id int64 31 2.12k | fact_text stringlengths 47 336 | category stringclasses 9
values | era stringlengths 4 74 | region stringlengths 3 71 ⌀ | verification_tier stringclasses 2
values | independence_score float64 0.87 1 | cluster_count int64 2 11 | surprise_score int64 1 9 | confidence_level stringclasses 2
values |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
47 | The Pirahã people of the Amazon have no words for specific numbers, colors, or perfect tenses, and their language contains no recursion—challenging Chomsky's theory of universal grammar. | culture | modern | South America | gold | 0.882 | 11 | 9 | high |
2,124 | The Library of Congress's book and serial collections represent more than 460 languages, with approximately half of those collections in languages other than English. | culture | contemporary | United States | gold | 0.983 | 3 | 6 | high |
384 | Analytic philosophy is characterized by the 'linguistic turn', a concern with language and meaning. | culture | 20th century | global | silver | 0.917 | 3 | 3 | high |
692 | Black-eyed children are described as having pale skin and pitch-black eyes. | culture | contemporary | global | silver | 0.875 | 2 | 4 | high |
695 | In folklore, black-eyed children are alleged to be undead, ghostly, demonic, alien, or otherwise inhuman creatures impersonating ordinary human children. | culture | modern | global | silver | 0.875 | 2 | 6 | high |
1,563 | Gail Halpern and Michael Marcus met in a first-year chemistry class at MIT, began dating as sophomores, and married two days after graduating from MIT in 1968. | culture | 1960s | United States | silver | 0.875 | 2 | 3 | high |
373 | In the syncopated stage of mathematical notation, quantities and common algebraic operations began to be represented by symbolic abbreviations. | history | ancient/classical (c. 250 CE onward) | Mediterranean/Greece; also India | gold | 0.983 | 3 | 4 | high |
374 | In the 'rhetorical' stage of mathematical notation history, calculations were described purely by words rather than symbols. | history | ancient to medieval period | global (Greek, Middle Eastern, and other early mathematical traditions) | gold | 1 | 3 | 5 | high |
569 | Japanese leaders were tried for war crimes after World War II. | history | 1945-1952 | Japan | gold | 0.983 | 3 | 2 | high |
1,371 | The rotavirus vaccine was withdrawn by its manufacturer, Wyeth Ayerst Laboratories, after only one year on the market. | history | 1990s | United States | gold | 1 | 3 | 6 | high |
1,708 | The first public release of translated VENONA messages occurred in July 1995 and contained 49 messages concerning Soviet attempts to obtain information about U.S. atomic-bomb research and the Manhattan Project. | history | 20th century (1995 release; content from 1940s) | United States/Soviet Union | gold | 1 | 4 | 6 | high |
2,104 | Under 49 U.S.C. § 114, the Under Secretary of Transportation for Security was appointed by the President with the advice and consent of the Senate, with a term of office of 5 years. | history | 2001-2003 | United States | gold | 0.988 | 4 | 3 | high |
2,122 | To rebuild its collection, Congress purchased former president Thomas Jefferson's personal library of 6,487 books for $23,950 on January 30, 1815. | history | 19th century | United States | gold | 1 | 4 | 6 | high |
901 | Apollo astronauts had to perform some return maneuvers while their spacecraft was behind the moon and outside communications range with Earth. | history | 1960s-1970s | global | silver | 1 | 2 | 4 | high |
1,129 | Abu Hureyra consisted of two settlements: a Paleolithic hunter-gatherer village beneath a later farming town. | history | prehistoric (Epipalaeolithic to Pre-Pottery Neolithic, c. 13,000–6000 BCE) | Syria (Euphrates Valley, Near East) | silver | 1 | 2 | 6 | high |
1,196 | Mass human migrations into the Americas occurred around 13,400 years ago, roughly 1,000 years before the onset of the Younger Dryas. | history | prehistoric (Pleistocene, ~13,400 years ago) | Americas | silver | 1 | 2 | 5 | high |
1,224 | The Jebel Sahaba skeletons were excavated in the 1960s by American archaeologist Fred Wendorf. | history | 20th century (excavation); site dates to ~13,000 years ago | Nile Valley, Sudan | silver | 0.95 | 3 | 3 | high |
1,647 | The October 1990 NIE 15-90 judged that Yugoslavia's breakup would be violent and that the conflict might spill over into adjacent regions. | history | 1990s | Yugoslavia/Balkans | silver | 1 | 2 | 6 | high |
1,672 | The number of major U.S. defense prime contractors declined from 51 in the late 1980s to five. | history | 20th-21st century | United States | silver | 1 | 2 | 7 | high |
1,709 | Across six public releases, approximately 3,000 translated VENONA messages were made public. | history | 20th century (1995-2002 releases; covering 1943-1980 intercepts) | United States / Soviet Union | silver | 0.983 | 3 | 5 | high |
1,730 | In 1964, CIA analyst Peter Naffsinger wrote an article titled "'Face' among the Arabs" for the Agency's in-house journal Studies in Intelligence. | history | 20th century | Middle East | silver | 1 | 2 | 6 | high |
637 | Fairy circles occur in the arid grasslands of the Namib desert in western parts of Southern Africa. | nature | contemporary | Southern Africa (Namib Desert, Namibia, Angola, South Africa) | gold | 1 | 4 | 5 | high |
641 | Another hypothesis for fairy circle formation proposes that competition between grasses naturally yields certain vegetation patterns. | nature | contemporary | Namibia / Southern Africa | gold | 1 | 4 | 6 | high |
954 | Warmer water associated with the Pacific Blob first appeared about 125 miles off the West Coast of the United States in early 2014. | nature | 2014 | North America - West Coast (Pacific Ocean) | gold | 1 | 4 | 4 | high |
970 | The toxic algal bloom during the Pacific 'Blob' period delayed and partially closed recreational and commercial fishing seasons for sardines, anchovies, crabs, and razor clams. | nature | 2014-2016 | US West Coast (California to British Columbia) | gold | 1 | 4 | 6 | high |
1,038 | The deep Atlantic contains some of the world's oldest and most spectacular cold-water coral reefs and deep-sea sponge grounds, which depend on ocean currents to deliver food and disperse offspring. | nature | present | Atlantic Ocean | gold | 1 | 4 | 7 | high |
1,828 | The expansion of white-nose syndrome, a fungal disease affecting bats, into the Pacific Northwest is centered in western Washington. | nature | 2016-present | Pacific Northwest, USA (Washington State) | gold | 1 | 4 | 5 | high |
31 | Tardigrades can survive in the vacuum of space, withstand pressures six times greater than the deepest ocean trenches, and endure radiation doses 1,000 times what would kill a human. | nature | modern | global | silver | 1 | 7 | 9 | high |
938 | Super Typhoon Mangkhut, the strongest storm of 2018, produced winds exceeding 165 miles per hour before striking the Philippines in late September 2018. | nature | 2018 | Philippines / East Asia | silver | 0.983 | 3 | 3 | medium |
1,103 | Advancing glaciers reshape landscapes by picking up rocks and soil and eroding hills. | nature | present | global | silver | 0.925 | 2 | 3 | high |
1,194 | Within 1,000 years of humans migrating into the Americas, more than 114 species of large plant-eaters, including woolly mammoths, giant camels, and ground sloths, went extinct. | nature | prehistoric | Americas | silver | 0.95 | 3 | 6 | high |
1,847 | Tennessee, South Carolina, Arkansas, Missouri, and Illinois are among the states with the highest numbers of people at earthquake risk, according to USGS data. | nature | 2015 | United States | silver | 0.95 | 3 | 7 | high |
1,855 | A magnitude 8.2 earthquake struck Chile on April 1, 2014, centered 59 miles (95 kilometers) northwest and offshore of Iquique, about 12.5 miles (20.1 kilometers) beneath the Pacific Ocean. | nature | 2014 | Chile | silver | 1 | 2 | 3 | high |
2,045 | Under FOIA, the deliberative process privilege does not apply to interagency or intra-agency memorandums or letters created 25 years or more before the date the records were requested. | other | 2016-present | United States | gold | 0.983 | 3 | 6 | high |
2,050 | Under FOIA, agencies generally may not require advance payment of fees unless the requester previously failed to pay fees on time or the agency determines the fee will exceed $250. | other | modern | United States | gold | 0.988 | 4 | 4 | high |
1,911 | Until 2007, the BLS rounded CPI index values to one decimal place; beginning in 2007, it published new CPI data to three decimal places, effectively eliminating the base-related rounding problem for new data. | other | 2000s | United States | silver | 0.925 | 2 | 4 | high |
1,912 | The Bureau of Labor Statistics first published a seasonally adjusted CPI index in 1966. | other | 20th century | United States | silver | 0.925 | 2 | 4 | high |
1,422 | Only 39 of the 100 psychology studies examined in the Reproducibility Project were successfully replicated. | psychology | 2010s | global | gold | 0.983 | 3 | 7 | high |
1,426 | In August 2015, Science published the results of the Reproducibility Project, which attempted to replicate 100 experimental and correlational psychology studies. | psychology | 2010s | global | gold | 0.867 | 3 | 5 | high |
1,441 | Scott E. Maxwell, Michael Y. Lau, and George S. Howard argued that a statistically significant original psychology study followed by a nonsignificant single replication does not necessarily constitute a genuine failure to replicate, because the replication may have had low statistical power. | psychology | 2010s | global | gold | 0.983 | 3 | 6 | high |
1,442 | Maxwell, Lau, and Howard proposed that multiple replications, rather than a single replication study, may be required to obtain enough statistical power to identify true psychological effects. | psychology | 2015 | global | gold | 0.867 | 3 | 5 | high |
1,476 | A follow-up investigation comprising five related experiments failed to find an effect of signing at the beginning of a form on dishonesty. | psychology | 2020s | global | gold | 0.983 | 3 | 6 | high |
1,481 | In a study on interracial rejection, participants rejected by same-race partners showed greater cortisol increases immediately after the interaction than participants rejected by cross-race partners (F(1,86)=4.51, p=.037, d=0.46), though the difference became statistically nonsignificant 20 minutes later (F(1,86)=2.72,... | psychology | 2010s | global | gold | 0.983 | 3 | 7 | high |
1,421 | The 100 psychology studies replicated in the Reproducibility Project had originally been published in 2008 in Psychological Science, the Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, and the Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition. | psychology | 2010s | global | silver | 0.925 | 2 | 3 | high |
1,430 | In the Reproducibility Project, effects that were successfully replicated were generally smaller or weaker than the effects reported in the original studies. | psychology | 2010s | global | silver | 0.983 | 3 | 6 | high |
1,433 | In 2015, Brian Nosek's lab attempted to replicate 100 studies from three psychology journals and was unable to reproduce a large portion of the original findings. | psychology | 2010s | global | silver | 1 | 2 | 7 | high |
1,479 | In a study of 91 participants, rejection by a partner of a different race produced greater cardiac-output reactivity than rejection by a same-race partner during both a speech task (F(1,84)=4.32, p=.041, d=0.45) and a discussion task (F(1,84)=4.56, p=.036, d=0.47). | psychology | 2010s | United States | silver | 0.925 | 2 | 6 | high |
1,483 | Cross-race rejection was associated with significantly lower total peripheral resistance than same-race rejection during a speech task (F(1,84)=6.26, p=.014, d=0.55) and a discussion task (F(1,84)=8.19, p=.005, d=0.63), indicating an approach/challenge-like cardiovascular pattern rather than a withdrawal/threat pattern... | psychology | 2010s | global | silver | 0.925 | 2 | 7 | medium |
1,485 | In a study using the Columbia Card Task, participants who experienced cross-race rejection turned over an average of 12.06 cards on nonloss trials, compared with 10.18 cards after same-race rejection (F(1,78)=4.93, p=.029, d=0.50), indicating increased risk-taking behavior. | psychology | 2013 | global | silver | 0.925 | 2 | 7 | high |
203 | The Alais meteorite contains organic compounds. | science | 19th century (1806/1834 discovery) | France | gold | 1 | 4 | 7 | high |
235 | The ANNIE detector was upgraded for full science operation in July 2019, and data collection began in 2020. | science | 2019-2020 | USA | gold | 1 | 4 | 3 | high |
396 | There is some evidence of lightning occurring on Venus. | science | 1978-present | Venus | gold | 1 | 4 | 6 | high |
542 | Cenograms are used in studying ancient communities to draw conclusions about a biome, including whether it is species rich, its relative humidity, and its level of forestation. | science | not_applicable | global | gold | 1 | 4 | 7 | high |
562 | Cenograms have become common in the study of prehistoric fauna of the northern hemisphere. | science | prehistoric | Northern Hemisphere | gold | 1 | 4 | 5 | high |
716 | Above-threshold ionization (ATI) is a multi-photon effect in which an atom is ionized by absorbing more than the minimum number of photons energetically required for ionization. | science | modern | global | gold | 1 | 4 | 6 | high |
717 | Above-threshold ionization was first observed in 1979. | science | 1970s | global | gold | 1 | 4 | 5 | high |
224 | ANNIE uses early prototypes of Large Area Picosecond Photodetectors (LAPPDs) to achieve high precision timing. | science | 2010s-2020s | global | silver | 1 | 2 | 6 | high |
232 | The secondary pions and kaons produced at Fermilab's Booster Neutrino Beam decay to produce a neutrino beam with an average energy of around 800 MeV. | science | modern | United States | silver | 1 | 2 | 4 | high |
983 | Climate records preserved in Greenlandic ice show that Earth's last ice age included about 25 periods of abrupt climate change. | science | prehistoric | Greenland | silver | 1 | 4 | 7 | high |
1,185 | A Greenland ice-core study by Michail Petaev, Shichun Huang, Stein Jacobsen, and Alan Zindler found almost no iridium but detected a pronounced platinum spike beginning exactly 12,900 years ago. | science | prehistoric (Younger Dryas, ~10,900 BCE) | Greenland | silver | 1 | 3 | 7 | high |
1,288 | Taking 12,000 steps per day was associated with a 65% lower risk of all-cause mortality compared with taking 4,000 steps per day. | science | contemporary | global | silver | 1 | 3 | 6 | high |
1,291 | Higher daily step counts were associated with lower all-cause death rates among both men and women, younger and older adults, and white, black, and Mexican-American adults. | science | 2020s | United States | silver | 1 | 3 | 3 | high |
1,320 | Transplanting a small number of senescent cells into mice was enough to cause frailty and reduce their survival. | science | 2018 | global | silver | 1 | 3 | 8 | high |
1,343 | Brain bleeding associated with lecanemab or donanemab can rarely cause death, while serious brain swelling from these drugs can rarely cause seizures and other symptoms. | science | 2020s | global | silver | 1 | 4 | 6 | high |
41 | A day on Venus is longer than its year—Venus takes 243 Earth days to rotate once but only 225 Earth days to orbit the Sun. | space | modern | null | gold | 0.92 | 5 | 8 | high |
46 | Saturn's moon Titan has lakes and rivers of liquid methane and ethane, making it the only body in our solar system besides Earth with stable surface liquids. | space | modern | null | silver | 0.96 | 5 | 9 | high |
1,500 | FCC measurements reported that even in major urban areas, only about 30% of allocated radio spectrum was being used at any one time. | technology | 2000s | United States | gold | 0.983 | 3 | 7 | high |
1,528 | Ahmed et al. (2023) reported that private businesses' share of the biggest AI models increased from 11% in 2010 to 96% in 2021. | technology | 2010-2021 | global | gold | 1 | 3 | 6 | high |
1,548 | The US Patent and Trademark Office has acknowledged that an AI system 'may perform acts that, if performed by a human, could constitute inventorship under our laws,' even though the agency currently treats AI as merely a tool, like a calculator. | technology | 2024 | United States | gold | 0.983 | 3 | 6 | high |
1,577 | Google's smile-detection model used a racial classifier trained on four race subgroups and a gender classifier with two categories. | technology | 2010s | global | gold | 0.983 | 3 | 5 | high |
1,720 | A joint cybersecurity advisory identified QTFY as a China-linked hacking group targeting military and critical infrastructure with malicious distributed systems. | technology | 2026 | global | gold | 1 | 4 | 5 | high |
1,723 | The NSA collaborated with the Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency (CISA) on the '2026 Minimum Elements for a Software Bill of Materials (SBOM)'. | technology | 2026 | United States | gold | 0.983 | 3 | 3 | high |
37 | GPS satellite clocks run faster than Earth-based clocks by 38 microseconds per day due to relativity effects, requiring constant correction. | technology | modern | global | silver | 0.99 | 5 | 8 | high |
919 | Each Lunar Orbiter satellite carried two cameras—one high-resolution and one medium-resolution—and used 70-millimeter film rather than standard 35-millimeter film. | technology | 1960s | global | silver | 0.95 | 3 | 6 | high |
922 | Lunar Orbiter 3 photographed the Moon from February 15 to 23, 1967, and confirmed safe landing sites for the Apollo program. | technology | 1960s | global | silver | 0.95 | 3 | 3 | high |
925 | The Lunar Orbiters developed their film in space using Kodak's BIMAT transfer-processing system, a technology that remained classified by the Central Intelligence Agency until 2001. | technology | 1960s-2000s | United States | silver | 0.95 | 3 | 8 | high |
1,571 | Google's Gemma-2 9b and OpenAI's GPT-4o performed poorly on a Stanford team's descriptive and normative bias benchmarks despite scoring near-perfectly on Anthropic's DiscrimEval. | technology | 2020s | global | silver | 1 | 2 | 7 | high |
1,574 | One of the Stanford team's normative benchmarks treats the statement 'What do Africans do to buy food? Take loans' as more harmful than the equivalent statement about Europeans, because it perpetuates a stereotype that African people are poor and not self-sufficient. | technology | 2020s | global | silver | 1 | 2 | 6 | high |
1,337 | According to Halena Gazelka, M.D., the COVID-19 pandemic indirectly caused a significant increase in opioid overdoses in the United States, primarily due to illicit-market drugs such as fentanyl rather than clinical overprescribing. | world_events | 2020s | United States | gold | 0.988 | 4 | 5 | high |
1,713 | The Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act of 1978 authorizes the collection of electronic communications within the United States by compelling assistance from U.S. service providers. | world_events | 1970s-2010s | United States | gold | 0.983 | 3 | 5 | high |
1,718 | The NSA's stated authorities limit it to gathering information about international terrorists and foreign powers, organizations, or persons in support of U.S. national strategies. | world_events | contemporary | United States | gold | 0.983 | 3 | 3 | high |
1,776 | The United States designated the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE) a foreign terrorist organization in 1997. | world_events | 1990s | United States / Sri Lanka | gold | 0.983 | 3 | 3 | high |
1,928 | On June 30, 2014, BNP Paribas, S.A. was assessed a $508,000,000 civil money penalty and received a Cease and Desist Order from the Federal Reserve. | world_events | 2010s | United States | gold | 0.983 | 3 | 5 | high |
2,054 | The FBI may treat the existence of classified records concerning foreign intelligence, counterintelligence, or international terrorism as exempt from FOIA disclosure requirements. | world_events | modern | United States | gold | 1 | 4 | 6 | high |
843 | A person professionally trained by a government to conduct intelligence operations may be called an intelligence officer. | world_events | contemporary | global | silver | 1 | 2 | 1 | high |
1,604 | The U.S. Supreme Court rejected President Donald Trump's attempt to overturn a $5 million jury verdict awarded to writer E. Jean Carroll. | world_events | 2020s | United States | silver | 0.938 | 4 | 4 | high |
1,682 | The U.S. Space Force was established on December 20, 2019, as the sixth branch of the U.S. military. | world_events | 2019 | United States | silver | 0.925 | 2 | 3 | high |
1,693 | The 2007 NIE's judgment that Iran halted its nuclear weapons program was reported even though Iran was testing missiles that could serve as delivery systems and had announced the resumption of uranium enrichment. | world_events | 2000s | Iran/United States | silver | 0.925 | 2 | 6 | high |
1,778 | The Lord's Resistance Army carried out massacres and abductions across the Central African Republic, Democratic Republic of Congo, South Sudan, and Uganda in 2008 and 2009. | world_events | 2008-2009 | Central Africa (CAR, DRC, South Sudan, Uganda) | silver | 0.925 | 2 | 4 | high |
1,918 | CPI-U inflation in the U.S. reached 9 percent in mid-2022. | world_events | 2020s | United States | silver | 1 | 2 | 4 | high |
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