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gq: A number of studies have reported associations between pathogen load in an area and human behavior. Higher pathogen load is associated with decreased size of ethnic and religious groups in an area. This may be due high pathogen load favoring avoidance of other groups, which may reduce pathogen transmission, or a high pathogen load preventing the creation of large settlements and armies that enforce a common culture. Higher pathogen load is also associated with more restricted sexual behavior, which may reduce pathogen transmission. It also associated with higher preferences for health and attractiveness in mates. Higher fertility rates and shorter or less parental care per child is another association that may be a compensation for the higher mortality rate. There is also an association with polygyny which may be due to higher pathogen load, making selecting males with a high genetic resistance increasingly important. Higher pathogen load is also associated with more collectivism and less individualism, which may limit contacts with outside groups and infections. There are alternative explanations for at least some of the associations although some of these explanations may in turn ultimately be due to pathogen load. Thus, polygny may also be due to a lower male:female ratio in these areas but this may ultimately be due to male infants having increased mortality from infectious diseases. Another example is that poor socioeconomic factors may ultimately in part be due to high pathogen load preventing economic development.

Question: What have a number of studies found a correlation between? Question: What is higher pathogen load associated with? Question: What does avoidance of other groups reduce? Question: What does more restricted sexual behavior result in? Question: What may poor socioeconomic factors ultimately in part be due to?

gq: Evidence of infection in fossil remains is a subject of interest for paleopathologists, scientists who study occurrences of injuries and illness in extinct life forms. Signs of infection have been discovered in the bones of carnivorous dinosaurs. When present, however, these infections seem to tend to be confined to only small regions of the body. A skull attributed to the early carnivorous dinosaur Herrerasaurus ischigualastensis exhibits pit-like wounds surrounded by swollen and porous bone. The unusual texture of the bone around the wounds suggests they were afflicted by a short-lived, non-lethal infection. Scientists who studied the skull speculated that the bite marks were received in a fight with another Herrerasaurus. Other carnivorous dinosaurs with documented evidence of infection include Acrocanthosaurus, Allosaurus, Tyrannosaurus and a tyrannosaur from the Kirtland Formation. The infections from both tyrannosaurs were received by being bitten during a fight, like the Herrerasaurus specimen.

Question: What profession finds evidence of infection in fossil remains to be interesting? Question: What do paleopathologists study? Question: What has been discovered in the bones of carnivorous dinosaurs? Question: What dinosaur's skull had pit-like wounds surrounded by swollen and porous bone? Question: How did tyrannosaurs become infected?

gq: Hunting is the practice of killing or trapping any animal, or pursuing or tracking it with the intent of doing so. Hunting wildlife or feral animals is most commonly done by humans for food, recreation, to remove predators which are dangerous to humans or domestic animals, or for trade. In the 2010s, lawful hunting is distinguished from poaching, which is the illegal killing, trapping or capture of the hunted species. The species that are hunted are referred to as game or prey and are usually mammals and birds.

Question: What is the practice of killing or trapping any animal? Question: What is the practice of killing or trapping any animal called? Question: What is it called to kill or trap an animal? Question: Why do humans most commonly hunt wildlife? Question: Why do humans hunt? Question: When was lawful hunting distinguished from poaching? Question: When was lawful hunting distinguished from poaching? Question: What is there a distinction between lawful hunting and? Question: Illegally killing, capturing or trapping an hunted species is called what? Question: What is poaching? Question: Hunted species are usually referred to as what? Question: Species hunted are referred to as what? Question: What is the species which is hunted referred to as? Question: What animals are usually hunted? Question: What species are usually hunted?

gq: Furthermore, evidence exists that hunting may have been one of the multiple environmental factors leading to extinctions of the holocene megafauna and their replacement by smaller herbivores. North American megafauna extinction was coincidental with the Younger Dryas impact event, possibly making hunting a less critical factor in prehistoric species loss than had been previously thought. However, in other locations such as Australia, humans are thought to have played a very significant role in the extinction of the Australian megafauna that was widespread prior to human occupation.

Question: What along with multiple environmental factors led to the extinction of the holocene megafauna? Question: What does evidence suggest hunting may have been a factor in the extinction of? Question: What replaced the holocene megafauna? Question: What was the North American megafauna extinction coincidental with? Question: What event was coincidental with the North American megafauna extinction? Question: What is thought to have played a significant role in the extinction of the Australian megafauna? Question: What are humans thought to have played a significant role in, in Australia? Question: When was Australian's megafauna widespread?

gq: While it is undisputed that early humans were hunters, the importance of this for the emergence of the Homo genus from the earlier Australopithecines, including the production of stone tools and eventually the control of fire, are emphasised in the hunting hypothesis and de-emphasised in scenarios that stress omnivory and social interaction, including mating behaviour, as essential in the emergence of human behavioural modernity. With the establishment of language, culture, and religion, hunting became a theme of stories and myths, as well as rituals such as dance and animal sacrifice.

Question: What is undisputed about earlier humans? Question: What is undisputed about early humans? Question: Hunting was important for the emergence of the Homo genus from what? Question: Production of stone tools and control of fire were also pushed forward by what? Question: Stone tools and control of fire are emphasised in what hypothesis? Question: What became a theme of stories and myths? Question: What did hunting become a theme of? Question: Hunting allowed what type of rituals?

gq: Hunter-gathering lifestyles remained prevalent in some parts of the New World, Sub-Saharan Africa, and Siberia, as well as all of Australia, until the European Age of Discovery. They still persist in some tribal societies, albeit in rapid decline. Peoples that preserved paleolithic hunting-gathering until the recent past include some indigenous peoples of the Amazonas (Aché), some Central and Southern African (San people), some peoples of New Guinea (Fayu), the Mlabri of Thailand and Laos, the Vedda people of Sri Lanka, and a handful of uncontacted peoples. In Africa, the only remaining full-time hunter-gatherers are the Hadza of Tanzania.[citation needed]

Question: What type of lifestyle was prevalent in Siberia until the European Age of Discovery? Question: What parts of the New World did the hunter-gathering lifestyles remain? Question: Hunter-gathering lifestyles remained prevalent until when? Question: Where does the hunter-gathering lifestyle persist, though in decline? Question: Indigenous peoples of the Amazonas preserved what until the recent past? Question: Who are the only remaining full-time hunter-gatherers in Africa? Question: Who are the only remaining full-time hunter-gatherers in Africa?

gq: Archaeologist Louis Binford criticised the idea that early hominids and early humans were hunters. On the basis of the analysis of the skeletal remains of the consumed animals, he concluded that hominids and early humans were mostly scavengers, not hunters, and this idea is popular among some archaeologists and paleoanthropologists. Robert Blumenschine proposed the idea of confrontational scavenging, which involves challenging and scaring off other predators after they have made a kill, which he suggests could have been the leading method of obtaining protein-rich meat by early humans.

Question: What is Louis Binford's profession? Question: Who is the archaeologist that does not believe early humans were hunters? Question: What idea did Binford take issue with? Question: Louis Binford concluded what based on skeletal remains of consumed animals? Question: What did Binford conclude humans were instead of hunters? Question: Louis Binford's idea is popular among whom? Question: What idea did Blumenschine propose? Question: What did Robert Blumenschine propose? Question: What does confrontational scavenging involve doing to other predators after they've made a kill? Question: Confrontational scavenging involves doing what to other predators?

gq: Even as animal domestication became relatively widespread and after the development of agriculture, hunting was usually a significant contributor to the human food supply. The supplementary meat and materials from hunting included protein, bone for implements, sinew for cordage, fur, feathers, rawhide and leather used in clothing. Man's earliest hunting weapons would have included rocks, spears, the atlatl, and bows and arrows. Hunting is still vital in marginal climates, especially those unsuited for pastoral uses or agriculture.[citation needed] For example, Inuit people in the Arctic trap and hunt animals for clothing and use the skins of sea mammals to make kayaks, clothing, and footwear.

Question: What was a significant contributor to the human food supply? Question: Hunt was a significant contributor to what? Question: What did the supplementary meat from hunting include? Question: What was the leather from hunting used for? Question: Rocks and spears are examples of some of man's earliest what? Question: Where is hunting still vital? Question: Where is hunting still vital? Question: Why is hunting still vital in marginal climates? Question: How are the skins of sea mammals useful for people in the Arctic trap?

gq: On ancient reliefs, especially from Mesopotamia, kings are often depicted as hunters of big game such as lions and are often portrayed hunting from a war chariot. The cultural and psychological importance of hunting in ancient societies is represented by deities such as the horned god Cernunnos and lunar goddesses of classical antiquity, the Greek Artemis or Roman Diana. Taboos are often related to hunting, and mythological association of prey species with a divinity could be reflected in hunting restrictions such as a reserve surrounding a temple. Euripides' tale of Artemis and Actaeon, for example, may be seen as a caution against disrespect of prey or impudent boasting.

Question: What are kings often depicted as on ancient reliefs? Question: What are the kings portrayed as hunting? Question: Kings were depicted as hunting what big game from a chariot? Question: Deities represent what importance? Question: How was the cultural importance of hunting in ancient societies represented? Question: What is often related to hunting? Question: What could the mythological association of prey species with divinity be a form of? Question: What tale is seen as cautions against disrespecting prey or impudent boasting? Question: What might the meaning of Euripides' tale be seen as a caution against?

gq: In most parts of medieval Europe, the upper class obtained the sole rights to hunt in certain areas of a feudal territory. Game in these areas was used as a source of food and furs, often provided via professional huntsmen, but it was also expected to provide a form of recreation for the aristocracy. The importance of this proprietary view of game can be seen in the Robin Hood legends, in which one of the primary charges against the outlaws is that they "hunt the King's deer". In contrast, settlers in Anglophone colonies gloried democratically in hunting for all.

Question: Who in medieval Europe obtained the sole rights to hunt in certain areas of a feudal territory? Question: Who in medieval Europe obtained the sole rights to hunt in certain areas of a feudal territory? Question: In medieval Europe who obtained sole rights to hunt in certain areas? Question: What was game in the areas used by the upper class used as a source of? Question: What was game in the areas used by the upper class used as a source of? Question: What was the game in feudal territory was used as? Question: Who provided the game obtained in feudal territory? Question: What legends show the importance of the proprietary view of game as held by the nobles? Question: What legends show the importance of the proprietary view of game as held by the nobles? Question: The importance of can be seen in what legends? Question: What is one of the primary charges against the outlaws in the legend? Question: What is one of the primary charges against the outlaws in the legend? Question: What did Anglophone settles take gloried pride in? Question: What did Anglophone settles take gloried pride in? Question: Who did Anglophone colonies democratically glorify hunting for?

gq: Hindu scriptures describe hunting as an acceptable occupation, as well as a sport of the kingly. Even figures considered godly are described to have engaged in hunting. One of the names of the god Shiva is Mrigavyadha, which translates as "the deer hunter" (mriga means deer; vyadha means hunter). The word Mriga, in many Indian languages including Malayalam, not only stands for deer, but for all animals and animal instincts (Mriga Thrishna). Shiva, as Mrigavyadha, is the one who destroys the animal instincts in human beings. In the epic Ramayana, Dasharatha, the father of Rama, is said to have the ability to hunt in the dark. During one of his hunting expeditions, he accidentally killed Shravana, mistaking him for game. During Rama's exile in the forest, Ravana kidnapped his wife, Sita, from their hut, while Rama was asked by Sita to capture a golden deer, and his brother Lakshman went after him. According to the Mahabharat, Pandu, the father of the Pandavas, accidentally killed the sage Kindama and his wife with an arrow, mistaking them for a deer. Krishna is said to have died after being accidentally wounded by an arrow of a hunter.

Question: What scriptures describe hunting as and acceptable occupation? Question: What kind of occupation do Hindu scriptures describe hunting as being? Question: Godly figures have engaged in what activity? Question: What is one of the names of the god Shiva? Question: What is the translation of Mrigavyadha? Question: Mrigavyadha means what? Question: What does Shiva destroy in human beings? Question: Mrigavyadha destroys animal instinct in who? Question: What talent does Dasharatha have? Question: What happened after Krishna was accidentally wounded by an arrow of a hunter?

gq: From early Christian times, hunting has been forbidden to Roman Catholic Church clerics. Thus the Corpus Juris Canonici (C. ii, X, De cleric. venat.) says, "We forbid to all servants of God hunting and expeditions through the woods with hounds; and we also forbid them to keep hawks or falcons." The Fourth Council of the Lateran, held under Pope Innocent III, decreed (canon xv): "We interdict hunting or hawking to all clerics." The decree of the Council of Trent is worded more mildly: "Let clerics abstain from illicit hunting and hawking" (Sess. XXIV, De reform., c. xii), which seems to imply that not all hunting is illicit, and canonists generally make a distinction declaring noisy (clamorosa) hunting unlawful, but not quiet (quieta) hunting.

Question: Who has hunting been forbidden to since early Christian times? Question: Who was forbidden to hunt in early Christian time? Question: Who forbid to all servants of God hunting? Question: What forbid hunting in the woods with hounds and keeping hawks or falcons? Question: What pope was the Fourth Council of the Lateran held under? Question: Who held the Fourth Council of the Lateran? Question: Who stated quiet hunting is allowed? Question: How is the the decree of the Council of Trent is worded? Question: What does the decree of the Council of Trent imply? Question: What type of hunting is unlawful?

gq: Nevertheless, although a distinction between lawful and unlawful hunting is undoubtedly permissible, it is certain that a bishop can absolutely prohibit all hunting to the clerics of his diocese, as was done by synods at Milan, Avignon, Liège, Cologne, and elsewhere. Benedict XIV (De synodo diœces., l. II, c. x) declared that such synodal decrees are not too severe, as an absolute prohibition of hunting is more conformable to the ecclesiastical law. In practice, therefore, the synodal statutes of various localities must be consulted to discover whether they allow quiet hunting or prohibit it altogether.

Question: What distinction is undoubtedly permissible? Question: Who can prohibit hunting to the clerics? Question: What did Synods at Milan, Avignon, Liege, Cologne, and elsewhere do? Question: What can a bishop absolutely prohibit? Question: Where did synods prohibit all hunting at? Question: Declaration that decrees are not severe was done by who? Question: What did Benedict XIV declare about decrees prohibiting hunting?

gq: New Zealand has a strong hunting culture. The islands making up New Zealand originally had no land mammals apart from bats. However, once Europeans arrived, game animals were introduced by acclimatisation societies to provide New Zealanders with sport and a hunting resource. Deer, pigs, goats, rabbits, hare, tahr and chamois all adapted well to the New Zealand terrain, and with no natural predators, their population exploded. Government agencies view the animals as pests due to their effects on the natural environment and on agricultural production, but hunters view them as a resource.

Question: What country has a strong hunting culture? Question: What does New Zealand have? Question: What is New Zealand made up of? Question: What was the only land mammal native to New Zealand? Question: What were the the only land mammal in New Zealand? Question: Game animals were introduced here by whom? Question: Why were game animals introduced by acclimatisation societies? Question: Why did the population of pigs and rabbits explode in New Zealand? Question: What resulted having no natural predators for the animals introduced? Question: What do government agencies view the animals as?

gq: During the feudal and colonial times in British India, hunting was regarded as a regal sport in the numerous princely states, as many maharajas and nawabs, as well as British officers, maintained a whole corps of shikaris (big-game hunters), who were native professional hunters. They would be headed by a master of the hunt, who might be styled mir-shikar. Often, they recruited the normally low-ranking local tribes because of their traditional knowledge of the environment and hunting techniques. Big game, such as Bengal tigers, might be hunted from the back of an elephant.

Question: Where was hunting reguarded as a regal sport? Question: What was hunting regarded as in British India? Question: What did British officers maintain whole corps of? Question: Who did British officers maintain? Question: What does the Indian word "shikaris" mean in English? Question: Who were the shikaris headed by? Question: Why did the regals recruit low-ranking local tribes when hunting? Question: Why were low-ranking local tribes recruited? Question: What is hunted from the back of an elephant? Question: What could a Bengal tiger be hunted from the back of?

gq: Regional social norms are generally antagonistic to hunting, while a few sects, such as the Bishnoi, lay special emphasis on the conservation of particular species, such as the antelope. India's Wildlife Protection Act of 1972 bans the killing of all wild animals. However, the Chief Wildlife Warden may, if satisfied that any wild animal from a specified list has become dangerous to human life, or is so disabled or diseased as to be beyond recovery, permit any person to hunt such an animal. In this case, the body of any wild animal killed or wounded becomes government property.

Question: What norms are generally antagonistic to hunting? Question: What sect lays special emphasis on conservation of particular species? Question: Who lay special emphasis on conservation of particular species? Question: What bans the killing of all wild animals? Question: What bans the killing of all wild animals in India? Question: What year was this protection act put into place? Question: Who may permit a person to hunt animals in India despite it being banned? Question: Who can permit a person to hunt wild animals? Question: What happens to the body of the wild animal killed? Question: Whose property does the body of any wild animal killed or wounded become?

gq: Unarmed fox hunting on horseback with hounds is the type of hunting most closely associated with the United Kingdom; in fact, "hunting" without qualification implies fox hunting. What in other countries is called "hunting" is called "shooting" (birds) or "stalking" (deer) in Britain. Originally a form of vermin control to protect livestock, fox hunting became a popular social activity for newly wealthy upper classes in Victorian times and a traditional rural activity for riders and foot followers alike. Similar to fox hunting in many ways is the chasing of hares with hounds. Pairs of Sight hounds (or long-dogs), such as greyhounds, may be used to pursue a hare in coursing, where the greyhounds are marked as to their skill in coursing the hare (but are not intended to actually catch it), or the hare may be pursued with scent hounds such as beagles or harriers. Other sorts of foxhounds may also be used for hunting stags (deer) or mink. Deer stalking with rifles is carried out on foot without hounds, using stealth.

Question: What type of hunting is most closely associated with the UK? Question: What hunting is done on horseback with hounds? Question: How do the English hunt foxes? Question: Hunting horseback with hound is associated with whom? Question: In England, what is hunted when "shooting" is called for? Question: Why were foxes originally hunted? Question: In Victorian times a popular social activity was? Question: Hounds were used for what purpose? Question: What is carried out on foot without hounds? Question: How is deer stalking with rifles carried out?

gq: Shooting as practised in Britain, as opposed to traditional hunting, requires little questing for game—around thirty-five million birds are released onto shooting estates every year, some having been factory farmed. Shoots can be elaborate affairs with guns placed in assigned positions and assistants to help load shotguns. When in position, "beaters" move through the areas of cover, swinging sticks or flags to drive the game out. Such events are often called "drives". The open season for grouse in the UK begins on 12 August, the so-called Glorious Twelfth. The definition of game in the United Kingdom is governed by the Game Act 1831.

Question: What does shooting in Britain require little questing for? Question: About how many birds are released onto shooting estates every year in the UK? Question: About how many birds are released onto shooting estates every year? Question: What kind of affairs can shoots be? Question: Why are assistants used? Question: Who uses swinging sticks or flags to drive game out? Question: Who swings sticks or flags to drive game out? Question: What is the Glorious Twelfth in the UK? Question: When does open season for grouse begin in the UK? Question: What is the UK definition of game is governed by?

gq: Hunting is primarily regulated by state law; additional regulations are imposed through United States environmental law in the case of migratory birds and endangered species. Regulations vary widely from state to state and govern the areas, time periods, techniques and methods by which specific game animals may be hunted. Some states make a distinction between protected species and unprotected species (often vermin or varmints for which there are no hunting regulations). Hunters of protected species require a hunting license in all states, for which completion of a hunting safety course is sometimes a prerequisite.

Question: How is hunting regulated? Question: What law primarily regulates hunting? Question: Migratory birds and endangered species are protected by what law? Question: What additional type of law applies in the case of migratory birds and endangered species? Question: What varies widely from state to state? Question: What do some states make a distinction between? Question: What hunters require a hunting license in all states? Question: What do hunters of protected species require in all states? Question: What is sometimes a prerequisite of obtaining a hunting license?

gq: Hunting big game typically requires a "tag" for each animal harvested. Tags must be purchased in addition to the hunting license, and the number of tags issued to an individual is typically limited. In cases where there are more prospective hunters than the quota for that species, tags are usually assigned by lottery. Tags may be further restricted to a specific area, or wildlife management unit. Hunting migratory waterfowl requires a duck stamp from the Fish and Wildlife Service in addition to the appropriate state hunting license.

Question: What is required when hunting big game? Question: When hunting big game what is typically required? Question: What must be purchased with hunting license is comes in a limited number? Question: Tags are purchased in addition to what? Question: What is typically limited to an individual? Question: How are tags assigned if there are more hunters than game? Question: A wildlife management unit is a place where what may be restricted to? Question: What kind of stamp is required to hunt migratory waterfowl? Question: What is required of hunting migratory waterfowl? Question: Who issues requirement for hunting migratory waterfowl?

gq: Gun usage in hunting is typically regulated by game category, area within the state, and time period. Regulations for big-game hunting often specify a minimum caliber or muzzle energy for firearms. The use of rifles is often banned for safety reasons in areas with high population densities or limited topographic relief. Regulations may also limit or ban the use of lead in ammunition because of environmental concerns. Specific seasons for bow hunting or muzzle-loading black-powder guns are often established to limit competition with hunters using more effective weapons.

Question: How is gun useage regulated? Question: How is gun usage typically regulated? Question: What often specify a minimum caliber or muzzle energy for firearms? Question: What is specified in big-game hunting? Question: Why is the use of rifles often banned? Question: Why are the use of rifles banned? Question: Why may regulations ban the use of lead in ammunition? Question: Why are specific seasons for bow hunting established?

gq: Hunting in the United States is not associated with any particular class or culture; a 2006 poll showed seventy-eight percent of Americans supported legal hunting, although relatively few Americans actually hunt. At the beginning of the 21st century, just six percent of Americans hunted. Southerners in states along the eastern seaboard hunted at a rate of five percent, slightly below the national average, and while hunting was more common in other parts of the South at nine percent, these rates did not surpass those of the Plains states, where twelve percent of Midwesterners hunted. Hunting in other areas of the country fell below the national average. Overall, in the 1996–2006 period, the number of hunters over the age of sixteen declined by ten percent, a drop attributable to a number of factors including habitat loss and changes in recreation habits.

Question: What is hunting in the U.S. not associated with? Question: What percentage of Americans supported legal hunting in 2006? Question: What percentage of Americans support legal hunting? Question: What percentage of Americans actually hunted at the beginning of the 21st century? Question: What percentage of Americans actually hunted at the beginning of the 21st century? Question: South Easterners hunted at what rate? Question: What percentage of Midwesterners hunted? Question: Midwesterners hunted at what rate? Question: What years did hunting decline? Question: How much did the number of hunters over the age of sixteen decline in the period between 1996-2006?

gq: Regulation of hunting within the United States dates from the 19th century. Some modern hunters see themselves as conservationists and sportsmen in the mode of Theodore Roosevelt and the Boone and Crockett Club. Local hunting clubs and national organizations provide hunter education and help protect the future of the sport by buying land for future hunting use. Some groups represent a specific hunting interest, such as Ducks Unlimited, Pheasants Forever, or the Delta Waterfowl Foundation. Many hunting groups also participate in lobbying the federal government and state government.

Question: When do hunting regulations date from in the US? Question: What century is U.S. regulations dates from? Question: What do some modern hunters see themselves as? Question: What do modern hunters see themselves as? Question: What organizations provide hunter education and help protect the future of the sport? Question: Who provides hunter education? Question: Ducks Unlimited and the Delta Waterfowl are examples of groups representing what? Question: What do many hunting groups participate in doing at the federal and state level? Question: What do hunting groups also participate in?

gq: Each year, nearly $200 million in hunters' federal excise taxes are distributed to state agencies to support wildlife management programs, the purchase of lands open to hunters, and hunter education and safety classes. Since 1934, the sale of Federal Duck Stamps, a required purchase for migratory waterfowl hunters over sixteen years old, has raised over $700 million to help purchase more than 5,200,000 acres (8,100 sq mi; 21,000 km2) of habitat for the National Wildlife Refuge System lands that support waterfowl and many other wildlife species and are often open to hunting. States also collect money from hunting licenses to assist with management of game animals, as designated by law. A key task of federal and state park rangers and game wardens is to enforce laws and regulations related to hunting, including species protection, hunting seasons, and hunting bans.

Question: How much money is distributed to state agencies to support wildlife management programs each year? Question: Who are federal excise taxes are distributed to? Question: What do the taxes support? Question: How much money has the sale of Federal Duck Stamps raised since 1934? Question: How much has Federal Duck Stamps raised? Question: How many acres can the money raised from the sale of federal duck stamps help purchase? Question: What does land has Federal Duck Stamp money helped purchase? Question: What do states use some of the money from hunting licenses to assist with? Question: What is a key task of state park rangers and game wardens? Question: Park rangers and game wardens enforce laws and regulations related to what?

gq: Varmint hunting is an American phrase for the selective killing of non-game animals seen as pests. While not always an efficient form of pest control, varmint hunting achieves selective control of pests while providing recreation and is much less regulated. Varmint species are often responsible for detrimental effects on crops, livestock, landscaping, infrastructure, and pets. Some animals, such as wild rabbits or squirrels, may be utilised for fur or meat, but often no use is made of the carcass. Which species are varmints depends on the circumstance and area. Common varmints may include various rodents, coyotes, crows, foxes, feral cats, and feral hogs. Some animals once considered varmints are now protected, such as wolves. In the US state of Louisiana, a non-native rodent known as a nutria has become so destructive to the local ecosystem that the state has initiated a bounty program to help control the population.

Question: What is phrased for selective killing of non-game animals. Question: What is varmint hunting an American phrase for? Question: What does varmint hunting achieve? Question: What detrimental effects are varmint species often responsible for visiting on? Question: What was once considered a varmint but is now protected? Question: Where has a non-native rodent known as a nutria become very destructive? Question: What is the non-native varmint of Louisiana? Question: What has the state of Louisiana done to combat the nutria? Question: What did Louisiana initiate to control the varmint population?

gq: When Internet hunting was introduced in 2005, allowing people to hunt over the Internet using remotely controlled guns, the practice was widely criticised by hunters as violating the principles of fair chase. As a representative of the National Rifle Association (NRA) explained, "The NRA has always maintained that fair chase, being in the field with your firearm or bow, is an important element of hunting tradition. Sitting at your desk in front of your computer, clicking at a mouse, has nothing to do with hunting."

Question: What allows people to hunt over the internet? Question: When was internet hunting introduced? Question: When was this type of hunting introduced? Question: How is this type of hunting done? Question: How did Internet hunting allow people to hunt? Question: Who criticized the practice of Internet hunting? Question: What did hunters feel hunting over the Internet violated? Question: What was the principle was this type of hunting said to violate? Question: Who spoke on this violation? Question: What has the NRA always maintained that being in the field with your firearm is?

gq: There is a very active tradition of hunting of small to medium-sized wild game in Trinidad and Tobago. Hunting is carried out with firearms, and aided by the use of hounds, with the illegal use of trap guns, trap cages and snare nets. With approximately 12,000 sport hunters applying for hunting licences in recent years (in a very small country of about the size of the state of Delaware at about 5128 square kilometers and 1.3 million inhabitants), there is some concern that the practice might not be sustainable. In addition there are at present no bag limits and the open season is comparatively very long (5 months - October to February inclusive). As such hunting pressure from legal hunters is very high. Added to that, there is a thriving and very lucrative black market for poached wild game (sold and enthusiastically purchased as expensive luxury delicacies) and the numbers of commercial poachers in operation is unknown but presumed to be fairly high. As a result, the populations of the five major mammalian game species (red-rumped agouti, lowland paca, nine-banded armadillo, collared peccary, and red brocket deer) are thought to be quite low (although scientifically conducted population studies are only just recently being conducted as of 2013). It appears that the red brocket deer population has been extirpated on Tobago as a result of over-hunting. Various herons, ducks, doves, the green iguana, the gold tegu, the spectacled caiman and the common opossum are also commonly hunted and poached. There is also some poaching of 'fully protected species', including red howler monkeys and capuchin monkeys, southern tamanduas, Brazilian porcupines, yellow-footed tortoises, Trinidad piping guans and even one of the national birds, the scarlet ibis. Legal hunters pay very small fees to obtain hunting licences and undergo no official basic conservation biology or hunting-ethics training. There is presumed to be relatively very little subsistence hunting in the country (with most hunting for either sport or commercial profit). The local wildlife management authority is under-staffed and under-funded, and as such very little in the way of enforcement is done to uphold existing wildlife management laws, with hunting occurring both in and out of season, and even in wildlife sanctuaries. There is some indication that the government is beginning to take the issue of wildlife management more seriously, with well drafted legislation being brought before Parliament in 2015. It remains to be seen if the drafted legislation will be fully adopted and financially supported by the current and future governments, and if the general populace will move towards a greater awareness of the importance of wildlife conservation and change the culture of wanton consumption to one of sustainable management.

Question: What very active tradition Trinidad and Tabago have? Question: Where is there a very active tradition of hunting of small to medium-sized wild game? Question: What animal aids in the hunting? Question: Approximately how many sport hunters applied for hunting licences in recent years? Question: What is hunting pressure from? Question: What is there a very lucrative and thriving black market for? Question: What population has extirpated? Question: What do hunters pay to obtain hunting license?

gq: Hunting is claimed to give resource managers an important tool in managing populations that might exceed the carrying capacity of their habitat and threaten the well-being of other species, or, in some instances, damage human health or safety.[citation needed] However, in most circumstances carrying capacity is determined by a combination habitat and food availability, and hunting for 'population control' has no effect on the annual population of species.[citation needed] In some cases, it can increase the population of predators such as coyotes by removing territorial bounds that would otherwise be established, resulting in excess neighbouring migrations into an area, thus artificially increasing the population. Hunting advocates[who?] assert that hunting reduces intraspecific competition for food and shelter, reducing mortality among the remaining animals. Some environmentalists assert[who?] that (re)introducing predators would achieve the same end with greater efficiency and less negative effect, such as introducing significant amounts of free lead into the environment and food chain.

Question: What is an important tool in managing populations? Question: What does hunting give resource managers an important tool? Question: How is hunting an important tool for resource managers? Question: What happens if a population exceeds the carrying capacity of their habitat? Question: What is carrying capacity in most circumstances determined by? Question: What is carrying capacity determined by? Question: What can it increase the population of? Question: How can hunting actually increase the population of predators? Question: What do some hunting advocates assert that is indirectly reduced among animals when intraspecific competition has been reduced? Question: What would environmentalists have done, instead of hunting? Question: What do some environmentalists assert reintroducing predators would achieve?

gq: In the 19th century, southern and central European sport hunters often pursued game only for a trophy, usually the head or pelt of an animal, which was then displayed as a sign of prowess. The rest of the animal was typically discarded. Some cultures, however, disapprove of such waste. In Nordic countries, hunting for trophies was—and still is—frowned upon. Hunting in North America in the 19th century was done primarily as a way to supplement food supplies, although it is now undertaken mainly for sport.[citation needed] The safari method of hunting was a development of sport hunting that saw elaborate travel in Africa, India and other places in pursuit of trophies. In modern times, trophy hunting persists and is a significant industry in some areas.[citation needed]

Question: What century was game hunted as a trophy? Question: What was the only goal for many European sport hunters in the 19th century? Question: What did sport hunters in the 19th century purse game for? Question: What types of trophies would hunters keep as trophies to be displayed as a sign of their prowess? Question: What was the head of an animal displayed as? Question: What happened to the rest of the animal? Question: What did some churches disapprove of? Question: What countries frowned upon this hunting? Question: In what countries was the hunting for trophies frowned upon, back in the day and in modern times? Question: What countries is trophy hunting frowned upon? Question: What was hunting in North American in the 19th century used to supplement? Question: What did North America primarily hunt for? Question: What sport of hunting is in Africa? Question: What destinations did sport hunting see elaborate travel to in the pursuit of trophies?

gq: A scientific study in the journal, Biological Conservation, states that trophy hunting is of "major importance to conservation in Africa by creating economic incentives for conservation over vast areas, including areas which may be unsuitable for alternative wildlife-based land uses such as photographic ecotourism." However, another study states that less than 3% of a trophy hunters' expenditures reach the local level, meaning that the economic incentive and benefit is "minimal, particularly when we consider the vast areas of land that hunting concessions occupy."

Question: What type of studies does the Biological Conservation journal publish? Question: What is of major importance in Africa? Question: What Continent did the biological Conservation state trophy hunting is of major importance to the conservation of? Question: Why is trophy hunting important to conservation in Africa? Question: What does trophy hunting create in Africa? Question: What does hunting create economic incentives for? Question: Trophy hunting can include areas which would likely be unsuitable for what other types of ecotourism? Question: How much of a trophy hunters' expenditures actually reach the local level, according to another study? Question: How much of trophy hunters expenditures actually reach the local level? Question: What did another study show that less than 3% of reached the local level? Question: What thus is the level of economic incentive and benefit?

gq: A variety of industries benefit from hunting and support hunting on economic grounds. In Tanzania, it is estimated that a safari hunter spends fifty to one hundred times that of the average ecotourist. While the average photo tourist may seek luxury accommodation, the average safari hunter generally stays in tented camps. Safari hunters are also more likely to use remote areas, uninviting to the typical ecotourist. Advocates argue that these hunters allow for anti-poaching activities and revenue for local communities.[citation needed]

Question: What do a variety of industries benefit from? Question: What do a variety of industries obtain benefit from? Question: Where is it estimated that a hunter spends fifty to one hundred times that of the average ecotourist? Question: In what country is it estimated that a safari hunter spends fifty to one hundred times what an average ecotourist does? Question: How much does a safari hunter spend compared to an average ecotourist? Question: What type of accommodations does the average photographer touring Tanzania seek? Question: What does the photo tourist seek? Question: Where does the typical safari hunter hang his hat at night? Question: Where does the average safari hunter stay in? Question: Where does a safari hunter usually stay? Question: What hunters allow for anti-poaching activities? Question: Where can safari hunters go which are uninviting to the less hardcore ecotourist? Question: Advocates argue these hunters allow for what type of activities?

gq: Hunting also has a significant financial impact in the United States, with many companies specialising in hunting equipment or speciality tourism. Many different technologies have been created to assist hunters, even including iPhone applications. Today's hunters come from a broad range of economic, social, and cultural backgrounds. In 2001, over thirteen million hunters averaged eighteen days hunting, and spent over $20.5 billion on their sport.[citation needed] In the US, proceeds from hunting licenses contribute to state game management programs, including preservation of wildlife habitat.

Question: What type of financial impact does hunting have on the U.S.? Question: Hunting has significant financial impact in what country? Question: What do many companies specialize in apropos to hunting? Question: What has been developed in the U.S. to help hunters? Question: "There's an app for that!", what have been different technologies been created to do? Question: One technology that is available for hunters in the U.S. is? Question: What broad range of backgrounds do today's hunters come from? Question: How much money did the thirteen million hunters spend on their sport in 2001? Question: How much did hunters spend in 2001? Question: What do the proceeds from hunting assist with?

gq: However, excessive hunting and poachers have also contributed heavily to the endangerment, extirpation and extinction of many animals, such as the quagga, the great auk, Steller's sea cow, the thylacine, the bluebuck, the Arabian oryx, the Caspian and Javan tigers, the markhor, the Sumatran rhinoceros, the bison, the North American cougar, the Altai argali sheep, the Asian elephant and many more, primarily for commercial sale or sport. All these animals have been hunted to endangerment or extinction.

Question: What contributes to endangerment? Question: How is excessive hunting related to the extinction of species? Question: What has excessive hunting contributed heavily to? Question: What have poachers contributed to hunting? Question: What do Steller's sea cow, the bluebuck, and the Javan tigers all have in common? Question: Why have poachers killed endangered animals? Question: How have the North American cougar and Asian elephant been hunted?

gq: On 16 March 1934, President Franklin D. Roosevelt signed the Migratory Bird Hunting Stamp Act, which requires an annual stamp purchase by all hunters over the age of sixteen. The stamps are created on behalf of the program by the US Postal Service and depict wildlife artwork chosen through an annual contest. They play an important role in habitat conservation because ninety-eight percent of all funds generated by their sale go directly toward the purchase or lease of wetland habitat for protection in the National Wildlife Refuge System.[citation needed] In addition to waterfowl, it is estimated that one third of the nation's endangered species seek food and shelter in areas protected using Duck Stamp funds.[citation needed]

Question: When did Roosevelt sign the Migratory Bird Hunting Stamp Act? Question: Who signed the Migratory Bird Hunting Stamp Act? Question: What President signed this act? Question: What act was signed in 1934? Question: What does the Act require all hunters over the age of sixteen to do? Question: What is the requirement of the act? Question: What do the stamps depict? Question: What do 98% of all the funds generated by the stamp sales go to? Question: How much of the nation's endangered species is it estimated benefits from the protection afford by the Duck Stamp funds? Question: What percentage of the endangered species seek food and shelter in areas protected using Duck Stamp Funds.

gq: Since 1934, the sale of Federal Duck Stamps has generated $670 million, and helped to purchase or lease 5,200,000 acres (8,100 sq mi; 21,000 km2) of habitat. The stamps serve as a license to hunt migratory birds, an entrance pass for all National Wildlife Refuge areas, and are also considered collectors items often purchased for aesthetic reasons outside of the hunting and birding communities. Although non-hunters buy a significant number of Duck Stamps, eighty-seven percent of their sales are contributed by hunters, which is logical, as hunters are required to purchase them. Distribution of funds is managed by the Migratory Bird Conservation Commission (MBCC).

Question: How much money has the sale of Federal Duck Stamps generated since 1934? Question: How much money has been generated due to the Duck Stamp act? Question: How many acres has the sale of Federal Duck Stamps helped to purchase or lease since 1934? Question: How much land has the Duck Stamp Act help purchase? Question: What do the Duck Stamps serve as? Question: What do the stamps give the purchaser a license to do? Question: What percent of sales are contributed by hunters? Question: Who accounts for eighty-seven percent of the sale of duck stamps? Question: Who manages the distribution of the funds obtained by the sale of the stamps? Question: Who manages distribution of funds?

gq: The Arabian oryx, a species of large antelope, once inhabited much of the desert areas of the Middle East. However, the species' striking appearance made it (along with the closely related scimitar-horned oryx and addax) a popular quarry for sport hunters, especially foreign executives of oil companies working in the region.[citation needed] The use of automobiles and high-powered rifles destroyed their only advantage: speed, and they became extinct in the wild exclusively due to sport hunting in 1972. The scimitar-horned oryx followed suit, while the addax became critically endangered. However, the Arabian oryx has now made a comeback and been upgraded from “extinct in the wild” to “vulnerable” due to conservation efforts like captive breeding

Question: What large species of antelope once made its home in the desert areas of the Middle East? Question: What is a species of large antelope? Question: What did the large antelope species once inhabit? Question: Why did sport hunters find the Arabian oryx to be a worthwhile quarry to hunt? Question: How did hunters obliterate the advantage bestowed upon the oryx by evolution? Question: What destroyed the Arabian oryx only advantage of speed. Question: When did the Arabian oryx become extinct in the wild due to sport hunting? Question: When did the Arabian oryx become extinct? Question: What animal has made a miraculous comeback and been upgraded from "extinct in the wild" to "vulnerable"? Question: What contributed to the Arabian oryx rise from extinct to vulnerable?

gq: The American bison is a large bovid which inhabited much of western North America prior to the 1800s, living on the prairies in large herds. However, the vast herds of bison attracted market hunters, who killed dozens of bison for their hides only, leaving the rest to rot. Thousands of these hunters quickly eliminated the bison herds, bringing the population from several million in the early 1800s to a few hundred by the 1880s. Conservation efforts have allowed the population to increase, but the bison remains near-threatened.

Question: What type of creature is the American bison? Question: What did the American bison inhabit much of prior to the 1800s? Question: What part of North America did the bison live? Question: What did large herds of bison attract? Question: Why were the bison killed? Question: What did hunter do with the rest of the bison? Question: What did market hunters leave the parts of the bison they didn't need to do? Question: What was the population of bison herds around prior to being eliminated by thousands of market hunters? Question: What is the current status of bison? Question: What do bison still remain?

gq: In contrast, Botswana has recently been forced to ban trophy hunting following a precipitous wildlife decline. The numbers of antelope plummeted across Botswana, with a resultant decline in predator numbers, while elephant numbers remained stable and hippopotamus numbers rose. According to the government of Botswana, trophy hunting is at least partly to blame for this, but many other factors, such as poaching, drought and habitat loss are also to blame. Uganda recently did the same, arguing that "the share of benefits of sport hunting were lopsided and unlikely to deter poaching or improve [Uganda's] capacity to manage the wildlife reserves."

Question: What Botswana was resently forced to do? Question: Why has Botswana been forced to ban trophy hunting altogether? Question: What plummeting numbers of this species caused a decline in predator numbers? Question: What animal declined across Botswana? Question: What animal numbers remain stable in Botswana? Question: What species saw its numbers rising while elephant numbers remained stable? Question: What animal numbers have increased in Botswana? Question: What factors other than trophy hunting are responsible for the decline of wildlife in Botswana? Question: What else is partly to blame for the declining number of animals in Botswana and Uganda? Question: What other African country has also recently banned trophy hunting?

gq: Kathmandu(/ˌkɑːtmɑːnˈduː/; Nepali pronunciation: [kɑʈʰmɑɳɖu]) is the capital and largest municipality of Nepal. It also hosts the headquarters of the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC). It is the only city of Nepal with the administrative status of Mahanagar (Metropolitan City), as compared to Upa-Mahanagar (Sub-Metropolitan City) or Nagar (City). Kathmandu is the core of Nepal's largest urban agglomeration located in the Kathmandu Valley consisting of Lalitpur, Kirtipur, Madhyapur Thimi, Bhaktapur and a number of smaller communities. Kathmandu is also known informally as "KTM" or the "tri-city". According to the 2011 census, Kathmandu Metropolitan City has a population of 975,453 and measures 49.45 km2 (19.09 sq mi).

Question: What country is Kathmandu the capital of? Question: What does Upa-Mahanagar mean in English? Question: Along with "KTM," what is another nickname of Kathmandu? Question: How many people lived in Kathmandu in 2011? Question: How many square kilometers in size is Kathmandu?

gq: The city has a rich history, spanning nearly 2000 years, as inferred from inscriptions found in the valley. Religious and cultural festivities form a major part of the lives of people residing in Kathmandu. Most of Kathmandu's people follow Hinduism and many others follow Buddhism. There are people of other religious beliefs as well, giving Kathmandu a cosmopolitan culture. Nepali is the most commonly spoken language in the city. English is understood by Kathmandu's educated residents. Historic areas of Kathmandu were devastated by a 7.8 magnitude earthquake on 25 April 2015.

Question: About how long has Kathmandu existed? Question: What suggests that Kathmandu is as old as it is? Question: What is Kathmandu's majority religion? Question: What do most Kathmandu residents speak? Question: What secondary language do educated people in Kathmandu speak?

gq: The city of Kathmandu is named after Kasthamandap temple, that stood in Durbar Square. In Sanskrit, Kastha (काष्ठ) means "wood" and Mandap (/मण्डप) means "covered shelter". This temple, also known as Maru Satal in the Newar language, was built in 1596 by King Laxmi Narsingh Malla. The two-storey structure was made entirely of wood, and used no iron nails nor supports. According to legend, all the timber used to build the pagoda was obtained from a single tree. The structure collapsed during the major earthquake on 25 April 2015.

Question: What does काष्ठ mean in English? Question: What is the English translation of Mandap? Question: What do Newar speakers call Kasthamandap temple? Question: Who was responsible for the construction of Kasthamandap temple? Question: On what date was Maru Satal destroyed?

gq: The colophons of ancient manuscripts, dated as late as the 20th century, refer to Kathmandu as Kasthamandap Mahanagar in Nepal Mandala. Mahanagar means "great city". The city is called "Kasthamandap" in a vow that Buddhist priests still recite to this day. Thus, Kathmandu is also known as Kasthamandap. During medieval times, the city was sometimes called Kantipur (कान्तिपुर). This name is derived from two Sanskrit words - Kanti and pur. "Kanti" is one of the names of the Goddess Lakshmi, and "pur" means place.

Question: What is the ancient name of Kathmandu? Question: What is the English translation of Mahanagar? Question: How does कान्तिपुर transliterate into English? Question: Who is also called Kanti? Question: How do you say place in Sanskrit?

gq: The ancient history of Kathmandu is described in its traditional myths and legends. According to Swayambhu Purana, present-day Kathmandu was once a huge and deep lake names "Nagdaha" as it was full of snakes. The lake was cut drained by Bodhisatwa Manjusri with his sword and the water was evacuated out from there and he established a city called Manjupattan and made Dharmakar the ruler of the valley land. After sometimes, a demon named Banasur closed the outlet and the valley was again a lake. Then lots Krishna came to Nepal, killed Banasur and again drained out water. He has brought some Gops with him and made Bhuktaman the king of Nepal.

Question: According to legend, what body of water once existed on the site of Kathmandu? Question: What animals notably resided in Nagdaha? Question: Who was the founder of Manjupattan? Question: What type of creature was Banasur? Question: Who was Banasur's murderer?

gq: Very few historical records exist of the period before the medieval Licchavis rulers. According to Gopalraj Vansawali, a genealogy of Nepali monarchs, the rulers of Kathmandu Valley before the Licchavis were Gopalas, Mahispalas, Aabhirs, Kirants, and Somavanshi. The Kirata dynasty was established by Yalamber. During the Kirata era, a settlement called Yambu existed in the northern half of old Kathmandu. In some of the Sino-Tibetan languages, Kathmandu is still called Yambu. Another smaller settlement called Yengal was present in the southern half of old Kathmandu, near Manjupattan. During the reign of the seventh Kirata ruler, Jitedasti, Buddhist monks entered Kathmandu valley and established a forest monastery at Sankhu.

Question: Who was the founder of the Kirata dynasty? Question: What geographical part of Kathmandu did Yambu once occupy? Question: Speakers of what languages sometimes call Kathmandu Yambu? Question: Where in Kathmandu was Yengal located? Question: What religion did the Sankhu monastery belong to?

gq: The Licchavis from the Indo-Gangetic plain migrated north and defeated the Kiratas, establishing the Licchavi dynasty. During this era, following the genocide of Shakyas in Lumbini by Virudhaka, the survivors migrated north and entered the forest monastery in Sankhu masquerading as Koliyas. From Sankhu, they migrated to Yambu and Yengal (Lanjagwal and Manjupattan) and established the first permanent Buddhist monasteries of Kathmandu. This created the basis of Newar Buddhism, which is the only surviving Sanskrit-based Buddhist tradition in the world. With their migration, Yambu was called Koligram and Yengal was called Dakshin Koligram during most of the Licchavi era.

Question: Who won the war between the Licchavis and the Kiratas? Question: Who killed the Shakyas? Question: Who did the migrating Shakyas pretend to be? Question: What sect of Buddhism is the only remaining one based in Sanskrit? Question: Under the Licchavi dynasty, what name was typically used to refer to Yengal?

gq: Eventually, the Licchavi ruler Gunakamadeva merged Koligram and Dakshin Koligram, founding the city of Kathmandu. The city was designed in the shape of Chandrahrasa, the sword of Manjushri. The city was surrounded by eight barracks guarded by Ajimas. One of these barracks is still in use at Bhadrakali (in front of Singha Durbar). The city served as an important transit point in the trade between India and Tibet, leading to tremendous growth in architecture. Descriptions of buildings such as Managriha, Kailaskut Bhawan, and Bhadradiwas Bhawan have been found in the surviving journals of travelers and monks who lived during this era. For example, the famous 7th-century Chinese traveller Xuanzang described Kailaskut Bhawan, the palace of the Licchavi king Amshuverma. The trade route also led to cultural exchange as well. The artistry of the Newar people—the indigenous inhabitants of the Kathmandu Valley—became highly sought after during this era, both within the Valley and throughout the greater Himalayas. Newar artists travelled extensively throughout Asia, creating religious art for their neighbors. For example, Araniko led a group of his compatriot artists through Tibet and China. Bhrikuti, the princess of Nepal who married Tibetan monarch Songtsän Gampo, was instrumental in introducing Buddhism to Tibet.

Question: Who is Kathmandu's historical founder? Question: Kathmandu resulted from the merger of what two settlements? Question: Who did Chandrahrasa belong to? Question: How many barracks guarded ancient Kathmandu? Question: Trade between what two countries typically went through ancient Kathmandu?

gq: The Licchavi era was followed by the Malla era. Rulers from Tirhut, upon being attacked by Muslims, fled north to the Kathmandu valley. They intermarried with Nepali royalty, and this led to the Malla era. The early years of the Malla era were turbulent, with raids and attacks from Khas and Turk Muslims. There was also a devastating earthquake which claimed the lives of a third of Kathmandu's population, including the king Abhaya Malla. These disasters led to the destruction of most of the architecture of the Licchavi era (such as Mangriha and Kailashkut Bhawan), and the loss of literature collected in various monasteries within the city. Despite the initial hardships, Kathmandu rose to prominence again and, during most of the Malla era, dominated the trade between India and Tibet. Nepali currency became the standard currency in trans-Himalayan trade.

Question: Who ruled Nepal after the Licchavi? Question: Along with Khas, who attacked Nepal in the early Malla period? Question: What fraction of Kathmandu's population died in an ancient earthquake? Question: What notable Nepali figure died in a Kathmandu earthquake? Question: Along with the Mangriha, what Licchavi-era building was destroyed in an ancient earthquake?

gq: During the later part of the Malla era, Kathmandu Valley comprised four fortified cities: Kantipur, Lalitpur, Bhaktapur, and Kirtipur. These served as the capitals of the Malla confederation of Nepal. These states competed with each other in the arts, architecture, aesthetics, and trade, resulting in tremendous development. The kings of this period directly influenced or involved themselves in the construction of public buildings, squares, and temples, as well as the development of water spouts, the institutionalization of trusts (called guthis), the codification of laws, the writing of dramas, and the performance of plays in city squares. Evidence of an influx of ideas from India, Tibet, China, Persia, and Europe among other places can be found in a stone inscription from the time of king Pratap Malla. Books have been found from this era that describe their tantric tradition (e.g. Tantrakhyan), medicine (e.g. Haramekhala), religion (e.g. Mooldevshashidev), law, morals, and history. Amarkosh, a Sanskrit-Nepal Bhasa dictionary from 1381 AD, was also found. Architecturally notable buildings from this era include Kathmandu Durbar Square, Patan Durbar Square, Bhaktapur Durbar Square, the former durbar of Kirtipur, Nyatapola, Kumbheshwar, the Krishna temple, and others.

Question: How many cities were present in the Kathmandu Valley in the late Malla period? Question: In the waning years of the Malla dynasty, what fortified cities existed in the Kathmandu Valley? Question: What cultures influenced Nepal in the later Malla era? Question: What is an example of a book of medicine from the Malla period? Question: When does Amarkosh date to?

gq: The Gorkha Kingdom ended the Malla confederation after the Battle of Kathmandu in 1768. This marked the beginning of the modern era in Kathmandu. The Battle of Kirtipur was the start of the Gorkha conquest of the Kathmandu Valley. Kathmandu was adopted as the capital of the Gorkha empire, and the empire itself was dubbed Nepal. During the early part of this era, Kathmandu maintained its distinctive culture. Buildings with characteristic Nepali architecture, such as the nine-story tower of Basantapur, were built during this era. However, trade declined because of continual war with neighboring nations. Bhimsen Thapa supported France against Great Britain; this led to the development of modern military structures, such as modern barracks in Kathmandu. The nine-storey tower Dharahara was originally built during this era.

Question: Who won the Battle of Kathmandu? Question: What battle inaugurated the conquering of the Kathmandu Valley by the Gorkha? Question: How many stories high was the Basantapur tower? Question: What European country did Bhimsen Thapa oppose? Question: How many stories made up the Dharahara tower?

gq: Kathmandu is located in the northwestern part of the Kathmandu Valley to the north of the Bagmati River and covers an area of 50.67 km2 (19.56 sq mi). The average elevation is 1,400 metres (4,600 ft) above sea level. The city is directly bounded by several other municipalities of the Kathmandu valley: south of the Bagmati by Lalitpur Sub-Metropolitan City (Patan) with which it today forms one urban area surrounded by a ring road, to the southwest by Kirtipur Municipality and to the east by Madyapur Thimi Municipality. To the north the urban area extends into several Village Development Committees. However, the urban agglomeration extends well beyond the neighboring municipalities, e. g. to Bhaktapur and just about covers the entire Kathmandu valley.

Question: What geographic portion of the Kathmandu Valley houses Kathmandu? Question: What river is south of Kathmandu? Question: How large is Kathmandu in terms of square miles? Question: About how many feet above sea level is Kathmandu? Question: Where does the Lalitpur Sub-Metropolitan City stand in relation to the Bagmati River?

gq: Kathmandu is dissected by eight rivers, the main river of the valley, the Bagmati and its tributaries, of which the Bishnumati, Dhobi Khola, Manohara Khola, Hanumant Khola, and Tukucha Khola are predominant. The mountains from where these rivers originate are in the elevation range of 1,500–3,000 metres (4,900–9,800 ft), and have passes which provide access to and from Kathmandu and its valley. An ancient canal once flowed from Nagarjuna hill through Balaju to Kathmandu; this canal is now extinct.

Question: How many rivers travel through Kathmandu? Question: How many feet high are the mountains from which the Bagmati flows? Question: Where did the canal that once terminated in Kathmandu originate?

gq: The agglomeration of Kathmandu has not yet been officially defined. The urban area of the Kathmandu valley is split among three different districts (collections of local government units within a zone) which extend very little beyond the valley fringe, except towards the southern ranges, which have comparatively small population. They have the three highest population densities in the country. Within the districts lie VDCs (villages), 3 municipalities (Bhaktapur, Kirtipur, Madhyapur Thimi), 1 sub-metropolitan city (Lalitpur), and 1 metropolitan city (Kathmandu). Some district subdivisions remain legally villages yet are densely populated, Gonggabu VDC notably recorded a density over 20,000 people/km2. (2011 census). The following data table describes the districts considered part of the agglomeration:

Question: How many districts make up the Kathmandu Valley urban area? Question: What is another term for VDCs? Question: What are Madhyapur Thimi, Kirtipur and Bhaktapur? Question: How many sub-metropolitan cities are present in the districts that make up the Kathmandu valley? Question: About how many people live in a square kilometer in Gonggabu VDC?

gq: Five major climatic regions are found in Nepal. Of these, Kathmandu Valley is in the Warm Temperate Zone (elevation ranging from 1,200–2,300 metres (3,900–7,500 ft)), where the climate is fairly temperate, atypical for the region. This zone is followed by the Cool Temperate Zone with elevation varying between 2,100–3,300 metres (6,900–10,800 ft). Under Köppen's climate classification, portions of the city with lower elevations have a humid subtropical climate (Cwa), while portions of the city with higher elevations generally have a subtropical highland climate. In the Kathmandu Valley, which is representative of its valley's climate, the average summer temperature varies from 28–30 °C (82–86 °F). The average winter temperature is 10.1 °C (50.2 °F).

Question: How many significant climate regions exist in Nepal? Question: How many meters up is the Cool Temperate Zone? Question: Along with a subtropical highland climate, what climate classification covers Kathmandu? Question: What is the Köppen abbreviation for a humid subtropical climate? Question: What is the Kathmandu Valley's average temperature in winter, in degrees Fahrenheit?

gq: The city generally has a climate with warm days followed by cool nights and mornings. Unpredictable weather is expected, given that temperatures can drop to 1 °C (34 °F) or less during the winter. During a 2013 cold front, the winter temperatures of Kathmandu dropped to −4 °C (25 °F), and the lowest temperature was recorded on January 10, 2013, at −9.2 °C (15.4 °F). Rainfall is mostly monsoon-based (about 65% of the total concentrated during the monsoon months of June to August), and decreases substantially (100 to 200 cm (39 to 79 in)) from eastern Nepal to western Nepal. Rainfall has been recorded at about 1,400 millimetres (55.1 in) for the Kathmandu valley, and averages 1,407 millimetres (55.4 in) for the city of Kathmandu. On average humidity is 75%. The chart below is based on data from the Nepal Bureau of Standards & Meteorology, "Weather Meteorology" for 2005. The chart provides minimum and maximum temperatures during each month. The annual amount of precipitation was 1,124 millimetres (44.3 in) for 2005, as per monthly data included in the table above. The decade of 2000-2010 saw highly variable and unprecedented precipitation anomalies in Kathmandu. This was mostly due to the annual variation of the southwest monsoon.[citation needed] For example, 2003 was the wettest year ever in Kathmandu, totalling over 2,900 mm (114 in) of precipitation due to an exceptionally strong monsoon season. In contrast, 2001 recorded only 356 mm (14 in) of precipitation due to an extraordinarily weak monsoon season.

Question: What sort of temperature is typical on a Kathmandu morning? Question: On what date in 2013 was it 15.4 degrees Fahrenheit in Kathmandu? Question: About what percentage of Kathmandu's annual rainfall falls during the monsoon months? Question: In what months does the monsoon occur in Nepal? Question: In what year did the most rain in recorded history fall on Kathmandu?

gq: The location and terrain of Kathmandu have played a significant role in the development of a stable economy which spans millennia. The city is located in an ancient lake basin, with fertile soil and flat terrain. This geography helped form a society based on agriculture. This, combined with its location between India and China, helped establish Kathmandu as an important trading center over the centuries. Kathmandu's trade is an ancient profession that flourished along an offshoot of the Silk Road which linked India and Tibet. From centuries past, Lhasa Newar merchants of Kathmandu have conducted trade across the Himalaya and contributed to spreading art styles and Buddhism across Central Asia. Other traditional occupations are farming, metal casting, woodcarving, painting, weaving, and pottery.

Question: Other than trade, what was the traditional basis of Kathmandu's economy? Question: Existing between what two countries contributed to Kathmandu becoming a center of trade? Question: What religion proliferated throughout Central Asia in part due to the efforts of Lhasa Newar merchants?

gq: The economic output of the metropolitan area alone is worth more than one third of national GDP around $6.5billion in terms of nominal GDP NR.s 550 billion approximately per year $2200 per capital income approx three times national average. Kathmandu exports handicrafts, artworks, garments, carpets, pashmina, paper; trade accounts for 21% of its finances.[which?] Manufacturing is also important and accounts for 19% of the revenue that Kathmandu generates. Garments and woolen carpets are the most notable manufactured products. Other economic sectors in Kathmandu include agriculture (9%), education (6%), transport (6%), and hotels and restaurants (5%). Kathmandu is famous for lokta paper and pashmina shawls.

Question: Approximately what portion of Nepal's GDP is produced by the Kathmandu metropolitan area? Question: What is the GDP of Kathmandu? Question: What do Kathmandu residents earn per capita each year? Question: What percentage of Kathmandu's economy is trade? Question: What portion of Kathmandu's economy consists of agriculture?

gq: Tourism is considered another important industry in Nepal. This industry started around 1950, as the country's political makeup changed and ended the country's isolation from the rest of the world. In 1956, air transportation was established and the Tribhuvan Highway, between Kathmandu and Raxaul (at India's border), was started. Separate organizations were created in Kathmandu to promote this activity; some of these include the Tourism Development Board, the Department of Tourism and the Civil Aviation Department. Furthermore, Nepal became a member of several international tourist associations. Establishing diplomatic relations with other nations further accentuated this activity. The hotel industry, travel agencies, training of tourist guides, and targeted publicity campaigns are the chief reasons for the remarkable growth of this industry in Nepal, and in Kathmandu in particular.

Question: Approximately when did the Nepalese tourism industry begin? Question: When did construction on the Tribhuvan Highway begin? Question: What city was connected to Kathmandu via the Tribhuvan Highway?

gq: Since then, tourism in Nepal has thrived; it is the country's most important industry.[citation needed] Tourism is a major source of income for most of the people in the city, with several hundred thousand visitors annually. Hindu and Buddhist pilgrims from all over the world visit Kathmandu's religious sites such as Pashupatinath, Swayambhunath, Boudhanath and Budhanilkantha. From a mere 6,179 tourists in 1961/62, the number jumped to 491,504 in 1999/2000. Following the end of the Maoist insurgency, there was a significant rise of 509,956 tourist arrivals in 2009. Since then, tourism has improved as the country turned into a Democratic Republic. In economic terms, the foreign exchange registered 3.8% of the GDP in 1995/96 but then started declining[why?]. The high level of tourism is attributed to the natural grandeur of the Himalayas and the rich cultural heritage of the country.

Question: What is the most significant industry in Nepal? Question: Along with Buddhists, what religion's devotees visit Kathmandu? Question: How many tourists visited Kathmandu in the period 1961-62? Question: What event led to an increase in tourism in 2009? Question: What Nepalese mountains are claimed to attract tourists?

gq: The neighbourhood of Thamel is Kathmandu's primary "traveller's ghetto", packed with guest houses, restaurants, shops, and bookstores, catering to tourists. Another neighbourhood of growing popularity is Jhamel, a name for Jhamsikhel coined to rhyme with Thamel. Jhochhen Tol, also known as Freak Street, is Kathmandu's original traveler's haunt, made popular by the hippies of the 1960s and 1970s; it remains a popular alternative to Thamel. Asan is a bazaar and ceremonial square on the old trade route to Tibet, and provides a fine example of a traditional neighbourhood.

Question: What Kathmandu neighborhood is noted for its abundance of tourists? Question: What neighborhood is also known as Jhamel? Question: What is the traditional name for Freak Street? Question: What tourists first brought attention to Jhocchen Tol?

gq: With the opening of the tourist industry after the change in the political scenario of Nepal in 1950, the hotel industry drastically improved. Now Kathmandu boasts several luxury such as the Hyatt Regency, Dwarika's, theYak & Yeti, The Everest Hotel, Hotel Radisson, Hotel De L'Annapurna, The Malla Hotel, Shangri-La Hotel (which is not operated by the Shangri-La Hotel Group) and The Shanker Hotel. There are several four-star hotels such as Hotel Vaishali, Hotel Narayani, The Blue Star and Grand Hotel. The Garden Hotel, Hotel Ambassador, and Aloha Inn are among the three-star hotels in Kathmandu. Hotels like Hyatt Regency, De L'Annapurna and Hotel Yak & Yeti are among the five-star hotels providing casinos as well.

Question: How many stars is Kathmandu's Grand Hotel? Question: What type of hotel is Aloha Inn? Question: De L'Annapurna is an example of what sort of hotel? Question: What attractions are present at Hotel Yak & Yeti and the Hyatt Regency?

gq: Metropolitan Kathmandu is divided into five sectors: the Central Sector, the East Sector, the North Sector, the City Core and the West Sector. For civic administration, the city is further divided into 35 administrative wards. The Council administers the Metropolitan area of Kathmandu city through its 177 elected representatives and 20 nominated members. It holds biannual meetings to review, process and approve the annual budget and make major policy decisions. The ward's profile documents for the 35 wards prepared by the Kathmandu Metropolitan Council is detailed and provides information for each ward on population, the structure and condition of houses, the type of roads, educational, health and financial institutions, entertainment facilities, parking space, security provisions, etc. It also includes lists of development projects completed, on-going and planned, along with informative data about the cultural heritage, festivals, historical sites and the local inhabitants. Ward 16 is the largest, with an area of 437.4 ha; ward 26 is the smallest, with an area of 4 ha.

Question: How many sectors make up the Kathmandu metropolitan area? Question: What sector of Kathmandu doesn't have the word 'sector' in its name? Question: What is the purpose of Kathmandu being divided into 35 wards? Question: How many members of the Council received their positions via nomination rather than election? Question: How many hectares in size is Kathmandu's ward 26?

gq: The fire service, known as the Barun Yantra Karyalaya, opened its first station in Kathmandu in 1937 with a single vehicle. An iron tower was erected to monitor the city and watch for fire. As a precautionary measure, firemen were sent to the areas which were designated as accident-prone areas. In 1944, the fire service was extended to the neighboring cities of Lalitpur and Bhaktapur. In 1966, a fire service was established in Kathmandu airport. In 1975, a West German government donation added seven fire engines to Kathmandu's fire service. The fire service in the city is also overlooked by an international non-governmental organization, the Firefighters Volunteer Association of Nepal (FAN), which was established in 2000 with the purpose of raising public awareness about fire and improving safety.

Question: What is Kathmandu's fire department called? Question: What year saw the founding of Kathmandu's fire department? Question: When did Bhaktapur receive coverage from the fire department? Question: How many fire trucks did West Germany donate to Kathmandu? Question: What is the mission of FAN?

gq: Over the years the city has been home to people of various ethnicities, resulting in a range of different traditions and cultural practices. In one decade, the population increased from 427,045 in 1991 to 671,805 in 2001. The population was projected to reach 915,071 in 2011 and 1,319,597 by 2021. To keep up this population growth, the KMC-controlled area of 5,076.6 hectares (12,545 acres) has expanded to 8,214 hectares (20,300 acres) in 2001. With this new area, the population density which was 85 in 1991 is still 85 in 2001; it is likely to jump to 111 in 2011 and 161 in 2021.

Question: What was the population of Kathmandu in 1991? Question: About how many people are likely to live in Kathmandu in 2021? Question: How many acres of land did the KMC control in 2001? Question: How dense was the population of Kathmandu in 1991?

gq: The largest ethnic groups are Newar (29.6%), Matwali (25.1% Sunuwar, Gurung, Magars, Tamang etc.), Khas Brahmins (20.51%) and Chettris (18.5%) . Tamangs originating from surrounding hill districts can be seen in Kathmandu. More recently, other hill ethnic groups and Caste groups from Terai have come to represent a substantial proportion of the city's population. The major languages are Nepali and Nepal Bhasa, while English is understood by many, particularly in the service industry. The major religions are Hinduism and Buddhism.

Question: What is the third largest ethnic group in Kathmandu? Question: What percentage of Kathmandu residents are Chettris? Question: Along with Nepali, what is Kathmandu's main language? Question: What Kathmandu industry is particularly known for its English speakers? Question: What are Kathmandu's primary religions?

gq: The ancient trade route between India and Tibet that passed through Kathmandu enabled a fusion of artistic and architectural traditions from other cultures to be amalgamated with local art and architecture. The monuments of Kathmandu City have been influenced over the centuries by Hindu and Buddhist religious practices. The architectural treasure of the Kathmandu valley has been categorized under the well-known seven groups of heritage monuments and buildings. In 2006 UNESCO declared these seven groups of monuments as a World Heritage Site (WHS). The seven monuments zones cover an area of 188.95 hectares (466.9 acres), with the buffer zone extending to 239.34 hectares (591.4 acres). The Seven Monument Zones (Mzs) inscribed originally in 1979 and with a minor modification in 2006 are Durbar squares of Hanuman Dhoka, Patan and Bhaktapur, Hindu temples of Pashupatinath and Changunarayan, the Buddhist stupas of Swayambhu and Boudhanath.

Question: When did the Kathmandu valley monuments receive WHS status? Question: How many acres are the Kathmandu valley monument zones? Question: In hectares, how large is the Kathmandu valley monument buffer zone? Question: What religion does Changunarayan belong to? Question: What Buddhist monuments are present at Boudhanath?

gq: The literal meaning of Durbar Square is a "place of palaces". There are three preserved Durbar Squares in Kathmandu valley and one unpreserved in Kirtipur. The Durbar Square of Kathmandu is located in the old city and has heritage buildings representing four kingdoms (Kantipur, Lalitpur, Bhaktapur, Kirtipur); the earliest is the Licchavi dynasty. The complex has 50 temples and is distributed in two quadrangles of the Durbar Square. The outer quadrangle has the Kasthamandap, Kumari Ghar, and Shiva-Parvati Temple; the inner quadrangle has the Hanuman Dhoka palace. The squares were severely damaged in the April 2015 Nepal earthquake.

Question: Where is a Durban Square located that is not preserved? Question: How many kingdoms have buildings present in the Durbar Square of Kathmandu? Question: What is the oldest dynasty to be represented with buildings in Kathmandu's Durbar Square? Question: How many temples are present in Kathmandu's Durbar Square? Question: When did a notable earthquake occur that damaged Kathmandu's Durbar Square?

gq: Kumari Ghar is a palace in the center of the Kathmandu city, next to the Durbar square where a Royal Kumari selected from several Kumaris resides. Kumari, or Kumari Devi, is the tradition of worshipping young pre-pubescent girls as manifestations of the divine female energy or devi in South Asian countries. In Nepal the selection process is very rigorous. Kumari is believed to be the bodily incarnation of the goddess Taleju (the Nepali name for Durga) until she menstruates, after which it is believed that the goddess vacates her body. Serious illness or a major loss of blood from an injury are also causes for her to revert to common status. The current Royal Kumari, Matina Shakya, age four, was installed in October 2008 by the Maoist government that replaced the monarchy.

Question: What is Durga called in Nepali? Question: How long is Kumari believed to incarnate Taleju? Question: Who was the Royal Kumari as of late 2008? Question: What type of government did Nepal have after the monarchy?

gq: The Pashupatinath Temple is a famous 5th century Hindu temple dedicated to Lord Shiva (Pashupati). Located on the banks of the Bagmati River in the eastern part of Kathmandu, Pashupatinath Temple is the oldest Hindu temple in Kathmandu. It served as the seat of national deity, Lord Pashupatinath, until Nepal was secularized. However, a significant part of the temple was destroyed by Mughal invaders in the 14th century and little or nothing remains of the original 5th-century temple exterior. The temple as it stands today was built in the 19th century, although the image of the bull and the black four-headed image of Pashupati are at least 300 years old. The temple is a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Shivaratri, or the night of Lord Shiva, is the most important festival that takes place here, attracting thousands of devotees and sadhus.[citation needed]

Question: When was the Pashupatinath Temple built? Question: What faith does the Pashupatinath Temple serve? Question: What is another name for Pashupati? Question: Prior to the secularization of Nepal, who was the country's national god? Question: Who damaged the Pashupatinath Temple in the 14th century?

gq: Believers in Pashupatinath (mainly Hindus) are allowed to enter the temple premises, but non-Hindu visitors are allowed to view the temple only from the across the Bagmati River. The priests who perform the services at this temple have been Brahmins from Karnataka, South India since the time of Malla king Yaksha Malla. This tradition is believed to have been started at the request of Adi Shankaracharya who sought to unify the states of Bharatam (Unified India) by encouraging cultural exchange. This procedure is followed in other temples around India, which were sanctified by Adi Shankaracharya.

Question: What people make up the majority of Pashupatinath followers? Question: In what part of India do the Pashupatinath priests originate? Question: What dynasty did Yaksha Malla belong to? Question: Who supposedly encouraged the usage of Karnataka Brahmin priests at Pashupatinath Temple? Question: What is another term for Bharatam?

gq: The Boudhanath, (also written Bouddhanath, Bodhnath, Baudhanath or the Khāsa Chaitya), is one of the holiest Buddhist sites in Nepal, along with Swayambhu. It is a very popular tourist site. Boudhanath is known as Khāsti by Newars and as Bauddha or Bodhnāth by speakers of Nepali. Located about 11 km (7 mi) from the center and northeastern outskirts of Kathmandu, the stupa's massive mandala makes it one of the largest spherical stupas in Nepal. Boudhanath became a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1979.

Question: To what religion is Boudhanath holy? Question: What do the Newars call Boudhanath? Question: What is Boudhanath called in Nepali? Question: How far is Boudhanath from Kathmandu in miles? Question: When did UNESCO make Boudhanath a World Heritage Site?

gq: The base of the stupa has 108 small depictions of the Dhyani Buddha Amitabha. It is surrounded with a brick wall with 147 niches, each with four or five prayer wheels engraved with the mantra, om mani padme hum. At the northern entrance where visitors must pass is a shrine dedicated to Ajima, the goddess of smallpox. Every year the stupa attracts many Tibetan Buddhist pilgrims who perform full body prostrations in the inner lower enclosure, walk around the stupa with prayer wheels, chant, and pray. Thousands of prayer flags are hoisted up from the top of the stupa downwards and dot the perimeter of the complex. The influx of many Tibetan refugees from China has seen the construction of over 50 Tibetan gompas (monasteries) around Boudhanath.

Question: Who is pictured on the stupa's base? Question: What mantra is engraved on the stupa's prayer wheels? Question: What is Ajima the deity of? Question: Visitors from what faith routinely visit the stupa? Question: What are gompas?

gq: Swayambhu is a Buddhist stupa atop a hillock at the northwestern part of the city. This is among the oldest religious sites in Nepal. Although the site is considered Buddhist, it is revered by both Buddhists and Hindus. The stupa consists of a dome at the base; above the dome, there is a cubic structure with the eyes of Buddha looking in all four directions.[clarification needed] There are pentagonal Toran above each of the four sides, with statues engraved on them. Behind and above the torana there are thirteen tiers. Above all the tiers, there is a small space above which lies a gajur.

Question: What faith does Swayambhu belong to? Question: In what part of Kathmandu is Swayambhu located? Question: Other than Buddhists, who worships at Swayambhu? Question: In how many directions does the Buddha of Swayambhu look? Question: In Swayambhu, what is present in the small area above the tiers?

gq: Kathmandu valley is described as "an enormous treasure house of art and sculptures", which are made of wood, stone, metal, and terracotta, and found in profusion in temples, shrines, stupas, gompas, chaityasm and palaces. The art objects are also seen in street corners, lanes, private courtyards and in open ground. Most art is in the form of icons of gods and goddesses. Kathmandu valley has had this art treasure for a very long time, but received worldwide recognition only after the country opened to the outside world in 1950.

Question: Kathmandu valley contains art made of metal, terracotta, wood and what other substance? Question: What is the most typical type of art in the Kathmandu valley? Question: In what year could Nepal be said to have been discovered by the outside world?

gq: The religious art of Nepal and Kathmandu in particular consists of an iconic symbolism of the Mother Goddesses such as: Bhavani, Durga, Gaja-Lakshmi, Hariti-Sitala, Mahsishamardini, Saptamatrika (seven mother goddesses), and Sri-Lakshmi(wealth-goddess). From the 3rd century BC, apart from the Hindu gods and goddesses, Buddhist monuments from the Ashokan period (it is said that Ashoka visited Nepal in 250 BC) have embellished Nepal in general and the valley in particular. These art and architectural edifices encompass three major periods of evolution: the Licchavi or classical period (500 to 900 AD), the post-classical period (1000 to 1400 AD), with strong influence of the Palla art form; the Malla period (1400 onwards) that exhibited explicitly tantric influences coupled with the art of Tibetan Demonology.

Question: What types of deities are Bhavani and Durga? Question: What is Sri-Lakshmi a deity of? Question: By tradition, what notable figure came to Nepal 250 years before the birth of Christ? Question: What is another name for the Licchavi period? Question: When did the Licchavi period end?

gq: Kathmandu is home to a number of museums and art galleries, including the National Museum of Nepal and the Natural History Museum of Nepal. Nepal's art and architecture is an amalgamation of two ancient religions, Hinduism and Buddhhism. These are amply reflected in the many temples, shrines, stupas, monasteries, and palaces in the seven well-defined Monument Zones of the Kathmandu valley are part of a UNESCO World Heritage Site. This amalgamation is also reflected in the planning and exhibitions in museums and art galleries throughout Kathmandu and its sister cities of Patan and Bhaktapur. The museums display unique artifacts and paintings from the 5th century CE to the present day, including archeological exportation.

Question: Along with the National Museum of Nepal, what notable Nepalese museum is present in Kathmandu? Question: Along with Buddhism, what religion has had a significant influence on Nepal? Question: How many Monument Zones are present in the Kathmandu valley? Question: What Kathmandu valley area was named a World Heritage Site by UNESCO? Question: From what time period are the oldest artifacts in Kathmandu museums?

gq: The National Museum is located in the western part of Kathmandu, near the Swayambhunath stupa in an historical building. This building was constructed in the early 19th century by General Bhimsen Thapa. It is the most important museum in the country, housing an extensive collection of weapons, art and antiquities of historic and cultural importance. The museum was established in 1928 as a collection house of war trophies and weapons, and the initial name of this museum was Chhauni Silkhana, meaning "the stone house of arms and ammunition". Given its focus, the museum contains many weapons, including locally made firearms used in wars, leather cannons from the 18th–19th century, and medieval and modern works in wood, bronze, stone and paintings.

Question: In what area of Kathmandu is the National Museum? Question: What stupa is close to the National Museum? Question: Who built the building that contains the National Museum? Question: When was the National Museum founded? Question: What does Chhauni Silkhana mean?

gq: The Tribhuvan Museum contains artifacts related to the King Tribhuvan (1906–1955). It has a variety of pieces including his personal belongings, letters and papers, memorabilia related to events he was involved in and a rare collection of photos and paintings of Royal family members. The Mahendra Museum is dedicated to king Mahendra of Nepal (1920–1972). Like the Tribhuvan Museum, it includes his personal belongings such as decorations, stamps, coins and personal notes and manuscripts, but it also has structural reconstructions of his cabinet room and office chamber. The Hanumandhoka Palace, a lavish medieval palace complex in the Durbar, contains three separate museums of historic importance. These museums include the Birendra museum, which contains items related to the second-last monarch, Birendra of Nepal.

Question: When did Tribhuvan die? Question: What was the birth year of King Mahendra? Question: During what era was the Hanumandhoka Palace constructed? Question: How many museums are in the Hanumandhoka Palace? Question: Who was the penultimate king of Nepal?

gq: The enclosed compound of the Narayanhity Palace Museum is in the north-central part of Kathmandu. "Narayanhity" comes from Narayana, a form of the Hindu god Lord Vishnu, and Hiti, meaning "water spout" (Vishnu's temple is located opposite the palace, and the water spout is located east of the main entrance to the precinct). Narayanhity was a new palace, in front of the old palace built in 1915, and was built in 1970 in the form of a contemporary Pagoda. It was built on the occasion of the marriage of King Birenda Bir Bikram Shah, then heir apparent to the throne. The southern gate of the palace is at the crossing of Prithvipath and Darbar Marg roads. The palace area covers (30 hectares (74 acres)) and is fully secured with gates on all sides. This palace was the scene of the Nepali royal massacre. After the fall of the monarchy, it was converted to a museum.

Question: Where in Kathmandu is Narayanhity Palace Museum located? Question: What god is Narayana? Question: In what year was Narayanhity constructed? Question: Whose marriage led to the construction of Narayanhity? Question: How many acres is the Narayanhity Palace?

gq: The Taragaon Museum presents the modern history of the Kathmandu Valley. It seeks to document 50 years of research and cultural heritage conservation of the Kathmandu Valley, documenting what artists photographers architects anthropologists from abroad had contributed in the second half of the 20th century. The actual structure of the Museum showcases restoration and rehabilitation efforts to preserve the built heritage of Kathmandu. It was designed by Carl Pruscha (master-planner of the Kathmandy Valley ) in 1970 and constructed in 1971. Restoration works began in 2010 to rehabilitate the Taragaon hostel into the Taragaon Museum. The design uses local brick along with modern architectural design elements, as well as the use of circle, triangles and squares. The Museum is within a short walk from the Boudhnath stupa, which itself can be seen from the Museum tower.

Question: What is the Taragaon Museum dedicated to? Question: Who is the designer of the Taragaon Museum? Question: In what year was the Taragaon Museum built? Question: What was the Taragaon Museum prior to being a museum? Question: What stupa is located close to the Taragaon Museum?

gq: Kathmandu is a center for art in Nepal, displaying the work of contemporary artists in the country and also collections of historical artists. Patan in particular is an ancient city noted for its fine arts and crafts. Art in Kathmandu is vibrant, demonstrating a fusion of traditionalism and modern art, derived from a great number of national, Asian, and global influences. Nepali art is commonly divided into two areas: the idealistic traditional painting known as Paubhas in Nepal and perhaps more commonly known as Thangkas in Tibet, closely linked to the country's religious history and on the other hand the contemporary western-style painting, including nature-based compositions or abstract artwork based on Tantric elements and social themes of which painters in Nepal are well noted for. Internationally, the British-based charity, the Kathmandu Contemporary Art Centre is involved with promoting arts in Kathmandu.

Question: Contemporary Kathmandu art combines traditional influences with what type of art? Question: How many types are Nepali works of art typically divided into? Question: What do the Nepalese call Thangkas? Question: What do the Tibetans call traditional idealistic paintings? Question: What UK charity works on behalf of Kathmandu art?

gq: The Srijana Contemporary Art Gallery, located inside the Bhrikutimandap Exhibition grounds, hosts the work of contemporary painters and sculptors, and regularly organizes exhibitions. It also runs morning and evening classes in the schools of art. Also of note is the Moti Azima Gallery, located in a three storied building in Bhimsenthan which contains an impressive collection of traditional utensils and handmade dolls and items typical of a medieval Newar house, giving an important insight into Nepali history. The J Art Gallery is also located in Kathmandu, near the Royal Palace in Durbarmarg, Kathmandu and displays the artwork of eminent, established Nepali painters. The Nepal Art Council Gallery, located in the Babar Mahal, on the way to Tribhuvan International Airport contains artwork of both national and international artists and extensive halls regularly used for art exhibitions.

Question: In which of Nepal's art galleries can one take an art class? Question: Where can one find the Srijana Contemporary Art Gallery? Question: The Moti Azima Gallery contains objects that might be found in a Nepalese house of what time period? Question: What art gallery is located close to the Durbarmarg Royal Palace? Question: Where can the Nepal Art Council Gallery be found?

gq: The National Library of Nepal is located in Patan. It is the largest library in the country with more than 70,000 books. English, Nepali, Sanskrit, Hindi, and Nepal Bhasa books are found here. The library is in possession of rare scholarly books in Sanskrit and English dating from the 17th century AD. Kathmandu also contains the Kaiser Library, located in the Kaiser Mahal on the ground floor of the Ministry of Education building. This collection of around 45,000 books is derived from a personal collection of Kaiser Shamsher Jang Bahadur Rana. It covers a wide range of subjects including history, law, art, religion, and philosophy, as well as a Sanskrit manual of Tantra, which is believed to be over 1,000 years old. The 2015 earthquake caused severe damage to the Ministry of Education building, and the contents of the Kaiser Library have been temporarily relocated.

Question: How many volumes are contained in Nepal's National Library? Question: Along with Hindi, Sanskrit, Nepali and English, the National Library contains books in what language? Question: What government department is located in the same building as the Kaiser Library? Question: How many volumes does the Kaiser Library contain? Question: Who did the Kaiser Library's books previously belong to?

gq: Kathmandu is home to Nepali cinema and theaters. The city contains several theaters, including the National Dance Theatre in Kanti Path, the Ganga Theatre, the Himalayan Theatre and the Aarohan Theater Group founded in 1982. The M. Art Theater is based in the city. The Gurukul School of Theatre organizes the Kathmandu International Theater Festival, attracting artists from all over the world. A mini theater is also located at the Hanumandhoka Durbar Square, established by the Durbar Conservation and Promotion Committee.

Question: Where can the National Dance Theatre be found in Kathmandu? Question: What year saw the beginning of the Aarohan Theater Group? Question: What gathering is the work of the Gurukul School of Theatre? Question: Who constructed the theater in Hanumandhoka Durbar Square?

gq: Most of the cuisines found in Kathmandu are non-vegetarian. However, the practice of vegetarianism is not uncommon, and vegetarian cuisines can be found throughout the city. Consumption of beef is very uncommon and considered taboo in many places. Buff (meat of water buffalo) is very common. There is a strong tradition of buff consumption in Kathmandu, especially among Newars, which is not found in other parts of Nepal. Consumption of pork was considered taboo until a few decades ago. Due to the intermixing with Kirat cuisine from eastern Nepal, pork has found a place in Kathmandu dishes. A fringe population of devout Hindus and Muslims consider it taboo. The Muslims forbid eating buff as from Quran while Hindus eat all varieties except Cow's meat as the consider Cow to be a goddess and symbol of purity. The chief breakfast for locals and visitors is mostly Momo or Chowmein.

Question: What meat is very rarely eaten in Kathmandu? Question: What animal does buff come from? Question: What people are particularly known for eating buff? Question: What cuisine notably makes use of pork? Question: What do Kathmandu residents typically eat for breakfast?

gq: Kathmandu had only one western-style restaurant in 1955. A large number of restaurants in Kathmandu have since opened, catering Nepali cuisine, Tibetan cuisine, Chinese cuisine and Indian cuisine in particular. Many other restaurants have opened to accommodate locals, expatriates, and tourists. The growth of tourism in Kathmandu has led to culinary creativity and the development of hybrid foods to accommodate for tourists such as American chop suey, which is a sweet-and-sour sauce with crispy noodles with a fried egg commonly added on top and other westernized adaptations of traditional cuisine. Continental cuisine can be found in selected places. International chain restaurants are rare, but some outlets of Pizza Hut and KFC have recently opened there. It also has several outlets of the international ice-cream chain Baskin-Robbins

Question: How many restaurants in the western style were present in Kathmandu circa 1955? Question: Along with Nepali, Indian and Chinese cuisines, what cuisine has been a focus of Kathmandu restaurants? Question: Along with locals and tourists, who eats at Kathmandu's restaurants? Question: How is the egg in American chop suey prepared? Question: What chain restaurants are present in Kathmandu?

gq: Kathmandu has a larger proportion of tea drinkers than coffee drinkers. Tea is widely served but is extremely weak by western standards. It is richer and contains tea leaves boiled with milk, sugar and spices. Alcohol is widely drunk, and there are numerous local variants of alcoholic beverages. Drinking and driving is illegal, and authorities have a zero tolerance policy. Ailaa and thwon (alcohol made from rice) are the alcoholic beverages of Kathmandu, found in all the local bhattis (alcohol serving eateries). Chhyaang, tongba (fermented millet or barley) and rakshi are alcoholic beverages from other parts of Nepal which are found in Kathmandu. However, shops and bars in Kathmandu widely sell western and Nepali beers.

Question: What beverage is consumed by more people in Kathmandu, coffee or tea? Question: How might a western traveler find the tea served in Kathmandu? Question: What is used to make thwon? Question: What are bhattis? Question: What goes through a fermentation process to create tongba?

gq: Most of the fairs and festivals in Kathmandu originated in the Malla period or earlier. Traditionally, these festivals were celebrated by Newars. In recent years, these festivals have found wider participation from other Kathmanduites as well. As the capital of the Republic of Nepal, various national festivals are celebrated in Kathmandu. With mass migration to the city, the cultures of Khas from the west, Kirats from the east, Bon/Tibetan from the north, and Mithila from the south meet in the capital and mingle harmoniously. The festivities such as the Ghode (horse) Jatra, Indra Jatra, Dashain Durga Puja festivals, Shivratri and many more are observed by all Hindu and Buddhist communities of Kathmandu with devotional fervor and enthusiasm. Social regulation in the codes enacted incorporate Hindu traditions and ethics. These were followed by the Shah kings and previous kings, as devout Hindus and protectors of Buddhist religion.

Question: To what era do a majority of Kathmandu's festivals date back to? Question: Before the modern era, who mostly celebrated Kathmandu festivals? Question: In what direction out of Kathmandu did the Khas originate from? Question: In relation to Kathmandu, where do the Tibetans hale? Question: What does Ghode mean?

gq: The Bagmati River which flows through Kathmandu is considered a holy river both by Hindus and Buddhists, and many Hindu temples are located on the banks of this river. The importance of the Bagmati also lies in the fact that Hindus are cremated on its banks, and Kirants are buried in the hills by its side. According to the Nepali Hindu tradition, the dead body must be dipped three times into the Bagmati before cremation. The chief mourner (usually the first son) who lights the funeral pyre must take a holy riverwater bath immediately after cremation. Many relatives who join the funeral procession also take bath in the Bagmati River or sprinkle the holy water on their bodies at the end of cremation as the Bagmati is believed to purify people spiritually.

Question: In addition to Hindus, who regards the Bagmati River as sacred? Question: What is done with Hindus after they die? Question: What are done with the bodies of Kirants after death? Question: Before Hindus are cremated, how many times are their bodies placed in the Bagmati? Question: In a Hindu funeral, who is typically the main mourner?

gq: Legendary Princess Bhrikuti (7th-century) and artist Araniko (1245 - 1306 AD) from that tradition of Kathmandu valley played a significant role in spreading Buddhism in Tibet and China. There are over 108 traditional monasteries (Bahals and Bahis) in Kathmandu based on Newar Buddhism. Since the 1960s, the permanent Tibetan Buddhist population of Kathmandu has risen significantly so that there are now over fifty Tibetan Buddhist monasteries in the area. Also, with the modernization of Newar Buddhism, various Theravada Bihars have been established.

Question: In what century was Bhrikuti said to live? Question: When did Araniko die? Question: What religion did Araniko help to evangelize? Question: How many Newar Buddhist monasteries are present in Kathmandu? Question: Approximately how many monasteries in the Kathmandu area are run by Tibetan Buddhists?

gq: Kirant Mundhum is one of the indigenous animistic practices of Nepal. It is practiced by Kirat people. Some animistic aspects of Kirant beliefs, such as ancestor worship (worship of Ajima) are also found in Newars of Kirant origin. Ancient religious sites believed to be worshipped by ancient Kirats, such as Pashupatinath, Wanga Akash Bhairabh (Yalambar) and Ajima are now worshipped by people of all Dharmic religions in Kathmandu. Kirats who have migrated from other parts of Nepal to Kathmandu practice Mundhum in the city.

Question: What type of religion is Kirant Mundhum? Question: Who follows the Kirant Mudhum faith? Question: What is another name for ancestor worship? Question: Who worshipped at Wanga Akash Bhairabh in ancient times?

gq: Sikhism is practiced primarily in Gurudwara at Kupundole. An earlier temple of Sikhism is also present in Kathmandu which is now defunct. Jainism is practiced by a small community. A Jain temple is present in Gyaneshwar, where Jains practice their faith. According to the records of the Spiritual Assembly of the Baha'is of Nepal, there are approximately 300 Baha'is in Kathmandu valley. They have a National Office located in Shantinagar, Baneshwor. The Baha'is also have classes for children at the National Centre and other localities in Kathmandu. Islam is practised in Kathmandu but Muslims are a minority, accounting for about 4.2% of the population of Nepal.[citation needed] It is said that in Kathmandu alone there are 170 Christian churches. Christian missionary hospitals, welfare organizations, and schools are also operating. Nepali citizens who served as soldiers in Indian and British armies, who had converted to Christianity while in service, on return to Nepal continue to practice their religion. They have contributed to the spread of Christianity and the building of churches in Nepal and in Kathmandu, in particular.

Question: Where can a temple of the Jain faith be found? Question: Kathmandu valley is home to about how many Baha'i? Question: Where is the Baha'i national office located in Nepal? Question: About what percentage of the Nepali population follows Islam? Question: About how many Christian houses of worship exist in Kathmandu?

gq: Institute of Medicine, the central college of Tribhuwan University is the first medical college of Nepal and is located in Maharajgunj, Kathmandu. It was established in 1972 and started to impart medical education from 1978. A number of medical colleges including Kathmandu Medical College, Nepal Medical College, KIST Medical College, Nepal Army Institute of Health Sciences, National Academy of Medical Sciences (NAMS) and Kathmandu University School of Medical Sciences (KUSMS), are also located in or around Kathmandu.

Question: Of what university is the Institute of Medicine a constituent college? Question: In what part of Kathmandu is the Institute of Medicine found? Question: When did the Institute of Medicine begin to offer education in medicine? Question: What institution of tertiary education is known as NAMS? Question: What does KUSMS stand for?

gq: Football and Cricket are the most popular sports among the younger generation in Nepal and there are several stadiums in the city. The sport is governed by the All Nepal Football Association (ANFA) from its headquarters in Kathmandu. The only international football stadium in the city is the Dasarath Rangasala Stadium, a multi-purpose stadium used mostly for football matches and cultural events, located in the neighborhood of Tripureshwor. It is the largest stadium in Nepal with a capacity of 25,000 spectators, built in 1956. Martyr's Memorial League is also held in this ground every year. The stadium was renovated with Chinese help before the 8th South Asian Games were held in Kathmandu and had floodlights installed. Kathmandu is home to the oldest football clubs of Nepal such as RCT, Sankata and NRT. Other prominent clubs include MMC, Machhindra FC, Tribhuwan Army Club (TAC) and MPC.

Question: Along with cricket, what sport is highly popular among Nepali youth? Question: What body oversees soccer in Nepal? Question: In what part of Kathmandu is Dasarath Rangasala Stadium located? Question: How many people can fit in Dasarath Rangasala Stadium? Question: Who assisted Nepal in renovating Dasarath Rangasala Stadium?

gq: The total length of roads in Nepal is recorded to be (17,182 km (10,676 mi)), as of 2003–04. This fairly large network has helped the economic development of the country, particularly in the fields of agriculture, horticulture, vegetable farming, industry and also tourism. In view of the hilly terrain, transportation takes place in Kathmandu are mainly by road and air. Kathmandu is connected by the Tribhuvan Highway to the south, Prithvi Highway to the west and Araniko Highway to the north. The BP Highway, connecting Kathmandu to the eastern part of Nepal is under construction.

Question: As of 2004, how many kilometers of road existed in Nepal? Question: Why is travel in Kathmandu mainly via automobile or aircraft? Question: In what direction out of Kathmandu does the Prithvi Highway travel? Question: If one wished to travel north out of Kathmandu, what highway would be used? Question: What highway connecting Kathmandu to elsewhere in Nepal is currently being built?

gq: The main international airport serving Kathmandu and thus Nepal is the Tribhuvan International Airport, located about six kilometers (6 km (3.7 mi)) from the city centre. Operated by the Civil Aviation Authority of Nepal it has two terminals, one domestic and one international. At present, about 22 international airlines connect Nepal to other destinations in Europe, Asia and the Middle East, to cities such as Istanbul, Delhi, Kolkata, Singapore, Bangkok, Kuala Lumpur, Dhaka, Islamabad, Paro, Lhasa, Chengdu, and Guangzhou. A recent extension to the international terminal has made the distance to the airplanes shorter and in October 2009 it became possible to fly directly to Kathmandu from Amsterdam with Arkefly. Since 2013, Turkish Airlines connects Istanbul to Kathmandu. Regionally, several Nepali airlines operate from the city, including Agni Air, Buddha Air, Cosmic Air, Nepal Airlines and Yeti Airlines, to other major towns across Nepal.

Question: What is Nepal's primary airport for international travel? Question: Starting in the center of Kathmandu, how many kilometers must one travel to reach Tribhuvan International Airport? Question: How many airlines use Tribhuvan International for international flights? Question: From what city does Arkefly offer nonstop flights to Kathmandu? Question: Who operates flights between Kathmandu and Istanbul?

gq: Kathmandu Metropolitan City (KMC), in order to promote international relations has established an International Relations Secretariat (IRC). KMC's first international relationship was established in 1975 with the city of Eugene, Oregon, United States. This activity has been further enhanced by establishing formal relationships with 8 other cities: Motsumoto City of Japan, Rochester of the USA, Yangon (formerly Rangoon) of Myanmar, Xi'an of the People's Republic of China, Minsk of Belarus, and Pyongyang of the Democratic Republic of Korea. KMC's constant endeavor is to enhance its interaction with SAARC countries, other International agencies and many other major cities of the world to achieve better urban management and developmental programs for Kathmandu.

Question: What is KMC an initialism of? Question: In what year did Kathmandu create its initial international relationship? Question: In what US state did Kathmandu first establish an international relationship? Question: What was Yangon previously known as? Question: With what Belorussian city does Kathmandu have a relationship?