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What is a good, up-to-date, well-regarded text on writing physics solvers for (e.g.) game engines or realtime simulations? In particular, treatment of numerical stability, convergence, asymptotic complexity and performance, contact forces, and the handling of constraints are relevant to me. I have solid familiarity of ...
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In a Euronews headline I saw the following: Frontex: What would happen if the EU border agency quit Greece?. Shouldn't it be "quits Greece"? As far as I understood EU border agency is singular. Reopen note: Although the original close vote as a duplicate was accepted, Stuart F has since pointed out that the real issue ...
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When I'm not writing a math paper, I write way faster by typing directly into a word processor. I form and revise sentences faster on the screen then I can on paper. But typesetting math is slower than handwriting, and I think better with a pen. I already know it's best to handwrite symbol-heavy text before typing, but...
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For no reason other than my own curiosity, I have been trying to figure out the solution to the following question: Given a bag of x marbles, what is the probability of having seen every different marble at least once after y draws with replacement? I am interested in making different graphs for specific values of x ju...
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We could say it was painted beautifully to convey that the way it was painted was beautiful. "beautifully" being the adverbal form of beautiful (an adjective). What if the adjective is "lovely": How would you convey that the way it was painted was lovely? Is it: it was painted lovelyly This sounds/feels weird and I hav...
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I'm studying instability in Stellar Dynamics (in particular globular clusters instabilities). I have not understood clearly the definition of these concept. Dynamical instability is the study of the instability considering an adiabatic process: we perturb the system and see what happens. Thermal instability happens at ...
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I want to make a robot that solves a hand-made maze, so that I want to provide it a LIDAR component to measure the distance to read the environment. Before buying a component I want to know if it's capable of measuring distance to a rotated surface. Under rotated surface I mean a wall that is not perfectly aligned with...
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I have read everywhere that the gold foil experiment performed by Rutherford was done hoping that the alpha particles face only a little deflection/no deflection however this doesn't sit right with me, the old model of Thomson clearly shows that atom is a positive sphere with electrons embedded in it, what made him thi...
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What exactly would happen if we sent a frequency that was not one of the harmonics into a closed and open pipe? What would happen if we gradually increased this frequency? From my understanding, I think if we were to send down this frequency, a standing wave could not form, so when we gradually increase this frequency,...
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In principle, the comparative form of polysyllabic adjectives has "more" before the word, rather than taking a suffix "-er". But why do adjectives ending in "-y" often take the suffix "-er"? For example, "luckier". (and the same for superlative) Regardless of which from "more lucky" and "luckier" is considered correct,...
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In first-order logic, one has a way of constructing all sentences out of some logical symbols, as well as function and relation symbols pertaining to a special kind of signature one is in. Now in the book of Mac Lane on category theory, there is a similar construction, where the atomic statements (instead of only being...
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What do you call it when someone is being back-handed in a way that looks and sounds nice outrightly but is intended to be mean? Passive-aggressive is too obvious. The equivalent to Bless her heart. The rudeness would be hard to tell to anyone who wasn't there to see or wasn't aware of the person's dislike for someone....
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A large regular hexagon is cut out of a triangular grid and tiled with diamonds (pairs of triangles glued together along an edge). Diamonds come in three varieties, depending on orientation; prove that precisely the same number of each variety must appear in the tiling. This puzzle is from Gurmeet.net's Tiling with Cal...
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I have come across them in a thrift shop and completely fell in love with the method employed by her. Almost nothing is taken for granted and everything from the definition of subtraction to the addition propert of equality is first demonstrated (or proved) before being employed. I have picked up Serge Lang's Basic Mat...
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On high slopes and rugged terrains, riding a bicycle while standing on the pedals is easier. Even though I cannot physically define what is "easy"; since it is a feeling that my body generates based on the ratio of work output to the energy expenditure and degree of tiredness of my muscles, I am pretty sure a humanoid ...
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Is there a word for people you like but are a pain in the ass? Nothing too vulgar. I am not looking to call someone it, but affectionately think about them "that person is a complete [word]". It's for a friend (of the opposite sex, though I don't necessarily want to signal that here). oh God Debbie, can you stop being ...
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I am studying trigonometry and have wondered if there are generalized power-reduction formulae for sin^n(x) and cos^n(x) yet the best that I found was formulae for odd and even powers on Wikipedia without any proof. Could you write a formula for sin^n(x) or cos^n(x)(if there are any) and a proof if it is possible? I wi...
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Does spacial coherence mean that if I took a cross section of the laser beam beam, then I can find a relation between the phase of the electric field between any two points across the cross section even after the elapse of a very long time? Whereas the highly temporal coherence means that I can predict the phase of the...
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I have three scenarios: The following setup will experience an induced EMF since the area covered increases with time. (Shaded in orange) If instead of a wire/rod,we had a coil moving within the field, there would be no induced EMF for a constant magnetic flux density since area covered by coil is fixed and does not va...
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Essentially what the title asks-- are matrix models, such as BFSS, believed to capture in any way the large possible space of false string vacua, for instance as saddles in the action with nonminimal energy, in such a way that the dynamics of settling into a false vacuum/metastable state could in principle be probed wi...
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Let's take a hypothetical an experimental scenario where a stream of high-energy photons from a powerful source is directed via a system of mirrors and lenses in a two coherent rays to a vacuum camera. The photons collide in the vacuum camera, producing positron-electron pairs. The pairs are promptly separated before t...
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I'm studying method of undetermined coefficients and i can understant what is its idea. But i'm ambiguous when we can use it. Of course, it is obvious that the differential equation is nonhomogeneous. And wikipidia says as following: Undetermined coefficients is not as general a method as variation of parameters, since...
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So, I happened to be reading a grammar book in which I came across this weird looking sentence. This is the car of which parts are not available now. I think it should have been something like this: This is the car, parts of which are not available now. If the improvised version is correct, I do not know why. Can you g...
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I need some advice on the use of these two words - update and refresh. I am currently working on the desktop app and I need to give a button a correct name. There is a big number of objects that an app stores in the database and multiple users can work with them simultaneously. If one user changes an object, it gets ch...
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I have a theorem in the form : if A is verified and B is verified and C is verified then D is verified. I'd like to show that we can't do without hypothesis C. How can I do this? Do I need to find an example where I have A, B and non(C) which are verified such that D is unverified? If I do this, what will I have shown?
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I am not well-versed in the research on topological solitons but am interested to make a good sense of its implication. The highly interesting point in this new talk by Nick Manton was where he is noting that multiple vacua can be modeled using solitons. But are these multiple vacua simply degenerate in energy? Or we c...
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I am reading Hiroshi Kunita's lecture Stochastic Differential Equations Based on Levy Processes and Stochastic Flows of Diffeomorphisms.It proves Ito's formula for cadlag semimartingale. Kunita's proof The proof is concise, but I doubt that it is not correct. Right in this picture, it constructs a function r(x,y)(in th...
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In modern day PV cells you usually have a silver-based grid on the upper end of the cell where it's exposed to the sun creating the optimization game of how thin/thick you can make your busbars and fingers so that maximum current can be passed without covering too much of the silicone surface blocking the sun's exposur...
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Following this post, I did this: [Options] --> [Adv. Editor] --> [Special options] panel --> [Go to error when displaying log] which however doesn't resolve my issue; after compiling, the cursor is always stuck at the same place. I'm suspecting some part of my code is colliding with this functionality, but cannot figur...
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A recent paper "Gravitational Pair Production and Black Hole Evaporation" (discussed in short here) says that any spacetime curvature would produce Hawking radiation, no need for event horizon. If this is correct then a question arises - how negative energy would take energy from observable object? Fermion cannot be pa...
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Here are two sentences that sort of mean the same thing, but need your help in identifying which one would be more appropriate. I do already have an idea as to which phrase would be more appropriate but I still chose to go with the other one. His mind pushed back, but he kept willing it to do all that it still could. H...
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Inspired by Are the visible matter and dark matter separately segregated? I wonder if the constituents (I don't say particles, as we don't know) have actions and forces among themselves, that we cannot detect directly from our observable matter. Might it be that there is a mirror world with the same forces as in our ob...
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Imagine there is no EM or Nuclear Force, and Gravity is the only force. Can gravity alone produce an atomic structure similar to a basic atom? In this scenario, the nucleus is just a single particle. The electron is another particle with only mass and angular momentum, like a planet orbiting a star. How feasible is it ...
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Let's assume we have two charged free particles with the same energy coming toward each other. What will be the time-dependent perturbation in this case? More precisely, I am asking what will be the change in Hamiltonian due to which perturbation is happening? Is it the Columbian potential only which will change? If ye...
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The matrix is not necessarily symmetric. The highest eigenvalue is positive and real (per Frobenius). Assume there is another eigenvalue with real part less than or equal to highest eigenvalue, real part positive, and higher than any other real part of any other eigenvalues. By "semidefinite" eigenvector I mean that th...
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"Export settings" disambiguation and meaning. The aforementioned quotation is ambiguous. As I see it, it could mean either of the following: Export (verb) settings ---> Action of exporting the settings Export (adjectival noun) settings ---> Settings of export Is there a way to disambiguate "export settings" or is the E...
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The sentence: This essay will analyse this topic from both points of view and express my opinion. I think might be grammatically incorrect because it combines two separate actions while the coordination sounds ambiguous to me. Alternatively, are these the more correction versions? This essay will analyze this topic fro...
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In the case of a particle system the wave function or state vector is in a superposition of possibilities before measurement. But does this rule apply in the case of vacuum state? Is it in a superposition of (energy) possibilities before measurement? We might say that nothing is there to measure in the vacuum. In parti...
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In the book: Logical Foundations of Proof Complexity (S.Cook), we have a proof for the Derivational Soundness and Completeness of LK assuming that the underlying vocabulary does not contain =. In this proof is said that the soundness direction holds also when he underlying vocabulary contains =. Theorem in the mentione...
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Is there a single word to describe all the elements in a list, except the last item? The head of a list refers to the first item in the list and the tail refers to the last item. In mathematics and computer science, the tail can also refer to all the elements after the first; I'm not sure if that carries over into othe...
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I Would like to know a place (book, paper) that discuss thorougly the problem of degenerate elements in singular homology. I know that they are not a problem with simplices but you need to explicity deal with them in cubic homology (Massey for instance) I have read an terse old paper by Tucker (degenerate cycles bound)...
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Considering, the phenomenon of surface tension, is the interface of the liquid more dense than the bulk phase? Considering, if it were more dense, the phenomenon of surface tension would be explained, more dense, would result in greater strength at the surface. However, i've found various answers that state the interfa...
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So imagine this situation. An object is experiencing two forces, one due to gravity in downward direction and other applied by us in upward direction such that our force is less than gravitational force. So the object will accelerate downward and its potential energy will decrease. Will the change in potential energy e...
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When using Set heading in the margin to the left of text this method to place paragraph headings in the margin, this works for single-column documents. But when the twocolumn option of geometry is used (in report class), the second column's heading overlaps into the first column's text. Is there a way to have the left ...
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Is there a Hilbert curve for every space? as I understanding it in layman terms, it's a way to order a space sequentially which visits every place once. Does it work with continuous spaces, or just discrete? Are there certain limitations of dimensionality that you cannot use a Hilbert curve to explore? I guess I'm aski...
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Why after Big Bang it is not going to Heat Death in the easiest path, actually the energy can get distributed uniformly to all directions. Instead we see the energy in Big Bang is being converted to atoms, then the stars, galaxy etc. are formed. Isn't these formations making the path to Heat Death more distant? Any nat...
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As we know, a star that is too massive to become a white dwarf becomes either a neutron star or if it is even more massive, a black hole: neutron stars form with great gravity that comes with great mass, the gravity pushing down on its core, merging protons and electrons into neutrons making the core consist only of ne...
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The interaction (of an electron with an external electromagnetic field) is because of the electron's charge, but charge causes an electric field, so, by Syllogism one can say the interaction is because of the electron's electric field. Now we can say that, by linearity, the external field and the field of the electron ...
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We know for a fact that if an electron absorbs a photon with enough energy it gets excited to a higher energy level, which increases that electron's total energy and we know that energy can present itself either with rest mass energy, kinetic energy and potential energy. And we know from Bohr equations that the higher ...
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"Inclusion" means for something to be part of a group "Exclusion" means for something to not be part of a group Whether something is in the group or out of the group is obviously modified be the "in" or "ex" prefix, so the root word should be "Clusion" to mean "part of a group?", but I can't find any references to the ...
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Say you want to wear a shirt: it would be odd to say, "I'm going topful". Is the reason due to topless being more out of the norm, and thus requiring a term? Maybe in places where not wearing a shirt is more normal, topful may be a more likely word to exist. Or maybe topful sounds like it would be totally covered, so t...
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I want to understand what are the techniques one can explore to debug linear programming related optimization problem which is turning out to be infeasible. It turns out infeasible saying so and so equations lead to infeasibility but the problem is that the equation is formed using multiple inputs and has a logic behin...
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A Device independent test is a procedure used to characterise quantum resources with the minimal level of trust. If one wants to test correlations like entanglement in a device-independent way, we get non-local correlations. Then my question is: given that Quantum Discord is considered as a form of quantum correlation ...
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I'm writing some text, with a float at some point. I don't mind where my float is placed exactly, but - I do mind if it breaks up individual paragraphs into two pieces, before and after the float. I just read this: How to protect text from being split by a float? where the (single and accepted) answer suggests some mea...
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I need advice on the statistical method, and I've included some preliminary findings from my dataset, which includes mean, standard deviation, and variance. To distinguish between artifact-related and non-artifact-related data, I would like to receive the results from the mean, standard deviation, and variance formulat...
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At the moment I am trying to simulate charged droplets and their berakup in an homogeneous electrical field in vacuum. I am using a VoF-Method, but as the droplets get smaller and smaller I would need a finer mesh and smaller timestep. So I was thinking of using an Eulerian-Lagrangian approach by identifying droplets b...
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Say we want to inscribe a cicle with a regular polygon: The circumradius is is the distance to the vertices of the regular n-ngon. We can see on the image, this circumradius of a regular n-gon is greater at lower n. And as n goes to infinity, the circumradius should approach the radius of the inscribed circle. But what...
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If the eigenvalues of two matrices are known is there any (generalized) way to tell the eigenvalues of the sum of the two matrices? I have come to hear that no such theorem exists that can handle the general case. I want to ask if it is possible to find and prove such a theorem. If yes, what background in linear algebr...
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Specifically, this is for the context of hydrodynamic levitation. Below is what I believe the forces acting on the ball are: What equation would be used to calculate R, the force from the Coanda effect? My logic above, by the way, is that since the ball exerts a force on the water that causes it to go to the right and ...
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From my understanding, but please correct me if I am wrong, this equation is implicit (See the attached screenshot). However, the goal is to create an identical (or similar) shape that is defined using "parametric equations". Is there any good way to do that please? Thank you for the help. In addition, if it is possibl...
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The Coulomb's law is an expertimental law which calcuates the electrostatic force between distinct two electrically charged point particles (point charge) at rest. And Point particle doesn't take up space. However, there is following sentence in Content 'Limitation' in an the article in wikipedia: There are three condi...
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What happens to the temperature of a body (not in the body frame) as it approaches the speed of light? My thinking is that the molecules will necessarily 'prefer' (as a natural consequence of the basic effects of SR - yes, I am handwaving at the moment and not giving detail just to avoid extra text) a direction of move...
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I found this sentence in Oxford Dictionary in an entry for "draw up": Sarah drew herself up, full of indignation that he should presume to judge her. Also this one in the entry for "sully": They were outraged that anyone should sully their good name. My guess here is that "should" in the first example really means "sho...
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I have found a similar question here. However, my reputation is too low to append comment for requiring more information. As a result, I have to post a question. I read Pandas documentation and I encountered the following sentence: The axis labeling information in Pandas objects serves many purposes. I could catch the ...
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I am a computer science PhD student, and I need statistical manifolds theory for my work. I am currently reading Differential Geometry of Curves and Surface by Kristopher Tapp and Carmo. I plan to study Lee's smooth Manifold next. (My supervisor's recommendations.) Unfortunately I do not have the topology background to...
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I am currently conducting complex simulation involving deformation of a solid object ( which is a surface, or a shell using the vocabulary of structural mechanics) and some fluid discretized using a particle method ( namely SPH). I am used to look at theoritical results to understand a bit a behavior of the solutions (...
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I have found answers to similar, much simpler questions on this site before (such as here How do you calculate probability of rolling all faces of a die after n number of rolls?), but can't find anything that deals with this exact generalization. After thinking about it some, this seems headache-inducingly more complic...
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I can't seem to prove this but I also cannot find a counter example. I am dealing with the idea of a function that is constant on the imaginary axis and is defined through an unbound domain. Is it a constant function?If so, why? And if it isn't, can you show me such function? I would like to note that this is not a fun...
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I know that in metric spaces sequentially compact is equivalent to compact. I also know that compact and sequentially compact for general topologies there is no relation between them. But I wanted to know if there is the same implication for Hausdorff I-countable spaces. The only thing I have found is that for Hausdorf...
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I have learned that a blackbody object only absorbs light and thus does not reflect any light. The blackbody object will, however, emit light, and none of this light is due to reflection. Where does this light/energy come from? I assume, given an atom, that the light emitted is due to excitation and decay of electron s...
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When capacitors are connected in series in a DC circuit, the voltage drop across individual capacitors at and immediately after the initial charging period is inversely proportional to the individual capacitance of each capacitor. But afterwards, this began to change due to leakage current. How does this affect individ...
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I am trying to translate a book from English and am confused about the meaning of the word "block" as it is used in this context. We attempted to block for local spatial variation in the landscape immediately adjacent to stands (landscape patches) that were sampled by comparing the abundances of small mammals in the st...
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I am looking at GKP and cat states. Wigner plots are newish to me, and I'm trying to get an intuitive feel for the imformation they impart. Just by looking at a Wigner plot, can one discern whether the state shown would make a good qubit? What does one look for? Are certain, say, symmetries, important? E.g., I know the...
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Suppose the left lead, right lead and the scattering region are all the same metallic system; such as iron. Why is the charge transimission coefficient must be a positive integer number at any fermi energy level? How is the charge transimission coefficient related to the number of corssing points between the fermi ener...
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I am told many time that nothing can escape black-hole because black-holes escape velocity is more than speed of light. But we know object don't necessarily have to exceed speed of light to escape a gravitational body. Rockets can escape earth with lower than escape velocity if constantly thrusted. In the same way woul...
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I have some questions about the motion of the simple pulley system illustrated in the book Machinae novae. Are the following conclusion about the system correct? Since the length of the rope is constant, the carriage will move to right by the same amount, passenger is pulling the rope to the left, irrespective of the m...
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While we understand the universe to have had a beginning in the big bang theory, if gravity is quantum in nature yet still has an infinite range then surely once the distance between galaxies becomes great enough, pair production will begin in between those galaxies as a result of the gravitational potential energy bei...
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I want to know when a vehicle is drifting, assuming it's rear wheel drive and has enough torque to give it some good grip but also has a fairly high steering angle, so the rear tires only slip or do they also roll? Does this change by the radius of the turn? I'm doing an analysis on differential stresses that's why I n...
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I am a native English speaker but have never found a comfortable approach to requesting help. Would you please is more commanding/ authoritative in tone than I am looking for typically. Can you [please] is not actually grammatically correct: it literally is asking "Do you have the capacity to do X - as opposed to the a...
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In the lyrics of song Sorry by Halsey there's this line: I've missed your calls for months it seems Don't realise how mean I can be 'Cause I can sometimes treat the people that I love like jewelry Jewelry is a good and prestigious thing. Why does someone say I am a mean person for treating loved people like jewelry? My...
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When we have a set, is it correct to refer to another set as 'itself' when this other set is merely equal to it? More formally, I am asking whether or not two sets with the same elements can be considered to be two separate mathematical objects. I am a programmer so I am used to the "same object" being a distinct notio...
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If I were to take a particle, moving at a non relativistic velocity, it will have a wavelength (according to De Broglie). However, If I were to change the referance frame of the motion, I know that the wavelength will change because the momentum changes. But will the change be synonymous with the shift of wavelength, i...
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I know that we call a quantity a vector if it has magnitude and direction and follows vector laws of addition(the triangle law and parallelogram law). But why only it should only follow addition laws and not other laws like cross product or dot product and why they are not given in its definition. Is it like that if a ...
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I have been told that Quantum fields are the real "fundamental" of reality and particles are excitations in these omnipresent fields. I have also been told by no less credible sources that Quantum fields are instead simply a good mathematical "abstraction" and a fine way to quantum mechanically "describe" reality, name...
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I am working on a package that could be use in different languages. I'd like to delegate the standard language settings to babel, mainly the spacing around punctuation and the writing of dates. Is it a bad idea to impose the loading of babel to manage local settings? The user could load babel before mine, such as to us...
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It is quite easy to demonstrate that an object at rest that has balanced forces doesn't move. All the Internet examples of things that have balanced forced moving are large scale objects - cars and airplanes. I thought of something like a deployable parachute on a light object but it sounds complicated to set up. What ...
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In a p-type semiconductor there are always free electrons due to thermal generation allowing for conduction. But If such an electron falls to a hole, it can no longer conduct. So shouldn't more holes slow down conduction? If intrinsic semiconductors have many more electrons in the conductive band at any one point in ti...
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For full context: I'm looking to categorize adults succinctly into binary categories: those with children, and those without So we could say there are two buckets of Adults here: "Childless" and ... "Childfilled"? Antonyms of "Childless" appear to just be fruitful, fertile, or around the ability to have a child I know ...
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When writing the equations for center of mass we assume as it to be the point where all the forces act and write the corresponding kinematic equations, and in doing so we dont assume any distribution of forces (like constant or linear wrt length or any dimension of the body) But when we consider the case of a rod lying...
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The original Computer Modern Math Italic font has a modest amount of kerning listed in its TFM metrics (largely for punctuation, but also for some exceptions like lower case d). But when I use Latin Modern Math as a replacement using unicode-math in either of xelatex or lualatex, those kerns seem to be AWOL. The GPOS t...
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I produced a set of lecture handouts using .cls files (ndjflart and dupart) that I'd previously used in the past for a paper I published in a journal . I've now been asked to convert those notes into a book. Is there a straightforward way to generate a memoir class file from them, so that I can have chapters, left/righ...
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Is it possible to extract equivalent current sources from the partial measurements? I am specifically thinking of a scenario where we have a radiating source inside a closed surface and we measured radiated fields from that source. In principle, according to equivalence theorem or inverse source reconstruction method, ...
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I am using Cascadia Code font as my tt font, and I wish to use Light series as upright font, LightItalic as italic font, Regular as bold font, and Italic as bold italic font. I am not considering using setmonofont from fontspec package since it's annoying to carry ttf files. Instead, I am using casacdia-code package. H...
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For context: This term or phrase is what it's called when a person (very often used in political debates) will try to take the rarest occurrence of any particular topic and present it as if it's the common practice in order to drive or support their argument. I would liken it to something like "anomaly argument" (excep...
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Is there a term/words to describe that you lost intrest in doing something because you have repeated it so many times? Examples for these scenarios: You liked hamburgers a lot, but because you have eaten them throughout the years so many times, you dislike them now That song you once listened to the first time sounded ...
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I kept a cold standing water in a glass for a while to warm it up. After a while I returned to see that small minute bubbles have formed in the glass. On closer inspection, the bubbles seem to not float to surface like fizzy drink but they have sticked to surface (mostly at bottom) while some but lesser bubbles have st...
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If relativity is symmetrical (triplets moving away and returning to the center) then what happens to the Doppler effect as seen by the moving triplets? A B C A should see C moving (Doppler) away/to faster than B C should see A moving (Doppler) away/to faster than B B should see A and C moving (Doppler) away/to at the s...
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Accoring to this question and a linked duplicate, it's been verified empirically up to some number that all twin prime averages greater than six, are the sum of two smaller twin prime averages. I was curious whether or not these formed a tree (with twin prime pairs at the vertices and the sum relation the edges). In or...
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When I was learning photoelectric effect, It was told that Photons incident on metallic plate in vacuum causes electron to emit if the energy of photon is greater than work function of metal, In this case to me, The emitted electrons in vacuum seemed like a similar condition like that of cathode ray tube, can these emi...
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The two most popular ways to generate a topological manifold from others are picking a subspace of a topological space and computing the quotient space of a topological space. In differential geometry, it seems that looking at a subspace becomes far more popular than computing a quotient; an exemplary method is the pre...
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