravia ( now part of the Czech Republic ) and Sarah Robinson Stallybrass . Edward Adolf Sonnenschein married Edith Annesley Bolton ( 1854–1943 ) and they had three children : Edward Jamie , who later took the surname Somerset ; Christopher Edward , who was killed in a mountaineering accident in Switzerland on 22 February 1914 ; and Edward Oliver , who survived the sinking of HMS Pathfinder in 1914 , and later took his grandmothers surname Stallybrass . ( Because of the hostility to Germans during the First World War , two of his sons changed their surnames to English names. ) Swan Sonnenschein , publishers . William Swan Sonnenschein ( 1855–1934 ) , Adolfus Sonnenscheins third son and Edwards younger brother , founded the family publishing firm that was to become known as Swan Sonnenschein . As a young man William was apprenticed to the firm of Williams and Norgate , where he gained experience of second hand bookselling before founding his own company , W . Swan Sonnenschein & Allen , with the first of several partners , J . Archibald Allen , in 1878 . This partnership was dissolved in 1882 when William married and the firms name changed to W Swan Sonnenschein & Co . The firm published general literature and periodicals but specialized in sociology and politics . Sonnenschein was involved with the Ethical Society and published their literature . In 1895 Swan Sonnenschein became a limited liability company , and in 1902 William Swan Sonnenschein left to work at George Routledge and Sons , and later at Kegan Paul . Swan Sonnenschein was amalgamated with George Allen & Co in 1911 . He changed his German surname during the First World War to Stallybrass . He died in 1934 . Academic life and work . Sonnenschein was an influential classical scholar during his time at Mason College between 1883 and 1918 , where he wrote prolifically . He edited several plays by Plautus , and collaborated with John Percival Postgate , forming the Classical Association in 1903 , becoming its Secretary . He contributed to the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica ( designated by the initials E . A . So. ) . His views differed from Otto Jespersen ( 1860–1943 ) a Danish linguist , which he explained in his 1927 book , The Soul of Grammar , as his answer to Jespersens 1924 Philosophy of Grammar . C . T . Onions , the last editor of the original Oxford English Dictionary , was one of his pupils . Works . - T . Macci Plavti Rvdens by Titus Maccius Plautus , 38 editions between 1891 and 1989 . - Mostellaria by Titus Maccius Plautus , 23 editions between 1884 and 1970 . - The Soul of Grammar , 5 editions between 1927 and 1929 . - A new English Grammar based on the recommendations of the Joint Committee on Grammatical Terminology , 17 editions between 1916 and 1962 . - Through German Eyes , 11 editions between 1914 and 1915 . - T . Macci Plauti Captivi by Titus Maccius Plautus , 30 editions between 1879 and 1903 . - Bentleys Plautine emendations from his copy of Gronovius by Richard Bentley , 6 editions between 1883 and 1963 . - A New Latin Grammar : based on the recommendations of the Joint Committee on Grammatical Terminology , 11 editions between 1912 and 1925 . - A Greek Grammar for Schools ; based on the principles and requirements of the Grammatical Society , 18 editions between 1898 and 1929 . - The Unity of the Latin Subjunctive : a quest . Being a paper read in abstract before the Classical Association , 2 editions in 1910 . - Ora Maritima ; a Latin story for beginners , 10 editions between 1902 and 1927 . - Recommendations of the Classical Association on the teaching of Latin and Greek , 2 editions in 1912 . - What is Rhythm ? An essay , 2 editions in 1925 . - The Gateway ; a book of Latin composition for middle forms , 4 editions in 1924 . Sources . - The Oxford Concise Dictionary of National Biography : Sonnenschein , Edward Adolf ( 1851-1929 ) . - Sonnenschein , Edward Adolf ( 1907 ) , Whos Who , 59 : pp . 1643–1644 . - Edward Adolf Sonnenschein and the politics of linguistic authority in England 1880–1930 , in A . Linn and N . McLelland ( eds ) , Flores Grammaticae : Essays in memory of Vivien Law ( Münster : Nodus ) , pp . 211–19 . - On Jevons’s logical machine . Edward Adolf Sonnenschein . Reprinted from the Proceedings of the Birmingham Philosophical Society , Vol . IV , Part 1 . A paper read before the Society , 13 December 1883 - Sonnenschein Family details

/wiki/Edward_Adolf_Sonnenschein#P108#1

Which employer did Edward Adolf Sonnenschein work for between Apr 1885 and Dec 1885?

Edward Adolf Sonnenschein Edward Adolf Sonnenschein ( 20 November 1851 – 2 September 1929 , Bath ) was an English classical scholar and writer on Latin grammar and verse . Career . Sonnenschein was educated at University College School and then in 1868 at University College London . He was appointed Oxford professor of Greek and Latin at Mason College ( afterwards the University of Birmingham ) in 1883 , staying there until 1918 . He was a Plautine scholar , publishing editions of Captivi ( 1879 ) , Mostellaria ( 1884 ) , and Rudens ( 1891 ) . He took up the reform of grammar teaching , and published the Parallel Grammar series . With John Percival Postgate , he founded the Classical Association in 1903 . Much of his grammatical research was summed up in The Unity of the Latin Subjunctive ( 1910 ) and The Soul of Grammar ( 1927 ) . He insisted upon the humanities taking their proper place in the modern university , and took up the question of war-guilt during the European war ; he was a very exact scholar . Family . Sonnenschein was born in London in 1851 , the eldest son of a teacher , Adolphus ( Adolf ) Sonnenschein from Moravia ( now part of the Czech Republic ) and Sarah Robinson Stallybrass . Edward Adolf Sonnenschein married Edith Annesley Bolton ( 1854–1943 ) and they had three children : Edward Jamie , who later took the surname Somerset ; Christopher Edward , who was killed in a mountaineering accident in Switzerland on 22 February 1914 ; and Edward Oliver , who survived the sinking of HMS Pathfinder in 1914 , and later took his grandmothers surname Stallybrass . ( Because of the hostility to Germans during the First World War , two of his sons changed their surnames to English names. ) Swan Sonnenschein , publishers . William Swan Sonnenschein ( 1855–1934 ) , Adolfus Sonnenscheins third son and Edwards younger brother , founded the family publishing firm that was to become known as Swan Sonnenschein . As a young man William was apprenticed to the firm of Williams and Norgate , where he gained experience of second hand bookselling before founding his own company , W . Swan Sonnenschein & Allen , with the first of several partners , J . Archibald Allen , in 1878 . This partnership was dissolved in 1882 when William married and the firms name changed to W Swan Sonnenschein & Co . The firm published general literature and periodicals but specialized in sociology and politics . Sonnenschein was involved with the Ethical Society and published their literature . In 1895 Swan Sonnenschein became a limited liability company , and in 1902 William Swan Sonnenschein left to work at George Routledge and Sons , and later at Kegan Paul . Swan Sonnenschein was amalgamated with George Allen & Co in 1911 . He changed his German surname during the First World War to Stallybrass . He died in 1934 . Academic life and work . Sonnenschein was an influential classical scholar during his time at Mason College between 1883 and 1918 , where he wrote prolifically . He edited several plays by Plautus , and collaborated with John Percival Postgate , forming the Classical Association in 1903 , becoming its Secretary . He contributed to the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica ( designated by the initials E . A . So. ) . His views differed from Otto Jespersen ( 1860–1943 ) a Danish linguist , which he explained in his 1927 book , The Soul of Grammar , as his answer to Jespersens 1924 Philosophy of Grammar . C . T . Onions , the last editor of the original Oxford English Dictionary , was one of his pupils . Works . - T . Macci Plavti Rvdens by Titus Maccius Plautus , 38 editions between 1891 and 1989 . - Mostellaria by Titus Maccius Plautus , 23 editions between 1884 and 1970 . - The Soul of Grammar , 5 editions between 1927 and 1929 . - A new English Grammar based on the recommendations of the Joint Committee on Grammatical Terminology , 17 editions between 1916 and 1962 . - Through German Eyes , 11 editions between 1914 and 1915 . - T . Macci Plauti Captivi by Titus Maccius Plautus , 30 editions between 1879 and 1903 . - Bentleys Plautine emendations from his copy of Gronovius by Richard Bentley , 6 editions between 1883 and 1963 . - A New Latin Grammar : based on the recommendations of the Joint Committee on Grammatical Terminology , 11 editions between 1912 and 1925 . - A Greek Grammar for Schools ; based on the principles and requirements of the Grammatical Society , 18 editions between 1898 and 1929 . - The Unity of the Latin Subjunctive : a quest . Being a paper read in abstract before the Classical Association , 2 editions in 1910 . - Ora Maritima ; a Latin story for beginners , 10 editions between 1902 and 1927 . - Recommendations of the Classical Association on the teaching of Latin and Greek , 2 editions in 1912 . - What is Rhythm ? An essay , 2 editions in 1925 . - The Gateway ; a book of Latin composition for middle forms , 4 editions in 1924 . Sources . - The Oxford Concise Dictionary of National Biography : Sonnenschein , Edward Adolf ( 1851-1929 ) . - Sonnenschein , Edward Adolf ( 1907 ) , Whos Who , 59 : pp . 1643–1644 . - Edward Adolf Sonnenschein and the politics of linguistic authority in England 1880–1930 , in A . Linn and N . McLelland ( eds ) , Flores Grammaticae : Essays in memory of Vivien Law ( Münster : Nodus ) , pp . 211–19 . - On Jevons’s logical machine . Edward Adolf Sonnenschein . Reprinted from the Proceedings of the Birmingham Philosophical Society , Vol . IV , Part 1 . A paper read before the Society , 13 December 1883 - Sonnenschein Family details

/wiki/Edward_Adolf_Sonnenschein#P108#2

Which employer did Edward Adolf Sonnenschein work for in Oct 1912?

Edward Adolf Sonnenschein Edward Adolf Sonnenschein ( 20 November 1851 – 2 September 1929 , Bath ) was an English classical scholar and writer on Latin grammar and verse . Career . Sonnenschein was educated at University College School and then in 1868 at University College London . He was appointed Oxford professor of Greek and Latin at Mason College ( afterwards the University of Birmingham ) in 1883 , staying there until 1918 . He was a Plautine scholar , publishing editions of Captivi ( 1879 ) , Mostellaria ( 1884 ) , and Rudens ( 1891 ) . He took up the reform of grammar teaching , and published the Parallel Grammar series . With John Percival Postgate , he founded the Classical Association in 1903 . Much of his grammatical research was summed up in The Unity of the Latin Subjunctive ( 1910 ) and The Soul of Grammar ( 1927 ) . He insisted upon the humanities taking their proper place in the modern university , and took up the question of war-guilt during the European war ; he was a very exact scholar . Family . Sonnenschein was born in London in 1851 , the eldest son of a teacher , Adolphus ( Adolf ) Sonnenschein from Moravia ( now part of the Czech Republic ) and Sarah Robinson Stallybrass . Edward Adolf Sonnenschein married Edith Annesley Bolton ( 1854–1943 ) and they had three children : Edward Jamie , who later took the surname Somerset ; Christopher Edward , who was killed in a mountaineering accident in Switzerland on 22 February 1914 ; and Edward Oliver , who survived the sinking of HMS Pathfinder in 1914 , and later took his grandmothers surname Stallybrass . ( Because of the hostility to Germans during the First World War , two of his sons changed their surnames to English names. ) Swan Sonnenschein , publishers . William Swan Sonnenschein ( 1855–1934 ) , Adolfus Sonnenscheins third son and Edwards younger brother , founded the family publishing firm that was to become known as Swan Sonnenschein . As a young man William was apprenticed to the firm of Williams and Norgate , where he gained experience of second hand bookselling before founding his own company , W . Swan Sonnenschein & Allen , with the first of several partners , J . Archibald Allen , in 1878 . This partnership was dissolved in 1882 when William married and the firms name changed to W Swan Sonnenschein & Co . The firm published general literature and periodicals but specialized in sociology and politics . Sonnenschein was involved with the Ethical Society and published their literature . In 1895 Swan Sonnenschein became a limited liability company , and in 1902 William Swan Sonnenschein left to work at George Routledge and Sons , and later at Kegan Paul . Swan Sonnenschein was amalgamated with George Allen & Co in 1911 . He changed his German surname during the First World War to Stallybrass . He died in 1934 . Academic life and work . Sonnenschein was an influential classical scholar during his time at Mason College between 1883 and 1918 , where he wrote prolifically . He edited several plays by Plautus , and collaborated with John Percival Postgate , forming the Classical Association in 1903 , becoming its Secretary . He contributed to the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica ( designated by the initials E . A . So. ) . His views differed from Otto Jespersen ( 1860–1943 ) a Danish linguist , which he explained in his 1927 book , The Soul of Grammar , as his answer to Jespersens 1924 Philosophy of Grammar . C . T . Onions , the last editor of the original Oxford English Dictionary , was one of his pupils . Works . - T . Macci Plavti Rvdens by Titus Maccius Plautus , 38 editions between 1891 and 1989 . - Mostellaria by Titus Maccius Plautus , 23 editions between 1884 and 1970 . - The Soul of Grammar , 5 editions between 1927 and 1929 . - A new English Grammar based on the recommendations of the Joint Committee on Grammatical Terminology , 17 editions between 1916 and 1962 . - Through German Eyes , 11 editions between 1914 and 1915 . - T . Macci Plauti Captivi by Titus Maccius Plautus , 30 editions between 1879 and 1903 . - Bentleys Plautine emendations from his copy of Gronovius by Richard Bentley , 6 editions between 1883 and 1963 . - A New Latin Grammar : based on the recommendations of the Joint Committee on Grammatical Terminology , 11 editions between 1912 and 1925 . - A Greek Grammar for Schools ; based on the principles and requirements of the Grammatical Society , 18 editions between 1898 and 1929 . - The Unity of the Latin Subjunctive : a quest . Being a paper read in abstract before the Classical Association , 2 editions in 1910 . - Ora Maritima ; a Latin story for beginners , 10 editions between 1902 and 1927 . - Recommendations of the Classical Association on the teaching of Latin and Greek , 2 editions in 1912 . - What is Rhythm ? An essay , 2 editions in 1925 . - The Gateway ; a book of Latin composition for middle forms , 4 editions in 1924 . Sources . - The Oxford Concise Dictionary of National Biography : Sonnenschein , Edward Adolf ( 1851-1929 ) . - Sonnenschein , Edward Adolf ( 1907 ) , Whos Who , 59 : pp . 1643–1644 . - Edward Adolf Sonnenschein and the politics of linguistic authority in England 1880–1930 , in A . Linn and N . McLelland ( eds ) , Flores Grammaticae : Essays in memory of Vivien Law ( Münster : Nodus ) , pp . 211–19 . - On Jevons’s logical machine . Edward Adolf Sonnenschein . Reprinted from the Proceedings of the Birmingham Philosophical Society , Vol . IV , Part 1 . A paper read before the Society , 13 December 1883 - Sonnenschein Family details

/wiki/Teodor_Atanasiu#P39#0

Which position did Teodor Atanasiu hold before Jun 2004?

Teodor Atanasiu Teodor Atanasiu ( ; born 23 September 1962 ) is a Romanian engineer and politician . A member of the National Liberal Party ( PNL ) , he was Minister of National Defence in the Călin Popescu-Tăriceanu cabinet from December 2004 to October 2006 . He was a member of the Romanian Chamber of Deputies for Alba County from 2008 to 2016 . He and his first wife had one daughter before divorcing in 2005 after twenty years of marriage . Soon afterward , he married Laura Bișboacă , a 25-year-old employee of the Alba County Council whom Atanasiu brought to Bucharest as an adviser at the Defence Ministry after being named to head that institution . The two married shortly thereafter , and have one daughter . Atanasiu later drew controversy for having Bișboacăs brother hired at the Agriculture Ministry ( then controlled by a PNL colleague ) and at the Authority for State Assets Recovery once Atanasiu was in charge there ; as well as giving out jobs to his best man and business partner and to a business partner of his wifes . Biography . Early career . He was born in Cugir , Alba County and from 1982 to 1987 attended the Vehicle Construction Technology section of the Technical University of Cluj-Napocas Mechanics Faculty . From 1987 to 1995 , he was an engineer at the mechanical plant in his native town , serving as chief of production from 1995 to 1996 and as director from 1997 to 2001 . From 1994 to 1996 , he belonged to the administrative council of another factory there , while heading a water company in Alba Iulia from 1996 to 1997 . From 1997 to 2000 , he was on the administrative council of the former State Property Fund , and from 2001 to June 2004 , he administered a Dinu Patriciu-owned , Rompetrol subsidiary , pipe manufacturer in Sibiu . Atanasiu entered politics shortly after the 1989 Revolution , joining the PNL in February 1990 . From the following month until 1992 , he was secretary of the partys Cugir organisation , and its president from 1992 to 1993 . Since 1993 , he has been president of the Alba County PNL chapter . From 1992 to 1996 , he was a member of the Cugir town council , and in 1996 joined the Alba County Council , of which he was president from June to December 2004 . He was on the PNLs permanent central bureau from 2001 to 2002 and from 2005 to 2006 , also serving as a party vice president from 2006 to 2008 . Defence Minister . He was named Defence Minister at the end of 2004 , among the cited reasons being his work at the Cugir plant ( which specialised in military equipment ) and his co-authorship in 2000 of a strategy for restructuring Romanias defence industry . Among his initiatives as minister were a reorganisation of the ministry , including a fight against corruption there and an elimination of redundancies ; rest homes for combatants and houses for soldiers ; and compensatory pay for personnel dismissed as part of an ongoing reduction in size of the Romanian Armed Forces . He also promoted a law ending conscription from 2007 , a change he said would promote stability and discipline . He was in office during severe flooding in 2005 that the Army helped combat . He promoted a close strategic partnership with the United States , including a plan for building American military bases in Romania . However , despite affirming his commitment to Romanias participation in both the Iraq War and the War in Afghanistan in 2005 , the following year he sought Romanias withdrawal from Iraq , a decision opposed and blocked by President Traian Băsescu . Other controversies came when he implied but later backed away from the possibility of intervening militarily in Transnistrias frozen conflict ; and when he disciplined crew members of the Romanian frigate Regina Maria who went on a hunger strike . Atanasius downfall as minister began in July 2006 , when he remarked on television that the military intelligence service was spying on the presidential administration , and specifically on spokeswoman Adriana Săftoiu . This prompted Săftoiu to sue him for abuse of office , In September , by which time the Social Democratic parliamentarian Eugen Bejinariu had also sued , Băsescu suspended the minister , citing the need to avoid any suspicion that the investigation might be compromised . The PNL objected to the decision , with Tăriceanu calling the step legal but not obligatory , and party spokesman Varujan Vosganian viewing it as retaliation for his Iraq stance . Shortly thereafter , prosecutors decided not to pursue charges , but Atanasiu remained suspended and in late October , with Băsescu poised to dismiss him , resigned , despite a vow several days earlier to stay on until a judicial request he had made to be reinstated was resolved . Subsequent developments . Tăriceanu immediately named Atanasiu head of the Authority for State Assets Recovery ( AVAS ) , a position he held until December 2008 . He resigned because he had just been elected to the Chamber of Deputies , where he served until September 2009 on the economics , reform and privatisation committee , and continues to serve on the joint parliamentary committee providing oversight to the activities of the Romanian Intelligence Service . At the 2012 local election , he ran for president of the Alba County Council , coming in second with 40.5% of the vote and losing to the Democratic Liberal Party incumbent , the only one of his party to win such a post at the election . That autumn , he was returned to parliament . In late 2014 , he was a candidate for the PNL presidency , but withdrew from the race shortly before it was decided , casting his support behind the winner , Alina Gorghiu . Atanasiu ran for a Buzău County seat in the Senate at the 2016 election , but lost .

/wiki/Teodor_Atanasiu#P39#1

Which position did Teodor Atanasiu hold between Feb 2006 and Jun 2006?

Teodor Atanasiu Teodor Atanasiu ( ; born 23 September 1962 ) is a Romanian engineer and politician . A member of the National Liberal Party ( PNL ) , he was Minister of National Defence in the Călin Popescu-Tăriceanu cabinet from December 2004 to October 2006 . He was a member of the Romanian Chamber of Deputies for Alba County from 2008 to 2016 . He and his first wife had one daughter before divorcing in 2005 after twenty years of marriage . Soon afterward , he married Laura Bișboacă , a 25-year-old employee of the Alba County Council whom Atanasiu brought to Bucharest as an adviser at the Defence Ministry after being named to head that institution . The two married shortly thereafter , and have one daughter . Atanasiu later drew controversy for having Bișboacăs brother hired at the Agriculture Ministry ( then controlled by a PNL colleague ) and at the Authority for State Assets Recovery once Atanasiu was in charge there ; as well as giving out jobs to his best man and business partner and to a business partner of his wifes . Biography . Early career . He was born in Cugir , Alba County and from 1982 to 1987 attended the Vehicle Construction Technology section of the Technical University of Cluj-Napocas Mechanics Faculty . From 1987 to 1995 , he was an engineer at the mechanical plant in his native town , serving as chief of production from 1995 to 1996 and as director from 1997 to 2001 . From 1994 to 1996 , he belonged to the administrative council of another factory there , while heading a water company in Alba Iulia from 1996 to 1997 . From 1997 to 2000 , he was on the administrative council of the former State Property Fund , and from 2001 to June 2004 , he administered a Dinu Patriciu-owned , Rompetrol subsidiary , pipe manufacturer in Sibiu . Atanasiu entered politics shortly after the 1989 Revolution , joining the PNL in February 1990 . From the following month until 1992 , he was secretary of the partys Cugir organisation , and its president from 1992 to 1993 . Since 1993 , he has been president of the Alba County PNL chapter . From 1992 to 1996 , he was a member of the Cugir town council , and in 1996 joined the Alba County Council , of which he was president from June to December 2004 . He was on the PNLs permanent central bureau from 2001 to 2002 and from 2005 to 2006 , also serving as a party vice president from 2006 to 2008 . Defence Minister . He was named Defence Minister at the end of 2004 , among the cited reasons being his work at the Cugir plant ( which specialised in military equipment ) and his co-authorship in 2000 of a strategy for restructuring Romanias defence industry . Among his initiatives as minister were a reorganisation of the ministry , including a fight against corruption there and an elimination of redundancies ; rest homes for combatants and houses for soldiers ; and compensatory pay for personnel dismissed as part of an ongoing reduction in size of the Romanian Armed Forces . He also promoted a law ending conscription from 2007 , a change he said would promote stability and discipline . He was in office during severe flooding in 2005 that the Army helped combat . He promoted a close strategic partnership with the United States , including a plan for building American military bases in Romania . However , despite affirming his commitment to Romanias participation in both the Iraq War and the War in Afghanistan in 2005 , the following year he sought Romanias withdrawal from Iraq , a decision opposed and blocked by President Traian Băsescu . Other controversies came when he implied but later backed away from the possibility of intervening militarily in Transnistrias frozen conflict ; and when he disciplined crew members of the Romanian frigate Regina Maria who went on a hunger strike . Atanasius downfall as minister began in July 2006 , when he remarked on television that the military intelligence service was spying on the presidential administration , and specifically on spokeswoman Adriana Săftoiu . This prompted Săftoiu to sue him for abuse of office , In September , by which time the Social Democratic parliamentarian Eugen Bejinariu had also sued , Băsescu suspended the minister , citing the need to avoid any suspicion that the investigation might be compromised . The PNL objected to the decision , with Tăriceanu calling the step legal but not obligatory , and party spokesman Varujan Vosganian viewing it as retaliation for his Iraq stance . Shortly thereafter , prosecutors decided not to pursue charges , but Atanasiu remained suspended and in late October , with Băsescu poised to dismiss him , resigned , despite a vow several days earlier to stay on until a judicial request he had made to be reinstated was resolved . Subsequent developments . Tăriceanu immediately named Atanasiu head of the Authority for State Assets Recovery ( AVAS ) , a position he held until December 2008 . He resigned because he had just been elected to the Chamber of Deputies , where he served until September 2009 on the economics , reform and privatisation committee , and continues to serve on the joint parliamentary committee providing oversight to the activities of the Romanian Intelligence Service . At the 2012 local election , he ran for president of the Alba County Council , coming in second with 40.5% of the vote and losing to the Democratic Liberal Party incumbent , the only one of his party to win such a post at the election . That autumn , he was returned to parliament . In late 2014 , he was a candidate for the PNL presidency , but withdrew from the race shortly before it was decided , casting his support behind the winner , Alina Gorghiu . Atanasiu ran for a Buzău County seat in the Senate at the 2016 election , but lost .

/wiki/Teodor_Atanasiu#P39#2

Which position did Teodor Atanasiu hold in May 2010?

Teodor Atanasiu Teodor Atanasiu ( ; born 23 September 1962 ) is a Romanian engineer and politician . A member of the National Liberal Party ( PNL ) , he was Minister of National Defence in the Călin Popescu-Tăriceanu cabinet from December 2004 to October 2006 . He was a member of the Romanian Chamber of Deputies for Alba County from 2008 to 2016 . He and his first wife had one daughter before divorcing in 2005 after twenty years of marriage . Soon afterward , he married Laura Bișboacă , a 25-year-old employee of the Alba County Council whom Atanasiu brought to Bucharest as an adviser at the Defence Ministry after being named to head that institution . The two married shortly thereafter , and have one daughter . Atanasiu later drew controversy for having Bișboacăs brother hired at the Agriculture Ministry ( then controlled by a PNL colleague ) and at the Authority for State Assets Recovery once Atanasiu was in charge there ; as well as giving out jobs to his best man and business partner and to a business partner of his wifes . Biography . Early career . He was born in Cugir , Alba County and from 1982 to 1987 attended the Vehicle Construction Technology section of the Technical University of Cluj-Napocas Mechanics Faculty . From 1987 to 1995 , he was an engineer at the mechanical plant in his native town , serving as chief of production from 1995 to 1996 and as director from 1997 to 2001 . From 1994 to 1996 , he belonged to the administrative council of another factory there , while heading a water company in Alba Iulia from 1996 to 1997 . From 1997 to 2000 , he was on the administrative council of the former State Property Fund , and from 2001 to June 2004 , he administered a Dinu Patriciu-owned , Rompetrol subsidiary , pipe manufacturer in Sibiu . Atanasiu entered politics shortly after the 1989 Revolution , joining the PNL in February 1990 . From the following month until 1992 , he was secretary of the partys Cugir organisation , and its president from 1992 to 1993 . Since 1993 , he has been president of the Alba County PNL chapter . From 1992 to 1996 , he was a member of the Cugir town council , and in 1996 joined the Alba County Council , of which he was president from June to December 2004 . He was on the PNLs permanent central bureau from 2001 to 2002 and from 2005 to 2006 , also serving as a party vice president from 2006 to 2008 . Defence Minister . He was named Defence Minister at the end of 2004 , among the cited reasons being his work at the Cugir plant ( which specialised in military equipment ) and his co-authorship in 2000 of a strategy for restructuring Romanias defence industry . Among his initiatives as minister were a reorganisation of the ministry , including a fight against corruption there and an elimination of redundancies ; rest homes for combatants and houses for soldiers ; and compensatory pay for personnel dismissed as part of an ongoing reduction in size of the Romanian Armed Forces . He also promoted a law ending conscription from 2007 , a change he said would promote stability and discipline . He was in office during severe flooding in 2005 that the Army helped combat . He promoted a close strategic partnership with the United States , including a plan for building American military bases in Romania . However , despite affirming his commitment to Romanias participation in both the Iraq War and the War in Afghanistan in 2005 , the following year he sought Romanias withdrawal from Iraq , a decision opposed and blocked by President Traian Băsescu . Other controversies came when he implied but later backed away from the possibility of intervening militarily in Transnistrias frozen conflict ; and when he disciplined crew members of the Romanian frigate Regina Maria who went on a hunger strike . Atanasius downfall as minister began in July 2006 , when he remarked on television that the military intelligence service was spying on the presidential administration , and specifically on spokeswoman Adriana Săftoiu . This prompted Săftoiu to sue him for abuse of office , In September , by which time the Social Democratic parliamentarian Eugen Bejinariu had also sued , Băsescu suspended the minister , citing the need to avoid any suspicion that the investigation might be compromised . The PNL objected to the decision , with Tăriceanu calling the step legal but not obligatory , and party spokesman Varujan Vosganian viewing it as retaliation for his Iraq stance . Shortly thereafter , prosecutors decided not to pursue charges , but Atanasiu remained suspended and in late October , with Băsescu poised to dismiss him , resigned , despite a vow several days earlier to stay on until a judicial request he had made to be reinstated was resolved . Subsequent developments . Tăriceanu immediately named Atanasiu head of the Authority for State Assets Recovery ( AVAS ) , a position he held until December 2008 . He resigned because he had just been elected to the Chamber of Deputies , where he served until September 2009 on the economics , reform and privatisation committee , and continues to serve on the joint parliamentary committee providing oversight to the activities of the Romanian Intelligence Service . At the 2012 local election , he ran for president of the Alba County Council , coming in second with 40.5% of the vote and losing to the Democratic Liberal Party incumbent , the only one of his party to win such a post at the election . That autumn , he was returned to parliament . In late 2014 , he was a candidate for the PNL presidency , but withdrew from the race shortly before it was decided , casting his support behind the winner , Alina Gorghiu . Atanasiu ran for a Buzău County seat in the Senate at the 2016 election , but lost .

/wiki/Teodor_Atanasiu#P39#3

Which position did Teodor Atanasiu hold between Jan 2015 and Feb 2015?

Teodor Atanasiu Teodor Atanasiu ( ; born 23 September 1962 ) is a Romanian engineer and politician . A member of the National Liberal Party ( PNL ) , he was Minister of National Defence in the Călin Popescu-Tăriceanu cabinet from December 2004 to October 2006 . He was a member of the Romanian Chamber of Deputies for Alba County from 2008 to 2016 . He and his first wife had one daughter before divorcing in 2005 after twenty years of marriage . Soon afterward , he married Laura Bișboacă , a 25-year-old employee of the Alba County Council whom Atanasiu brought to Bucharest as an adviser at the Defence Ministry after being named to head that institution . The two married shortly thereafter , and have one daughter . Atanasiu later drew controversy for having Bișboacăs brother hired at the Agriculture Ministry ( then controlled by a PNL colleague ) and at the Authority for State Assets Recovery once Atanasiu was in charge there ; as well as giving out jobs to his best man and business partner and to a business partner of his wifes . Biography . Early career . He was born in Cugir , Alba County and from 1982 to 1987 attended the Vehicle Construction Technology section of the Technical University of Cluj-Napocas Mechanics Faculty . From 1987 to 1995 , he was an engineer at the mechanical plant in his native town , serving as chief of production from 1995 to 1996 and as director from 1997 to 2001 . From 1994 to 1996 , he belonged to the administrative council of another factory there , while heading a water company in Alba Iulia from 1996 to 1997 . From 1997 to 2000 , he was on the administrative council of the former State Property Fund , and from 2001 to June 2004 , he administered a Dinu Patriciu-owned , Rompetrol subsidiary , pipe manufacturer in Sibiu . Atanasiu entered politics shortly after the 1989 Revolution , joining the PNL in February 1990 . From the following month until 1992 , he was secretary of the partys Cugir organisation , and its president from 1992 to 1993 . Since 1993 , he has been president of the Alba County PNL chapter . From 1992 to 1996 , he was a member of the Cugir town council , and in 1996 joined the Alba County Council , of which he was president from June to December 2004 . He was on the PNLs permanent central bureau from 2001 to 2002 and from 2005 to 2006 , also serving as a party vice president from 2006 to 2008 . Defence Minister . He was named Defence Minister at the end of 2004 , among the cited reasons being his work at the Cugir plant ( which specialised in military equipment ) and his co-authorship in 2000 of a strategy for restructuring Romanias defence industry . Among his initiatives as minister were a reorganisation of the ministry , including a fight against corruption there and an elimination of redundancies ; rest homes for combatants and houses for soldiers ; and compensatory pay for personnel dismissed as part of an ongoing reduction in size of the Romanian Armed Forces . He also promoted a law ending conscription from 2007 , a change he said would promote stability and discipline . He was in office during severe flooding in 2005 that the Army helped combat . He promoted a close strategic partnership with the United States , including a plan for building American military bases in Romania . However , despite affirming his commitment to Romanias participation in both the Iraq War and the War in Afghanistan in 2005 , the following year he sought Romanias withdrawal from Iraq , a decision opposed and blocked by President Traian Băsescu . Other controversies came when he implied but later backed away from the possibility of intervening militarily in Transnistrias frozen conflict ; and when he disciplined crew members of the Romanian frigate Regina Maria who went on a hunger strike . Atanasius downfall as minister began in July 2006 , when he remarked on television that the military intelligence service was spying on the presidential administration , and specifically on spokeswoman Adriana Săftoiu . This prompted Săftoiu to sue him for abuse of office , In September , by which time the Social Democratic parliamentarian Eugen Bejinariu had also sued , Băsescu suspended the minister , citing the need to avoid any suspicion that the investigation might be compromised . The PNL objected to the decision , with Tăriceanu calling the step legal but not obligatory , and party spokesman Varujan Vosganian viewing it as retaliation for his Iraq stance . Shortly thereafter , prosecutors decided not to pursue charges , but Atanasiu remained suspended and in late October , with Băsescu poised to dismiss him , resigned , despite a vow several days earlier to stay on until a judicial request he had made to be reinstated was resolved . Subsequent developments . Tăriceanu immediately named Atanasiu head of the Authority for State Assets Recovery ( AVAS ) , a position he held until December 2008 . He resigned because he had just been elected to the Chamber of Deputies , where he served until September 2009 on the economics , reform and privatisation committee , and continues to serve on the joint parliamentary committee providing oversight to the activities of the Romanian Intelligence Service . At the 2012 local election , he ran for president of the Alba County Council , coming in second with 40.5% of the vote and losing to the Democratic Liberal Party incumbent , the only one of his party to win such a post at the election . That autumn , he was returned to parliament . In late 2014 , he was a candidate for the PNL presidency , but withdrew from the race shortly before it was decided , casting his support behind the winner , Alina Gorghiu . Atanasiu ran for a Buzău County seat in the Senate at the 2016 election , but lost .

/wiki/Esther_Ayuso#P551#0

Where did Esther Ayuso live in Jan 1976?

Esther Ayuso Esther Ayuso , ( born November 1958 ) was the first female Belizean architect . She is known for her designs to improve hospitals in Belize including Belize Medical Associates , the Cleopatra White Polyclinic , Matron Robert polyclinic , the Hoy Eye Clinic and the PICU/NICU wing of Karl Heusner Memorial Hospital due to be completed in 2015 . She has served as a Senator and as the Chair of the National Womens Commission , as well as the Belizean delegate to the Inter-American Commission of Women . In 2015 she was awarded the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire for contributions to the community . Early life and education . Esther Josefina Ayuso was born in Caracas , Venezuela , to Josefina ( née Medero ) , a banking clerk , and Oscar Ayuso , a Belizean banking official with the Royal Bank of Canada . Shortly after her birth , the family returned to Belize City in British Honduras . There she would later attend St . Catherine’s Academy High School , graduating in 1975 . That same year she travelled to Caracas with the aim of becoming an architect , but due to differing matriculation requirements for Venezuelan colleges , she was told she had to resit several high-school level courses to successfully secure admission and study at Universidad Central de Venezuela . She diligently pursued all necessary entry requirements , completing all necessary coursework in just two years and securing entry into the architectural program at UCV . In 1983 she graduated with a technological architectural degree . Returning to Belize , she was unable to find immediate work and returned to Venezuela in 1983 . There she met and married a fellow architect , with whom she welcomed two sons in 1990 and 1991 , respectively . The family remained in Caracas until the 1992 Venezuelan coup détat attempts . Returning to her home country of Belize , Ayuso initially secured employment at Professional Engineering Services as an architectural associate , where she remained until 1995 when she and her husband opened their private architectural practice , Arcade Ltd . Besides residences , Ayuso is known for her public works projects which include the expansion of Belize Medical Associates from a small private clinic into a hospital ; remodeling of the Cleopatra White and Matron Robert polyclinics ; and work on the Hoy Eye Clinic and several branches of Atlantic Bank Ltd . In 1996 , the couple welcomed their third son . During Hurricane Keith in 2000 , Arcade Ltd . suffered severe damages and the couple shifted their attention and expertise to the field of architectural and construction consultation . In 2006 , Ayuso was appointed by Prime Minister Dean Barrow to serve as a Senator . In 2008 , after serving two years on the Senate , Ayuso was appointed chair of the newly organized National Womens Commission ( NWC ) . That same year she was also appointed to serve as Belizes delegate to the Inter-American Commission of Women , a post she still maintains . Under her leadership of the NWC , the commission undertook a study to update the National Gender Policy , held several symposia on developing a Gender Studies program in Belize , and conducted a Women in Politics Project to educate women about politics and holding elected office . Ayuso was one of the founding members of the Belize City Local Building Authority that was organized in 2009 . The Authority was created to stabilize building code enforcement and help the city council draft zoning and safety regulations . In 2011 , ground was broken for a Pediatric intensive care unit at Karl Heusner Memorial Hospital , which was designed by Ayuso . It is projected that the construction will be completed and the PICU and NICU wings will be fully operational by December 2015 . In 2015 Ayuso was appointed an Officer of The Order of the British Empire for contributions to the Belizean community and her dedication to womens rights .

/wiki/Esther_Ayuso#P551#1

Where did Esther Ayuso live in Oct 1989?

Esther Ayuso Esther Ayuso , ( born November 1958 ) was the first female Belizean architect . She is known for her designs to improve hospitals in Belize including Belize Medical Associates , the Cleopatra White Polyclinic , Matron Robert polyclinic , the Hoy Eye Clinic and the PICU/NICU wing of Karl Heusner Memorial Hospital due to be completed in 2015 . She has served as a Senator and as the Chair of the National Womens Commission , as well as the Belizean delegate to the Inter-American Commission of Women . In 2015 she was awarded the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire for contributions to the community . Early life and education . Esther Josefina Ayuso was born in Caracas , Venezuela , to Josefina ( née Medero ) , a banking clerk , and Oscar Ayuso , a Belizean banking official with the Royal Bank of Canada . Shortly after her birth , the family returned to Belize City in British Honduras . There she would later attend St . Catherine’s Academy High School , graduating in 1975 . That same year she travelled to Caracas with the aim of becoming an architect , but due to differing matriculation requirements for Venezuelan colleges , she was told she had to resit several high-school level courses to successfully secure admission and study at Universidad Central de Venezuela . She diligently pursued all necessary entry requirements , completing all necessary coursework in just two years and securing entry into the architectural program at UCV . In 1983 she graduated with a technological architectural degree . Returning to Belize , she was unable to find immediate work and returned to Venezuela in 1983 . There she met and married a fellow architect , with whom she welcomed two sons in 1990 and 1991 , respectively . The family remained in Caracas until the 1992 Venezuelan coup détat attempts . Returning to her home country of Belize , Ayuso initially secured employment at Professional Engineering Services as an architectural associate , where she remained until 1995 when she and her husband opened their private architectural practice , Arcade Ltd . Besides residences , Ayuso is known for her public works projects which include the expansion of Belize Medical Associates from a small private clinic into a hospital ; remodeling of the Cleopatra White and Matron Robert polyclinics ; and work on the Hoy Eye Clinic and several branches of Atlantic Bank Ltd . In 1996 , the couple welcomed their third son . During Hurricane Keith in 2000 , Arcade Ltd . suffered severe damages and the couple shifted their attention and expertise to the field of architectural and construction consultation . In 2006 , Ayuso was appointed by Prime Minister Dean Barrow to serve as a Senator . In 2008 , after serving two years on the Senate , Ayuso was appointed chair of the newly organized National Womens Commission ( NWC ) . That same year she was also appointed to serve as Belizes delegate to the Inter-American Commission of Women , a post she still maintains . Under her leadership of the NWC , the commission undertook a study to update the National Gender Policy , held several symposia on developing a Gender Studies program in Belize , and conducted a Women in Politics Project to educate women about politics and holding elected office . Ayuso was one of the founding members of the Belize City Local Building Authority that was organized in 2009 . The Authority was created to stabilize building code enforcement and help the city council draft zoning and safety regulations . In 2011 , ground was broken for a Pediatric intensive care unit at Karl Heusner Memorial Hospital , which was designed by Ayuso . It is projected that the construction will be completed and the PICU and NICU wings will be fully operational by December 2015 . In 2015 Ayuso was appointed an Officer of The Order of the British Empire for contributions to the Belizean community and her dedication to womens rights .

/wiki/Esther_Ayuso#P551#2

Where did Esther Ayuso live in Mar 1992?

Esther Ayuso Esther Ayuso , ( born November 1958 ) was the first female Belizean architect . She is known for her designs to improve hospitals in Belize including Belize Medical Associates , the Cleopatra White Polyclinic , Matron Robert polyclinic , the Hoy Eye Clinic and the PICU/NICU wing of Karl Heusner Memorial Hospital due to be completed in 2015 . She has served as a Senator and as the Chair of the National Womens Commission , as well as the Belizean delegate to the Inter-American Commission of Women . In 2015 she was awarded the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire for contributions to the community . Early life and education . Esther Josefina Ayuso was born in Caracas , Venezuela , to Josefina ( née Medero ) , a banking clerk , and Oscar Ayuso , a Belizean banking official with the Royal Bank of Canada . Shortly after her birth , the family returned to Belize City in British Honduras . There she would later attend St . Catherine’s Academy High School , graduating in 1975 . That same year she travelled to Caracas with the aim of becoming an architect , but due to differing matriculation requirements for Venezuelan colleges , she was told she had to resit several high-school level courses to successfully secure admission and study at Universidad Central de Venezuela . She diligently pursued all necessary entry requirements , completing all necessary coursework in just two years and securing entry into the architectural program at UCV . In 1983 she graduated with a technological architectural degree . Returning to Belize , she was unable to find immediate work and returned to Venezuela in 1983 . There she met and married a fellow architect , with whom she welcomed two sons in 1990 and 1991 , respectively . The family remained in Caracas until the 1992 Venezuelan coup détat attempts . Returning to her home country of Belize , Ayuso initially secured employment at Professional Engineering Services as an architectural associate , where she remained until 1995 when she and her husband opened their private architectural practice , Arcade Ltd . Besides residences , Ayuso is known for her public works projects which include the expansion of Belize Medical Associates from a small private clinic into a hospital ; remodeling of the Cleopatra White and Matron Robert polyclinics ; and work on the Hoy Eye Clinic and several branches of Atlantic Bank Ltd . In 1996 , the couple welcomed their third son . During Hurricane Keith in 2000 , Arcade Ltd . suffered severe damages and the couple shifted their attention and expertise to the field of architectural and construction consultation . In 2006 , Ayuso was appointed by Prime Minister Dean Barrow to serve as a Senator . In 2008 , after serving two years on the Senate , Ayuso was appointed chair of the newly organized National Womens Commission ( NWC ) . That same year she was also appointed to serve as Belizes delegate to the Inter-American Commission of Women , a post she still maintains . Under her leadership of the NWC , the commission undertook a study to update the National Gender Policy , held several symposia on developing a Gender Studies program in Belize , and conducted a Women in Politics Project to educate women about politics and holding elected office . Ayuso was one of the founding members of the Belize City Local Building Authority that was organized in 2009 . The Authority was created to stabilize building code enforcement and help the city council draft zoning and safety regulations . In 2011 , ground was broken for a Pediatric intensive care unit at Karl Heusner Memorial Hospital , which was designed by Ayuso . It is projected that the construction will be completed and the PICU and NICU wings will be fully operational by December 2015 . In 2015 Ayuso was appointed an Officer of The Order of the British Empire for contributions to the Belizean community and her dedication to womens rights .

/wiki/Chelyabinsk#P17#0

Which country did Chelyabinsk belong to between Mar 1860 and Aug 1905?

Chelyabinsk Chelyabinsk ( ) is a city and the administrative center of Chelyabinsk Oblast , Russia . It is the seventh-largest city in Russia by population , with 1,130,132 inhabitants as of the 2010 Census , and the second largest city in the Ural Federal District , after Yekaterinburg . Located in the northeast of the oblast , south of Yekaterinburg , the city is just to the east of the Ural Mountains . It sits on the Miass River , part of the border between Europe and Asia . The area of Chelyabinsk contained the ancient settlement of Arkaim , which belonged to the Sintashta culture . In 1736 , a fortress by the name of Chelyaba was founded on the site of a Bashkir village . Chelyabinsk was granted town status by 1787 . Chelyabinsk began to grow rapidly by the early 20th century as a result of the construction of railway links to European Russia and Siberia , including the Trans-Siberian Railway . Its population reached 70,000 by 1917 . Under the Soviet Union , Chelyabinsk became a major industrial centre during the 1930s . The Chelyabinsk Tractor Plant was built in 1933 . During World War II , the city was a major contributor to the manufacture of tanks and ammunition . Chelyabinsk remains an important industrial centre , especially heavy industries such as metallurgy and military production . It is home to several educational institutions , mainly South Ural State University and Chelyabinsk State University . In 2013 , the Chelyabinsk meteor exploded over the Ural Mountains , with fragments falling into and near the city . The blast of the explosion caused many hundreds of injuries , some of them serious , mostly caused by glass fragments from shattered windows . The Chelyabinsk Regional Museum contains fragments of the meteorite . History . Ancient Sintashta civilization . Archaeologists have discovered ruins of the ancient town of Arkaim in the vicinity of the city of Chelyabinsk . Ruins and artifacts in Arkaim and other sites in the region indicate a relatively advanced civilization existing in the area since the 2nd millennium BCE , which was of proto-Indo-Iranian origin . The Arkaim site , located in the Sintashta-Petrovka cultural area , was known by Russian archaeologists for at least 70 years , however it was mostly ignored by non-Russian anthropological circles . The borders of the Sintashta-Petrovka cultural area run along the eastern Urals of the Eurasian steppe to about 400 km south of Chelyabinsk and to the east for about 200 km . 23 archaeological sites are recognized as being part of this area . The sites resemble towns , laid out in round , square , or oval shapes . Although most of the sites have been discovered by aerial photography , only two , Arkaim and Sintashta , have been thoroughly excavated . These sites are characterized by their fortification , connected houses , and extensive evidence of metallurgy . The people of the Sintashta culture are thought to have spoken Proto-Indo-Iranian , the ancestor of the Indo-Iranian language family . This identification is based primarily on similarities between their language in comparison to sections of the Rigveda , and based on funerary rituals of the Sintashta culture , as revealed by archaeological studies in the area . Modern Russian history . The fortress of Chelyaba , from which the city takes its name , was founded at the location of the Bashkir village of Chelyaby ( ) by colonel Alexey ( Kutlu-Muhammed ) Tevkelev in 1736 to protect the surrounding trade routes from possible attacks by Bashkir outlaws . During Pugachevs Rebellion , the fortress withstood a siege by the rebel forces in 1774 , but was eventually captured for several months in 1775 . In 1782 , Chelyabinsk became a seat of the uyezd of Ufa Viceroyalty , which was later reformed into Orenburg Governorate . In 1787 , Chelyabinsk was granted town status by the government . Until the late 19th century , Chelyabinsk was a small provincial town . In 1892 , the Samara-Zlatoust Railway was completed , which connected it with Moscow and the rest of European Russia . Also in 1892 , construction of the Trans-Siberian Railway started from Chelyabinsk , and in 1896 , the city was linked to Ekaterinburg . Chelyabinsk then became the main hub for travel to Siberia . For fifteen years , more than fifteen million people - a tenth of Russias population at the time - passed through Chelyabinsk . Some of them remained in Chelyabinsk , which contributed to its rapid growth . In addition a so-called “customs fracture” was created in Chelyabinsk , which imposed duties on the shipment of goods between the European and Asian parts of Russia , which led to the emergence of mills and notably , a tea-packing factory . As a result , Chelyabinsk became a major trade center . Its population reached 20,000 inhabitants by 1897 , 45,000 by 1913 , and 70,000 by 1917 . Because of its rapid growth at the turn of the 20th century , similar to that of midwestern American cities , Chelyabinsk was sometimes called the Chicago of the Urals . During the first Five-Year Plans of the 1930s , Chelyabinsk experienced rapid industrial growth . Several important factories , including the Chelyabinsk Tractor Plant and the Chelyabinsk Metallurgical Plant , were built at this time . During World War II , Joseph Stalin decided to move a large part of Soviet manufacturing to areas removed from the reach of the advancing German military as part of a general exodus from western occupied areas . This brought new industries and thousands of workers to Chelyabinsk , including facilities for the production of T-34 tanks and Katyusha rocket launchers . During World War II , the citys industries produced 18,000 tanks and 48,500 tank diesel engines as well as over 17 million units of ammunition . During that time Chelyabinsk was informally called “Tankograd” ( English : “Tank City” ) . During World War II , the S.M . Kirov Factory no . 185 or “OKMO” was moved to Chelyabinsk from Leningrad to produce heavy tanks , although it was transferred to Omsk after 1962 . 2013 meteor . Shortly after dawn on February 15 , 2013 , a superbolide meteor descended at over over the Ural Mountains , exploding at an altitude of . The meteor created a momentary flash as bright as the sun and generated a shock wave that injured over a thousand people . Fragments fell in and around Chelyabinsk . Interior Ministry spokesman Vadim Kolesnikov said 1,100 people had called for medical assistance following the incident , mostly for treatment of injuries from broken glass by the explosions . One woman suffered a broken spine . Kolesnikov also said about of a roof at a zinc factory had collapsed . A spokeswoman for the Emergency Ministry told the Associated Press that there was a meteor shower ; however , another ministry spokeswoman was quoted by the Interfax news agency as saying it was a single meteor . The size has been estimated at diameter with a mass of 10,000 or 11,000 metric tons . The power of the explosion was about 500 kilotons of TNT ( about 1.8 PJ ) , which is 20–30 times more energy than was released from the atomic bomb detonated in Hiroshima . The city managed to avoid large casualties and destruction due to the high altitude of the explosion . Administrative and municipal status . Chelyabinsk is the administrative center of the oblast . Within the framework of administrative divisions , it is incorporated as the City of Chelyabinsk , an administrative unit with a status equal to that of the oblasts districts . As a municipal division , the City of Chelyabinsk is incorporated as Chelyabinsky Urban Okrug . In June 2014 , Chelyabinsks seven city districts were granted civil status . Administrative districts . Chelyabinsk is divided into seven administrative districts . Geography . Chelyabinsk is located east of the Ural Mountains , 200 km south of Yekaterinburg . It is elevated 200-250 meters above sea level . The city is bisected by the Miass River , which is regarded as the border between the Urals and Siberia . This is reflected in the geology of the area , with the granite foothills of the Ural Mountains to the west and the lower sedimentary rock of the West Siberian Plain to the east . The Leningrad bridge crosses the river , due to this it is known as “the bridge between the Urals and Siberia . Chelyabinsk itself is also known as the gateway to Siberia . Like Rome , Constantinople , San Francisco and Moscow , Chelyabinsk is said to be located on seven hills . Climate . The city has a Humid continental climate ( Köppen : Dfb ) similar to that of the Canadian prairies , despite the city being located further north . The average temperature in January is well below the freezing point at -14°C/6.6 °F . July has a relatively cool average of 19°C/66.7 °F , and the annual average is a few degrees above the freezing point at 3°C/37.8 °F , indicating some moderation . The range of extremes allegedly reaches 70°C/158 °F , claimed to be typical of a mid-latitude climate on a large continent such as Eurasia . The majority of precipitation occurs in the summer , with less in the winter . The month of July experiences the most , with an average 87mm/3.44<nowiki></nowiki> of precipitation , while January , the driest month , experiences 15mm/0.6<nowiki></nowiki> . Total precipitation reaches an average of 429mm/16.9<nowiki></nowiki> annually , consistent with the citys semi-arid climate . On average , 119 days of the year experience precipitation . Population . As of 2020 , the population of Chelyabinsk is 1,196,680 ; up from 1,130,132 recorded in the 2010 Census . At the time of the official 2010 Census , the ethnic makeup of the citys population whose ethnicity was known ( 1,082,269 ) was: . Cityscape . Architecture . The architecture of Chelyabinsk has been shaped through its history by the progression of historical eras in Russia . Before the 1917 Russian Revolution , the city was a trading center , with numerous merchant buildings in the eclectic and modern styles with elements of Russian Revival architecture , some of which are preserved on the pedestrian-only Kirovka Street . Industrialization in Chelyabinsk started in the late 1920s . The construction of large plants was accompanied by the construction of new residential and public buildings in the constructivist style . Entire constructivist neighborhoods can be seen in the area of the Chelyabinsk Tractor Plant . In the late 1930s , a new era began in the city , with large-scale construction of Stalinist architecture . Many of the buildings in and around the city center and central avenue are constructed in this style . The next 60 years saw extensive construction of residential high-rise buildings as the citys population rose to about one million , notably within the large residential area called Severo-Zapad ( English : North-West ) . With the market reforms of the 1990s , there was an increase in the construction of office buildings and major shopping malls in postmodern and high-tech styles . Parks and gardens . Chelyabinsk has seventeen public parks . The largest is Gagarin Central Park . Its territory includes large areas of rocky and forested terrain , located around several now-flooded abandoned quarries . Education . There are over a dozen universities in Chelyabinsk . The oldest , Chelyabinsk State Agroengineering Academy , was founded in 1930 , followed by the Chelyabinsk State Pedagogical University in 1934 . Major universities include South Ural State University , Chelyabinsk State University , South Ural State University of Arts , and Chelyabinsk Medical Academy . After World War II , Chelyabinsk became the main center of vocational education of the entire Ural region . Economy . Chelyabinsk is one of the major industrial centers of Russia . Heavy industries , especially metallurgy and military production , are predominant in the area , notably the Chelyabinsk Metallurgical Combinate ( CMK , ChMK ) , owned by the mining corporation Mechel . Other important industries include Chelyabinsk Tractor Plant ( CTZ , ChTZ ) , Chelyabinsk Electrode Plant ( ChEZ ) , the machine part-producing Chelyabinsk Forge-and-Press Plant ( ChKPZ ) , the crane-producing Chelyabinsk Mechanical Plant ( ChMZ ) , and Chelyabinsk Tube Rolling Plant ( ChTPZ ) , which is included in the Big Eight of pipe producers in Russia , and produces large-diameter pipes for use in pipelines . Chelyabinsk Zinc Plant , owned by the Ural Mining and Metallurgical Company , produces about 2% of the worlds zinc supply and over 60% of the Russian supply . Kolyuschenko Road Machinery Plant produces construction machinery and dump trucks for the American manufacturer Terex . Molnija Watch Factory produces pocket watches , as well as technical watches for use in aircraft and ships . In 1980 , Molnija watches were given as gifts to participants of the Moscow Olympic Games . The agro-industrial company Makfa , the largest producer of pasta in Russia , and one of the five largest producers in the world , is based in Chelyabinsk . The largest manufacturer of footwear in Russia , Unichel Footwear Firm , owns a factory in Chelyabinsk . Chelyabinsk is also home to the agricultural firm Ariant , which leads in the production of beverages and meat products in the Urals Federal District of Russia . The American corporation Emerson Electric owns part of the local company Metran , as well as a factory for the production of industrial equipment . In recent years , Chelyabinsk has had a significant role in other sectors of the Russian economy , hosting insurance firms , logistics centers , tourism , And important regional banking firms , such as Chelindbank and Chelyabinvestbank . There are several large shopping malls . The largest of them are Gorky ( English : Hills ) , built in 2007 with an area of 55,000 meters , and Rodnik ( English : Spring ) built in 2011 with an area 135,000 meters . At least two more are under construction : Almaz ( English : Diamond ) , and Cloud , beginning construction in 2015 and 2018 , with planned areas of 220,000 and 350,000 meters , respectively . Transportation . Public transport in Chelyabinsk consists of bus ( since 1925 ) , tram ( since 1932 ) and trolleybus ( since 1942 ) networks , as well as private marshrutka ( routed cab ) services . The city has several taxi companies . In 2014 in Chelyabinsk began to run electric buses , trolleybuses fitted to run electrically . In 2011 the telecommunications company Beeline and Chelyabinsk city transport signed an agreement to provide passengers free internet . Currently Wi-Fi is available in some public trams and trolleybuses in Chelyabinsk . Chelyabinsk started the construction of a three-line subway network in 1992 . The city is served by the Chelyabinsk Airport . Sports . Several sports clubs are active in the city : In recent history , Chelyabinsk has hosted several important sporting events , especially in martial arts . These events include the [ [ 2012 European Judo Championships ] ] , the [ [ 2014 World Judo Championships ] ] , and the 2015 [ [ World Taekwondo Championships ] ] . 2015 also saw Chelyabinsk host the [ [ European Speed Skating Championships ] ] . In 2018 , Chelyabinsk and nearby [ [ Magnitogorsk ] ] hosted the [ [ IIHF World U18 Championship ] ] . Culture . [ [ File:Публичная библиотека Челябинска.JPG|thumb|Chelyabinsk Regional Universal Scientific Library ] ] The city has several libraries , notably Chelyabinsk Regional Universal Scientific Library , the largest public library in the [ [ Chelyabinsk Oblast ] ] . The library has more than 2 million books , over 12,000 of which are rare , originating from the 17th to 19th centuries . [ [ File:Драм.театр им.Н.Орлова ( г.Челябинск ) 2.JPG|thumb|Nahum Orlov State Academic Drama Theater ] ] Chelyabinsk is home to several theaters , which include the Nahum Orlov State Academic Drama Theatre , the Glinka State Academic Opera and Ballet Theatre , Chelyabinsk State Chamber Theater , Chelyabinsk State Puppet Theater , Chelyabinsk State Youth Theatre , Mannequin Theater , Chelyabinsk New Arts Theatre , and Chelyabinsk Contemporary Dance Theatre . [ [ File:Концертный зал театра оперы.JPG|thumb|left|Concert Hall of the Glinka State Academic Opera and Ballet Theatre ] ] [ [ File:Краеведческий музей Челябинска.JPG|thumb|left|Chelyabinsk regional museum ] ] There are nine museums in Chelyabinsk . Chelyabinsk Regional Museum was founded in 1913 and holds about 300,000 exhibits . Important expositions include the Land of Cities exhibit relating to the 2nd and 3rd millennium BCE settlement of [ [ Arkaim ] ] , the 570 kg largest fragment of the [ [ Chelyabinsk meteor ] ] , ornate 19th and 20th century blades made by [ [ Zlatoust ] ] arms factory , exhibits of [ [ Kasli ] ] artistic cast iron , and much more . Chelyabinsk Regional Picture Gallery has more than 11,000 works . The museum displays collections of Russian , European , and international works originating from the Middle Ages to modern times . The museum has significant collections of religious [ [ icons ] ] from the 16th to 20th centuries , along with early printed books and manuscripts . The Museum of History of the [ [ South Urals Railway|Southern Ural Railway ] ] hosts more than 30 exhibits of equipment used on the railway after its opening in Chelyabinsk in 1892 . [ [ File:Vintage military truck of Russia.jpg|thumb|Museum of Military Equipment in the Garden of Victory ] ] [ [ File:Jielbeaumadier cerf sika zoo cheljabinsk 2006.jpeg|thumb|left| [ [ Sika deer ] ] in the Chelyabinsk Zoo ] ] [ [ File:Троицкая церковь 4.jpg|thumb|Holy Trinity Church ( 1914 ) ] ] The Museum of Military Equipment in the Garden of Victory was founded in 2007 . It has 16 exhibits , including models of [ [ T-34 ] ] and [ [ IS tank family|IS-3 ] ] tanks , along with [ [ Katyusha rocket launcher ] ] s produced in Chelyabinsk during World War II . In addition , the city is home to the Chelyabinsk Regional Geological Museum , the Malgobekskii Museum of Military and Labor Glory , the Chelyabinsk Postal Service Museum , and the Entertaining Sciences Museum Eksperimentus . Chelyabinsk Zoo is located in the central region of Chelyabinsk . It has an area of 30 hectares with more than 110 species of animals , of which more than 80 are listed in the [ [ Red Data Book of the Russian Federation ] ] . The zoo participates in international programs for the conservation of endangered species , including [ [ Amur tiger|amur ( siberian ) tigers ] ] , [ [ leopard|far eastern leopards ] ] and [ [ polar bears ] ] . The zoo holds regular sightseeing tours , lectures , exhibitions and celebrations . Other cultural attractions include the Chelyabinsk State Circus , the Chelyabinsk State Philarmonic Concert Hall named after [ [ Sergei Prokofiev ] ] , and Organ and Chamber Music Hall Rodina . Chelyabinsk is home to several churches built from the 19th to 21st centuries . Notable people . - [ [ Ariel ( Russian band ) |Ariel ] ] , Soviet pop rock band - [ [ Lera Auerbach ] ] ( born 1973 ) , composer and musician , born and grew up in Chelyabinsk - [ [ Svyatoslav Belza ] ] ( 1942–2014 ) , musical scholar , critic and essayist , born in Chelyabinsk - ( born 1943 ) , jazz musician , bandleader , composer , born and started his career in Chelyabinsk - [ [ Zhan Bush ] ] ( born 1993 ) , figure skater - [ [ Dmitry Shishkin ] ] born in 1992 Classical Pianist - [ [ Yekaterina Gamova ] ] ( born 1980 ) , Olympic volleyball player , born and grew up in Chelyabinsk - [ [ Makhmut Gareev ] ] ( 1923–2019 ) , historian and military scientist , born and grew up in Chelyabinsk - [ [ Viktor Khristenko ] ] ( born 1957 ) , politician and statesman born and grew up in Chelyabinsk - [ [ Igor Kurnosov ] ] ( 1985–2013 ) , chess grandmaster , born in Chelyabinsk - [ [ Oleg Mityaev ] ] ( born 1956 ) , singer-songwriter and actor , born , grew up , and came into prominence in Chelyabinsk - [ [ Vadim Muntagirov ] ] ( born 1990 ) , ballet dancer , born in Chelyabinsk - [ [ Staņislavs Olijars ] ] ( born 1979 ) , Latvian 110m hurdler , gold medallist at the [ [ 2006 European Athletics Championships ] ] , born in Chelyabinsk - [ [ Georgy Ratner ] ] ( 1923–2001 ) , surgeon , born in Chelyabinsk - [ [ Nelli Rokita ] ] ( born 1957 ) , Polish politician , born in Chelyabinsk - [ [ Eugene Roshal ] ] ( born 1972 ) , software developer , born in Chelyabinsk - [ [ Mariya Savinova ] ] ( born 1985 ) , Olympic athlete , born in Chelyabinsk - [ [ Galina Starovoytova ] ] ( 1946–1998 ) , politician and human rights activist , born in Chelyabinsk - [ [ Maksim Surayev ] ] ( born 1972 ) , cosmonaut , born in Chelyabinsk - [ [ Evgeny Sveshnikov ] ] ( born 1950 ) , chess grandmaster and writer , born and grew up in Chelyabinsk - [ [ Anna Trebunskaya ] ] ( born 1980 ) , ballroom and Latin dancer , born in Chelyabinsk - [ [ Ivan Ukhov ] ] ( born 1986 ) , Olympic high jumper , born in Chelyabinsk - [ [ Mikhail Yurevich ] ] ( born 1969 ) , businessman , politician , born in Chelyabinsk - [ [ Mikhail Koklyaev ] ] ( born 1978 ) , Russian strongman competitor Ice hockey players . - [ [ Sergei Babinov ] ] ( born 1955 ) , Soviet player , [ [ Canada Cup ] ] champion - [ [ Vyacheslav Bykov ] ] ( born 1960 ) , Soviet player - [ [ Stanislav Chistov ] ] ( born 1983 ) , [ [ National Hockey League|NHL ] ] and [ [ Kontinental Hockey League|KHL ] ] player - [ [ Evgeny Davydov ] ] ( born 1967 ) , NHL player , USSR champion - [ [ Sergei Gonchar ] ] ( born 1974 ) , NHL player , [ [ Stanley Cup ] ] champion - [ [ Dmitri Kalinin ] ] ( born 1980 ) , NHL and KHL player , [ [ Gagarin Cup ] ] champion - [ [ Alexandra Vafina ] ] ( born 1990 ) , Russian Olympic ice hockey player ( 2010 , 2014 ) - [ [ Evgeny Kuznetsov ] ] ( born 1992 ) , NHL and KHL player , [ [ Stanley Cup ] ] champion - [ [ Sergei Makarov ( ice hockey ) |Sergei Makarov ] ] ( born 1958 ) , NHL player - [ [ Andrei Nazarov ] ] ( born 1974 ) , NHL player and KHL coach - [ [ Nikita Nesterov ] ] ( born 1993 ) , NHL and KHL player - [ [ Valeri Nichushkin ] ] ( born 1995 ) , NHL and KHL player - [ [ Valeri Karpov ] ] ( 1971–2014 ) , [ [ Russian Superleague ] ] and NHL player - [ [ Dmitri Tertyshny ] ] ( 1976–1999 ) , [ [ Russian Superleague ] ] and NHL player - [ [ Slava Voynov ] ] ( born 1990 ) , NHL player , [ [ Stanley Cup ] ] champion - [ [ Danil Yerdakov ] ] ( born 1989 ) , KHL player - [ [ Danis Zaripov ] ] ( born 1981 ) , KHL player , [ [ Gagarin Cup ] ] champion - [ [ Yakov Trenin ] ] ( born 1997 ) , NHL player International relations . Twin towns – sister cities . Chelyabinsk is [ [ twin towns and sister cities|twinned ] ] with : - [ [ Nottinghamshire ] ] , United Kingdom - [ [ Ramla ] ] , Israel - [ [ Ürümqi ] ] , China - [ [ Columbia , South Carolina|Columbia ] ] , United States Diplomatic and consular missions and visa centers . - [ [ Italy ] ] : Honorary Consulate , Visa center - [ [ Poland ] ] : Visa cente

/wiki/Chelyabinsk#P17#1

Which country did Chelyabinsk belong to after Feb 1964?

Chelyabinsk Chelyabinsk ( ) is a city and the administrative center of Chelyabinsk Oblast , Russia . It is the seventh-largest city in Russia by population , with 1,130,132 inhabitants as of the 2010 Census , and the second largest city in the Ural Federal District , after Yekaterinburg . Located in the northeast of the oblast , south of Yekaterinburg , the city is just to the east of the Ural Mountains . It sits on the Miass River , part of the border between Europe and Asia . The area of Chelyabinsk contained the ancient settlement of Arkaim , which belonged to the Sintashta culture . In 1736 , a fortress by the name of Chelyaba was founded on the site of a Bashkir village . Chelyabinsk was granted town status by 1787 . Chelyabinsk began to grow rapidly by the early 20th century as a result of the construction of railway links to European Russia and Siberia , including the Trans-Siberian Railway . Its population reached 70,000 by 1917 . Under the Soviet Union , Chelyabinsk became a major industrial centre during the 1930s . The Chelyabinsk Tractor Plant was built in 1933 . During World War II , the city was a major contributor to the manufacture of tanks and ammunition . Chelyabinsk remains an important industrial centre , especially heavy industries such as metallurgy and military production . It is home to several educational institutions , mainly South Ural State University and Chelyabinsk State University . In 2013 , the Chelyabinsk meteor exploded over the Ural Mountains , with fragments falling into and near the city . The blast of the explosion caused many hundreds of injuries , some of them serious , mostly caused by glass fragments from shattered windows . The Chelyabinsk Regional Museum contains fragments of the meteorite . History . Ancient Sintashta civilization . Archaeologists have discovered ruins of the ancient town of Arkaim in the vicinity of the city of Chelyabinsk . Ruins and artifacts in Arkaim and other sites in the region indicate a relatively advanced civilization existing in the area since the 2nd millennium BCE , which was of proto-Indo-Iranian origin . The Arkaim site , located in the Sintashta-Petrovka cultural area , was known by Russian archaeologists for at least 70 years , however it was mostly ignored by non-Russian anthropological circles . The borders of the Sintashta-Petrovka cultural area run along the eastern Urals of the Eurasian steppe to about 400 km south of Chelyabinsk and to the east for about 200 km . 23 archaeological sites are recognized as being part of this area . The sites resemble towns , laid out in round , square , or oval shapes . Although most of the sites have been discovered by aerial photography , only two , Arkaim and Sintashta , have been thoroughly excavated . These sites are characterized by their fortification , connected houses , and extensive evidence of metallurgy . The people of the Sintashta culture are thought to have spoken Proto-Indo-Iranian , the ancestor of the Indo-Iranian language family . This identification is based primarily on similarities between their language in comparison to sections of the Rigveda , and based on funerary rituals of the Sintashta culture , as revealed by archaeological studies in the area . Modern Russian history . The fortress of Chelyaba , from which the city takes its name , was founded at the location of the Bashkir village of Chelyaby ( ) by colonel Alexey ( Kutlu-Muhammed ) Tevkelev in 1736 to protect the surrounding trade routes from possible attacks by Bashkir outlaws . During Pugachevs Rebellion , the fortress withstood a siege by the rebel forces in 1774 , but was eventually captured for several months in 1775 . In 1782 , Chelyabinsk became a seat of the uyezd of Ufa Viceroyalty , which was later reformed into Orenburg Governorate . In 1787 , Chelyabinsk was granted town status by the government . Until the late 19th century , Chelyabinsk was a small provincial town . In 1892 , the Samara-Zlatoust Railway was completed , which connected it with Moscow and the rest of European Russia . Also in 1892 , construction of the Trans-Siberian Railway started from Chelyabinsk , and in 1896 , the city was linked to Ekaterinburg . Chelyabinsk then became the main hub for travel to Siberia . For fifteen years , more than fifteen million people - a tenth of Russias population at the time - passed through Chelyabinsk . Some of them remained in Chelyabinsk , which contributed to its rapid growth . In addition a so-called “customs fracture” was created in Chelyabinsk , which imposed duties on the shipment of goods between the European and Asian parts of Russia , which led to the emergence of mills and notably , a tea-packing factory . As a result , Chelyabinsk became a major trade center . Its population reached 20,000 inhabitants by 1897 , 45,000 by 1913 , and 70,000 by 1917 . Because of its rapid growth at the turn of the 20th century , similar to that of midwestern American cities , Chelyabinsk was sometimes called the Chicago of the Urals . During the first Five-Year Plans of the 1930s , Chelyabinsk experienced rapid industrial growth . Several important factories , including the Chelyabinsk Tractor Plant and the Chelyabinsk Metallurgical Plant , were built at this time . During World War II , Joseph Stalin decided to move a large part of Soviet manufacturing to areas removed from the reach of the advancing German military as part of a general exodus from western occupied areas . This brought new industries and thousands of workers to Chelyabinsk , including facilities for the production of T-34 tanks and Katyusha rocket launchers . During World War II , the citys industries produced 18,000 tanks and 48,500 tank diesel engines as well as over 17 million units of ammunition . During that time Chelyabinsk was informally called “Tankograd” ( English : “Tank City” ) . During World War II , the S.M . Kirov Factory no . 185 or “OKMO” was moved to Chelyabinsk from Leningrad to produce heavy tanks , although it was transferred to Omsk after 1962 . 2013 meteor . Shortly after dawn on February 15 , 2013 , a superbolide meteor descended at over over the Ural Mountains , exploding at an altitude of . The meteor created a momentary flash as bright as the sun and generated a shock wave that injured over a thousand people . Fragments fell in and around Chelyabinsk . Interior Ministry spokesman Vadim Kolesnikov said 1,100 people had called for medical assistance following the incident , mostly for treatment of injuries from broken glass by the explosions . One woman suffered a broken spine . Kolesnikov also said about of a roof at a zinc factory had collapsed . A spokeswoman for the Emergency Ministry told the Associated Press that there was a meteor shower ; however , another ministry spokeswoman was quoted by the Interfax news agency as saying it was a single meteor . The size has been estimated at diameter with a mass of 10,000 or 11,000 metric tons . The power of the explosion was about 500 kilotons of TNT ( about 1.8 PJ ) , which is 20–30 times more energy than was released from the atomic bomb detonated in Hiroshima . The city managed to avoid large casualties and destruction due to the high altitude of the explosion . Administrative and municipal status . Chelyabinsk is the administrative center of the oblast . Within the framework of administrative divisions , it is incorporated as the City of Chelyabinsk , an administrative unit with a status equal to that of the oblasts districts . As a municipal division , the City of Chelyabinsk is incorporated as Chelyabinsky Urban Okrug . In June 2014 , Chelyabinsks seven city districts were granted civil status . Administrative districts . Chelyabinsk is divided into seven administrative districts . Geography . Chelyabinsk is located east of the Ural Mountains , 200 km south of Yekaterinburg . It is elevated 200-250 meters above sea level . The city is bisected by the Miass River , which is regarded as the border between the Urals and Siberia . This is reflected in the geology of the area , with the granite foothills of the Ural Mountains to the west and the lower sedimentary rock of the West Siberian Plain to the east . The Leningrad bridge crosses the river , due to this it is known as “the bridge between the Urals and Siberia . Chelyabinsk itself is also known as the gateway to Siberia . Like Rome , Constantinople , San Francisco and Moscow , Chelyabinsk is said to be located on seven hills . Climate . The city has a Humid continental climate ( Köppen : Dfb ) similar to that of the Canadian prairies , despite the city being located further north . The average temperature in January is well below the freezing point at -14°C/6.6 °F . July has a relatively cool average of 19°C/66.7 °F , and the annual average is a few degrees above the freezing point at 3°C/37.8 °F , indicating some moderation . The range of extremes allegedly reaches 70°C/158 °F , claimed to be typical of a mid-latitude climate on a large continent such as Eurasia . The majority of precipitation occurs in the summer , with less in the winter . The month of July experiences the most , with an average 87mm/3.44<nowiki></nowiki> of precipitation , while January , the driest month , experiences 15mm/0.6<nowiki></nowiki> . Total precipitation reaches an average of 429mm/16.9<nowiki></nowiki> annually , consistent with the citys semi-arid climate . On average , 119 days of the year experience precipitation . Population . As of 2020 , the population of Chelyabinsk is 1,196,680 ; up from 1,130,132 recorded in the 2010 Census . At the time of the official 2010 Census , the ethnic makeup of the citys population whose ethnicity was known ( 1,082,269 ) was: . Cityscape . Architecture . The architecture of Chelyabinsk has been shaped through its history by the progression of historical eras in Russia . Before the 1917 Russian Revolution , the city was a trading center , with numerous merchant buildings in the eclectic and modern styles with elements of Russian Revival architecture , some of which are preserved on the pedestrian-only Kirovka Street . Industrialization in Chelyabinsk started in the late 1920s . The construction of large plants was accompanied by the construction of new residential and public buildings in the constructivist style . Entire constructivist neighborhoods can be seen in the area of the Chelyabinsk Tractor Plant . In the late 1930s , a new era began in the city , with large-scale construction of Stalinist architecture . Many of the buildings in and around the city center and central avenue are constructed in this style . The next 60 years saw extensive construction of residential high-rise buildings as the citys population rose to about one million , notably within the large residential area called Severo-Zapad ( English : North-West ) . With the market reforms of the 1990s , there was an increase in the construction of office buildings and major shopping malls in postmodern and high-tech styles . Parks and gardens . Chelyabinsk has seventeen public parks . The largest is Gagarin Central Park . Its territory includes large areas of rocky and forested terrain , located around several now-flooded abandoned quarries . Education . There are over a dozen universities in Chelyabinsk . The oldest , Chelyabinsk State Agroengineering Academy , was founded in 1930 , followed by the Chelyabinsk State Pedagogical University in 1934 . Major universities include South Ural State University , Chelyabinsk State University , South Ural State University of Arts , and Chelyabinsk Medical Academy . After World War II , Chelyabinsk became the main center of vocational education of the entire Ural region . Economy . Chelyabinsk is one of the major industrial centers of Russia . Heavy industries , especially metallurgy and military production , are predominant in the area , notably the Chelyabinsk Metallurgical Combinate ( CMK , ChMK ) , owned by the mining corporation Mechel . Other important industries include Chelyabinsk Tractor Plant ( CTZ , ChTZ ) , Chelyabinsk Electrode Plant ( ChEZ ) , the machine part-producing Chelyabinsk Forge-and-Press Plant ( ChKPZ ) , the crane-producing Chelyabinsk Mechanical Plant ( ChMZ ) , and Chelyabinsk Tube Rolling Plant ( ChTPZ ) , which is included in the Big Eight of pipe producers in Russia , and produces large-diameter pipes for use in pipelines . Chelyabinsk Zinc Plant , owned by the Ural Mining and Metallurgical Company , produces about 2% of the worlds zinc supply and over 60% of the Russian supply . Kolyuschenko Road Machinery Plant produces construction machinery and dump trucks for the American manufacturer Terex . Molnija Watch Factory produces pocket watches , as well as technical watches for use in aircraft and ships . In 1980 , Molnija watches were given as gifts to participants of the Moscow Olympic Games . The agro-industrial company Makfa , the largest producer of pasta in Russia , and one of the five largest producers in the world , is based in Chelyabinsk . The largest manufacturer of footwear in Russia , Unichel Footwear Firm , owns a factory in Chelyabinsk . Chelyabinsk is also home to the agricultural firm Ariant , which leads in the production of beverages and meat products in the Urals Federal District of Russia . The American corporation Emerson Electric owns part of the local company Metran , as well as a factory for the production of industrial equipment . In recent years , Chelyabinsk has had a significant role in other sectors of the Russian economy , hosting insurance firms , logistics centers , tourism , And important regional banking firms , such as Chelindbank and Chelyabinvestbank . There are several large shopping malls . The largest of them are Gorky ( English : Hills ) , built in 2007 with an area of 55,000 meters , and Rodnik ( English : Spring ) built in 2011 with an area 135,000 meters . At least two more are under construction : Almaz ( English : Diamond ) , and Cloud , beginning construction in 2015 and 2018 , with planned areas of 220,000 and 350,000 meters , respectively . Transportation . Public transport in Chelyabinsk consists of bus ( since 1925 ) , tram ( since 1932 ) and trolleybus ( since 1942 ) networks , as well as private marshrutka ( routed cab ) services . The city has several taxi companies . In 2014 in Chelyabinsk began to run electric buses , trolleybuses fitted to run electrically . In 2011 the telecommunications company Beeline and Chelyabinsk city transport signed an agreement to provide passengers free internet . Currently Wi-Fi is available in some public trams and trolleybuses in Chelyabinsk . Chelyabinsk started the construction of a three-line subway network in 1992 . The city is served by the Chelyabinsk Airport . Sports . Several sports clubs are active in the city : In recent history , Chelyabinsk has hosted several important sporting events , especially in martial arts . These events include the [ [ 2012 European Judo Championships ] ] , the [ [ 2014 World Judo Championships ] ] , and the 2015 [ [ World Taekwondo Championships ] ] . 2015 also saw Chelyabinsk host the [ [ European Speed Skating Championships ] ] . In 2018 , Chelyabinsk and nearby [ [ Magnitogorsk ] ] hosted the [ [ IIHF World U18 Championship ] ] . Culture . [ [ File:Публичная библиотека Челябинска.JPG|thumb|Chelyabinsk Regional Universal Scientific Library ] ] The city has several libraries , notably Chelyabinsk Regional Universal Scientific Library , the largest public library in the [ [ Chelyabinsk Oblast ] ] . The library has more than 2 million books , over 12,000 of which are rare , originating from the 17th to 19th centuries . [ [ File:Драм.театр им.Н.Орлова ( г.Челябинск ) 2.JPG|thumb|Nahum Orlov State Academic Drama Theater ] ] Chelyabinsk is home to several theaters , which include the Nahum Orlov State Academic Drama Theatre , the Glinka State Academic Opera and Ballet Theatre , Chelyabinsk State Chamber Theater , Chelyabinsk State Puppet Theater , Chelyabinsk State Youth Theatre , Mannequin Theater , Chelyabinsk New Arts Theatre , and Chelyabinsk Contemporary Dance Theatre . [ [ File:Концертный зал театра оперы.JPG|thumb|left|Concert Hall of the Glinka State Academic Opera and Ballet Theatre ] ] [ [ File:Краеведческий музей Челябинска.JPG|thumb|left|Chelyabinsk regional museum ] ] There are nine museums in Chelyabinsk . Chelyabinsk Regional Museum was founded in 1913 and holds about 300,000 exhibits . Important expositions include the Land of Cities exhibit relating to the 2nd and 3rd millennium BCE settlement of [ [ Arkaim ] ] , the 570 kg largest fragment of the [ [ Chelyabinsk meteor ] ] , ornate 19th and 20th century blades made by [ [ Zlatoust ] ] arms factory , exhibits of [ [ Kasli ] ] artistic cast iron , and much more . Chelyabinsk Regional Picture Gallery has more than 11,000 works . The museum displays collections of Russian , European , and international works originating from the Middle Ages to modern times . The museum has significant collections of religious [ [ icons ] ] from the 16th to 20th centuries , along with early printed books and manuscripts . The Museum of History of the [ [ South Urals Railway|Southern Ural Railway ] ] hosts more than 30 exhibits of equipment used on the railway after its opening in Chelyabinsk in 1892 . [ [ File:Vintage military truck of Russia.jpg|thumb|Museum of Military Equipment in the Garden of Victory ] ] [ [ File:Jielbeaumadier cerf sika zoo cheljabinsk 2006.jpeg|thumb|left| [ [ Sika deer ] ] in the Chelyabinsk Zoo ] ] [ [ File:Троицкая церковь 4.jpg|thumb|Holy Trinity Church ( 1914 ) ] ] The Museum of Military Equipment in the Garden of Victory was founded in 2007 . It has 16 exhibits , including models of [ [ T-34 ] ] and [ [ IS tank family|IS-3 ] ] tanks , along with [ [ Katyusha rocket launcher ] ] s produced in Chelyabinsk during World War II . In addition , the city is home to the Chelyabinsk Regional Geological Museum , the Malgobekskii Museum of Military and Labor Glory , the Chelyabinsk Postal Service Museum , and the Entertaining Sciences Museum Eksperimentus . Chelyabinsk Zoo is located in the central region of Chelyabinsk . It has an area of 30 hectares with more than 110 species of animals , of which more than 80 are listed in the [ [ Red Data Book of the Russian Federation ] ] . The zoo participates in international programs for the conservation of endangered species , including [ [ Amur tiger|amur ( siberian ) tigers ] ] , [ [ leopard|far eastern leopards ] ] and [ [ polar bears ] ] . The zoo holds regular sightseeing tours , lectures , exhibitions and celebrations . Other cultural attractions include the Chelyabinsk State Circus , the Chelyabinsk State Philarmonic Concert Hall named after [ [ Sergei Prokofiev ] ] , and Organ and Chamber Music Hall Rodina . Chelyabinsk is home to several churches built from the 19th to 21st centuries . Notable people . - [ [ Ariel ( Russian band ) |Ariel ] ] , Soviet pop rock band - [ [ Lera Auerbach ] ] ( born 1973 ) , composer and musician , born and grew up in Chelyabinsk - [ [ Svyatoslav Belza ] ] ( 1942–2014 ) , musical scholar , critic and essayist , born in Chelyabinsk - ( born 1943 ) , jazz musician , bandleader , composer , born and started his career in Chelyabinsk - [ [ Zhan Bush ] ] ( born 1993 ) , figure skater - [ [ Dmitry Shishkin ] ] born in 1992 Classical Pianist - [ [ Yekaterina Gamova ] ] ( born 1980 ) , Olympic volleyball player , born and grew up in Chelyabinsk - [ [ Makhmut Gareev ] ] ( 1923–2019 ) , historian and military scientist , born and grew up in Chelyabinsk - [ [ Viktor Khristenko ] ] ( born 1957 ) , politician and statesman born and grew up in Chelyabinsk - [ [ Igor Kurnosov ] ] ( 1985–2013 ) , chess grandmaster , born in Chelyabinsk - [ [ Oleg Mityaev ] ] ( born 1956 ) , singer-songwriter and actor , born , grew up , and came into prominence in Chelyabinsk - [ [ Vadim Muntagirov ] ] ( born 1990 ) , ballet dancer , born in Chelyabinsk - [ [ Staņislavs Olijars ] ] ( born 1979 ) , Latvian 110m hurdler , gold medallist at the [ [ 2006 European Athletics Championships ] ] , born in Chelyabinsk - [ [ Georgy Ratner ] ] ( 1923–2001 ) , surgeon , born in Chelyabinsk - [ [ Nelli Rokita ] ] ( born 1957 ) , Polish politician , born in Chelyabinsk - [ [ Eugene Roshal ] ] ( born 1972 ) , software developer , born in Chelyabinsk - [ [ Mariya Savinova ] ] ( born 1985 ) , Olympic athlete , born in Chelyabinsk - [ [ Galina Starovoytova ] ] ( 1946–1998 ) , politician and human rights activist , born in Chelyabinsk - [ [ Maksim Surayev ] ] ( born 1972 ) , cosmonaut , born in Chelyabinsk - [ [ Evgeny Sveshnikov ] ] ( born 1950 ) , chess grandmaster and writer , born and grew up in Chelyabinsk - [ [ Anna Trebunskaya ] ] ( born 1980 ) , ballroom and Latin dancer , born in Chelyabinsk - [ [ Ivan Ukhov ] ] ( born 1986 ) , Olympic high jumper , born in Chelyabinsk - [ [ Mikhail Yurevich ] ] ( born 1969 ) , businessman , politician , born in Chelyabinsk - [ [ Mikhail Koklyaev ] ] ( born 1978 ) , Russian strongman competitor Ice hockey players . - [ [ Sergei Babinov ] ] ( born 1955 ) , Soviet player , [ [ Canada Cup ] ] champion - [ [ Vyacheslav Bykov ] ] ( born 1960 ) , Soviet player - [ [ Stanislav Chistov ] ] ( born 1983 ) , [ [ National Hockey League|NHL ] ] and [ [ Kontinental Hockey League|KHL ] ] player - [ [ Evgeny Davydov ] ] ( born 1967 ) , NHL player , USSR champion - [ [ Sergei Gonchar ] ] ( born 1974 ) , NHL player , [ [ Stanley Cup ] ] champion - [ [ Dmitri Kalinin ] ] ( born 1980 ) , NHL and KHL player , [ [ Gagarin Cup ] ] champion - [ [ Alexandra Vafina ] ] ( born 1990 ) , Russian Olympic ice hockey player ( 2010 , 2014 ) - [ [ Evgeny Kuznetsov ] ] ( born 1992 ) , NHL and KHL player , [ [ Stanley Cup ] ] champion - [ [ Sergei Makarov ( ice hockey ) |Sergei Makarov ] ] ( born 1958 ) , NHL player - [ [ Andrei Nazarov ] ] ( born 1974 ) , NHL player and KHL coach - [ [ Nikita Nesterov ] ] ( born 1993 ) , NHL and KHL player - [ [ Valeri Nichushkin ] ] ( born 1995 ) , NHL and KHL player - [ [ Valeri Karpov ] ] ( 1971–2014 ) , [ [ Russian Superleague ] ] and NHL player - [ [ Dmitri Tertyshny ] ] ( 1976–1999 ) , [ [ Russian Superleague ] ] and NHL player - [ [ Slava Voynov ] ] ( born 1990 ) , NHL player , [ [ Stanley Cup ] ] champion - [ [ Danil Yerdakov ] ] ( born 1989 ) , KHL player - [ [ Danis Zaripov ] ] ( born 1981 ) , KHL player , [ [ Gagarin Cup ] ] champion - [ [ Yakov Trenin ] ] ( born 1997 ) , NHL player International relations . Twin towns – sister cities . Chelyabinsk is [ [ twin towns and sister cities|twinned ] ] with : - [ [ Nottinghamshire ] ] , United Kingdom - [ [ Ramla ] ] , Israel - [ [ Ürümqi ] ] , China - [ [ Columbia , South Carolina|Columbia ] ] , United States Diplomatic and consular missions and visa centers . - [ [ Italy ] ] : Honorary Consulate , Visa center - [ [ Poland ] ] : Visa cente

/wiki/Chelyabinsk#P17#2

Which country did Chelyabinsk belong to in Aug 1996?

Chelyabinsk Chelyabinsk ( ) is a city and the administrative center of Chelyabinsk Oblast , Russia . It is the seventh-largest city in Russia by population , with 1,130,132 inhabitants as of the 2010 Census , and the second largest city in the Ural Federal District , after Yekaterinburg . Located in the northeast of the oblast , south of Yekaterinburg , the city is just to the east of the Ural Mountains . It sits on the Miass River , part of the border between Europe and Asia . The area of Chelyabinsk contained the ancient settlement of Arkaim , which belonged to the Sintashta culture . In 1736 , a fortress by the name of Chelyaba was founded on the site of a Bashkir village . Chelyabinsk was granted town status by 1787 . Chelyabinsk began to grow rapidly by the early 20th century as a result of the construction of railway links to European Russia and Siberia , including the Trans-Siberian Railway . Its population reached 70,000 by 1917 . Under the Soviet Union , Chelyabinsk became a major industrial centre during the 1930s . The Chelyabinsk Tractor Plant was built in 1933 . During World War II , the city was a major contributor to the manufacture of tanks and ammunition . Chelyabinsk remains an important industrial centre , especially heavy industries such as metallurgy and military production . It is home to several educational institutions , mainly South Ural State University and Chelyabinsk State University . In 2013 , the Chelyabinsk meteor exploded over the Ural Mountains , with fragments falling into and near the city . The blast of the explosion caused many hundreds of injuries , some of them serious , mostly caused by glass fragments from shattered windows . The Chelyabinsk Regional Museum contains fragments of the meteorite . History . Ancient Sintashta civilization . Archaeologists have discovered ruins of the ancient town of Arkaim in the vicinity of the city of Chelyabinsk . Ruins and artifacts in Arkaim and other sites in the region indicate a relatively advanced civilization existing in the area since the 2nd millennium BCE , which was of proto-Indo-Iranian origin . The Arkaim site , located in the Sintashta-Petrovka cultural area , was known by Russian archaeologists for at least 70 years , however it was mostly ignored by non-Russian anthropological circles . The borders of the Sintashta-Petrovka cultural area run along the eastern Urals of the Eurasian steppe to about 400 km south of Chelyabinsk and to the east for about 200 km . 23 archaeological sites are recognized as being part of this area . The sites resemble towns , laid out in round , square , or oval shapes . Although most of the sites have been discovered by aerial photography , only two , Arkaim and Sintashta , have been thoroughly excavated . These sites are characterized by their fortification , connected houses , and extensive evidence of metallurgy . The people of the Sintashta culture are thought to have spoken Proto-Indo-Iranian , the ancestor of the Indo-Iranian language family . This identification is based primarily on similarities between their language in comparison to sections of the Rigveda , and based on funerary rituals of the Sintashta culture , as revealed by archaeological studies in the area . Modern Russian history . The fortress of Chelyaba , from which the city takes its name , was founded at the location of the Bashkir village of Chelyaby ( ) by colonel Alexey ( Kutlu-Muhammed ) Tevkelev in 1736 to protect the surrounding trade routes from possible attacks by Bashkir outlaws . During Pugachevs Rebellion , the fortress withstood a siege by the rebel forces in 1774 , but was eventually captured for several months in 1775 . In 1782 , Chelyabinsk became a seat of the uyezd of Ufa Viceroyalty , which was later reformed into Orenburg Governorate . In 1787 , Chelyabinsk was granted town status by the government . Until the late 19th century , Chelyabinsk was a small provincial town . In 1892 , the Samara-Zlatoust Railway was completed , which connected it with Moscow and the rest of European Russia . Also in 1892 , construction of the Trans-Siberian Railway started from Chelyabinsk , and in 1896 , the city was linked to Ekaterinburg . Chelyabinsk then became the main hub for travel to Siberia . For fifteen years , more than fifteen million people - a tenth of Russias population at the time - passed through Chelyabinsk . Some of them remained in Chelyabinsk , which contributed to its rapid growth . In addition a so-called “customs fracture” was created in Chelyabinsk , which imposed duties on the shipment of goods between the European and Asian parts of Russia , which led to the emergence of mills and notably , a tea-packing factory . As a result , Chelyabinsk became a major trade center . Its population reached 20,000 inhabitants by 1897 , 45,000 by 1913 , and 70,000 by 1917 . Because of its rapid growth at the turn of the 20th century , similar to that of midwestern American cities , Chelyabinsk was sometimes called the Chicago of the Urals . During the first Five-Year Plans of the 1930s , Chelyabinsk experienced rapid industrial growth . Several important factories , including the Chelyabinsk Tractor Plant and the Chelyabinsk Metallurgical Plant , were built at this time . During World War II , Joseph Stalin decided to move a large part of Soviet manufacturing to areas removed from the reach of the advancing German military as part of a general exodus from western occupied areas . This brought new industries and thousands of workers to Chelyabinsk , including facilities for the production of T-34 tanks and Katyusha rocket launchers . During World War II , the citys industries produced 18,000 tanks and 48,500 tank diesel engines as well as over 17 million units of ammunition . During that time Chelyabinsk was informally called “Tankograd” ( English : “Tank City” ) . During World War II , the S.M . Kirov Factory no . 185 or “OKMO” was moved to Chelyabinsk from Leningrad to produce heavy tanks , although it was transferred to Omsk after 1962 . 2013 meteor . Shortly after dawn on February 15 , 2013 , a superbolide meteor descended at over over the Ural Mountains , exploding at an altitude of . The meteor created a momentary flash as bright as the sun and generated a shock wave that injured over a thousand people . Fragments fell in and around Chelyabinsk . Interior Ministry spokesman Vadim Kolesnikov said 1,100 people had called for medical assistance following the incident , mostly for treatment of injuries from broken glass by the explosions . One woman suffered a broken spine . Kolesnikov also said about of a roof at a zinc factory had collapsed . A spokeswoman for the Emergency Ministry told the Associated Press that there was a meteor shower ; however , another ministry spokeswoman was quoted by the Interfax news agency as saying it was a single meteor . The size has been estimated at diameter with a mass of 10,000 or 11,000 metric tons . The power of the explosion was about 500 kilotons of TNT ( about 1.8 PJ ) , which is 20–30 times more energy than was released from the atomic bomb detonated in Hiroshima . The city managed to avoid large casualties and destruction due to the high altitude of the explosion . Administrative and municipal status . Chelyabinsk is the administrative center of the oblast . Within the framework of administrative divisions , it is incorporated as the City of Chelyabinsk , an administrative unit with a status equal to that of the oblasts districts . As a municipal division , the City of Chelyabinsk is incorporated as Chelyabinsky Urban Okrug . In June 2014 , Chelyabinsks seven city districts were granted civil status . Administrative districts . Chelyabinsk is divided into seven administrative districts . Geography . Chelyabinsk is located east of the Ural Mountains , 200 km south of Yekaterinburg . It is elevated 200-250 meters above sea level . The city is bisected by the Miass River , which is regarded as the border between the Urals and Siberia . This is reflected in the geology of the area , with the granite foothills of the Ural Mountains to the west and the lower sedimentary rock of the West Siberian Plain to the east . The Leningrad bridge crosses the river , due to this it is known as “the bridge between the Urals and Siberia . Chelyabinsk itself is also known as the gateway to Siberia . Like Rome , Constantinople , San Francisco and Moscow , Chelyabinsk is said to be located on seven hills . Climate . The city has a Humid continental climate ( Köppen : Dfb ) similar to that of the Canadian prairies , despite the city being located further north . The average temperature in January is well below the freezing point at -14°C/6.6 °F . July has a relatively cool average of 19°C/66.7 °F , and the annual average is a few degrees above the freezing point at 3°C/37.8 °F , indicating some moderation . The range of extremes allegedly reaches 70°C/158 °F , claimed to be typical of a mid-latitude climate on a large continent such as Eurasia . The majority of precipitation occurs in the summer , with less in the winter . The month of July experiences the most , with an average 87mm/3.44<nowiki></nowiki> of precipitation , while January , the driest month , experiences 15mm/0.6<nowiki></nowiki> . Total precipitation reaches an average of 429mm/16.9<nowiki></nowiki> annually , consistent with the citys semi-arid climate . On average , 119 days of the year experience precipitation . Population . As of 2020 , the population of Chelyabinsk is 1,196,680 ; up from 1,130,132 recorded in the 2010 Census . At the time of the official 2010 Census , the ethnic makeup of the citys population whose ethnicity was known ( 1,082,269 ) was: . Cityscape . Architecture . The architecture of Chelyabinsk has been shaped through its history by the progression of historical eras in Russia . Before the 1917 Russian Revolution , the city was a trading center , with numerous merchant buildings in the eclectic and modern styles with elements of Russian Revival architecture , some of which are preserved on the pedestrian-only Kirovka Street . Industrialization in Chelyabinsk started in the late 1920s . The construction of large plants was accompanied by the construction of new residential and public buildings in the constructivist style . Entire constructivist neighborhoods can be seen in the area of the Chelyabinsk Tractor Plant . In the late 1930s , a new era began in the city , with large-scale construction of Stalinist architecture . Many of the buildings in and around the city center and central avenue are constructed in this style . The next 60 years saw extensive construction of residential high-rise buildings as the citys population rose to about one million , notably within the large residential area called Severo-Zapad ( English : North-West ) . With the market reforms of the 1990s , there was an increase in the construction of office buildings and major shopping malls in postmodern and high-tech styles . Parks and gardens . Chelyabinsk has seventeen public parks . The largest is Gagarin Central Park . Its territory includes large areas of rocky and forested terrain , located around several now-flooded abandoned quarries . Education . There are over a dozen universities in Chelyabinsk . The oldest , Chelyabinsk State Agroengineering Academy , was founded in 1930 , followed by the Chelyabinsk State Pedagogical University in 1934 . Major universities include South Ural State University , Chelyabinsk State University , South Ural State University of Arts , and Chelyabinsk Medical Academy . After World War II , Chelyabinsk became the main center of vocational education of the entire Ural region . Economy . Chelyabinsk is one of the major industrial centers of Russia . Heavy industries , especially metallurgy and military production , are predominant in the area , notably the Chelyabinsk Metallurgical Combinate ( CMK , ChMK ) , owned by the mining corporation Mechel . Other important industries include Chelyabinsk Tractor Plant ( CTZ , ChTZ ) , Chelyabinsk Electrode Plant ( ChEZ ) , the machine part-producing Chelyabinsk Forge-and-Press Plant ( ChKPZ ) , the crane-producing Chelyabinsk Mechanical Plant ( ChMZ ) , and Chelyabinsk Tube Rolling Plant ( ChTPZ ) , which is included in the Big Eight of pipe producers in Russia , and produces large-diameter pipes for use in pipelines . Chelyabinsk Zinc Plant , owned by the Ural Mining and Metallurgical Company , produces about 2% of the worlds zinc supply and over 60% of the Russian supply . Kolyuschenko Road Machinery Plant produces construction machinery and dump trucks for the American manufacturer Terex . Molnija Watch Factory produces pocket watches , as well as technical watches for use in aircraft and ships . In 1980 , Molnija watches were given as gifts to participants of the Moscow Olympic Games . The agro-industrial company Makfa , the largest producer of pasta in Russia , and one of the five largest producers in the world , is based in Chelyabinsk . The largest manufacturer of footwear in Russia , Unichel Footwear Firm , owns a factory in Chelyabinsk . Chelyabinsk is also home to the agricultural firm Ariant , which leads in the production of beverages and meat products in the Urals Federal District of Russia . The American corporation Emerson Electric owns part of the local company Metran , as well as a factory for the production of industrial equipment . In recent years , Chelyabinsk has had a significant role in other sectors of the Russian economy , hosting insurance firms , logistics centers , tourism , And important regional banking firms , such as Chelindbank and Chelyabinvestbank . There are several large shopping malls . The largest of them are Gorky ( English : Hills ) , built in 2007 with an area of 55,000 meters , and Rodnik ( English : Spring ) built in 2011 with an area 135,000 meters . At least two more are under construction : Almaz ( English : Diamond ) , and Cloud , beginning construction in 2015 and 2018 , with planned areas of 220,000 and 350,000 meters , respectively . Transportation . Public transport in Chelyabinsk consists of bus ( since 1925 ) , tram ( since 1932 ) and trolleybus ( since 1942 ) networks , as well as private marshrutka ( routed cab ) services . The city has several taxi companies . In 2014 in Chelyabinsk began to run electric buses , trolleybuses fitted to run electrically . In 2011 the telecommunications company Beeline and Chelyabinsk city transport signed an agreement to provide passengers free internet . Currently Wi-Fi is available in some public trams and trolleybuses in Chelyabinsk . Chelyabinsk started the construction of a three-line subway network in 1992 . The city is served by the Chelyabinsk Airport . Sports . Several sports clubs are active in the city : In recent history , Chelyabinsk has hosted several important sporting events , especially in martial arts . These events include the [ [ 2012 European Judo Championships ] ] , the [ [ 2014 World Judo Championships ] ] , and the 2015 [ [ World Taekwondo Championships ] ] . 2015 also saw Chelyabinsk host the [ [ European Speed Skating Championships ] ] . In 2018 , Chelyabinsk and nearby [ [ Magnitogorsk ] ] hosted the [ [ IIHF World U18 Championship ] ] . Culture . [ [ File:Публичная библиотека Челябинска.JPG|thumb|Chelyabinsk Regional Universal Scientific Library ] ] The city has several libraries , notably Chelyabinsk Regional Universal Scientific Library , the largest public library in the [ [ Chelyabinsk Oblast ] ] . The library has more than 2 million books , over 12,000 of which are rare , originating from the 17th to 19th centuries . [ [ File:Драм.театр им.Н.Орлова ( г.Челябинск ) 2.JPG|thumb|Nahum Orlov State Academic Drama Theater ] ] Chelyabinsk is home to several theaters , which include the Nahum Orlov State Academic Drama Theatre , the Glinka State Academic Opera and Ballet Theatre , Chelyabinsk State Chamber Theater , Chelyabinsk State Puppet Theater , Chelyabinsk State Youth Theatre , Mannequin Theater , Chelyabinsk New Arts Theatre , and Chelyabinsk Contemporary Dance Theatre . [ [ File:Концертный зал театра оперы.JPG|thumb|left|Concert Hall of the Glinka State Academic Opera and Ballet Theatre ] ] [ [ File:Краеведческий музей Челябинска.JPG|thumb|left|Chelyabinsk regional museum ] ] There are nine museums in Chelyabinsk . Chelyabinsk Regional Museum was founded in 1913 and holds about 300,000 exhibits . Important expositions include the Land of Cities exhibit relating to the 2nd and 3rd millennium BCE settlement of [ [ Arkaim ] ] , the 570 kg largest fragment of the [ [ Chelyabinsk meteor ] ] , ornate 19th and 20th century blades made by [ [ Zlatoust ] ] arms factory , exhibits of [ [ Kasli ] ] artistic cast iron , and much more . Chelyabinsk Regional Picture Gallery has more than 11,000 works . The museum displays collections of Russian , European , and international works originating from the Middle Ages to modern times . The museum has significant collections of religious [ [ icons ] ] from the 16th to 20th centuries , along with early printed books and manuscripts . The Museum of History of the [ [ South Urals Railway|Southern Ural Railway ] ] hosts more than 30 exhibits of equipment used on the railway after its opening in Chelyabinsk in 1892 . [ [ File:Vintage military truck of Russia.jpg|thumb|Museum of Military Equipment in the Garden of Victory ] ] [ [ File:Jielbeaumadier cerf sika zoo cheljabinsk 2006.jpeg|thumb|left| [ [ Sika deer ] ] in the Chelyabinsk Zoo ] ] [ [ File:Троицкая церковь 4.jpg|thumb|Holy Trinity Church ( 1914 ) ] ] The Museum of Military Equipment in the Garden of Victory was founded in 2007 . It has 16 exhibits , including models of [ [ T-34 ] ] and [ [ IS tank family|IS-3 ] ] tanks , along with [ [ Katyusha rocket launcher ] ] s produced in Chelyabinsk during World War II . In addition , the city is home to the Chelyabinsk Regional Geological Museum , the Malgobekskii Museum of Military and Labor Glory , the Chelyabinsk Postal Service Museum , and the Entertaining Sciences Museum Eksperimentus . Chelyabinsk Zoo is located in the central region of Chelyabinsk . It has an area of 30 hectares with more than 110 species of animals , of which more than 80 are listed in the [ [ Red Data Book of the Russian Federation ] ] . The zoo participates in international programs for the conservation of endangered species , including [ [ Amur tiger|amur ( siberian ) tigers ] ] , [ [ leopard|far eastern leopards ] ] and [ [ polar bears ] ] . The zoo holds regular sightseeing tours , lectures , exhibitions and celebrations . Other cultural attractions include the Chelyabinsk State Circus , the Chelyabinsk State Philarmonic Concert Hall named after [ [ Sergei Prokofiev ] ] , and Organ and Chamber Music Hall Rodina . Chelyabinsk is home to several churches built from the 19th to 21st centuries . Notable people . - [ [ Ariel ( Russian band ) |Ariel ] ] , Soviet pop rock band - [ [ Lera Auerbach ] ] ( born 1973 ) , composer and musician , born and grew up in Chelyabinsk - [ [ Svyatoslav Belza ] ] ( 1942–2014 ) , musical scholar , critic and essayist , born in Chelyabinsk - ( born 1943 ) , jazz musician , bandleader , composer , born and started his career in Chelyabinsk - [ [ Zhan Bush ] ] ( born 1993 ) , figure skater - [ [ Dmitry Shishkin ] ] born in 1992 Classical Pianist - [ [ Yekaterina Gamova ] ] ( born 1980 ) , Olympic volleyball player , born and grew up in Chelyabinsk - [ [ Makhmut Gareev ] ] ( 1923–2019 ) , historian and military scientist , born and grew up in Chelyabinsk - [ [ Viktor Khristenko ] ] ( born 1957 ) , politician and statesman born and grew up in Chelyabinsk - [ [ Igor Kurnosov ] ] ( 1985–2013 ) , chess grandmaster , born in Chelyabinsk - [ [ Oleg Mityaev ] ] ( born 1956 ) , singer-songwriter and actor , born , grew up , and came into prominence in Chelyabinsk - [ [ Vadim Muntagirov ] ] ( born 1990 ) , ballet dancer , born in Chelyabinsk - [ [ Staņislavs Olijars ] ] ( born 1979 ) , Latvian 110m hurdler , gold medallist at the [ [ 2006 European Athletics Championships ] ] , born in Chelyabinsk - [ [ Georgy Ratner ] ] ( 1923–2001 ) , surgeon , born in Chelyabinsk - [ [ Nelli Rokita ] ] ( born 1957 ) , Polish politician , born in Chelyabinsk - [ [ Eugene Roshal ] ] ( born 1972 ) , software developer , born in Chelyabinsk - [ [ Mariya Savinova ] ] ( born 1985 ) , Olympic athlete , born in Chelyabinsk - [ [ Galina Starovoytova ] ] ( 1946–1998 ) , politician and human rights activist , born in Chelyabinsk - [ [ Maksim Surayev ] ] ( born 1972 ) , cosmonaut , born in Chelyabinsk - [ [ Evgeny Sveshnikov ] ] ( born 1950 ) , chess grandmaster and writer , born and grew up in Chelyabinsk - [ [ Anna Trebunskaya ] ] ( born 1980 ) , ballroom and Latin dancer , born in Chelyabinsk - [ [ Ivan Ukhov ] ] ( born 1986 ) , Olympic high jumper , born in Chelyabinsk - [ [ Mikhail Yurevich ] ] ( born 1969 ) , businessman , politician , born in Chelyabinsk - [ [ Mikhail Koklyaev ] ] ( born 1978 ) , Russian strongman competitor Ice hockey players . - [ [ Sergei Babinov ] ] ( born 1955 ) , Soviet player , [ [ Canada Cup ] ] champion - [ [ Vyacheslav Bykov ] ] ( born 1960 ) , Soviet player - [ [ Stanislav Chistov ] ] ( born 1983 ) , [ [ National Hockey League|NHL ] ] and [ [ Kontinental Hockey League|KHL ] ] player - [ [ Evgeny Davydov ] ] ( born 1967 ) , NHL player , USSR champion - [ [ Sergei Gonchar ] ] ( born 1974 ) , NHL player , [ [ Stanley Cup ] ] champion - [ [ Dmitri Kalinin ] ] ( born 1980 ) , NHL and KHL player , [ [ Gagarin Cup ] ] champion - [ [ Alexandra Vafina ] ] ( born 1990 ) , Russian Olympic ice hockey player ( 2010 , 2014 ) - [ [ Evgeny Kuznetsov ] ] ( born 1992 ) , NHL and KHL player , [ [ Stanley Cup ] ] champion - [ [ Sergei Makarov ( ice hockey ) |Sergei Makarov ] ] ( born 1958 ) , NHL player - [ [ Andrei Nazarov ] ] ( born 1974 ) , NHL player and KHL coach - [ [ Nikita Nesterov ] ] ( born 1993 ) , NHL and KHL player - [ [ Valeri Nichushkin ] ] ( born 1995 ) , NHL and KHL player - [ [ Valeri Karpov ] ] ( 1971–2014 ) , [ [ Russian Superleague ] ] and NHL player - [ [ Dmitri Tertyshny ] ] ( 1976–1999 ) , [ [ Russian Superleague ] ] and NHL player - [ [ Slava Voynov ] ] ( born 1990 ) , NHL player , [ [ Stanley Cup ] ] champion - [ [ Danil Yerdakov ] ] ( born 1989 ) , KHL player - [ [ Danis Zaripov ] ] ( born 1981 ) , KHL player , [ [ Gagarin Cup ] ] champion - [ [ Yakov Trenin ] ] ( born 1997 ) , NHL player International relations . Twin towns – sister cities . Chelyabinsk is [ [ twin towns and sister cities|twinned ] ] with : - [ [ Nottinghamshire ] ] , United Kingdom - [ [ Ramla ] ] , Israel - [ [ Ürümqi ] ] , China - [ [ Columbia , South Carolina|Columbia ] ] , United States Diplomatic and consular missions and visa centers . - [ [ Italy ] ] : Honorary Consulate , Visa center - [ [ Poland ] ] : Visa cente

/wiki/Guy_Whittingham#P54#0

Which team did Guy Whittingham play for in Jun 1988?

Guy Whittingham Guy Whittingham ( born 10 November 1964 ) is an English former professional footballer and a manager . He was caretaker manager of Football League Two side Portsmouth from November 2012 until April 2013 when he took the role on a permanent basis before being sacked by Portsmouth in November 2013 . On 13 December 2013 , he was appointed assistant manager at Crawley Town . As a player , he was a striker from 1988 until 2005 , notably in the Premier League for Aston Villa and Sheffield Wednesday . Having started his career with non-league Yeovil Town he went on to play in the Football League for Portsmouth , Wolverhampton Wanderers , Watford , Peterborough United , Oxford United and Wycombe Wanderers . He amassed over 450 appearances throughout his career . Playing career . Born in Evesham , after leaving the British Army , he joined Waterlooville for the start of the 1987–88 season where , after two games for the reserves , he was quickly promoted to the first team and became the clubs top goalscorer in the 1987–88 season . One of his goals came in the first round proper of the F.A.Cup against Aylesbury United . He then spent a season at Yeovil Town before , in the summer of 1989 , he was signed by Portsmouth , where he then spent the majority of his career , scoring 99 times in 173 league appearances , including Pompeys all-time scoring record of 42 league goals in the 1992–93 season ( 48 in all competitions ) as the club missed out on automatic promotion to the Premier League on goals scored . He was known while at Fratton Park as Corporal Punishment . In 1993 he signed for Aston Villa in the Premier League . He had a good run in the team and scored important goals against Everton , Arsenal and Sheffield United , before leaving on loan in February 1994 to join Wolverhampton Wanderers ; this meant he missed out on Villas victory in the 1994 Football League Cup Final . In December 1994 he joined Sheffield Wednesday , proving to be very popular at the Owls . Whilst at Wednesday he had a second loan spell at Wolves , as well as being loaned to Watford and Portsmouth who he would later rejoin permanently in 1999 . At Portsmouth during his loan spell his seven goals in nine matches helped the club avoid relegation to the third tier . In the 2000–01 season , his last as a professional , he scored for three clubs , notching for Peterborough United ( against Oldham Athletic ) , Oxford United ( against Swindon Town ) and Wycombe Wanderers ( against Bristol City ) . He also featured in Wycombes FA Cup semi-final against Liverpool . This was the second time that Whittingham had been denied in an FA Cup semi-final by the Merseyside team , having lost in a penalty shootout to Liverpool whilst at Portsmouth in 1992 . Management and coaching career . Whittingham later went on to become player-manager of Newport ( IOW ) , but left them in May 2005 when the club ran into financial difficulties . He returned to management at AFC Newbury but when that club suffered financial difficulties and the loss of their ground , Whittingham left in June 2006 . In August 2006 he took up a coaching role at Eastleigh . In January 2009 , he joined the Portsmouth first-team coaching staff as development coach . He was named joint caretaker manager of Portsmouth together with Stuart Gray on 14 October 2011 , when Steve Cotterill left to become manager of Nottingham Forest . The next day the pair won their first game in charge against Barnsley 2–0 at Fratton Park . Whittingham once again became caretaker manager of the south coast club following Michael Appleton leaving to take the vacant position at Blackpool , and stayed as caretaker until the club exited administration in April 2013 , with his full-time appointing imminent . On 25 November 2013 , Whittingham was relieved from his duties following a meeting with the Portsmouth board . . The 2–1 loss to Southend proved to be his last game in charge on the south coast . Whittingham was appointed first team coach at Crawley on Friday 13 December 2013 . Whittingham left the club in April 2014 when it was mutually agreed that his contract would not be renewed . Whittingham joined the FA as a coach educator on 1 August 2014 . External links . - Profile at UpThePosh ! The Peterborough United Database

/wiki/Guy_Whittingham#P54#1

Which team did Guy Whittingham play for in Oct 1989?

Guy Whittingham Guy Whittingham ( born 10 November 1964 ) is an English former professional footballer and a manager . He was caretaker manager of Football League Two side Portsmouth from November 2012 until April 2013 when he took the role on a permanent basis before being sacked by Portsmouth in November 2013 . On 13 December 2013 , he was appointed assistant manager at Crawley Town . As a player , he was a striker from 1988 until 2005 , notably in the Premier League for Aston Villa and Sheffield Wednesday . Having started his career with non-league Yeovil Town he went on to play in the Football League for Portsmouth , Wolverhampton Wanderers , Watford , Peterborough United , Oxford United and Wycombe Wanderers . He amassed over 450 appearances throughout his career . Playing career . Born in Evesham , after leaving the British Army , he joined Waterlooville for the start of the 1987–88 season where , after two games for the reserves , he was quickly promoted to the first team and became the clubs top goalscorer in the 1987–88 season . One of his goals came in the first round proper of the F.A.Cup against Aylesbury United . He then spent a season at Yeovil Town before , in the summer of 1989 , he was signed by Portsmouth , where he then spent the majority of his career , scoring 99 times in 173 league appearances , including Pompeys all-time scoring record of 42 league goals in the 1992–93 season ( 48 in all competitions ) as the club missed out on automatic promotion to the Premier League on goals scored . He was known while at Fratton Park as Corporal Punishment . In 1993 he signed for Aston Villa in the Premier League . He had a good run in the team and scored important goals against Everton , Arsenal and Sheffield United , before leaving on loan in February 1994 to join Wolverhampton Wanderers ; this meant he missed out on Villas victory in the 1994 Football League Cup Final . In December 1994 he joined Sheffield Wednesday , proving to be very popular at the Owls . Whilst at Wednesday he had a second loan spell at Wolves , as well as being loaned to Watford and Portsmouth who he would later rejoin permanently in 1999 . At Portsmouth during his loan spell his seven goals in nine matches helped the club avoid relegation to the third tier . In the 2000–01 season , his last as a professional , he scored for three clubs , notching for Peterborough United ( against Oldham Athletic ) , Oxford United ( against Swindon Town ) and Wycombe Wanderers ( against Bristol City ) . He also featured in Wycombes FA Cup semi-final against Liverpool . This was the second time that Whittingham had been denied in an FA Cup semi-final by the Merseyside team , having lost in a penalty shootout to Liverpool whilst at Portsmouth in 1992 . Management and coaching career . Whittingham later went on to become player-manager of Newport ( IOW ) , but left them in May 2005 when the club ran into financial difficulties . He returned to management at AFC Newbury but when that club suffered financial difficulties and the loss of their ground , Whittingham left in June 2006 . In August 2006 he took up a coaching role at Eastleigh . In January 2009 , he joined the Portsmouth first-team coaching staff as development coach . He was named joint caretaker manager of Portsmouth together with Stuart Gray on 14 October 2011 , when Steve Cotterill left to become manager of Nottingham Forest . The next day the pair won their first game in charge against Barnsley 2–0 at Fratton Park . Whittingham once again became caretaker manager of the south coast club following Michael Appleton leaving to take the vacant position at Blackpool , and stayed as caretaker until the club exited administration in April 2013 , with his full-time appointing imminent . On 25 November 2013 , Whittingham was relieved from his duties following a meeting with the Portsmouth board . . The 2–1 loss to Southend proved to be his last game in charge on the south coast . Whittingham was appointed first team coach at Crawley on Friday 13 December 2013 . Whittingham left the club in April 2014 when it was mutually agreed that his contract would not be renewed . Whittingham joined the FA as a coach educator on 1 August 2014 . External links . - Profile at UpThePosh ! The Peterborough United Database

/wiki/Guy_Whittingham#P54#2

Which team did Guy Whittingham play for between Jun 1993 and Jul 1993?

Guy Whittingham Guy Whittingham ( born 10 November 1964 ) is an English former professional footballer and a manager . He was caretaker manager of Football League Two side Portsmouth from November 2012 until April 2013 when he took the role on a permanent basis before being sacked by Portsmouth in November 2013 . On 13 December 2013 , he was appointed assistant manager at Crawley Town . As a player , he was a striker from 1988 until 2005 , notably in the Premier League for Aston Villa and Sheffield Wednesday . Having started his career with non-league Yeovil Town he went on to play in the Football League for Portsmouth , Wolverhampton Wanderers , Watford , Peterborough United , Oxford United and Wycombe Wanderers . He amassed over 450 appearances throughout his career . Playing career . Born in Evesham , after leaving the British Army , he joined Waterlooville for the start of the 1987–88 season where , after two games for the reserves , he was quickly promoted to the first team and became the clubs top goalscorer in the 1987–88 season . One of his goals came in the first round proper of the F.A.Cup against Aylesbury United . He then spent a season at Yeovil Town before , in the summer of 1989 , he was signed by Portsmouth , where he then spent the majority of his career , scoring 99 times in 173 league appearances , including Pompeys all-time scoring record of 42 league goals in the 1992–93 season ( 48 in all competitions ) as the club missed out on automatic promotion to the Premier League on goals scored . He was known while at Fratton Park as Corporal Punishment . In 1993 he signed for Aston Villa in the Premier League . He had a good run in the team and scored important goals against Everton , Arsenal and Sheffield United , before leaving on loan in February 1994 to join Wolverhampton Wanderers ; this meant he missed out on Villas victory in the 1994 Football League Cup Final . In December 1994 he joined Sheffield Wednesday , proving to be very popular at the Owls . Whilst at Wednesday he had a second loan spell at Wolves , as well as being loaned to Watford and Portsmouth who he would later rejoin permanently in 1999 . At Portsmouth during his loan spell his seven goals in nine matches helped the club avoid relegation to the third tier . In the 2000–01 season , his last as a professional , he scored for three clubs , notching for Peterborough United ( against Oldham Athletic ) , Oxford United ( against Swindon Town ) and Wycombe Wanderers ( against Bristol City ) . He also featured in Wycombes FA Cup semi-final against Liverpool . This was the second time that Whittingham had been denied in an FA Cup semi-final by the Merseyside team , having lost in a penalty shootout to Liverpool whilst at Portsmouth in 1992 . Management and coaching career . Whittingham later went on to become player-manager of Newport ( IOW ) , but left them in May 2005 when the club ran into financial difficulties . He returned to management at AFC Newbury but when that club suffered financial difficulties and the loss of their ground , Whittingham left in June 2006 . In August 2006 he took up a coaching role at Eastleigh . In January 2009 , he joined the Portsmouth first-team coaching staff as development coach . He was named joint caretaker manager of Portsmouth together with Stuart Gray on 14 October 2011 , when Steve Cotterill left to become manager of Nottingham Forest . The next day the pair won their first game in charge against Barnsley 2–0 at Fratton Park . Whittingham once again became caretaker manager of the south coast club following Michael Appleton leaving to take the vacant position at Blackpool , and stayed as caretaker until the club exited administration in April 2013 , with his full-time appointing imminent . On 25 November 2013 , Whittingham was relieved from his duties following a meeting with the Portsmouth board . . The 2–1 loss to Southend proved to be his last game in charge on the south coast . Whittingham was appointed first team coach at Crawley on Friday 13 December 2013 . Whittingham left the club in April 2014 when it was mutually agreed that his contract would not be renewed . Whittingham joined the FA as a coach educator on 1 August 2014 . External links . - Profile at UpThePosh ! The Peterborough United Database

/wiki/Guy_Whittingham#P54#3

Which team did Guy Whittingham play for in Dec 1995?

Guy Whittingham Guy Whittingham ( born 10 November 1964 ) is an English former professional footballer and a manager . He was caretaker manager of Football League Two side Portsmouth from November 2012 until April 2013 when he took the role on a permanent basis before being sacked by Portsmouth in November 2013 . On 13 December 2013 , he was appointed assistant manager at Crawley Town . As a player , he was a striker from 1988 until 2005 , notably in the Premier League for Aston Villa and Sheffield Wednesday . Having started his career with non-league Yeovil Town he went on to play in the Football League for Portsmouth , Wolverhampton Wanderers , Watford , Peterborough United , Oxford United and Wycombe Wanderers . He amassed over 450 appearances throughout his career . Playing career . Born in Evesham , after leaving the British Army , he joined Waterlooville for the start of the 1987–88 season where , after two games for the reserves , he was quickly promoted to the first team and became the clubs top goalscorer in the 1987–88 season . One of his goals came in the first round proper of the F.A.Cup against Aylesbury United . He then spent a season at Yeovil Town before , in the summer of 1989 , he was signed by Portsmouth , where he then spent the majority of his career , scoring 99 times in 173 league appearances , including Pompeys all-time scoring record of 42 league goals in the 1992–93 season ( 48 in all competitions ) as the club missed out on automatic promotion to the Premier League on goals scored . He was known while at Fratton Park as Corporal Punishment . In 1993 he signed for Aston Villa in the Premier League . He had a good run in the team and scored important goals against Everton , Arsenal and Sheffield United , before leaving on loan in February 1994 to join Wolverhampton Wanderers ; this meant he missed out on Villas victory in the 1994 Football League Cup Final . In December 1994 he joined Sheffield Wednesday , proving to be very popular at the Owls . Whilst at Wednesday he had a second loan spell at Wolves , as well as being loaned to Watford and Portsmouth who he would later rejoin permanently in 1999 . At Portsmouth during his loan spell his seven goals in nine matches helped the club avoid relegation to the third tier . In the 2000–01 season , his last as a professional , he scored for three clubs , notching for Peterborough United ( against Oldham Athletic ) , Oxford United ( against Swindon Town ) and Wycombe Wanderers ( against Bristol City ) . He also featured in Wycombes FA Cup semi-final against Liverpool . This was the second time that Whittingham had been denied in an FA Cup semi-final by the Merseyside team , having lost in a penalty shootout to Liverpool whilst at Portsmouth in 1992 . Management and coaching career . Whittingham later went on to become player-manager of Newport ( IOW ) , but left them in May 2005 when the club ran into financial difficulties . He returned to management at AFC Newbury but when that club suffered financial difficulties and the loss of their ground , Whittingham left in June 2006 . In August 2006 he took up a coaching role at Eastleigh . In January 2009 , he joined the Portsmouth first-team coaching staff as development coach . He was named joint caretaker manager of Portsmouth together with Stuart Gray on 14 October 2011 , when Steve Cotterill left to become manager of Nottingham Forest . The next day the pair won their first game in charge against Barnsley 2–0 at Fratton Park . Whittingham once again became caretaker manager of the south coast club following Michael Appleton leaving to take the vacant position at Blackpool , and stayed as caretaker until the club exited administration in April 2013 , with his full-time appointing imminent . On 25 November 2013 , Whittingham was relieved from his duties following a meeting with the Portsmouth board . . The 2–1 loss to Southend proved to be his last game in charge on the south coast . Whittingham was appointed first team coach at Crawley on Friday 13 December 2013 . Whittingham left the club in April 2014 when it was mutually agreed that his contract would not be renewed . Whittingham joined the FA as a coach educator on 1 August 2014 . External links . - Profile at UpThePosh ! The Peterborough United Database

/wiki/Guy_Whittingham#P54#4

Which team did Guy Whittingham play for after Mar 2003?

Guy Whittingham Guy Whittingham ( born 10 November 1964 ) is an English former professional footballer and a manager . He was caretaker manager of Football League Two side Portsmouth from November 2012 until April 2013 when he took the role on a permanent basis before being sacked by Portsmouth in November 2013 . On 13 December 2013 , he was appointed assistant manager at Crawley Town . As a player , he was a striker from 1988 until 2005 , notably in the Premier League for Aston Villa and Sheffield Wednesday . Having started his career with non-league Yeovil Town he went on to play in the Football League for Portsmouth , Wolverhampton Wanderers , Watford , Peterborough United , Oxford United and Wycombe Wanderers . He amassed over 450 appearances throughout his career . Playing career . Born in Evesham , after leaving the British Army , he joined Waterlooville for the start of the 1987–88 season where , after two games for the reserves , he was quickly promoted to the first team and became the clubs top goalscorer in the 1987–88 season . One of his goals came in the first round proper of the F.A.Cup against Aylesbury United . He then spent a season at Yeovil Town before , in the summer of 1989 , he was signed by Portsmouth , where he then spent the majority of his career , scoring 99 times in 173 league appearances , including Pompeys all-time scoring record of 42 league goals in the 1992–93 season ( 48 in all competitions ) as the club missed out on automatic promotion to the Premier League on goals scored . He was known while at Fratton Park as Corporal Punishment . In 1993 he signed for Aston Villa in the Premier League . He had a good run in the team and scored important goals against Everton , Arsenal and Sheffield United , before leaving on loan in February 1994 to join Wolverhampton Wanderers ; this meant he missed out on Villas victory in the 1994 Football League Cup Final . In December 1994 he joined Sheffield Wednesday , proving to be very popular at the Owls . Whilst at Wednesday he had a second loan spell at Wolves , as well as being loaned to Watford and Portsmouth who he would later rejoin permanently in 1999 . At Portsmouth during his loan spell his seven goals in nine matches helped the club avoid relegation to the third tier . In the 2000–01 season , his last as a professional , he scored for three clubs , notching for Peterborough United ( against Oldham Athletic ) , Oxford United ( against Swindon Town ) and Wycombe Wanderers ( against Bristol City ) . He also featured in Wycombes FA Cup semi-final against Liverpool . This was the second time that Whittingham had been denied in an FA Cup semi-final by the Merseyside team , having lost in a penalty shootout to Liverpool whilst at Portsmouth in 1992 . Management and coaching career . Whittingham later went on to become player-manager of Newport ( IOW ) , but left them in May 2005 when the club ran into financial difficulties . He returned to management at AFC Newbury but when that club suffered financial difficulties and the loss of their ground , Whittingham left in June 2006 . In August 2006 he took up a coaching role at Eastleigh . In January 2009 , he joined the Portsmouth first-team coaching staff as development coach . He was named joint caretaker manager of Portsmouth together with Stuart Gray on 14 October 2011 , when Steve Cotterill left to become manager of Nottingham Forest . The next day the pair won their first game in charge against Barnsley 2–0 at Fratton Park . Whittingham once again became caretaker manager of the south coast club following Michael Appleton leaving to take the vacant position at Blackpool , and stayed as caretaker until the club exited administration in April 2013 , with his full-time appointing imminent . On 25 November 2013 , Whittingham was relieved from his duties following a meeting with the Portsmouth board . . The 2–1 loss to Southend proved to be his last game in charge on the south coast . Whittingham was appointed first team coach at Crawley on Friday 13 December 2013 . Whittingham left the club in April 2014 when it was mutually agreed that his contract would not be renewed . Whittingham joined the FA as a coach educator on 1 August 2014 . External links . - Profile at UpThePosh ! The Peterborough United Database

/wiki/Hildegarde_Naughton#P39#0

Which position did Hildegarde Naughton hold in Jan 2015?

Hildegarde Naughton Hildegarde Naughton ( born 1 May 1977 ) is an Irish Fine Gael politician who has served as Minister of State attending cabinet since June 2020 . She has been a Teachta Dála ( TD ) for the Galway West constituency since 2016 . She previously served as Chair of the Committee on Communications , Climate Action and the Environment from 2016 to 2020 and Mayor of Galway from 2011 to 2012 . She also served as a Senator from 2013 to 2016 , after being nominated by the Taoiseach . Personal life . Naughton was born in Galway in 1977 , she is from Oranmore . Naughton is the only daughter of P.J . and Marguerite Naughton . Her father was a member of the Fine Gael National Executive . She was teacher at St . Patricks Boys School in Galway . She is a classically trained soprano , and in 2008 won the Association of Irish Musical Societies Best Actress award for her role as Eliza Doolittle in the Galway Patrician Musical Societys production of My Fair Lady . She speaks fluent French . She was co-ordinator of the 2007 Telethon People in Need Campaign for Galway City and County , which raised over €300,000 for local charities . Political career . Naughton surprised many by unseating party colleague John Mulholland at the 2009 local election in the Galway City West local electoral area ( Salthill-Claddagh-Knocknacarra ) . John Cunningham suggested that personal networking , effective postering , and the endorsement of Maureen Egan aided her victory . After her election , she was a director on Galway City Partnership Board and a member of Galway City Councils Transport Strategic Policy Committee and the Galway City Vocational Education Committee . Naughton ran unsuccessfully for the Dáil at the 2011 general election in Galway West . During the campaign in January , she alleged that councillors had been doing the bidding of a hidden elite for 20 years . In June , she was Fine Gaels choice for Mayor of Galway for 2011–12 , part of a pact rotating the post between Fine Gael , Labour Party , and some Independent members . Her nomination was in doubt after Councillors objected to her allegation the previous January . She unreservedly withdrew the comments before the mayoral vote was taken . She caused controversy when she used her casting vote as Mayor to deny David Norris the right to address Galway City Council during his campaign to get a nomination for the 2011 presidential election . She later claimed it was a misunderstanding . At the 2011 general election , Naughton was one of four Fine Gael candidates for the five seats in Galway West ; Seán Kyne and Brian Walsh were elected , while Naughton and Fidelma Healy Eames were unsuccessful . In July 2013 , Walsh was expelled from the Fine Gael parliamentary party for voting against the party whip on the Protection of Life During Pregnancy Bill 2013 . Healy Eames was expelled a week after Walsh for opposing the same bill in the Seanad . On 19 July , Naughton was appointed to the Seanad by Taoiseach Enda Kenny . Walsh was readmitted into the Fine Gael parliamentary party in 2014 , but due to health reasons , he stood down before the general election . At the 2016 general election , Naughton was elected to the Dáil alongside her party colleague Seán Kyne . In October 2019 , she was appointed to the chair of the Dáil committee investigating ethics complaints about members who voted on behalf of colleagues . She was later forced to resign after it came to light that she had done the same on several occasions . Voting on behalf of colleagues in the Dáil was not permitted . At the 2020 general election , Naughton was re-elected to the Dáil , as the sole Fine Gael TD in the five-seat constituency . In 2020 , at the formation of the 32nd Government of Ireland , Naughton was appointed as one of three Ministers of State attending cabinet . She was appointed as Minister of State at the Department of Transport with special responsibility for International and Road Transport and Logistics and Minister of State at the Department of the Environment , Climate and Communications with special responsibility for Postal Policy and Eircodes . From 27 April , Naughton was assigned additional responsibilities as Minister of State at the Department of Justice with responsibility for criminal justice during the maternity leave of Minister for Justice Helen McEntee . External links . - Hildegarde Naughtons page on the Fine Gael website

/wiki/Hildegarde_Naughton#P39#1

Which position did Hildegarde Naughton hold in Jul 2018?

Hildegarde Naughton Hildegarde Naughton ( born 1 May 1977 ) is an Irish Fine Gael politician who has served as Minister of State attending cabinet since June 2020 . She has been a Teachta Dála ( TD ) for the Galway West constituency since 2016 . She previously served as Chair of the Committee on Communications , Climate Action and the Environment from 2016 to 2020 and Mayor of Galway from 2011 to 2012 . She also served as a Senator from 2013 to 2016 , after being nominated by the Taoiseach . Personal life . Naughton was born in Galway in 1977 , she is from Oranmore . Naughton is the only daughter of P.J . and Marguerite Naughton . Her father was a member of the Fine Gael National Executive . She was teacher at St . Patricks Boys School in Galway . She is a classically trained soprano , and in 2008 won the Association of Irish Musical Societies Best Actress award for her role as Eliza Doolittle in the Galway Patrician Musical Societys production of My Fair Lady . She speaks fluent French . She was co-ordinator of the 2007 Telethon People in Need Campaign for Galway City and County , which raised over €300,000 for local charities . Political career . Naughton surprised many by unseating party colleague John Mulholland at the 2009 local election in the Galway City West local electoral area ( Salthill-Claddagh-Knocknacarra ) . John Cunningham suggested that personal networking , effective postering , and the endorsement of Maureen Egan aided her victory . After her election , she was a director on Galway City Partnership Board and a member of Galway City Councils Transport Strategic Policy Committee and the Galway City Vocational Education Committee . Naughton ran unsuccessfully for the Dáil at the 2011 general election in Galway West . During the campaign in January , she alleged that councillors had been doing the bidding of a hidden elite for 20 years . In June , she was Fine Gaels choice for Mayor of Galway for 2011–12 , part of a pact rotating the post between Fine Gael , Labour Party , and some Independent members . Her nomination was in doubt after Councillors objected to her allegation the previous January . She unreservedly withdrew the comments before the mayoral vote was taken . She caused controversy when she used her casting vote as Mayor to deny David Norris the right to address Galway City Council during his campaign to get a nomination for the 2011 presidential election . She later claimed it was a misunderstanding . At the 2011 general election , Naughton was one of four Fine Gael candidates for the five seats in Galway West ; Seán Kyne and Brian Walsh were elected , while Naughton and Fidelma Healy Eames were unsuccessful . In July 2013 , Walsh was expelled from the Fine Gael parliamentary party for voting against the party whip on the Protection of Life During Pregnancy Bill 2013 . Healy Eames was expelled a week after Walsh for opposing the same bill in the Seanad . On 19 July , Naughton was appointed to the Seanad by Taoiseach Enda Kenny . Walsh was readmitted into the Fine Gael parliamentary party in 2014 , but due to health reasons , he stood down before the general election . At the 2016 general election , Naughton was elected to the Dáil alongside her party colleague Seán Kyne . In October 2019 , she was appointed to the chair of the Dáil committee investigating ethics complaints about members who voted on behalf of colleagues . She was later forced to resign after it came to light that she had done the same on several occasions . Voting on behalf of colleagues in the Dáil was not permitted . At the 2020 general election , Naughton was re-elected to the Dáil , as the sole Fine Gael TD in the five-seat constituency . In 2020 , at the formation of the 32nd Government of Ireland , Naughton was appointed as one of three Ministers of State attending cabinet . She was appointed as Minister of State at the Department of Transport with special responsibility for International and Road Transport and Logistics and Minister of State at the Department of the Environment , Climate and Communications with special responsibility for Postal Policy and Eircodes . From 27 April , Naughton was assigned additional responsibilities as Minister of State at the Department of Justice with responsibility for criminal justice during the maternity leave of Minister for Justice Helen McEntee . External links . - Hildegarde Naughtons page on the Fine Gael website

/wiki/Hildegarde_Naughton#P39#2

Which position did Hildegarde Naughton hold between Sep 2020 and Oct 2020?

Hildegarde Naughton Hildegarde Naughton ( born 1 May 1977 ) is an Irish Fine Gael politician who has served as Minister of State attending cabinet since June 2020 . She has been a Teachta Dála ( TD ) for the Galway West constituency since 2016 . She previously served as Chair of the Committee on Communications , Climate Action and the Environment from 2016 to 2020 and Mayor of Galway from 2011 to 2012 . She also served as a Senator from 2013 to 2016 , after being nominated by the Taoiseach . Personal life . Naughton was born in Galway in 1977 , she is from Oranmore . Naughton is the only daughter of P.J . and Marguerite Naughton . Her father was a member of the Fine Gael National Executive . She was teacher at St . Patricks Boys School in Galway . She is a classically trained soprano , and in 2008 won the Association of Irish Musical Societies Best Actress award for her role as Eliza Doolittle in the Galway Patrician Musical Societys production of My Fair Lady . She speaks fluent French . She was co-ordinator of the 2007 Telethon People in Need Campaign for Galway City and County , which raised over €300,000 for local charities . Political career . Naughton surprised many by unseating party colleague John Mulholland at the 2009 local election in the Galway City West local electoral area ( Salthill-Claddagh-Knocknacarra ) . John Cunningham suggested that personal networking , effective postering , and the endorsement of Maureen Egan aided her victory . After her election , she was a director on Galway City Partnership Board and a member of Galway City Councils Transport Strategic Policy Committee and the Galway City Vocational Education Committee . Naughton ran unsuccessfully for the Dáil at the 2011 general election in Galway West . During the campaign in January , she alleged that councillors had been doing the bidding of a hidden elite for 20 years . In June , she was Fine Gaels choice for Mayor of Galway for 2011–12 , part of a pact rotating the post between Fine Gael , Labour Party , and some Independent members . Her nomination was in doubt after Councillors objected to her allegation the previous January . She unreservedly withdrew the comments before the mayoral vote was taken . She caused controversy when she used her casting vote as Mayor to deny David Norris the right to address Galway City Council during his campaign to get a nomination for the 2011 presidential election . She later claimed it was a misunderstanding . At the 2011 general election , Naughton was one of four Fine Gael candidates for the five seats in Galway West ; Seán Kyne and Brian Walsh were elected , while Naughton and Fidelma Healy Eames were unsuccessful . In July 2013 , Walsh was expelled from the Fine Gael parliamentary party for voting against the party whip on the Protection of Life During Pregnancy Bill 2013 . Healy Eames was expelled a week after Walsh for opposing the same bill in the Seanad . On 19 July , Naughton was appointed to the Seanad by Taoiseach Enda Kenny . Walsh was readmitted into the Fine Gael parliamentary party in 2014 , but due to health reasons , he stood down before the general election . At the 2016 general election , Naughton was elected to the Dáil alongside her party colleague Seán Kyne . In October 2019 , she was appointed to the chair of the Dáil committee investigating ethics complaints about members who voted on behalf of colleagues . She was later forced to resign after it came to light that she had done the same on several occasions . Voting on behalf of colleagues in the Dáil was not permitted . At the 2020 general election , Naughton was re-elected to the Dáil , as the sole Fine Gael TD in the five-seat constituency . In 2020 , at the formation of the 32nd Government of Ireland , Naughton was appointed as one of three Ministers of State attending cabinet . She was appointed as Minister of State at the Department of Transport with special responsibility for International and Road Transport and Logistics and Minister of State at the Department of the Environment , Climate and Communications with special responsibility for Postal Policy and Eircodes . From 27 April , Naughton was assigned additional responsibilities as Minister of State at the Department of Justice with responsibility for criminal justice during the maternity leave of Minister for Justice Helen McEntee . External links . - Hildegarde Naughtons page on the Fine Gael website

/wiki/Michel_Zink#P108#0

Who did Michel Zink work for between Sep 1984 and Sep 1987?

Michel Zink Michel Zink ( born 5 May 1945 ) is a French writer , medievalist , philologist , and professor of French literature , particularly that of the Middle Ages . He is the Permanent Secretary of the Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres , a title he has held since 2011 , and was elected to the Académie française in 2017 . In addition to his academic work , he has also written historical crime novels , one of which continues the story of Arsène Lupin . Biography . Zink was born in Issy-les-Moulineaux near Paris to the poet and Marthe Cohn . Historian Anne Zink and mathematician Odile Favaron are his sisters . He graduated from the École normale supérieure in 1968 , and completed his doctoral thesis , Recherches sur les pastourelles médiévales , in 1970 under the direction of while working as an assistant professor at Paris-Sorbonne University . Working with Le Gentil , Zink completed a second thesis , La Prédication en langue romane avant 1300 in 1975 , and the following year became a full professor at the University of Toulouse-Le Mirail . He returned to the Sorbonne in 1987 as a professor , then moved to the Collège de France in 1994 , where he became the chair of Literatures of Medieval France . The chair position was created specifically for Zink after having been vacant for twenty years . Zink left the Collège de France in 2016 . He was elected to the Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres in 2000 , filling the vacant seat of medievalist . He was named chair of the board of directors of the École normale supérieure in 2004 , resigning his seat the following year in protest of Monique Canto-Sperber becoming the head of the institution . He received a Balzan Prize in 2007 . In 2017 , Zink was elected to seat 37 of the Académie française , filling the vacancy left by the death of historian René Girard . Zink is an officer of the Legion of Honour and of the Ordre des Palmes Académiques , and has been awarded the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic . Works . Literary essays and critical editions . - La Pastourelle : poésie et folklore au Moyen Âge , Paris , Bordas , coll . Études , 1972 , 160 p . - La Prédication en langue romane avant 1300 , Paris , Champion , coll . Nouvelle Bibliothèque du Moyen Âge , 1976 , 580 p. ; 2 éd . revue , 1982 . - Belle : essai sur les chansons de toile , suivi dune édition et dune traduction , Paris , Champion , coll . Essais sur le Moyen Âge , 1978 , 184 p . - Roman rose et rose rouge : le Roman de la Rose ou de Guillaume de Dole de Jean Renart , Paris , Nizet , 1979 , 127 p . - Le Roman d’Apollonius de Tyr , édition , traduction et présentation , Paris , U.G.E . coll . 10/18 . Série Bibliothèque médiévale , 1982 , 315 p . ; puis nouvelle édition revue , Paris , LGF , coll . Le Livre de poche . Lettres gothiques , 2006 , 285 p . - La Subjectivité littéraire autour du siècle de saint Louis , Paris , PUF , coll . Écriture , 1985 , 267 p . - Rutebeuf , Œuvres complètes , texte établi , traduit , annoté et présenté avec variantes , Paris , Garnier , coll . Classiques Garnier , 1989-1990 , 2 vol. , 514 p . et 535 p . ; réédition dans une nouvelle édition revue et mise à jour , Paris , LGF , coll . Le Livre de poche . Lettres gothiques n° 4560 , 2001 , 1054 p . - Le Moyen Âge : littérature française , coll . Phares , Presses Universitaires de Nancy , 1990 , 167 p . réédition augmentée sous le titre Introduction à la littérature du Moyen-Âge , Paris , LGF , coll . Le Livre de poche . Références , 1993 , 186 p . - Les Voix de la conscience : parole du poète et parole de Dieu dans la littérature médiévale , Caen , Paradigme , 1992 , 418 p . [ recueil darticles ] . - Littérature française au Moyen Âge , Paris , PUF , coll . Premier cycle , 1992 , X-400 p. ; 2e édition revue et mise à jour , 2001 . - Le Moyen Âge et ses chansons ou Un passé en trompe-lœil , Paris , Éditions de Fallois , 1996 , 231 p . - Froissart et le temps , Paris , PUF , coll . Moyen Âge , 1998 , 225 p . - Le Jongleur de Notre-Dame : contes chrétiens du Moyen Âge , Paris , Le Seuil , 1999 , 204 p . - Déodat ou La transparence : un roman du Graal , Paris , Le Seuil , 2002 , 153 p . - Poésie et conversion au Moyen Âge , Paris , PUF , 2003 , 346 p . - Le Moyen Âge de Gaston Paris , Paris , Éditions Odile Jacob , 2004 , 342 p . - Le Moyen Âge à la lettre : abécédaire médiéval , Paris , Tallandier , 2004 , 137 p . - Livres anciens , lecture vivante , Paris , Éditions Odile Jacob , 2010 , 352 p . - D’autres langues que la mienne , Paris , Éditions Odile Jacob , 2014 , 288 p . - Bienvenue au Moyen Âge , Equateurs / France Inter , 2015 , 184 p . - LHumiliation , le Moyen Âge et nous , Paris , Albin Michel , 2017 , 261 p . Novels . - Le Tiers damour : un roman des troubadours , Paris , Éditions de Fallois , 1998 , 205 p . - Arsène Lupin et le mystère d’Arsonval , Paris , Éditions de Fallois , 2004 , 153 p . ; réédition , Paris , LGF , coll . Le Livre de poche n° 35026 , 2006 - Un portefeuille toulousain , Paris , Éditions de Fallois , 2007 , 153 p . ; réédition , Paris , LGF , coll . Le Livre de poche n° 31604 , 2009 - Bérets noirs , bérets rouges , Paris , Éditions de Fallois , 2018 , 220 p . Memoir . - Seuls les enfants savent lire , Paris , Taillandier , 2009 , 121 p . . Réédition : Paris , Les Belles Lettres , 2019 , 150 p . . Collaborations . - Commentary on Girart de Roussillon ou Lépopée de Bourgogne , with M . Thomas , adaptation into modern French of R.-H . Guerrand , Paris , Philippe Lebaud , 1990 . - Histoire européenne du roman médiéval : esquisse et perspectives , with M . Stanesco , Paris , PUF , coll . Écriture , 1992 , 218 p . - Revised edition of Dictionnaire des lettres françaises . Le Moyen Âge with Geneviève Hasenohr , Paris , LGF , coll . Le Livre de poche . La Pochothèque , 1992 ; repr . 1994 , originally by Robert Bossuat , Louis Pichard and Guy Raynaud de Lage , Paris , 1939-64 . - LArt daimer au Moyen Âge , with M . Cazenave , D . Poirion , and A . Strubel ; Éditions du Félin , Ph . Lebaud , 1997 , Un nouvel art daimer , p . 7-70 . - Pages manuscrites de la littérature médiévale , with Geneviève Hasenohr , Paris , LGF , coll . Le Livre de poche . Lettres gothiques , 1999 , 95 p . - LŒuvre et son ombre : que peut la littérature secondaire ? , edited by Michel Zink , other contributions by Yves Bonnefoy , Pierre Bourdieu , Pascale Casanova , Antoine Compagnon , Michael Edwards , Marc Fumaroli , Michel Jarrety , Hubert Monteilhet , Carlo Ossola , Harald Weinrich , Paris , Éditions de Fallois , 2002 , 154 p . - Le Moyen Âge de Gaston Paris : la poésie à lépreuve de la philologie , edited by Michel Zink , Paris , Éditions Odile Jacob , coll . Collège de France , 2004 , 343 p . - Naissance , Renaissances , Moyen Âge – XVI e siècle , with Frank Lestringant , Paris , PUF , 2006 , 1063 p . - Froissart dans sa forge , edited by Michel Zink , colloquium held in Paris , 4–6 November 2004 , Paris , Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres – Collège de France , Éd . de Boccard , 2006 , p . 5-6 , 85-89 et 231-234 . - Moyen Âge et Renaissance au Collège de France , with Pierre Toubert , Paris , Fayard , 2009 , 665 p .

/wiki/Michel_Zink#P108#1

Who did Michel Zink work for in Aug 2008?

Michel Zink Michel Zink ( born 5 May 1945 ) is a French writer , medievalist , philologist , and professor of French literature , particularly that of the Middle Ages . He is the Permanent Secretary of the Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres , a title he has held since 2011 , and was elected to the Académie française in 2017 . In addition to his academic work , he has also written historical crime novels , one of which continues the story of Arsène Lupin . Biography . Zink was born in Issy-les-Moulineaux near Paris to the poet and Marthe Cohn . Historian Anne Zink and mathematician Odile Favaron are his sisters . He graduated from the École normale supérieure in 1968 , and completed his doctoral thesis , Recherches sur les pastourelles médiévales , in 1970 under the direction of while working as an assistant professor at Paris-Sorbonne University . Working with Le Gentil , Zink completed a second thesis , La Prédication en langue romane avant 1300 in 1975 , and the following year became a full professor at the University of Toulouse-Le Mirail . He returned to the Sorbonne in 1987 as a professor , then moved to the Collège de France in 1994 , where he became the chair of Literatures of Medieval France . The chair position was created specifically for Zink after having been vacant for twenty years . Zink left the Collège de France in 2016 . He was elected to the Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres in 2000 , filling the vacant seat of medievalist . He was named chair of the board of directors of the École normale supérieure in 2004 , resigning his seat the following year in protest of Monique Canto-Sperber becoming the head of the institution . He received a Balzan Prize in 2007 . In 2017 , Zink was elected to seat 37 of the Académie française , filling the vacancy left by the death of historian René Girard . Zink is an officer of the Legion of Honour and of the Ordre des Palmes Académiques , and has been awarded the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic . Works . Literary essays and critical editions . - La Pastourelle : poésie et folklore au Moyen Âge , Paris , Bordas , coll . Études , 1972 , 160 p . - La Prédication en langue romane avant 1300 , Paris , Champion , coll . Nouvelle Bibliothèque du Moyen Âge , 1976 , 580 p. ; 2 éd . revue , 1982 . - Belle : essai sur les chansons de toile , suivi dune édition et dune traduction , Paris , Champion , coll . Essais sur le Moyen Âge , 1978 , 184 p . - Roman rose et rose rouge : le Roman de la Rose ou de Guillaume de Dole de Jean Renart , Paris , Nizet , 1979 , 127 p . - Le Roman d’Apollonius de Tyr , édition , traduction et présentation , Paris , U.G.E . coll . 10/18 . Série Bibliothèque médiévale , 1982 , 315 p . ; puis nouvelle édition revue , Paris , LGF , coll . Le Livre de poche . Lettres gothiques , 2006 , 285 p . - La Subjectivité littéraire autour du siècle de saint Louis , Paris , PUF , coll . Écriture , 1985 , 267 p . - Rutebeuf , Œuvres complètes , texte établi , traduit , annoté et présenté avec variantes , Paris , Garnier , coll . Classiques Garnier , 1989-1990 , 2 vol. , 514 p . et 535 p . ; réédition dans une nouvelle édition revue et mise à jour , Paris , LGF , coll . Le Livre de poche . Lettres gothiques n° 4560 , 2001 , 1054 p . - Le Moyen Âge : littérature française , coll . Phares , Presses Universitaires de Nancy , 1990 , 167 p . réédition augmentée sous le titre Introduction à la littérature du Moyen-Âge , Paris , LGF , coll . Le Livre de poche . Références , 1993 , 186 p . - Les Voix de la conscience : parole du poète et parole de Dieu dans la littérature médiévale , Caen , Paradigme , 1992 , 418 p . [ recueil darticles ] . - Littérature française au Moyen Âge , Paris , PUF , coll . Premier cycle , 1992 , X-400 p. ; 2e édition revue et mise à jour , 2001 . - Le Moyen Âge et ses chansons ou Un passé en trompe-lœil , Paris , Éditions de Fallois , 1996 , 231 p . - Froissart et le temps , Paris , PUF , coll . Moyen Âge , 1998 , 225 p . - Le Jongleur de Notre-Dame : contes chrétiens du Moyen Âge , Paris , Le Seuil , 1999 , 204 p . - Déodat ou La transparence : un roman du Graal , Paris , Le Seuil , 2002 , 153 p . - Poésie et conversion au Moyen Âge , Paris , PUF , 2003 , 346 p . - Le Moyen Âge de Gaston Paris , Paris , Éditions Odile Jacob , 2004 , 342 p . - Le Moyen Âge à la lettre : abécédaire médiéval , Paris , Tallandier , 2004 , 137 p . - Livres anciens , lecture vivante , Paris , Éditions Odile Jacob , 2010 , 352 p . - D’autres langues que la mienne , Paris , Éditions Odile Jacob , 2014 , 288 p . - Bienvenue au Moyen Âge , Equateurs / France Inter , 2015 , 184 p . - LHumiliation , le Moyen Âge et nous , Paris , Albin Michel , 2017 , 261 p . Novels . - Le Tiers damour : un roman des troubadours , Paris , Éditions de Fallois , 1998 , 205 p . - Arsène Lupin et le mystère d’Arsonval , Paris , Éditions de Fallois , 2004 , 153 p . ; réédition , Paris , LGF , coll . Le Livre de poche n° 35026 , 2006 - Un portefeuille toulousain , Paris , Éditions de Fallois , 2007 , 153 p . ; réédition , Paris , LGF , coll . Le Livre de poche n° 31604 , 2009 - Bérets noirs , bérets rouges , Paris , Éditions de Fallois , 2018 , 220 p . Memoir . - Seuls les enfants savent lire , Paris , Taillandier , 2009 , 121 p . . Réédition : Paris , Les Belles Lettres , 2019 , 150 p . . Collaborations . - Commentary on Girart de Roussillon ou Lépopée de Bourgogne , with M . Thomas , adaptation into modern French of R.-H . Guerrand , Paris , Philippe Lebaud , 1990 . - Histoire européenne du roman médiéval : esquisse et perspectives , with M . Stanesco , Paris , PUF , coll . Écriture , 1992 , 218 p . - Revised edition of Dictionnaire des lettres françaises . Le Moyen Âge with Geneviève Hasenohr , Paris , LGF , coll . Le Livre de poche . La Pochothèque , 1992 ; repr . 1994 , originally by Robert Bossuat , Louis Pichard and Guy Raynaud de Lage , Paris , 1939-64 . - LArt daimer au Moyen Âge , with M . Cazenave , D . Poirion , and A . Strubel ; Éditions du Félin , Ph . Lebaud , 1997 , Un nouvel art daimer , p . 7-70 . - Pages manuscrites de la littérature médiévale , with Geneviève Hasenohr , Paris , LGF , coll . Le Livre de poche . Lettres gothiques , 1999 , 95 p . - LŒuvre et son ombre : que peut la littérature secondaire ? , edited by Michel Zink , other contributions by Yves Bonnefoy , Pierre Bourdieu , Pascale Casanova , Antoine Compagnon , Michael Edwards , Marc Fumaroli , Michel Jarrety , Hubert Monteilhet , Carlo Ossola , Harald Weinrich , Paris , Éditions de Fallois , 2002 , 154 p . - Le Moyen Âge de Gaston Paris : la poésie à lépreuve de la philologie , edited by Michel Zink , Paris , Éditions Odile Jacob , coll . Collège de France , 2004 , 343 p . - Naissance , Renaissances , Moyen Âge – XVI e siècle , with Frank Lestringant , Paris , PUF , 2006 , 1063 p . - Froissart dans sa forge , edited by Michel Zink , colloquium held in Paris , 4–6 November 2004 , Paris , Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres – Collège de France , Éd . de Boccard , 2006 , p . 5-6 , 85-89 et 231-234 . - Moyen Âge et Renaissance au Collège de France , with Pierre Toubert , Paris , Fayard , 2009 , 665 p .

/wiki/Michel_Zink#P108#2

Who did Michel Zink work for between Oct 1967 and Mar 1969?

Michel Zink Michel Zink ( born 5 May 1945 ) is a French writer , medievalist , philologist , and professor of French literature , particularly that of the Middle Ages . He is the Permanent Secretary of the Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres , a title he has held since 2011 , and was elected to the Académie française in 2017 . In addition to his academic work , he has also written historical crime novels , one of which continues the story of Arsène Lupin . Biography . Zink was born in Issy-les-Moulineaux near Paris to the poet and Marthe Cohn . Historian Anne Zink and mathematician Odile Favaron are his sisters . He graduated from the École normale supérieure in 1968 , and completed his doctoral thesis , Recherches sur les pastourelles médiévales , in 1970 under the direction of while working as an assistant professor at Paris-Sorbonne University . Working with Le Gentil , Zink completed a second thesis , La Prédication en langue romane avant 1300 in 1975 , and the following year became a full professor at the University of Toulouse-Le Mirail . He returned to the Sorbonne in 1987 as a professor , then moved to the Collège de France in 1994 , where he became the chair of Literatures of Medieval France . The chair position was created specifically for Zink after having been vacant for twenty years . Zink left the Collège de France in 2016 . He was elected to the Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres in 2000 , filling the vacant seat of medievalist . He was named chair of the board of directors of the École normale supérieure in 2004 , resigning his seat the following year in protest of Monique Canto-Sperber becoming the head of the institution . He received a Balzan Prize in 2007 . In 2017 , Zink was elected to seat 37 of the Académie française , filling the vacancy left by the death of historian René Girard . Zink is an officer of the Legion of Honour and of the Ordre des Palmes Académiques , and has been awarded the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic . Works . Literary essays and critical editions . - La Pastourelle : poésie et folklore au Moyen Âge , Paris , Bordas , coll . Études , 1972 , 160 p . - La Prédication en langue romane avant 1300 , Paris , Champion , coll . Nouvelle Bibliothèque du Moyen Âge , 1976 , 580 p. ; 2 éd . revue , 1982 . - Belle : essai sur les chansons de toile , suivi dune édition et dune traduction , Paris , Champion , coll . Essais sur le Moyen Âge , 1978 , 184 p . - Roman rose et rose rouge : le Roman de la Rose ou de Guillaume de Dole de Jean Renart , Paris , Nizet , 1979 , 127 p . - Le Roman d’Apollonius de Tyr , édition , traduction et présentation , Paris , U.G.E . coll . 10/18 . Série Bibliothèque médiévale , 1982 , 315 p . ; puis nouvelle édition revue , Paris , LGF , coll . Le Livre de poche . Lettres gothiques , 2006 , 285 p . - La Subjectivité littéraire autour du siècle de saint Louis , Paris , PUF , coll . Écriture , 1985 , 267 p . - Rutebeuf , Œuvres complètes , texte établi , traduit , annoté et présenté avec variantes , Paris , Garnier , coll . Classiques Garnier , 1989-1990 , 2 vol. , 514 p . et 535 p . ; réédition dans une nouvelle édition revue et mise à jour , Paris , LGF , coll . Le Livre de poche . Lettres gothiques n° 4560 , 2001 , 1054 p . - Le Moyen Âge : littérature française , coll . Phares , Presses Universitaires de Nancy , 1990 , 167 p . réédition augmentée sous le titre Introduction à la littérature du Moyen-Âge , Paris , LGF , coll . Le Livre de poche . Références , 1993 , 186 p . - Les Voix de la conscience : parole du poète et parole de Dieu dans la littérature médiévale , Caen , Paradigme , 1992 , 418 p . [ recueil darticles ] . - Littérature française au Moyen Âge , Paris , PUF , coll . Premier cycle , 1992 , X-400 p. ; 2e édition revue et mise à jour , 2001 . - Le Moyen Âge et ses chansons ou Un passé en trompe-lœil , Paris , Éditions de Fallois , 1996 , 231 p . - Froissart et le temps , Paris , PUF , coll . Moyen Âge , 1998 , 225 p . - Le Jongleur de Notre-Dame : contes chrétiens du Moyen Âge , Paris , Le Seuil , 1999 , 204 p . - Déodat ou La transparence : un roman du Graal , Paris , Le Seuil , 2002 , 153 p . - Poésie et conversion au Moyen Âge , Paris , PUF , 2003 , 346 p . - Le Moyen Âge de Gaston Paris , Paris , Éditions Odile Jacob , 2004 , 342 p . - Le Moyen Âge à la lettre : abécédaire médiéval , Paris , Tallandier , 2004 , 137 p . - Livres anciens , lecture vivante , Paris , Éditions Odile Jacob , 2010 , 352 p . - D’autres langues que la mienne , Paris , Éditions Odile Jacob , 2014 , 288 p . - Bienvenue au Moyen Âge , Equateurs / France Inter , 2015 , 184 p . - LHumiliation , le Moyen Âge et nous , Paris , Albin Michel , 2017 , 261 p . Novels . - Le Tiers damour : un roman des troubadours , Paris , Éditions de Fallois , 1998 , 205 p . - Arsène Lupin et le mystère d’Arsonval , Paris , Éditions de Fallois , 2004 , 153 p . ; réédition , Paris , LGF , coll . Le Livre de poche n° 35026 , 2006 - Un portefeuille toulousain , Paris , Éditions de Fallois , 2007 , 153 p . ; réédition , Paris , LGF , coll . Le Livre de poche n° 31604 , 2009 - Bérets noirs , bérets rouges , Paris , Éditions de Fallois , 2018 , 220 p . Memoir . - Seuls les enfants savent lire , Paris , Taillandier , 2009 , 121 p . . Réédition : Paris , Les Belles Lettres , 2019 , 150 p . . Collaborations . - Commentary on Girart de Roussillon ou Lépopée de Bourgogne , with M . Thomas , adaptation into modern French of R.-H . Guerrand , Paris , Philippe Lebaud , 1990 . - Histoire européenne du roman médiéval : esquisse et perspectives , with M . Stanesco , Paris , PUF , coll . Écriture , 1992 , 218 p . - Revised edition of Dictionnaire des lettres françaises . Le Moyen Âge with Geneviève Hasenohr , Paris , LGF , coll . Le Livre de poche . La Pochothèque , 1992 ; repr . 1994 , originally by Robert Bossuat , Louis Pichard and Guy Raynaud de Lage , Paris , 1939-64 . - LArt daimer au Moyen Âge , with M . Cazenave , D . Poirion , and A . Strubel ; Éditions du Félin , Ph . Lebaud , 1997 , Un nouvel art daimer , p . 7-70 . - Pages manuscrites de la littérature médiévale , with Geneviève Hasenohr , Paris , LGF , coll . Le Livre de poche . Lettres gothiques , 1999 , 95 p . - LŒuvre et son ombre : que peut la littérature secondaire ? , edited by Michel Zink , other contributions by Yves Bonnefoy , Pierre Bourdieu , Pascale Casanova , Antoine Compagnon , Michael Edwards , Marc Fumaroli , Michel Jarrety , Hubert Monteilhet , Carlo Ossola , Harald Weinrich , Paris , Éditions de Fallois , 2002 , 154 p . - Le Moyen Âge de Gaston Paris : la poésie à lépreuve de la philologie , edited by Michel Zink , Paris , Éditions Odile Jacob , coll . Collège de France , 2004 , 343 p . - Naissance , Renaissances , Moyen Âge – XVI e siècle , with Frank Lestringant , Paris , PUF , 2006 , 1063 p . - Froissart dans sa forge , edited by Michel Zink , colloquium held in Paris , 4–6 November 2004 , Paris , Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres – Collège de France , Éd . de Boccard , 2006 , p . 5-6 , 85-89 et 231-234 . - Moyen Âge et Renaissance au Collège de France , with Pierre Toubert , Paris , Fayard , 2009 , 665 p .

/wiki/Liina_Tennosaar#P108#0

Which employer did Liina Tennosaar work for in Jan 1987?

Liina Tennosaar Liina Tennosaar ( born 23 May 1965 ) is an Estonian stage , film and television actress . Early life and education . Liina Tennosaar was born in Tallinn to Kalmer Tennosaar and Sirje Tennosaar ( née Arbi ) . She has one full sibling and one half-sibling , from her fathers second marriage . Her father was a popular Estonian journalist , singer and television personality who is possibly best recalled as Uncle Kalmer ( Estonian : onu Kalmer ) , the host of the ETV childrens television series Entel-Tentel . Her mother was a stage , film and television actress . She attended primary and secondary schools in Tallinn , graduating in 1982 , before studying acting at the Tallinn State Conservatory , Performing Arts Department ( now , the Estonian Academy of Music and Theatre ) , graduating in 1986 . Stage career . Following graduation , Liina Tennosaar began a two year engagement at the Vanemuine theatre in Tartu , ending in 1988 . From 1998 until 1993 , she was engaged as an actress at the Endla Theatre in Pärnu , and from 1996 until 2001 , she was engaged at the Vanalinnastuudio in Tallinn . Since 2001 , she has been a freelance actor . She has appeared in productions in many other theatres throughout Estonia , including the Ugala theatre , the Tallinna Kammerteater , the Vannalinnastudio , and others . In 1993 , she received the for her portrayal of the character Josie Hogan in a Priit Pedajas staged production of Eugene ONeills A Moon for the Misbegotten ( Estonian translated title : Saatuse heidikute kuu ) at the Endla Theatre . Television . Liina Tennosaar made her television debut at age 22 as Mari in the Ago-Endrik Kerge directed 1983 Soviet-Estonian comedy television feature-length film Püha Susanna ehk meistrite kool . This was followed by the role of Aili Tõru in the 1986 Ago-Endrik Kerge directed television drama film Võtmeküsimus and the role of Mari in the 1987 Peeter Simm directed historical dramatic television film Tants aurukatla ümber , based on the novel of the same name by Estonian author Mats Traat . In 2004 , she appeared in the feature-length television film Taksirengit , directed by Jussi Niilekselä and based on a play by Mihkel Ulman . From 1997 until 1999 , she played the character of Tiiu on the popular , long-running ETV television drama Õnne 13 . She has made appearances on such Estonian television series as Urpo & Turpo , Ohtlik lend , Ühikarotid , Kelgukoerad , Kättemaksukontor , Elu keset linna and Viimane võmm . In 2017 , she appeared as Inga in the TV3 mystery-drama series Merivälja . Film . Tennosaar made her feature film debut in 1990 in a starring role as Juuli in the Arvo Kruusement directed Sügis for Tallinnfilm . The film was based on the Oskar Luts novel of the same name and the final part of a trilogy of both the novels and films made based on them . This was followed by a small role in the 1993 Pekka Karjalainen directed comedy Hysteria ; a joint Finnish-Estonian production . In 2007 , she appeared in a small role in the Veiko Õunpuu directed drama Sügisball ; adapted from author Mati Unts 1979 novel of the same name . That same year she appeared as Viire in the Andres Maimik and Rain Tolk directed road movie comedy Jan Uuspõld läheb Tartusse ; a film that portrays Estonian actor Jan Uuspõld as a down-on-his-luck caricature of himself trying to hitchhike from Tallinn to Tartu to perform in a role at the Vanemuine theatre . This was followed by a role in the 2008 Ain Mäeots directed drama Taarka , in which she plays the main characters mother . The film was based on the play of the same name by Võro poet and author Kauksi Ülle . Other notable roles in films include Toomas mother in the Hannu Salonen directed drama-thriller Vasha in 2009 ; Riina , in the Ain Mäeots directed drama Deemonid in 2012 , and in the Andrejs Ekis and Tanel Ingi directed 2020 comedy Asjad , millest me ei räägi . Tennosaar has also appeared in number of film shorts and student films . Personal life . Liina Tennosaar has been married twice ; her first marriage was to actor , puppeteer and singer Heino Seljamaa from 1984 until their divorce in 1993 . The couple has a son , Jass Seljamaa , born in 1985 , who has also become an actor . Her second marriage was to actor Sten Zupping , with whom she has a daughter , Epp . Tennosaar and Zupping divorced in 2008 . She has been in a relationship with theater and film actor and theater director Egon Nuter since 2008 .

/wiki/Liina_Tennosaar#P108#1

Which employer did Liina Tennosaar work for between Jun 1992 and Jul 1992?

Liina Tennosaar Liina Tennosaar ( born 23 May 1965 ) is an Estonian stage , film and television actress . Early life and education . Liina Tennosaar was born in Tallinn to Kalmer Tennosaar and Sirje Tennosaar ( née Arbi ) . She has one full sibling and one half-sibling , from her fathers second marriage . Her father was a popular Estonian journalist , singer and television personality who is possibly best recalled as Uncle Kalmer ( Estonian : onu Kalmer ) , the host of the ETV childrens television series Entel-Tentel . Her mother was a stage , film and television actress . She attended primary and secondary schools in Tallinn , graduating in 1982 , before studying acting at the Tallinn State Conservatory , Performing Arts Department ( now , the Estonian Academy of Music and Theatre ) , graduating in 1986 . Stage career . Following graduation , Liina Tennosaar began a two year engagement at the Vanemuine theatre in Tartu , ending in 1988 . From 1998 until 1993 , she was engaged as an actress at the Endla Theatre in Pärnu , and from 1996 until 2001 , she was engaged at the Vanalinnastuudio in Tallinn . Since 2001 , she has been a freelance actor . She has appeared in productions in many other theatres throughout Estonia , including the Ugala theatre , the Tallinna Kammerteater , the Vannalinnastudio , and others . In 1993 , she received the for her portrayal of the character Josie Hogan in a Priit Pedajas staged production of Eugene ONeills A Moon for the Misbegotten ( Estonian translated title : Saatuse heidikute kuu ) at the Endla Theatre . Television . Liina Tennosaar made her television debut at age 22 as Mari in the Ago-Endrik Kerge directed 1983 Soviet-Estonian comedy television feature-length film Püha Susanna ehk meistrite kool . This was followed by the role of Aili Tõru in the 1986 Ago-Endrik Kerge directed television drama film Võtmeküsimus and the role of Mari in the 1987 Peeter Simm directed historical dramatic television film Tants aurukatla ümber , based on the novel of the same name by Estonian author Mats Traat . In 2004 , she appeared in the feature-length television film Taksirengit , directed by Jussi Niilekselä and based on a play by Mihkel Ulman . From 1997 until 1999 , she played the character of Tiiu on the popular , long-running ETV television drama Õnne 13 . She has made appearances on such Estonian television series as Urpo & Turpo , Ohtlik lend , Ühikarotid , Kelgukoerad , Kättemaksukontor , Elu keset linna and Viimane võmm . In 2017 , she appeared as Inga in the TV3 mystery-drama series Merivälja . Film . Tennosaar made her feature film debut in 1990 in a starring role as Juuli in the Arvo Kruusement directed Sügis for Tallinnfilm . The film was based on the Oskar Luts novel of the same name and the final part of a trilogy of both the novels and films made based on them . This was followed by a small role in the 1993 Pekka Karjalainen directed comedy Hysteria ; a joint Finnish-Estonian production . In 2007 , she appeared in a small role in the Veiko Õunpuu directed drama Sügisball ; adapted from author Mati Unts 1979 novel of the same name . That same year she appeared as Viire in the Andres Maimik and Rain Tolk directed road movie comedy Jan Uuspõld läheb Tartusse ; a film that portrays Estonian actor Jan Uuspõld as a down-on-his-luck caricature of himself trying to hitchhike from Tallinn to Tartu to perform in a role at the Vanemuine theatre . This was followed by a role in the 2008 Ain Mäeots directed drama Taarka , in which she plays the main characters mother . The film was based on the play of the same name by Võro poet and author Kauksi Ülle . Other notable roles in films include Toomas mother in the Hannu Salonen directed drama-thriller Vasha in 2009 ; Riina , in the Ain Mäeots directed drama Deemonid in 2012 , and in the Andrejs Ekis and Tanel Ingi directed 2020 comedy Asjad , millest me ei räägi . Tennosaar has also appeared in number of film shorts and student films . Personal life . Liina Tennosaar has been married twice ; her first marriage was to actor , puppeteer and singer Heino Seljamaa from 1984 until their divorce in 1993 . The couple has a son , Jass Seljamaa , born in 1985 , who has also become an actor . Her second marriage was to actor Sten Zupping , with whom she has a daughter , Epp . Tennosaar and Zupping divorced in 2008 . She has been in a relationship with theater and film actor and theater director Egon Nuter since 2008 .

/wiki/Liina_Tennosaar#P108#2

Which employer did Liina Tennosaar work for between Mar 1997 and Mar 2000?

Liina Tennosaar Liina Tennosaar ( born 23 May 1965 ) is an Estonian stage , film and television actress . Early life and education . Liina Tennosaar was born in Tallinn to Kalmer Tennosaar and Sirje Tennosaar ( née Arbi ) . She has one full sibling and one half-sibling , from her fathers second marriage . Her father was a popular Estonian journalist , singer and television personality who is possibly best recalled as Uncle Kalmer ( Estonian : onu Kalmer ) , the host of the ETV childrens television series Entel-Tentel . Her mother was a stage , film and television actress . She attended primary and secondary schools in Tallinn , graduating in 1982 , before studying acting at the Tallinn State Conservatory , Performing Arts Department ( now , the Estonian Academy of Music and Theatre ) , graduating in 1986 . Stage career . Following graduation , Liina Tennosaar began a two year engagement at the Vanemuine theatre in Tartu , ending in 1988 . From 1998 until 1993 , she was engaged as an actress at the Endla Theatre in Pärnu , and from 1996 until 2001 , she was engaged at the Vanalinnastuudio in Tallinn . Since 2001 , she has been a freelance actor . She has appeared in productions in many other theatres throughout Estonia , including the Ugala theatre , the Tallinna Kammerteater , the Vannalinnastudio , and others . In 1993 , she received the for her portrayal of the character Josie Hogan in a Priit Pedajas staged production of Eugene ONeills A Moon for the Misbegotten ( Estonian translated title : Saatuse heidikute kuu ) at the Endla Theatre . Television . Liina Tennosaar made her television debut at age 22 as Mari in the Ago-Endrik Kerge directed 1983 Soviet-Estonian comedy television feature-length film Püha Susanna ehk meistrite kool . This was followed by the role of Aili Tõru in the 1986 Ago-Endrik Kerge directed television drama film Võtmeküsimus and the role of Mari in the 1987 Peeter Simm directed historical dramatic television film Tants aurukatla ümber , based on the novel of the same name by Estonian author Mats Traat . In 2004 , she appeared in the feature-length television film Taksirengit , directed by Jussi Niilekselä and based on a play by Mihkel Ulman . From 1997 until 1999 , she played the character of Tiiu on the popular , long-running ETV television drama Õnne 13 . She has made appearances on such Estonian television series as Urpo & Turpo , Ohtlik lend , Ühikarotid , Kelgukoerad , Kättemaksukontor , Elu keset linna and Viimane võmm . In 2017 , she appeared as Inga in the TV3 mystery-drama series Merivälja . Film . Tennosaar made her feature film debut in 1990 in a starring role as Juuli in the Arvo Kruusement directed Sügis for Tallinnfilm . The film was based on the Oskar Luts novel of the same name and the final part of a trilogy of both the novels and films made based on them . This was followed by a small role in the 1993 Pekka Karjalainen directed comedy Hysteria ; a joint Finnish-Estonian production . In 2007 , she appeared in a small role in the Veiko Õunpuu directed drama Sügisball ; adapted from author Mati Unts 1979 novel of the same name . That same year she appeared as Viire in the Andres Maimik and Rain Tolk directed road movie comedy Jan Uuspõld läheb Tartusse ; a film that portrays Estonian actor Jan Uuspõld as a down-on-his-luck caricature of himself trying to hitchhike from Tallinn to Tartu to perform in a role at the Vanemuine theatre . This was followed by a role in the 2008 Ain Mäeots directed drama Taarka , in which she plays the main characters mother . The film was based on the play of the same name by Võro poet and author Kauksi Ülle . Other notable roles in films include Toomas mother in the Hannu Salonen directed drama-thriller Vasha in 2009 ; Riina , in the Ain Mäeots directed drama Deemonid in 2012 , and in the Andrejs Ekis and Tanel Ingi directed 2020 comedy Asjad , millest me ei räägi . Tennosaar has also appeared in number of film shorts and student films . Personal life . Liina Tennosaar has been married twice ; her first marriage was to actor , puppeteer and singer Heino Seljamaa from 1984 until their divorce in 1993 . The couple has a son , Jass Seljamaa , born in 1985 , who has also become an actor . Her second marriage was to actor Sten Zupping , with whom she has a daughter , Epp . Tennosaar and Zupping divorced in 2008 . She has been in a relationship with theater and film actor and theater director Egon Nuter since 2008 .

/wiki/William_Duncan_(missionary)#P551#0

What was the residence of William Duncan (missionary) in late 1850s?

William Duncan ( missionary ) William Duncan ( 3 April 1832 – 30 August 1918 ) was an English-born Anglican missionary who founded the Tsimshian communities of Metlakatla , British Columbia , in Canada , and Metlakatla , Alaska , in the United States . Although sometimes referred to as Father Duncan in subsequent reports , he was never ordained . Early years . Duncan was born in the hamlet of Bishop Burton , Yorkshire , England , the illegitimate son of Maria Duncan , a teenaged servant . He was raised by his mothers parents , William and Elizabeth Duncan . In the 1841 census he is recorded as living with his father and his sister Mary Duncan on Lairgate in Beverley . In 1851 he was lodging with William Botterill , a tailor , and Mary Botterill in Keldgate , Beverley and his occupation is described as book-keeper . Duncan later worked in his grandfather/adoptive fathers trade as a tanner . Duncan became the only churchgoer in his impoverished family . In 1854 he joined the Church Missionary Society ( CMS ) and attended the Church Missionary Society College , Islington . Arrival in Canada . In 1856 the CMS sent Duncan to the North Pacific coast of Canada , and in 1857 he arrived at the remote Hudsons Bay Company ( HBC ) fort settlement at Lax Kwalaams , British Columbia , then part of HBCs New Caledonia district and known as Fort Simpson or Port Simpson . He proselytized among the Tsimshians and learned to speak Tsimshian from Arthur Wellington Clah , a Tsimshian lineage head and HBC employee . Clah was to later save Duncans life when the villages leading chief , Paul Legaic , threatened Duncan at gunpoint for ringing churchbells on the day of Legaics daughters initiation into a secret society . Legaic eventually became a key convert of Duncans . Founding of Metlakatla in British Columbia . Duncan led initially 60 Tsimshians to found with him a new utopian Christian community , Metlakatla , on Metlakatla Pass near present-day Prince Rupert , at the southern end of the small peninsula on which Lax Kwalaams sits . By the end of the summer in 1862 several hundred more joined the community ; Metlakatla was officially established that year within what was by then the Colony of British Columbia . When the 1862 Pacific Northwest smallpox epidemic killed 500 in Lax Kwalaams but only five in Metlakatla , Duncan had no qualms in convincing his flock that this was divine providence . In the early 1870s the Rev . William Henry Collison served with Duncan in Metlakatla , and Collisons memoir In the Wake of the War Canoe provides a portrait of the community . The community grew . In Metlakatla , Duncan exerted his own brand of low church Anglicanism , which involved a set of rules for Christian living and , controversially , eschewing the sacrament of communion so as not to whet the cannibalistic appetites of a people who he worried might be beholden to the anthropophagous rites of their secret societies . Duncans Rules at Metlakatla . 1 . To give up their Ahlied or Indian devilry 2 . To cease calling in conjurers when sick 3 . To cease gambling 4 . To cease giving away their property for display ( i.e . the potlatch ) 5 . To cease painting their faces 6 . To cease drinking intoxicating liquor 7 . To rest on the Sabbath 8 . To attend religious instruction 9 . To send their children to school 10 . To be cleanly 11 . To be industrious 12 . To be peaceful 13 . To be liberal and honest in trade 14 . To build neat houses 15 . To pay the village tax New Metlakatla in Alaska . Such doctrinal differences , plus Duncans insistence on total control over his parishioners lives , led to a split with the Church of England . Duncan was expelled from the CMS in 1881 and transformed his mission into a nondenominational Independent Native Church . Eventually , he decided to found a second utopian community on Annette Island , Alaska , on the territory of the Tongass tribe of Tlingit . He obtained permission from the US government—travelling to testify before Congress himself—to establish an Indian reservation there ( still Alaskas sole Indian reservation ) , then led approximately 800 Tsimshians in a canoe voyage from Old Metlakatla to New Metlakatla , Alaska , in 1887 . The new community was successful , especially economically successful , with a sawmill , cannery , and other enterprises . Economic self-sufficiency was a core tenet of Duncans vision for the community . His split with the Church of England was not amicable and involved ( according to one version of events ; see Johnson in bibliography ) sending a canoe-load of Tsimshians , including Peter Simpson , back to Old Metlakatla to destroy the old church there , on the grounds that ownership of it should not revert to the CMS . The religious orientation of New Metlakatla became a nondemoninational form of low-church Anglicanism , quite evangelical , and under the strict doctrinal control of Duncan himself . Rivalries with other local leaders . Later , portions of the community , notably those under the leadership of the Rev . Edward Marsden , defected to Presbyterianism , the dominant faith of the surrounding Tlingit communities . Marsden even assisted in the establishment of a rival , Presbyterian Tsimshian community at nearby Port Gravina ( 1892–1904 ) and , later , campaigned tirelessly and with some success for the Bureau of Indian Affairs to oust Duncan from his position , partly on grounds that Duncan had too much authority in the community and opposed any Native self-betterment through education and individual economic self-sufficiency if it put parishioners out of his personal control . In 1914–1915 , the Interior Department seized many of the Mission buildings and built a modern school at Metlakatla . The Marsden-Duncan feud , as well as the long legal , political , and personal struggle between Duncan and William Ridley , the Anglican bishop in charge of northern British Columbia , intersected , most notoriously , with charges of sexual misconduct against Duncan , charges which have severely tainted his historical reputation , though he was never convicted or punished , and the charge was later concluded to be slander by the Commission of Indian Affairs . He also managed to make an enemy of the medical missionary Robert Tomlinson , an Anglican who had served under him in B.C . and been an ally in his dissent from the CMS . Tomlinson and his son Robert Tomlinson Jr . served in Metlakatla , Alaska , with Duncan from 1908 to 1912 before leaving for B.C . again out of disenchantment with the way Duncan was running the community . Death and legacy . Duncan died at the age of 86 on 30 August 1918 , in New Metlakatla , Alaska after a months-long decline associated with a bronchial infection apparently resulting from a fall . Duncan remains an extraordinarily controversial figure in Tsimshian communities today , with many fierce admirers and many fierce detractors . Bibliography . - Arctander , John W . ( 1909 ) The Apostle of Alaska : The Story of William Duncan of Metlakahtla . New York : Fleming H . Revell Co . - Beynon , William ( 1941 ) The Tsimshians of Metlakatla , Alaska . American Anthropologist ( new series ) , vol . 43 , pp . 83–88 . - Bowman , Phylis ( 1983 ) Metlakahtla—the Holy City ! Chilliwack , B.C. : Sunrise Printing . - Garfield , Viola ( 1939 ) Tsimshian Clan and Society . University of Washington Publications in Anthropology , vol . 7 , no . 3 , pp . 167–340 . - Johnson , Gertrude Mather ( 1994 ) The Life of Peter Simpson . In Haa Kusteeyí , Our Culture : Tlingit Life Stories , ed . by Nora Marks Dauenhauer and Richard Dauenhauer , pp . 665–676 . Seattle : University of Washington Press . - Murray , Peter ( 1985 ) The Devil and Mr . Duncan . Victoria , B.C. : Sono Nis Press . - Neylan , Susan ( 2003 ) The Heavens Are Changing : Nineteenth-Century Protestant Missions and Tsimshian Christianity . Montreal : McGill-Queens University Press . - Pierce , William Henry ( 1933 ) From Potlatch to Pulpit , Being the Autobiography of the Rev . William Henry Pierce . Ed . by J . P . Hicks . Vancouver , B.C. : Vancouver Bindery . - Tomlinson , George , and Judith Young ( 1993 ) Challenge the Wilderness : A Family Saga of Robert and Alice Tomlinson , Pioneer Medical Missionaries . Seattle : Northwest Wilderness Books - Usher , Jean ( 1974 ) William Duncan of Metlakatla : A Victorian Missionary in British Columbia . ( National Museums of Canada , Publications in History 5. ) Ottawa : National Museums of Canada . - Wellcome , Henry S . ( 1887 ) The Story of Metlakahtla . London : Saxon . - Wellington Clah , Arthur ( 1997 ) How Tamks Saved William Duncans Life . Recorded by William Beynon , 1950 . In Tsimshian Narratives 2 : Trade and Warfare , ed . by George F . MacDonald and John J . Cove , pp . 210–212 . Ottawa : Directorate , Canadian Museum of Civilization . - Survey of Conditions of the Indians in the United States Part 35 : Metlakahtla Indians , Alaska

/wiki/William_Duncan_(missionary)#P551#1

What was the residence of William Duncan (missionary) in late 1860s?

William Duncan ( missionary ) William Duncan ( 3 April 1832 – 30 August 1918 ) was an English-born Anglican missionary who founded the Tsimshian communities of Metlakatla , British Columbia , in Canada , and Metlakatla , Alaska , in the United States . Although sometimes referred to as Father Duncan in subsequent reports , he was never ordained . Early years . Duncan was born in the hamlet of Bishop Burton , Yorkshire , England , the illegitimate son of Maria Duncan , a teenaged servant . He was raised by his mothers parents , William and Elizabeth Duncan . In the 1841 census he is recorded as living with his father and his sister Mary Duncan on Lairgate in Beverley . In 1851 he was lodging with William Botterill , a tailor , and Mary Botterill in Keldgate , Beverley and his occupation is described as book-keeper . Duncan later worked in his grandfather/adoptive fathers trade as a tanner . Duncan became the only churchgoer in his impoverished family . In 1854 he joined the Church Missionary Society ( CMS ) and attended the Church Missionary Society College , Islington . Arrival in Canada . In 1856 the CMS sent Duncan to the North Pacific coast of Canada , and in 1857 he arrived at the remote Hudsons Bay Company ( HBC ) fort settlement at Lax Kwalaams , British Columbia , then part of HBCs New Caledonia district and known as Fort Simpson or Port Simpson . He proselytized among the Tsimshians and learned to speak Tsimshian from Arthur Wellington Clah , a Tsimshian lineage head and HBC employee . Clah was to later save Duncans life when the villages leading chief , Paul Legaic , threatened Duncan at gunpoint for ringing churchbells on the day of Legaics daughters initiation into a secret society . Legaic eventually became a key convert of Duncans . Founding of Metlakatla in British Columbia . Duncan led initially 60 Tsimshians to found with him a new utopian Christian community , Metlakatla , on Metlakatla Pass near present-day Prince Rupert , at the southern end of the small peninsula on which Lax Kwalaams sits . By the end of the summer in 1862 several hundred more joined the community ; Metlakatla was officially established that year within what was by then the Colony of British Columbia . When the 1862 Pacific Northwest smallpox epidemic killed 500 in Lax Kwalaams but only five in Metlakatla , Duncan had no qualms in convincing his flock that this was divine providence . In the early 1870s the Rev . William Henry Collison served with Duncan in Metlakatla , and Collisons memoir In the Wake of the War Canoe provides a portrait of the community . The community grew . In Metlakatla , Duncan exerted his own brand of low church Anglicanism , which involved a set of rules for Christian living and , controversially , eschewing the sacrament of communion so as not to whet the cannibalistic appetites of a people who he worried might be beholden to the anthropophagous rites of their secret societies . Duncans Rules at Metlakatla . 1 . To give up their Ahlied or Indian devilry 2 . To cease calling in conjurers when sick 3 . To cease gambling 4 . To cease giving away their property for display ( i.e . the potlatch ) 5 . To cease painting their faces 6 . To cease drinking intoxicating liquor 7 . To rest on the Sabbath 8 . To attend religious instruction 9 . To send their children to school 10 . To be cleanly 11 . To be industrious 12 . To be peaceful 13 . To be liberal and honest in trade 14 . To build neat houses 15 . To pay the village tax New Metlakatla in Alaska . Such doctrinal differences , plus Duncans insistence on total control over his parishioners lives , led to a split with the Church of England . Duncan was expelled from the CMS in 1881 and transformed his mission into a nondenominational Independent Native Church . Eventually , he decided to found a second utopian community on Annette Island , Alaska , on the territory of the Tongass tribe of Tlingit . He obtained permission from the US government—travelling to testify before Congress himself—to establish an Indian reservation there ( still Alaskas sole Indian reservation ) , then led approximately 800 Tsimshians in a canoe voyage from Old Metlakatla to New Metlakatla , Alaska , in 1887 . The new community was successful , especially economically successful , with a sawmill , cannery , and other enterprises . Economic self-sufficiency was a core tenet of Duncans vision for the community . His split with the Church of England was not amicable and involved ( according to one version of events ; see Johnson in bibliography ) sending a canoe-load of Tsimshians , including Peter Simpson , back to Old Metlakatla to destroy the old church there , on the grounds that ownership of it should not revert to the CMS . The religious orientation of New Metlakatla became a nondemoninational form of low-church Anglicanism , quite evangelical , and under the strict doctrinal control of Duncan himself . Rivalries with other local leaders . Later , portions of the community , notably those under the leadership of the Rev . Edward Marsden , defected to Presbyterianism , the dominant faith of the surrounding Tlingit communities . Marsden even assisted in the establishment of a rival , Presbyterian Tsimshian community at nearby Port Gravina ( 1892–1904 ) and , later , campaigned tirelessly and with some success for the Bureau of Indian Affairs to oust Duncan from his position , partly on grounds that Duncan had too much authority in the community and opposed any Native self-betterment through education and individual economic self-sufficiency if it put parishioners out of his personal control . In 1914–1915 , the Interior Department seized many of the Mission buildings and built a modern school at Metlakatla . The Marsden-Duncan feud , as well as the long legal , political , and personal struggle between Duncan and William Ridley , the Anglican bishop in charge of northern British Columbia , intersected , most notoriously , with charges of sexual misconduct against Duncan , charges which have severely tainted his historical reputation , though he was never convicted or punished , and the charge was later concluded to be slander by the Commission of Indian Affairs . He also managed to make an enemy of the medical missionary Robert Tomlinson , an Anglican who had served under him in B.C . and been an ally in his dissent from the CMS . Tomlinson and his son Robert Tomlinson Jr . served in Metlakatla , Alaska , with Duncan from 1908 to 1912 before leaving for B.C . again out of disenchantment with the way Duncan was running the community . Death and legacy . Duncan died at the age of 86 on 30 August 1918 , in New Metlakatla , Alaska after a months-long decline associated with a bronchial infection apparently resulting from a fall . Duncan remains an extraordinarily controversial figure in Tsimshian communities today , with many fierce admirers and many fierce detractors . Bibliography . - Arctander , John W . ( 1909 ) The Apostle of Alaska : The Story of William Duncan of Metlakahtla . New York : Fleming H . Revell Co . - Beynon , William ( 1941 ) The Tsimshians of Metlakatla , Alaska . American Anthropologist ( new series ) , vol . 43 , pp . 83–88 . - Bowman , Phylis ( 1983 ) Metlakahtla—the Holy City ! Chilliwack , B.C. : Sunrise Printing . - Garfield , Viola ( 1939 ) Tsimshian Clan and Society . University of Washington Publications in Anthropology , vol . 7 , no . 3 , pp . 167–340 . - Johnson , Gertrude Mather ( 1994 ) The Life of Peter Simpson . In Haa Kusteeyí , Our Culture : Tlingit Life Stories , ed . by Nora Marks Dauenhauer and Richard Dauenhauer , pp . 665–676 . Seattle : University of Washington Press . - Murray , Peter ( 1985 ) The Devil and Mr . Duncan . Victoria , B.C. : Sono Nis Press . - Neylan , Susan ( 2003 ) The Heavens Are Changing : Nineteenth-Century Protestant Missions and Tsimshian Christianity . Montreal : McGill-Queens University Press . - Pierce , William Henry ( 1933 ) From Potlatch to Pulpit , Being the Autobiography of the Rev . William Henry Pierce . Ed . by J . P . Hicks . Vancouver , B.C. : Vancouver Bindery . - Tomlinson , George , and Judith Young ( 1993 ) Challenge the Wilderness : A Family Saga of Robert and Alice Tomlinson , Pioneer Medical Missionaries . Seattle : Northwest Wilderness Books - Usher , Jean ( 1974 ) William Duncan of Metlakatla : A Victorian Missionary in British Columbia . ( National Museums of Canada , Publications in History 5. ) Ottawa : National Museums of Canada . - Wellcome , Henry S . ( 1887 ) The Story of Metlakahtla . London : Saxon . - Wellington Clah , Arthur ( 1997 ) How Tamks Saved William Duncans Life . Recorded by William Beynon , 1950 . In Tsimshian Narratives 2 : Trade and Warfare , ed . by George F . MacDonald and John J . Cove , pp . 210–212 . Ottawa : Directorate , Canadian Museum of Civilization . - Survey of Conditions of the Indians in the United States Part 35 : Metlakahtla Indians , Alaska

/wiki/William_Duncan_(missionary)#P551#2

What was the residence of William Duncan (missionary) after Mar 1911?

William Duncan ( missionary ) William Duncan ( 3 April 1832 – 30 August 1918 ) was an English-born Anglican missionary who founded the Tsimshian communities of Metlakatla , British Columbia , in Canada , and Metlakatla , Alaska , in the United States . Although sometimes referred to as Father Duncan in subsequent reports , he was never ordained . Early years . Duncan was born in the hamlet of Bishop Burton , Yorkshire , England , the illegitimate son of Maria Duncan , a teenaged servant . He was raised by his mothers parents , William and Elizabeth Duncan . In the 1841 census he is recorded as living with his father and his sister Mary Duncan on Lairgate in Beverley . In 1851 he was lodging with William Botterill , a tailor , and Mary Botterill in Keldgate , Beverley and his occupation is described as book-keeper . Duncan later worked in his grandfather/adoptive fathers trade as a tanner . Duncan became the only churchgoer in his impoverished family . In 1854 he joined the Church Missionary Society ( CMS ) and attended the Church Missionary Society College , Islington . Arrival in Canada . In 1856 the CMS sent Duncan to the North Pacific coast of Canada , and in 1857 he arrived at the remote Hudsons Bay Company ( HBC ) fort settlement at Lax Kwalaams , British Columbia , then part of HBCs New Caledonia district and known as Fort Simpson or Port Simpson . He proselytized among the Tsimshians and learned to speak Tsimshian from Arthur Wellington Clah , a Tsimshian lineage head and HBC employee . Clah was to later save Duncans life when the villages leading chief , Paul Legaic , threatened Duncan at gunpoint for ringing churchbells on the day of Legaics daughters initiation into a secret society . Legaic eventually became a key convert of Duncans . Founding of Metlakatla in British Columbia . Duncan led initially 60 Tsimshians to found with him a new utopian Christian community , Metlakatla , on Metlakatla Pass near present-day Prince Rupert , at the southern end of the small peninsula on which Lax Kwalaams sits . By the end of the summer in 1862 several hundred more joined the community ; Metlakatla was officially established that year within what was by then the Colony of British Columbia . When the 1862 Pacific Northwest smallpox epidemic killed 500 in Lax Kwalaams but only five in Metlakatla , Duncan had no qualms in convincing his flock that this was divine providence . In the early 1870s the Rev . William Henry Collison served with Duncan in Metlakatla , and Collisons memoir In the Wake of the War Canoe provides a portrait of the community . The community grew . In Metlakatla , Duncan exerted his own brand of low church Anglicanism , which involved a set of rules for Christian living and , controversially , eschewing the sacrament of communion so as not to whet the cannibalistic appetites of a people who he worried might be beholden to the anthropophagous rites of their secret societies . Duncans Rules at Metlakatla . 1 . To give up their Ahlied or Indian devilry 2 . To cease calling in conjurers when sick 3 . To cease gambling 4 . To cease giving away their property for display ( i.e . the potlatch ) 5 . To cease painting their faces 6 . To cease drinking intoxicating liquor 7 . To rest on the Sabbath 8 . To attend religious instruction 9 . To send their children to school 10 . To be cleanly 11 . To be industrious 12 . To be peaceful 13 . To be liberal and honest in trade 14 . To build neat houses 15 . To pay the village tax New Metlakatla in Alaska . Such doctrinal differences , plus Duncans insistence on total control over his parishioners lives , led to a split with the Church of England . Duncan was expelled from the CMS in 1881 and transformed his mission into a nondenominational Independent Native Church . Eventually , he decided to found a second utopian community on Annette Island , Alaska , on the territory of the Tongass tribe of Tlingit . He obtained permission from the US government—travelling to testify before Congress himself—to establish an Indian reservation there ( still Alaskas sole Indian reservation ) , then led approximately 800 Tsimshians in a canoe voyage from Old Metlakatla to New Metlakatla , Alaska , in 1887 . The new community was successful , especially economically successful , with a sawmill , cannery , and other enterprises . Economic self-sufficiency was a core tenet of Duncans vision for the community . His split with the Church of England was not amicable and involved ( according to one version of events ; see Johnson in bibliography ) sending a canoe-load of Tsimshians , including Peter Simpson , back to Old Metlakatla to destroy the old church there , on the grounds that ownership of it should not revert to the CMS . The religious orientation of New Metlakatla became a nondemoninational form of low-church Anglicanism , quite evangelical , and under the strict doctrinal control of Duncan himself . Rivalries with other local leaders . Later , portions of the community , notably those under the leadership of the Rev . Edward Marsden , defected to Presbyterianism , the dominant faith of the surrounding Tlingit communities . Marsden even assisted in the establishment of a rival , Presbyterian Tsimshian community at nearby Port Gravina ( 1892–1904 ) and , later , campaigned tirelessly and with some success for the Bureau of Indian Affairs to oust Duncan from his position , partly on grounds that Duncan had too much authority in the community and opposed any Native self-betterment through education and individual economic self-sufficiency if it put parishioners out of his personal control . In 1914–1915 , the Interior Department seized many of the Mission buildings and built a modern school at Metlakatla . The Marsden-Duncan feud , as well as the long legal , political , and personal struggle between Duncan and William Ridley , the Anglican bishop in charge of northern British Columbia , intersected , most notoriously , with charges of sexual misconduct against Duncan , charges which have severely tainted his historical reputation , though he was never convicted or punished , and the charge was later concluded to be slander by the Commission of Indian Affairs . He also managed to make an enemy of the medical missionary Robert Tomlinson , an Anglican who had served under him in B.C . and been an ally in his dissent from the CMS . Tomlinson and his son Robert Tomlinson Jr . served in Metlakatla , Alaska , with Duncan from 1908 to 1912 before leaving for B.C . again out of disenchantment with the way Duncan was running the community . Death and legacy . Duncan died at the age of 86 on 30 August 1918 , in New Metlakatla , Alaska after a months-long decline associated with a bronchial infection apparently resulting from a fall . Duncan remains an extraordinarily controversial figure in Tsimshian communities today , with many fierce admirers and many fierce detractors . Bibliography . - Arctander , John W . ( 1909 ) The Apostle of Alaska : The Story of William Duncan of Metlakahtla . New York : Fleming H . Revell Co . - Beynon , William ( 1941 ) The Tsimshians of Metlakatla , Alaska . American Anthropologist ( new series ) , vol . 43 , pp . 83–88 . - Bowman , Phylis ( 1983 ) Metlakahtla—the Holy City ! Chilliwack , B.C. : Sunrise Printing . - Garfield , Viola ( 1939 ) Tsimshian Clan and Society . University of Washington Publications in Anthropology , vol . 7 , no . 3 , pp . 167–340 . - Johnson , Gertrude Mather ( 1994 ) The Life of Peter Simpson . In Haa Kusteeyí , Our Culture : Tlingit Life Stories , ed . by Nora Marks Dauenhauer and Richard Dauenhauer , pp . 665–676 . Seattle : University of Washington Press . - Murray , Peter ( 1985 ) The Devil and Mr . Duncan . Victoria , B.C. : Sono Nis Press . - Neylan , Susan ( 2003 ) The Heavens Are Changing : Nineteenth-Century Protestant Missions and Tsimshian Christianity . Montreal : McGill-Queens University Press . - Pierce , William Henry ( 1933 ) From Potlatch to Pulpit , Being the Autobiography of the Rev . William Henry Pierce . Ed . by J . P . Hicks . Vancouver , B.C. : Vancouver Bindery . - Tomlinson , George , and Judith Young ( 1993 ) Challenge the Wilderness : A Family Saga of Robert and Alice Tomlinson , Pioneer Medical Missionaries . Seattle : Northwest Wilderness Books - Usher , Jean ( 1974 ) William Duncan of Metlakatla : A Victorian Missionary in British Columbia . ( National Museums of Canada , Publications in History 5. ) Ottawa : National Museums of Canada . - Wellcome , Henry S . ( 1887 ) The Story of Metlakahtla . London : Saxon . - Wellington Clah , Arthur ( 1997 ) How Tamks Saved William Duncans Life . Recorded by William Beynon , 1950 . In Tsimshian Narratives 2 : Trade and Warfare , ed . by George F . MacDonald and John J . Cove , pp . 210–212 . Ottawa : Directorate , Canadian Museum of Civilization . - Survey of Conditions of the Indians in the United States Part 35 : Metlakahtla Indians , Alaska

/wiki/Zé_Pedro_(footballer,_born_1978)#P54#0

Zé Pedro (footballer, born 1978) played for which team between Nov 1996 and Dec 1996?

Zé Pedro ( footballer , born 1978 ) José Pedro Alves Salazar ( born 18 October 1978 ) , known as José Pedro or Zé Pedro , is a Portuguese former footballer who played as an attacking midfielder . He amassed Primeira Liga totals of 210 matches and 32 goals over ten seasons , mainly with Belenenses and Vitória de Setúbal . He also represented in the competition Boavista , in a 17-year professional career . Playing career . Born in Montijo , Setúbal , José Pedro started playing professional football for his hometown club C.D . Montijo in 1996 , then moved to F.C . Barreirense where he would remain for the following five seasons , all spent in the third division . He split duties in 2002–03 between Boavista F.C . and A.D . Ovarense . Zé Pedro was influential in Vitória FCs 2003–04 campaign , as the Setúbal-based team earned a Primeira Liga return . He subsequently joined C.F . Os Belenenses , where he was immediately cast into the starting XI . In 2006–07 , José Pedro scored eight league goals for a Belenenses final fifth-place in the league ( with qualification to the UEFA Cup ) , while they were also runners-up in the domestic cup . He repeated the individual feat in the following season , and remained first choice until the 2009–10 campaign , when he dealt with many injuries and the Lisbon side were also relegated as second from bottom . In July 2010 , at nearly 32 years of age , Zé Pedro returned to Vitória Setúbal after a six-year absence . He left at the end of the 2012–13 season , with the club always in the top level ; previously , in January 2013 , Belenenses settled a €160.000 debt they had with him . Coaching career . Zé Pedro started working as a manager immediately after retiring , with his last club Grupo Desportivo Alcochetense in the Setúbal regional leagues . Subsequently , he was part of his former Belenenses teammate Silas coaching staff at C.F . Os Belenenses ( later renamed Belenenses SAD ) and Sporting CP .

/wiki/Zé_Pedro_(footballer,_born_1978)#P54#1

Zé Pedro (footballer, born 1978) played for which team between Mar 2000 and Sep 2000?

Zé Pedro ( footballer , born 1978 ) José Pedro Alves Salazar ( born 18 October 1978 ) , known as José Pedro or Zé Pedro , is a Portuguese former footballer who played as an attacking midfielder . He amassed Primeira Liga totals of 210 matches and 32 goals over ten seasons , mainly with Belenenses and Vitória de Setúbal . He also represented in the competition Boavista , in a 17-year professional career . Playing career . Born in Montijo , Setúbal , José Pedro started playing professional football for his hometown club C.D . Montijo in 1996 , then moved to F.C . Barreirense where he would remain for the following five seasons , all spent in the third division . He split duties in 2002–03 between Boavista F.C . and A.D . Ovarense . Zé Pedro was influential in Vitória FCs 2003–04 campaign , as the Setúbal-based team earned a Primeira Liga return . He subsequently joined C.F . Os Belenenses , where he was immediately cast into the starting XI . In 2006–07 , José Pedro scored eight league goals for a Belenenses final fifth-place in the league ( with qualification to the UEFA Cup ) , while they were also runners-up in the domestic cup . He repeated the individual feat in the following season , and remained first choice until the 2009–10 campaign , when he dealt with many injuries and the Lisbon side were also relegated as second from bottom . In July 2010 , at nearly 32 years of age , Zé Pedro returned to Vitória Setúbal after a six-year absence . He left at the end of the 2012–13 season , with the club always in the top level ; previously , in January 2013 , Belenenses settled a €160.000 debt they had with him . Coaching career . Zé Pedro started working as a manager immediately after retiring , with his last club Grupo Desportivo Alcochetense in the Setúbal regional leagues . Subsequently , he was part of his former Belenenses teammate Silas coaching staff at C.F . Os Belenenses ( later renamed Belenenses SAD ) and Sporting CP .

/wiki/Zé_Pedro_(footballer,_born_1978)#P54#2

Zé Pedro (footballer, born 1978) played for which team between Sep 2003 and Oct 2003?

Zé Pedro ( footballer , born 1978 ) José Pedro Alves Salazar ( born 18 October 1978 ) , known as José Pedro or Zé Pedro , is a Portuguese former footballer who played as an attacking midfielder . He amassed Primeira Liga totals of 210 matches and 32 goals over ten seasons , mainly with Belenenses and Vitória de Setúbal . He also represented in the competition Boavista , in a 17-year professional career . Playing career . Born in Montijo , Setúbal , José Pedro started playing professional football for his hometown club C.D . Montijo in 1996 , then moved to F.C . Barreirense where he would remain for the following five seasons , all spent in the third division . He split duties in 2002–03 between Boavista F.C . and A.D . Ovarense . Zé Pedro was influential in Vitória FCs 2003–04 campaign , as the Setúbal-based team earned a Primeira Liga return . He subsequently joined C.F . Os Belenenses , where he was immediately cast into the starting XI . In 2006–07 , José Pedro scored eight league goals for a Belenenses final fifth-place in the league ( with qualification to the UEFA Cup ) , while they were also runners-up in the domestic cup . He repeated the individual feat in the following season , and remained first choice until the 2009–10 campaign , when he dealt with many injuries and the Lisbon side were also relegated as second from bottom . In July 2010 , at nearly 32 years of age , Zé Pedro returned to Vitória Setúbal after a six-year absence . He left at the end of the 2012–13 season , with the club always in the top level ; previously , in January 2013 , Belenenses settled a €160.000 debt they had with him . Coaching career . Zé Pedro started working as a manager immediately after retiring , with his last club Grupo Desportivo Alcochetense in the Setúbal regional leagues . Subsequently , he was part of his former Belenenses teammate Silas coaching staff at C.F . Os Belenenses ( later renamed Belenenses SAD ) and Sporting CP .

/wiki/Zé_Pedro_(footballer,_born_1978)#P54#3

Zé Pedro (footballer, born 1978) played for which team between Apr 2005 and Nov 2009?

Zé Pedro ( footballer , born 1978 ) José Pedro Alves Salazar ( born 18 October 1978 ) , known as José Pedro or Zé Pedro , is a Portuguese former footballer who played as an attacking midfielder . He amassed Primeira Liga totals of 210 matches and 32 goals over ten seasons , mainly with Belenenses and Vitória de Setúbal . He also represented in the competition Boavista , in a 17-year professional career . Playing career . Born in Montijo , Setúbal , José Pedro started playing professional football for his hometown club C.D . Montijo in 1996 , then moved to F.C . Barreirense where he would remain for the following five seasons , all spent in the third division . He split duties in 2002–03 between Boavista F.C . and A.D . Ovarense . Zé Pedro was influential in Vitória FCs 2003–04 campaign , as the Setúbal-based team earned a Primeira Liga return . He subsequently joined C.F . Os Belenenses , where he was immediately cast into the starting XI . In 2006–07 , José Pedro scored eight league goals for a Belenenses final fifth-place in the league ( with qualification to the UEFA Cup ) , while they were also runners-up in the domestic cup . He repeated the individual feat in the following season , and remained first choice until the 2009–10 campaign , when he dealt with many injuries and the Lisbon side were also relegated as second from bottom . In July 2010 , at nearly 32 years of age , Zé Pedro returned to Vitória Setúbal after a six-year absence . He left at the end of the 2012–13 season , with the club always in the top level ; previously , in January 2013 , Belenenses settled a €160.000 debt they had with him . Coaching career . Zé Pedro started working as a manager immediately after retiring , with his last club Grupo Desportivo Alcochetense in the Setúbal regional leagues . Subsequently , he was part of his former Belenenses teammate Silas coaching staff at C.F . Os Belenenses ( later renamed Belenenses SAD ) and Sporting CP .

/wiki/Zé_Pedro_(footballer,_born_1978)#P54#4

Zé Pedro (footballer, born 1978) played for which team between Aug 2012 and Sep 2012?

Zé Pedro ( footballer , born 1978 ) José Pedro Alves Salazar ( born 18 October 1978 ) , known as José Pedro or Zé Pedro , is a Portuguese former footballer who played as an attacking midfielder . He amassed Primeira Liga totals of 210 matches and 32 goals over ten seasons , mainly with Belenenses and Vitória de Setúbal . He also represented in the competition Boavista , in a 17-year professional career . Playing career . Born in Montijo , Setúbal , José Pedro started playing professional football for his hometown club C.D . Montijo in 1996 , then moved to F.C . Barreirense where he would remain for the following five seasons , all spent in the third division . He split duties in 2002–03 between Boavista F.C . and A.D . Ovarense . Zé Pedro was influential in Vitória FCs 2003–04 campaign , as the Setúbal-based team earned a Primeira Liga return . He subsequently joined C.F . Os Belenenses , where he was immediately cast into the starting XI . In 2006–07 , José Pedro scored eight league goals for a Belenenses final fifth-place in the league ( with qualification to the UEFA Cup ) , while they were also runners-up in the domestic cup . He repeated the individual feat in the following season , and remained first choice until the 2009–10 campaign , when he dealt with many injuries and the Lisbon side were also relegated as second from bottom . In July 2010 , at nearly 32 years of age , Zé Pedro returned to Vitória Setúbal after a six-year absence . He left at the end of the 2012–13 season , with the club always in the top level ; previously , in January 2013 , Belenenses settled a €160.000 debt they had with him . Coaching career . Zé Pedro started working as a manager immediately after retiring , with his last club Grupo Desportivo Alcochetense in the Setúbal regional leagues . Subsequently , he was part of his former Belenenses teammate Silas coaching staff at C.F . Os Belenenses ( later renamed Belenenses SAD ) and Sporting CP .

/wiki/Lilianne_Ploumen#P39#0

What was the position of Lilianne Ploumen between Jan 2014 and Nov 2016?

Lilianne Ploumen Elisabeth Maria Josepha Lilianne Ploumen ( ; born 12 July 1962 ) is a Dutch politician and activist serving as Leader of the Labour Party since 2021 . She has been a member of the House of Representatives since 2017 , as well as parliamentary leader since 2021 . Ploumen previously served as Minister for Foreign Trade and Development Cooperation from 2012 to 2017 . Early life and education . Elisabeth Maria Josepha Ploumen was born in Maastricht on 12 July 1962 . Early career . In 1983 , while still at university , Ploumen became a community outreach worker in the Crooswijk area of Rotterdam . Two years later she joined the Institute of Psychological Market Research ( IPM ) , a research-based consultancy , working in the statistics department as a research project leader . From 1990 to 1992 she was a marketing and research manager for Foster Parents Plan in Amsterdam . Ploumen then moved to Plan , the London-based umbrella organization , in 1993 . In 1995 she founded Ploumen Projecten , an organization specializing in market research and innovation for commercial and non-profit clients . Ploumen was director of Mama Cash and worked for Cordaid as head of quality and strategy and subsequently as director of international programmes . Political career . Ploumen became a member of the Labour Party in 2003 . She was the chairwoman of the Labour Party from 6 October 2007 , after she beat former Minister of Housing , Spatial Planning and the Environment Jan Pronk with 54% of the vote . She resigned from this post on 22 January 2012 and was succeeded by Hans Spekman . Ploumen served as Minister for Foreign Trade and Development Cooperation in the second Rutte cabinet from 5 November 2012 until 2017 . Early on in her tenure , Ploumen and Secretary of State of Finance Frans Weekers submitted a proposal in 2013 to renegotiate the Netherlands’ tax treaties with 23 least-developed countries . Their move was widely seen as marking a turning point for a country that long deflected accusations that it is a key player in tax avoidance by multinational corporations . With their proposal , Ploumen and Weekers followed the recommendations of a government-commissioned report which , for the first time , agreed with tax-justice groups that developing countries miss out on substantial tax revenues because of their treaties with the Netherlands . During her time in office , Ploumen increased the Netherlands’ support to Gavi , the Vaccine Alliance , from €200 million to €250 million for period from 2016 until 2020 . Between 2014 and 2016 , she co-chaired the Global Partnership for Effective Development Co-Operation ( alongside José Antonio Meade Kuribreña ) . She also served a two-year term as member of the World Bank Group’s ( WBG ) Advisory Council on Gender and Development from 2015 until 2017 . In January 2016 , Ploumen headed an official Dutch delegation to Cuba , including some 60 businesses . During the trip , it was announced that global consumer products company Unilever would return to Cuba after a several-year absence , agreeing to build a $35 million soap and toothpaste factory in Cuba’s special development zone at the port of Mariel west of Havana . Most notably , however , Ploumen started the She Decides campaign , an initiative of about 50 countries , organizations and foundations to finance global family planning initiatives after a U.S . halt to such programs left NGOs worldwide with a large funding gap . Within six months the organization received pledges worth US$300 million . As minister , she pledged 10 million euro to counter the Mexico City policy . Following the 2014 European elections , international news media widely considered Ploumen one of the candidates for the nomination to become the Netherlands’ member of the European Commission ; the post eventually went to Frans Timmermans . In the Dutch elections in 2017 , in which the PvdA won nine seats , Ploumen was tenth on the electoral list , but due to preferential votes still won a seat in the Dutch House of Representatives . Other activities . Corporate boards . - Opzij , Member of the Board International organizations . - African Development Bank ( AfDB ) , Ex-Officio Member of the Board of Governors - Asian Development Bank ( ADB ) , Ex-Officio Member of the Board of Governors - European Bank for Reconstruction and Development ( EBRD ) , Ex-Officio Alternate Member of the Board of Governors - Inter-American Investment Corporation ( IIC ) , Ex-Officio Member of the Board of Governors - Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency ( MIGA ) , World Bank Group , Ex-Officio Alternate Member of the Board of Governors - World Bank , Ex-Officio Alternate Member of the Board of Governors Non-profit organizations . - European Council on Foreign Relations ( ECFR ) , Member of the Council - Stop Aids Now! , Member of the Supervisory Board - WOMEN Inc. , Member of the Board Recognition . - 2017 – Dame Commander of the Order of St . Gregory the Great ( Holy See ) - 2018 – Aletta Jacobs Prize External links . - Official - Drs . E.M.J . ( Lilianne ) Ploumen Parlement.com

/wiki/Lilianne_Ploumen#P39#1

What was the position of Lilianne Ploumen in Dec 2017?

Lilianne Ploumen Elisabeth Maria Josepha Lilianne Ploumen ( ; born 12 July 1962 ) is a Dutch politician and activist serving as Leader of the Labour Party since 2021 . She has been a member of the House of Representatives since 2017 , as well as parliamentary leader since 2021 . Ploumen previously served as Minister for Foreign Trade and Development Cooperation from 2012 to 2017 . Early life and education . Elisabeth Maria Josepha Ploumen was born in Maastricht on 12 July 1962 . Early career . In 1983 , while still at university , Ploumen became a community outreach worker in the Crooswijk area of Rotterdam . Two years later she joined the Institute of Psychological Market Research ( IPM ) , a research-based consultancy , working in the statistics department as a research project leader . From 1990 to 1992 she was a marketing and research manager for Foster Parents Plan in Amsterdam . Ploumen then moved to Plan , the London-based umbrella organization , in 1993 . In 1995 she founded Ploumen Projecten , an organization specializing in market research and innovation for commercial and non-profit clients . Ploumen was director of Mama Cash and worked for Cordaid as head of quality and strategy and subsequently as director of international programmes . Political career . Ploumen became a member of the Labour Party in 2003 . She was the chairwoman of the Labour Party from 6 October 2007 , after she beat former Minister of Housing , Spatial Planning and the Environment Jan Pronk with 54% of the vote . She resigned from this post on 22 January 2012 and was succeeded by Hans Spekman . Ploumen served as Minister for Foreign Trade and Development Cooperation in the second Rutte cabinet from 5 November 2012 until 2017 . Early on in her tenure , Ploumen and Secretary of State of Finance Frans Weekers submitted a proposal in 2013 to renegotiate the Netherlands’ tax treaties with 23 least-developed countries . Their move was widely seen as marking a turning point for a country that long deflected accusations that it is a key player in tax avoidance by multinational corporations . With their proposal , Ploumen and Weekers followed the recommendations of a government-commissioned report which , for the first time , agreed with tax-justice groups that developing countries miss out on substantial tax revenues because of their treaties with the Netherlands . During her time in office , Ploumen increased the Netherlands’ support to Gavi , the Vaccine Alliance , from €200 million to €250 million for period from 2016 until 2020 . Between 2014 and 2016 , she co-chaired the Global Partnership for Effective Development Co-Operation ( alongside José Antonio Meade Kuribreña ) . She also served a two-year term as member of the World Bank Group’s ( WBG ) Advisory Council on Gender and Development from 2015 until 2017 . In January 2016 , Ploumen headed an official Dutch delegation to Cuba , including some 60 businesses . During the trip , it was announced that global consumer products company Unilever would return to Cuba after a several-year absence , agreeing to build a $35 million soap and toothpaste factory in Cuba’s special development zone at the port of Mariel west of Havana . Most notably , however , Ploumen started the She Decides campaign , an initiative of about 50 countries , organizations and foundations to finance global family planning initiatives after a U.S . halt to such programs left NGOs worldwide with a large funding gap . Within six months the organization received pledges worth US$300 million . As minister , she pledged 10 million euro to counter the Mexico City policy . Following the 2014 European elections , international news media widely considered Ploumen one of the candidates for the nomination to become the Netherlands’ member of the European Commission ; the post eventually went to Frans Timmermans . In the Dutch elections in 2017 , in which the PvdA won nine seats , Ploumen was tenth on the electoral list , but due to preferential votes still won a seat in the Dutch House of Representatives . Other activities . Corporate boards . - Opzij , Member of the Board International organizations . - African Development Bank ( AfDB ) , Ex-Officio Member of the Board of Governors - Asian Development Bank ( ADB ) , Ex-Officio Member of the Board of Governors - European Bank for Reconstruction and Development ( EBRD ) , Ex-Officio Alternate Member of the Board of Governors - Inter-American Investment Corporation ( IIC ) , Ex-Officio Member of the Board of Governors - Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency ( MIGA ) , World Bank Group , Ex-Officio Alternate Member of the Board of Governors - World Bank , Ex-Officio Alternate Member of the Board of Governors Non-profit organizations . - European Council on Foreign Relations ( ECFR ) , Member of the Council - Stop Aids Now! , Member of the Supervisory Board - WOMEN Inc. , Member of the Board Recognition . - 2017 – Dame Commander of the Order of St . Gregory the Great ( Holy See ) - 2018 – Aletta Jacobs Prize External links . - Official - Drs . E.M.J . ( Lilianne ) Ploumen Parlement.com

/wiki/Lilianne_Ploumen#P39#2

What was the position of Lilianne Ploumen in Feb 2018?

Lilianne Ploumen Elisabeth Maria Josepha Lilianne Ploumen ( ; born 12 July 1962 ) is a Dutch politician and activist serving as Leader of the Labour Party since 2021 . She has been a member of the House of Representatives since 2017 , as well as parliamentary leader since 2021 . Ploumen previously served as Minister for Foreign Trade and Development Cooperation from 2012 to 2017 . Early life and education . Elisabeth Maria Josepha Ploumen was born in Maastricht on 12 July 1962 . Early career . In 1983 , while still at university , Ploumen became a community outreach worker in the Crooswijk area of Rotterdam . Two years later she joined the Institute of Psychological Market Research ( IPM ) , a research-based consultancy , working in the statistics department as a research project leader . From 1990 to 1992 she was a marketing and research manager for Foster Parents Plan in Amsterdam . Ploumen then moved to Plan , the London-based umbrella organization , in 1993 . In 1995 she founded Ploumen Projecten , an organization specializing in market research and innovation for commercial and non-profit clients . Ploumen was director of Mama Cash and worked for Cordaid as head of quality and strategy and subsequently as director of international programmes . Political career . Ploumen became a member of the Labour Party in 2003 . She was the chairwoman of the Labour Party from 6 October 2007 , after she beat former Minister of Housing , Spatial Planning and the Environment Jan Pronk with 54% of the vote . She resigned from this post on 22 January 2012 and was succeeded by Hans Spekman . Ploumen served as Minister for Foreign Trade and Development Cooperation in the second Rutte cabinet from 5 November 2012 until 2017 . Early on in her tenure , Ploumen and Secretary of State of Finance Frans Weekers submitted a proposal in 2013 to renegotiate the Netherlands’ tax treaties with 23 least-developed countries . Their move was widely seen as marking a turning point for a country that long deflected accusations that it is a key player in tax avoidance by multinational corporations . With their proposal , Ploumen and Weekers followed the recommendations of a government-commissioned report which , for the first time , agreed with tax-justice groups that developing countries miss out on substantial tax revenues because of their treaties with the Netherlands . During her time in office , Ploumen increased the Netherlands’ support to Gavi , the Vaccine Alliance , from €200 million to €250 million for period from 2016 until 2020 . Between 2014 and 2016 , she co-chaired the Global Partnership for Effective Development Co-Operation ( alongside José Antonio Meade Kuribreña ) . She also served a two-year term as member of the World Bank Group’s ( WBG ) Advisory Council on Gender and Development from 2015 until 2017 . In January 2016 , Ploumen headed an official Dutch delegation to Cuba , including some 60 businesses . During the trip , it was announced that global consumer products company Unilever would return to Cuba after a several-year absence , agreeing to build a $35 million soap and toothpaste factory in Cuba’s special development zone at the port of Mariel west of Havana . Most notably , however , Ploumen started the She Decides campaign , an initiative of about 50 countries , organizations and foundations to finance global family planning initiatives after a U.S . halt to such programs left NGOs worldwide with a large funding gap . Within six months the organization received pledges worth US$300 million . As minister , she pledged 10 million euro to counter the Mexico City policy . Following the 2014 European elections , international news media widely considered Ploumen one of the candidates for the nomination to become the Netherlands’ member of the European Commission ; the post eventually went to Frans Timmermans . In the Dutch elections in 2017 , in which the PvdA won nine seats , Ploumen was tenth on the electoral list , but due to preferential votes still won a seat in the Dutch House of Representatives . Other activities . Corporate boards . - Opzij , Member of the Board International organizations . - African Development Bank ( AfDB ) , Ex-Officio Member of the Board of Governors - Asian Development Bank ( ADB ) , Ex-Officio Member of the Board of Governors - European Bank for Reconstruction and Development ( EBRD ) , Ex-Officio Alternate Member of the Board of Governors - Inter-American Investment Corporation ( IIC ) , Ex-Officio Member of the Board of Governors - Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency ( MIGA ) , World Bank Group , Ex-Officio Alternate Member of the Board of Governors - World Bank , Ex-Officio Alternate Member of the Board of Governors Non-profit organizations . - European Council on Foreign Relations ( ECFR ) , Member of the Council - Stop Aids Now! , Member of the Supervisory Board - WOMEN Inc. , Member of the Board Recognition . - 2017 – Dame Commander of the Order of St . Gregory the Great ( Holy See ) - 2018 – Aletta Jacobs Prize External links . - Official - Drs . E.M.J . ( Lilianne ) Ploumen Parlement.com

/wiki/Geoff_Regan#P39#0

What position did Geoff Regan take before Mar 2004?

Geoff Regan Geoffrey Paul Regan ( born 22 November 1959 ) is a Canadian politician who served as the 36th Speaker of the House of Commons of Canada from 2015 to 2019 . A member of the Liberal Party of Canada , he has been the Member of Parliament ( MP ) for Halifax West since 2000 , previously holding the seat from 1993 to 1997 . Under Paul Martin , he was Minister of Fisheries and Oceans from 2003 to 2006 . Early life and career . Regan was born in Windsor , Nova Scotia . Regan is the son of Gerald Regan , a former Premier of Nova Scotia and Cabinet Minister under Pierre Trudeau , and Carole Harrison , the daughter of John Harrison , a Member of Parliament from Saskatchewan . Two of his sisters are also well-known : Nancy Regan was a well-known local television personality with ATV , Laura Regan is an actress . Regan graduated from Sackville High School in 1977 and then earned his Bachelor of Arts in Political Science from St . Francis Xavier University in 1980 . Following university , Regan went on to earn a law degree from Dalhousie University , graduating in 1983 . He was admitted to the Nova Scotia Barristers’ Society in 1984 and practiced real estate and commercial law before entering public life . Regan was a member of Toastmasters for almost ten years , in the late 1980s to early 1990s . Federal politics . Regan was first elected to the House of Commons as part of the Liberal landslide victory in the 1993 federal election under Jean Chrétien . He was defeated in the 1997 election by NDP candidate Gordon Earle , mainly because of the federal governments changes to employment insurance . After regaining his seat in the 2000 federal election , Regan was appointed Parliamentary Secretary to the Leader of the Government in the House of Commons , a position then held by Don Boudria . In 2003 , Paul Martin appointed him as Minister of Fisheries and Oceans . Regan was the Regional Minister for Nova Scotia in the newly formed government of Paul Martin , sworn in on 12 December 2003 . Regan was re-elected in the 2004 federal election . He would keep position in cabinet in Martin’s minority government . In February 2004 , Regan was appointed to act as Minister of Justice and Attorney General of Canada , in matters related to Maher Arar . In opposition . Upon the defeat of the Liberal government in the 2006 election , he was appointed by Bill Graham , Interim Leader of the Official Opposition , to the shadow cabinet as the Official Opposition Critic for Human Resources and Skills Development . During his time as critic , Regan introduced a private members’ bill to expand Canada Access Grants for disabled and low income students . In January 2007 , he was appointed to the newly created Liberal Priorities and Planning Committee , which was chaired by then Liberal Opposition Leader Stéphane Dion . In March 2008 , Regan was named Chair of the Caucus Committee on Environmental Sustainability . Regan also served as Vice-Chair of the House of Commons Standing Committee on Environment and Sustainable Development . Regan was re-elected in 2008 , and 2011 federal elections , despite significant Liberal losses in both . Regan won his seat by a few percentage points in the latter election as the Liberals finished in third place . Under the leadership of Stephane Dion , Regan served as Opposition Critic for Human Resources and Skills Development . Under Michael Ignatieff , Regan served as Liberal Critic for Natural Resources , and later , Public Works and Government Services and also as the Liberal Natural Resources Critic under leader Justin Trudeau and the Vice-Chair of the Standing Committee on Natural Resources . Speaker of the House of Commons . Regan was re-elected in the 2015 federal election with 68% of the vote as the Liberal party swept all 32 Atlantic Canada seats and formed a majority government . On 2 December 2015 , Regan was selected as Speaker of the House of Commons in secret ballot by members of the 42nd Parliament over Liberals Denis Paradis and Yasmin Ratansi and Conservative Bruce Stanton . Regan won on the first ballot and served as the first speaker from Atlantic Canada in almost a hundred years . In December 2019 , he ran for re-election for Speaker of the Commons but lost to fellow Liberal MP Anthony Rota . Following Rotas win , the Conservatives said that he had them to thank for his new position . They had made the decision during a caucus meeting to unseat Regan as a show of strength to the Liberal minority government . They did so by ranking Regan further down on the ranked ballot . Awards and honours . - Metro Food Bank Society Community Leadership Award ( 1992 ) - Halifax Board of Trade Certificate of Merit ( 1992 ) - Queen Elizabeth II Golden Jubilee Medal ( 2002 ) - Appointed member of the Queens’s Privy Council for Canada ( 2003 ) - Elisabeth Mann Borgese Medal ( 2005 ) The International Ocean Institute awarded Regan then Minister of Fisheries and Oceans for his exemplary leadership in the field of Ocean Governance . - Lebanese Community Recognition Award ( 2008 ) - Queen Elizabeth II Diamond Jubilee Medal ( 2012 ) Personal life . Regans wife , Kelly Regan , is a provincial MLA and Deputy Premier of Nova Scotia .

/wiki/Geoff_Regan#P39#1

What position did Geoff Regan take between Jun 2012 and Jul 2013?

Geoff Regan Geoffrey Paul Regan ( born 22 November 1959 ) is a Canadian politician who served as the 36th Speaker of the House of Commons of Canada from 2015 to 2019 . A member of the Liberal Party of Canada , he has been the Member of Parliament ( MP ) for Halifax West since 2000 , previously holding the seat from 1993 to 1997 . Under Paul Martin , he was Minister of Fisheries and Oceans from 2003 to 2006 . Early life and career . Regan was born in Windsor , Nova Scotia . Regan is the son of Gerald Regan , a former Premier of Nova Scotia and Cabinet Minister under Pierre Trudeau , and Carole Harrison , the daughter of John Harrison , a Member of Parliament from Saskatchewan . Two of his sisters are also well-known : Nancy Regan was a well-known local television personality with ATV , Laura Regan is an actress . Regan graduated from Sackville High School in 1977 and then earned his Bachelor of Arts in Political Science from St . Francis Xavier University in 1980 . Following university , Regan went on to earn a law degree from Dalhousie University , graduating in 1983 . He was admitted to the Nova Scotia Barristers’ Society in 1984 and practiced real estate and commercial law before entering public life . Regan was a member of Toastmasters for almost ten years , in the late 1980s to early 1990s . Federal politics . Regan was first elected to the House of Commons as part of the Liberal landslide victory in the 1993 federal election under Jean Chrétien . He was defeated in the 1997 election by NDP candidate Gordon Earle , mainly because of the federal governments changes to employment insurance . After regaining his seat in the 2000 federal election , Regan was appointed Parliamentary Secretary to the Leader of the Government in the House of Commons , a position then held by Don Boudria . In 2003 , Paul Martin appointed him as Minister of Fisheries and Oceans . Regan was the Regional Minister for Nova Scotia in the newly formed government of Paul Martin , sworn in on 12 December 2003 . Regan was re-elected in the 2004 federal election . He would keep position in cabinet in Martin’s minority government . In February 2004 , Regan was appointed to act as Minister of Justice and Attorney General of Canada , in matters related to Maher Arar . In opposition . Upon the defeat of the Liberal government in the 2006 election , he was appointed by Bill Graham , Interim Leader of the Official Opposition , to the shadow cabinet as the Official Opposition Critic for Human Resources and Skills Development . During his time as critic , Regan introduced a private members’ bill to expand Canada Access Grants for disabled and low income students . In January 2007 , he was appointed to the newly created Liberal Priorities and Planning Committee , which was chaired by then Liberal Opposition Leader Stéphane Dion . In March 2008 , Regan was named Chair of the Caucus Committee on Environmental Sustainability . Regan also served as Vice-Chair of the House of Commons Standing Committee on Environment and Sustainable Development . Regan was re-elected in 2008 , and 2011 federal elections , despite significant Liberal losses in both . Regan won his seat by a few percentage points in the latter election as the Liberals finished in third place . Under the leadership of Stephane Dion , Regan served as Opposition Critic for Human Resources and Skills Development . Under Michael Ignatieff , Regan served as Liberal Critic for Natural Resources , and later , Public Works and Government Services and also as the Liberal Natural Resources Critic under leader Justin Trudeau and the Vice-Chair of the Standing Committee on Natural Resources . Speaker of the House of Commons . Regan was re-elected in the 2015 federal election with 68% of the vote as the Liberal party swept all 32 Atlantic Canada seats and formed a majority government . On 2 December 2015 , Regan was selected as Speaker of the House of Commons in secret ballot by members of the 42nd Parliament over Liberals Denis Paradis and Yasmin Ratansi and Conservative Bruce Stanton . Regan won on the first ballot and served as the first speaker from Atlantic Canada in almost a hundred years . In December 2019 , he ran for re-election for Speaker of the Commons but lost to fellow Liberal MP Anthony Rota . Following Rotas win , the Conservatives said that he had them to thank for his new position . They had made the decision during a caucus meeting to unseat Regan as a show of strength to the Liberal minority government . They did so by ranking Regan further down on the ranked ballot . Awards and honours . - Metro Food Bank Society Community Leadership Award ( 1992 ) - Halifax Board of Trade Certificate of Merit ( 1992 ) - Queen Elizabeth II Golden Jubilee Medal ( 2002 ) - Appointed member of the Queens’s Privy Council for Canada ( 2003 ) - Elisabeth Mann Borgese Medal ( 2005 ) The International Ocean Institute awarded Regan then Minister of Fisheries and Oceans for his exemplary leadership in the field of Ocean Governance . - Lebanese Community Recognition Award ( 2008 ) - Queen Elizabeth II Diamond Jubilee Medal ( 2012 ) Personal life . Regans wife , Kelly Regan , is a provincial MLA and Deputy Premier of Nova Scotia .

/wiki/Geoff_Regan#P39#2

What position did Geoff Regan take after Jul 2016?

Geoff Regan Geoffrey Paul Regan ( born 22 November 1959 ) is a Canadian politician who served as the 36th Speaker of the House of Commons of Canada from 2015 to 2019 . A member of the Liberal Party of Canada , he has been the Member of Parliament ( MP ) for Halifax West since 2000 , previously holding the seat from 1993 to 1997 . Under Paul Martin , he was Minister of Fisheries and Oceans from 2003 to 2006 . Early life and career . Regan was born in Windsor , Nova Scotia . Regan is the son of Gerald Regan , a former Premier of Nova Scotia and Cabinet Minister under Pierre Trudeau , and Carole Harrison , the daughter of John Harrison , a Member of Parliament from Saskatchewan . Two of his sisters are also well-known : Nancy Regan was a well-known local television personality with ATV , Laura Regan is an actress . Regan graduated from Sackville High School in 1977 and then earned his Bachelor of Arts in Political Science from St . Francis Xavier University in 1980 . Following university , Regan went on to earn a law degree from Dalhousie University , graduating in 1983 . He was admitted to the Nova Scotia Barristers’ Society in 1984 and practiced real estate and commercial law before entering public life . Regan was a member of Toastmasters for almost ten years , in the late 1980s to early 1990s . Federal politics . Regan was first elected to the House of Commons as part of the Liberal landslide victory in the 1993 federal election under Jean Chrétien . He was defeated in the 1997 election by NDP candidate Gordon Earle , mainly because of the federal governments changes to employment insurance . After regaining his seat in the 2000 federal election , Regan was appointed Parliamentary Secretary to the Leader of the Government in the House of Commons , a position then held by Don Boudria . In 2003 , Paul Martin appointed him as Minister of Fisheries and Oceans . Regan was the Regional Minister for Nova Scotia in the newly formed government of Paul Martin , sworn in on 12 December 2003 . Regan was re-elected in the 2004 federal election . He would keep position in cabinet in Martin’s minority government . In February 2004 , Regan was appointed to act as Minister of Justice and Attorney General of Canada , in matters related to Maher Arar . In opposition . Upon the defeat of the Liberal government in the 2006 election , he was appointed by Bill Graham , Interim Leader of the Official Opposition , to the shadow cabinet as the Official Opposition Critic for Human Resources and Skills Development . During his time as critic , Regan introduced a private members’ bill to expand Canada Access Grants for disabled and low income students . In January 2007 , he was appointed to the newly created Liberal Priorities and Planning Committee , which was chaired by then Liberal Opposition Leader Stéphane Dion . In March 2008 , Regan was named Chair of the Caucus Committee on Environmental Sustainability . Regan also served as Vice-Chair of the House of Commons Standing Committee on Environment and Sustainable Development . Regan was re-elected in 2008 , and 2011 federal elections , despite significant Liberal losses in both . Regan won his seat by a few percentage points in the latter election as the Liberals finished in third place . Under the leadership of Stephane Dion , Regan served as Opposition Critic for Human Resources and Skills Development . Under Michael Ignatieff , Regan served as Liberal Critic for Natural Resources , and later , Public Works and Government Services and also as the Liberal Natural Resources Critic under leader Justin Trudeau and the Vice-Chair of the Standing Committee on Natural Resources . Speaker of the House of Commons . Regan was re-elected in the 2015 federal election with 68% of the vote as the Liberal party swept all 32 Atlantic Canada seats and formed a majority government . On 2 December 2015 , Regan was selected as Speaker of the House of Commons in secret ballot by members of the 42nd Parliament over Liberals Denis Paradis and Yasmin Ratansi and Conservative Bruce Stanton . Regan won on the first ballot and served as the first speaker from Atlantic Canada in almost a hundred years . In December 2019 , he ran for re-election for Speaker of the Commons but lost to fellow Liberal MP Anthony Rota . Following Rotas win , the Conservatives said that he had them to thank for his new position . They had made the decision during a caucus meeting to unseat Regan as a show of strength to the Liberal minority government . They did so by ranking Regan further down on the ranked ballot . Awards and honours . - Metro Food Bank Society Community Leadership Award ( 1992 ) - Halifax Board of Trade Certificate of Merit ( 1992 ) - Queen Elizabeth II Golden Jubilee Medal ( 2002 ) - Appointed member of the Queens’s Privy Council for Canada ( 2003 ) - Elisabeth Mann Borgese Medal ( 2005 ) The International Ocean Institute awarded Regan then Minister of Fisheries and Oceans for his exemplary leadership in the field of Ocean Governance . - Lebanese Community Recognition Award ( 2008 ) - Queen Elizabeth II Diamond Jubilee Medal ( 2012 ) Personal life . Regans wife , Kelly Regan , is a provincial MLA and Deputy Premier of Nova Scotia .

/wiki/Paul_Sturrock#P54#0

Paul Sturrock played for which team in Mar 1976?

Paul Sturrock Paul Whitehead Sturrock ( born 10 October 1956 ) is a Scottish football player and coach . As a player , Sturrock spent his entire senior career with Dundee United , making more than five hundred appearances between 1974 and 1989 . He won the Scottish Football League title with United in 1982–83 and the Scottish League Cup twice , in 1979 and 1980 . He was named the SFWA Footballer of the Year in 1982 . At international level , Sturrock played twenty times for Scotland and appeared at the 1982 and 1986 World Cups . Sturrocks managerial career began with St Johnstone in 1993 , where he went on to win the Scottish First Division title in 1996–97 before returning to Dundee United as manager . Since 2000 , Sturrock has worked as a manager in English football , initially with Plymouth Argyle where he helped the club to win two promotions before moving on to a brief spell with Southampton . He has subsequently also managed Sheffield Wednesday , Swindon Town and Southend United as well as returning to Plymouth for a second spell . He became Yeovil Town manager in April 2015 , but left the club eight months later . According to an analysis by the Financial Times he was among the countrys best ever managers , even though he has mostly managed clubs at Championship level and below . He is known by fans as Luggy ( from the Scots language word lugs , Eng : ears ) . Sturrock announced in July 2008 that he was suffering from a mild form of Parkinsons disease . His son , Blair , was also a professional footballer . Early life . Sturrock was born in Ellon , Aberdeenshire , and grew up in Pitlochry , Perthshire , where he was educated at the local primary and secondary schools and played for amateur side Grandtully Vale . In 1972 , he joined Vale of Atholl of the Perthshire Amateur First Division ( where he returned as coach in his latter days with Dundee United ) , and in the 1972–73 season he scored approximately 100 goals . He then moved on to Bankfoot Athletic , and in the 1973–74 season he scored 53 goals as they finished 2nd in the Scottish Junior FA First Division . He had trials with Morton and St Johnstone , but was signed for Dundee United by then manager Jim McLean on 1 July 1974 . Playing career . Club . Sturrock made his debut in the European Cup Winners Cup match v Juil Petrosani of Romania on 18 September 1974 and his league debut on 28 December 1974 as a substitute against Motherwell . In his first season at Tannadice he made nine League appearances and came on from the substitutes bench for three more and in the process he scored six goals . His first goal for Dundee United was one of two he scored in a 2–2 draw with Rangers at Tannadice on 5 April 1975 . Dundee United finished fourth in the League that year . In the following season , he made 18 League appearances , eight as sub , and scored three times . He was also played as a substitute in two of the three Scottish Cup ties and was on from the start in five out of six League Cup games and scored once . He also started in three of the four UEFA Cup games netting one in that competition , too . 1976–77 not only saw Dundee United consolidate their Premier League position but throughout the campaign Sturrock was an ever-present , playing in all 36 League games and scoring 15 times . Adding that total to one each in the Scottish Cup and League Cup he was top scorer at the Club that year . He played in Uniteds only Scottish Cup tie , a 4–1 defeat at St Mirren . He also appeared four times plus once as sub out of the six League Cup ties . In a short-lived Anglo Scottish Cup campaign he was brought on as sub in one leg of the tie against Aberdeen . In 1982–83 , Dundee United won the Scottish League Championship , losing only four League games during the season . Sturrock contributed to this success with eight goals in his 28 appearances . He also set up Ralph Milne for his fourth-minute opener against Dundee in the final League game . The Scottish Cup that year had been yet another early exit at the hands of St Mirren . Sturrock scored seven in the nine games he turned out in on the way to a League Cup quarter-final exit . He also played in seven of the eight games and scored once in a UEFA Cup run that ended with an exit in Prague . His playing career ended in 1989 . His final goal for United came on 8 April 1989 in a 2–1 victory over local rivals Dundee . In 385 league appearances from 1974 to 1989 he scored 109 goals for the club . His final tally of 171 goals in 576 games in all competitions makes him the second highest goalscorer in Dundee Uniteds history . Sturrock stayed at Tannadice for the next five years , in the role of coach . He left the club in 1993 after twenty years continuous service . International . Sturrock made his first appearance for the Scotland under-21 team on 12 October 1976 , in a goalless draw with Czechoslovakia . Four months later , he scored in a 3–2 win against Wales under-21s on 9 February 1977 . Sturrock made his full international debut for Scotland against Wales on 16 May 1981 , and on 8 November 1981 , he scored his first goal for Scotland in the 2–1 World Cup qualifier defeat against Portugal in Lisbon . Sturrock won 20 caps for his country , scoring three goals . He was a non-playing member of the Scotland squad for the 1982 World Cup finals in Spain and appeared twice in Mexico in 1986 . Management career . In a 2012 study by Stefan Szymanski , economics professor at the University of Michigan , Sturrock was rated as one of the best managers in English football . St Johnstone . In 1993 , Sturrock became the manager of First Division team St Johnstone , having been recommended by the outgoing manager , John McClelland . Despite some early poor form – which included a 4–0 Scottish Cup humbling at the hands of Stenhousemuir – Sturrock eventually guided the team to a comfortable promotion in 1996–97 . Dundee United . In September 1998 Sturrock was appointed manager at Dundee United . He made a bright start to his time as manager at Tannadice , where he was feted by the fans for his excellent spell as a player . His United team failed to recover from the sale of top scorer Billy Dodds in December 1999 , when they were lying third in the table . The team scored few goals following Doddss departure , and Sturrock resigned after two games of the 2000–01 season . Plymouth Argyle . In October 2000 Sturrock joined Plymouth Argyle , a club which had reached the lowest ebb in its history , struggling in the English Football League Third Division . A shake-up at boardroom level took place , Sturrock began to build his own squad . The following season , he guided them to the Third Division title breaking numerous records in the process , including a club and league points total of 102 . In October 2003 , Sturrock had successfully taken Argyle back to the top of the Football League Second Division and left when Plymouth had just 12 games to play in what would prove to be another season when they would finish as divisional champions and return to the Football League Championship , formerly known as the First Division . As a result of his success at Home Park he was named as the manager of Argyles Team of the Century in a BBC Devon poll . Southampton . Sturrock was named as the successor to Gordon Strachan as manager of Southampton on 4 March 2004 . On 23 August 2004 it was announced that Sturrock was leaving the club by mutual consent , after a disappointing run of form and rumours of player unrest and boardroom dissatisfaction with his management . Sheffield Wednesday . He was then appointed by League One club Sheffield Wednesday languishing in 14th place on 23 September 2004 , and he guided the club to the League One play-offs . After beating Brentford in the semi-final with an aggregate score of 3–1 , Sturrock took Wednesday to the play-off final at the Millennium Stadium and beat Hartlepool United 4–2 after extra-time , winning promotion to the Championship . Despite numerous injuries to key players he helped Wednesday to finish 10 points clear of relegation in their first season back in The Championship . A slow start to the 2006–07 season sparked rumours that Wednesday were about to sack Sturrock , but this speculation looked to be false when he agreed a new four-year contract on 14 September . But he was sacked on the evening of 19 October , just five weeks and three games after agreeing this new deal . The new contract was agreed while the club were at the bottom of the League , while he was sacked when they were fourth from bottom . Swindon Town . In late October 2006 , Swindon Town allowed their management team of Dennis Wise and Gustavo Poyet to join Leeds United . Swindon pounced at the opportunity to acquire the services of Sturrock and on 7 November 2006 Sturrock was confirmed as manager with Kevin Summerfield and John Blackley following him from Wednesday . Sturrocks first season in charge at Swindon was a success , achieving promotion from League Two to League One . Swindon made a decent start to the 2007–08 season , maintaining their position in the top half of the league table after the first 8 games . Return to Plymouth . On 27 November 2007 , Sturrock resigned his post as Swindon Town manager after just over a year with the club to rejoin previous club Plymouth Argyle . Sturrock also brought back to the club assistants Kevin Summerfield and John Blackley , who were previously with him during his first successful spell as manager . Sturrock then proceeded to take the club to its highest league position in 20 years : tenth in the Championship . However , the team subsequently struggled and finished five points and one place outside the Championship relegation zone in the 2008–09 season . On 10 December 2009 , Sturrock was removed as Plymouth Argyle manager and put into a business support role by chairman Sir Roy Gardner . On 22 April 2010 the Plymouth board confirmed that Paul Sturrock had left his role within the club to pursue other managerial opportunities . Following Sturrocks departure , it emerged that the board had mis-managed the finances of the club and Argyle entered administration . Southend United . On 5 July 2010 he was confirmed as manager of League Two Southend United . Former Salisbury City manager Tommy Widdrington was named as Sturrocks assistant manager while one of Sturrocks former players at Plymouth Argyle and Sheffield Wednesday , who served as captain at the latter , Graham Coughlan was soon appointed as a player-coach . Sturrock faced the tough task of rebuilding the Southend side with only five first team players available for selection at one stage of pre-season , with only Anthony Grant , Matt Paterson and Scott Spencer surviving . Sturrock soon appointed new signing Craig Easton , who he had previously managed at Swindon Town , as captain while another player from one of Sturrocks old clubs , Chris Barker , was later appointed as vice-captain , having initially been signed on loan , and then permanently on deadline day . It was not an easy task for Sturrock as his assistant , Tommy Widdrington left for footballing reasons on Wednesday 15 December 2010 . After a mid table finish in his first season , he enjoyed more success during the 2011–12 season where Southend led League Two for most of the campaign . Sturrock was named Manager of the Month for September 2011 by the Football League . Sturrock was sacked as manager of Southend United on 24 March 2013 although it was agreed that he could lead out the players in the final of the Football League Trophy to be held at Wembley on 7 April . Sturrock declined the offer . Yeovil Town . After a brief spell as an advisor to Conference Premier side Torquay United , he departed just four days after taking the job , after being appointed manager of Football League One side Yeovil Town on 9 April 2015 , with the club all but relegated . Following a poor start to the season , Yeovil announced on 1 December 2015 that they had parted company with Sturrock . Post-retirement . Following his retirement from professional management , Sturrock returned to live in the South West of England . He remained involved in local football , being given an advisory role at non-League club Plymouth Parkway . He also writes a regular column for local newspaper , the Plymouth Evening Herald . On 8 March 2018 , Sturrock renewed his involvement with Dundee United when he was appointed as the clubs chief scout in England . Later in March , Sturrock was added to the United coaching staff . He left United during the 2018–19 season . Honours . As a player . Dundee United - Scottish Football League Premier Division : 1982–83 - Scottish League Cup : 1979–80 , 1980–81 - Runner-up : 1981–82 , 1984–85 - UEFA Cup : runner-up 1986–87 - Scottish Cup : runner-up 1980–81 , 1984–85 , 1986–87 , 1987–88 As a manager . St Johnstone - Scottish League First Division ( second tier ) : 1996–97 Plymouth Argyle - Football League Third Division : 2001–02 - Football League Second Division : 2003–04 Sheffield Wednesday - Football League One play-offs : 2004–05 Swindon Town - Football League Two promotion : 2006–07 Individual - Football League Third Division Manager of the Year : 2001–02 - Football League Second Division Manager of the Year : 2003–04 - Football League Third Division Manager of the Month : September 2001 , October 2001 , February 2002 - Football League Second Division Manager of the Month : October 2003 , December 2003 - LMA Managers Performance League : January 2004 - Football League One Manager of the Month : November 2004 - Football League Two Manager of the Month : January 2007 , September 2011 , November 2012 General . - Scottish Football Hall of Fame inductee : 2019 Statistics . Managerial record . Research by Soccer economists Simon Kuper and Stefan Szymanski found Sturrock to be among the highest performing managers in English football . The measure was based on game success after controlling for the clubs wage bills . Books . His autobiography was published in 2015 , Luggy : The Autobiography of Paul Sturrock .

/wiki/Paul_Sturrock#P54#1

Paul Sturrock played for which team between Oct 1980 and Jul 1983?

Paul Sturrock Paul Whitehead Sturrock ( born 10 October 1956 ) is a Scottish football player and coach . As a player , Sturrock spent his entire senior career with Dundee United , making more than five hundred appearances between 1974 and 1989 . He won the Scottish Football League title with United in 1982–83 and the Scottish League Cup twice , in 1979 and 1980 . He was named the SFWA Footballer of the Year in 1982 . At international level , Sturrock played twenty times for Scotland and appeared at the 1982 and 1986 World Cups . Sturrocks managerial career began with St Johnstone in 1993 , where he went on to win the Scottish First Division title in 1996–97 before returning to Dundee United as manager . Since 2000 , Sturrock has worked as a manager in English football , initially with Plymouth Argyle where he helped the club to win two promotions before moving on to a brief spell with Southampton . He has subsequently also managed Sheffield Wednesday , Swindon Town and Southend United as well as returning to Plymouth for a second spell . He became Yeovil Town manager in April 2015 , but left the club eight months later . According to an analysis by the Financial Times he was among the countrys best ever managers , even though he has mostly managed clubs at Championship level and below . He is known by fans as Luggy ( from the Scots language word lugs , Eng : ears ) . Sturrock announced in July 2008 that he was suffering from a mild form of Parkinsons disease . His son , Blair , was also a professional footballer . Early life . Sturrock was born in Ellon , Aberdeenshire , and grew up in Pitlochry , Perthshire , where he was educated at the local primary and secondary schools and played for amateur side Grandtully Vale . In 1972 , he joined Vale of Atholl of the Perthshire Amateur First Division ( where he returned as coach in his latter days with Dundee United ) , and in the 1972–73 season he scored approximately 100 goals . He then moved on to Bankfoot Athletic , and in the 1973–74 season he scored 53 goals as they finished 2nd in the Scottish Junior FA First Division . He had trials with Morton and St Johnstone , but was signed for Dundee United by then manager Jim McLean on 1 July 1974 . Playing career . Club . Sturrock made his debut in the European Cup Winners Cup match v Juil Petrosani of Romania on 18 September 1974 and his league debut on 28 December 1974 as a substitute against Motherwell . In his first season at Tannadice he made nine League appearances and came on from the substitutes bench for three more and in the process he scored six goals . His first goal for Dundee United was one of two he scored in a 2–2 draw with Rangers at Tannadice on 5 April 1975 . Dundee United finished fourth in the League that year . In the following season , he made 18 League appearances , eight as sub , and scored three times . He was also played as a substitute in two of the three Scottish Cup ties and was on from the start in five out of six League Cup games and scored once . He also started in three of the four UEFA Cup games netting one in that competition , too . 1976–77 not only saw Dundee United consolidate their Premier League position but throughout the campaign Sturrock was an ever-present , playing in all 36 League games and scoring 15 times . Adding that total to one each in the Scottish Cup and League Cup he was top scorer at the Club that year . He played in Uniteds only Scottish Cup tie , a 4–1 defeat at St Mirren . He also appeared four times plus once as sub out of the six League Cup ties . In a short-lived Anglo Scottish Cup campaign he was brought on as sub in one leg of the tie against Aberdeen . In 1982–83 , Dundee United won the Scottish League Championship , losing only four League games during the season . Sturrock contributed to this success with eight goals in his 28 appearances . He also set up Ralph Milne for his fourth-minute opener against Dundee in the final League game . The Scottish Cup that year had been yet another early exit at the hands of St Mirren . Sturrock scored seven in the nine games he turned out in on the way to a League Cup quarter-final exit . He also played in seven of the eight games and scored once in a UEFA Cup run that ended with an exit in Prague . His playing career ended in 1989 . His final goal for United came on 8 April 1989 in a 2–1 victory over local rivals Dundee . In 385 league appearances from 1974 to 1989 he scored 109 goals for the club . His final tally of 171 goals in 576 games in all competitions makes him the second highest goalscorer in Dundee Uniteds history . Sturrock stayed at Tannadice for the next five years , in the role of coach . He left the club in 1993 after twenty years continuous service . International . Sturrock made his first appearance for the Scotland under-21 team on 12 October 1976 , in a goalless draw with Czechoslovakia . Four months later , he scored in a 3–2 win against Wales under-21s on 9 February 1977 . Sturrock made his full international debut for Scotland against Wales on 16 May 1981 , and on 8 November 1981 , he scored his first goal for Scotland in the 2–1 World Cup qualifier defeat against Portugal in Lisbon . Sturrock won 20 caps for his country , scoring three goals . He was a non-playing member of the Scotland squad for the 1982 World Cup finals in Spain and appeared twice in Mexico in 1986 . Management career . In a 2012 study by Stefan Szymanski , economics professor at the University of Michigan , Sturrock was rated as one of the best managers in English football . St Johnstone . In 1993 , Sturrock became the manager of First Division team St Johnstone , having been recommended by the outgoing manager , John McClelland . Despite some early poor form – which included a 4–0 Scottish Cup humbling at the hands of Stenhousemuir – Sturrock eventually guided the team to a comfortable promotion in 1996–97 . Dundee United . In September 1998 Sturrock was appointed manager at Dundee United . He made a bright start to his time as manager at Tannadice , where he was feted by the fans for his excellent spell as a player . His United team failed to recover from the sale of top scorer Billy Dodds in December 1999 , when they were lying third in the table . The team scored few goals following Doddss departure , and Sturrock resigned after two games of the 2000–01 season . Plymouth Argyle . In October 2000 Sturrock joined Plymouth Argyle , a club which had reached the lowest ebb in its history , struggling in the English Football League Third Division . A shake-up at boardroom level took place , Sturrock began to build his own squad . The following season , he guided them to the Third Division title breaking numerous records in the process , including a club and league points total of 102 . In October 2003 , Sturrock had successfully taken Argyle back to the top of the Football League Second Division and left when Plymouth had just 12 games to play in what would prove to be another season when they would finish as divisional champions and return to the Football League Championship , formerly known as the First Division . As a result of his success at Home Park he was named as the manager of Argyles Team of the Century in a BBC Devon poll . Southampton . Sturrock was named as the successor to Gordon Strachan as manager of Southampton on 4 March 2004 . On 23 August 2004 it was announced that Sturrock was leaving the club by mutual consent , after a disappointing run of form and rumours of player unrest and boardroom dissatisfaction with his management . Sheffield Wednesday . He was then appointed by League One club Sheffield Wednesday languishing in 14th place on 23 September 2004 , and he guided the club to the League One play-offs . After beating Brentford in the semi-final with an aggregate score of 3–1 , Sturrock took Wednesday to the play-off final at the Millennium Stadium and beat Hartlepool United 4–2 after extra-time , winning promotion to the Championship . Despite numerous injuries to key players he helped Wednesday to finish 10 points clear of relegation in their first season back in The Championship . A slow start to the 2006–07 season sparked rumours that Wednesday were about to sack Sturrock , but this speculation looked to be false when he agreed a new four-year contract on 14 September . But he was sacked on the evening of 19 October , just five weeks and three games after agreeing this new deal . The new contract was agreed while the club were at the bottom of the League , while he was sacked when they were fourth from bottom . Swindon Town . In late October 2006 , Swindon Town allowed their management team of Dennis Wise and Gustavo Poyet to join Leeds United . Swindon pounced at the opportunity to acquire the services of Sturrock and on 7 November 2006 Sturrock was confirmed as manager with Kevin Summerfield and John Blackley following him from Wednesday . Sturrocks first season in charge at Swindon was a success , achieving promotion from League Two to League One . Swindon made a decent start to the 2007–08 season , maintaining their position in the top half of the league table after the first 8 games . Return to Plymouth . On 27 November 2007 , Sturrock resigned his post as Swindon Town manager after just over a year with the club to rejoin previous club Plymouth Argyle . Sturrock also brought back to the club assistants Kevin Summerfield and John Blackley , who were previously with him during his first successful spell as manager . Sturrock then proceeded to take the club to its highest league position in 20 years : tenth in the Championship . However , the team subsequently struggled and finished five points and one place outside the Championship relegation zone in the 2008–09 season . On 10 December 2009 , Sturrock was removed as Plymouth Argyle manager and put into a business support role by chairman Sir Roy Gardner . On 22 April 2010 the Plymouth board confirmed that Paul Sturrock had left his role within the club to pursue other managerial opportunities . Following Sturrocks departure , it emerged that the board had mis-managed the finances of the club and Argyle entered administration . Southend United . On 5 July 2010 he was confirmed as manager of League Two Southend United . Former Salisbury City manager Tommy Widdrington was named as Sturrocks assistant manager while one of Sturrocks former players at Plymouth Argyle and Sheffield Wednesday , who served as captain at the latter , Graham Coughlan was soon appointed as a player-coach . Sturrock faced the tough task of rebuilding the Southend side with only five first team players available for selection at one stage of pre-season , with only Anthony Grant , Matt Paterson and Scott Spencer surviving . Sturrock soon appointed new signing Craig Easton , who he had previously managed at Swindon Town , as captain while another player from one of Sturrocks old clubs , Chris Barker , was later appointed as vice-captain , having initially been signed on loan , and then permanently on deadline day . It was not an easy task for Sturrock as his assistant , Tommy Widdrington left for footballing reasons on Wednesday 15 December 2010 . After a mid table finish in his first season , he enjoyed more success during the 2011–12 season where Southend led League Two for most of the campaign . Sturrock was named Manager of the Month for September 2011 by the Football League . Sturrock was sacked as manager of Southend United on 24 March 2013 although it was agreed that he could lead out the players in the final of the Football League Trophy to be held at Wembley on 7 April . Sturrock declined the offer . Yeovil Town . After a brief spell as an advisor to Conference Premier side Torquay United , he departed just four days after taking the job , after being appointed manager of Football League One side Yeovil Town on 9 April 2015 , with the club all but relegated . Following a poor start to the season , Yeovil announced on 1 December 2015 that they had parted company with Sturrock . Post-retirement . Following his retirement from professional management , Sturrock returned to live in the South West of England . He remained involved in local football , being given an advisory role at non-League club Plymouth Parkway . He also writes a regular column for local newspaper , the Plymouth Evening Herald . On 8 March 2018 , Sturrock renewed his involvement with Dundee United when he was appointed as the clubs chief scout in England . Later in March , Sturrock was added to the United coaching staff . He left United during the 2018–19 season . Honours . As a player . Dundee United - Scottish Football League Premier Division : 1982–83 - Scottish League Cup : 1979–80 , 1980–81 - Runner-up : 1981–82 , 1984–85 - UEFA Cup : runner-up 1986–87 - Scottish Cup : runner-up 1980–81 , 1984–85 , 1986–87 , 1987–88 As a manager . St Johnstone - Scottish League First Division ( second tier ) : 1996–97 Plymouth Argyle - Football League Third Division : 2001–02 - Football League Second Division : 2003–04 Sheffield Wednesday - Football League One play-offs : 2004–05 Swindon Town - Football League Two promotion : 2006–07 Individual - Football League Third Division Manager of the Year : 2001–02 - Football League Second Division Manager of the Year : 2003–04 - Football League Third Division Manager of the Month : September 2001 , October 2001 , February 2002 - Football League Second Division Manager of the Month : October 2003 , December 2003 - LMA Managers Performance League : January 2004 - Football League One Manager of the Month : November 2004 - Football League Two Manager of the Month : January 2007 , September 2011 , November 2012 General . - Scottish Football Hall of Fame inductee : 2019 Statistics . Managerial record . Research by Soccer economists Simon Kuper and Stefan Szymanski found Sturrock to be among the highest performing managers in English football . The measure was based on game success after controlling for the clubs wage bills . Books . His autobiography was published in 2015 , Luggy : The Autobiography of Paul Sturrock .

/wiki/Paul_Sturrock#P54#2

Paul Sturrock played for which team between Nov 1972 and Apr 1973?

Paul Sturrock Paul Whitehead Sturrock ( born 10 October 1956 ) is a Scottish football player and coach . As a player , Sturrock spent his entire senior career with Dundee United , making more than five hundred appearances between 1974 and 1989 . He won the Scottish Football League title with United in 1982–83 and the Scottish League Cup twice , in 1979 and 1980 . He was named the SFWA Footballer of the Year in 1982 . At international level , Sturrock played twenty times for Scotland and appeared at the 1982 and 1986 World Cups . Sturrocks managerial career began with St Johnstone in 1993 , where he went on to win the Scottish First Division title in 1996–97 before returning to Dundee United as manager . Since 2000 , Sturrock has worked as a manager in English football , initially with Plymouth Argyle where he helped the club to win two promotions before moving on to a brief spell with Southampton . He has subsequently also managed Sheffield Wednesday , Swindon Town and Southend United as well as returning to Plymouth for a second spell . He became Yeovil Town manager in April 2015 , but left the club eight months later . According to an analysis by the Financial Times he was among the countrys best ever managers , even though he has mostly managed clubs at Championship level and below . He is known by fans as Luggy ( from the Scots language word lugs , Eng : ears ) . Sturrock announced in July 2008 that he was suffering from a mild form of Parkinsons disease . His son , Blair , was also a professional footballer . Early life . Sturrock was born in Ellon , Aberdeenshire , and grew up in Pitlochry , Perthshire , where he was educated at the local primary and secondary schools and played for amateur side Grandtully Vale . In 1972 , he joined Vale of Atholl of the Perthshire Amateur First Division ( where he returned as coach in his latter days with Dundee United ) , and in the 1972–73 season he scored approximately 100 goals . He then moved on to Bankfoot Athletic , and in the 1973–74 season he scored 53 goals as they finished 2nd in the Scottish Junior FA First Division . He had trials with Morton and St Johnstone , but was signed for Dundee United by then manager Jim McLean on 1 July 1974 . Playing career . Club . Sturrock made his debut in the European Cup Winners Cup match v Juil Petrosani of Romania on 18 September 1974 and his league debut on 28 December 1974 as a substitute against Motherwell . In his first season at Tannadice he made nine League appearances and came on from the substitutes bench for three more and in the process he scored six goals . His first goal for Dundee United was one of two he scored in a 2–2 draw with Rangers at Tannadice on 5 April 1975 . Dundee United finished fourth in the League that year . In the following season , he made 18 League appearances , eight as sub , and scored three times . He was also played as a substitute in two of the three Scottish Cup ties and was on from the start in five out of six League Cup games and scored once . He also started in three of the four UEFA Cup games netting one in that competition , too . 1976–77 not only saw Dundee United consolidate their Premier League position but throughout the campaign Sturrock was an ever-present , playing in all 36 League games and scoring 15 times . Adding that total to one each in the Scottish Cup and League Cup he was top scorer at the Club that year . He played in Uniteds only Scottish Cup tie , a 4–1 defeat at St Mirren . He also appeared four times plus once as sub out of the six League Cup ties . In a short-lived Anglo Scottish Cup campaign he was brought on as sub in one leg of the tie against Aberdeen . In 1982–83 , Dundee United won the Scottish League Championship , losing only four League games during the season . Sturrock contributed to this success with eight goals in his 28 appearances . He also set up Ralph Milne for his fourth-minute opener against Dundee in the final League game . The Scottish Cup that year had been yet another early exit at the hands of St Mirren . Sturrock scored seven in the nine games he turned out in on the way to a League Cup quarter-final exit . He also played in seven of the eight games and scored once in a UEFA Cup run that ended with an exit in Prague . His playing career ended in 1989 . His final goal for United came on 8 April 1989 in a 2–1 victory over local rivals Dundee . In 385 league appearances from 1974 to 1989 he scored 109 goals for the club . His final tally of 171 goals in 576 games in all competitions makes him the second highest goalscorer in Dundee Uniteds history . Sturrock stayed at Tannadice for the next five years , in the role of coach . He left the club in 1993 after twenty years continuous service . International . Sturrock made his first appearance for the Scotland under-21 team on 12 October 1976 , in a goalless draw with Czechoslovakia . Four months later , he scored in a 3–2 win against Wales under-21s on 9 February 1977 . Sturrock made his full international debut for Scotland against Wales on 16 May 1981 , and on 8 November 1981 , he scored his first goal for Scotland in the 2–1 World Cup qualifier defeat against Portugal in Lisbon . Sturrock won 20 caps for his country , scoring three goals . He was a non-playing member of the Scotland squad for the 1982 World Cup finals in Spain and appeared twice in Mexico in 1986 . Management career . In a 2012 study by Stefan Szymanski , economics professor at the University of Michigan , Sturrock was rated as one of the best managers in English football . St Johnstone . In 1993 , Sturrock became the manager of First Division team St Johnstone , having been recommended by the outgoing manager , John McClelland . Despite some early poor form – which included a 4–0 Scottish Cup humbling at the hands of Stenhousemuir – Sturrock eventually guided the team to a comfortable promotion in 1996–97 . Dundee United . In September 1998 Sturrock was appointed manager at Dundee United . He made a bright start to his time as manager at Tannadice , where he was feted by the fans for his excellent spell as a player . His United team failed to recover from the sale of top scorer Billy Dodds in December 1999 , when they were lying third in the table . The team scored few goals following Doddss departure , and Sturrock resigned after two games of the 2000–01 season . Plymouth Argyle . In October 2000 Sturrock joined Plymouth Argyle , a club which had reached the lowest ebb in its history , struggling in the English Football League Third Division . A shake-up at boardroom level took place , Sturrock began to build his own squad . The following season , he guided them to the Third Division title breaking numerous records in the process , including a club and league points total of 102 . In October 2003 , Sturrock had successfully taken Argyle back to the top of the Football League Second Division and left when Plymouth had just 12 games to play in what would prove to be another season when they would finish as divisional champions and return to the Football League Championship , formerly known as the First Division . As a result of his success at Home Park he was named as the manager of Argyles Team of the Century in a BBC Devon poll . Southampton . Sturrock was named as the successor to Gordon Strachan as manager of Southampton on 4 March 2004 . On 23 August 2004 it was announced that Sturrock was leaving the club by mutual consent , after a disappointing run of form and rumours of player unrest and boardroom dissatisfaction with his management . Sheffield Wednesday . He was then appointed by League One club Sheffield Wednesday languishing in 14th place on 23 September 2004 , and he guided the club to the League One play-offs . After beating Brentford in the semi-final with an aggregate score of 3–1 , Sturrock took Wednesday to the play-off final at the Millennium Stadium and beat Hartlepool United 4–2 after extra-time , winning promotion to the Championship . Despite numerous injuries to key players he helped Wednesday to finish 10 points clear of relegation in their first season back in The Championship . A slow start to the 2006–07 season sparked rumours that Wednesday were about to sack Sturrock , but this speculation looked to be false when he agreed a new four-year contract on 14 September . But he was sacked on the evening of 19 October , just five weeks and three games after agreeing this new deal . The new contract was agreed while the club were at the bottom of the League , while he was sacked when they were fourth from bottom . Swindon Town . In late October 2006 , Swindon Town allowed their management team of Dennis Wise and Gustavo Poyet to join Leeds United . Swindon pounced at the opportunity to acquire the services of Sturrock and on 7 November 2006 Sturrock was confirmed as manager with Kevin Summerfield and John Blackley following him from Wednesday . Sturrocks first season in charge at Swindon was a success , achieving promotion from League Two to League One . Swindon made a decent start to the 2007–08 season , maintaining their position in the top half of the league table after the first 8 games . Return to Plymouth . On 27 November 2007 , Sturrock resigned his post as Swindon Town manager after just over a year with the club to rejoin previous club Plymouth Argyle . Sturrock also brought back to the club assistants Kevin Summerfield and John Blackley , who were previously with him during his first successful spell as manager . Sturrock then proceeded to take the club to its highest league position in 20 years : tenth in the Championship . However , the team subsequently struggled and finished five points and one place outside the Championship relegation zone in the 2008–09 season . On 10 December 2009 , Sturrock was removed as Plymouth Argyle manager and put into a business support role by chairman Sir Roy Gardner . On 22 April 2010 the Plymouth board confirmed that Paul Sturrock had left his role within the club to pursue other managerial opportunities . Following Sturrocks departure , it emerged that the board had mis-managed the finances of the club and Argyle entered administration . Southend United . On 5 July 2010 he was confirmed as manager of League Two Southend United . Former Salisbury City manager Tommy Widdrington was named as Sturrocks assistant manager while one of Sturrocks former players at Plymouth Argyle and Sheffield Wednesday , who served as captain at the latter , Graham Coughlan was soon appointed as a player-coach . Sturrock faced the tough task of rebuilding the Southend side with only five first team players available for selection at one stage of pre-season , with only Anthony Grant , Matt Paterson and Scott Spencer surviving . Sturrock soon appointed new signing Craig Easton , who he had previously managed at Swindon Town , as captain while another player from one of Sturrocks old clubs , Chris Barker , was later appointed as vice-captain , having initially been signed on loan , and then permanently on deadline day . It was not an easy task for Sturrock as his assistant , Tommy Widdrington left for footballing reasons on Wednesday 15 December 2010 . After a mid table finish in his first season , he enjoyed more success during the 2011–12 season where Southend led League Two for most of the campaign . Sturrock was named Manager of the Month for September 2011 by the Football League . Sturrock was sacked as manager of Southend United on 24 March 2013 although it was agreed that he could lead out the players in the final of the Football League Trophy to be held at Wembley on 7 April . Sturrock declined the offer . Yeovil Town . After a brief spell as an advisor to Conference Premier side Torquay United , he departed just four days after taking the job , after being appointed manager of Football League One side Yeovil Town on 9 April 2015 , with the club all but relegated . Following a poor start to the season , Yeovil announced on 1 December 2015 that they had parted company with Sturrock . Post-retirement . Following his retirement from professional management , Sturrock returned to live in the South West of England . He remained involved in local football , being given an advisory role at non-League club Plymouth Parkway . He also writes a regular column for local newspaper , the Plymouth Evening Herald . On 8 March 2018 , Sturrock renewed his involvement with Dundee United when he was appointed as the clubs chief scout in England . Later in March , Sturrock was added to the United coaching staff . He left United during the 2018–19 season . Honours . As a player . Dundee United - Scottish Football League Premier Division : 1982–83 - Scottish League Cup : 1979–80 , 1980–81 - Runner-up : 1981–82 , 1984–85 - UEFA Cup : runner-up 1986–87 - Scottish Cup : runner-up 1980–81 , 1984–85 , 1986–87 , 1987–88 As a manager . St Johnstone - Scottish League First Division ( second tier ) : 1996–97 Plymouth Argyle - Football League Third Division : 2001–02 - Football League Second Division : 2003–04 Sheffield Wednesday - Football League One play-offs : 2004–05 Swindon Town - Football League Two promotion : 2006–07 Individual - Football League Third Division Manager of the Year : 2001–02 - Football League Second Division Manager of the Year : 2003–04 - Football League Third Division Manager of the Month : September 2001 , October 2001 , February 2002 - Football League Second Division Manager of the Month : October 2003 , December 2003 - LMA Managers Performance League : January 2004 - Football League One Manager of the Month : November 2004 - Football League Two Manager of the Month : January 2007 , September 2011 , November 2012 General . - Scottish Football Hall of Fame inductee : 2019 Statistics . Managerial record . Research by Soccer economists Simon Kuper and Stefan Szymanski found Sturrock to be among the highest performing managers in English football . The measure was based on game success after controlling for the clubs wage bills . Books . His autobiography was published in 2015 , Luggy : The Autobiography of Paul Sturrock .

/wiki/Eleftherios_Papageorgopoulos#P39#0

What position did Eleftherios Papageorgopoulos take in Dec 1985?

Eleftherios Papageorgopoulos Eleftherios Papageorgopoulos ( ) is a Greek politician who served as a Minister of State in Vassiliki Thanou-Christophilous caretaker cabinet from August to September 2015 . Early life and education . Papageorgopoulos was born in Chalcis on 6 October 1947 . He studied law at the University of Athens . Political career . Papageorgopoulos served as President of Chalcis Municipality on the City Council from 1 January 1983 to 4 March 1985 . From 1 May 1985 to 31 December 1986 , Papageorgopoulos served as Mayor of Chalcis . Papageorgopoulos was first elected as a New Democracy Member of the Hellenic Parliament ( MP ) for Euboea in the June 1989 election . He was subsequently re-elected in November 1989 , 1990 , 1993 , 1996 and 2000 . As an MP , he was a member of the Standing Committee on Economic Affairs and a member of the Commission for the Revision of the Constitution . He served for some time as the parliamentary spokesperson for New Democracy . On 28 August 2015 , Papageorgopoulos was sworn in as a Minister of State in Vassiliki Thanou-Christophilous caretaker cabinet , serving until 23 September 2015 . Personal life . Papageorgopoulos is married to Amalia Passa and has one daughter and two sons .

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What position did Eleftherios Papageorgopoulos take between Dec 1993 and Jul 1996?

Eleftherios Papageorgopoulos Eleftherios Papageorgopoulos ( ) is a Greek politician who served as a Minister of State in Vassiliki Thanou-Christophilous caretaker cabinet from August to September 2015 . Early life and education . Papageorgopoulos was born in Chalcis on 6 October 1947 . He studied law at the University of Athens . Political career . Papageorgopoulos served as President of Chalcis Municipality on the City Council from 1 January 1983 to 4 March 1985 . From 1 May 1985 to 31 December 1986 , Papageorgopoulos served as Mayor of Chalcis . Papageorgopoulos was first elected as a New Democracy Member of the Hellenic Parliament ( MP ) for Euboea in the June 1989 election . He was subsequently re-elected in November 1989 , 1990 , 1993 , 1996 and 2000 . As an MP , he was a member of the Standing Committee on Economic Affairs and a member of the Commission for the Revision of the Constitution . He served for some time as the parliamentary spokesperson for New Democracy . On 28 August 2015 , Papageorgopoulos was sworn in as a Minister of State in Vassiliki Thanou-Christophilous caretaker cabinet , serving until 23 September 2015 . Personal life . Papageorgopoulos is married to Amalia Passa and has one daughter and two sons .

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What position did Eleftherios Papageorgopoulos take in Aug 2015?

Eleftherios Papageorgopoulos Eleftherios Papageorgopoulos ( ) is a Greek politician who served as a Minister of State in Vassiliki Thanou-Christophilous caretaker cabinet from August to September 2015 . Early life and education . Papageorgopoulos was born in Chalcis on 6 October 1947 . He studied law at the University of Athens . Political career . Papageorgopoulos served as President of Chalcis Municipality on the City Council from 1 January 1983 to 4 March 1985 . From 1 May 1985 to 31 December 1986 , Papageorgopoulos served as Mayor of Chalcis . Papageorgopoulos was first elected as a New Democracy Member of the Hellenic Parliament ( MP ) for Euboea in the June 1989 election . He was subsequently re-elected in November 1989 , 1990 , 1993 , 1996 and 2000 . As an MP , he was a member of the Standing Committee on Economic Affairs and a member of the Commission for the Revision of the Constitution . He served for some time as the parliamentary spokesperson for New Democracy . On 28 August 2015 , Papageorgopoulos was sworn in as a Minister of State in Vassiliki Thanou-Christophilous caretaker cabinet , serving until 23 September 2015 . Personal life . Papageorgopoulos is married to Amalia Passa and has one daughter and two sons .

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Milton Friedman went to which school before May 1927?

Milton Friedman Milton Friedman ( ; July 31 , 1912 – November 16 , 2006 ) was an American economist and statistician who received the 1976 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences for his research on consumption analysis , monetary history and theory and the complexity of stabilization policy . With George Stigler and others , Friedman was among the intellectual leaders of the Chicago school of economics , a neoclassical school of economic thought associated with the work of the faculty at the University of Chicago that rejected Keynesianism in favor of monetarism until the mid-1970s , when it turned to new classical macroeconomics heavily based on the concept of rational expectations . Several students , young professors and academics who were recruited or mentored by Friedman at Chicago went on to become leading economists , including Gary Becker , Robert Fogel , Thomas Sowell and Robert Lucas Jr . Friedmans challenges to what he later called naive Keynesian theory began with his interpretation of consumption , which tracks how consumers spend . He introduced a theory which would later become part of the mainstream and among the first to propagate the theory of consumption smoothing . During the 1960s he became the main advocate opposing Keynesian government policies , and described his approach ( along with mainstream economics ) as using Keynesian language and apparatus yet rejecting its initial conclusions . He theorized that there existed a natural rate of unemployment and argued that unemployment below this rate would cause inflation to accelerate . He argued that the Phillips curve was in the long run vertical at the natural rate and predicted what would come to be known as stagflation . Friedman promoted a macroeconomic viewpoint known as Monetarism and argued that a steady , small expansion of the money supply was the preferred policy , as compared to rapid , and unexpected changes . His ideas concerning monetary policy , taxation , privatization and deregulation influenced government policies , especially during the 1980s . His monetary theory influenced the Federal Reserves monetary policy in response to the global financial crisis of 2007–2008 . After retiring from the University of Chicago in 1977 , and becoming Emeritus professor in economics in 1983 , Friedman was an advisor to Republican President Ronald Reagan and Conservative British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher . His political philosophy extolled the virtues of a free market economic system with minimal government intervention in social matters . He once stated that his role in eliminating conscription in the United States was his proudest achievement . In his 1962 book Capitalism and Freedom , Friedman advocated policies such as a volunteer military , freely floating exchange rates , abolition of medical licenses , a negative income tax and school vouchers and opposition to the war on drugs and support for drug liberalization policies . His support for school choice led him to found the Friedman Foundation for Educational Choice , later renamed EdChoice . Friedmans works cover a broad range of economic topics and public policy issues . His books and essays have had global influence , including in former communist states . A 2011 survey of economists commissioned by the EJW ranked Friedman as the second-most popular economist of the 20th century , following only by John Maynard Keynes . Upon his death , The Economist described him as the most influential economist of the second half of the 20th century .. . possibly of all of it . Early life . Friedman was born in Brooklyn , New York on July 31 , 1912 . His parents , Sára Ethel ( née Landau ) and Jenő Saul Friedman , were Jewish working-class immigrants from Beregszász in Carpathian Ruthenia , Kingdom of Hungary ( now Berehove in Ukraine ) . They emigrated to America in their early teens . They both worked as dry goods merchants . Friedman was their fourth child and only son . Shortly after his birth , the family relocated to Rahway , New Jersey . Friedmans family experienced financial troubles , and financial uncertainty caused stability of income to be low . Friedman described his familys situation in the following manner : Friedmans father , Jenő Saul Friedman , died during Friedmans senior year of high school , leaving Friedman and two older sisters to care for his mother , Sára Ethel Friedman . In his early teens , Friedman was injured in a car accident , which scarred his upper lip . A talented student and an avid reader , Friedman graduated from Rahway High School in 1928 , just before his 16th birthday . Although no family members had gone to university before Milton , Friedman was awarded a competitive scholarship to Rutgers University ( then a private university receiving limited support from the State of New Jersey , e.g. , for such scholarships ) . Friedman was expected to finance the cost of university himself . He graduated from Rutgers in 1932 . Friedman initially intended to become an actuary or mathematician , however the state of the economy , which was at this point in a deep depression , convinced him to become an economist . He was offered two scholarships to do graduate work , one in mathematics at Brown University and the other in economics at the University of Chicago , where he would later teach . Friedman chose the latter , earning a Master of Arts degree in 1933 . He was strongly influenced by Jacob Viner , Frank Knight , and Henry Simons . Friedman met his future wife , economist Rose Director , while at the University of Chicago . During the 1933–1934 academic year , he had a fellowship at Columbia University , where he studied statistics with statistician and economist Harold Hotelling . He was back in Chicago for the 1934–1935 academic year , working as a research assistant for Henry Schultz , who was then working on Theory and Measurement of Demand . During the aforementioned 1934-35 academic year , Friedman formed what would later prove to be lifetime friendships with George Stigler and W . Allen Wallis , both of whom teached with Friedman at the University of Chicago . Public service . Friedman was unable to find academic employment , so in 1935 he followed his friend W . Allen Wallis to Washington , D.C. , where Franklin D . Roosevelts New Deal was a lifesaver for many young economists . At this stage , Friedman said he and his wife regarded the job-creation programs such as the WPA , CCC , and PWA appropriate responses to the critical situation , but not the price- and wage-fixing measures of the National Recovery Administration and the Agricultural Adjustment Administration . Foreshadowing his later ideas , he believed price controls interfered with an essential signaling mechanism to help resources be used where they were most valued . Indeed , Friedman later concluded that all government intervention associated with the New Deal was the wrong cure for the wrong disease , arguing the Federal Reserve was to blame , and that they should have expanded the money supply in reaction to what he later described in A Monetary History of the United States as The Great Contraction . Later , Friedman and his colleague Anna Schwartz wrote A Monetary History of the United States , 1867–1960 , which argued that the Great Depression was caused by a severe monetary contraction due to banking crises and poor policy on the part of the Federal Reserve . Robert J . Shiller describes the book as the most influential account of the Great Depression . During 1935 , he began working for the National Resources Planning Board , which was then working on a large consumer budget survey . Ideas from this project later became a part of his Theory of the Consumption Function , a book which first described consumption smoothing and the Permanent Income Hypothesis . Friedman began employment with the National Bureau of Economic Research during the autumn of 1937 to assist Simon Kuznets in his work on professional income . This work resulted in their jointly authored publication Incomes from Independent Professional Practice , which introduced the concepts of permanent and transitory income , a major component of the Permanent Income Hypothesis that Friedman worked out in greater detail in the 1950s . The book hypothesizes that professional licensing artificially restricts the supply of services and raises prices . Incomes from Independent Professional Practice remained quite controversial within the economics community because of Friedmans hypothesis that barriers to entry , which were exercised and enforced by the American Medical Association , led to higher than average wages for physicians , compared to other professional groups . Barriers to entry are a fixed cost which must be incurred regardless of any outside factors such as work experience , or other factors of human capital . During 1940 , Friedman was appointed as an assistant professor teaching Economics at the University of Wisconsin–Madison , but encountered anti semitism in the Economics department and returned to government service . From 1941 to 1943 Friedman worked on wartime tax policy for the federal government , as an advisor to senior officials of the United States Department of the Treasury . As a Treasury spokesman during 1942 , he advocated a Keynesian policy of taxation . He helped to invent the payroll withholding tax system , since the federal government needed money to fund the war . He later said , I have no apologies for it , but I really wish we hadnt found it necessary and I wish there were some way of abolishing withholding now . In Milton and Rose Friedmans jointly-written memoir , he wrote , Rose has repeatedly chided me over the years about the role that I played in making possible the current overgrown government we both criticize so strongly . Academic career . Early years . In 1940 , Friedman accepted a position at the University of Wisconsin–Madison , but left because of differences with faculty regarding United States involvement in World War II . Friedman believed the United States should enter the war . In 1943 , Friedman joined the Division of War Research at Columbia University ( headed by W . Allen Wallis and Harold Hotelling ) , where he spent the rest of World War II working as a mathematical statistician , focusing on problems of weapons design , military tactics , and metallurgical experiments . In 1945 , Friedman submitted Incomes from Independent Professional Practice ( co-authored with Kuznets and completed during 1940 ) to Columbia as his doctoral dissertation . The university awarded him a PhD in 1946 . Friedman spent the 1945–1946 academic year teaching at the University of Minnesota ( where his friend George Stigler was employed ) . On February 12 , 1945 , his only son , David D . Friedman , who would later follow in his fathers footsteps and an economist was born . University of Chicago . In 1946 , Friedman accepted an offer to teach economic theory at the University of Chicago ( a position opened by departure of his former professor Jacob Viner to Princeton University ) . Friedman would work for the University of Chicago for the next 30 years . There he contributed to the establishment of an intellectual community that produced a number of Nobel Memorial Prize winners , known collectively as the Chicago school of economics . At the time , Arthur F . Burns , who was then the head of the National Bureau of Economic Research , and later chairman of the Federal Reserve , asked Friedman to rejoin the Bureaus staff . He accepted the invitation , and assumed responsibility for the Bureaus inquiry into the role of money in the business cycle . As a result , he initiated the Workshop in Money and Banking ( the Chicago Workshop ) , which promoted a revival of monetary studies . During the latter half of the 1940s , Friedman began a collaboration with Anna Schwartz , an economic historian at the Bureau , that would ultimately result in the 1963 publication of a book co-authored by Friedman and Schwartz , A Monetary History of the United States , 1867–1960 . Friedman spent the 1954–1955 academic year as a Fulbright Visiting Fellow at Gonville and Caius College , Cambridge . At the time , the Cambridge economics faculty was divided into a Keynesian majority ( including Joan Robinson and Richard Kahn ) and an anti-Keynesian minority ( headed by Dennis Robertson ) . Friedman speculated he was invited to the fellowship because his views were unacceptable to both of the Cambridge factions . Later his weekly columns for Newsweek magazine ( 1966–84 ) were well read and increasingly influential among political and business people , and helped earn the magazine a Gerald Loeb Special Award in 1968 . From 1968 to 1978 , he and Paul Samuelson participated in the Economics Cassette Series , a biweekly subscription series where the economist would discuss the days issues for about a half-hour at a time . A Theory of the Consumption Function . One of Milton Friedmans most popular works , A Theory of the Consumption Function , challenged traditional Keynesian viewpoints about the household . This work was originally published in 1957 by Princeton University Press , and it reanalyzed the relationship displayed between aggregate consumption or aggregate savings and aggregate income . Friedmans counterpart Keynes believed people would modify their household consumption expenditures to relate to their existing income levels . Friedmans research introduced the term permanent income to the world , which was the average of a households expected income over several years , and he also developed the permanent income hypothesis . Friedman thought income consisted of several components , namely transitory and permanent . He established the formula formula_1 in order to calculate income , with p representing the permanent component , and t representing the transitory component.Milton Friedmans research changed how economists interpreted the consumption function , and his work pushed the idea that current income was not the only factor affecting peoples adjustment household consumption expenditures . Instead , expected income levels also affected how households would change their consumption expenditures . Friedmans contributions strongly influenced research on consumer behavior , and he further defined how to predict consumption smoothing , which contradicts Keynes marginal propensity to consume . Although this work presented many controversial points of view which differed from existing viewpoints established by Keynes , A Theory of the Consumption Function helped Friedman gain respect in the field of economics . His work on the Permanent Income Hypothesis is among the many contributions which were listed as reasons for his Sveriges-Riskbank Prize in Economic Sciences . His work was later expanded on by Christopher D . Carroll , especially in regards to the absence of liquidity constraints . The Permanent Income Hypothesis faces some criticism , mainly from Keynesian economists . The primary criticism of the hypothesis is based off a lack of liquidity constraints . Capitalism and Freedom . His book Capitalism and Freedom , inspired by a series of lectures he gave at Wabash College , brought him national and international attention outside academia . It was published in 1962 by the University of Chicago Press and consists of essays that used non-mathematical economic models to explore issues of public policy . It sold over 400,000 copies in the first eighteen years and more than half a million since 1962 . Capitalism and Freedom was translated into eighteen languages . Friedman talks about the need to move to a classically liberal society , that free markets would help nations and individuals in the long-run and fix the efficiency problems currently faced by the United States and other major countries of the 1950s and 1960s . He goes through the chapters specifying an issue in each respective chapter from the role of government and money supply to social welfare programs to a special chapter on occupational licensure . Friedman concludes Capitalism and Freedom with his classical liberal [ sic ] stance that government should stay out of matters that do not need and should only involve itself when absolutely necessary for the survival of its people and the country . He recounts how the best of a countrys abilities come from its free markets while its failures come from government intervention . Post-retirement . In 1977 , at the age of 65 , Friedman retired from the University of Chicago after teaching there for 30 years . He and his wife moved to San Francisco , where he became a visiting scholar at the Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco . From 1977 on , he was affiliated with the Hoover Institution at Stanford University . During 1977 , Friedman was approached by Bob Chitester and the Free to Choose Network . They asked him to create a television program presenting his economic and social philosophy . Friedman and his wife Rose worked on this project for the next three years , and during 1980 , the ten-part series , titled Free to Choose , was broadcast by the Public Broadcasting Service ( PBS ) . The companion book to the series ( co-authored by Milton and his wife , Rose Friedman ) , also titled Free To Choose , was the bestselling nonfiction book of 1980 . Friedman served as an unofficial adviser to Ronald Reagan during his 1980 presidential campaign , and then served on the Presidents Economic Policy Advisory Board for the rest of the Reagan Administration . Ebenstein says Friedman was the guru of the Reagan administration . In 1988 he received the National Medal of Science and Reagan honored him with the Presidential Medal of Freedom . Friedman is known now as one of the most influential economists of the 20th century . Throughout the 1980s and 1990s , Friedman continued to write editorials and appear on television . He made several visits to Eastern Europe and to China , where he also advised governments . He was also for many years a Trustee of the Philadelphia Society . Personal life . Friedman had two children , David and Jan . He first met his wife , Rose Friedman ( née Director ) , at the University of Chicago in 1932 , and later wed six years later , in 1938 . Friedman was noticeably shorter than some of his colleagues ; he measured , and has been described as an Elfin Libertarian by Binyamin Appelbaum . Rose Friedman , when asked about Friedmans successes , said that “I have never had the desire to compete with Milton professionally ( perhaps because I was smart enough to recognize I couldnt ) . On the other hand , he has always made me feel that his achievement is my achievement . During the 1960s , Friedman built , and subsequently maintained a cottage in Fairlee , Vermont . Friedman also had an apartment in Russian Hill , San Francisco , where he lived from 1977 until his death . Religious views . According to a 2007 article in Commentary magazine , his parents were moderately observant Jews , but Friedman , after an intense burst of childhood piety , rejected religion altogether . He described himself as an agnostic . Friedman wrote extensively of his life and experiences , especially in 1998 in his memoirs with his wife , Rose , titled Two Lucky People . In this book , Rose Friedman describes how she and Milton Friedman raised their two children , Janet and David , with a Christmas Tree in the home . Orthodox Jews of course , do not celebrate Christmas . However , just as , when I was a child , my mother had permitted me to have a Christmas tree one year when my friend had one , she not only tolerated our having a Christmas tree , she even strung popcorn to hang on it . Death . Friedman died of heart failure at the age of 94 years in San Francisco on November 16 , 2006 . He was still a working economist performing original economic research ; his last column was published in The Wall Street Journal the day after his death . He was survived by his wife , Rose Friedman ( who would die on August 18 , 2009 ) and their two children , David D . Friedman , known for The Machinery of Freedom , as well as his unique anarcho-capitalism from a Chicago School perspective , and attorney and bridge player Jan Martel . Scholarly contributions . Economics . Friedman was best known for reviving interest in the money supply as a determinant of the nominal value of output , that is , the quantity theory of money . Monetarism is the set of views associated with modern quantity theory . Its origins can be traced back to the 16th-century School of Salamanca or even further ; however , Friedmans contribution is largely responsible for its modern popularization . He co-authored , with Anna Schwartz , A Monetary History of the United States , 1867–1960 ( 1963 ) , which was an examination of the role of the money supply and economic activity in the U.S . history . Friedman was the main proponent of the monetarist school of economics . He maintained that there is a close and stable association between inflation and the money supply , mainly that inflation could be avoided with proper regulation of the monetary bases growth rate . He famously used the analogy of dropping money out of a helicopter , in order to avoid dealing with money injection mechanisms and other factors that would overcomplicate his models . Friedmans arguments were designed to counter the popular concept of cost-push inflation , that the increased general price level at the time was the result of increases in the price of oil , or increases in wages ; as he wrote : Friedman rejected the use of fiscal policy as a tool of demand management ; and he held that the governments role in the guidance of the economy should be restricted severely . Friedman wrote extensively on the Great Depression , and he termed the 1929–1933 period the Great Contraction . He argued that the Depression had been caused by an ordinary financial shock whose duration and seriousness were greatly increased by the subsequent contraction of the money supply caused by the misguided policies of the directors of the Federal Reserve . This theory was put forth in A Monetary History of the United States , and the chapter on the Great Depression was then published as a stand-alone book entitled The Great Contraction , 1929–1933 . Both books are still in print from the Princeton University Press , and some editions include as an appendix a speech at a University of Chicago event honoring Friedman in which Ben Bernanke made this statement : Let me end my talk by abusing slightly my status as an official representative of the Federal Reserve . I would like to say to Milton and Anna : Regarding the Great Depression , youre right . We did it . Were very sorry . But thanks to you , we wont do it again . Friedman also argued for the removal of government intervention in currency markets , thereby spawning an enormous literature on the subject , as well as promoting the practice of freely floating exchange rates . His close friend George Stigler explained , As is customary in science , he did not win a full victory , in part because research was directed along different lines by the theory of rational expectations , a newer approach developed by Robert Lucas , also at the University of Chicago . The relationship between Friedman and Lucas , or new classical macroeconomics as a whole , was highly complex . The Friedmanian Phillips curve was an interesting starting point for Lucas , but he soon realized that the solution provided by Friedman was not quite satisfactory . Lucas elaborated a new approach in which rational expectations were presumed instead of the Friedmanian adaptive expectations . Due to this reformulation , the story in which the theory of the new classical Phillips curve was embedded radically changed . This modification , however , had a significant effect on Friedmans own approach , so , as a result , the theory of the Friedmanian Phillips curve also changed . Moreover , new classical adherent Neil Wallace , who was a graduate student at the University of Chicago between 1960 and 1963 , regarded Friedmans theoretical courses as a mess , highlighting the strained relationship between Monetarism and new classical schools . Friedman was also known for his work on the consumption function , the permanent income hypothesis ( 1957 ) , which Friedman himself referred to as his best scientific work . This work contended that utility-maximizing consumers would spend a proportional amount of what they perceived to be their permanent income . Permanent Income refers to such factors like human capital . Windfall gains would mostly be saved because of the law of diminishing marginal utility . Friedmans essay The Methodology of Positive Economics ( 1953 ) provided the epistemological pattern for his own subsequent research and to a degree that of the Chicago School . There he argued that economics as science should be free of value judgments for it to be objective . Moreover , a useful economic theory should be judged not by its descriptive realism but by its simplicity and fruitfulness as an engine of prediction . That is , students should measure the accuracy of its predictions , rather than the soundness of its assumptions . His argument was part of an ongoing debate among such statisticians as Jerzy Neyman , Leonard Savage , and Ronald Fisher . However , despite being an advocate of the free market , Milton Friedman believed that the government had two crucial roles . In an interview with Phil Donahue , Milton Friedman argued that the two basic functions of a government are to protect the nation against foreign enemy , and to protect citizens against its fellows.” He also admitted that although privatization of national defense could reduce the overall cost , he has not yet thought of a way to make this privatization possible . Rejection and subsequent evolution of the Philips Curve . Other important contributions include his critique of the Phillips curve and the concept of the natural rate of unemployment ( 1968 ) . This critique associated his name , together with that of Edmund Phelps , with the insight that a government that brings about greater inflation cannot permanently reduce unemployment by doing so . Unemployment may be temporarily lower , if the inflation is a surprise , but in the long run unemployment will be determined by the frictions and imperfections of the labor market . If the conditions are not met and inflation is expected , the long run effects will replace the short term effects . Through his critique , the Philips curve evolved from a strict model emphasizing the connection between inflation and unemployment as being absolute , to a model which emphasized short term unemployment reductions and long term employment stagnations . Friedmans revised and updated Phillips Curve also changed as a result of Robert Lucass idea of Rational Expectations , replacing the adaptive expectations Friedman used . Statistics . One of his most famous contributions to statistics is sequential sampling . Friedman did statistical work at the Division of War Research at Columbia , where he and his colleagues came up with the technique . It became , in the words of The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics , the standard analysis of quality control inspection . The dictionary adds , Like many of Friedmans contributions , in retrospect it seems remarkably simple and obvious to apply basic economic ideas to quality control ; that , however , is a measure of his genius . Public policy positions . Federal Reserve and monetary policy . Although Friedman concluded the government does have a role in the monetary system he was critical of the Federal Reserve due to its poor performance and felt it should be abolished . He was opposed to Federal Reserve policies , even during the so-called Volcker shock that was labeled monetarist . Friedman believed the Federal Reserve System should ultimately be replaced with a computer program . He favored a system that would automatically buy and sell securities in response to changes in the money supply . The proposal to constantly grow the money supply at a certain predetermined amount every year has become known as Friedmans k-percent rule . There is debate about the effectiveness of a theoretical money supply targeting regime . The Feds inability to meet its money supply targets from 1978–1982 led some to conclude it is not a feasible alternative to more conventional inflation and interest rate targeting . Towards the end of his life , Friedman expressed doubt about the validity of targeting the quantity of money . To date , most countries have adopted inflation targeting instead of the k-percent rule . Idealistically , Friedman actually favored the principles of the 1930s Chicago plan , which would have ended fractional reserve banking and , thus , private money creation . It would force banks to have 100% reserves backing deposits , and instead place money creation powers solely in the hands of the US Government . This would make targeting money growth more possible , as endogenous money created by fractional reserve lending would no longer be a major issue . Friedman was a strong advocate for floating exchange rates throughout the entire Bretton-Woods period ( 1944-1971 ) . He argued that a flexible exchange rate would make external adjustment possible and allow countries to avoid balance of payments crises . He saw fixed exchange rates as an undesirable form of government intervention . The case was articulated in an influential 1953 paper , The Case for Flexible Exchange Rates , at a time when most commentators regarded the possibility of floating exchange rates as an unrealistic policy proposal . Foreign Policy . In his 1955 article The Role of Government in Education Friedman proposed supplementing publicly operated schools with privately run but publicly funded schools through a system of school vouchers . Reforms similar to those proposed in the article were implemented in , for example , Chile in 1981 and Sweden in 1992 . In 1996 , Friedman , together with his wife , founded the Friedman Foundation for Educational Choice to advocate school choice and vouchers . In 2016 , the Friedman Foundation changed its name to EdChoice to honor the Friedmans desire to have the educational choice movement live on without their names attached to it after their deaths . While Walter Oi is credited with establishing the economic basis for a volunteer military , Friedman was a proponent , and was credited with ending the draft , stating that the draft was inconsistent with a free society . In Capitalism and Freedom , he argued conscription is inequitable and arbitrary , preventing young men from shaping their lives as they see fit . During the Nixon administration he headed the committee to research a conversion to paid/volunteer armed force . He would later state his role in eliminating the conscription in the United States was his proudest accomplishment . Friedman did , however , believe the introduction of a system of universal military training as a reserve in cases of war-time could be justified . He still opposed its implementation in the United States , describing it as a “monstrosity” . Biographer Lanny Ebenstein noted a drift over time in Friedmans views from an interventionist to a more cautious foreign policy . He supported US involvement in the Second World War and initially supported a hard-line against Communism , but moderated over time . However , Friedman did state in a 1995 interview that he was an anti-interventionist . He opposed the Gulf War and the Iraq War . In a spring 2006 interview , Friedman said the USs stature in the world had been eroded by the Iraq War , but that it might be improved if Iraq were to become a peaceful and independent country . Libertarianism and the Republican Party . Friedman was an economic advisor and speech writer in Barry Goldwaters failed presidential campaign in 1964 . He was an advisor to California governor Ronald Reagan , and was active in Reagans presidential campaigns . He served as a member of President Reagans Economic Policy Advisory Board starting in 1981 . In 1988 , he received the Presidential Medal of Freedom and the National Medal of Science . Friedman stated that he was a libertarian philosophically , but a member of the U.S . Republican Party for the sake of expediency ( I am a libertarian with a small l and a Republican with a capital R . And I am a Republican with a capital R on grounds of expediency , not on principle. ) But , he said , I think the term classical liberal is also equally applicable . I dont really care very much what Im called . Im much more interested in having people thinking about the ideas , rather than the person . His citation for the Presidential Medal of Freedom reads : He has used a brilliant mind to advance a moral vision : the vision of a society where men and women are free , free to choose , but where government is not as free to override their decisions . That vision has changed America , and it is changing the world . All of us owe a tremendous debt to this man’s towering intellect and his devotion to liberty . Governmental Involvement in the Economy . Friedman was supportive of the state provision of some public goods that private businesses are not considered as being able to provide . However , he argued that many of the services performed by government could be performed better by the private sector . Above all , if some public goods are provided by the state , he believed that they should not be a legal monopoly where private competition is prohibited ; for example , he wrote : In 1962 , Friedman criticized Social Security in his book Capitalism and Freedom , arguing that it had created welfare dependency . However , in the penultimate chapter of the same book , Friedman argued that while capitalism had greatly reduced the extent of poverty in absolute terms , poverty is in part a relative matter , [ and ] even in [ wealthy Western ] countries , there are clearly many people living under conditions that the rest of us label as poverty . Friedman also noted that while private charity could be one recourse for alleviating poverty and cited late 19th century Britain and the United States as exemplary periods of extensive private charity and eleemosynary activity , he made the following point : Friedman argued further that other advantages of the negative income tax were that it could fit directly into the tax system , would be less costly , and would reduce the administrative burden of implementing a social safety net . Friedman reiterated these arguments 18 years later in Free to Choose , with the additional proviso that such a reform would only be satisfactory if it replaced the current system of welfare programs rather than augment it . According to economist Robert H . Frank , writing in The New York Times , Friedmans views in this regard were grounded in a belief that while market forces .. . accomplish wonderful things , they cannot ensure a distribution of income that enables all citizens to meet basic economic needs . Michael Walker of the Fraser Institute and Friedman hosted a series of conferences from 1986 to 1994 . The goal was to create a clear definition of economic freedom and a method for measuring it . Eventually this resulted in the first report on worldwide economic freedom , Economic Freedom in the World . This annual report has since provided data for numerous peer-reviewed studies and has influenced policy in several nations . With sixteen other distinguished economists he opposed the Copyright Term Extension Act , and signed on to an amicus brief filed in Eldred v . Ashcroft . Friedman jokingly described it as a no-brainer . Friedman argued for stronger basic legal ( constitutional ) protection of economic rights and freedoms to further promote industrial-commercial growth and prosperity and buttress democracy and freedom and the rule of law generally in society . Social Issues . Friedman also supported libertarian policies such as legalization of drugs and prostitution . During 2005 , Friedman and more than 500 other economists advocated discussions regarding the economic benefits of the legalization of marijuana . Friedman was also a supporter of gay rights . He never specifically supported same-sex marriage , instead saying I do not believe there should be any discrimination against gays . Friedman favored immigration , saying legal and illegal immigration has a very positive impact on the U.S . economy . However , he suggested that immigrants ought not to have access to the welfare system . Friedman stated that immigration from Mexico had been a good thing , in particular illegal immigration . Friedman argued that illegal immigration was a boon because they take jobs that most residents of this country are unwilling to take , they provide employers with workers of a kind they cannot get and they do not use welfare . In Free to Choose , Friedman wrote : No arbitrary obstacles should prevent people from achieving those positions for which their talents fit them and which their values lead them to seek . Not birth , nationality , color , religion , sex , nor any other irrelevant characteristic should determine the opportunities that are open to a person — only his abilities.Friedman also famously argued that the welfare state must end before immigration , or more specifically , before open borders , because immigrants might have an incentive to come directly because of welfare payments . Economist Bryan Caplan has disputed this assertion , arguing that welfare is generally distributed not among immigrants , but instead retirees , through Social Security . Honors , recognition and legacy . George H . Nash , a leading historian of American conservatism , says that by the end of the 1960s he was probably the most highly regarded and influential conservative scholar in the country , and one of the few with an international reputation . In 1971 , Friedman received the Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement . Friedman allowed the libertarian Cato Institute to use his name for its biannual ( occuring every two years ) Milton Friedman Prize for Advancing Liberty beginning in 2001 . A Friedman Prize was given to the late British economist Peter Bauer in 2002 , Peruvian economist Hernando de Soto in 2004 , Mart Laar , former Estonian Prime Minister in 2006 and a young Venezuelan student Yon Goicoechea in 2008 . His wife Rose , sister of Aaron Director , with whom he initiated the Friedman Foundation for Educational Choice , served on the international selection committee . Friedman was also a recipient of the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economics . Upon Friedmans death , Harvard President Lawrence Summers called him The Great Liberator , saying .. . any honest Democrat will admit that we are now all Friedmanites . He said Friedmans great popular contribution was in convincing people of the importance of allowing free markets to operate . Stephen Moore , a member of the editorial forward of The Wall Street Journal , said in 2013 : Quoting the most-revered champion of free-market economics since Adam Smith has become a little like quoting the Bible . He adds , There are sometimes multiple and conflicting interpretations . Although post-Keynesian economist John Kenneth Galbraith was a prominent critic of Friedman and his ideology , he conceded that “The age of John Maynard Keynes gave way to the age of Milton Friedman.” 1976 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences . Friedman won the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences , the sole recipient for 1976 , for his achievements in the fields of consumption analysis , monetary history and theory and for his demonstration of the complexity of stabilization policy . His appointment was controversial , mainly for his association with military dictator Augusto Pinochet . Some economists , such as Institutional economist and 1974 Nobel Prize winner Gunnar Myrdal , criticized Friedman , and Myrdals own 1974 Nobel Prize partner Friedrich Hayek , for being reactionaries . Myrdals criticism caused some economists to oppose the Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economics Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel itself . Hong Kong . Friedman once said : If you want to see capitalism in action , go to Hong Kong . He wrote in 1990 that the Hong Kong economy was perhaps the best example of a free market economy . One month before his death , he wrote Hong Kong Wrong—What would Cowperthwaite say ? in The Wall Street Journal , criticizing Donald Tsang , Chief Executive of Hong Kong , for abandoning positive non interventionism . Tsang later said he was merely changing the slogan to big market , small government , where small government is defined as less than 20% of GDP . In a debate between Tsang and his rival Alan Leong before the 2007 Hong Kong Chief Executive election , Leong introduced the topic and jokingly accused Tsang of angering Friedman to death ( Friedman had died only a year prior ) . Chile . During 1975 , two years after the military coup that brought military dictator President Augusto Pinochet to power and ended the government of Salvador Allende , the economy of Chile experienced a severe crisis . Friedman and Arnold Harberger accepted an invitation of a private Chilean foundation to visit Chile and speak on principles of economic freedom . He spent seven days in Chile giving a series of lectures at the Universidad Católica de Chile and the ( National ) University of Chile . One of the lectures was entitled The Fragility of Freedom and according to Friedman , dealt with precisely the threat to freedom from a centralized military government . In a letter to Pinochet of April 21 , 1975 , Friedman considered the key economic problems of Chile are clearly .. . inflation and the promotion of a healthy social market economy . He stated that There is only one way to end inflation : by drastically reducing the rate of increase of the quantity of money .. . and that .. . cutting government spending is by far and away the most desirable way to reduce the fiscal deficit , because it .. . strengthens the private sector thereby laying the foundations for healthy economic growth . As to how rapidly inflation should be ended , Friedman felt that for Chile where inflation is raging at 10–20% a month .. . gradualism is not feasible . It would involve so painful an operation over so long a period that the patient would not survive . Choosing a brief period of higher unemployment .. . was the lesser evil. . and that the experience of Germany , .. . of Brazil ... , of the post-war adjustment in the U.S . .. . all argue for shock treatment . In the letter Friedman recommended to deliver the shock approach with .. . a package to eliminate the surprise and to relieve acute distress and .. . for definiteness let me sketch the contents of a package proposal .. . to be taken as illustrative although his knowledge of Chile was too limited to enable [ him ] to be precise or comprehensive . He listed a sample proposal of 8 monetary and fiscal measures including the removal of as many as obstacles as possible that now hinder the private market . For example , suspend .. . the present law against discharging employees . He closed , stating Such a shock program could end inflation in months . His letter suggested that cutting spending to reduce the fiscal deficit would result in less transitional unemployment than raising taxes . Sergio de Castro , a Chilean Chicago School graduate , became the nations Minister of Finance in 1975 . During his six-year tenure , foreign investment increased , restrictions were placed on striking and labor unions , and GDP rose yearly . A foreign exchange program was created between the Catholic University of Chile and the University of Chicago . Many other Chicago School alumni were appointed government posts during and after Pinochets dictatorship ; others taught its economic doctrine at Chilean universities . They became known as the Chicago Boys . Friedman defended his activity in Chile on the grounds that , in his opinion , the adoption of free market policies not only improved the economic situation of Chile but also contributed to the amelioration of Pinochets rule and to the eventual transition to a democratic government during 1990 . That idea is included in Capitalism and Freedom , in which he declared that economic freedom is not only desirable in itself but is also a necessary condition for political freedom . In his 1980 documentary Free to Choose , he said the following : Chile is not a politically free system , and I do not condone the system . But the people there are freer than the people in Communist societies because government plays a smaller role . .. . The conditions of the people in the past few years has been getting better and not worse . They would be still better to get rid of the junta and to be able to have a free democratic system . In 1984 , Friedman stated that he has never refrained from criticizing the political system in Chile . In 1991 he said : I have nothing good to say about the political regime that Pinochet imposed . It was a terrible political regime . The real miracle of Chile is not how well it has done economically ; the real miracle of Chile is that a military junta was willing to go against its principles and support a free market regime designed by principled believers in a free market . .. . In Chile , the drive for political freedom , that was generated by economic freedom and the resulting economic success , ultimately resulted in a referendum that introduced political democracy . Now , at long last , Chile has all three things : political freedom , human freedom and economic freedom . Chile will continue to be an interesting experiment to watch to see whether it can keep all three or whether , now that it has political freedom , that political freedom will tend to be used to destroy or reduce economic freedom . He stressed that the lectures he gave in Chile were the same lectures he later gave in China and other socialist states . He further stated I do not consider it as evil for an economist to render technical economic advice to the Chilean Government , any more than I would regard it as evil for a physician to give technical medical advice to the Chilean Government to help end a medical plague . During the 2000 PBS documentary The Commanding Heights ( based on the book ) , Friedman continued to argue that free markets would undermine [ Pinochets ] political centralization and political control. , and that criticism over his role in Chile missed his main contention that freer markets resulted in freer people , and that Chiles unfree economy had caused Pinochets rise . Friedman advocated for free markets which undermined political centralization and political control . Iceland . Friedman visited Iceland during the autumn of 1984 , met with important Icelanders and gave a lecture at the University of Iceland on the tyranny of the status quo . He participated in a lively television debate on August 31 , 1984 , with socialist intellectuals , including Ólafur Ragnar Grímsson , who later became President of Iceland . When they complained that a fee was charged for attending his lecture at the university and that , hitherto , lectures by visiting scholars had been free-of-charge , Friedman replied that previous lectures had not been free-of-charge in a meaningful sense : lectures always have related costs . What mattered was whether attendees or non-attendees covered those costs . Friedman thought that it was fairer that only those who attended paid . In this discussion Friedman also stated that he did not receive any money for delivering that lecture . Estonia . Although Friedman never visited Estonia , his book Free to Choose influenced Estonias then 32-year-old prime minister , Mart Laar , who has claimed that it was the only book on economics he had read before taking office . Laars reforms are often credited with responsibility for transforming Estonia from an impoverished Soviet Republic to the Baltic Tiger . A prime element of Laars program was introduction of the flat tax . Laar won the 2006 Milton Friedman Prize for Advancing Liberty , awarded by the Cato Institute . United Kingdom . After 1950 Friedman was frequently invited to lecture in Britain , and by the 1970s his ideas had gained widespread attention in conservative circles . For example , he was a regular speaker at the Institute of Economic Affairs ( IEA ) , a libertarian think tank . Conservative politician Margaret Thatcher closely followed IEA programs and ideas , and met Friedman there in 1978 . He also strongly influenced Keith Joseph , who became Thatchers senior advisor on economic affairs , as well as Alan Walters and Patrick Minford , two other key advisers . Major newspapers , including the Daily Telegraph , The Times , and The Financial Times all promulgated Friedmans monetarist ideas to British decision-makers . Friedmans ideas strongly influenced Thatcher and her allies when she became Prime Minister in 1979 . United States . After his death a number of obituaries and articles were written in Friedmans honor , citing him as one of the most important and influential economists of the post-war era . Milton Friedmans somewhat controversial legacy in America remains strong within the conservative movement . However , some journalists and economists like Noah Smith and Scott Sumner have argued Friedmans academic legacy has been buried under his political philosophy and misinterpreted by modern conservatives . Criticism . Econometrician David Hendry criticized part of Friedmans and Anna Schwartzs 1982 Monetary Trends . When asked about it during an interview with Icelandic TV in 1984 , Friedman said that the criticism referred to a different problem from that which he and Schwartz had tackled , and hence was irrelevant , and pointed out the lack of consequential peer review amongst econometricians on Hendrys work . In 2006 , Hendry said that Friedman was guilty of serious errors of misunderstanding that meant the t-ratios he reported for UK money demand were overstated by nearly 100 per cent , and said that , in a paper published in 1991 with Neil Ericsson , he had refuted almost every empirical claim .. . made about UK money demand by Friedman and Schwartz . A 2004 paper updated and confirmed the validity of the Hendry–Ericsson findings through 2000 . Although Keynesian Nobel laureate Paul Krugman praised Friedman as a great economist and a great man after Friedmans death in 2006 , and acknowledged his many , widely accepted contributions to empirical economics , Krugman had been , and remains , a prominent critic of Friedman . Krugman has written that he slipped all too easily into claiming both that markets always work and that only markets work . Its extremely hard to find cases in which Friedman acknowledged the possibility that markets could go wrong , or that government intervention could serve a useful purpose . Others agree Friedman was not open enough to the possibility of market inefficiencies . Economist Noah Smith argues that while Friedman made many important contributions to economic theory not all of his ideas relating to macroeconomics have entirely held up over the years and that too few people are willing to challenge them . Political scientist C.B . Macpherson disagreed with Friedmans historical assessment of economic freedom leading to political freedom , suggesting that political freedom actually gave way to economic freedom for property-owning elites . He also challenged the notion that markets efficiently allocated resources and rejected Friedmans definition of liberty . Friedmans positivist methodological approach to economics has also been critiqued and debated . Finnish economist Uskali Mäki argued some of his assumptions were unrealistic and vague . In her book The Shock Doctrine , author and social activist Naomi Klein criticized Friedmans economic liberalism , identifying it with the principles that guided the economic restructuring that followed the military coups in countries such as Chile and Argentina . Based on their assessments of the extent to which what she describes as neoliberal policies contributed to income disparities and inequality , both Klein and Noam Chomsky have suggested that the primary role of what they describe as neoliberalism was as an ideological cover for capital accumulation by multinational corporations . Friedman has been criticized by some prominent Austrian economists , including Murray Rothbard and Walter Block . Block called Friedman a socialist , and was critical of his support for a central banking system , saying First and foremost , this economist supported the Federal Reserve System all throughout his professional life . That organization of course does not own the money stock , but controls it . Friedman was an inveterate hater of the gold standard , denigrating its advocates as gold bugs . Visit to Chile . Because of his involvement with the government of Chile , which was a dictatorship , there were international protests , spenning from Sweden to America when Friedman was awarded the Nobel Memorial Prize in 1976 . Friedman was accused of supporting the military dictatorship in Chile because of the relation of economists of the University of Chicago to Pinochet , and a controversial seven-day trip he took to Chile during March 1975 ( less than two years after the coup that ended with the death of President Salvador Allende ) . Friedman answered that he was never an adviser to the dictatorship , but only gave some lectures and seminars on inflation , and met with officials , including Augusto Pinochet the head of the military dictatorship , while in Chile . Chilean economist Orlando Letelier asserted that Pinochets dictatorship resorted to oppression because of popular opposition to Chicago School policies in Chile . After a 1991 speech on drug legalization , Friedman answered a question on his involvement with the Pinochet regime , saying that he was never an advisor to Pinochet ( also mentioned in his 1984 Iceland interview ) , but that a group of his students at the University of Chicago were involved in Chiles economic reforms . Friedman credited these reforms with high levels of economic growth and with the establishment of democracy that has subsequently occurred in Chile . In October 1988 , after returning from a lecture tour of China during which he had met with Zhao Ziyang , General Secretary of the Communist Party of China , Friedman wrote to The Stanford Daily asking if he should anticipate a similar avalanche of protests for having been willing to give advice to so evil a government ? And if not , why not ? Criticism of A Monetary History of the United States . Although the book was described by the Cato Institute as among the greatest economics books in the 20th century , and A Monetary History of the United States is widely considered to be among the most influential economics books ever made , it has endured criticisms for its conclusion that the Federal Reserve was to blame for the Great Depression . Some economists , including noted Friedman critic Peter Temin have raised questions about the legitimacy of Friedmans claims about whether or not monetary quantity levels were endogenous rather than exogenously determined , as A Monetary History of the United States posits . Nobel-prize winning economist Paul Krugman argued that the 2008 recession proved that , during a recession , a central bank cannot control broad money ( M3 money , as defined by the OECD ) , and even if it can , the money supply does not bear a direct or proven relationship with GDP . According to Krugman , this was true in the 1930s , and the claim that the Federal Reserve could have avoided the Great Depression by reacting to what Friedman called The Great Contraction is highly dubious . James Tobin questioned the importance of velocity of money , and how informative this measure of the frequency of transactions is to understanding the various fluctuations observed in A Monetary History of the United States . Economic Historian Barry Eichengreen argued that because of the gold standard , which was at this point in time the chief monetary system of the world , the Federal Reserves hands were tied . This was because , in order to retain the credibility of the gold standard , the Federal Reserve could not undertake actions like dramatically expanding the money supply as proposed by Friedman and Schwartz . Austrian economist Murray Rothbard criticized Friedmans conclusions , and argued they are inconsistent with data , because during the period described by Friedman as The Great Contraction , the money supply increased . Friedman and Schwartz argued that the Great Depression happened as a result of a deflationary spiral which , according to Rothbard , is inconsistent with data . Selected bibliography . - A Theory of the Consumption Function ( 1957 ) . - A Program for Monetary Stability ( Fordham University Press , 1960 ) 110 pp . online version - Capitalism and Freedom ( 1962 ) , highly influential series of essays that established Friedmans position on major issues of public policy ( excerpts ) - A Monetary History of the United States , 1867–1960 , with Anna J . Schwartz , 1963 ; part 3 reprinted as The Great Contraction - The Role of Monetary Policy . American Economic Review , Vol . 58 , No . 1 ( Mar . 1968 ) , pp . 1–17 JSTOR presidential address to American Economics Association - Inflation and Unemployment : Nobel Lecture , 1977 , Journal of Political Economy . Vol . 85 , pp . 451–72 . JSTOR - Free to Choose : A Personal Statement , with Rose Friedman , ( 1980 ) , highly influential restatement of policy views - The Essence of Friedman , essays edited by Kurt R . Leube , ( 1987 ) ( ) - Two Lucky People : Memoirs ( with Rose Friedman ) ( 1998 ) excerpt and text search - Milton Friedman on Economics : Selected Papers by Milton Friedman , edited by Gary S . Becker ( 2008 )

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Milton Friedman went to which school after Feb 1930?

Milton Friedman Milton Friedman ( ; July 31 , 1912 – November 16 , 2006 ) was an American economist and statistician who received the 1976 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences for his research on consumption analysis , monetary history and theory and the complexity of stabilization policy . With George Stigler and others , Friedman was among the intellectual leaders of the Chicago school of economics , a neoclassical school of economic thought associated with the work of the faculty at the University of Chicago that rejected Keynesianism in favor of monetarism until the mid-1970s , when it turned to new classical macroeconomics heavily based on the concept of rational expectations . Several students , young professors and academics who were recruited or mentored by Friedman at Chicago went on to become leading economists , including Gary Becker , Robert Fogel , Thomas Sowell and Robert Lucas Jr . Friedmans challenges to what he later called naive Keynesian theory began with his interpretation of consumption , which tracks how consumers spend . He introduced a theory which would later become part of the mainstream and among the first to propagate the theory of consumption smoothing . During the 1960s he became the main advocate opposing Keynesian government policies , and described his approach ( along with mainstream economics ) as using Keynesian language and apparatus yet rejecting its initial conclusions . He theorized that there existed a natural rate of unemployment and argued that unemployment below this rate would cause inflation to accelerate . He argued that the Phillips curve was in the long run vertical at the natural rate and predicted what would come to be known as stagflation . Friedman promoted a macroeconomic viewpoint known as Monetarism and argued that a steady , small expansion of the money supply was the preferred policy , as compared to rapid , and unexpected changes . His ideas concerning monetary policy , taxation , privatization and deregulation influenced government policies , especially during the 1980s . His monetary theory influenced the Federal Reserves monetary policy in response to the global financial crisis of 2007–2008 . After retiring from the University of Chicago in 1977 , and becoming Emeritus professor in economics in 1983 , Friedman was an advisor to Republican President Ronald Reagan and Conservative British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher . His political philosophy extolled the virtues of a free market economic system with minimal government intervention in social matters . He once stated that his role in eliminating conscription in the United States was his proudest achievement . In his 1962 book Capitalism and Freedom , Friedman advocated policies such as a volunteer military , freely floating exchange rates , abolition of medical licenses , a negative income tax and school vouchers and opposition to the war on drugs and support for drug liberalization policies . His support for school choice led him to found the Friedman Foundation for Educational Choice , later renamed EdChoice . Friedmans works cover a broad range of economic topics and public policy issues . His books and essays have had global influence , including in former communist states . A 2011 survey of economists commissioned by the EJW ranked Friedman as the second-most popular economist of the 20th century , following only by John Maynard Keynes . Upon his death , The Economist described him as the most influential economist of the second half of the 20th century .. . possibly of all of it . Early life . Friedman was born in Brooklyn , New York on July 31 , 1912 . His parents , Sára Ethel ( née Landau ) and Jenő Saul Friedman , were Jewish working-class immigrants from Beregszász in Carpathian Ruthenia , Kingdom of Hungary ( now Berehove in Ukraine ) . They emigrated to America in their early teens . They both worked as dry goods merchants . Friedman was their fourth child and only son . Shortly after his birth , the family relocated to Rahway , New Jersey . Friedmans family experienced financial troubles , and financial uncertainty caused stability of income to be low . Friedman described his familys situation in the following manner : Friedmans father , Jenő Saul Friedman , died during Friedmans senior year of high school , leaving Friedman and two older sisters to care for his mother , Sára Ethel Friedman . In his early teens , Friedman was injured in a car accident , which scarred his upper lip . A talented student and an avid reader , Friedman graduated from Rahway High School in 1928 , just before his 16th birthday . Although no family members had gone to university before Milton , Friedman was awarded a competitive scholarship to Rutgers University ( then a private university receiving limited support from the State of New Jersey , e.g. , for such scholarships ) . Friedman was expected to finance the cost of university himself . He graduated from Rutgers in 1932 . Friedman initially intended to become an actuary or mathematician , however the state of the economy , which was at this point in a deep depression , convinced him to become an economist . He was offered two scholarships to do graduate work , one in mathematics at Brown University and the other in economics at the University of Chicago , where he would later teach . Friedman chose the latter , earning a Master of Arts degree in 1933 . He was strongly influenced by Jacob Viner , Frank Knight , and Henry Simons . Friedman met his future wife , economist Rose Director , while at the University of Chicago . During the 1933–1934 academic year , he had a fellowship at Columbia University , where he studied statistics with statistician and economist Harold Hotelling . He was back in Chicago for the 1934–1935 academic year , working as a research assistant for Henry Schultz , who was then working on Theory and Measurement of Demand . During the aforementioned 1934-35 academic year , Friedman formed what would later prove to be lifetime friendships with George Stigler and W . Allen Wallis , both of whom teached with Friedman at the University of Chicago . Public service . Friedman was unable to find academic employment , so in 1935 he followed his friend W . Allen Wallis to Washington , D.C. , where Franklin D . Roosevelts New Deal was a lifesaver for many young economists . At this stage , Friedman said he and his wife regarded the job-creation programs such as the WPA , CCC , and PWA appropriate responses to the critical situation , but not the price- and wage-fixing measures of the National Recovery Administration and the Agricultural Adjustment Administration . Foreshadowing his later ideas , he believed price controls interfered with an essential signaling mechanism to help resources be used where they were most valued . Indeed , Friedman later concluded that all government intervention associated with the New Deal was the wrong cure for the wrong disease , arguing the Federal Reserve was to blame , and that they should have expanded the money supply in reaction to what he later described in A Monetary History of the United States as The Great Contraction . Later , Friedman and his colleague Anna Schwartz wrote A Monetary History of the United States , 1867–1960 , which argued that the Great Depression was caused by a severe monetary contraction due to banking crises and poor policy on the part of the Federal Reserve . Robert J . Shiller describes the book as the most influential account of the Great Depression . During 1935 , he began working for the National Resources Planning Board , which was then working on a large consumer budget survey . Ideas from this project later became a part of his Theory of the Consumption Function , a book which first described consumption smoothing and the Permanent Income Hypothesis . Friedman began employment with the National Bureau of Economic Research during the autumn of 1937 to assist Simon Kuznets in his work on professional income . This work resulted in their jointly authored publication Incomes from Independent Professional Practice , which introduced the concepts of permanent and transitory income , a major component of the Permanent Income Hypothesis that Friedman worked out in greater detail in the 1950s . The book hypothesizes that professional licensing artificially restricts the supply of services and raises prices . Incomes from Independent Professional Practice remained quite controversial within the economics community because of Friedmans hypothesis that barriers to entry , which were exercised and enforced by the American Medical Association , led to higher than average wages for physicians , compared to other professional groups . Barriers to entry are a fixed cost which must be incurred regardless of any outside factors such as work experience , or other factors of human capital . During 1940 , Friedman was appointed as an assistant professor teaching Economics at the University of Wisconsin–Madison , but encountered anti semitism in the Economics department and returned to government service . From 1941 to 1943 Friedman worked on wartime tax policy for the federal government , as an advisor to senior officials of the United States Department of the Treasury . As a Treasury spokesman during 1942 , he advocated a Keynesian policy of taxation . He helped to invent the payroll withholding tax system , since the federal government needed money to fund the war . He later said , I have no apologies for it , but I really wish we hadnt found it necessary and I wish there were some way of abolishing withholding now . In Milton and Rose Friedmans jointly-written memoir , he wrote , Rose has repeatedly chided me over the years about the role that I played in making possible the current overgrown government we both criticize so strongly . Academic career . Early years . In 1940 , Friedman accepted a position at the University of Wisconsin–Madison , but left because of differences with faculty regarding United States involvement in World War II . Friedman believed the United States should enter the war . In 1943 , Friedman joined the Division of War Research at Columbia University ( headed by W . Allen Wallis and Harold Hotelling ) , where he spent the rest of World War II working as a mathematical statistician , focusing on problems of weapons design , military tactics , and metallurgical experiments . In 1945 , Friedman submitted Incomes from Independent Professional Practice ( co-authored with Kuznets and completed during 1940 ) to Columbia as his doctoral dissertation . The university awarded him a PhD in 1946 . Friedman spent the 1945–1946 academic year teaching at the University of Minnesota ( where his friend George Stigler was employed ) . On February 12 , 1945 , his only son , David D . Friedman , who would later follow in his fathers footsteps and an economist was born . University of Chicago . In 1946 , Friedman accepted an offer to teach economic theory at the University of Chicago ( a position opened by departure of his former professor Jacob Viner to Princeton University ) . Friedman would work for the University of Chicago for the next 30 years . There he contributed to the establishment of an intellectual community that produced a number of Nobel Memorial Prize winners , known collectively as the Chicago school of economics . At the time , Arthur F . Burns , who was then the head of the National Bureau of Economic Research , and later chairman of the Federal Reserve , asked Friedman to rejoin the Bureaus staff . He accepted the invitation , and assumed responsibility for the Bureaus inquiry into the role of money in the business cycle . As a result , he initiated the Workshop in Money and Banking ( the Chicago Workshop ) , which promoted a revival of monetary studies . During the latter half of the 1940s , Friedman began a collaboration with Anna Schwartz , an economic historian at the Bureau , that would ultimately result in the 1963 publication of a book co-authored by Friedman and Schwartz , A Monetary History of the United States , 1867–1960 . Friedman spent the 1954–1955 academic year as a Fulbright Visiting Fellow at Gonville and Caius College , Cambridge . At the time , the Cambridge economics faculty was divided into a Keynesian majority ( including Joan Robinson and Richard Kahn ) and an anti-Keynesian minority ( headed by Dennis Robertson ) . Friedman speculated he was invited to the fellowship because his views were unacceptable to both of the Cambridge factions . Later his weekly columns for Newsweek magazine ( 1966–84 ) were well read and increasingly influential among political and business people , and helped earn the magazine a Gerald Loeb Special Award in 1968 . From 1968 to 1978 , he and Paul Samuelson participated in the Economics Cassette Series , a biweekly subscription series where the economist would discuss the days issues for about a half-hour at a time . A Theory of the Consumption Function . One of Milton Friedmans most popular works , A Theory of the Consumption Function , challenged traditional Keynesian viewpoints about the household . This work was originally published in 1957 by Princeton University Press , and it reanalyzed the relationship displayed between aggregate consumption or aggregate savings and aggregate income . Friedmans counterpart Keynes believed people would modify their household consumption expenditures to relate to their existing income levels . Friedmans research introduced the term permanent income to the world , which was the average of a households expected income over several years , and he also developed the permanent income hypothesis . Friedman thought income consisted of several components , namely transitory and permanent . He established the formula formula_1 in order to calculate income , with p representing the permanent component , and t representing the transitory component.Milton Friedmans research changed how economists interpreted the consumption function , and his work pushed the idea that current income was not the only factor affecting peoples adjustment household consumption expenditures . Instead , expected income levels also affected how households would change their consumption expenditures . Friedmans contributions strongly influenced research on consumer behavior , and he further defined how to predict consumption smoothing , which contradicts Keynes marginal propensity to consume . Although this work presented many controversial points of view which differed from existing viewpoints established by Keynes , A Theory of the Consumption Function helped Friedman gain respect in the field of economics . His work on the Permanent Income Hypothesis is among the many contributions which were listed as reasons for his Sveriges-Riskbank Prize in Economic Sciences . His work was later expanded on by Christopher D . Carroll , especially in regards to the absence of liquidity constraints . The Permanent Income Hypothesis faces some criticism , mainly from Keynesian economists . The primary criticism of the hypothesis is based off a lack of liquidity constraints . Capitalism and Freedom . His book Capitalism and Freedom , inspired by a series of lectures he gave at Wabash College , brought him national and international attention outside academia . It was published in 1962 by the University of Chicago Press and consists of essays that used non-mathematical economic models to explore issues of public policy . It sold over 400,000 copies in the first eighteen years and more than half a million since 1962 . Capitalism and Freedom was translated into eighteen languages . Friedman talks about the need to move to a classically liberal society , that free markets would help nations and individuals in the long-run and fix the efficiency problems currently faced by the United States and other major countries of the 1950s and 1960s . He goes through the chapters specifying an issue in each respective chapter from the role of government and money supply to social welfare programs to a special chapter on occupational licensure . Friedman concludes Capitalism and Freedom with his classical liberal [ sic ] stance that government should stay out of matters that do not need and should only involve itself when absolutely necessary for the survival of its people and the country . He recounts how the best of a countrys abilities come from its free markets while its failures come from government intervention . Post-retirement . In 1977 , at the age of 65 , Friedman retired from the University of Chicago after teaching there for 30 years . He and his wife moved to San Francisco , where he became a visiting scholar at the Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco . From 1977 on , he was affiliated with the Hoover Institution at Stanford University . During 1977 , Friedman was approached by Bob Chitester and the Free to Choose Network . They asked him to create a television program presenting his economic and social philosophy . Friedman and his wife Rose worked on this project for the next three years , and during 1980 , the ten-part series , titled Free to Choose , was broadcast by the Public Broadcasting Service ( PBS ) . The companion book to the series ( co-authored by Milton and his wife , Rose Friedman ) , also titled Free To Choose , was the bestselling nonfiction book of 1980 . Friedman served as an unofficial adviser to Ronald Reagan during his 1980 presidential campaign , and then served on the Presidents Economic Policy Advisory Board for the rest of the Reagan Administration . Ebenstein says Friedman was the guru of the Reagan administration . In 1988 he received the National Medal of Science and Reagan honored him with the Presidential Medal of Freedom . Friedman is known now as one of the most influential economists of the 20th century . Throughout the 1980s and 1990s , Friedman continued to write editorials and appear on television . He made several visits to Eastern Europe and to China , where he also advised governments . He was also for many years a Trustee of the Philadelphia Society . Personal life . Friedman had two children , David and Jan . He first met his wife , Rose Friedman ( née Director ) , at the University of Chicago in 1932 , and later wed six years later , in 1938 . Friedman was noticeably shorter than some of his colleagues ; he measured , and has been described as an Elfin Libertarian by Binyamin Appelbaum . Rose Friedman , when asked about Friedmans successes , said that “I have never had the desire to compete with Milton professionally ( perhaps because I was smart enough to recognize I couldnt ) . On the other hand , he has always made me feel that his achievement is my achievement . During the 1960s , Friedman built , and subsequently maintained a cottage in Fairlee , Vermont . Friedman also had an apartment in Russian Hill , San Francisco , where he lived from 1977 until his death . Religious views . According to a 2007 article in Commentary magazine , his parents were moderately observant Jews , but Friedman , after an intense burst of childhood piety , rejected religion altogether . He described himself as an agnostic . Friedman wrote extensively of his life and experiences , especially in 1998 in his memoirs with his wife , Rose , titled Two Lucky People . In this book , Rose Friedman describes how she and Milton Friedman raised their two children , Janet and David , with a Christmas Tree in the home . Orthodox Jews of course , do not celebrate Christmas . However , just as , when I was a child , my mother had permitted me to have a Christmas tree one year when my friend had one , she not only tolerated our having a Christmas tree , she even strung popcorn to hang on it . Death . Friedman died of heart failure at the age of 94 years in San Francisco on November 16 , 2006 . He was still a working economist performing original economic research ; his last column was published in The Wall Street Journal the day after his death . He was survived by his wife , Rose Friedman ( who would die on August 18 , 2009 ) and their two children , David D . Friedman , known for The Machinery of Freedom , as well as his unique anarcho-capitalism from a Chicago School perspective , and attorney and bridge player Jan Martel . Scholarly contributions . Economics . Friedman was best known for reviving interest in the money supply as a determinant of the nominal value of output , that is , the quantity theory of money . Monetarism is the set of views associated with modern quantity theory . Its origins can be traced back to the 16th-century School of Salamanca or even further ; however , Friedmans contribution is largely responsible for its modern popularization . He co-authored , with Anna Schwartz , A Monetary History of the United States , 1867–1960 ( 1963 ) , which was an examination of the role of the money supply and economic activity in the U.S . history . Friedman was the main proponent of the monetarist school of economics . He maintained that there is a close and stable association between inflation and the money supply , mainly that inflation could be avoided with proper regulation of the monetary bases growth rate . He famously used the analogy of dropping money out of a helicopter , in order to avoid dealing with money injection mechanisms and other factors that would overcomplicate his models . Friedmans arguments were designed to counter the popular concept of cost-push inflation , that the increased general price level at the time was the result of increases in the price of oil , or increases in wages ; as he wrote : Friedman rejected the use of fiscal policy as a tool of demand management ; and he held that the governments role in the guidance of the economy should be restricted severely . Friedman wrote extensively on the Great Depression , and he termed the 1929–1933 period the Great Contraction . He argued that the Depression had been caused by an ordinary financial shock whose duration and seriousness were greatly increased by the subsequent contraction of the money supply caused by the misguided policies of the directors of the Federal Reserve . This theory was put forth in A Monetary History of the United States , and the chapter on the Great Depression was then published as a stand-alone book entitled The Great Contraction , 1929–1933 . Both books are still in print from the Princeton University Press , and some editions include as an appendix a speech at a University of Chicago event honoring Friedman in which Ben Bernanke made this statement : Let me end my talk by abusing slightly my status as an official representative of the Federal Reserve . I would like to say to Milton and Anna : Regarding the Great Depression , youre right . We did it . Were very sorry . But thanks to you , we wont do it again . Friedman also argued for the removal of government intervention in currency markets , thereby spawning an enormous literature on the subject , as well as promoting the practice of freely floating exchange rates . His close friend George Stigler explained , As is customary in science , he did not win a full victory , in part because research was directed along different lines by the theory of rational expectations , a newer approach developed by Robert Lucas , also at the University of Chicago . The relationship between Friedman and Lucas , or new classical macroeconomics as a whole , was highly complex . The Friedmanian Phillips curve was an interesting starting point for Lucas , but he soon realized that the solution provided by Friedman was not quite satisfactory . Lucas elaborated a new approach in which rational expectations were presumed instead of the Friedmanian adaptive expectations . Due to this reformulation , the story in which the theory of the new classical Phillips curve was embedded radically changed . This modification , however , had a significant effect on Friedmans own approach , so , as a result , the theory of the Friedmanian Phillips curve also changed . Moreover , new classical adherent Neil Wallace , who was a graduate student at the University of Chicago between 1960 and 1963 , regarded Friedmans theoretical courses as a mess , highlighting the strained relationship between Monetarism and new classical schools . Friedman was also known for his work on the consumption function , the permanent income hypothesis ( 1957 ) , which Friedman himself referred to as his best scientific work . This work contended that utility-maximizing consumers would spend a proportional amount of what they perceived to be their permanent income . Permanent Income refers to such factors like human capital . Windfall gains would mostly be saved because of the law of diminishing marginal utility . Friedmans essay The Methodology of Positive Economics ( 1953 ) provided the epistemological pattern for his own subsequent research and to a degree that of the Chicago School . There he argued that economics as science should be free of value judgments for it to be objective . Moreover , a useful economic theory should be judged not by its descriptive realism but by its simplicity and fruitfulness as an engine of prediction . That is , students should measure the accuracy of its predictions , rather than the soundness of its assumptions . His argument was part of an ongoing debate among such statisticians as Jerzy Neyman , Leonard Savage , and Ronald Fisher . However , despite being an advocate of the free market , Milton Friedman believed that the government had two crucial roles . In an interview with Phil Donahue , Milton Friedman argued that the two basic functions of a government are to protect the nation against foreign enemy , and to protect citizens against its fellows.” He also admitted that although privatization of national defense could reduce the overall cost , he has not yet thought of a way to make this privatization possible . Rejection and subsequent evolution of the Philips Curve . Other important contributions include his critique of the Phillips curve and the concept of the natural rate of unemployment ( 1968 ) . This critique associated his name , together with that of Edmund Phelps , with the insight that a government that brings about greater inflation cannot permanently reduce unemployment by doing so . Unemployment may be temporarily lower , if the inflation is a surprise , but in the long run unemployment will be determined by the frictions and imperfections of the labor market . If the conditions are not met and inflation is expected , the long run effects will replace the short term effects . Through his critique , the Philips curve evolved from a strict model emphasizing the connection between inflation and unemployment as being absolute , to a model which emphasized short term unemployment reductions and long term employment stagnations . Friedmans revised and updated Phillips Curve also changed as a result of Robert Lucass idea of Rational Expectations , replacing the adaptive expectations Friedman used . Statistics . One of his most famous contributions to statistics is sequential sampling . Friedman did statistical work at the Division of War Research at Columbia , where he and his colleagues came up with the technique . It became , in the words of The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics , the standard analysis of quality control inspection . The dictionary adds , Like many of Friedmans contributions , in retrospect it seems remarkably simple and obvious to apply basic economic ideas to quality control ; that , however , is a measure of his genius . Public policy positions . Federal Reserve and monetary policy . Although Friedman concluded the government does have a role in the monetary system he was critical of the Federal Reserve due to its poor performance and felt it should be abolished . He was opposed to Federal Reserve policies , even during the so-called Volcker shock that was labeled monetarist . Friedman believed the Federal Reserve System should ultimately be replaced with a computer program . He favored a system that would automatically buy and sell securities in response to changes in the money supply . The proposal to constantly grow the money supply at a certain predetermined amount every year has become known as Friedmans k-percent rule . There is debate about the effectiveness of a theoretical money supply targeting regime . The Feds inability to meet its money supply targets from 1978–1982 led some to conclude it is not a feasible alternative to more conventional inflation and interest rate targeting . Towards the end of his life , Friedman expressed doubt about the validity of targeting the quantity of money . To date , most countries have adopted inflation targeting instead of the k-percent rule . Idealistically , Friedman actually favored the principles of the 1930s Chicago plan , which would have ended fractional reserve banking and , thus , private money creation . It would force banks to have 100% reserves backing deposits , and instead place money creation powers solely in the hands of the US Government . This would make targeting money growth more possible , as endogenous money created by fractional reserve lending would no longer be a major issue . Friedman was a strong advocate for floating exchange rates throughout the entire Bretton-Woods period ( 1944-1971 ) . He argued that a flexible exchange rate would make external adjustment possible and allow countries to avoid balance of payments crises . He saw fixed exchange rates as an undesirable form of government intervention . The case was articulated in an influential 1953 paper , The Case for Flexible Exchange Rates , at a time when most commentators regarded the possibility of floating exchange rates as an unrealistic policy proposal . Foreign Policy . In his 1955 article The Role of Government in Education Friedman proposed supplementing publicly operated schools with privately run but publicly funded schools through a system of school vouchers . Reforms similar to those proposed in the article were implemented in , for example , Chile in 1981 and Sweden in 1992 . In 1996 , Friedman , together with his wife , founded the Friedman Foundation for Educational Choice to advocate school choice and vouchers . In 2016 , the Friedman Foundation changed its name to EdChoice to honor the Friedmans desire to have the educational choice movement live on without their names attached to it after their deaths . While Walter Oi is credited with establishing the economic basis for a volunteer military , Friedman was a proponent , and was credited with ending the draft , stating that the draft was inconsistent with a free society . In Capitalism and Freedom , he argued conscription is inequitable and arbitrary , preventing young men from shaping their lives as they see fit . During the Nixon administration he headed the committee to research a conversion to paid/volunteer armed force . He would later state his role in eliminating the conscription in the United States was his proudest accomplishment . Friedman did , however , believe the introduction of a system of universal military training as a reserve in cases of war-time could be justified . He still opposed its implementation in the United States , describing it as a “monstrosity” . Biographer Lanny Ebenstein noted a drift over time in Friedmans views from an interventionist to a more cautious foreign policy . He supported US involvement in the Second World War and initially supported a hard-line against Communism , but moderated over time . However , Friedman did state in a 1995 interview that he was an anti-interventionist . He opposed the Gulf War and the Iraq War . In a spring 2006 interview , Friedman said the USs stature in the world had been eroded by the Iraq War , but that it might be improved if Iraq were to become a peaceful and independent country . Libertarianism and the Republican Party . Friedman was an economic advisor and speech writer in Barry Goldwaters failed presidential campaign in 1964 . He was an advisor to California governor Ronald Reagan , and was active in Reagans presidential campaigns . He served as a member of President Reagans Economic Policy Advisory Board starting in 1981 . In 1988 , he received the Presidential Medal of Freedom and the National Medal of Science . Friedman stated that he was a libertarian philosophically , but a member of the U.S . Republican Party for the sake of expediency ( I am a libertarian with a small l and a Republican with a capital R . And I am a Republican with a capital R on grounds of expediency , not on principle. ) But , he said , I think the term classical liberal is also equally applicable . I dont really care very much what Im called . Im much more interested in having people thinking about the ideas , rather than the person . His citation for the Presidential Medal of Freedom reads : He has used a brilliant mind to advance a moral vision : the vision of a society where men and women are free , free to choose , but where government is not as free to override their decisions . That vision has changed America , and it is changing the world . All of us owe a tremendous debt to this man’s towering intellect and his devotion to liberty . Governmental Involvement in the Economy . Friedman was supportive of the state provision of some public goods that private businesses are not considered as being able to provide . However , he argued that many of the services performed by government could be performed better by the private sector . Above all , if some public goods are provided by the state , he believed that they should not be a legal monopoly where private competition is prohibited ; for example , he wrote : In 1962 , Friedman criticized Social Security in his book Capitalism and Freedom , arguing that it had created welfare dependency . However , in the penultimate chapter of the same book , Friedman argued that while capitalism had greatly reduced the extent of poverty in absolute terms , poverty is in part a relative matter , [ and ] even in [ wealthy Western ] countries , there are clearly many people living under conditions that the rest of us label as poverty . Friedman also noted that while private charity could be one recourse for alleviating poverty and cited late 19th century Britain and the United States as exemplary periods of extensive private charity and eleemosynary activity , he made the following point : Friedman argued further that other advantages of the negative income tax were that it could fit directly into the tax system , would be less costly , and would reduce the administrative burden of implementing a social safety net . Friedman reiterated these arguments 18 years later in Free to Choose , with the additional proviso that such a reform would only be satisfactory if it replaced the current system of welfare programs rather than augment it . According to economist Robert H . Frank , writing in The New York Times , Friedmans views in this regard were grounded in a belief that while market forces .. . accomplish wonderful things , they cannot ensure a distribution of income that enables all citizens to meet basic economic needs . Michael Walker of the Fraser Institute and Friedman hosted a series of conferences from 1986 to 1994 . The goal was to create a clear definition of economic freedom and a method for measuring it . Eventually this resulted in the first report on worldwide economic freedom , Economic Freedom in the World . This annual report has since provided data for numerous peer-reviewed studies and has influenced policy in several nations . With sixteen other distinguished economists he opposed the Copyright Term Extension Act , and signed on to an amicus brief filed in Eldred v . Ashcroft . Friedman jokingly described it as a no-brainer . Friedman argued for stronger basic legal ( constitutional ) protection of economic rights and freedoms to further promote industrial-commercial growth and prosperity and buttress democracy and freedom and the rule of law generally in society . Social Issues . Friedman also supported libertarian policies such as legalization of drugs and prostitution . During 2005 , Friedman and more than 500 other economists advocated discussions regarding the economic benefits of the legalization of marijuana . Friedman was also a supporter of gay rights . He never specifically supported same-sex marriage , instead saying I do not believe there should be any discrimination against gays . Friedman favored immigration , saying legal and illegal immigration has a very positive impact on the U.S . economy . However , he suggested that immigrants ought not to have access to the welfare system . Friedman stated that immigration from Mexico had been a good thing , in particular illegal immigration . Friedman argued that illegal immigration was a boon because they take jobs that most residents of this country are unwilling to take , they provide employers with workers of a kind they cannot get and they do not use welfare . In Free to Choose , Friedman wrote : No arbitrary obstacles should prevent people from achieving those positions for which their talents fit them and which their values lead them to seek . Not birth , nationality , color , religion , sex , nor any other irrelevant characteristic should determine the opportunities that are open to a person — only his abilities.Friedman also famously argued that the welfare state must end before immigration , or more specifically , before open borders , because immigrants might have an incentive to come directly because of welfare payments . Economist Bryan Caplan has disputed this assertion , arguing that welfare is generally distributed not among immigrants , but instead retirees , through Social Security . Honors , recognition and legacy . George H . Nash , a leading historian of American conservatism , says that by the end of the 1960s he was probably the most highly regarded and influential conservative scholar in the country , and one of the few with an international reputation . In 1971 , Friedman received the Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement . Friedman allowed the libertarian Cato Institute to use his name for its biannual ( occuring every two years ) Milton Friedman Prize for Advancing Liberty beginning in 2001 . A Friedman Prize was given to the late British economist Peter Bauer in 2002 , Peruvian economist Hernando de Soto in 2004 , Mart Laar , former Estonian Prime Minister in 2006 and a young Venezuelan student Yon Goicoechea in 2008 . His wife Rose , sister of Aaron Director , with whom he initiated the Friedman Foundation for Educational Choice , served on the international selection committee . Friedman was also a recipient of the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economics . Upon Friedmans death , Harvard President Lawrence Summers called him The Great Liberator , saying .. . any honest Democrat will admit that we are now all Friedmanites . He said Friedmans great popular contribution was in convincing people of the importance of allowing free markets to operate . Stephen Moore , a member of the editorial forward of The Wall Street Journal , said in 2013 : Quoting the most-revered champion of free-market economics since Adam Smith has become a little like quoting the Bible . He adds , There are sometimes multiple and conflicting interpretations . Although post-Keynesian economist John Kenneth Galbraith was a prominent critic of Friedman and his ideology , he conceded that “The age of John Maynard Keynes gave way to the age of Milton Friedman.” 1976 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences . Friedman won the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences , the sole recipient for 1976 , for his achievements in the fields of consumption analysis , monetary history and theory and for his demonstration of the complexity of stabilization policy . His appointment was controversial , mainly for his association with military dictator Augusto Pinochet . Some economists , such as Institutional economist and 1974 Nobel Prize winner Gunnar Myrdal , criticized Friedman , and Myrdals own 1974 Nobel Prize partner Friedrich Hayek , for being reactionaries . Myrdals criticism caused some economists to oppose the Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economics Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel itself . Hong Kong . Friedman once said : If you want to see capitalism in action , go to Hong Kong . He wrote in 1990 that the Hong Kong economy was perhaps the best example of a free market economy . One month before his death , he wrote Hong Kong Wrong—What would Cowperthwaite say ? in The Wall Street Journal , criticizing Donald Tsang , Chief Executive of Hong Kong , for abandoning positive non interventionism . Tsang later said he was merely changing the slogan to big market , small government , where small government is defined as less than 20% of GDP . In a debate between Tsang and his rival Alan Leong before the 2007 Hong Kong Chief Executive election , Leong introduced the topic and jokingly accused Tsang of angering Friedman to death ( Friedman had died only a year prior ) . Chile . During 1975 , two years after the military coup that brought military dictator President Augusto Pinochet to power and ended the government of Salvador Allende , the economy of Chile experienced a severe crisis . Friedman and Arnold Harberger accepted an invitation of a private Chilean foundation to visit Chile and speak on principles of economic freedom . He spent seven days in Chile giving a series of lectures at the Universidad Católica de Chile and the ( National ) University of Chile . One of the lectures was entitled The Fragility of Freedom and according to Friedman , dealt with precisely the threat to freedom from a centralized military government . In a letter to Pinochet of April 21 , 1975 , Friedman considered the key economic problems of Chile are clearly .. . inflation and the promotion of a healthy social market economy . He stated that There is only one way to end inflation : by drastically reducing the rate of increase of the quantity of money .. . and that .. . cutting government spending is by far and away the most desirable way to reduce the fiscal deficit , because it .. . strengthens the private sector thereby laying the foundations for healthy economic growth . As to how rapidly inflation should be ended , Friedman felt that for Chile where inflation is raging at 10–20% a month .. . gradualism is not feasible . It would involve so painful an operation over so long a period that the patient would not survive . Choosing a brief period of higher unemployment .. . was the lesser evil. . and that the experience of Germany , .. . of Brazil ... , of the post-war adjustment in the U.S . .. . all argue for shock treatment . In the letter Friedman recommended to deliver the shock approach with .. . a package to eliminate the surprise and to relieve acute distress and .. . for definiteness let me sketch the contents of a package proposal .. . to be taken as illustrative although his knowledge of Chile was too limited to enable [ him ] to be precise or comprehensive . He listed a sample proposal of 8 monetary and fiscal measures including the removal of as many as obstacles as possible that now hinder the private market . For example , suspend .. . the present law against discharging employees . He closed , stating Such a shock program could end inflation in months . His letter suggested that cutting spending to reduce the fiscal deficit would result in less transitional unemployment than raising taxes . Sergio de Castro , a Chilean Chicago School graduate , became the nations Minister of Finance in 1975 . During his six-year tenure , foreign investment increased , restrictions were placed on striking and labor unions , and GDP rose yearly . A foreign exchange program was created between the Catholic University of Chile and the University of Chicago . Many other Chicago School alumni were appointed government posts during and after Pinochets dictatorship ; others taught its economic doctrine at Chilean universities . They became known as the Chicago Boys . Friedman defended his activity in Chile on the grounds that , in his opinion , the adoption of free market policies not only improved the economic situation of Chile but also contributed to the amelioration of Pinochets rule and to the eventual transition to a democratic government during 1990 . That idea is included in Capitalism and Freedom , in which he declared that economic freedom is not only desirable in itself but is also a necessary condition for political freedom . In his 1980 documentary Free to Choose , he said the following : Chile is not a politically free system , and I do not condone the system . But the people there are freer than the people in Communist societies because government plays a smaller role . .. . The conditions of the people in the past few years has been getting better and not worse . They would be still better to get rid of the junta and to be able to have a free democratic system . In 1984 , Friedman stated that he has never refrained from criticizing the political system in Chile . In 1991 he said : I have nothing good to say about the political regime that Pinochet imposed . It was a terrible political regime . The real miracle of Chile is not how well it has done economically ; the real miracle of Chile is that a military junta was willing to go against its principles and support a free market regime designed by principled believers in a free market . .. . In Chile , the drive for political freedom , that was generated by economic freedom and the resulting economic success , ultimately resulted in a referendum that introduced political democracy . Now , at long last , Chile has all three things : political freedom , human freedom and economic freedom . Chile will continue to be an interesting experiment to watch to see whether it can keep all three or whether , now that it has political freedom , that political freedom will tend to be used to destroy or reduce economic freedom . He stressed that the lectures he gave in Chile were the same lectures he later gave in China and other socialist states . He further stated I do not consider it as evil for an economist to render technical economic advice to the Chilean Government , any more than I would regard it as evil for a physician to give technical medical advice to the Chilean Government to help end a medical plague . During the 2000 PBS documentary The Commanding Heights ( based on the book ) , Friedman continued to argue that free markets would undermine [ Pinochets ] political centralization and political control. , and that criticism over his role in Chile missed his main contention that freer markets resulted in freer people , and that Chiles unfree economy had caused Pinochets rise . Friedman advocated for free markets which undermined political centralization and political control . Iceland . Friedman visited Iceland during the autumn of 1984 , met with important Icelanders and gave a lecture at the University of Iceland on the tyranny of the status quo . He participated in a lively television debate on August 31 , 1984 , with socialist intellectuals , including Ólafur Ragnar Grímsson , who later became President of Iceland . When they complained that a fee was charged for attending his lecture at the university and that , hitherto , lectures by visiting scholars had been free-of-charge , Friedman replied that previous lectures had not been free-of-charge in a meaningful sense : lectures always have related costs . What mattered was whether attendees or non-attendees covered those costs . Friedman thought that it was fairer that only those who attended paid . In this discussion Friedman also stated that he did not receive any money for delivering that lecture . Estonia . Although Friedman never visited Estonia , his book Free to Choose influenced Estonias then 32-year-old prime minister , Mart Laar , who has claimed that it was the only book on economics he had read before taking office . Laars reforms are often credited with responsibility for transforming Estonia from an impoverished Soviet Republic to the Baltic Tiger . A prime element of Laars program was introduction of the flat tax . Laar won the 2006 Milton Friedman Prize for Advancing Liberty , awarded by the Cato Institute . United Kingdom . After 1950 Friedman was frequently invited to lecture in Britain , and by the 1970s his ideas had gained widespread attention in conservative circles . For example , he was a regular speaker at the Institute of Economic Affairs ( IEA ) , a libertarian think tank . Conservative politician Margaret Thatcher closely followed IEA programs and ideas , and met Friedman there in 1978 . He also strongly influenced Keith Joseph , who became Thatchers senior advisor on economic affairs , as well as Alan Walters and Patrick Minford , two other key advisers . Major newspapers , including the Daily Telegraph , The Times , and The Financial Times all promulgated Friedmans monetarist ideas to British decision-makers . Friedmans ideas strongly influenced Thatcher and her allies when she became Prime Minister in 1979 . United States . After his death a number of obituaries and articles were written in Friedmans honor , citing him as one of the most important and influential economists of the post-war era . Milton Friedmans somewhat controversial legacy in America remains strong within the conservative movement . However , some journalists and economists like Noah Smith and Scott Sumner have argued Friedmans academic legacy has been buried under his political philosophy and misinterpreted by modern conservatives . Criticism . Econometrician David Hendry criticized part of Friedmans and Anna Schwartzs 1982 Monetary Trends . When asked about it during an interview with Icelandic TV in 1984 , Friedman said that the criticism referred to a different problem from that which he and Schwartz had tackled , and hence was irrelevant , and pointed out the lack of consequential peer review amongst econometricians on Hendrys work . In 2006 , Hendry said that Friedman was guilty of serious errors of misunderstanding that meant the t-ratios he reported for UK money demand were overstated by nearly 100 per cent , and said that , in a paper published in 1991 with Neil Ericsson , he had refuted almost every empirical claim .. . made about UK money demand by Friedman and Schwartz . A 2004 paper updated and confirmed the validity of the Hendry–Ericsson findings through 2000 . Although Keynesian Nobel laureate Paul Krugman praised Friedman as a great economist and a great man after Friedmans death in 2006 , and acknowledged his many , widely accepted contributions to empirical economics , Krugman had been , and remains , a prominent critic of Friedman . Krugman has written that he slipped all too easily into claiming both that markets always work and that only markets work . Its extremely hard to find cases in which Friedman acknowledged the possibility that markets could go wrong , or that government intervention could serve a useful purpose . Others agree Friedman was not open enough to the possibility of market inefficiencies . Economist Noah Smith argues that while Friedman made many important contributions to economic theory not all of his ideas relating to macroeconomics have entirely held up over the years and that too few people are willing to challenge them . Political scientist C.B . Macpherson disagreed with Friedmans historical assessment of economic freedom leading to political freedom , suggesting that political freedom actually gave way to economic freedom for property-owning elites . He also challenged the notion that markets efficiently allocated resources and rejected Friedmans definition of liberty . Friedmans positivist methodological approach to economics has also been critiqued and debated . Finnish economist Uskali Mäki argued some of his assumptions were unrealistic and vague . In her book The Shock Doctrine , author and social activist Naomi Klein criticized Friedmans economic liberalism , identifying it with the principles that guided the economic restructuring that followed the military coups in countries such as Chile and Argentina . Based on their assessments of the extent to which what she describes as neoliberal policies contributed to income disparities and inequality , both Klein and Noam Chomsky have suggested that the primary role of what they describe as neoliberalism was as an ideological cover for capital accumulation by multinational corporations . Friedman has been criticized by some prominent Austrian economists , including Murray Rothbard and Walter Block . Block called Friedman a socialist , and was critical of his support for a central banking system , saying First and foremost , this economist supported the Federal Reserve System all throughout his professional life . That organization of course does not own the money stock , but controls it . Friedman was an inveterate hater of the gold standard , denigrating its advocates as gold bugs . Visit to Chile . Because of his involvement with the government of Chile , which was a dictatorship , there were international protests , spenning from Sweden to America when Friedman was awarded the Nobel Memorial Prize in 1976 . Friedman was accused of supporting the military dictatorship in Chile because of the relation of economists of the University of Chicago to Pinochet , and a controversial seven-day trip he took to Chile during March 1975 ( less than two years after the coup that ended with the death of President Salvador Allende ) . Friedman answered that he was never an adviser to the dictatorship , but only gave some lectures and seminars on inflation , and met with officials , including Augusto Pinochet the head of the military dictatorship , while in Chile . Chilean economist Orlando Letelier asserted that Pinochets dictatorship resorted to oppression because of popular opposition to Chicago School policies in Chile . After a 1991 speech on drug legalization , Friedman answered a question on his involvement with the Pinochet regime , saying that he was never an advisor to Pinochet ( also mentioned in his 1984 Iceland interview ) , but that a group of his students at the University of Chicago were involved in Chiles economic reforms . Friedman credited these reforms with high levels of economic growth and with the establishment of democracy that has subsequently occurred in Chile . In October 1988 , after returning from a lecture tour of China during which he had met with Zhao Ziyang , General Secretary of the Communist Party of China , Friedman wrote to The Stanford Daily asking if he should anticipate a similar avalanche of protests for having been willing to give advice to so evil a government ? And if not , why not ? Criticism of A Monetary History of the United States . Although the book was described by the Cato Institute as among the greatest economics books in the 20th century , and A Monetary History of the United States is widely considered to be among the most influential economics books ever made , it has endured criticisms for its conclusion that the Federal Reserve was to blame for the Great Depression . Some economists , including noted Friedman critic Peter Temin have raised questions about the legitimacy of Friedmans claims about whether or not monetary quantity levels were endogenous rather than exogenously determined , as A Monetary History of the United States posits . Nobel-prize winning economist Paul Krugman argued that the 2008 recession proved that , during a recession , a central bank cannot control broad money ( M3 money , as defined by the OECD ) , and even if it can , the money supply does not bear a direct or proven relationship with GDP . According to Krugman , this was true in the 1930s , and the claim that the Federal Reserve could have avoided the Great Depression by reacting to what Friedman called The Great Contraction is highly dubious . James Tobin questioned the importance of velocity of money , and how informative this measure of the frequency of transactions is to understanding the various fluctuations observed in A Monetary History of the United States . Economic Historian Barry Eichengreen argued that because of the gold standard , which was at this point in time the chief monetary system of the world , the Federal Reserves hands were tied . This was because , in order to retain the credibility of the gold standard , the Federal Reserve could not undertake actions like dramatically expanding the money supply as proposed by Friedman and Schwartz . Austrian economist Murray Rothbard criticized Friedmans conclusions , and argued they are inconsistent with data , because during the period described by Friedman as The Great Contraction , the money supply increased . Friedman and Schwartz argued that the Great Depression happened as a result of a deflationary spiral which , according to Rothbard , is inconsistent with data . Selected bibliography . - A Theory of the Consumption Function ( 1957 ) . - A Program for Monetary Stability ( Fordham University Press , 1960 ) 110 pp . online version - Capitalism and Freedom ( 1962 ) , highly influential series of essays that established Friedmans position on major issues of public policy ( excerpts ) - A Monetary History of the United States , 1867–1960 , with Anna J . Schwartz , 1963 ; part 3 reprinted as The Great Contraction - The Role of Monetary Policy . American Economic Review , Vol . 58 , No . 1 ( Mar . 1968 ) , pp . 1–17 JSTOR presidential address to American Economics Association - Inflation and Unemployment : Nobel Lecture , 1977 , Journal of Political Economy . Vol . 85 , pp . 451–72 . JSTOR - Free to Choose : A Personal Statement , with Rose Friedman , ( 1980 ) , highly influential restatement of policy views - The Essence of Friedman , essays edited by Kurt R . Leube , ( 1987 ) ( ) - Two Lucky People : Memoirs ( with Rose Friedman ) ( 1998 ) excerpt and text search - Milton Friedman on Economics : Selected Papers by Milton Friedman , edited by Gary S . Becker ( 2008 )

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Milton Friedman went to which school between Sep 1925 and Jul 1926?

Milton Friedman Milton Friedman ( ; July 31 , 1912 – November 16 , 2006 ) was an American economist and statistician who received the 1976 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences for his research on consumption analysis , monetary history and theory and the complexity of stabilization policy . With George Stigler and others , Friedman was among the intellectual leaders of the Chicago school of economics , a neoclassical school of economic thought associated with the work of the faculty at the University of Chicago that rejected Keynesianism in favor of monetarism until the mid-1970s , when it turned to new classical macroeconomics heavily based on the concept of rational expectations . Several students , young professors and academics who were recruited or mentored by Friedman at Chicago went on to become leading economists , including Gary Becker , Robert Fogel , Thomas Sowell and Robert Lucas Jr . Friedmans challenges to what he later called naive Keynesian theory began with his interpretation of consumption , which tracks how consumers spend . He introduced a theory which would later become part of the mainstream and among the first to propagate the theory of consumption smoothing . During the 1960s he became the main advocate opposing Keynesian government policies , and described his approach ( along with mainstream economics ) as using Keynesian language and apparatus yet rejecting its initial conclusions . He theorized that there existed a natural rate of unemployment and argued that unemployment below this rate would cause inflation to accelerate . He argued that the Phillips curve was in the long run vertical at the natural rate and predicted what would come to be known as stagflation . Friedman promoted a macroeconomic viewpoint known as Monetarism and argued that a steady , small expansion of the money supply was the preferred policy , as compared to rapid , and unexpected changes . His ideas concerning monetary policy , taxation , privatization and deregulation influenced government policies , especially during the 1980s . His monetary theory influenced the Federal Reserves monetary policy in response to the global financial crisis of 2007–2008 . After retiring from the University of Chicago in 1977 , and becoming Emeritus professor in economics in 1983 , Friedman was an advisor to Republican President Ronald Reagan and Conservative British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher . His political philosophy extolled the virtues of a free market economic system with minimal government intervention in social matters . He once stated that his role in eliminating conscription in the United States was his proudest achievement . In his 1962 book Capitalism and Freedom , Friedman advocated policies such as a volunteer military , freely floating exchange rates , abolition of medical licenses , a negative income tax and school vouchers and opposition to the war on drugs and support for drug liberalization policies . His support for school choice led him to found the Friedman Foundation for Educational Choice , later renamed EdChoice . Friedmans works cover a broad range of economic topics and public policy issues . His books and essays have had global influence , including in former communist states . A 2011 survey of economists commissioned by the EJW ranked Friedman as the second-most popular economist of the 20th century , following only by John Maynard Keynes . Upon his death , The Economist described him as the most influential economist of the second half of the 20th century .. . possibly of all of it . Early life . Friedman was born in Brooklyn , New York on July 31 , 1912 . His parents , Sára Ethel ( née Landau ) and Jenő Saul Friedman , were Jewish working-class immigrants from Beregszász in Carpathian Ruthenia , Kingdom of Hungary ( now Berehove in Ukraine ) . They emigrated to America in their early teens . They both worked as dry goods merchants . Friedman was their fourth child and only son . Shortly after his birth , the family relocated to Rahway , New Jersey . Friedmans family experienced financial troubles , and financial uncertainty caused stability of income to be low . Friedman described his familys situation in the following manner : Friedmans father , Jenő Saul Friedman , died during Friedmans senior year of high school , leaving Friedman and two older sisters to care for his mother , Sára Ethel Friedman . In his early teens , Friedman was injured in a car accident , which scarred his upper lip . A talented student and an avid reader , Friedman graduated from Rahway High School in 1928 , just before his 16th birthday . Although no family members had gone to university before Milton , Friedman was awarded a competitive scholarship to Rutgers University ( then a private university receiving limited support from the State of New Jersey , e.g. , for such scholarships ) . Friedman was expected to finance the cost of university himself . He graduated from Rutgers in 1932 . Friedman initially intended to become an actuary or mathematician , however the state of the economy , which was at this point in a deep depression , convinced him to become an economist . He was offered two scholarships to do graduate work , one in mathematics at Brown University and the other in economics at the University of Chicago , where he would later teach . Friedman chose the latter , earning a Master of Arts degree in 1933 . He was strongly influenced by Jacob Viner , Frank Knight , and Henry Simons . Friedman met his future wife , economist Rose Director , while at the University of Chicago . During the 1933–1934 academic year , he had a fellowship at Columbia University , where he studied statistics with statistician and economist Harold Hotelling . He was back in Chicago for the 1934–1935 academic year , working as a research assistant for Henry Schultz , who was then working on Theory and Measurement of Demand . During the aforementioned 1934-35 academic year , Friedman formed what would later prove to be lifetime friendships with George Stigler and W . Allen Wallis , both of whom teached with Friedman at the University of Chicago . Public service . Friedman was unable to find academic employment , so in 1935 he followed his friend W . Allen Wallis to Washington , D.C. , where Franklin D . Roosevelts New Deal was a lifesaver for many young economists . At this stage , Friedman said he and his wife regarded the job-creation programs such as the WPA , CCC , and PWA appropriate responses to the critical situation , but not the price- and wage-fixing measures of the National Recovery Administration and the Agricultural Adjustment Administration . Foreshadowing his later ideas , he believed price controls interfered with an essential signaling mechanism to help resources be used where they were most valued . Indeed , Friedman later concluded that all government intervention associated with the New Deal was the wrong cure for the wrong disease , arguing the Federal Reserve was to blame , and that they should have expanded the money supply in reaction to what he later described in A Monetary History of the United States as The Great Contraction . Later , Friedman and his colleague Anna Schwartz wrote A Monetary History of the United States , 1867–1960 , which argued that the Great Depression was caused by a severe monetary contraction due to banking crises and poor policy on the part of the Federal Reserve . Robert J . Shiller describes the book as the most influential account of the Great Depression . During 1935 , he began working for the National Resources Planning Board , which was then working on a large consumer budget survey . Ideas from this project later became a part of his Theory of the Consumption Function , a book which first described consumption smoothing and the Permanent Income Hypothesis . Friedman began employment with the National Bureau of Economic Research during the autumn of 1937 to assist Simon Kuznets in his work on professional income . This work resulted in their jointly authored publication Incomes from Independent Professional Practice , which introduced the concepts of permanent and transitory income , a major component of the Permanent Income Hypothesis that Friedman worked out in greater detail in the 1950s . The book hypothesizes that professional licensing artificially restricts the supply of services and raises prices . Incomes from Independent Professional Practice remained quite controversial within the economics community because of Friedmans hypothesis that barriers to entry , which were exercised and enforced by the American Medical Association , led to higher than average wages for physicians , compared to other professional groups . Barriers to entry are a fixed cost which must be incurred regardless of any outside factors such as work experience , or other factors of human capital . During 1940 , Friedman was appointed as an assistant professor teaching Economics at the University of Wisconsin–Madison , but encountered anti semitism in the Economics department and returned to government service . From 1941 to 1943 Friedman worked on wartime tax policy for the federal government , as an advisor to senior officials of the United States Department of the Treasury . As a Treasury spokesman during 1942 , he advocated a Keynesian policy of taxation . He helped to invent the payroll withholding tax system , since the federal government needed money to fund the war . He later said , I have no apologies for it , but I really wish we hadnt found it necessary and I wish there were some way of abolishing withholding now . In Milton and Rose Friedmans jointly-written memoir , he wrote , Rose has repeatedly chided me over the years about the role that I played in making possible the current overgrown government we both criticize so strongly . Academic career . Early years . In 1940 , Friedman accepted a position at the University of Wisconsin–Madison , but left because of differences with faculty regarding United States involvement in World War II . Friedman believed the United States should enter the war . In 1943 , Friedman joined the Division of War Research at Columbia University ( headed by W . Allen Wallis and Harold Hotelling ) , where he spent the rest of World War II working as a mathematical statistician , focusing on problems of weapons design , military tactics , and metallurgical experiments . In 1945 , Friedman submitted Incomes from Independent Professional Practice ( co-authored with Kuznets and completed during 1940 ) to Columbia as his doctoral dissertation . The university awarded him a PhD in 1946 . Friedman spent the 1945–1946 academic year teaching at the University of Minnesota ( where his friend George Stigler was employed ) . On February 12 , 1945 , his only son , David D . Friedman , who would later follow in his fathers footsteps and an economist was born . University of Chicago . In 1946 , Friedman accepted an offer to teach economic theory at the University of Chicago ( a position opened by departure of his former professor Jacob Viner to Princeton University ) . Friedman would work for the University of Chicago for the next 30 years . There he contributed to the establishment of an intellectual community that produced a number of Nobel Memorial Prize winners , known collectively as the Chicago school of economics . At the time , Arthur F . Burns , who was then the head of the National Bureau of Economic Research , and later chairman of the Federal Reserve , asked Friedman to rejoin the Bureaus staff . He accepted the invitation , and assumed responsibility for the Bureaus inquiry into the role of money in the business cycle . As a result , he initiated the Workshop in Money and Banking ( the Chicago Workshop ) , which promoted a revival of monetary studies . During the latter half of the 1940s , Friedman began a collaboration with Anna Schwartz , an economic historian at the Bureau , that would ultimately result in the 1963 publication of a book co-authored by Friedman and Schwartz , A Monetary History of the United States , 1867–1960 . Friedman spent the 1954–1955 academic year as a Fulbright Visiting Fellow at Gonville and Caius College , Cambridge . At the time , the Cambridge economics faculty was divided into a Keynesian majority ( including Joan Robinson and Richard Kahn ) and an anti-Keynesian minority ( headed by Dennis Robertson ) . Friedman speculated he was invited to the fellowship because his views were unacceptable to both of the Cambridge factions . Later his weekly columns for Newsweek magazine ( 1966–84 ) were well read and increasingly influential among political and business people , and helped earn the magazine a Gerald Loeb Special Award in 1968 . From 1968 to 1978 , he and Paul Samuelson participated in the Economics Cassette Series , a biweekly subscription series where the economist would discuss the days issues for about a half-hour at a time . A Theory of the Consumption Function . One of Milton Friedmans most popular works , A Theory of the Consumption Function , challenged traditional Keynesian viewpoints about the household . This work was originally published in 1957 by Princeton University Press , and it reanalyzed the relationship displayed between aggregate consumption or aggregate savings and aggregate income . Friedmans counterpart Keynes believed people would modify their household consumption expenditures to relate to their existing income levels . Friedmans research introduced the term permanent income to the world , which was the average of a households expected income over several years , and he also developed the permanent income hypothesis . Friedman thought income consisted of several components , namely transitory and permanent . He established the formula formula_1 in order to calculate income , with p representing the permanent component , and t representing the transitory component.Milton Friedmans research changed how economists interpreted the consumption function , and his work pushed the idea that current income was not the only factor affecting peoples adjustment household consumption expenditures . Instead , expected income levels also affected how households would change their consumption expenditures . Friedmans contributions strongly influenced research on consumer behavior , and he further defined how to predict consumption smoothing , which contradicts Keynes marginal propensity to consume . Although this work presented many controversial points of view which differed from existing viewpoints established by Keynes , A Theory of the Consumption Function helped Friedman gain respect in the field of economics . His work on the Permanent Income Hypothesis is among the many contributions which were listed as reasons for his Sveriges-Riskbank Prize in Economic Sciences . His work was later expanded on by Christopher D . Carroll , especially in regards to the absence of liquidity constraints . The Permanent Income Hypothesis faces some criticism , mainly from Keynesian economists . The primary criticism of the hypothesis is based off a lack of liquidity constraints . Capitalism and Freedom . His book Capitalism and Freedom , inspired by a series of lectures he gave at Wabash College , brought him national and international attention outside academia . It was published in 1962 by the University of Chicago Press and consists of essays that used non-mathematical economic models to explore issues of public policy . It sold over 400,000 copies in the first eighteen years and more than half a million since 1962 . Capitalism and Freedom was translated into eighteen languages . Friedman talks about the need to move to a classically liberal society , that free markets would help nations and individuals in the long-run and fix the efficiency problems currently faced by the United States and other major countries of the 1950s and 1960s . He goes through the chapters specifying an issue in each respective chapter from the role of government and money supply to social welfare programs to a special chapter on occupational licensure . Friedman concludes Capitalism and Freedom with his classical liberal [ sic ] stance that government should stay out of matters that do not need and should only involve itself when absolutely necessary for the survival of its people and the country . He recounts how the best of a countrys abilities come from its free markets while its failures come from government intervention . Post-retirement . In 1977 , at the age of 65 , Friedman retired from the University of Chicago after teaching there for 30 years . He and his wife moved to San Francisco , where he became a visiting scholar at the Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco . From 1977 on , he was affiliated with the Hoover Institution at Stanford University . During 1977 , Friedman was approached by Bob Chitester and the Free to Choose Network . They asked him to create a television program presenting his economic and social philosophy . Friedman and his wife Rose worked on this project for the next three years , and during 1980 , the ten-part series , titled Free to Choose , was broadcast by the Public Broadcasting Service ( PBS ) . The companion book to the series ( co-authored by Milton and his wife , Rose Friedman ) , also titled Free To Choose , was the bestselling nonfiction book of 1980 . Friedman served as an unofficial adviser to Ronald Reagan during his 1980 presidential campaign , and then served on the Presidents Economic Policy Advisory Board for the rest of the Reagan Administration . Ebenstein says Friedman was the guru of the Reagan administration . In 1988 he received the National Medal of Science and Reagan honored him with the Presidential Medal of Freedom . Friedman is known now as one of the most influential economists of the 20th century . Throughout the 1980s and 1990s , Friedman continued to write editorials and appear on television . He made several visits to Eastern Europe and to China , where he also advised governments . He was also for many years a Trustee of the Philadelphia Society . Personal life . Friedman had two children , David and Jan . He first met his wife , Rose Friedman ( née Director ) , at the University of Chicago in 1932 , and later wed six years later , in 1938 . Friedman was noticeably shorter than some of his colleagues ; he measured , and has been described as an Elfin Libertarian by Binyamin Appelbaum . Rose Friedman , when asked about Friedmans successes , said that “I have never had the desire to compete with Milton professionally ( perhaps because I was smart enough to recognize I couldnt ) . On the other hand , he has always made me feel that his achievement is my achievement . During the 1960s , Friedman built , and subsequently maintained a cottage in Fairlee , Vermont . Friedman also had an apartment in Russian Hill , San Francisco , where he lived from 1977 until his death . Religious views . According to a 2007 article in Commentary magazine , his parents were moderately observant Jews , but Friedman , after an intense burst of childhood piety , rejected religion altogether . He described himself as an agnostic . Friedman wrote extensively of his life and experiences , especially in 1998 in his memoirs with his wife , Rose , titled Two Lucky People . In this book , Rose Friedman describes how she and Milton Friedman raised their two children , Janet and David , with a Christmas Tree in the home . Orthodox Jews of course , do not celebrate Christmas . However , just as , when I was a child , my mother had permitted me to have a Christmas tree one year when my friend had one , she not only tolerated our having a Christmas tree , she even strung popcorn to hang on it . Death . Friedman died of heart failure at the age of 94 years in San Francisco on November 16 , 2006 . He was still a working economist performing original economic research ; his last column was published in The Wall Street Journal the day after his death . He was survived by his wife , Rose Friedman ( who would die on August 18 , 2009 ) and their two children , David D . Friedman , known for The Machinery of Freedom , as well as his unique anarcho-capitalism from a Chicago School perspective , and attorney and bridge player Jan Martel . Scholarly contributions . Economics . Friedman was best known for reviving interest in the money supply as a determinant of the nominal value of output , that is , the quantity theory of money . Monetarism is the set of views associated with modern quantity theory . Its origins can be traced back to the 16th-century School of Salamanca or even further ; however , Friedmans contribution is largely responsible for its modern popularization . He co-authored , with Anna Schwartz , A Monetary History of the United States , 1867–1960 ( 1963 ) , which was an examination of the role of the money supply and economic activity in the U.S . history . Friedman was the main proponent of the monetarist school of economics . He maintained that there is a close and stable association between inflation and the money supply , mainly that inflation could be avoided with proper regulation of the monetary bases growth rate . He famously used the analogy of dropping money out of a helicopter , in order to avoid dealing with money injection mechanisms and other factors that would overcomplicate his models . Friedmans arguments were designed to counter the popular concept of cost-push inflation , that the increased general price level at the time was the result of increases in the price of oil , or increases in wages ; as he wrote : Friedman rejected the use of fiscal policy as a tool of demand management ; and he held that the governments role in the guidance of the economy should be restricted severely . Friedman wrote extensively on the Great Depression , and he termed the 1929–1933 period the Great Contraction . He argued that the Depression had been caused by an ordinary financial shock whose duration and seriousness were greatly increased by the subsequent contraction of the money supply caused by the misguided policies of the directors of the Federal Reserve . This theory was put forth in A Monetary History of the United States , and the chapter on the Great Depression was then published as a stand-alone book entitled The Great Contraction , 1929–1933 . Both books are still in print from the Princeton University Press , and some editions include as an appendix a speech at a University of Chicago event honoring Friedman in which Ben Bernanke made this statement : Let me end my talk by abusing slightly my status as an official representative of the Federal Reserve . I would like to say to Milton and Anna : Regarding the Great Depression , youre right . We did it . Were very sorry . But thanks to you , we wont do it again . Friedman also argued for the removal of government intervention in currency markets , thereby spawning an enormous literature on the subject , as well as promoting the practice of freely floating exchange rates . His close friend George Stigler explained , As is customary in science , he did not win a full victory , in part because research was directed along different lines by the theory of rational expectations , a newer approach developed by Robert Lucas , also at the University of Chicago . The relationship between Friedman and Lucas , or new classical macroeconomics as a whole , was highly complex . The Friedmanian Phillips curve was an interesting starting point for Lucas , but he soon realized that the solution provided by Friedman was not quite satisfactory . Lucas elaborated a new approach in which rational expectations were presumed instead of the Friedmanian adaptive expectations . Due to this reformulation , the story in which the theory of the new classical Phillips curve was embedded radically changed . This modification , however , had a significant effect on Friedmans own approach , so , as a result , the theory of the Friedmanian Phillips curve also changed . Moreover , new classical adherent Neil Wallace , who was a graduate student at the University of Chicago between 1960 and 1963 , regarded Friedmans theoretical courses as a mess , highlighting the strained relationship between Monetarism and new classical schools . Friedman was also known for his work on the consumption function , the permanent income hypothesis ( 1957 ) , which Friedman himself referred to as his best scientific work . This work contended that utility-maximizing consumers would spend a proportional amount of what they perceived to be their permanent income . Permanent Income refers to such factors like human capital . Windfall gains would mostly be saved because of the law of diminishing marginal utility . Friedmans essay The Methodology of Positive Economics ( 1953 ) provided the epistemological pattern for his own subsequent research and to a degree that of the Chicago School . There he argued that economics as science should be free of value judgments for it to be objective . Moreover , a useful economic theory should be judged not by its descriptive realism but by its simplicity and fruitfulness as an engine of prediction . That is , students should measure the accuracy of its predictions , rather than the soundness of its assumptions . His argument was part of an ongoing debate among such statisticians as Jerzy Neyman , Leonard Savage , and Ronald Fisher . However , despite being an advocate of the free market , Milton Friedman believed that the government had two crucial roles . In an interview with Phil Donahue , Milton Friedman argued that the two basic functions of a government are to protect the nation against foreign enemy , and to protect citizens against its fellows.” He also admitted that although privatization of national defense could reduce the overall cost , he has not yet thought of a way to make this privatization possible . Rejection and subsequent evolution of the Philips Curve . Other important contributions include his critique of the Phillips curve and the concept of the natural rate of unemployment ( 1968 ) . This critique associated his name , together with that of Edmund Phelps , with the insight that a government that brings about greater inflation cannot permanently reduce unemployment by doing so . Unemployment may be temporarily lower , if the inflation is a surprise , but in the long run unemployment will be determined by the frictions and imperfections of the labor market . If the conditions are not met and inflation is expected , the long run effects will replace the short term effects . Through his critique , the Philips curve evolved from a strict model emphasizing the connection between inflation and unemployment as being absolute , to a model which emphasized short term unemployment reductions and long term employment stagnations . Friedmans revised and updated Phillips Curve also changed as a result of Robert Lucass idea of Rational Expectations , replacing the adaptive expectations Friedman used . Statistics . One of his most famous contributions to statistics is sequential sampling . Friedman did statistical work at the Division of War Research at Columbia , where he and his colleagues came up with the technique . It became , in the words of The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics , the standard analysis of quality control inspection . The dictionary adds , Like many of Friedmans contributions , in retrospect it seems remarkably simple and obvious to apply basic economic ideas to quality control ; that , however , is a measure of his genius . Public policy positions . Federal Reserve and monetary policy . Although Friedman concluded the government does have a role in the monetary system he was critical of the Federal Reserve due to its poor performance and felt it should be abolished . He was opposed to Federal Reserve policies , even during the so-called Volcker shock that was labeled monetarist . Friedman believed the Federal Reserve System should ultimately be replaced with a computer program . He favored a system that would automatically buy and sell securities in response to changes in the money supply . The proposal to constantly grow the money supply at a certain predetermined amount every year has become known as Friedmans k-percent rule . There is debate about the effectiveness of a theoretical money supply targeting regime . The Feds inability to meet its money supply targets from 1978–1982 led some to conclude it is not a feasible alternative to more conventional inflation and interest rate targeting . Towards the end of his life , Friedman expressed doubt about the validity of targeting the quantity of money . To date , most countries have adopted inflation targeting instead of the k-percent rule . Idealistically , Friedman actually favored the principles of the 1930s Chicago plan , which would have ended fractional reserve banking and , thus , private money creation . It would force banks to have 100% reserves backing deposits , and instead place money creation powers solely in the hands of the US Government . This would make targeting money growth more possible , as endogenous money created by fractional reserve lending would no longer be a major issue . Friedman was a strong advocate for floating exchange rates throughout the entire Bretton-Woods period ( 1944-1971 ) . He argued that a flexible exchange rate would make external adjustment possible and allow countries to avoid balance of payments crises . He saw fixed exchange rates as an undesirable form of government intervention . The case was articulated in an influential 1953 paper , The Case for Flexible Exchange Rates , at a time when most commentators regarded the possibility of floating exchange rates as an unrealistic policy proposal . Foreign Policy . In his 1955 article The Role of Government in Education Friedman proposed supplementing publicly operated schools with privately run but publicly funded schools through a system of school vouchers . Reforms similar to those proposed in the article were implemented in , for example , Chile in 1981 and Sweden in 1992 . In 1996 , Friedman , together with his wife , founded the Friedman Foundation for Educational Choice to advocate school choice and vouchers . In 2016 , the Friedman Foundation changed its name to EdChoice to honor the Friedmans desire to have the educational choice movement live on without their names attached to it after their deaths . While Walter Oi is credited with establishing the economic basis for a volunteer military , Friedman was a proponent , and was credited with ending the draft , stating that the draft was inconsistent with a free society . In Capitalism and Freedom , he argued conscription is inequitable and arbitrary , preventing young men from shaping their lives as they see fit . During the Nixon administration he headed the committee to research a conversion to paid/volunteer armed force . He would later state his role in eliminating the conscription in the United States was his proudest accomplishment . Friedman did , however , believe the introduction of a system of universal military training as a reserve in cases of war-time could be justified . He still opposed its implementation in the United States , describing it as a “monstrosity” . Biographer Lanny Ebenstein noted a drift over time in Friedmans views from an interventionist to a more cautious foreign policy . He supported US involvement in the Second World War and initially supported a hard-line against Communism , but moderated over time . However , Friedman did state in a 1995 interview that he was an anti-interventionist . He opposed the Gulf War and the Iraq War . In a spring 2006 interview , Friedman said the USs stature in the world had been eroded by the Iraq War , but that it might be improved if Iraq were to become a peaceful and independent country . Libertarianism and the Republican Party . Friedman was an economic advisor and speech writer in Barry Goldwaters failed presidential campaign in 1964 . He was an advisor to California governor Ronald Reagan , and was active in Reagans presidential campaigns . He served as a member of President Reagans Economic Policy Advisory Board starting in 1981 . In 1988 , he received the Presidential Medal of Freedom and the National Medal of Science . Friedman stated that he was a libertarian philosophically , but a member of the U.S . Republican Party for the sake of expediency ( I am a libertarian with a small l and a Republican with a capital R . And I am a Republican with a capital R on grounds of expediency , not on principle. ) But , he said , I think the term classical liberal is also equally applicable . I dont really care very much what Im called . Im much more interested in having people thinking about the ideas , rather than the person . His citation for the Presidential Medal of Freedom reads : He has used a brilliant mind to advance a moral vision : the vision of a society where men and women are free , free to choose , but where government is not as free to override their decisions . That vision has changed America , and it is changing the world . All of us owe a tremendous debt to this man’s towering intellect and his devotion to liberty . Governmental Involvement in the Economy . Friedman was supportive of the state provision of some public goods that private businesses are not considered as being able to provide . However , he argued that many of the services performed by government could be performed better by the private sector . Above all , if some public goods are provided by the state , he believed that they should not be a legal monopoly where private competition is prohibited ; for example , he wrote : In 1962 , Friedman criticized Social Security in his book Capitalism and Freedom , arguing that it had created welfare dependency . However , in the penultimate chapter of the same book , Friedman argued that while capitalism had greatly reduced the extent of poverty in absolute terms , poverty is in part a relative matter , [ and ] even in [ wealthy Western ] countries , there are clearly many people living under conditions that the rest of us label as poverty . Friedman also noted that while private charity could be one recourse for alleviating poverty and cited late 19th century Britain and the United States as exemplary periods of extensive private charity and eleemosynary activity , he made the following point : Friedman argued further that other advantages of the negative income tax were that it could fit directly into the tax system , would be less costly , and would reduce the administrative burden of implementing a social safety net . Friedman reiterated these arguments 18 years later in Free to Choose , with the additional proviso that such a reform would only be satisfactory if it replaced the current system of welfare programs rather than augment it . According to economist Robert H . Frank , writing in The New York Times , Friedmans views in this regard were grounded in a belief that while market forces .. . accomplish wonderful things , they cannot ensure a distribution of income that enables all citizens to meet basic economic needs . Michael Walker of the Fraser Institute and Friedman hosted a series of conferences from 1986 to 1994 . The goal was to create a clear definition of economic freedom and a method for measuring it . Eventually this resulted in the first report on worldwide economic freedom , Economic Freedom in the World . This annual report has since provided data for numerous peer-reviewed studies and has influenced policy in several nations . With sixteen other distinguished economists he opposed the Copyright Term Extension Act , and signed on to an amicus brief filed in Eldred v . Ashcroft . Friedman jokingly described it as a no-brainer . Friedman argued for stronger basic legal ( constitutional ) protection of economic rights and freedoms to further promote industrial-commercial growth and prosperity and buttress democracy and freedom and the rule of law generally in society . Social Issues . Friedman also supported libertarian policies such as legalization of drugs and prostitution . During 2005 , Friedman and more than 500 other economists advocated discussions regarding the economic benefits of the legalization of marijuana . Friedman was also a supporter of gay rights . He never specifically supported same-sex marriage , instead saying I do not believe there should be any discrimination against gays . Friedman favored immigration , saying legal and illegal immigration has a very positive impact on the U.S . economy . However , he suggested that immigrants ought not to have access to the welfare system . Friedman stated that immigration from Mexico had been a good thing , in particular illegal immigration . Friedman argued that illegal immigration was a boon because they take jobs that most residents of this country are unwilling to take , they provide employers with workers of a kind they cannot get and they do not use welfare . In Free to Choose , Friedman wrote : No arbitrary obstacles should prevent people from achieving those positions for which their talents fit them and which their values lead them to seek . Not birth , nationality , color , religion , sex , nor any other irrelevant characteristic should determine the opportunities that are open to a person — only his abilities.Friedman also famously argued that the welfare state must end before immigration , or more specifically , before open borders , because immigrants might have an incentive to come directly because of welfare payments . Economist Bryan Caplan has disputed this assertion , arguing that welfare is generally distributed not among immigrants , but instead retirees , through Social Security . Honors , recognition and legacy . George H . Nash , a leading historian of American conservatism , says that by the end of the 1960s he was probably the most highly regarded and influential conservative scholar in the country , and one of the few with an international reputation . In 1971 , Friedman received the Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement . Friedman allowed the libertarian Cato Institute to use his name for its biannual ( occuring every two years ) Milton Friedman Prize for Advancing Liberty beginning in 2001 . A Friedman Prize was given to the late British economist Peter Bauer in 2002 , Peruvian economist Hernando de Soto in 2004 , Mart Laar , former Estonian Prime Minister in 2006 and a young Venezuelan student Yon Goicoechea in 2008 . His wife Rose , sister of Aaron Director , with whom he initiated the Friedman Foundation for Educational Choice , served on the international selection committee . Friedman was also a recipient of the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economics . Upon Friedmans death , Harvard President Lawrence Summers called him The Great Liberator , saying .. . any honest Democrat will admit that we are now all Friedmanites . He said Friedmans great popular contribution was in convincing people of the importance of allowing free markets to operate . Stephen Moore , a member of the editorial forward of The Wall Street Journal , said in 2013 : Quoting the most-revered champion of free-market economics since Adam Smith has become a little like quoting the Bible . He adds , There are sometimes multiple and conflicting interpretations . Although post-Keynesian economist John Kenneth Galbraith was a prominent critic of Friedman and his ideology , he conceded that “The age of John Maynard Keynes gave way to the age of Milton Friedman.” 1976 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences . Friedman won the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences , the sole recipient for 1976 , for his achievements in the fields of consumption analysis , monetary history and theory and for his demonstration of the complexity of stabilization policy . His appointment was controversial , mainly for his association with military dictator Augusto Pinochet . Some economists , such as Institutional economist and 1974 Nobel Prize winner Gunnar Myrdal , criticized Friedman , and Myrdals own 1974 Nobel Prize partner Friedrich Hayek , for being reactionaries . Myrdals criticism caused some economists to oppose the Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economics Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel itself . Hong Kong . Friedman once said : If you want to see capitalism in action , go to Hong Kong . He wrote in 1990 that the Hong Kong economy was perhaps the best example of a free market economy . One month before his death , he wrote Hong Kong Wrong—What would Cowperthwaite say ? in The Wall Street Journal , criticizing Donald Tsang , Chief Executive of Hong Kong , for abandoning positive non interventionism . Tsang later said he was merely changing the slogan to big market , small government , where small government is defined as less than 20% of GDP . In a debate between Tsang and his rival Alan Leong before the 2007 Hong Kong Chief Executive election , Leong introduced the topic and jokingly accused Tsang of angering Friedman to death ( Friedman had died only a year prior ) . Chile . During 1975 , two years after the military coup that brought military dictator President Augusto Pinochet to power and ended the government of Salvador Allende , the economy of Chile experienced a severe crisis . Friedman and Arnold Harberger accepted an invitation of a private Chilean foundation to visit Chile and speak on principles of economic freedom . He spent seven days in Chile giving a series of lectures at the Universidad Católica de Chile and the ( National ) University of Chile . One of the lectures was entitled The Fragility of Freedom and according to Friedman , dealt with precisely the threat to freedom from a centralized military government . In a letter to Pinochet of April 21 , 1975 , Friedman considered the key economic problems of Chile are clearly .. . inflation and the promotion of a healthy social market economy . He stated that There is only one way to end inflation : by drastically reducing the rate of increase of the quantity of money .. . and that .. . cutting government spending is by far and away the most desirable way to reduce the fiscal deficit , because it .. . strengthens the private sector thereby laying the foundations for healthy economic growth . As to how rapidly inflation should be ended , Friedman felt that for Chile where inflation is raging at 10–20% a month .. . gradualism is not feasible . It would involve so painful an operation over so long a period that the patient would not survive . Choosing a brief period of higher unemployment .. . was the lesser evil. . and that the experience of Germany , .. . of Brazil ... , of the post-war adjustment in the U.S . .. . all argue for shock treatment . In the letter Friedman recommended to deliver the shock approach with .. . a package to eliminate the surprise and to relieve acute distress and .. . for definiteness let me sketch the contents of a package proposal .. . to be taken as illustrative although his knowledge of Chile was too limited to enable [ him ] to be precise or comprehensive . He listed a sample proposal of 8 monetary and fiscal measures including the removal of as many as obstacles as possible that now hinder the private market . For example , suspend .. . the present law against discharging employees . He closed , stating Such a shock program could end inflation in months . His letter suggested that cutting spending to reduce the fiscal deficit would result in less transitional unemployment than raising taxes . Sergio de Castro , a Chilean Chicago School graduate , became the nations Minister of Finance in 1975 . During his six-year tenure , foreign investment increased , restrictions were placed on striking and labor unions , and GDP rose yearly . A foreign exchange program was created between the Catholic University of Chile and the University of Chicago . Many other Chicago School alumni were appointed government posts during and after Pinochets dictatorship ; others taught its economic doctrine at Chilean universities . They became known as the Chicago Boys . Friedman defended his activity in Chile on the grounds that , in his opinion , the adoption of free market policies not only improved the economic situation of Chile but also contributed to the amelioration of Pinochets rule and to the eventual transition to a democratic government during 1990 . That idea is included in Capitalism and Freedom , in which he declared that economic freedom is not only desirable in itself but is also a necessary condition for political freedom . In his 1980 documentary Free to Choose , he said the following : Chile is not a politically free system , and I do not condone the system . But the people there are freer than the people in Communist societies because government plays a smaller role . .. . The conditions of the people in the past few years has been getting better and not worse . They would be still better to get rid of the junta and to be able to have a free democratic system . In 1984 , Friedman stated that he has never refrained from criticizing the political system in Chile . In 1991 he said : I have nothing good to say about the political regime that Pinochet imposed . It was a terrible political regime . The real miracle of Chile is not how well it has done economically ; the real miracle of Chile is that a military junta was willing to go against its principles and support a free market regime designed by principled believers in a free market . .. . In Chile , the drive for political freedom , that was generated by economic freedom and the resulting economic success , ultimately resulted in a referendum that introduced political democracy . Now , at long last , Chile has all three things : political freedom , human freedom and economic freedom . Chile will continue to be an interesting experiment to watch to see whether it can keep all three or whether , now that it has political freedom , that political freedom will tend to be used to destroy or reduce economic freedom . He stressed that the lectures he gave in Chile were the same lectures he later gave in China and other socialist states . He further stated I do not consider it as evil for an economist to render technical economic advice to the Chilean Government , any more than I would regard it as evil for a physician to give technical medical advice to the Chilean Government to help end a medical plague . During the 2000 PBS documentary The Commanding Heights ( based on the book ) , Friedman continued to argue that free markets would undermine [ Pinochets ] political centralization and political control. , and that criticism over his role in Chile missed his main contention that freer markets resulted in freer people , and that Chiles unfree economy had caused Pinochets rise . Friedman advocated for free markets which undermined political centralization and political control . Iceland . Friedman visited Iceland during the autumn of 1984 , met with important Icelanders and gave a lecture at the University of Iceland on the tyranny of the status quo . He participated in a lively television debate on August 31 , 1984 , with socialist intellectuals , including Ólafur Ragnar Grímsson , who later became President of Iceland . When they complained that a fee was charged for attending his lecture at the university and that , hitherto , lectures by visiting scholars had been free-of-charge , Friedman replied that previous lectures had not been free-of-charge in a meaningful sense : lectures always have related costs . What mattered was whether attendees or non-attendees covered those costs . Friedman thought that it was fairer that only those who attended paid . In this discussion Friedman also stated that he did not receive any money for delivering that lecture . Estonia . Although Friedman never visited Estonia , his book Free to Choose influenced Estonias then 32-year-old prime minister , Mart Laar , who has claimed that it was the only book on economics he had read before taking office . Laars reforms are often credited with responsibility for transforming Estonia from an impoverished Soviet Republic to the Baltic Tiger . A prime element of Laars program was introduction of the flat tax . Laar won the 2006 Milton Friedman Prize for Advancing Liberty , awarded by the Cato Institute . United Kingdom . After 1950 Friedman was frequently invited to lecture in Britain , and by the 1970s his ideas had gained widespread attention in conservative circles . For example , he was a regular speaker at the Institute of Economic Affairs ( IEA ) , a libertarian think tank . Conservative politician Margaret Thatcher closely followed IEA programs and ideas , and met Friedman there in 1978 . He also strongly influenced Keith Joseph , who became Thatchers senior advisor on economic affairs , as well as Alan Walters and Patrick Minford , two other key advisers . Major newspapers , including the Daily Telegraph , The Times , and The Financial Times all promulgated Friedmans monetarist ideas to British decision-makers . Friedmans ideas strongly influenced Thatcher and her allies when she became Prime Minister in 1979 . United States . After his death a number of obituaries and articles were written in Friedmans honor , citing him as one of the most important and influential economists of the post-war era . Milton Friedmans somewhat controversial legacy in America remains strong within the conservative movement . However , some journalists and economists like Noah Smith and Scott Sumner have argued Friedmans academic legacy has been buried under his political philosophy and misinterpreted by modern conservatives . Criticism . Econometrician David Hendry criticized part of Friedmans and Anna Schwartzs 1982 Monetary Trends . When asked about it during an interview with Icelandic TV in 1984 , Friedman said that the criticism referred to a different problem from that which he and Schwartz had tackled , and hence was irrelevant , and pointed out the lack of consequential peer review amongst econometricians on Hendrys work . In 2006 , Hendry said that Friedman was guilty of serious errors of misunderstanding that meant the t-ratios he reported for UK money demand were overstated by nearly 100 per cent , and said that , in a paper published in 1991 with Neil Ericsson , he had refuted almost every empirical claim .. . made about UK money demand by Friedman and Schwartz . A 2004 paper updated and confirmed the validity of the Hendry–Ericsson findings through 2000 . Although Keynesian Nobel laureate Paul Krugman praised Friedman as a great economist and a great man after Friedmans death in 2006 , and acknowledged his many , widely accepted contributions to empirical economics , Krugman had been , and remains , a prominent critic of Friedman . Krugman has written that he slipped all too easily into claiming both that markets always work and that only markets work . Its extremely hard to find cases in which Friedman acknowledged the possibility that markets could go wrong , or that government intervention could serve a useful purpose . Others agree Friedman was not open enough to the possibility of market inefficiencies . Economist Noah Smith argues that while Friedman made many important contributions to economic theory not all of his ideas relating to macroeconomics have entirely held up over the years and that too few people are willing to challenge them . Political scientist C.B . Macpherson disagreed with Friedmans historical assessment of economic freedom leading to political freedom , suggesting that political freedom actually gave way to economic freedom for property-owning elites . He also challenged the notion that markets efficiently allocated resources and rejected Friedmans definition of liberty . Friedmans positivist methodological approach to economics has also been critiqued and debated . Finnish economist Uskali Mäki argued some of his assumptions were unrealistic and vague . In her book The Shock Doctrine , author and social activist Naomi Klein criticized Friedmans economic liberalism , identifying it with the principles that guided the economic restructuring that followed the military coups in countries such as Chile and Argentina . Based on their assessments of the extent to which what she describes as neoliberal policies contributed to income disparities and inequality , both Klein and Noam Chomsky have suggested that the primary role of what they describe as neoliberalism was as an ideological cover for capital accumulation by multinational corporations . Friedman has been criticized by some prominent Austrian economists , including Murray Rothbard and Walter Block . Block called Friedman a socialist , and was critical of his support for a central banking system , saying First and foremost , this economist supported the Federal Reserve System all throughout his professional life . That organization of course does not own the money stock , but controls it . Friedman was an inveterate hater of the gold standard , denigrating its advocates as gold bugs . Visit to Chile . Because of his involvement with the government of Chile , which was a dictatorship , there were international protests , spenning from Sweden to America when Friedman was awarded the Nobel Memorial Prize in 1976 . Friedman was accused of supporting the military dictatorship in Chile because of the relation of economists of the University of Chicago to Pinochet , and a controversial seven-day trip he took to Chile during March 1975 ( less than two years after the coup that ended with the death of President Salvador Allende ) . Friedman answered that he was never an adviser to the dictatorship , but only gave some lectures and seminars on inflation , and met with officials , including Augusto Pinochet the head of the military dictatorship , while in Chile . Chilean economist Orlando Letelier asserted that Pinochets dictatorship resorted to oppression because of popular opposition to Chicago School policies in Chile . After a 1991 speech on drug legalization , Friedman answered a question on his involvement with the Pinochet regime , saying that he was never an advisor to Pinochet ( also mentioned in his 1984 Iceland interview ) , but that a group of his students at the University of Chicago were involved in Chiles economic reforms . Friedman credited these reforms with high levels of economic growth and with the establishment of democracy that has subsequently occurred in Chile . In October 1988 , after returning from a lecture tour of China during which he had met with Zhao Ziyang , General Secretary of the Communist Party of China , Friedman wrote to The Stanford Daily asking if he should anticipate a similar avalanche of protests for having been willing to give advice to so evil a government ? And if not , why not ? Criticism of A Monetary History of the United States . Although the book was described by the Cato Institute as among the greatest economics books in the 20th century , and A Monetary History of the United States is widely considered to be among the most influential economics books ever made , it has endured criticisms for its conclusion that the Federal Reserve was to blame for the Great Depression . Some economists , including noted Friedman critic Peter Temin have raised questions about the legitimacy of Friedmans claims about whether or not monetary quantity levels were endogenous rather than exogenously determined , as A Monetary History of the United States posits . Nobel-prize winning economist Paul Krugman argued that the 2008 recession proved that , during a recession , a central bank cannot control broad money ( M3 money , as defined by the OECD ) , and even if it can , the money supply does not bear a direct or proven relationship with GDP . According to Krugman , this was true in the 1930s , and the claim that the Federal Reserve could have avoided the Great Depression by reacting to what Friedman called The Great Contraction is highly dubious . James Tobin questioned the importance of velocity of money , and how informative this measure of the frequency of transactions is to understanding the various fluctuations observed in A Monetary History of the United States . Economic Historian Barry Eichengreen argued that because of the gold standard , which was at this point in time the chief monetary system of the world , the Federal Reserves hands were tied . This was because , in order to retain the credibility of the gold standard , the Federal Reserve could not undertake actions like dramatically expanding the money supply as proposed by Friedman and Schwartz . Austrian economist Murray Rothbard criticized Friedmans conclusions , and argued they are inconsistent with data , because during the period described by Friedman as The Great Contraction , the money supply increased . Friedman and Schwartz argued that the Great Depression happened as a result of a deflationary spiral which , according to Rothbard , is inconsistent with data . Selected bibliography . - A Theory of the Consumption Function ( 1957 ) . - A Program for Monetary Stability ( Fordham University Press , 1960 ) 110 pp . online version - Capitalism and Freedom ( 1962 ) , highly influential series of essays that established Friedmans position on major issues of public policy ( excerpts ) - A Monetary History of the United States , 1867–1960 , with Anna J . Schwartz , 1963 ; part 3 reprinted as The Great Contraction - The Role of Monetary Policy . American Economic Review , Vol . 58 , No . 1 ( Mar . 1968 ) , pp . 1–17 JSTOR presidential address to American Economics Association - Inflation and Unemployment : Nobel Lecture , 1977 , Journal of Political Economy . Vol . 85 , pp . 451–72 . JSTOR - Free to Choose : A Personal Statement , with Rose Friedman , ( 1980 ) , highly influential restatement of policy views - The Essence of Friedman , essays edited by Kurt R . Leube , ( 1987 ) ( ) - Two Lucky People : Memoirs ( with Rose Friedman ) ( 1998 ) excerpt and text search - Milton Friedman on Economics : Selected Papers by Milton Friedman , edited by Gary S . Becker ( 2008 )

/wiki/Alan_Baró#P54#0

Which team did the player Alan Baró belong to between Jun 2005 and Sep 2005?

Alan Baró Alan Baró Calabuig ( ; born 22 June 1985 ) is a Spanish footballer who plays for UE Olot mainly as a central defender but also as a defensive midfielder . He amassed Segunda División totals of 177 matches and two goals over six seasons , mainly at the service of Ponferradina ( four years ) . He appeared once in La Liga with Osasuna , and also competed professionally in Australia . Club career . First years . Born in Darnius , Girona , Catalonia , Baró began his career with local CF Peralada and UE Figueres , suffering relegation from Segunda División B with the latter at the end of 2006–07 . On 6 July 2007 , he moved to fellow league side Alicante CF , playing 39 official games in his first season as the Valencians earned promotion and a further 26 in the second as they were relegated . Osasuna . In the summer of 2009 , Baró moved to La Liga with CA Osasuna , initially being registered to their reserves in the third level . On 26 October , he was called up by manager José Antonio Camacho for a Copa del Rey match against Xerez CD , but eventually did not feature in the 2–1 away win . The following 24 January , away to the same opponents ( same venue and score ) , he played the final minute in place of Javier Camuñas without touching the ball , handing him the record of the shortest career for the Navarrese club . Albacete . On 8 July 2010 , Baró returned to Segunda División , signing a two-year deal at Albacete Balompié . He stayed for only one season at the Estadio Carlos Belmonte – ending in relegation – being sent off in the 26th minute of a 2–4 loss at Xerez on 23 April 2011 . Ponferradina . Subsequently , Baró moved to another team in the third tier , SD Ponferradina , totalling 44 appearances in his debut campaign as they won promotion via the play-offs . He was an automatic first choice during his spell at the Estadio El Toralín , mainly as a stopper , scoring his first goal on 9 December 2012 in a 3–1 home victory over CD Mirandés . Baró started in 34 of his 35 appearances in 2015–16 , but the club was relegated from the second division after a four-year stay . Australia . On 7 July 2016 , Baró joined Melbourne Victory FC as a replacement for the retired Matthieu Delpierre . He was released on 12 May 2017 , moving to fellow A-League side Central Coast Mariners FC late in that month . On 23 September 2017 , Baró was announced as the latters captain . In June of the following year , the 33-year-old mutually terminated his contract despite having a year left on it .

/wiki/Alan_Baró#P54#1

Which team did the player Alan Baró belong to in May 2006?

Alan Baró Alan Baró Calabuig ( ; born 22 June 1985 ) is a Spanish footballer who plays for UE Olot mainly as a central defender but also as a defensive midfielder . He amassed Segunda División totals of 177 matches and two goals over six seasons , mainly at the service of Ponferradina ( four years ) . He appeared once in La Liga with Osasuna , and also competed professionally in Australia . Club career . First years . Born in Darnius , Girona , Catalonia , Baró began his career with local CF Peralada and UE Figueres , suffering relegation from Segunda División B with the latter at the end of 2006–07 . On 6 July 2007 , he moved to fellow league side Alicante CF , playing 39 official games in his first season as the Valencians earned promotion and a further 26 in the second as they were relegated . Osasuna . In the summer of 2009 , Baró moved to La Liga with CA Osasuna , initially being registered to their reserves in the third level . On 26 October , he was called up by manager José Antonio Camacho for a Copa del Rey match against Xerez CD , but eventually did not feature in the 2–1 away win . The following 24 January , away to the same opponents ( same venue and score ) , he played the final minute in place of Javier Camuñas without touching the ball , handing him the record of the shortest career for the Navarrese club . Albacete . On 8 July 2010 , Baró returned to Segunda División , signing a two-year deal at Albacete Balompié . He stayed for only one season at the Estadio Carlos Belmonte – ending in relegation – being sent off in the 26th minute of a 2–4 loss at Xerez on 23 April 2011 . Ponferradina . Subsequently , Baró moved to another team in the third tier , SD Ponferradina , totalling 44 appearances in his debut campaign as they won promotion via the play-offs . He was an automatic first choice during his spell at the Estadio El Toralín , mainly as a stopper , scoring his first goal on 9 December 2012 in a 3–1 home victory over CD Mirandés . Baró started in 34 of his 35 appearances in 2015–16 , but the club was relegated from the second division after a four-year stay . Australia . On 7 July 2016 , Baró joined Melbourne Victory FC as a replacement for the retired Matthieu Delpierre . He was released on 12 May 2017 , moving to fellow A-League side Central Coast Mariners FC late in that month . On 23 September 2017 , Baró was announced as the latters captain . In June of the following year , the 33-year-old mutually terminated his contract despite having a year left on it .