query dict | pos dict | neg dict |
|---|---|---|
{
"abstract": "In metal forming processes tribology plays a significant role for process feasibility and tool lifetime. Boundary and mixed lubrication conditions are predominant in metal forming processes. Hence the appearing real contact area which is mainly influenced by the topography of tool and workpiece has a major impact on friction conditions. For an improved understanding of friction at the interface between tool and workpiece, the flattening behavior of idealized asperities under boundary lubrication conditions is investigated by applying a translucent tool. Various liquid lubricants have been used. It has been revealed that the usage of certain lubricants leads to higher resistance of the asperity against flattening which would be in favor of reduced friction. Topography analysis and finite element simulations have been performed in order to get more insight into the mechanisms leading to this effect. The findings have been transferred to real topographies by micro upsetting tests with ground surfaces.",
"corpus_id": 2677685,
"title": "Basic investigations on boundary lubrication in metal forming processes by in situ observation of the real contact area"
} | {
"abstract": "In the production process of sheet metal parts, oil is widely used as lubricant, not only in sheet metal forming but also in shearing and blanking. Due to environment, health and cost reasons, the absence of lubricants is an aim for future production as it has initiated for machining in the last years. For lubricant-free shearing, it has to be known if there is an influence on the process itself when using oil or not. To find this out, experiments are carried out with a small testing device installed in a tensile testing machine and a blanking tool installed in a servo press. With the small device it is possible to make a piercing process with a circle punch of 16 mm diameter. The blanking tool produces a larger cut part with different holes and open cuts. Without lubricant, there is no difference in the maximum shearing force for the small device while the stripping force is higher and the cut edge zones differs slightly. Using oil or not has a small effect on the force using the blanking tool.",
"corpus_id": 137704136,
"title": "Dry Shearing of Micro-Alloyed Steels"
} | {
"abstract": "We demonstrate for the first time that simple face-centered cubic (fcc) silicon nano-crystals can be produced by a solution based bottom-up synthesis route under ambient conditions. Simple fcc Si nano-crystals (2-7 nm) were prepared at room temperature by using sodium cyclopentadienide as a reducing agent for silicon tetrachloride. Photoluminescence emission at 550 nm was observed for the fcc silicon nano-crystals upon excitation at 340 nm, indicating that fcc Si nano-crystals were exhibiting direct bandgap like semiconductor properties with very fast radiative recombination rates. The new synthesis route makes possible the production and study of simple fcc polymorphs of Si nano-crystals with an easy alteration of surface termination groups.",
"corpus_id": 19050534,
"score": 1,
"title": "Solution based synthesis of simple fcc Si nano-crystals under ambient conditions."
} |
{
"abstract": "The basal topography of most of the glaciers that drain the ice caps of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago is largely unknown. To measure the basal topography, NASA Operation IceBridge flew a radar depth sounder in a wide swath mode with three transmit beams to image the glacier beds during three flights over the archipelago in 2014. We describe the measurement setup of the radar system, the algorithms used to process the data to produce a 3D image of the glacier bed, show digital elevation model (DEM) results of the beds, and provide a basic assessment of the tracking algorithm used to extract the DEM.",
"corpus_id": 4390845,
"title": "DEM extraction of the basal topography of the Canadian archipelago ICE caps via 2D automated layer-tracker"
} | {
"abstract": "We apply two classification machine learning methods, one versus all logistic regression and a simple neural network, to estimate the model order or number of sources for parametric direction of arrival estimation using a wideband dataset with low snapshots and a range of signal to noise ratios. This particular scenario is of interest because it is common in the radar ice sounding datasets collected by the Center for Remote Sensing of Ice Sheets. We compare results with six standard model order estimation methods that use various functional forms for the cost function. We also compare against a numerically tuned method which is related to the machine learning methods, but the simple optimization method was not as capable as the machine learning methods and the cost function formulation is different. We find that the machine learning based methods outperform all the compared methods for our test cases, suggesting that this is a promising solution to the wideband model order estimation problem.",
"corpus_id": 212646848,
"title": "Wideband Model Order Estimation Using Machine Learning"
} | {
"abstract": "Abstract Abstract. Three-spined sticklebacks have two main reproductive tactics. The 'normal' tactic is to establish a territory, build a nest, and court females. When eggs are obtained the males aerate them and defend them against predators. Some males attempt to steal fertilizations from the territorial male during courtship, leaving him to care for eggs he did not fertilize. The use of the two tactics by two age-classes of males was investigated. Although both territorial and non-territorial males of both age-classes sometimes sneak fertilizations, younger non-territorial males did so the most frequently. Younger males were more likely to steal fertilizations, whereas older males were more likely to establish territories, build nests and care for young. Younger males also produced more sperm and more motile sperm than older males. This greater sperm production may be an alternative means of competing with older/bigger males for territories. Older non-territorial males were more likely to steal nests than younger males. There was no evidence that females discriminate among males on the basis of their size or age.",
"corpus_id": 53154794,
"score": 1,
"title": "Age-related differences in reproductive tactics in the three-spined stickleback, Gasterosteus aculeatus\n"
} |
{
"abstract": "Fiducial markers are artificial landmarks added to a scene to facilitate locating point correspondences between images, or between images and a known model. Reliable fiducials solve the interest point detection and matching problems when adding markers is convenient. The proper design of fiducials and the associated computer vision algorithms to detect them can enable accurate pose detection for applications ranging from augmented reality, input devices for HCI, to robot navigation. Marker systems typically have two stages, hypothesis generation from unique image features and verification/identification. A set of criteria for high robustness and practical use are identified and then optimized to produce the ARTag fiducial marker system. An edge-based method robust to lighting and partial occlusion is used for the hypothesis stage, and a reliable digital coding system is used for the identification and verification stage. Using these design criteria large gains in performance are achieved by ARTag over conventional ad hoc designs.",
"corpus_id": 2480009,
"title": "Designing Highly Reliable Fiducial Markers"
} | {
"abstract": "While the use of naturally-occurring features is a central focus of machine perception, artificial features (fiducials) play an important role in creating controllable experiments, ground truthing, and in simplifying the development of systems where perception is not the central objective. We describe a new visual fiducial system that uses a 2D bar code style “tag”, allowing full 6 DOF localization of features from a single image. Our system improves upon previous systems, incorporating a fast and robust line detection system, a stronger digital coding system, and greater robustness to occlusion, warping, and lens distortion. While similar in concept to the ARTag system, our method is fully open and the algorithms are documented in detail.",
"corpus_id": 277804,
"title": "AprilTag: A robust and flexible visual fiducial system"
} | {
"abstract": "Although more additional corpora are now available for Statistical Machine Translation (SMT), only the ones which belong to the same or similar domains with the original corpus can indeed enhance SMT performance directly. Most of the existing adaptation methods focus on sentence selection. In comparison, phrase is a smaller and more fine grained unit for data selection, therefore we propose a straightforward and efficient connecting phrase based adaptation method, which is applied to both bilingual phrase pair and monolingual n-gram adaptation. The proposed method is evaluated on IWSLT/NIST data sets, and the results show that phrase based SMT performance are significantly improved (up to +1.6 in comparison with phrase based SMT baseline system and +0.9 in comparison with existing methods).",
"corpus_id": 948101,
"score": -1,
"title": "Connecting Phrase based Statistical Machine Translation Adaptation"
} |
{
"abstract": "Acute gastric mucosal lesions (AGMLs) are an important cause of gastrointestinal bleeding. Herein, we demonstrate that peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPARgamma), a member of a nuclear receptor family, functions as an endogenous anti-inflammatory pathway in a murine model of AGML induced by ischemia-reperfusion (I/R). Treatment with specific PPARgamma ligands such as BRL-49653, pioglitazone, or troglitazone was examined in a model of AGML induced by I/R. PPARgamma-deficient and wild-type mice were also examined for their response to I/R in stomach. Specific PPARgamma ligands exhibited dramatic and rapid protection against AGML formation associated with I/R in mice in a dose-dependent manner. In contrast, the AGML induced by I/R in PPARgamma-deficient mice was more severe than that observed in wild-type mice. Administration of the PPARgamma ligand significantly inhibited the upregulation of TNF-alpha, ICAM-1, inducible nitric oxide synthase, apoptosis, and nitrotyrosine formation induced by I/R in the stomach. These data indicate that an endogenous pathway associated with PPARgamma plays an important role in the pathogenesis of I/R-associated injury in the stomach.",
"corpus_id": 2443839,
"title": "Protective effect of endogenous PPARgamma against acute gastric mucosal lesions associated with ischemia-reperfusion."
} | {
"abstract": "Abstract Background & Aims: The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) has been proposed as a key inhibitor of colitis through attenuation of nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) activity. In inflammatory bowel disease, activators of NF-κB, including the bacterial receptor toll-like receptor (TLR)4, are elevated. We aimed to determine the role of bacteria and their signaling effects on PPARγ regulation during inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Methods: TLR4-transfected Caco-2 cells, germ-free mice, and mice devoid of functional TLR4 ( Lps d /Lps d mice) were assessed for their expression of PPARγ in colonic tissues in the presence or absence of bacteria. This nuclear receptor expression and the polymorphisms of gene also were assessed in patients with Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC), 2 inflammatory bowel diseases resulting from an abnormal immune response to bacterial antigens. Results: TLR4-transfected Caco-2 cells showed that the TLR4 signaling pathway elevated PPARγ expression and a PPARγ-dependent reporter in an Iκκβ dependent fashion. Murine and human intestinal flora induced PPARγ expression in colonic epithelial cells of control mice. PPARγ expression was significantly higher in the colon of control compared with Lps d /Lps d mice. Although PPARγ levels appeared normal in patients with CD and controls, UC patients displayed a reduced expression of PPARγ confined to colonic epithelial cells, without any mutation in the PPARγ gene. Conclusions: These data showed that the commensal intestinal flora affects the expression of PPARγ and that PPARγ expression is considerably impaired in patients with UC.",
"corpus_id": 73112567,
"title": "Impaired expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ in ulcerative colitis"
} | {
"abstract": "Purpose: The aim of this study was to investigate the changes in refractive, biometric and topographic ocular parameters among university students in Portugal during a 3‐year period.",
"corpus_id": 21649521,
"score": 0,
"title": "Refractive, biometric and topographic changes among Portuguese university science students: a 3‐year longitudinal study"
} |
{
"abstract": "The North-West of Russia is characterized by a large renewable energy resource base in geographic proximity to the EU. At the same time, EU Member States are bound by mandatory renewable energy targets which could prove to be costly to achieve in the current budgetary context and which often face strong local opposition. Directive 2009/28/EC on Renewable Energy makes it possible for Member States to achieve their targets by importing electricity produced from renewable energy sources from non-EU countries. So far, most attention has been on the Mediterranean Solar Plan or Desertec. An EU-Russia Renewable Energy Plan or RUSTEC – being based on onshore wind/biomass/hydro energy and on-land interconnection, rather than solar power and subsea lines – could present a cost-efficient and short-term complement to Desertec. This article examines the political, geopolitical, economic, social and legal challenges and opportunities of exporting “green” energy from Russia to the EU. It argues that EU-Russian cooperation in the renewable energy field would present a win-win situation: Member States could achieve their targets on the basis of Russia’s renewable energy potential, while Russia could begin to develop a national renewable energy industry without risking potential price increases for domestic consumers – a concern of great political sensitivity in Russia.",
"corpus_id": 153644937,
"title": "RUSTEC: Greening Europe's Energy Supply by Developing Russia's Renewable Energy Potential"
} | {
"abstract": "Abstract The energy wood procurement possibilities for the eight regions making up Northwest Russia were assessed. Wood byproducts from logging and mechanical wood processing were considered for energy production based on actual cut, sawmill and plywood production figures for 2006. Of the total calculated potential of 31 million solid m 3 (62 TWh), nearly 70% (21.8 million m 3 ) is from logging. The remainder (9 million m 3 ) is from sawmill and plywood production. The approximate available energy wood by region would be: 2.3 million m 3 from the Republic of Karelia, 2.7 million m 3 from the Republic of Komi, 5.4 million m 3 from Arkhangelsk, 4.6 million m 3 from Vologda, 3.8 million m 3 from Leningrad, 2.0 million m 3 from Novgorod, 0.8 million m 3 from Pskov, and 41,000 m 3 from the Murmansk region. There are large differences in the potentials between and within the regions. This is due to the differences in their forest resources; differences in their utilisation of these resources; the available infrastructures; and some limitations on logging. Nearly 65% of all the potential energy wood from logging is non-industrial roundwood, 19% is spruce stumps removed after final felling, 8% is unused branches and tops, and 8% is defective wood resulting from logging. About 58% of the total potential energy wood from logging is coniferous. However, there are large differences between the regions and within the regions in the species proportions. Currently about 40% of the allowable cut is used. This means that it would be possible to intensify the utilisation of the forest resources and thereby also to increase the use of wood for energy production. Full implementation of the allowable cut could provide 73.5 million m 3 of energy wood (147 TWh). In addition, if the technical potential for thinnings is utilised, the total potential energy wood provided by logging, and mechanical wood processing could be 104 million m 3 (208 TWh).",
"corpus_id": 93286784,
"title": "Energy wood resources in Northwest Russia"
} | {
"abstract": "The growing number of industries is a threat to our environment, as they expose the polluted water directly into the natural water sources. Various processes have been expanded to evacuate these hazardous organic pollutants from water. Among them, advance oxidation process (AOP) is very popular, as the method is cost efficient and highly effective in the similar field. In this process ultrasound is exercised for the deterioration of these pollutants and occasionally some additives are also added to enhance the degradation. In this article, the author has reported the degradation of two azo dyes, named methyl orange (MO) and congo red (CR), in presence of some additives like, inorganic salts, charcoal, H2O2, CCl4, tert-butyl alcohol (TBA), glucose and sucrose. The total experiment was conducted at room temperature and the power of the sonication machine was fixed to 40 kHz-120W. For both of the dyes, it was found that charcoal was most effective additive, which highly enhanced the degradation rate, which was mainly due to its high adsorption capability. TBA found to be the least enhancer for MO, on the contrary, pure CR showed the lowest degradation rate. The effectiveness of additives for MO can be shown as 0.01g charcoal > 20 ml glucose > 20 ml NaCl > 100 μL CCl4 > 10 ml Na2SO4 > 400 μL H2O2 > 10 ml sucrose > pure MO > TBA, while for CR is 0.01g charcoal > combined additives > TBA > 100 μL CCl4 > pure CR, after sonication for 15 minutes in a sonicator.",
"corpus_id": 254293502,
"score": 1,
"title": "Effects of Additives on Sonolytic Degradation of Azo Dye Molecules Found in Industrial Wastewater"
} |
{
"abstract": "In this paper, we establish sublinear and linear convergence of fixed point iterations generated by averaged operators in a Hilbert space. Our results are achieved under a bounded Holder regularity...",
"corpus_id": 2311691,
"title": "Convergence Rate Analysis for Averaged Fixed Point Iterations in Common Fixed Point Problems"
} | {
"abstract": "In this paper we introduce the concept of modulus of regularity as a tool to analyze the speed of convergence, including the linear convergence and finite termination, for classes of Fejér monotone sequences which appear in fixed point theory, monotone operator theory, and convex optimization. This concept allows for a unified approach to several notions such as weak sharp minima, error bounds, metric subregularity, Holder regularity, etc., as well as to obtain rates of convergence for Picard iterates, the Mann algorithm, the proximal point algorithm and the cyclic projection method. As a byproduct we obtain a quantitative version of the well-known fact that for a convex lower semi-continuous function the set of minimizers coincides with the set of zeros of its subdifferential and the set of fixed points of its resolvent.",
"corpus_id": 36698646,
"title": "Moduli of Regularity and Rates of Convergence for Fejér Monotone Sequences"
} | {
"abstract": "Given a collection of closed subspaces of a Hilbert space, the method of alternating projections produces a sequence which converges to the orthogonal projection onto the intersection of the subspaces. A large class of problems in medical and geophysical image reconstruction can be solved using this method. A sharp error bound will enable the userto estimate accurately the number of iterations necessary to achieve a desired relative error. We obtain the sharpest possible upper bound for the case of two subspaces, and the sharpest known upper bound for more than two subspaces.",
"corpus_id": 33671764,
"score": 2,
"title": "Error bounds for the method of alternating projections"
} |
{
"abstract": "Phosphate is added to drinking water in the UK to minimise the release of lead from lead water pipes. The phosphate encourages the formation of insoluble lead apatites on the walls of the pipe. Hydroxylpyromorphite Pb5(PO4)3OH is the lead apatite that is most often used to model lead levels in tap water; however, its presence has not been confirmed. Our aims were to identify the lead pipe apatite and synthesise it. The synthetic mineral would then be used in future solubility studies to produce better predictions of lead levels in tap water. XRD and FTIR were used to characterise the minerals on a range of lead pipes. Pyromorphite and hydroxylpyromorphite were absent and instead a range of mixed calcium lead apatites were present. For every five lead ions in the general formula Pb5(PO4)3X between one and two ions were replaced with calcium and there was evidence of substitution of by either or . Calcium lead apatites with similar unit cell dimensions to those found on lead water pipes were then synthesised. The calcium : lead ratio in these reaction mixtures was in excess of 500 : 1 and the resulting crystals were shown by TEM to be nanosized rods and flakes. The synthetic apatites that most closely resembled the unit cell dimensions of the apatites on lead water pipes were shown to be Pb3.4Ca1.3(PO4)3Cl0.03OH0.97, Pb3.6Ca1.2(PO4)3Cl0.07OH0.93, and Pb3.6Ca1.2(PO4)3Cl0.27OH0.73.",
"corpus_id": 7413322,
"title": "The Identification and Synthesis of Lead Apatite Minerals Formed in Lead Water Pipes"
} | {
"abstract": "The crystal structure of four Pb apatite samples, Pb5(BO4)3Cl, was refined with synchrotron high-resolution powder X-ray diffraction data, Rietveld refinements, space group P63/m and Z = 2. For this isotypic series, B = P5+ is pyromorphite, B = As5+ is mimetite and B = V5+ is vanadinite. The ionic radius for As5+ (0.355 Å) is similar to that of V5+ (0.335 Å), and this is twice as large as that for P5+ (0.170 Å). However, the c unit-cell parameter for mimetite is surprisingly different from that of vanadinite, although their unit-cell volumes, V, are almost equal to each other. No explanation was available for this peculiar c-axis value for mimetite. Structural parameters such as average 〈B-O〉 [4], 〈Pb1-O9〉 [9] and 〈Pb2-O6Cl2〉 [8] distances increase linearly with V (the coordination numbers for the cations are given in square brackets). Mimetite has a short Pb2-O1 distance, so the O1 oxygen atom interacts with the 6s2 lone-pair electrons of the Pb2+ cation that causes the Cl-Cl distance (= c/2) to increase to the largest value in the series because of repulsion, which causes the c-axis to increase anomalously. Although Pb apatite minerals occur naturally in ore deposits, they are also formed as scaly deposits in lead water pipes that give rise to lead in tap water, as was found recently in Flint, Michigan, USA. It is important to identify Pb-containing phases in water-pipe deposits.",
"corpus_id": 4280624,
"title": "Lead apatites: structural variations among Pb5(BO4)3Cl with B = P (pyromorphite), As (mimetite) and V (vanadinite)."
} | {
"abstract": "To investigate the possible correlation between changes in monoaminergic neuronal activity and cerebral blood flow (CBF) in the same brain region after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), monoamine levels were analyzed by both HPLC-ECD and fluorohistochemistry techniques, and CBF was measured by using colored microspheres. At the second day of SAH, significant and nonsignificant reductions in blood flow were seen in the examined brain regions with a marked increase in CBF appearing in the telencephalon and hypothalamus on the third day. Significant reductions of monoamine levels in most brain regions were also observed on the second day after SAH, whereas norepinephrine (NE) levels in midbrain increased to 1.5 times compared to the normal level. These reductions were sustained until the fourth day of SAH, although at the third day, serotonin (5-HT) and dopamine levels in the hippocampus and 5-HT levels in the cerebelium were significantly elevated. In fluorohistochemical studies, the fluoro-intensities of monoamines, particularly catecholamines, in the midbrain dorsal NE bundle were enhanced at the second day after SAH. These NE neurons originated from the A5 cell group close to the area where homologous blood was applied through the cisterna magna. The results obtained after SAH show an apparent correlation between changes in monoamine levels and CBF in norepinephrine (NE)-rich areas. These results suggest that SAH-induced neuronal dysfunctions, particularly with NE neurons, are caused not only by reductions of blood flow but also by hemorrhage.",
"corpus_id": 784119,
"score": 0,
"title": "Time-Course Alterations of Monoamine Levels and Cerebral Blood Flow in Brain Regions after Subarachnoid Hemorrhage in Rats"
} |
{
"abstract": "Spin Transfer Torque Magnetic Random Access Memory (STT-MRAM) is an emerging memory technology which exhibits non-volatility, high density, high endurance and nanosecond read and write times. These attributes of STT-MRAM make it suitable for last level embedded caches. However, defect models, faults and test architectures for emerging memory technologies are relatively unexplored. This is further aggravated by the fact that STT-MRAM, like other post-CMOS technologies rely on novel physics of operation, which can result in unexplored read, write and retention fault models. In particular, the stochastic retention failure of STT-MRAM has a large impact on the test time. Conventional test schemes for retention of STT-MRAM need to be redesigned and optimized for testing large STT-MRAM arrays. This paper presents a comprehensive analysis of read, write and retention tests in STT-MRAM arrays. Resistive and capacitive defects and the corresponding faults are studied. A novel MBIST architecture and associated circuits are presented for measuring thermal stability (and hence retention times) in STT-MRAM bits for characterization and manufacturing tests, amidst variations and magnetic coupling. Trade-offs between fault localization, area overhead and test-times are presented.",
"corpus_id": 1447860,
"title": "EMACS: Efficient MBIST architecture for test and characterization of STT-MRAM arrays"
} | {
"abstract": "Spin-transfer torque RAM (STTRAM) is considered as one of the most promising candidates among the emerging memory technologies. However, it brings new test challenges such as characterizing retention time and magnetic tolerance. STTRAM retention time needs to range from few seconds to years depending on its application. This is further aggravated by a significant shift in retention time under static (process variation) and dynamic (voltage, temperature fluctuation) variations. Conventional test-flows lack the capability to characterize STTRAM retention time while maintaining a reasonable test time. We propose the magnetic burn-in (MBI) test, which can be incorporated in the existing test flow with minimal changes to enable STTRAM retention testing with shorter test times (<inline-formula> <tex-math notation=\"LaTeX\">$3.71\\times 10^{{^{13}}}\\text{X}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> reduction with 220 Oe at 25 °C). MBI is also combined with standard thermal burn-in (MBI+BI) for further compression of retention time and test time (<inline-formula> <tex-math notation=\"LaTeX\">$1.97\\times 10^{^{14}}\\text{X}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> reduction with 220 Oe at 125 °C). We also propose MBI to certify the magnetic tolerance of STTRAM bits during write/read/retention modes with minimal changes in the existing test flow. For the STTRAM employed in this paper, we have found 86, 370, and 319 Oe to be the write, the read, and the retention tolerance, respectively.",
"corpus_id": 50788312,
"title": "Novel Magnetic Burn-In for Retention and Magnetic Tolerance Testing of STTRAM"
} | {
"abstract": "This study concerns in-house development of cellulases from a mutant Penicillium janthinellum EMS-UV-8 and its application in separate hydrolysis and fermentation (SHF) and simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) processes for bioethanol production from pre-treated wheat straw. In a 5L fermentor, the above strain could produce cellulases having activity of 3.1 FPU/mL and a specific activity of 0.83 FPU/mg of protein. In-house developed cellulase worked more efficiently in case of SSF as ethanol concentration of 21.6g/L and yield of 54.4% were obtained which were higher in comparison to SHF (ethanol concentration 12 g/L and 30.2% yield). This enzyme preparation when compared with commercial cellulase for hydrolysis of pre-treated wheat straw was found competitive. This study demonstrates that P. janthinellum EMS-UV-8 is a potential fungus for future large-scale production of cellulases.",
"corpus_id": 10178935,
"score": 1,
"title": "Bioethanol production from wheat straw via enzymatic route employing Penicillium janthinellum cellulases."
} |
{
"abstract": "This paper presents a control strategy for the pursuer in the pursuit-evasion game problem when the evader behaves intelligently. The pursuer in the proposed technique does not try to react to the evader's behavior instantaneously. The proposed technique therefore does not yield instantaneous optimality but capture the evader in a time-efficient and robust fashion even when the evader is intelligent. The proposed technique was applied to two numerical examples and the results were compared to those by the conventional motion tracking algorithms. The results and comparison show that the proposed technique could capture the evader faster than the conventional motion tracking algorithms in both the examples.",
"corpus_id": 9969797,
"title": "A time-optimal control strategy for pursuit-evasion games problems"
} | {
"abstract": "The co-evolutionary computation method for solving constrained min-max problems is proposed. Many engineering problems can be practically expressed as constrained min-max problems. Min-max problems have two groups of variables. Each group will minimize or maximize payoffs and is subject to equality and inequality constraints. Lagrange multipliers are implemented for handling constraints. Primal constrained min-max problems are transformed into dual unconstrained min-max problems by using the Lagrange multipliers. The co-evolutionary computation is used for solving the dual min-max problems. The proposed method deals with separable and inseparable constraints of two groups. The proposed algorithm is applied for pursuit-evasion games with various constraints. Numerical results are compared with those of conventional methods.",
"corpus_id": 119343224,
"title": "Co-evolutionary computation for constrained min-max problems and its applications for pursuit-evasion games"
} | {
"abstract": "The field of control systems simulation needs artificial intelligence technology as much as expert systems need systems simulation tools. A functional approach for the design of Expert Systems that perform model generations and simulations is proposed. A differential games simulator design is chosen to exemplify the above ideas. The discrete-event approach, based on the geometry of the game is proposed. Results are comparable with the simu lation results obtained using the imperative approach, but the interrogative approach offers faster execution and clearer sim ula tor definition. Knowledge representation of the differential games models is described using Semantic Networks. The model genera tion methodology is a blend of several problem-solving para digms, and the hierarchical dynamic goal system construction serves as the basis for model generation. Prolog-based imple mentation of the system is suggested.",
"corpus_id": 46968537,
"score": 2,
"title": "Artificial intelligence modelling of control systems"
} |
{
"abstract": "BACKGROUND/AIMS\nAlthough signal transduction pathways activated by EGF have been extensively studied in cultured cells, few such studies have been done in whole animals. In this study, activation of hepatic kinases, phosphatases, and DNA-binding activity of AP-1 was examined after intraperitoneal injections of either EGF or sodium orthovanadate into mice.\n\n\nMETHODS\nCytoplasmic and nuclear proteins, extracted from isolated hepatocytes or whole liver tissue, were immunoprecipitated with either anti-ERK1/2, anti-70S6k, or anti-p90rsk antibodies and kinase activities were measured using specific substrates. Kinase protein levels was evaluated by Western blot analysis. AP-1 DNA binding activity was measured by electrophoretic mobility shift assay.\n\n\nRESULTS\nSystemic administration of EGF induced simultaneous increase in the activities of cytoplasmic and nuclear MAPK, p70S6k, and p90rsk. MAPK and p70S6k were more potently activated in the cytosol while p90rsk activation was more pronounced in the nucleus. Orthovanadate also activated these kinases but to a much lesser degree than EGF. In vitro phosphatase assays showed that neither EGF nor orthovanadate induced measurable changes in phosphatase activities. EGF, but not orthovanadate, activated nuclear AP-1 DNA-binding activity in intact liver, indicating that activation of MAPK, p70S6k, and p90rsk by orthovanadate is not sufficient to activate this transcription factor.\n\n\nCONCLUSION\nThese observations provide groundwork for future studies to examine the role of EGF-induced kinase cascades and transcription factors in liver regeneration and other growth factor-mediated hepatic processes.",
"corpus_id": 228928,
"title": "Treatment of mice with EGF and orthovanadate activates cytoplasmic and nuclear MAPK, p70S6k, and p90rsk in the liver."
} | {
"abstract": "Definitive identification of promoters, their cis-regulatory motifs, and their trans-acting proteins requires experimental analysis. To define the HNRNPK promoter and its cognate DNA–protein interactions, we performed a comprehensive study combining experimental approaches, including luciferase reporter gene assays, chromatin immunoprecipitations (ChIP), electrophoretic mobility shift assays (EMSA), and mass spectrometry (MS). We discovered that out of the four potential HNRNPK promoters tested, the one containing the palindromic motif TCTCGCGAGA exhibited the highest activity in a reporter system assay. Although further EMSA and MS analyses, performed to uncover the identity of the palindrome-binding transcription factor, did identify a complex of DNA-binding proteins, neither method unambiguously identified the pertinent direct trans-acting protein(s). ChIP revealed similar chromatin states at the promoters with the palindromic motif and at housekeeping gene promoters. A ChIP survey showed significantly higher recruitment of PARP1, a protein identified by MS as ubiquitously attached to DNA probes, within heterochromatin sites. Computational analyses indicated that this palindrome displays features that mark nucleosome boundaries, causing the surrounding DNA landscape to be constitutively open. Our strategy of diverse approaches facilitated the direct characterization of various molecular properties of HNRNPK promoter bearing the palindromic motif TCTCGCGAGA, despite the obstacles that accompany in vitro methods.",
"corpus_id": 1764417,
"title": "Comprehensive Analysis of the Palindromic Motif TCTCGCGAGA: A Regulatory Element of the HNRNPK Promoter"
} | {
"abstract": "Significance Hormonally active women are better protected from the primary liver cancer hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) than men. In rodent models, the pituitary gland governs sexually dimorphic HCC risk. We found that the estrogen-responsive pituitary hormone prolactin (PRL) inhibits HCC by binding liver short-form prolactin receptors, resulting in accelerated degradation of a multimolecular “trafasome” involved in tumor-promoting innate immune signaling and preventing activation of the HCC-associated gene c-Myc. Mouse models confirmed sex-dependent HCC regulation upstream of c-Myc and a requirement for PRL but not estrogen in female tumor resistance. Importantly, a preclinical trial in mice showed that pharmacologic PRL mobilization using the human drug domperidone protected males from HCC. PRL-targeted therapy may help prevent liver cancer in high-risk men and women. Women are more resistant to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) than men despite equal exposure to major risk factors, such as hepatitis B or C virus infection. Female resistance is hormone-dependent, as evidenced by the sharp increase in HCC incidence in postmenopausal women who do not take hormone replacement therapy. In rodent models sex-dimorphic HCC phenotypes are pituitary-dependent, suggesting that sex hormones act via the gonadal-hypophyseal axis. We found that the estrogen-responsive pituitary hormone prolactin (PRL), signaling through hepatocyte-predominant short-form prolactin receptors (PRLR-S), constrained TNF receptor-associated factor (TRAF)-dependent innate immune responses invoked by IL-1β, TNF-α, and LPS/Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), but not TRIF-dependent poly(I:C)/TLR3. PRL ubiquitinated and accelerated poststimulatory decay of a “trafasome” comprised of IRAK1, TRAF6, and MAP3K proteins, abrogating downstream activation of c-Myc–interacting pathways, including PI3K/AKT, mTORC1, p38 MAPK, and NF-κB. Consistent with this finding, we documented exaggerated male liver responses to immune stimuli in mice and humans. Tumor promotion through, but regulation above, the level of c-Myc was demonstrated by sex-independent HCC eruption in Alb-Myc transgenic mice. PRL deficiency accelerated liver carcinogenesis in Prl−/− mice of both sexes. Conversely, pharmacologic PRL mobilization using the dopamine D2 receptor antagonist domperidone prevented HCC in tumor-prone C3H/HeN males. Viewed together, our results demonstrate that PRL constrains tumor-promoting liver inflammation by inhibiting MAP3K-dependent activation of c-Myc at the level of the trafasome. PRL-targeted therapy may hold promise for reducing the burden of liver cancer in high-risk men and women.",
"corpus_id": 3183651,
"score": 1,
"title": "Prolactin prevents hepatocellular carcinoma by restricting innate immune activation of c-Myc in mice"
} |
{
"abstract": "Obesity is associated with chronic low-level inflammation, especially in fat tissues, which contributes to insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Protein inhibitor of activated STAT 1 (PIAS1) modulates a variety of cellular processes such as cell proliferation and DNA damage responses. Particularly, PIAS1 functions in the innate immune system and is a key regulator of the inflammation cascade. However, whether PIAS1 is involved in the regulation of insulin sensitivity remains unknown. Here, we demonstrated that PIAS1 expression in white adipose tissue (WAT) was downregulated by c-Jun N-terminal kinase in prediabetic mice models. Overexpression of PIAS1 in inguinal WAT of prediabetic mice significantly improved systemic insulin sensitivity, whereas knockdown of PIAS1 in wild-type mice led to insulin resistance. Mechanistically, PIAS1 inhibited the activation of stress-induced kinases and the expression of nuclear factor-κB target genes in adipocytes, mainly including proinflammatory and chemotactic factors. In doing so, PIAS1 inhibited macrophage infiltration in adipose tissue, thus suppressing amplification of the inflammation cascade, which in turn improved insulin sensitivity. These results were further verified in a fat transplantation model. Our findings shed light on the critical role of PIAS1 in controlling insulin sensitivity and suggest a therapeutic potential of PIAS1 in T2DM.",
"corpus_id": 1226201,
"title": "Protein Inhibitor of Activated STAT 1 (PIAS1) Protects Against Obesity-Induced Insulin Resistance by Inhibiting Inflammation Cascade in Adipose Tissue"
} | {
"abstract": "Obesity and diabetes continue to be major health problems worldwide (1). The fat tissues distributed throughout the body can be classified into two main types—brown and white adipose tissue (2). Evidence has been found to suggest that adipose tissue dysfunction has a causative role in the development of systemic metabolic disorders. Brown adipose tissue (BAT) was initially reported to be involved in heat generation. BAT is predominantly found in infants and rodents and was once thought to disappear with aging. However, BAT has since been identified in adults and is now recognized to be a metabolically active tissue that contributes to the maintenance of systemic metabolism (3,4). BAT has a massive capacity to dissipate energy as heat, and the development of BAT dysfunction due to metabolic stress promotes the progression of systemic metabolic dysfunction (5). Visceral fat is a metabolically active endocrine organ that secretes several humoral mediators known as adipokines. Chronic sterile inflammation occurs in visceral fat as a result of metabolic stress, and an imbalance between production of proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory adipokines leads to systemic metabolic dysfunction (6). Compared with visceral fat, subcutaneous fat has more beneficial effects on systemic metabolism (7). Subcutaneous fat contains beige cells, which are identified as cells positive for the uncoupling protein 1 and negative for the myogenic factor 5. Beige cells that arise from …",
"corpus_id": 11443911,
"title": "Maintenance of Subcutaneous Fat Homeostasis Improves Systemic Metabolic Dysfunction in Obesity"
} | {
"abstract": "The purpose of this research was to evaluate the protective effects of apocynin on renal ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury (RI/RI) in rats. Rats preconditioned with apocynin were subjected to renal I/R. Zinc levels in serum and renal tissues, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), and serum creatinine (Scr) were detected. We further measured the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD); the content of malondialdehyde (MDA), IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, and TNF-α; and the expression of metallothionein (MT) in the renal tissues. Results indicated that the levels of MDA, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, TNF-α, and MT in the kidney tissue and serum BUN and Scr levels in RI/RI group were significantly higher than those in sham-operated group, while the levels of serum Zn and kidney Zn and SOD were reduced in RI/RI group. Apocynin treatment further decreased the levels of MDA, IL-6, TNF-α, and serum BUN and Scr, whereas it significantly increased the levels of Zn, SOD, IL-4, IL-10, and MT in the kidney tissue and serum Zn. These findings suggest that apocynin might play a protective role against RI/RI in rats through regulating zinc level and MT expression involving in oxidative stress.",
"corpus_id": 3752078,
"score": 1,
"title": "Apocynin Alleviates Renal Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury Through Regulating the Level of Zinc and Metallothionen"
} |
{
"abstract": "In the past few years, the Nigeria telecommunication industry has experienced tremendous growth and changes to the extent that customers find it much easier to access the internet through their mobile phones.However, the growth in mobile telecoms subscribers comes with challenges of quality of service, which lead to fluctuations in customer satisfaction.Therefore, the present study proposed a customer satisfaction prediction model through the Key performance indicators obtained from the objective measurement of the network traffic using extended and exhaustive study of the literature.The proposed framework would guide mobile network operators on strategies to embark on in order to retain their customers within the network.",
"corpus_id": 113937870,
"title": "A proposed framework for mobile Internet QoS customer satisfaction using big data analytics techniques"
} | {
"abstract": "GSM network performance and service quality evaluation are the most important steps for the mobile operators as the revenue and customer satisfaction is directly related to network performance and quality. Network service satisfaction assessment especially from the end user perspective is necessary to judge the network performance and maintain service quality standards. In this paper, we appraise the service quality being rendered by mobile telephone operators in Nigeria from the end user satisfaction perspective, using four core GSM networks as case studies. Two key performance measures which are Quality of Service (QoS) and Grade of Service (GoS) and their impact on the end user satisfaction in the studied networks were analysed and discussed. In all, results show a fair network performance and end user satisfaction rate..",
"corpus_id": 2307388,
"title": "End-User Satisfaction Assessment Approach for efficient Networks Performance Monitoring in Wireless Communication Systems"
} | {
"abstract": "Big data as name implies that data that's in large as nature, is known as big data. Big data is used to describe a large volume of structure way. Big Data concern large-amount, complex, growing data sets with multiple, autonomous sources, networking, data storage, and data collection capacity, These data are rapidly expanding in all science and engineering stream, including physical, biological and medical sciences. Different companies use different technologies to maintain the big data. But now, new technologies make it possible to appreciate value from Big Data. For instance, retailers can follow user web clicks to recognize behavioral trends that develop campaigns, and stock age. Utilities can detain household energy convention levels to predict outages and to invent further efficient energy consumption. Government and still Google can distinguish and follow the emergence of bug outbreaks using social media signal. Gas and oil companies can receive the output of sensors in their drilling apparatus to make additional capable and safer drilling decisions. “Big Data” show data sets so huge and composite they are unreasonable to deal with conventional software tools. In this paper present an overview of big data's substance, variety, simple, procedure, advantages and security challenges and maintains the big data and discusses privacy concern on it.",
"corpus_id": 14209618,
"score": -1,
"title": "A review on Big Data and its security"
} |
{
"abstract": "Despite global shifts toward prevention of school corporal punishment, the practice remains widespread. This systematic review focused on (a) prevalence, (b) associated mental health and behavioral factors, and (c) correlates that may be risk or protective factors. Studies included in this review were peer-reviewed, published in English between 1980 and July 2017, and quantitative in design. Fifty-three papers met the inclusion criteria. All were cross-sectional surveys, predominantly of moderate quality and conducted in the United States (US) and on the African continent. Results indicated that school corporal punishment is prevalent across the globe (including where bans are in place) and does not appear to be decreasing over time, although measurement differences preclude firm conclusions. It is associated with physical, academic, mental health, and behavioral problems for children. Boys, Black students (in the US), and students exposed to violence at home were most at risk of corporal punishment. It is unclear whether disability puts a student at risk. Schools with high rates of other disciplinary practices were more likely to use corporal punishment, while those who employed a mental health professional and trained staff in safety procedures were less likely to use corporal punishment. Teacher attitudes favoring corporal punishment, and their use of violence in other contexts, increased risk. Low socioeconomic status (of the student or the school environment) increased risk, while high levels of state social capital reduced risk. Future research must include areas where corporal punishment is banned and focus on developing effective interventions to prevent school corporal punishment.",
"corpus_id": 218767713,
"title": "A Systematic Review of Corporal Punishment in Schools: Global Prevalence and Correlates"
} | {
"abstract": null,
"corpus_id": 3615510,
"title": "Responding to abuse: Children's experiences of child protection in a central district, Uganda."
} | {
"abstract": "OBJECTIVE\nTo document the observations of elementary school teachers (ESTs) in Ilorin, Nigeria on their practice of some types of corporal punishment (CP) that could result in eye injuries among their pupils.\n\n\nMATERIALS AND METHODS\nA short battery of questions that explored ESTs' observations on attitudes to, and knowledge of some commonly used CP practices was self-administered on 172 consenting teachers from six sampled schools. The potentials for their pupils to sustain eye injuries while receiving such CP practices were inferred from the usage of items with sharp and protruding ends to administer CP, and the application of CP onto pupils' body parts that are in close proximity to the eye such as the head and face.\n\n\nRESULTS\nOnly 50 of the 172 ESTs favored the practice of CP of pupils by their teachers. Analyses of several potentially moderating variables on this response such as ESTs' ages, years of EST teaching experience, school, and class or grade that EST teaches did not prove significant. Over three-quarters of ESTs (80.2%) had ever observed that pupils were being disciplined by ESTs with a cane. About a fifth of them had also observed that ESTs applied CP to the head (19.8%) and the face (16.3%) of pupils.\n\n\nCONCLUSION\nFindings suggest that ESTs' commonly employed CP practices have significant injurious potential to their pupils' eyes. It is recommended that CP be abolished in elementary schools, and instead alternative nonabusive methods of disciplining erring pupils by teachers be introduced.",
"corpus_id": 24695960,
"score": -1,
"title": "Observations of teachers in Ilorin, Nigeria on their practices of corporal punishment that are potentially injurious to their pupils' eyes."
} |
{
"abstract": "The integration of electric vehicles (EVs) in the community network is gaining increasing attention nowadays. This paper proposes a new analytical methodology to calculate the energy costs of an individual EV in different community networks. Firstly, four representative EV charging demand (short journey vehicles, commuting vehicles, taxis, long journey vehicles) are classified statistically, according to their charging time, charging power, charging location and charging duration. It is a cost-effective methodology to provide feasible solutions through rational deductions, without the requirement for excessive data of charging activities. Thereafter, six scenarios in terms of different charging/discharging strategies, types of renewables and charging locations are proposed, to assess the different energy costs of EV charging behaviors. Further, the genetic algorithm (GA) is utilized in the optimal charging scenarios to calculate the most cost saving charging/discharging sequence and maximize the capture of renewables. The demonstration shows that the proposed analytical method reflects the characteristics of individual EV storage profiles and energy costs in dissimilar residential and commercial community networks. It also illustrated that the optimal charging strategy can reduce up to 96% energy cost for the electricity user.",
"corpus_id": 628625,
"title": "Cost analysis of individual EV charging in different community networks"
} | {
"abstract": "Uncertainty in power output of photovoltaic (PV) plants has raised concerns in regard to the interconnection of PV plants to the power systems. Climate conditions vastly affect the uncertainty of output power; however, aggregation of PV plants is potentially able to reduce the uncertainty; hence, the effectiveness of aggregation should be evaluated for climatically diverse locations. In this paper, an analysis has been performed to investigate the uncertainty in Australia by considering seven utility scale plants. A PV predictive model taking into account the PV module temperature is used to predict the output power for the modeled PV plants. Temporal and spatial ramp rate analysis is performed to characterize the level of uncertainty and evaluate the level of reduction in uncertainty through aggregation. Besides, it is validated that 1-min and 5-min ramp rates becomes uncorrelated on the order of 1 km and 20 km, respectively.",
"corpus_id": 28497582,
"title": "PV power output uncertainty in Australia"
} | {
"abstract": "Aggregation of photovoltaic (PV) plants has a potential to reduce the variability in power output to enhance large-scale integration of PV plants with power systems. Nevertheless, effectiveness of aggregation has to be evaluated on a case-by-case basis for various PV plants. This paper performs a quantitative analysis to investigate the reduction in PV output variability in Queensland, Australia by considering two utility scale PV plants. Based on some existing results, a PV output prediction model is developed, which explicitly takes into account the module temperature. This model is then used to predict the PV output of a modeled PV plant and aggregates it with the existing PV plant at The University of Queensland. Substantial reductions in ramp rate variability are observed through the aggregation for all the four seasons with most reductions obtained for the summer season.",
"corpus_id": 35999830,
"score": 2,
"title": "Analysing the PV output variability and its mitigation through aggregation in Queensland, Australia"
} |
{
"abstract": "There are many situations in which global navigation satellite systems (GNSS) such as the global positioning system (GPS) cannot provide adequate navigation performance (such as indoors or in urban canyons). This paper describes the technical challenges of non-GNSS radio frequency navigation, with particular emphasis on signals of opportunity (i.e., signals that are intended for purposes other than navigation). Advantages and disadvantages of signal of opportunity navigation are described, along with the dominant issues that must be dealt with in order to make such systems a practical reality.",
"corpus_id": 1182471,
"title": "Non-GNSS radio frequency navigation"
} | {
"abstract": "In this paper, we present the practical application of an Unscented Kalman Filter (UKF) for an Indoor Mobile Localization System using ultrasonic sensors. It is true that many kinds of localization techniques have been researched for several years in order to contribute to the realization of a ubiquitous system; particularly, such a ubiquitous system needs a high degree of accuracy to be practical and efficient. Unfortunately, a number of localization systems for indoor space do not have sufficient accuracy to establish any special task such as precise position control of a moving target even though they require comparatively high developmental cost. Therefore, we developed an Indoor Mobile Localization System having high localization performance; specifically, the Unscented Kalman Filter is applied for improving the localization accuracy. In addition, we also present the additive filter named 'Pre-filtering' to compensate the performance of the estimation algorithm. Pre-filtering has been developed to overcome negative effects from unexpected external noise so that localization through the Unscented Kalman Filter has come to be stable. Moreover, we tried to demonstrate the performance comparison of the Unscented Kalman Filter and another estimation algorithm, such as the Unscented Particle Filter (UPF), through simulation for our system.",
"corpus_id": 11408576,
"title": "Indoor Mobile Localization System and Stabilization of Localization Performance using Pre-filtering"
} | {
"abstract": "For a robot, an animal, and even for man, to be able to use an internal representation of the spatial layout of its environment to position itself is a very complex task, which raises numerous issues of perception, categorization and motor control that must all be solved in an integrated manner to promote survival. This point is illustrated here, within the framework of a review of localization strategies in mobile robots. The allothetic and idiothetic sensors that may be used by these robots to build internal representations of their environment, and the maps in which these representations may be instantiated, are first described. Then map-based navigation systems are categorized according to a three-level hierarchy of localization strategies, which respectively call upon direct position inference, single-hypothesis tracking, and multiple-hypothesis tracking. The advantages and drawbacks of these strategies, notably with respect to the limitations of the sensors on which they rely, are discussed throughout the text.",
"corpus_id": 206133396,
"score": -1,
"title": "Map-based navigation in mobile robots: : II. A review of map-learning and path-planning strategies"
} |
{
"abstract": "Among the more cogent statistics on economic development is the percentage of the nonfarm labor force that is self-employed. In some countries, the percentage exceeds 45 percent (e. g., Indonesia, Pakistan, Bangladesh). The percentage usually declines with the level of development (e.g., 24 percent in Venezuela and Uruguay, 14 percent in Algeria).' Substantial differences in the percentages between males and females are quite common: the rate for females is more than 15 percent higher in Indonesia, Thailand, Philippines, Bolivia, and Malawi. These statistics are compelling enough to warrant an in-depth study of the phenomenon of nonagricultural self-employment. Moreover, there are conflicting theoretical notions about the use and productivity of this type of economic activity: some consider it an unproductive \"waiting period\" for people desiring wage employment, while others argue that an economy cannot function without many of the \"informal sector\" activities performed by those self-employed. Yet, studies on the nature of and the income generated by nonagricultural enterprises are scarce compared to studies on wage workers and farmers.2 One obvious reason is the heterogeneity of the nonfarm self-employed. But as long as the role of this form of economic activity is not clarified, government policy in regard to the self-employed lacks proper direction. Therefore, in this study, the focus is on characteristics of the self-employed in Cote d'Ivoire and on features of the nonagricultural family enterprises in which they work, using data from the Cote d'Ivoire Living Standard Survey (CILSS) conducted in 1985. Cote d'Ivoire has long stood out as an example of successful economic",
"corpus_id": 152686273,
"title": "Nonfarm self-employment and the informal sector in Cote d'Ivoire: a test of categorical identity."
} | {
"abstract": "Emphasis is often placed on the promotion of small enterprises in developing countries, particularly as a means of improving the lot of unskilled workers. This focus raises questions about the relationship between establishment size and the pattern and efficiency of factor use, and about the nature and effects of price differentials in factor markets. This article goes some way toward answering these questions with data from surveys of small manufacturing enterprises in India and Colombia sponsored by the World Bank and relevant material from other countries. The article also examines India's long-standing policy, unusual among developing countries, of providing special support and protection for small enterprises. Analyses based on disaggregated data found that small firms are not reliably more labor-intensive than their larger counterparts; nor are they consistently more technically efficient in their use of resources. In light of these findings and an analysis of factor markets, this article discusses the general implications of the research results for industrial policy in developing countries.",
"corpus_id": 155060935,
"title": "Small manufacturing enterprises in developing countries"
} | {
"abstract": "With its resource availability and the prospect of climate friendly technology, coal continues to play an important role in the global energy sector. We develop a complementarity model of the international market for steam coal. We want to analyze the level of competition in this market which is strategic for the importers' security of energy supply. In a spatial equilibrium framework, we assume the steam coal exporters to maximize their profits by choosing the optimal quantity to sell to each importing country. We compare two possible scenarios: perfect competition and Cournot competition. The results, especially the price levels, indicate that the Cournot model is not realistic, suggesting that the producing countries do not exert market power. However, the trade flows and prices observed in reality suggests that there is some form of market power with price discrimination, possibly following a Bertrand model in a spatial setting.",
"corpus_id": 55929928,
"score": 1,
"title": "Analysis of the World Market for Steam Coal Using a Complementarity Model"
} |
{
"abstract": "The present study evaluated secondary emotional and behavioral outcomes among adolescents who received prolonged exposure (PE-A) or client-centered therapy (CCT) for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in a randomized controlled trial. Participants were 61 adolescent girls (age: M = 15.33, SD = 1.50 years) with sexual abuse related PTSD seeking treatment at a community mental health clinic. Multilevel modeling was employed to evaluate group differences on the Youth Self-Report (YSR) over acute treatment and 12-month follow-up. Both treatment groups showed significant improvements on all YSR scales from baseline to 12-month follow-up. Adolescents who received PE-A showed significantly greater reductions than those receiving CCT on the Externalizing subscale (d = 0.70), rule-breaking behavior (d = 0.63), aggressive behavior (d = 0.62), and conduct problems (d = 0.78). No treatment differences were found on the Internalizing subscale or among other YSR problem areas. Both PE-A and CCT effectively reduced many co-occurring problems among adolescents with PTSD. Although PE-A focuses on PTSD and not on disruptive behaviors, PE-A was associated with greater sustained changes in externalizing symptoms, supporting broad effects of trauma-focused treatment on associated problem areas.",
"corpus_id": 4412664,
"title": "Treatment of Adolescent PTSD: The Impact of Prolonged Exposure Versus Client-Centered Therapy on Co-Occurring Emotional and Behavioral Problems."
} | {
"abstract": "....................................................................................................................................... IV Introduction ................................................................................................................................... 1 Method ........................................................................................................................................... 2 Results ............................................................................................................................................ 2 What is EMDR? .......................................................................................................................... 2 Does It Work? ............................................................................................................................. 4 What Is CBT? ............................................................................................................................ 12 What is Exposure Therapy? ...................................................................................................... 12 Do CBT and ET Work? ............................................................................................................. 13 Which One Is Better? ................................................................................................................ 18 Is CBT Different? Do the EMs Matter? .................................................................................... 24 Cost............................................................................................................................................ 29 Discussion..................................................................................................................................... 30 Limitations of Study .................................................................................................................. 33 Suggestions for Future Research ............................................................................................... 33 Conclusions ............................................................................................................................... 33 References .................................................................................................................................... 35",
"corpus_id": 189991067,
"title": "Is Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing Worth it? A Pragmatic Analysis For Clinicians"
} | {
"abstract": "Studying patterns of parasite local adaptation can provide insights into the spatiotemporal dynamics of host–parasite coevolution. Many factors, both biotic and abiotic, have been identified that influence parasite local adaptation. In particular, dispersal and population structuring are considered important determinants of local adaptation. We investigated how the shape of the spatial dispersal network within experimental landscapes affected local adaptation of a bacteriophage parasite to its bacterial host. Regardless of landscape topology, dispersal always led to the evolution of phages with broader infectivity range. However, when the spatial dispersal network resulted in spatial variation in the breadth of phage infectivity range, significant levels of parasite local adaptation and local maladaptation were detected within the same landscape using the local versus foreign definition of local adaptation. By contrast, local adaptation was not detected using the home versus away or local versus global definitions of local adaptation. This suggests that spatial dispersal networks may play an important role in driving parasite local adaptation, particularly when the shape of the dispersal network generates nonuniform levels of host resistance or parasite infectivity throughout a species’ range.",
"corpus_id": 5743036,
"score": 0,
"title": "HOW DOES SPATIAL DISPERSAL NETWORK AFFECT THE EVOLUTION OF PARASITE LOCAL ADAPTATION?"
} |
{
"abstract": "A mathematical model based on Weibull parameters was built to describe the joint effect of temperature and pH on thermal inactivation of Bacillus cereus spores (strain INRA TZ415). The effect of these factors on Weibull model parameters (beta, 1/alpha) was also studied. Heat inactivation tests were carried out in acidified carrot broth as vegetable substrate, following a full factorial design at four levels for temperature (80, 85, 90 and 95 degrees C) and pH (6.2, 5.8, 5.2 and 4.7). The Weibull distribution model provided good individual fits for the different combinations of temperature-pH tested, with discrepancy factors, Df, coming close to 25% for most cases. The temperature and pH did not have a significant effect on the shape parameter (beta), which yielded a mean value of 0.88. The scale parameter (alpha) decreased with pH, and its inverse (1/alpha) followed an Arrhenius-type relationship with temperature. A global model was built, including the dependence of the alpha parameter on temperature and pH, and the model parameters were estimated by using a one-step nonlinear least-squares regression to improve the precision of the estimates. Results indicated that the global model provides a satisfactory description of the thermal inactivation of B. cereus spores, with R2 equal to 0.983.",
"corpus_id": 4259580,
"title": "Empirical model building based on Weibull distribution to describe the joint effect of pH and temperature on the thermal resistance of Bacillus cereus in vegetable substrate."
} | {
"abstract": "Two different microbial modeling procedures were compared and validated against independent data for Listeria monocytogenes growth. The most generally used method is two consecutive regressions: growth parameters are estimated from a primary regression of microbial counts, and a secondary regression relates the growth parameters to experimental conditions. A global regression is an alternative method in which the primary and secondary models are combined, giving a direct relationship between experimental factors and microbial counts. The Gompertz equation was the primary model, and a response surface model was the secondary model. Independent data from meat and poultry products were used to validate the modeling procedures. The global regression yielded the lower standard errors of calibration, 0.95 log CFU/ml for aerobic and 1.21 log CFU/ml for anaerobic conditions. The two-step procedure yielded errors of 1.35 log CFU/ml for aerobic and 1.62 log CFU/ ml for anaerobic conditions. For food products, the global regression was more robust than the two-step procedure for 65% of the cases studied. The robustness index for the global regression ranged from 0.27 (performed better than expected) to 2.60. For the two-step method, the robustness index ranged from 0.42 to 3.88. The predictions were overestimated (fail safe) in more than 50% of the cases using the global regression and in more than 70% of the cases using the two-step regression. Overall, the global regression performed better than the two-step procedure for this specific application.",
"corpus_id": 1018589,
"title": "Comparing uncertainty resulting from two-step and global regression procedures applied to microbial growth models."
} | {
"abstract": "The application of phytojuvenoid on Bombyx mori larvae has been proved to be significance in the sericulture industry. Variation in the phytojuvenoid concentration significantly (P <0.01) influenced 1 the reproductive potential ofB. moriin terms of fecundity and hatchability of eggs. The fecundity and hatchability increased with the increasing number of larval treatment of 10, 20 and 30%phytojuvenoid concentration. The maximum level of fecundity (365±5.60 eggs) and hatchability (97.22±0.98 %) was noticed in case of triple treatment by 30% phytojuvenoidconcentration. The minimum level of fecundity and hatchability was noticed in case of triple treatment by 40% phytojuvenoid concentration. The larvae were treated with the phytojuvenoidconcentration (obtained from Pinus needle extract) of 10, 20, 30 and 40% just aftermoulting, four phytojuvenoid concentrations were applied topically by spraying on larvae separately. Three sets of experiments were designed. A control set was always maintained with each set of experiment.Phytojuvenoid hormone interactions when applied tactfully may be useful for boosting up the sericulture industry as well as the economy of silkworm rearing.",
"corpus_id": 86340875,
"score": 1,
"title": "Effect of Bioactive Phytojuvenoidon the Reproductive Potential of Multivoltine Mulberry Silkworm (Bombyx mori Linn.) (Lepidoptera: Bombycidae)"
} |
{
"abstract": "A new mutation in mice affecting the mucous cell differentiation of the sublingual glands is described. The normal mouse sublingual glands are mucus-secreting and virtually all the acinar cells differentiate to mucus-rich cells by the day of birth. In contrast, all endpieces of newborn mutant mice consisted of acini of immature cuboidal cells. However, normal mucous cells, staining intensively with mucin-specific stains such as Alcian blue at pH 2.5 or mucicarmine, appeared in the mutant mice from an early age singly or in groups in a small number of acini, and their number apparently increased with age to occupy over 30% of the total acinar cells. Ultrastructurally, irregular secretion granules of varying electron-density, distinct from ordinary sublingual mucin granules, were frequently observed in the cytoplasm of the immature acinar cells in the mutant phenotype. The genetic analysis showed that a single autosomal recessive gene determined the observed abnormality. This is the first salivary gland mutation and will provide a critical model for the study of salivary mucous cell differentiation.",
"corpus_id": 1353973,
"title": "A new mutation involving the sublingual gland in NFS/N mice. Partially arrested mucous cell differentiation."
} | {
"abstract": "Myoepithelium in the rat submaxillary gland is associated exclusively with acini and intercalated ducts. Acinar myoepithelial cells (MEC) arborize in a stellate pattern and constitute 12% of the acinar volume. Intercalated duct MEC are longitudinally arranged over the ductal epithelium and constitute 40% of the duct wall volume. Myoepithelium makes up 9% of the total intralobular parenchyma. MEC lie within the periparenchymal basement membrane and are “attached” to acinar or ductal epithelium by a small number of desmosomes. MEC plasma membranes have relatively smooth contours, and no substantial interfolding with the membranes of neighboring cells occurs. Mitochondria, ergastoplasm, and other organelles are sparse and mainly are concentrated within circumscribed juxtanuclear zones. Minute vesicles and surface caveoli occur on the stromal side of the cell but are essentially absent from the parenchymal side. Streams of parallel filaments traverse a large portion of the cytoplasm. Because of close packing they form dense zones in many areas. These filaments have a mean diameter of 64 A (SE ±3). Nerves do not contact these MEC, but unmyelinated axons skirt within 0.1 μ of their plasma membranes. It is concluded that rat submaxillary gland MEC are similar to visceral smooth muscle cells and could efficiently serve as an adjunctive mechanism in the egestive phase of secretion.",
"corpus_id": 2432751,
"title": "Myoepithelium of the rat submaxillary gland."
} | {
"abstract": "Using computer simulation, we demonstrate that the information encoded by the ventral giant interneurons is particularly suited to orienting the escape turn of the adult cockroach with a degree of variation seen experimentally. The type of model we present for sensorimotor integration incorporates a simple comparator of sensory evoked GI activity and is extremely robust with respect to underlying assumptions.",
"corpus_id": 10885066,
"score": 1,
"title": "The neural basis of orienting behavior: a computational approach to the escape turn of the cockroach"
} |
{
"abstract": "In the past decades CMOS IC technologies have been constantly scaled down and at present they aggressively entered in the nanometer regime. Amongst the wide-ranging variety of circuit applications, integrated memories especially the SRAM cell layout has been significantly reduced. As it is very well know the reduction of size of CMOS involves an increase in physical parameters variation, this is a factor which has a direct impact on SRAM cell stability. Polysilicon and diffusion critical dimensions (CD) together with implant variations are the main causes of mismatch in SRAM cells. SRAM memory cells have always been designed to occupy the minimum amount of silicon area consistent with the performance and reliability required. Today's system on Chip (SoC) trends result in a major percentage of the total die area being dedicated to memory blocks, consequently making SRAM parameter variations dominate the overall circuit parameter characteristics, including leakage, process variation effects, etc. The reliability is usually measured by static noise margin, SNM (1), and write trip point simulations and measurements. In this paper we have analyzed the stability of the 9T SRAM cell at SS, FF, TT, FS, SF corners. The simulations have been done at 45nm technology.",
"corpus_id": 280936,
"title": "Characterization of 9T SRAM Cell at Various Process Corners at Deep Sub-micron Technology for Multimedia Applications"
} | {
"abstract": "Distributions of read and write noise margins in large CMOS SRAM arrays are investigated by directly measuring the bit-line current during bitline / wordline (write) or cell supply (read) voltage sweep in a 768 Kb 45 nm CMOS SRAM test-chip. Good correlation between write/read margin estimates through the bit-line measurements and the DC read SNM (RSNM) and IW measurements in small on-chip SRAM macros with wired-out storage nodes are demonstrated. Four common writeability metrics are correlated and compared. Array-level characterization of SRAM cell read stability and writeability allow fast and accurate characterization of high-density SRAM arrays is scalable for capturing up to 6 standard deviations of parameter variations.",
"corpus_id": 16520566,
"title": "Large-scale read/write margin measurement in 45nm CMOS SRAM arrays"
} | {
"abstract": "Hydrogen and carbon monoxide ( CO ) are two trace gases related to metabolic activity that can be monitored in anaerobic systems. The responses of these two gases during organic and hydraulic overloads of anaerobic digestion of waste-activated sludge were compared to con ventional process indicators. Results indicate that both gases supply ad ditional information beyond that which current monitoring strategies provide. Hydrogen provides information as to the level of stress being exerted on the C02-reducing methanogenic population, and CO gives insight to the status of the acetate-catabolizing population. These trace gases can be conveniently monitored on-line using a real-time data ac quisition system. They provide information that relates to the metabolic status of some of the key bacterial groups and augment information obtained via conventional process indicators studied, including volatile fatty acid to alkalinity ratio, gas production, and major components (CH4 and C02) concentrations. Res. J. Water Pollut. Control Fed., 63, 129(1991).",
"corpus_id": 92817428,
"score": 1,
"title": "THE RESPONSE AND UTILITY OF HYDROGEN AND CARBON MONOXIDE AS PROCESS INDICATORS OF ANAEROBIC DIGESTERS SUBJECT TO ORGANIC AND HYDRAULIC OBERLOADS"
} |
{
"abstract": "BACKGROUND\nA study was designed to determine which paediatric trauma patients with no detectable vital signs are likely to benefit from cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR).\n\n\nMETHODS\nA 10-year retrospective study of all pulseless patients under 16 years of age with trauma in whom CPR was initiated in a prehospital or in-hospital setting in Southern Finland.\n\n\nRESULTS\nForty-one patients, 25 male and 16 female, were included in this study. The mean age was 7.8 years (range 0.1-15.9 years). Twenty three patients had blunt injuries and three patients had penetrating injuries. The mean Injury Severity Score was 51 (range 25-75). In 15 patients, the arrest was secondary to smoke inhalation, strangulation or electric shock. Resuscitation was initiated at the scene or en route in 28 patients and in 13 patients at the hospital. Five patients received open-chest CPR and 36 patients closed-chest CPR. Spontaneous circulation was restored in four patients with open-chest CPR and in six patients with closed-chest CPR. Two patients had intact survival and one patient survived with moderate disability. The mechanism of traumatic cardiac arrest, initial cardiac rhythm or location of arrest did not seem to affect outcome of CPR.\n\n\nCONCLUSIONS\nThe overall survival rate of paediatric patients with cardiac arrest secondary to trauma is poor. Trauma patients in whom cardiac arrest is caused by respiratory arrest or by thoracoabdominal trauma in the hospital setting may have a chance of survival if a spontaneous circulation is rapidly restored with effective resuscitative measures.",
"corpus_id": 948142,
"title": "Efficacy of cardiopulmonary resuscitation in pulseless paediatric trauma patients."
} | {
"abstract": "The concept of the chain of survival for children has been extended to include prevention, bystander CPR, prehospital CPR, and acute care. Two clinical cases are presented as examples. The current status and possible weaknesses in each link of the chain are discussed, and suggestions are made for possible research initiatives.",
"corpus_id": 20472537,
"title": "CPR challenges in pediatrics."
} | {
"abstract": "During an 18-month study period, the mobile intensive care unit (MICU) in Jerusalem responded to 307 pediatric emergencies, representing 5% of the total MICU case load. The most common medical problems were seizures, diagnosed in 100 cases (32%), and conditions related to trauma, diagnosed in 77 cases (23%). Forty-one cases (13%) were cardiac arrests. Nineteen patients were pronounced dead with a resuscitation attempt; resuscitation was attempted in 22 patients. Four patients were stabilized for admission to the hospital, but there were no long-term survivors. Eighteen cardiac arrest patients (82%) were found in asystole, and most had previous serious medical problems. Based on our experience children are less likely to require or benefit from advanced levels of prehospital care compared to the adult population. When resources for advanced care are limited, priority should be given to adult emergencies.",
"corpus_id": 36761893,
"score": 2,
"title": "Advanced prehospital care for pediatric emergencies."
} |
{
"abstract": "Sentiment analysis is one of the great accomplishments of the last decade in the field of Language Technologies. In this paper, we explore mining collective sentiment from forum posts in a Massive Open Online Course (MOOC) in order to monitor students’ trending opinions towards the course and major course tools, such as lecture and peer-assessment. We observe a correlation between sentiment ratio measured based on daily forum posts and number of students who drop out each day. On a user-level, we evaluate the impact of sentiment on attrition over time. A qualitative analysis clarifies the subtle differences in how these language behaviors are used in practice across three MOOCs. Implications for research and practice are discussed.",
"corpus_id": 3243907,
"title": "Sentiment Analysis in MOOC Discussion Forums: What does it tell us?"
} | {
"abstract": "Nowadays, many MOOC platforms have arisen to provide free knowledge. These platforms have a large catalog of courses for different specializations that progressively demand more specific learning resources and assessment methods to evaluate the progression of students. Current MOOC platforms are gradually giving support to these new requirements but with a limited assistance. This paper presents the state of art of the analytical system for three relevant MOOC platforms, one of the main pillars for analyzing the progression of courses. Other initiatives are also reviewed to show that current MOOC analytical systems are not ready to support custom MOOC-aware intelligent tutoring systems (ITSs). Thus, the design of a learning analytics system to assist these tools for MOOC platforms is presented.",
"corpus_id": 18218198,
"title": "Towards a Learning Analytics Support for Intelligent Tutoring Systems on MOOC Platforms"
} | {
"abstract": "Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to study the consumer opinion towards the low-cost airlines or low-cost carriers (LCCs) (these two terms are used interchangeably) industry in Malaysia to better understand consumers’ needs and to provide better services. Sentiment analysis is undertaken in revealing current customers’ satisfaction level towards low-cost airlines. Design/methodology/approach – About 10,895 tweets (data collected for two and a half months) are analysed. Text mining techniques are used during data pre-processing and a mixture of statistical techniques are used to segment the customers’ opinion. Findings – The results with two different sentiment algorithms show that there is more positive than negative polarity across the different algorithms. Clustering results show that both K-Means and spherical K-Means algorithms delivered similar results and the four main topics that are discussed by the consumers on Twitter are customer service, LCCs tickets promotions, flight cancellations and d...",
"corpus_id": 8273721,
"score": -1,
"title": "Gaining customer knowledge in low cost airlines through text mining"
} |
{
"abstract": "Understanding the goals or intentions of other people requires a broad range of evaluative processes including the decoding of biological motion, knowing about object properties, and abilities for recognizing task space requirements and social contexts. It is becoming increasingly evident that some of this decoding is based in part on the simulation of other people's behavior within our own nervous system. This review focuses on aspects of action understanding that rely on embodied cognition, that is, the knowledge of the body and how it interacts with the world. This form of cognition provides an essential knowledge base from which action simulation can be used to decode at least some actions performed by others. Recent functional imaging studies or action understanding are interpreted with a goal of defining conditions when simulation operations occur and how this relates with other constructs, including top-down versus bottom-up processing and the functional distinctions between action observation and social networks. From this it is argued that action understanding emerges from the engagement of highly flexible computational hierarchies driven by simulation, object properties, social context, and kinematic constraints and where the hierarchy is driven by task structure rather than functional or strict anatomic rules.",
"corpus_id": 1883372,
"title": "Embodied Cognition and the Simulation of Action to Understand Others"
} | {
"abstract": "There is a convergence between cognitive models of imitation, constructs derived from social psychology studies on mimicry and empathy, and recent empirical findings from the neurosciences. The ideomotor framework of human actions assumes a common representational format for action and perception that facilitates imitation. Furthermore, the associative sequence learning model of imitation proposes that experience-based Hebbian learning forms links between sensory processing of the actions of others and motor plans. Social psychology studies have demonstrated that imitation and mimicry are pervasive, automatic, and facilitate empathy. Neuroscience investigations have demonstrated physiological mechanisms of mirroring at single-cell and neural-system levels that support the cognitive and social psychology constructs. Why were these neural mechanisms selected, and what is their adaptive advantage? Neural mirroring solves the “problem of other minds” (how we can access and understand the minds of others) and makes intersubjectivity possible, thus facilitating social behavior.",
"corpus_id": 3212294,
"title": "Imitation, Empathy, and Mirror Neurons"
} | {
"abstract": "Most of the effort in the semi-supervised clustering literature was devoted to variations of the K-means algorithm. In this paper we show how background knowledge can be used to bias a partitional density-based clustering algorithm. Our work describes how labeled objects can be used to help the algorithm detecting suitable density parameters for the algorithm to extract density-based clusters in specific parts of the feature space. Considering the set of constraints estabilished by the labeled dataset we show that our algorithm, called SSDBSCAN, automatically finds density parameters for each natural cluster in a dataset. Four of the most interesting characteristics of SSDBSCAN are that (1) it only requires a single, robust input parameter, (2) it does not need any user intervention, (3) it automaticaly finds the noise objects according to the density of the natural clusters and (4) it is able to find the natural cluster structure even when the density among clusters vary widely. The algorithm presented in this paper is evaluated with artificial and real-world datasets, demonstrating better results when compared to other unsupervised and semi-supervised density-based approaches.",
"corpus_id": 10783978,
"score": -1,
"title": "Semi-supervised Density-Based Clustering"
} |
{
"abstract": "Depression, as a heterogeneous collection of disorders, is likely to include subgroups that are more genetic in origin. In common with other neuropsychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia, Alzheimer’s disease and Huntington’s disease, earlier age at onset in depression is associated with higher genetic loading and poorer long-term outcome. Adolescents and young adults with depression are also at high risk of developing a bipolar illness. This article reviews depressive illnesses that occur for the first time in adolescence and young adulthood. Case studies are used to discuss atypical presentations and the evolving concept of bipolar-spectrum disorders.",
"corpus_id": 583921,
"title": "Depression in young adults"
} | {
"abstract": "Background Few previous studies have focused on prefrontal activation in young adults diagnosed with major depressive disorder (MDD) and suicidality via functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS). Materials and Methods A total of 59 healthy controls (HCs), 35 patients with MDD but without suicidality, and 25 patients with MDD and suicidality, between the ages of 18–34 years, were enrolled. Changes in oxygenated hemoglobin (oxy-Hb) levels of the prefrontal cortex at baseline, 4 weeks, and 8 weeks, were evaluated using a protocol consisting of three consecutively repeated trials of rest, speech, and verbal fluency test (VFT) via fNIRS. MDD was diagnosed and suicidality was evaluated based on Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI). Results Oxy-Hb levels were impaired in patients with MDD compared with HCs (p = 0.018 for left prefrontal cortex; p = 0.021 for right ventromedial prefrontal cortex; p = 0.002 for left frontopolar cortex). Among the three groups including HCs, MDD without suicidality, and MDD with suicidality, prefrontal oxygenation was most decreased in MDD patients with suicidality. A significantly impaired prefrontal oxygenation in the right ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (VLPFC) was detected after adjusting for covariates in MDD patients with suicidality, compared to those without suicidality. Conclusion Impaired prefrontal oxygenation during cognitive execution may serve as a diagnostic biomarker for suicidality in young adult patients with MDD.",
"corpus_id": 250000889,
"title": "Impaired Oxygenation of the Prefrontal Cortex During Verbal Fluency Task in Young Adults With Major Depressive Disorder and Suicidality: A Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Study"
} | {
"abstract": "The third-generation cephalosporin, ceftazidime, is widely used for the treatment of serious gram-negative infections. As is true of cephalosporins in general, reported adverse effects have been few. We report a case of ceftazidime-induced status epilepticus in a patient with Pseudomonas aeruginosa meningitis and compare the clinical manifestations of this case with those of two previously described cases of ceftazidime-related encephalopathy. This diagnosis should be entertained and an electroencephalogram should be obtained inall patients with myoclonus and/or altered mental status while they are receiving ceftazidime therapy. (Arch Intern Med. 1994;154:586-589)",
"corpus_id": 208253535,
"score": 1,
"title": "Ceftazidime-related nonconvulsive status epilepticus"
} |
{
"abstract": "The main purpose of this article is to present and describe the advantages of the MFC/IMC structure utilization in control of BLDC motor. The results of the analysis included in this work compare two-loop control structure containing internal model of the process with classical single-loop structure with PID controller, which is commonly used in control of industrial motors. In the framework of conducted computational and simulation tests the most important features of both structures from BLDC control point of view such as: sensitivity for load disturbance reduced to the input and output of the plant, tracking the reference value and maximum acceptable perturbations between plant's and model's parameters were compared.",
"corpus_id": 1256865,
"title": "Employment of the MFC/IMC structure in robust velocity controll of BLDC motor"
} | {
"abstract": "Transfer function is a widely employed kind of mathematical model. First order and second order transfer function with voltage input and motor speed output are broadly used as models of BLDC motor. Since there exists uncertainty and nonlinear phenomena in the real time world, simulation and practical experiment have been done to compare uncertainty among the first order model, second order model and the real model in this brief. The object of this brief is to find out which model can present the real BLDC motor more accurately and the magnitude of system outcome differences between the theoretical model and the real one, which is a mean of measuring the uncertainty between the theoretical model and the real model.",
"corpus_id": 57763247,
"title": "Comparative Study of BLDC Motor Modeling"
} | {
"abstract": "The widely published internal model control (IMC) proportional-integral-derivative (PID) tuning rules provide poor load disturbance suppression for processes in which the desired closed-loop dynamics is significantly faster than the open-loop dynamics. The IMC filter is modified to derive low-order controllers that provide effective disturbance suppression irrespective of the location at which the disturbances enter the closed-loop system.",
"corpus_id": 95711171,
"score": 2,
"title": "Improved Filter Design in Internal Model Control"
} |
{
"abstract": "We present the Entity Name System (ENS), an enabling infrastructure, which can host descriptions of named entities and provide unique identifiers, on large-scale. In this way, it opens new perspectives to realize entity-oriented, rather than keyword-oriented, Web information systems. We describe the architecture and the functionality of the ENS, along with tools, which all contribute to realize the Web of entities.",
"corpus_id": 1509508,
"title": "From Web Data to Entities and Back"
} | {
"abstract": "The majority of the information on the web is encoded as web documents in natural language for human consumption. According to International Data Corporation (IDC) 80% of the data on the web is unstructured (free text) and is growing at a rapid pace due to the ease with which data can be published on the blogs, social networks, web, etc. The fundamental idea of Semantic Web is to link all the knowledge on the web. For Semantic Web to be widely adopted, and to exploit its full potential, it is important that the researched techniques understand and automatically extract knowledge from the unstructured web documents, as majority of data on the web is unstructured. A promising approach to have programmatic access to such knowledge is the use of information extraction techniques. Most frequently these techniques aim at extracting entities, such as persons, geographic locations, etc., from free text. These entities can potentially be linked to each other, thus creating a de-facto global knowledge graph of linked entities. A number of entity-related challenges need to be addressed for realizing the entity-oriented view of Semantic Web. In this doctoral thesis, we provide research contributions to the field of entity extraction from Web text documents with the aim of facilitating the adoption of the Semantic Web. This thesis addresses following entity-related problems: Entity Resolution for web documents; Entity Matching in microblogging environments; and Entity Profiling and Applications. More specifically, we make the following contributions: (1) Entity Resolution for Web Documents: One of the key challenges to realize automated processing of the information on the Web is related to the entity resolution problem. There are a number of tools that reliably recognize named entities, such as persons, companies, geographic locations, in Web documents. The names of these extracted entities are however non-unique; the same name on different Web pages might or might not refer to the same entity. We address this disambiguation problem, which is very similar to the entity resolution problem studied in relational databases, however there are also several differences. Most importantly Web pages often only contain partial or incomplete information about the entities. We propose a generic framework where multiple similarity functions corresponding to the domain specific rules can be defined. We make use of techniques from graph theory and machine learning for efficiently combining the evidence from multiple similarity functions for improved ER results, and demonstrate the efficiency of our framework on two real-world datasets. (2) Entities in micro-blogs like Twitter: Twitter is a popular micro-blogging service on the Web, where people can publish short messages, which then become visible to other users of the service. While the topics of these messages vary, there are a lot of messages where the users express their opinions about companies or their products. These messages are a rich source of information for companies for sentiment analysis or opinion mining. There is however a great obstacle for analyzing the messages directly: as the company names are often ambiguous (e.g. apple, the fruit vs. Apple Inc.), one needs first to identify which messages are related to the company. We first present simple techniques that make use of company profiles, which we created semi-automatically from external Web sources. Our advanced techniques take ambiguity estimations into account and also automatically extend the basic company profiles through active learning from the Twitter stream itself. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our methods through an extensive set of experiments. We also present TweetSpector as a working prototype for entity-based classification of tweets. (3) Entity Profiling and Applications: Entity profiling is the problem of constructing a compact representation (profile) of an entity, which summarizes the various mentions of an entity. We focus on constructing entity profiles to user and location entities, and show applications that make use of such entity profiles. (a) User-Entity Profiles on Social Networks: Users through their activities on social networks leave traces of their personalities. With the advances of content mining and modeling techniques, it should be possible to profile an user entity from his social network content. In this work we explore various techniques for summarizing a user’s presence on different social networks. We show that one of the advantages of maintaining user profile is to provide the context for understanding the short texts, and help in better understanding of microposts. Additionally, we present TripEneer: Travel plan recommendation application based on user and location entity profiles. (b) Social and Sensor Data Fusion of a Location-entity in the Cloud: As mobile cloud computing facilitates a wide spectrum of smart applications, the need for fusing various types of data available in the cloud grows rapidly. In particular, social and sensor data lies at the core in such applications, but is typically processed separately. This work explores the potential of fusing social and sensor data, related to a location entity, in the cloud. We present a travel recommendation system that is built upon a conceptual framework. This framework allows to blend the heterogeneous social and sensor data for integrated analysis, extracting weather-dependent people’s mood information from Twitter and meteorological sensor data streams. This thesis through these contributions for linking entities on the web makes a promising step towards realizing entity-oriented view of (Semantic) Web.",
"corpus_id": 251258262,
"title": "Entities on the Web - Resolution, Matching and Profiling"
} | {
"abstract": "1. Introduction: Toward a Postsocialist Cinema? Review of Literature Changing China Cinema and Society Film and History 2. Writing on Blank Paper: The Classical Cinema before 1976 as a Didactic Paradigm Industry and Social Institution Sample Texts Characters Narrative Spectator Positioning and Mise-en-Scene A. Relays B. Mirroring C. Heightened Engagement D. Epistemological Mastery 3. Entering Forbidden Zones and Exposing Wounds: Rewriting Socialist History The Initial Response: Continuity and Containment A. State and Party Politics B. Policy and Critcism in Literature and the Arts C. Film Production Deng Xiaoping's Power Struggle: Extending the Critique A. State and Party Politics B. Policy and Critcism in Literature and the Arts C. Film Production Deng Consolidates Power: Beyond the \"Cultural Revolution\" A. State and Party Politics B. Policy and Critcism in Literature and the Arts C. Film Production 4. Postsocialism and the Decline of the Hero Complexity Class Background and Party Affiliation Reversal or Transformation of Roles? 5. A Family Affiar: Separation and Subjectivity The Incidence of Romantic Love Literary Comparisons Romantic Love, the Family, and the Party Memory, Subjectivity and Community The Peer Group and Chinese Counterculture 6. Ending it All: Bitter Love \"?\" The Importance of Endings Socialist Tragedies and Obligatory Happy Endings \"Let the Audience Decide\" Filmography Bibliography Appendices",
"corpus_id": 150997115,
"score": 0,
"title": "Postsocialist Cinema in Post-Mao China: The Cultural Revolution after the Cultural Revolution"
} |
{
"abstract": "In this work, the genetic variation of milk FA was investigated in three different bovine breeds, the Jersey, the Piedmontese and the Valdostana, and at different lactation stages. All animals were genotyped for 21 Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms located within nine candidate genes involved in lipid synthesis: diacylglycerol acyltransferase 1 and 2 (DGAT1, 2); stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD); growth hormone receptor (GHR); fatty acid synthase (FASN); acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (ACAD); fatty acid binding protein (FABP4); lipoprotein lipase (LPL); and leptin gene (LEP). The highest milk-fat Jersey breed also showed the highest content of saturated FA. Throughout lactation, the breeds showed a similar variation in the FA, with a decrease in the short-chain, this was accompanied by a general increase in the long chain FA at the end of lactation. The increase in long chain saturated FA was particularly evident in the case of the Jersey. The effect of SCD gene on the C14 desaturation index was confirmed; the DGAT1 gene was polymorphic only in the Jersey breed, but its effect was confirmed only on milk fat content; three further potential candidate genes were identified: first, the FABP4 gene, which was found to influence medium and long chain FA in all the breeds, but not the desaturation indices; second, the FASN gene, which was found to influence the amount of PUFA in the Piedmontese and the Valdostana, and third, the LPL gene, which was found to affect fat content in the Piedmontese.",
"corpus_id": 130770,
"title": "Milk fatty acid variability: effect of some candidate genes involved in lipid synthesis"
} | {
"abstract": "Allelic variation (C to T transition that results in an Arg25Cys) in the leptin gene has been associated with increased fat deposition in beef cattle. We report that this same genetic variant is also present in dairy breeds. Body fat reserves play an important role in sustaining high milk production in early lactation, when energy intake is limited. To test for an association between the leptin single nucleotide polymorphism and milk productivity, we genotyped 416 Holstein cows and compared lactation performance data using a mixed model. Animals homozygous for the T allele produced more milk (1.5 kg/d vs. CC animals) and had higher somatic cell count linear scores, without significantly affecting milk fat or protein percent over the entire lactation. The increase in milk yield is most prominent in the first 100 d of lactation (2.44 kg/d), declining to 1.74 kg/d between 101 and 200 d in lactation. The milk yield advantage, observed in cows homozygous for the T allele, could represent a major economic advantage to dairy producers.",
"corpus_id": 20437283,
"title": "Hot topic: an association between a leptin single nucleotide polymorphism and milk and protein yield."
} | {
"abstract": "Targeted drug delivery using polymeric nanostructures is an emerging cancer research area, engineered for safer, more efficient, and effective use of chemotherapeutic drugs. A pH-responsive, active targeting delivery system was designed using folic acid functionalized amphiphilic alternating copolymer poly(styrene-alt-maleic anhydride) (FA-DABA-SMA) via a biodegradable linker 2,4-diaminobutyric acid (DABA). The polymeric template is pH responsive, forming amphiphilic nanostructures at pH 7, allowing the encapsulation of hydrophobic drugs on its interior. Moreover, the structure is stable only at neutral pH and collapses in the acidic tumor microenvironment, releasing drugs on-site from its core. The delivery vehicle is investigated using human pancreatic PANC-1 cancer cells and RAW-Blue™ mouse macrophage reporter cell line, both of which have overly expression of folic acid receptors. To trace the cellular uptake by both cell lines, curcumin was selected as a dye and drug mimic owing to its fluorescence nature and hydrophobic properties. Fluorescent microscopy of FA-DABA-SMA loaded with curcumin revealed a significant internalization of the dye by human pancreatic PANC-1 cancer cells compared to those with unfunctionalized polymers (SMA). Moreover, the FA-DABA-SMA polymers exhibit rodlike association specific to the cells. Both empty SMA and FA-DABA-SMA show little toxicity to PANC-1 cells as characterized by WST-1 cell proliferation assay. These results clearly indicate that FA-DABA-SMA polymers show potential as an active tumor targeting drug delivery system with the ability to internalize hydrophobic chemotherapeutics after they specifically attach to cancer cells.",
"corpus_id": 6554467,
"score": 1,
"title": "Folic acid-conjugated amphiphilic alternating copolymer as a new active tumor targeting drug delivery platform"
} |
{
"abstract": "SRA's knowledge-based natural language processing system SOLOMON has been developed for text understanding since 1986. In addition to being a domain-independent NLP system, starting in the fall of 1990, SOLOMON has been extended as part of the MURASAKI project to become a multi-lingual text understanding system. It currently understands Spanish and Japanese as well as English texts. In order to achieve domain- and language-independence, SOLOMON separates data from processing modules. The processing modules do not assume any domain- or language-dependent facts; rather they are designed so that they work off separate data, i.e. lexicons, grammars, patterns, and knowledge bases, which vary according to the domain or language. To facilitate data acquisition, SRA has developed 2 tools: LEXTool for the development of lexicons and KBTool for the development of knowledge bases.",
"corpus_id": 931160,
"title": "SRA: description of the SOLOMON system as used for MUC-5"
} | {
"abstract": "The editor of this volume, who is also author or coauthor of five of the contributions, has provided an introduction that not only affords an overview of the separate articles but also interrelates the basic issues in linguistics, psycholinguistics and cognitive studies that are addressed in this volume. The twelve articles are grouped into three sections, as follows: \"I. Lexical Representation: \" The Passive in Lexical Theory (J. Bresnan); On the Lexical Representation of Romance Reflexive Clitics (J. Grimshaw); and Polyadicity (J. Bresnan).\"II. Syntactic Representation: \" Lexical-Functional Grammar: A Formal Theory for Grammatical Representation (R. Kaplan and J. Bresnan); Control and Complementation (J. Bresnan); Case Agreement in Russian (C. Neidle); The Representation of Case in Icelandic (A. Andrews); Grammatical Relations and Clause Structure in Malayalam (K. P. Monahan); and Sluicing: A Lexical Interpretation Procedure (L. Levin).\"III. Cognitive Processing of Grammatical Representations: \" A Theory of the Acquisition of Lexical Interpretive Grammars (S. Pinker); Toward a Theory of Lexico-Syntactic Interactions in Sentence Perception (M. Ford, J. Bresnan, and R. Kaplan); and Sentence Planning Units: Implications for the Speaker's Representation of Meaningful Relations Underlying Sentences (M. Ford).",
"corpus_id": 144919445,
"title": "The Mental representation of grammatical relations"
} | {
"abstract": "The primary purpose of this study was to determine the longitudinal impact of a maintenance bilingual education (MBE) program on the development of English (L2) for four groups of native Spanish-speaking students with varying degrees of Spanish oral proficiency who were all limited English proficient (LEP). Program participants were Mexican-American children in grades K-2. These subjects were divided into two major study groups, those considered fluent Spanish proficient (FSP; n = 111) and those who were limited Spanish proficient (LSP; n = 187). Two subgroups selected from the major groups (FSP program participants who were most fluent in Spanish, n = 45, and LSP participants who were most limited, n = 120) were also analyzed. Changes in L2 proficiency for the two major groups and the two subgroups were examined over the same 3-year span (1984-1987). Overall results from this MBE study demonstrated acquisition of statistically significant levels of English for all subjects. The most significant development was found for those subjects who were most limited in Spanish proficiency at the kindergarten level.",
"corpus_id": 144595100,
"score": 1,
"title": "English Acquisition by Fluent-and Limited-Spanish-Proficient Mexican Americans in a 3-Year Maintenance Bilingual Program"
} |
{
"abstract": "Climate change affects the mining region both directly and indirectly; and among the different environmental impacts of mining a very prominent one is damage to water resources. If mining is conducted below water table, ground water flows into the excavation site. It needs excessive ground water withdrawal that creates lowering of water table and resource depletion in the surrounding region. Water availability is dependent on rainfall. Subsurface reservoirs or aquifers are a blessing of nature to ensure water availability. The distribution pattern of the groundwater resources are influenced by the geomorphology, topography, terrain characteristics, geo-tectonic disturbances, characteristic of the source, recharging zones etc. Of late, this valuable resource is getting affected and progressively depleted by the change of climatic conditions. Talcher coalfield of Mahanadi Coalfield (MCL) – a subsidiary of Coal India Limited is one of the important coal-bearing regions in Orissa. One major river i.e., Brahmani river is passing in the NE direction of the Talcher area. Jharia Coalfield occupies an important place in India's industrial and energy scenario by virtue of being the storehouse of Prime coking coal. Damodar is main river passing over southwest direction of Jharia coalfield. The paper focuses on the impact of climate change on the changing pattern in respect of the characteristics of geology, rainfall and water-table fluctuations of both the Talcher and Jharia coalfields in the study area.",
"corpus_id": 153473521,
"title": "Impact of Climate Change in Mining Region — A Case Study"
} | {
"abstract": "Global assessments have shown that future climate change is likely to significantly impact forest ecosystems. The present study makes an assessment of the impact of projected climate change on forest ecosystems in India. This assessment is based on climate projections of Regional Climate Model of the Hadley Centre (HadRM3) using the A2 (740 ppm CO2) and B2 (575 ppm CO2) scenarios of Special Report on Emissions Scenarios and the BIOME4 vegetation response model. The main conclusion is that under the climate projection for the year 2085, 77% and 68% of the forested grids in India are likely to experience shift in forest types under A2 and B2 scenario, respectively. Indications are a shift towards wetter forest types in the northeastern region and drier forest types in the northwestern region in the absence of human influence. Increasing atmospheric CO2 concentration and climate warming could also result in a doubling of net primary productivity under the A2 scenario and nearly 70% increase under the B2 scenario. The trends of impacts could be considered as robust but the magnitudes should be viewed with caution, due to the uncertainty in climate projections. Given the projected trends of likely impacts of climate change on forest ecosystems, it is important to incorporate climate change consideration in forest sector long-term planning process.",
"corpus_id": 14481346,
"title": "Impact of climate change on forests in India"
} | {
"abstract": "The on‐line bioreactor identification methodology of the preceding article (Part I) was tested with a series of numerical simulations and laboratory experiments. Results of these studies presented herein confirm the superior characteristics of the proposed estimator and its applicability to modelling studies, or on‐line bioreactor control. The sensitivity of the estimation scheme with respect to the respiratory quotient measurement is discussed, and suggestions to bypass these problems are offered.",
"corpus_id": 32513892,
"score": 1,
"title": "Studies on on‐line bioreactor identification. II. Numerical and experimental results"
} |
{
"abstract": "Background Electronic mental health interventions (eMental health or eMH) can be used to increase accessibility of mental health services for mood disorders, with indications of comparable clinical outcomes as face-to-face psychotherapy. However, the actual use of eMH in routine mental health care lags behind expectations. Identifying the factors that might promote or inhibit implementation of eMH in routine care may help to overcome this gap between effectiveness studies and routine care. Objective This paper reports the results of a systematic review of the scientific literature identifying those determinants of practices relevant to implementing eMH for mood disorders in routine practice. Methods A broad search strategy was developed with high sensitivity to four key terms: implementation, mental health care practice, mood disorder, and eMH. The reach, effectiveness, adoption, implementation, and maintenance (RE-AIM) framework was applied to guide the review and structure the results. Thematic analysis was applied to identify the most important determinants that facilitate or hinder implementation of eMH in routine practice. Results A total of 13,147 articles were screened, of which 48 studies were included in the review. Most studies addressed aspects of the reach (n=33) of eMH, followed by intervention adoption (n=19), implementation of eMH (n=6), and maintenance (n=4) of eMH in routine care. More than half of the studies investigated the provision of mental health services through videoconferencing technologies (n=26), followed by Internet-based interventions (n=20). The majority (n=44) of the studies were of a descriptive nature. Across all RE-AIM domains, we identified 37 determinants clustered in six main themes: acceptance, appropriateness, engagement, resources, work processes, and leadership. The determinants of practices are expressed at different levels, including patients, mental health staff, organizations, and health care system level. Depending on the context, these determinants hinder or facilitate successful implementation of eMH. Conclusions Of the 37 determinants, three were reported most frequently: (1) the acceptance of eMH concerning expectations and preferences of patients and professionals about receiving and providing eMH in routine care, (2) the appropriateness of eMH in addressing patients’ mental health disorders, and (3) the availability, reliability, and interoperability with other existing technologies such as the electronic health records are important factors for mental health care professionals to remain engaged in providing eMH to their patients in routine care. On the basis of the taxonomy of determinants of practices developed in this review, implementation-enhancing interventions can be designed and applied to achieve better implementation outcomes. Suggestions for future research and implementation practice are provided.",
"corpus_id": 1158978,
"title": "Improving Implementation of eMental Health for Mood Disorders in Routine Practice: Systematic Review of Barriers and Facilitating Factors"
} | {
"abstract": "Background Successfully implementing eMental health (eMH) interventions in routine mental health care constitutes a major challenge. Reliable instruments to assess implementation progress are essential. The Normalization MeAsure Development (NoMAD) study developed a brief self-report questionnaire that could be helpful in measuring implementation progress. Based on the Normalization Process Theory, this instrument focuses on 4 generative mechanisms involved in implementation processes: coherence, cognitive participation, collective action, and reflexive monitoring. Objective The aim of this study was to translate the NoMAD questionnaire to Dutch and to confirm the factor structure in Dutch mental health care settings. Methods Dutch mental health care professionals involved in eMH implementation were invited to complete the translated NoMAD questionnaire. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was conducted to verify interpretability of scale scores for 3 models: (1) the theoretical 4-factor structure, (2) a unidimensional model, and (3) a hierarchical model. Potential improvements were explored, and correlated scale scores with 3 control questions were used to assess convergent validity. Results A total of 262 professionals from mental health care settings in the Netherlands completed the questionnaire (female: 81.7%; mean age: 45 [SD=11]). The internal consistency of the 20-item questionnaire was acceptable (.62≤alpha≤.85). The theorized 4-factor model fitted the data slightly better in the CFA than the hierarchical model (Comparative Fit Index=0.90, Tucker Lewis Index=0.88, Root Mean Square Error of Approximation=0.10, Standardized Root Mean Square Residual=0.12, χ22=22.5, P≤.05). However, the difference is small and possibly not outweighing the practical relevance of a total score and subscale scores combined in one hierarchical model. One item was identified as weak (λCA.2=0.10). A moderate-to-strong convergent validity with 3 control questions was found for the Collective Participation scale (.47≤r≤.54, P≤.05). Conclusions NoMAD’s theoretical factor structure was confirmed in Dutch mental health settings to acceptable standards but with room for improvement. The hierarchical model might prove useful in increasing the practical utility of the NoMAD questionnaire by combining a total score with information on the 4 generative mechanisms. Future research should assess the predictive value and responsiveness over time and elucidate the conceptual interpretability of NoMAD in eMH implementation practices.",
"corpus_id": 73490240,
"title": "Toward an Objective Assessment of Implementation Processes for Innovations in Health Care: Psychometric Evaluation of the Normalization Measure Development (NoMAD) Questionnaire Among Mental Health Care Professionals"
} | {
"abstract": "The effect of B chromosomes on meiosis is described in the diploid and tetraploid interspecific hybrid Lolium multiflorum x Lolium perenne. Although the parental species are very closely related, the presence of B chromosomes in the diploid hybrid reduced both chiasma frequency and the number of bivalents at meiosis by a small but significant amount. However at the tetraploid level the presence of B chromosomes did not seem to alter the pairing pattern and chiasma frequency in any way. The use of B chromosomes to stabilize meiosis in amphiploids of this type between closely related outbreeding species is therefore ruled out.",
"corpus_id": 21203488,
"score": 0,
"title": "The effect of B chromosomes on homoeologous pairing in species hybrids"
} |
{
"abstract": "Elizabeth Daniels is a project archivist at the University of Melbourne e-Scholarship Research Centre and a PhD student at Monash University. Her PhD research aims to explore the role of archives in constructing and de-constructing ‘othered’ identities. Elizabeth holds an Honours in Social Science (Policy and Research) from RMIT University and a Post Graduate Diploma in Information and Knowledge Management from Monash University.",
"corpus_id": 154076347,
"title": "Archives as multifaceted narratives: linking the ‘touchstones’ of community memory"
} | {
"abstract": "In 2010, in response to the Australian Government’s November 2009 apology to Forgotten Australians and former child migrants, a scoping study was undertaken by the Department of Families, Housing, Community Services and Indigenous Affairs (FaHCSIA) to assess the options for a national ‘Find and Connect’ service to allow people to locate and access relevant records and have recourse to support services. The scoping study noted that Pathways, a web-based public knowledge space and a product of the Victorian ‘Who Am I?’ research project, was a community-based information resource without equal in the out-of-home care sector in Australia or indeed internationally. The scoping team made the observation that Pathways, due to its quality of content and coherent structure, appeared to be based on a set of principles and wondered what they were. In response the research team set about articulating the principles that underpinned their approach to archival documentation and the use of digital technologies – principles that had emerged through more than two decades of public domain, archive-focussed projects. This paper presents those ten principles and discusses them within the context of Pathways and the ‘Who Am I?’ project. The principles played a key role in FaCHSIA adopting Pathways as the model for the national Find and Connect database and web resource, launched on 15 November 2011. The principles underpin community knowledge building in the fourth or pluralised dimension of the Records Continuum. The paper ultimately argues that all stakeholders (all people and organisations connected with records) should have the ability to contribute to the utilisation of those records through the improvement of documentation and that some archival systems do have a duty of care to ensure they can inter-operate with community-generated knowledge.",
"corpus_id": 154145258,
"title": "Principles for archival information services in the public domain"
} | {
"abstract": "Postmodern ideas have been dismissed as fashionable nonsense demonstrating academia's arrogant incomprehensibility and equally acclaimed as liberating concepts freeing many disciplines from worn-out traditional constraints. This article explores the relevance of postmodern thinking for archival practice. Postmodern thinkers have discussed for several decades topics close to archivists' concerns, and more recently begun to address directly \"the archive\" itself as record, institution, and function. This essay looks at the weaknesses and strengths of postmodern analysis, assays some definitions of postmodernism in an archival context, and suggests how postmodern insights might change archivists' daily practice as they work (and live) inescapably in conditions of postmodernity. The principal focus of such changes centres around much greater transparency and accountability by archivists for the archival function itself and much greater awareness of the diversity, ambiguity, and multiple identities of records creators, information systems, and archives users. RESUME Les idees post-modernes ont ete rejetees comme des absurdites a la mode demontrant l'arrogance incomprehensible des universitaires, mais aussi acclamees comme des concepts liberateurs permettant d'affranchir plusieurs disciplines de contraintes traditionnelles usees. Cet article explore la pertinence de la pensee post-moderne pour la pratique archivistique. Les penseurs post-modernes ont discute depuis plusieurs decades de sujets proches des preoccupations archivistiques et, plus recemment, ont commence a aborder directement le concept des \"archives\" en tant que documents, institutions et fonctions. L'auteur examine dans ce texte les faiblesses et les forces de l'analyse postmoderne, experimente quelques definitions du post-modernisme dans le contexte archivistique et propose des facons dont les idees post-modernes pourraient changer la pratique quotidienne des archivistes qui travaillent (et vivent) inevitablement dans les conditions de la post-modernite. Les changements proposes se concentrent autour d'une plus grande transparence et responsabilisation des archivistes dans le cadre de leurs fonctions archivistiques ainsi que d'une plus grande sensibilisation de la diversite, l'ambigute et aux identites multiples des createurs de documents, des systemes d'information et des utilisateurs.",
"corpus_id": 54654098,
"score": 2,
"title": "Fashionable Nonsense or Professional Rebirth: Postmodernism and the Practice of Archives"
} |
{
"abstract": "The Fe solubility test is a commonly used, easy and relatively cheap in vitro tool for predicting Fe bioavailability in food matrices. However, the outcome of a recent field trial comparing the effect on Fe status of Tanzanian infants of processed v. unprocessed complementary foods (CF), with otherwise the same composition, challenged the validity of this test for predicting Fe bioavailability. In the solubility test, significant more soluble Fe was observed in processed compared with unprocessed foods (mean 18.8 (sem 0.21) v. 4.8 (sem 0.23) %; P<0.001). However, in the field trial, no significant difference in Fe status was seen between processed and unprocessed CF groups after 6 months' follow-up. Therefore, twenty-four samples of these CF (twelve processed and twelve unprocessed batches) were analysed in triplicate for Fe availability using an in vitro digestion-Caco-2 cell culture method and results were compared with solubility results. Significantly more soluble Fe was presented to Caco-2 cells in the processed compared with unprocessed samples (mean 11.5 (sem 1.16) v. 8.5 (sem 2.54) %; P=0.028), but proportionally less Fe was taken up by the cells (mean 3.0 (sem 0.40) v. 11.7 (sem 2.22) %; P=0.007). As a net result, absolute Fe uptake was lower (not significantly) in processed compared with unprocessed CF (mean 1.3 (sem 0.16) v. 3.4 (sem 0.83) nmol/mg cell protein; P=0.052). These data clearly demonstrate that the Fe solubility test was not a good indicator of Fe bioavailability in these particular food matrices. In contrast, the results of an in vitro Caco-2 model supported the effects observed in vivo.",
"corpus_id": 1762956,
"title": "Iron solubility compared with in vitro digestion-Caco-2 cell culture method for the assessment of iron bioavailability in a processed and unprocessed complementary food for Tanzanian infants (6-12 months)."
} | {
"abstract": "Background: A large oral dose of iron will reduce the absorption of a subsequent smaller dose of iron in a phenomenon known as mucosal block. Molecular analysis of this process may provide insights into the regulation of intestinal iron absorption. Aims: To determine the effect of an oral bolus of iron on duodenal expression of molecules associated with intestinal iron transport in rats and to relate this to changes in iron absorption. Methods: Rats were given an oral dose of iron and duodenal expression of divalent metal transporter 1 (DMT1), Dcytb, Ireg1, and hephaestin (Hp) was determined using the ribonuclease protection assay, western blotting, and immunofluorescence. Iron absorption was measured using radioactive 59Fe. Results: A decrease in intestinal iron absorption occurred following an oral dose of iron and this was associated with increased enterocyte iron levels, as assessed by iron regulatory protein activity and immunoblotting for ferritin. Reduced absorption was also accompanied by a rapid decrease in expression of the mRNAs encoding the brush border iron transport molecules Dcytb and the iron responsive element (IRE) containing the splice variant of DMT1. No such change was seen in expression of the non-IRE splice variant of DMT1 or the basolateral iron transport molecules Ireg1 and Hp. Similar changes were observed at the protein level. Conclusions: These data indicate that brush border, but not basolateral, iron transport components are regulated locally by enterocyte iron levels and support the hypothesis that systemic stimuli exert their primary effect on basolateral transport molecules.",
"corpus_id": 5298003,
"title": "A rapid decrease in the expression of DMT1 and Dcytb but not Ireg1 or hephaestin explains the mucosal block phenomenon of iron absorption"
} | {
"abstract": "In this paper an experiment aimed to demonstrate that a distributed system of embedded microcontrollers is presented. In the experiment described, didactic mobile robot, People Bot from Mobile Robots has been used, but the entire solution can be easily ported for the implementation of an intelligent wheelchair, capable either to carry an elderly or disabled person, or to move independently in a smart environment, as a sensorial extension of the assisted individual. A number of control modules are located on the mobile robot while others are deployed in an “intelligent environment” can significantly reduce the cost of developing a robotic assistant for the elderly and disabled. The structure of the experimental setup is described in detail, as well as the main algorithms used for each individual task: path following, obstacle avoidance, data acquisition. An obstacle avoidance algorithm, based on ricochet method, named “the bubble rebound algorithm”, is presented, too.",
"corpus_id": 13985967,
"score": 1,
"title": "Distributed system of mobile platform obstacle avoidance and control as robotic assistant for disabled and elderly"
} |
{
"abstract": "Garden biomass (GB) is defined as low density and heterogeneous waste fraction of garden rubbish like grass clippings, pruning, flowers, branches, weeds; roots. GB is generally different from other types of biomass. GB is mostly generated through maintenance of green areas. GB can be processed for bio energy production as it contains considerably good amount of cellulose and hemicellulose. However, pretreatment is necessary to delignify and facilitate disruption of cellulosic moiety. The aim of the present investigation was to pretreat GB using Fenton’s reagent and to study the influence of Fe2+ and H2O2 concentrations on degradation of lignin and cellulose. The data were statistically analyzed using ANOVA and numerical point prediction tool of MINITAB RELEASE 14 to optimize different process variables such as temperature, concentration of Fe2+ and H2O2. The results of the present investigation showed that Fenton’s reagent was effective on GB, however, concentration of Fe2+ and H2O2 play crucial role in determining the efficiency of pretreatment. An increase in H2O2 concentration in Fenton’s reagent significantly increased the rate of cellulose and lignin degradation in contrast to increasing concentration of Fe2+ ion which led to a decrease in lignocellulosic degradation.",
"corpus_id": 16415861,
"title": "Pretreatment of garden biomass using Fenton’s reagent: influence of Fe2+ and H2O2 concentrations on lignocellulose degradation"
} | {
"abstract": "Dechets agricoles representatifs: canne a sucre, bagasse, paille de riz, teguments de riz. Etude experimentale de l'influence d'un pretraitement par irradiation par des microondes de 2450±50 MHz de 2,4 kW dans le domaine 20-250°C sur la susceptibilite a l'hydrolyse enzymatique de ces dechets",
"corpus_id": 83229540,
"title": "Enhancement of enzymatic susceptibility of lignocellulosic wastes by microwave irradiation"
} | {
"abstract": "Cellulose samples from cotton and wood pulps with varying low degrees of crystallinity (mechanically decrystallized) were studied. The influence of initial cellulose crystallinity on sugar yield after enzymatic hydrolysis was determined by two different methods. As expected, samples with low crystallinity were much more accessible to enzymatic attack and glucose yields were higher than were samples of high initial crystallinity. Hydrolysis of cellulose seems more dependent on cellulose crystallinity than on the source of cellulose. It is known that decrystallized or amorphous cellulose can recrystallize under proper conditions, e.g., during acid hydrolysis. The data reported here also reveal some recrystallization during enzymatic hydrolysis which probably occurs simulataneously with a selective enzymatic attack on the amorphous regions of cellulose. In all cases, the amorphous celluloses recrystallized in the original lattice form, that of native cellulose.",
"corpus_id": 37659809,
"score": 2,
"title": "Enzymatic hydrolysis and recrystallization behavior of initially amorphous cellulose"
} |
{
"abstract": "In the normal eye the response of ocular pressure to water drinking exhibits marked individual variation. It is, in general, an increase in pressure reaching maximum in 30 minutes and recovering fully in 60 minutes. The magnitude of pressure change varies markedly with the time after water drinking at which it is measured. It also varies with repetition of testing and with age. The effect of these factors confuses the predictive usefullness of the test and must, therefore, be rigidly controlled in the clinical situation. The C values of tonography performed 30 minutes after water drinking did not differ significantly from that of tonography performed 60 minutes after water drinking.",
"corpus_id": 939340,
"title": "Water-drinking test. I. Characteristics of the ocular pressure response and the effect of age."
} | {
"abstract": "PURPOSE\nTo evaluate the ibopamine provocative test for the diagnosis of glaucoma in glaucoma patients using antiglaucomatous drugs.\n\n\nMETHODS\nTwo 2% ibopamine eyedrops were instilled 5 minutes apart in one eye selected at random in both glaucoma and normal subjects. The intraocular pressure (IOP) was assessed prior to the drops and 30, 60 and 180 minutes after instillation. The test was considered positive when there was an intraocular pressure increase of greater than 4 mmHg at any one of the time-points. The amount of intraocular pressure change was compared to the types of medical treatment.\n\n\nRESULTS\nFifty-eight eyes were included (38 glaucoma patients and 20 normal individuals). The intraocular pressure rise was significantly higher in glaucoma patients (p<0.001 at all times). The sensitivity and specificity of the ibopamine test were 68% (87% if we exclude eyes using prostaglandin analogues) and 95%, respectively. Glaucoma patients using prostaglandin analogues did not present a significant intraocular pressure elevation.\n\n\nCONCLUSION\nThe ibopamine provocative test may be an auxiliary test in glaucoma diagnosis. Despite the small sample size, concurrent use of prostaglandin analogues apparently reduces the test's sensitivity.",
"corpus_id": 11632982,
"title": "[Prostaglandin analogues reduce the ibopamine provocative test specificity in glaucoma]."
} | {
"abstract": "In their recent studies (20) on the water and electrolyte distribution between cells and serum, Van Slyk‘e, Wu, and McLean assumed for their theoretical considerations that the red hlood cells were impermeable to the cations sodium and potassium. They showed that when the serum anion concentration was changed in .whole blood COz saturation experiments, the reestablishment of electrolyte equilibrium could be entirely accounted for by the transfer of water and anions across the cell membrane. Several previous investigators (5, 6, 11, 12, 18) had reported similar findings in COz saturation experiments; but Hamburger (8, 9) found that when the concentration of the cations in the serum was changed by adding sodium or potassium salts or water to whole blood, both basic and acid ions appeared to traverse the cell membrane in the electrolyte readjustment. At present, therefore, since Hamburger’s latter findings stand undisputed, any assumption of the impermeability of the red blood cells to sodium or potassium seems open to doubt. Since this question is of fundamental importance to an understanding of electrolyte equilibrium, the present writers have repeated some of Hamburger’s experiments using the more refined laboratory procedures that have been recently acquired, because it was believed on theoretical grounds that the red blood cells were impermeable to cations within the limits of electrolyte change found in human disease. They found that when the electrolyte equilibriun was disturbed by the addition of salt or water to blood even beyond the extreme limits of variation recorded in human blood, the red blood cell membrane apparently remained impermeable to the cations sodium and potassium.",
"corpus_id": 51733074,
"score": 2,
"title": "A STUDY OF HUMAN RED BLOOD CELL PERMEABILITY"
} |
{
"abstract": "Diospyros species distributed widely in Thailand were classified into four ecotypes, according to their habitat; constantly humid area, alternately dry and wet area, mountainous cool area and all area. Some of them inhabit near dwelling areas or in the paddy field in the village. The young fruit is covered with dense pubescence in most species. The size, shape, and color of mature fruit greatly vary greatly with the species. In most species, the mature fruit has a soft pulp and hard skin. The fruit of six species has been used for dying. Four species produce edible fruits, with color and flavor favorable for breeding of edibleDiospyros species. The fruit of some species contains some chemicals useful as fish poisoning or of medicines, although the active components have not yet been identified. The edible fruit contained many tannin cells, but the fruit used as fish poisoning and medicines had only a few.",
"corpus_id": 2874407,
"title": "Diospyros species in Thailand: Their distribution, fruit morphology and uses"
} | {
"abstract": "Most peasant households in Zimbabwe use edible fruits of indigenous woody plants. Deforestation does not significantly affect availability of selected fruits, because people tend not to cut selected trees when clearing land for cultivation. A different range of species is used in the different natural regions of Zimbabwe. Fruit use mainly occurs in the periods of seasonal food stress, even though these seasons are not necessarily the periods of maximum fruit abundance. Wild fruits, often the only source of fruit for households, are used mostly by children. There is a significant trade in wild fruits.",
"corpus_id": 25124654,
"title": "The use of wild fruits in Zimbabwe"
} | {
"abstract": "2. Penguins . . . . . . . . . . 278 3. Rock-nesting cormorants . . . . . . . 279 4. Bush-nesting cormorants . . . . . . 279 5. Dominican gulls . . . . . . . 280 6. Hartlaub's gulls . . . . . . . . 281 7. Terns . . . . . . . . . . 281 8. Roosting ground grazed by Egyptian geese . . . . 281 VI. RABBITS AND PLANT SUCCESSION . . . . . . . 282 1. Plant dispersal by rabbits . . . . . . . 283 2. Selectiye grazing by rabbits . . . . . . 283 3. Plagiosere induced by rabbits on the Langebaan Islands . 284 VII. INTERRELATIONS OF RABBITS AND BIRDS . . . . . 287 1. Ways in which birds are affected by rabbits . . . . 287 2. Ways in which rabbits are affected by birds . . . . 288 VIII. CHANGES IN SHRUB VEGETATION BROUGHT ABOUT BY NESTING CORMOR-",
"corpus_id": 87986110,
"score": 1,
"title": "Some Interactions of Plants, Rabbits and Sea-birds on South African Islands"
} |
{
"abstract": "Deeper root growth can be induced by increased biopore density. In this study, we aimed to compare deep root traits of two winter crops in field conditions in response to altered biopore density as affected by crop sequence. Two fodder crop species—chicory and tall fescue—were grown for two consecutive years as preceding crops (pre-crops). Root traits of two winter crops—barley and canola, which were grown as subsequent crops (post-crops)—were measured using the profile wall and soil monolith method. While barley and canola differed greatly in deep root traits, they both significantly increased rooting density inside biopores by two-fold at soil depths shallower than 100 cm. A similar increase in rooting density in the bulk soil was observed below 100 cm soil depth. As a result, rooting depth significantly increased (>5 cm) under biopore-rich conditions throughout the season of the winter crops. Morphological root traits revealed species-wise variation in response to altered biopore density, in which only barley increased root size under biopore-rich conditions. We concluded that large-sized biopores induce deeper rooting of winter crops that can increase soil resource acquisition potential, which is considered to be important for agricultural systems with less outsourced farm resources, e.g., Organic Agriculture. Crops with contrasting root systems can respond differently to varying biopore density, especially root morphology, which should be taken into account upon exploiting biopore-rich conditions in arable fields. Our results also indicate the need for further detailed research with a greater number of species, varieties and genotypes for functional classification of root plasticity against the altered subsoil structure.",
"corpus_id": 230599139,
"title": "Biopore-Induced Deep Root Traits of Two Winter Crops"
} | {
"abstract": null,
"corpus_id": 5852701,
"title": "Root growth dynamics inside and outside of soil biopores as affected by crop sequence determined with the profile wall method"
} | {
"abstract": "Actively growing plant root systems have the potential to ameliorate subsoil in poor physical condition (biological drilling). Studies in which improved crop growth has been attributed to biological drilling by previous crops are reviewed. Whilst we might expect that plants are able to modify subsoil pore size distribution and that subsequent crops will benefit from the improved structure, this has yet to be demonstrated. Improvements in root growth, water extraction and grain yield do not, on their own, definitively establish the occurrence or benefits of biological drilling. Firstly, specific measurements of soil pores, their size, number and continuity are required to establish that soil structural change occurs through biological drilling. Secondly, the effects of biological drilling must be isolated from other confounding influences such as disease reduction and improvements in plant nutrition that might occur from crop rotation. The expected benefits from biological drilling might not eventuate where roots are unable to function efficiently in large pores or are unable to exit from them into the soil matrix. Model approaches can extend site and season specific observations and link soil structural changes to soil-plant-water processes, thus improving assessment of the consequences of biological drilling. Results are presented from an investigation into biological drilling by canola (Brassica napus L.) and the subsequent benefits to following wheat crops. Two seasons of canola did not create any measurable changes to soil structure at the top of the B horizon of a red brown earth (Natric Palexeralf) at Temora, N.S.W., even though grain yield and water extraction were greater for wheat following canola compared with wheat following wheat (probably due to reduced incidence of root disease). The canola appeared unable to create new pores due to the high strength of the soil matrix, and thus relied on the pre-existing pores. This, and other studies, tend to indicate that tap rooted annual crops such as lupins or canola are unlikely to be able to improve B-horizon porosity in dense, duplex soil. Perennial species (e.g. lucerne [Medicago sativa]) might be more effective at biological drilling because of the longer time and wider range of water content conditions in which to establish a deep root system. It remains to clearly demonstrate biological drilling as an effective process for ameliorating these dense subsoils.",
"corpus_id": 129904870,
"score": -1,
"title": "Subsoil amelioration by plant roots : the process and the evidence"
} |
{
"abstract": "We consider opportunistic spectrum access (OSA) strategies for a transmitter in a multichannel wireless system, where a channel may or may not be available and the transmitter must sense/probe the channel to find out before transmission. Applications for this work include joint probing and transmission for a secondary user in a cognitive radio network. Limited by resources, e.g., energy and time, the transmitter must decide on a subset of a potentially very large number of channels to probe and can only use for transmission those that have been found to be available. In contrast to previous works, we do not assume the user has a priori knowledge regarding the statistics of channel states. The main goal of this work is to design robust strategies that decide, based only on knowledge of the channel bandwidths/data rates, which channels to probe. We derive optimal strategies that maximize the total expected bandwidth/data rate in the worst-case, via a performance measure in the form of a competitive regret (ratio) between the average performance of a strategy and a genie (or omniscient observer). This formulation can also be viewed as a two-player zero-sum game between the user and an adversary which chooses the channel state that minimizes the useriquests gain. We show that our results correspond to a Nash equilibrium (in the form of a mixed strategy) in this game. We examine the performance of the optimal strategies under a wide range of system parameters and practical channel models via numerical studies.",
"corpus_id": 590958,
"title": "Optimal Competitive Algorithms for Opportunistic Spectrum Access"
} | {
"abstract": "Search games with capacities are bipersonal zero-sum games where a player has to hide a number of objects or an amount of material in a fixed number of containers and his opponent attempts to locate them. In this article, we deal with games on a discrete structureless set and on a discrete set with linear order. In both cases, the capacities under consideration are continuous. Some of the games studied generalize previously studied games.",
"corpus_id": 120040858,
"title": "Search and Ambush Games with Capacities"
} | {
"abstract": "We study the problem of scheduling activities of several types under the constraint that, at most, a fixed number of activities can be scheduled in any single time slot. Any given activity type is associated with a service cost and an operating cost that increases linearly with the number of time slots since the last service of this type. The problem is to find an optimal schedule that minimizes the long-run average cost per time slot. Applications of such a model are the scheduling of maintenance service to machines, multi-item replenishment of stock, and minimizing the mean response time in Broadcast Disks. Broadcast Disks recently gained a lot of attention because they were used to model backbone communications in wireless systems, Teletext systems, and Web caching in satellite systems. \n \nThe first contribution of this paper is the definition of a general model that combines into one several important previous models. We prove that an optimal cyclic schedule for the general problem exists, and we establish the NP-hardness of the problem. Next, we formulate a nonlinear program that relaxes the optimal schedule and serves as a lower bound on the cost of an optimal schedule. We present an efficient algorithm for finding a near-optimal solution to the nonlinear program. We use this solution to obtain several approximation algorithms. \n \n1 A 9/8 approximation for a variant of the problem that models the Broadcast Disks application. The algorithm uses some properties of “Fibonacci sequences.” Using this sequence, we present a 1.57-approximation algorithm for the general problem. \n \n2 A simple randomized algorithm and a simple deterministic greedy algorithm for the problem. We prove that both achieve approximation factor of 2. To the best of our knowledge this is the first worst-case analysis of a widely used greedy heuristic for this problem.",
"corpus_id": 1288475,
"score": 1,
"title": "Minimizing service and operation costs of periodic scheduling"
} |
{
"abstract": "Coordination between adjacent tissues plays a crucial role during the morphogenesis of developing organs. In the embryonic heart, two tissues – the myocardium and the endocardium – are closely juxtaposed throughout their development. Myocardial and endocardial cells originate in neighboring regions of the lateral mesoderm, migrate medially in a synchronized fashion, collaborate to create concentric layers of the heart tube, and communicate during formation of the atrioventricular canal. Here, we identify a novel transmembrane protein, Tmem2, that has important functions during both myocardial and endocardial morphogenesis. We find that the zebrafish mutation frozen ventricle (frv) causes ectopic atrioventricular canal characteristics in the ventricular myocardium and endocardium, indicating a role of frv in the regional restriction of atrioventricular canal differentiation. Furthermore, in maternal-zygotic frv mutants, both myocardial and endocardial cells fail to move to the midline normally, indicating that frv facilitates cardiac fusion. Positional cloning reveals that the frv locus encodes Tmem2, a predicted type II single-pass transmembrane protein. Homologs of Tmem2 are present in all examined vertebrate genomes, but nothing is known about its molecular or cellular function in any context. By employing transgenes to drive tissue-specific expression of tmem2, we find that Tmem2 can function in the endocardium to repress atrioventricular differentiation within the ventricle. Additionally, Tmem2 can function in the myocardium to promote the medial movement of both myocardial and endocardial cells. Together, our data reveal that Tmem2 is an essential mediator of myocardium-endocardium coordination during cardiac morphogenesis.",
"corpus_id": 1422543,
"title": "The novel transmembrane protein Tmem2 is essential for coordination of myocardial and endocardial morphogenesis"
} | {
"abstract": "The embryonic heart tube is formed by the migration and subsequent midline convergence of two bilateral heart fields. In Drosophila the heart fields are organized into two rows of cardioblasts (CBs). While morphogenesis of the dorsal ectoderm, which lies directly above the Drosophila dorsal vessel (DV), has been extensively characterized, the migration and concomitant fundamental factors facilitating DV formation remain poorly understood. Here we provide evidence that DV closure occurs at multiple independent points along the A-P axis of the embryo in a \"buttoning\" pattern, divergent from the zippering mechanism observed in the overlying epidermis during dorsal closure. Moreover, we demonstrate that a genetically distinct subset of CBs is programmed to make initial contact with the opposing row. To elucidate the cellular mechanisms underlying this process, we examined the role of Rho GTPases during cardiac migration using inhibitory and overexpression approaches. We found that Cdc42 shows striking cell-type specificity during DV formation. Disruption of Cdc42 function specifically prevents CBs that express the homeobox gene tinman from completing their dorsal migration, resulting in a failure to make connections with their partnering CBs. Conversely, neighboring CBs that express the orphan nuclear receptor, seven-up, are not sensitive to Cdc42 inhibition. Furthermore, this phenotype was specific to Cdc42 and was not observed upon perturbation of Rac or Rho function. Together with the observation that DV closure occurs through the initial contralateral pairing of tinman-expressing CBs, our studies suggest that the distinct buttoning mechanism we propose for DV closure is elaborated through signaling pathways regulating Cdc42 activity in this cell type.",
"corpus_id": 4402774,
"title": "Cdc42 is required in a genetically distinct subset of cardiac cells during Drosophila dorsal vessel closure."
} | {
"abstract": "A numerical inverse scattering theory for synthesizing refractive-index profiles of planar optical waveguides with prescribed transmission characteristics is presented. The method can reconstruct, from nonrational reflection coefficients, an appropriate characterization of truncated refractive-index profiles that model the actual waveguides. A scaling transformation that translates the reconstructed potential of the Schrodinger equation into a class of refractive-index profiles for planar optical waveguides is also discussed.",
"corpus_id": 123144139,
"score": 0,
"title": "Numerical inverse scattering theory for the design of planar optical waveguides"
} |
{
"abstract": "Velocity and direction estimation plays an important role in crowd analytic and behavior recognition. This paper presents an overview of the literature published for motion detection and estimation techniques. The work particularly focuses on optical flow techniques such as Lucas & Kanade and Horn & Schunck methods which describe the direction and velocity of pixels in a sequence of two consecutive images. A two-dimensional velocity vector, carrying information of the direction and the velocity of motion is assigned to each pixel in a given place in the image. Optical flow method is extensively used for motion estimation due to its ability to compute the velocities accurately. The improvement in computational efficiency and increasing interest in robust and accurate motion estimation algorithms lead to increase in the use of optical flow in crowd analytic applications. We investigate the implementation of optical flow methods in the published work and we provide comparison between these techniques qualitatively as well as quantitatively. The qualitative analysis illustrates the optical flow performance in terms of rigid motion, non-rigid motion, motion discontinuities, noise and different light condition. Quantitative analysis is in terms of computational time and accuracy.",
"corpus_id": 7281531,
"title": "Motion estimation of crowd flow using optical flow techniques: A review"
} | {
"abstract": "A new method to recognize human activity with videos from a wearable camera is proposed in this paper. With a camera mounted to a human body, the moving subject won't appear in the video when the person is in some motions. But we can estimate the activity from the changes of scenes in videos. Optical flow method is a common method to calculate motion vectors of objects in two adjacent images. For higher precision, in this paper, we use Lucas-Kanade optical flow method with pyramid structure to calculate the optical flow of scenes which can reflect people's motion to some extents. When key information is extracted from the optical flow field, we design a feature descriptor to describe the motion in frames in a video. The feature descriptor contains angels, bounce information and other important information which can distinguish different motion. After getting feature descriptors, we use support vector machine to classify different motions with a machine learning method. Experimental results show that our method successfully identifies motion such as walking, running, going upstairs and going downstairs. Compared with methods based on blocking-matching, this method has fewer costs and has higher precision.",
"corpus_id": 14902717,
"title": "Indirect human activity recognition based on optical flow method"
} | {
"abstract": "I want to discuss some problems created by a disparity between the fragmentation of value and the singleness of decision. These problems emerge in the form of practical conflicts, and they usually have moral components. By a practical conflict I do not mean merely a difficult decision. Decisions may be difficult for a number of reasons: because the considerations on different sides are very evenly balanced; because the facts are uncertain; because the probability of different outcomes of the possible courses of action is unknown. A difficult choice between chemotherapy and surgery, when it is uncertain which will be more effective, is not an example of what I mean by practical conflict, because it does not involve conflict between values which are incomparable for reasons apart from uncertainty about the facts. There can be cases where, even if one is fairly sure about the outcomes of alternative courses of action, or about their probability distributions, and even though one knows how to distinguish the pros and cons, one is nevertheless unable to bring them together in a single evaluative judgment, even to the extent of finding them evenly balanced. An even balance requires comparable quantities.",
"corpus_id": 141178547,
"score": 0,
"title": "Mortal Questions: The Fragmentation of Value"
} |
{
"abstract": "In response to recent terror attacks, Western governments now involve private sector organizations in national security regimes in key strategic areas such as travel, communication and financial services. The UK’s e-Borders programme is one such regime. Its goal is to collect and analyse passport and passenger data from all travellers entering and leaving the UK in advance of travel. Airlines and their supply chains are required to collect data from their customers and transfer it to the UK Border Agency for processing. Using documentary and interview data, this article develops the concept of ‘remediation work’ to characterize the impact of the regime on travel firms and their employees.",
"corpus_id": 154598604,
"title": "Working on the edge: remediation work in the UK travel sector"
} | {
"abstract": "The paper focuses on technology designers’ representations and discourses about advanced driving assistance systems (ADAS). This issue has been empirically explored by means of seven in-depth interviews with academic experts in intelligent transportation systems (ITS). Two main areas are investigated: 1) the meaning of advanced driver assistance and 2) the failures in intelligent driving and the consequent need to cope with them. The overall aim is to identify dominant views about the instances of “failing” and the possibilities for control, which are inscribed in the design processes of ADAS. One of the main findings concerns the designers’ emphasis on the continuous supervising, correction, and enhancement of human functioning as the core of driver assistance. According to this view, human senses, reactions and interactivity with technology turn into subjects of continuous supervision, prevention, correction, improvement and restriction – a sort of “real-time human maintenance and repair”.",
"corpus_id": 56211253,
"title": "Instances of Failures , Maintenance , and Repair in Smart Driving"
} | {
"abstract": "In this article, we hypothesize that the punitive and disciplinary dimensions of the private security industry reflect and propagate a peculiar and practically alarming story about human security: that it is possible to pursue a form of individualized political peace nearly apart from broader projects for social and economic peace. We reflect upon the impacts for different `racial' groups of the continued currency of this story for human security. We probe these developing hypotheses through the empirical case of South Africa. Toward framing this form of analysis, we elaborate upon controversies concerning the combination of Foucauldian analyses with political economic and realist critical race approaches, to yield critical sociologies of political economy.",
"corpus_id": 154997458,
"score": 2,
"title": "Private security, political economy and the policing of race"
} |
{
"abstract": "Vapor deposited thin films of copper phthalocyanine (CuPc) were investigated using transient absorption spectroscopy. Exciton-exciton annihilation dominated the kinetics at high exciton densities. When annihilation was minimized, the observed lifetime was measured to be 8.6 ± 0.6 ns, which is over an order of magnitude longer than previous reports. In comparison with metal free phthalocyanine (H2Pc), the data show evidence that the presence of copper induces an ultrafast relaxation process taking place on the ca. 500 fs timescale. By comparison to recent time-resolved photoemission studies, this is assigned as ultrafast intersystem crossing. As the intersystem crossing occurs ca. 10(4) times faster than lifetime decay, it is likely that triplets are the dominant excitons in vapor deposited CuPc films. The exciton lifetime of CuPc thin films is ca. 35 times longer than H2Pc thin films, while the diffusion lengths reported in the literature are typically quite similar for the two materials. These findings suggest that despite appearing to be similar materials at first glance, CuPc and H2Pc may transport energy in dramatically different ways. This has important implications on the design and mechanistic understanding of devices where phthalocyanines are used as an excitonic material.",
"corpus_id": 6183730,
"title": "Femtosecond to nanosecond excited state dynamics of vapor deposited copper phthalocyanine thin films."
} | {
"abstract": "Fluorescence lifetimes of Ave representative xanthene dye species‐the rhodamine B zwitterion (RB=), the rhoda‐mine B cation (RB+), the rhodamine 6G cation (R6G+), the rhodamine 101 zwitterion (R101) and the fluorescein dianion (F2‐)‐were measured in H2O, D2O and in a series of alcohol solvents ranging from methanol to octanol. The lifetimes of both RB= and RB+ increased markedly as the solvent was varied from water to octanol. In contrast, the lifetimes of R6G+ and R101± decreased slightly over the alcohol series and that of F2‐ increased only slightly in the same series. For all the dyes studied the fluorescence lifetimes observed in D2O were slightly longer than those in H2O. Possible causes for the variations observed are discussed.",
"corpus_id": 93101887,
"title": "Solvent Dependence of the Fluorescence Lifetimes of Xanthene Dyes"
} | {
"abstract": "A prediction of fatigue life and fracture stress of ceramics of a heterogeneous system was made by application of fracture mechanics based on slow crack growth. It was shown that the prediction of fatigue life and fracture stress in ceramics of heterogeneous system in general could be dealt with in a similar way to those of ceramics of a homogeneous system. Experimental examination of the validity of the prediction was made with LAS glass ceramics (Li2O-Al2O3-SiO2) at various stages of devitrification as well as foamed glass. These results proved the validity of the formulae derived.",
"corpus_id": 137205868,
"score": 1,
"title": "Application of fracture mechanics to heterogeneous systems — prediction of fatigue life of ceramics"
} |
{
"abstract": "Two new phragmalin-type limonoids orthoesters, encandollens A and B (1 and 2), were isolated from the stem barks of Entandrophragma candollei collected in Ghana. The structures of these compounds were elucidated on the basis of HR-ESI-MS, 1H and 13C NMR, HSQC, HMBC, and ROESY data. Compound 1 was a rare C-15 enolic acyl phragmalin-type limonoid orthoester. Compounds 1 and 2 exhibited weak inhibitory effects on NO production in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced RAW 264.7 cells.",
"corpus_id": 5298586,
"title": "Two new phragmalin-type limonoids orthoesters from Entandrophragma candollei."
} | {
"abstract": "Abstract Two new tetranortriterpenoids, atomasins A and B, were isolated from the trunk bark of Entandrophragma candollei . The structures of the new compounds were established from their spectroscopic data.",
"corpus_id": 83885991,
"title": "Atomasins A and B, tetranortriterpenoids from the bark of Entandrophragma candollei"
} | {
"abstract": "This work presents results of FT-IR spectroscopic studies of anions-chromate, phosphate and arsenate - sorbed from aqueous solutions (different concentrations of anions) on zeolites. The sorption has been conducted on natural zeolites from different structural groups, i.e. chabazite, mordenite, ferrierite and clinoptilolite. The Na-forms of sorbents were exchanged with hexadecyltrimethylammonium cations (HDTMA(+)) and organo-zeolites were obtained. External cation exchange capacities (ECEC) of organo-zeolites were measured. Their values are 17mmol/100g for chabazite, 4mmol/100g for mordenite and ferrierite and 10mmol/100g for clinoptilolite. The used initial inputs of HDTMA correspond to 100% and 200% ECEC of the minerals. Organo-modificated sorbents were subsequently used for immobilization of mentioned anions. It was proven that aforementioned anions' sorption causes changes in IR spectra of the HDTMA-zeolites. These alterations are dependent on the kind of anions that were sorbed. In all cases, variations are due to bands corresponding to the characteristic Si-O(Si,Al) vibrations (occurring in alumino- and silicooxygen tetrahedra building spatial framework of zeolites). Alkylammonium surfactant vibrations have also been observed. Systematic changes in the spectra connected with the anion concentration in the initial solution have been revealed. The amounts of sorbed CrO4(2-), AsO4(3-) and PO4(3-) ions were calculated from the difference between their concentrations in solutions before (initial concentration) and after (equilibrium concentration) sorption experiments. Concentrations of anions were determined by spectrophotometric method.",
"corpus_id": 23776569,
"score": 1,
"title": "Studies of anions sorption on natural zeolites."
} |
{
"abstract": "We are proposing a new similarity based recommendation system for large-scale dynamic marketplaces. Our solution consists of an offline process, which generates long-term cluster definitions grouping short-lived item listings, and an online system, which utilizes these clusters to first focus on important similarity dimensions and next conducts a trade-off between further similarity and other quality factors such as seller trustworthiness. Our system generates these clusters from several hundred millions of item listings using a large Hadoop map-reduce based system. The clusters are learned using user queries as the main information source and therefore biased towards how users conceptually group items. Our system is deployed on several eBay sites in large-scale and has increased user-engagement and business metrics compared to the previous system. We show that utilizing user queries helps capturing similarity better. We also present experiments demonstrating that adapting the ranking function, which controls the trade-off between similarity and quality, to a specific context improves recommendation performance.",
"corpus_id": 303292,
"title": "Recommending similar items in large-scale online marketplaces"
} | {
"abstract": "Text clustering has become an increasingly important problem in recent years because of the tremendous amount of unstructured data which is available in various forms in online forums such as the web, social networks, and other information networks. In most cases, the data is not purely available in text form. A lot of side-information is available along with the text documents. Such side-information may be of different kinds, such as the links in the document, user-access behavior from web logs, or other non-textual attributes which are embedded into the text document. Such attributes may contain a tremendous amount of information for clustering purposes. However, the relative importance of this side-information may be difficult to estimate, especially when some of the information is noisy. In such cases, it can be risky to incorporate side-information into the clustering process, because it can either improve the quality of the representation for clustering, or can add noise to the process. Therefore, we need a principled way to perform the clustering process, so as to maximize the advantages from using this side information. In this paper, we design an algorithm which combines classical partitioning algorithms with probabilistic models in order to create an effective clustering approach. We present experimental results on a number of real data sets in order to illustrate the advantages of using such an approach.",
"corpus_id": 6068756,
"title": "On Text Clustering with Side Information"
} | {
"abstract": "Behavioral targeting (BT) leverages historical user behavior to select the ads most relevant to users to display. The state-of-the-art of BT derives a linear Poisson regression model from fine-grained user behavioral data and predicts click-through rate (CTR) from user history. We designed and implemented a highly scalable and efficient solution to BT using Hadoop MapReduce framework. With our parallel algorithm and the resulting system, we can build above 450 BT-category models from the entire Yahoo's user base within one day, the scale that one can not even imagine with prior systems. Moreover, our approach has yielded 20% CTR lift over the existing production system by leveraging the well-grounded probabilistic model fitted from a much larger training dataset.\n Specifically, our major contributions include: (1) A MapReduce statistical learning algorithm and implementation that achieve optimal data parallelism, task parallelism, and load balance in spite of the typically skewed distribution of domain data. (2) An in-place feature vector generation algorithm with linear time complexity O(n) regardless of the granularity of sliding target window. (3) An in-memory caching scheme that significantly reduces the number of disk IOs to make large-scale learning practical. (4) Highly efficient data structures and sparse representations of models and data to enable fast model updates. We believe that our work makes significant contributions to solving large-scale machine learning problems of industrial relevance in general. Finally, we report comprehensive experimental results, using industrial proprietary codebase and datasets.",
"corpus_id": 6108365,
"score": 2,
"title": "Large-scale behavioral targeting"
} |
{
"abstract": "The aim of the research was to examine the expression level of microRNA221/222 (miR-221/222) in the serum of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) who are also diagnosed with post-menopausal breast cancer. We aimed to evaluate the differences in microRNA expression in patients with T2DM alone, patients with post-menopausal breast cancer alone, and patients with both T2DM and post-menopausal breast cancer. We selected 20 cases from a healthy control group, 30 cases from the group of patients with T2DM and obesity, 30 cases from the group of the patients with post-menopausal breast cancer, and 30 cases from the group of patients with both T2DM and post-menopausal breast cancer. The expression of miR-221/222 in the serum of the patients with post-menopausal breast cancer was higher than that of T2DM patients (P < 0.05), but lower than that of the T2DM patients who were also positive for post-menopausal breast cancer (P < 0.05); the expression of miR-221/222 in the serum of the T2DM patients was higher than that of the healthy controls (P < 0.05). BMI, HOMA-IR, HbA1c, and TG were positively correlated with the relative expression of miR-221/222 in the serum (P < 0.01). In conclusion, miR-221/222 participates in insulin resistance; the combination of miR- 221/222 and estrogen contributes to incidence of T2DM with post-menopausal breast cancer complications. MiR-221/222 may participate in the occurrence and progression of T2DM with post-menopausal breast cancer via down-regulation of CAVl.",
"corpus_id": 1834567,
"title": "Roles of microRNA-221/222 in type 2 diabetic patients with post-menopausal breast cancer."
} | {
"abstract": "Caveolin-1 (CAV-1) is a key structural component of caveolae that regulates cholesterol. Employing transgenic techniques to regulate the cholesterol content of pork through CAV-1 is hindered by our lack of knowledge about its regulation. To investigate the regulatory mechanism of porcine CAV-1, a DNA segment containing the 5'-flanking region of CAV-1 was isolated from porcine genomic DNA and sequenced. The luciferase reporter assay detected five cis-acting elements for efficient expression of the CAV-1 gene at the region spanning nucleotides -213 to -20 with serially deleted 5'-flanking sequences and site-directed mutants, -123 to -114 was the core promoter. The electrophoretic mobility shift assay demonstrated potential binding of Sp1 protein to this core promoter. The purpose of this study is to systematically elucidate the transcriptional regulation mechanism of porcine CAV-1 and to contribute to the investigation of the interaction between CAV-1 and cholesterol.",
"corpus_id": 33857670,
"title": "Transcription factor Sp1 is essential for the regulation of the porcine caveolin-1 gene."
} | {
"abstract": "SUMMARY An indolent non-healing wound and insulin and/or insulin-like growth factor (IGF1) resistance are cardinal features of diabetes, inflammation and hypercortisolemia. Little is known about why these phenomena occur in so many contexts. Do the various triggers that induce insulin and/or IGF1 resistance and retard wound healing act through a common mechanism? Cultured dermal fibroblasts from rats and full-thickness excisional wounds were used as models to test the premise that reactive oxygen species (ROS) play a causal role in the development of IGF1 resistance and impaired wound healing under different but pathophysiologically relevant clinical settings, including diabetes, dexamethasone-induced hypercortisolemia and TNFα-induced inflammation. In normal fibroblasts, IGF1 initiated a strong degree of phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS1) (Tyr612) and Akt (Ser473), concomitantly with increased PI3K activity. This phenomenon seemed to be attenuated in fibroblasts that had phenotypic features of diabetes, inflammation or hypercortisolemia. Notably, these cells also exhibited an increase in the activity of the ROS–phospho-JNK (p-JNK)–p-IRS1 (Ser307) axis. The above-mentioned defects were reflected functionally by attenuation in IGF1-dependent stimulation of key fibroblast functions, including collagen synthesis and cell proliferation, migration and contraction. The effects of IGF1 on glucose disposal and cutaneous wound healing were also impaired in diabetic or hypercortisolemic rats. The ROS suppressors EUK-134 and α-lipoic acid, or small interfering RNA (siRNA)-mediated silencing of JNK expression, restored IGF1 sensitivity both in vitro and in vivo, and also ameliorated the impairment in IGF1-mediated wound responses during diabetes, inflammation and hypercortisolemia. Our data advance the notion that ROS constitute a convergence nexus for the development of IGF1 resistance and impaired wound healing under different but pathophysiologically relevant clinical settings, with a proof of concept for the beneficial effect of ROS suppressors.",
"corpus_id": 11952443,
"score": 2,
"title": "ROS constitute a convergence nexus in the development of IGF1 resistance and impaired wound healing in a rat model of type 2 diabetes"
} |
{
"abstract": "We propose a novel CNN architecture called ACTNET for robust instance image retrieval from large-scale datasets. Our key innovation is a learnable activation layer designed to improve the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of deep convolutional feature maps. This works in tandem with multi-stream aggregation, where complementary deep features from different convolutional layers are transformed and balanced, using our novel activation layer, before aggregation into a global descriptor. Importantly, the learnable parameters of activation blocks are explicitly trained, jointly with the CNN parameters, in an end-to-end manner minimising triplet loss. This means that our network jointly learns the CNN filters and their optimal aggregation for the retrieval task. To our knowledge, this is the first time parametric functions are used to control and learn optimal aggregation. We conduct an in-depth experimental study on three non-linear activation functions: Sine-Hyperbolic, Exponential and modified Weibull, showing that while all bring significant gains the Weibull function performs best thanks to its ability to equalise strong activations. The results clearly demonstrate that activation functions significantly enhance the discriminative power of deep features, leading to state-of-the-art retrieval results.",
"corpus_id": 196471135,
"title": "ACTNET: end-to-end learning of feature activations and aggregation for effective instance image retrieval"
} | {
"abstract": "Visual search and image retrieval underpin numerous applications, however the task is still challenging predominantly due to the variability of object appearance and ever increasing size of the databases, often exceeding billions of images. Prior art methods rely on aggregation of local scale-invariant descriptors, such as SIFT, via mechanisms including Bag of Visual Words (BoW), Vector of Locally Aggregated Descriptors (VLAD) and Fisher Vectors (FV). However, their performance is still short of what is required. This paper presents a novel method for deriving a compact and distinctive representation of image content called Robust Visual Descriptor with Whitening (RVD-W). It significantly advances the state of the art and delivers world-class performance. In our approach local descriptors are rank-assigned to multiple clusters. Residual vectors are then computed in each cluster, normalized using a direction-preserving normalization function and aggregated based on the neighborhood rank. Importantly, the residual vectors are de-correlated and whitened in each cluster before aggregation, leading to a balanced energy distribution in each dimension and significantly improved performance. We also propose a new post-PCA normalization approach which improves separability between the matching and non-matching global descriptors. This new normalization benefits not only our RVD-W descriptor but also improves existing approaches based on FV and VLAD aggregation. Furthermore, we show that the aggregation framework developed using hand-crafted SIFT features also performs exceptionally well with Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) based features. The RVD-W pipeline outperforms state-of-the-art global descriptors on both the Holidays and Oxford datasets. On the large scale datasets, Holidays1M and Oxford1M, SIFT-based RVD-W representation obtains a mAP of 45.1 and 35.1 percent, while CNN-based RVD-W achieve a mAP of 63.5 and 44.8 percent, all yielding superior performance to the state-of-the-art.",
"corpus_id": 1136761,
"title": "Improving Large-Scale Image Retrieval Through Robust Aggregation of Local Descriptors"
} | {
"abstract": "Whereas before 2006 it appears that deep multilayer neural networks were not successfully trained, since then several algorithms have been shown to successfully train them, with experimental results showing the superiority of deeper vs less deep architectures. All these experimental results were obtained with new initialization or training mechanisms. Our objective here is to understand better why standard gradient descent from random initialization is doing so poorly with deep neural networks, to better understand these recent relative successes and help design better algorithms in the future. We first observe the influence of the non-linear activations functions. We find that the logistic sigmoid activation is unsuited for deep networks with random initialization because of its mean value, which can drive especially the top hidden layer into saturation. Surprisingly, we find that saturated units can move out of saturation by themselves, albeit slowly, and explaining the plateaus sometimes seen when training neural networks. We find that a new non-linearity that saturates less can often be beneficial. Finally, we study how activations and gradients vary across layers and during training, with the idea that training may be more difficult when the singular values of the Jacobian associated with each layer are far from 1. Based on these considerations, we propose a new initialization scheme that brings substantially faster convergence. 1 Deep Neural Networks Deep learning methods aim at learning feature hierarchies with features from higher levels of the hierarchy formed by the composition of lower level features. They include Appearing in Proceedings of the 13 International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Statistics (AISTATS) 2010, Chia Laguna Resort, Sardinia, Italy. Volume 9 of JMLR: WC Weston et al., 2008). Much attention has recently been devoted to them (see (Bengio, 2009) for a review), because of their theoretical appeal, inspiration from biology and human cognition, and because of empirical success in vision (Ranzato et al., 2007; Larochelle et al., 2007; Vincent et al., 2008) and natural language processing (NLP) (Collobert & Weston, 2008; Mnih & Hinton, 2009). Theoretical results reviewed and discussed by Bengio (2009), suggest that in order to learn the kind of complicated functions that can represent high-level abstractions (e.g. in vision, language, and other AI-level tasks), one may need deep architectures. Most of the recent experimental results with deep architecture are obtained with models that can be turned into deep supervised neural networks, but with initialization or training schemes different from the classical feedforward neural networks (Rumelhart et al., 1986). Why are these new algorithms working so much better than the standard random initialization and gradient-based optimization of a supervised training criterion? Part of the answer may be found in recent analyses of the effect of unsupervised pretraining (Erhan et al., 2009), showing that it acts as a regularizer that initializes the parameters in a “better” basin of attraction of the optimization procedure, corresponding to an apparent local minimum associated with better generalization. But earlier work (Bengio et al., 2007) had shown that even a purely supervised but greedy layer-wise procedure would give better results. So here instead of focusing on what unsupervised pre-training or semi-supervised criteria bring to deep architectures, we focus on analyzing what may be going wrong with good old (but deep) multilayer neural networks. Our analysis is driven by investigative experiments to monitor activations (watching for saturation of hidden units) and gradients, across layers and across training iterations. We also evaluate the effects on these of choices of activation function (with the idea that it might affect saturation) and initialization procedure (since unsupervised pretraining is a particular form of initialization and it has a drastic impact).",
"corpus_id": 5575601,
"score": -1,
"title": "Understanding the difficulty of training deep feedforward neural networks"
} |
{
"abstract": "Strict observation to recommended blood pressure (BP) measurement technique is often not followed in outpatient clinics. The goal of this study was to determine if there was a significant difference in readings obtained using typical clinic procedures versus when following recommended guidelines. One hundred and fifty patients with initial BP readings obtained through usual care above normal per the Seventh Report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure (systolic ≥120 mm Hg and/or diastolic ≥80 mm Hg) were included in this prospective cohort study. After obtaining informed consent, BP was reassessed following the American Heart Association guidelines and compared with readings obtained through usual care. BP readings obtained using the recommended technique were significantly lower than usual care (-12.4 mm Hg systolic and -6.0 mm Hg diastolic; P < .0001, respectively). Similar differences existed for those with a preexisting diagnosis of hypertension, those without a preexisting diagnosis, nonelderly (ie, <65 years), and elderly (≥65 years). In patients with a preexisting diagnosis of hypertension (n = 92/150), patients were twice as likely to be considered at goal when following recommended technique (26% vs. 54%; P = .0002). Significant differences exist when BP readings are obtained using recommended technique. Failure to follow guidelines for measurement may have significant clinical implications on treatment decisions.",
"corpus_id": 994923,
"title": "Blood pressure rising: differences between current clinical and recommended measurement techniques."
} | {
"abstract": "&NA; The use of a recently developed noninvasive automated blood‐pressure device has revealed a striking relationship between human communication and elevations in blood pressure in both normotensive and hypertensive individuals. Individuals with higher resting baseline pressures tended to show greater increases during talking than did those with lower pressures. In some hypertensive individuals increases blood pressure greater than 25‐40% occurred within 30 sec after the initiation of human speech. Links between difficulties surrounding human communication and elevations in blood pressure are discussed.",
"corpus_id": 37085468,
"title": "The Effects of Talking on the Blood Pressure of Hypertensive and Normotensive Individuals"
} | {
"abstract": "A clinical trial testing the prophylactic effect of a 5 mg kg-1 dose of buparvaquone on either Theileria annulata or Theileria parva experimental infections of calves demonstrated its efficacy for periods of at least seven days. The drug given 1 h or seven days before 50% lethal T. annulata sporozoite infection protected all eight calves, but prophylaxis was insufficient after 14 days to protect two out of four calves from severe reaction. When immunity was challenged by a lethal second parasite dose a month after the first, all these calves were immune. In the T. parva trial, calves given drug 1 h or seven days before a 25% lethal infection underwent minimal reaction, but some were over-protected and were susceptible to a similar challenge sporozoite dose. Although drug levels remaining 14 days after prophylaxis protected these calves from the mild challenge, some parameters measured were within the range of the 'no drug' control group. These results indicated the effectiveness of a single 5 mg kg-1 dose of buparvaquone for more than seven days but also the potential risk of its use in the infection and treatment method of immunisation. It is suggested that there may be circumstances where simple field prophylactic treatment with buparvaquone may be beneficial.",
"corpus_id": 37498553,
"score": 1,
"title": "Chemoprophylaxis of Theileria annulata and Theileria parva infections of calves with buparvaquone."
} |
{
"abstract": "Gastroesophageal reflux disease is the most common esophageal disorder encountered in the United States. Gastroesophageal reflux disease symptoms are associated with a negative quality of life and increased healthcare costs and therefore require an effective management strategy. Although proton pump inhibitors remain the primary treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease, they do not cure the disorder and can leave patients with persistent symptoms despite treatment. Moreover, patients are still at risk of developing such complications as peptic strictures, Barrett's metaplasia, and esophageal cancer. Although laparoscopic Nissen fundoplication has been the conventional alternative treatment for those patients who develop complications of gastroesophageal reflux disease, have intractable symptoms, or wish to discontinue taking proton pump inhibitors, investigators have persisted in developing a number of endoscopic approaches to the treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease. The present report reviews the history of endoscopic treatments devised for the management of gastroesophageal reflux disease and explores the published data and outcomes associated with the latest approach-endoscopic fundoplication using the EsophyX2 device.",
"corpus_id": 2142276,
"title": "Endoscopic management of gastroesophageal reflux disease: a review."
} | {
"abstract": "Though efficient acid suppression with proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) remains the mainstay of treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), some of the patients showed refractory response to PPIs, necessitating further intervention. After increasing dose of PPIs and other kinds of pharmacological intervention adopting prokinetics or others, variable endoscopic treatments are introduced for the treatment of these refractory cases. The detailed introduction regarding endoscopic treatment for GERD is forwarded in this review article. Implantation of reabsorbable or synthetic materials in the distal esophagus was tried in vain and is expelled from the market due to limited efficacy and serious complication. Radiofrequency energy delivery (Stretta) and transoral incisionless fundoplication (EsophyX) are actively tried currently.",
"corpus_id": 14464668,
"title": "Endoscopic Treatment of Refractory Gastroesohageal Reflux Disease"
} | {
"abstract": "The incidence of elbow disease based solely on arthrosis (ARTH) score was compared with a protocol using a combination of ARTH score plus a score for primary lesions (ED score). The population of dogs studied included 425 Bernese mountain dogs and 22 dogs of other breeds. The overall agreement between the two systems was high. However, 12 per cent of ARTH-score negative cases were positive using the ED score. This difference was statistically significant (P < 0.005). The female:male ratio of the dogs missed using the ARTH score was 2:1. The proportion of dogs affected with arthrosis increased with age, male dogs being affected more frequently. The development of arthrosis depends not only on age and breed, but probably also on gender. Thus, screening for elbow dysplasia should be based on at least two radiographic projections, including arthrosis and primary lesions. As the vast majority of dogs in this study were Bernese mountain dogs, conclusions are valid only for this breed.",
"corpus_id": 31298773,
"score": 1,
"title": "Comparison of two classification protocols in the evaluation of elbow dysplasia in the dog."
} |
{
"abstract": "The digitalization of industrial control systems (ICS) raises several security threats that can endanger the safety of the critical infrastructures supervised by such systems. This paper presents an analysis method that enables the identification and ranking of risks leading to a safety issue, regardless of the origin of those risks: accidental or due to malevolence. This method relies on a modeling formalism called BDMP (Boolean logic Driven Markov Processes) that was initially created for safety studies, and then adapted to security. The use of the method is first illustrated on a simple case to show how it can be used to make decisions in a situation where security requirements are in conflict with safety requirements. Then it is applied to a realistic industrial system: a pipeline and its instrumentation and control system in order to highlight possible interactions between safety and security.",
"corpus_id": 18622920,
"title": "Safety and Security Interactions Modeling Using the BDMP Formalism: Case Study of a Pipeline"
} | {
"abstract": "This paper reviews the state of the art in cyber security risk assessment of Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) systems. We select and in-detail examine twenty-four risk assessment methods developed for or applied in the context of a SCADA system. We describe the essence of the methods and then analyse them in terms of aim; application domain; the stages of risk management addressed; key risk management concepts covered; impact measurement; sources of probabilistic data; evaluation and tool support. Based on the analysis, we suggest an intuitive scheme for the categorisation of cyber security risk assessment methods for SCADA systems. We also outline five research challenges facing the domain and point out the approaches that might be taken.",
"corpus_id": 18740719,
"title": "A review of cyber security risk assessment methods for SCADA systems"
} | {
"abstract": "This paper studies P2P lending and the factors explaining loan default. This is an important issue because in P2P lending individual investors bear the credit risk, instead of financial institutions, which are experts in dealing with this risk. P2P lenders suffer a severe problem of information asymmetry, because they are at a disadvantage facing the borrower. For this reason, P2P lending sites provide potential lenders with information about borrowers and their loan purpose. They also assign a grade to each loan. The empirical study is based on loans' data collected from Lending Club (N = 24,449) from 2008 to 2014 that are first analyzed by using univariate means tests and survival analysis. Factors explaining default are loan purpose, annual income, current housing situation, credit history and indebtedness. Secondly, a logistic regression model is developed to predict defaults. The grade assigned by the P2P lending site is the most predictive factor of default, but the accuracy of the model is improved by adding other information, especially the borrower's debt level.",
"corpus_id": 16822368,
"score": -1,
"title": "Determinants of Default in P2P Lending"
} |
{
"abstract": "The growth of accredited postgraduate courses in public relations highlights the need for research that understands the motivations and career expectations of postgraduate students. Australian and international research suggests that undergraduate student expectations differ from the realities of courses and careers in public relations (Bowen, 2003; Storto, 1990; Xavier, Mehta & Larkin, 2006). Undergraduate students favour training in publicity and promotion more than the critical thinking and business skills preferred by employers (Bowen, 2003). The gap between perception and reality has the potential to affect the continued development of public relations as a management function. \n \nUsing international research as its base, this study explores the Australian postgraduate perspective through a survey of approximately 140 students to identify their motivations to study public relations and preferences for positions and workplace environments. The survey was administered in an introductory postgraduate public relations theory unit across four consecutive semesters during 2004 and 2005. The findings provide insight into the career expectations of postgraduate students who prefer careers in event management and publicity. Educators must balance student needs with university teaching and learning goals and industry expectations by preparing students for the diversity of careers in public relations.",
"corpus_id": 152774250,
"title": "Destination public relations: Understanding the sources that influence course selection for and career preferences of postgraduate students"
} | {
"abstract": "Abstract An online survey was administered to 209 junior and senior public relations majors at nine U.S. universities. Students affirmed skills and understandings identified in previous studies as important to the practice of public relations. When asked about their preparedness in the same areas, their responses differed significantly suggesting at least some feelings of lack of preparation for professional practice in some areas. Pedagogical implications, including an increased emphasis on business concepts and crisis planning, are discussed.",
"corpus_id": 154015480,
"title": "Prepared for practice? Student perceptions about requirements and preparation for public relations practice"
} | {
"abstract": "Contents: Preface. P.J. Curran, A Latent Curve Framework for the Study of Developmental Trajectories in Adolescent Substance Use. S.T. Khoo, B.O. Muthen, Longitudinal Data on Families: Growth Modeling Alternatives. D. Hedeker, J.S. Rose, The Natural History of Smoking: A Pattern-Mixture Random-Effects Regression Model. B.O. Muthen, Methodological Issues in Random Coefficient Growth Modeling Using a Latent Variable Framework: Applications to the Development of Heavy Drinking Ages 18 Through 37. D.P. MacKinnon, Contrasts in Multiple Mediator Models. P.K. Wood, Estimation and Equivalent Models for Quadratic and Interactive Latent Variable Models. J.B. Ullman, J.A. Stein, R.L. Dukes, Evaluation of D.A.R.E. (Drug Abuse Resistance Education) With Latent Variables in the Context of a Solomon Four Group Design. D.C. Rowe, J.L. Rodgers, M. Gilson, Epidemics of Smoking: Modeling Tobacco Use Among Adolescents. S.L. Hyatt, L.M. Collins, Using Latent Transition Analysis to Examine the Relationship Between Perceived Parental Permissiveness and the Onset of Substance Use. J.S. Rose, L. Chassin, C.C. Presson, S.J. Sherman, Prospective Predictors of Smoking Cessation: A Logistic Regression Application. C.C. Presson, L. Chassin, S.J. Sherman, J.S. Rose, Summary and Future Directions.",
"corpus_id": 141504444,
"score": 2,
"title": "Multivariate applications in substance use research : new methods for new questions"
} |
{
"abstract": "Direct simulations are carried out in a flow configuration devised for investigating zero-net-mass-flux (or synthetic) jet based active separation control. The numerical configuration consists of an airfoil section at zero incidence in a free-stream. A separation bubble of prescribed size is created on the top surface of the airfoil at the aft-chord location by applying blowing and suction on the top boundary of the computational domain. Such separated flows are generally characterized by three distinct time scales corresponding to the shear layer, the separation zone, and the vortex shedding in the wake; therefore the resulting flowfield can be considered as a canonical separated airfoil flow. Simulations of this flow over two different airfoil sections at a chord Reynolds number of 60, 000 subject to zero-net-mass-flux (ZNMF) perturbation of the boundary layer at different characteristic time scales are presented. Simulations of the flow over an elliptic airfoil indicate that ZNMF forcing at a frequency corresponding to the separation zone or the shear layer draws a better response as compared to excitation at the wake vortex-shedding frequency. Results also show that locating the ZNMF device at the separation point leads to a more effective separation control, whereas ZNMF forcing inside the separation bubble does not significantly alter the baseline separated flow. Results from the second set of simulations over a flat plate with elliptic leading edge and blunt trailing edge indicate that the entire system comprised of the shear layer, the separation zone, and the wake is locked on to a single frequency.",
"corpus_id": 15642538,
"title": "Harnessing resonant interactions for active control of separated flows By"
} | {
"abstract": "Control of laminar separation using zero-net-mass-flux (ZNMF) devices for airfoils operating at low to medium Reynolds numbers is a common approach in laboratory experiments, in both numerical (e.g., Fasel & Postl 2006; Rist & Augustin 2006) and experimental (e.g., Bons et al. 2001) setups. However, ongoing physical processes in such flows can be diverse, spanning from convective-type (Kelvin-Helmholtz) instability (Rist & Augustin 2006) to vortex-wall interaction (Simens & Jimenez 2006). Here, an interpretation of a flow situation investigated numerically during the CTR summer program (Kotapati et al. 2006) in terms of local linear stability theory based on the Orr-Sommerfeld equation is presented. Such an instability corresponds to the convective-type Kelvin-Helmholtz instability for laminar separation bubbles (LSB). In contrast to Rist & Augustin (2006), the present flow possesses an actual ZNMF actuator geometry for forcing, and investigates a wider range of forcing frequencies. Results obtained from numerical simulations mentioned above shall be post-processed and analysed with respect to unsteady disturbance evolution in the flow. First, stability characteristics of the different mean flows resulting from different forcing frequencies are evaluated theoretically; numerical data are then Fourier-analyzed in time and are compared to theoretical results. Based on such a comparison, a discussion of similarities and differences between numerical and theoretical results then allows us to conclude on physical mechanism in operation. This is expected to help to improve the efficiency of active flow-control devices in the future.",
"corpus_id": 10918436,
"title": "Evaluation of active control of a laminar separation bubble based on linear stability theory"
} | {
"abstract": "We have determined the dominant mechanism for nuclear spin relaxation of laser-polarized ${}^{129}\\mathrm{Xe}$ in silicone coated cells. The ${}^{129}\\mathrm{Xe}$ relaxation rate is found to be strongly dependent on magnetic field, which indicates that ${}^{129}\\mathrm{Xe}$ becomes trapped in the coating for extraordinarily long times ( $\\ensuremath{\\tau}g10\\ensuremath{\\mu}$s). Relaxation is caused by dipolar coupling between the trapped ${}^{129}\\mathrm{Xe}$ and the protons in the coating, which we confirm with a novel double resonance scheme. This result should aid the development of improved coatings, and offers new possibilities for using laser-polarized ${}^{129}\\mathrm{Xe}$ as a probe of other polymer and biological systems.",
"corpus_id": 23748479,
"score": 1,
"title": "Surface relaxation mechanisms of laser-polarized 129Xe."
} |
{
"abstract": "Nowadays non-profit organisations that offer different services are getting more and more recognition. Organisation activities appeal to voluntary work. Presented services are more qualitative because they are fulfilled by dedicated volunteers; they are more efficient, because volunteers are not paid. Sometimes it happens not to know how to initiate the process of organisation development: not every member is involved into the process of voluntary organisation even if he has very good ideas; work is distributed inefficiently etc. Then many members become disappointed in such activity and do not believe that they can change or improve something in their lives. A closed circle forms: there are people who wish to work for the good of community but poor work motivation and misjudgement of initiatives disappoint people, and social activity sort of “dies” or is performed by two or three the most active members. Therefore such activity becomes more “on paper” than practical. It is very important that as much people as possible would understand the input and importance of their work and could act the country wellbeing and their welfare. Efficient motivation of volunteers work is necessary on purpose to achieve these goals. Behaviour of every person is determined by motives that are inner forces stimulating performance of certain actions. Motives are regulated by human needs realizing possibility and degree of their satisfaction. Human behaviour is pointless if motives and aims of the behaviour were incomprehensible. People motivation is pursuit to satisfy essential needs and to acquire something what is missing. People actualizing themselves do not have unsatisfied fundamental needs but they have impulsions. They work, endeavour and have ambitions, although not in the common meaning. Motivations for such people mean character perfection and expression, maturation and growth, in other words actualization of themselves in voluntary activity. Attitudes towards motivation and motives, motivation means of work activation of volunteer organisation members (volunteers) are analyzed in the publication. Importance of volunteers’ motives to continuity of voluntary work is highlighted; essential examples of voluntary work motives and motivation means are indicated. Benefit and difficulties of proper volunteers’ motivation are explained, possibilities of voluntary work are discussed. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.ee.23.5.3132",
"corpus_id": 154482246,
"title": "Theoretical and Practical Aspects of Volunteer Organisation Members (Volunteers) Motivation"
} | {
"abstract": "The purpose of this paper is to identify individual motivations of volunteers in the human services nonprofit field. A literature review was conducted looking into the main functions of motivation, as well as relationships between demographic characteristics and the likelihood of volunteering. Then, a case study was completed on the local Red Cross branch in Bangor, Maine. Interviews were done within the organization in addition to data collection from their online database. The literature review was then used to predict motivations of volunteers within the Red Cross, as well as to devise predictions and suggestions for better recruitment and retention. However, without accurate data from the Red Cross, it was difficult to determine what motivated volunteers. Assumptions could be made that volunteers were motivated by the values of the organization. The Volunteer Connections database of the Red Cross, if used appropriately, would be a great source of information in understanding what motivates volunteers. With the current Red Cross volunteers being mostly elderly, it is safe to say that are motivated by social needs. The Red Cross will however need to adjust their marketing techniques in the future to better suit millennials and college students.",
"corpus_id": 169170447,
"title": "Identifying Individual Motivations of Nonprofit Volunteers in the Human Services Field with a Study of the National Red Cross Organization"
} | {
"abstract": "Finding the most appropriate intelligence test for adolescents with Intellectual Disability (ID) is challenging given their limited language, attention, perceptual, and motor skills and ability to stay on task. The study compared performance of 23 adolescents with ID on the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Fourth Edition (WISC-IV), one of the most widely used intelligence tests, and three non-verbal IQ tests, the Raven's Colored Progressive Matrices (RCPM), the Test of Non-verbal Intelligence-Fourth Edition and the Wechsler Non-verbal test of Ability. Results showed that the WISC-IV Full Scale IQ raw and scaled scores were highly correlated with total scores from the three non-verbal tests, although the correlations were higher for raw scores, suggesting they may lead to better understanding of within group differences and what individuals with ID can do at the time of assessment. All participants attempted more questions on the non-verbal tests than the verbal. A preliminary analysis showed that adolescents with ID without ASD (n = 15) achieved higher scores overall than those presenting with ID+ASD (n = 8). Our findings support the view that short non-verbal tests are more likely to give a similar IQ result as obtained from the WISC-IV. In terms of the time to administer and the stress for participants, they are more appropriate for assessing adolescents with ID.",
"corpus_id": 25646598,
"score": 1,
"title": "Comparison of Measures of Ability in Adolescents with Intellectual Disability"
} |
{
"abstract": "We develop a computational method based on an Eulerian field called the \"reference map\", which relates the current location of a material point to its initial. The reference map can be discretized to permit finite-difference simulation of large solid-like deformations, in any dimension, of the type that might otherwise require the finite element method. The generality of the method stems from its ability to easily compute kinematic quantities essential to solid mechanics, that are elusive outside of Lagrangian frame. This introductory work focuses on large-strain, hyperelastic materials. After a brief review of hyperelasticity, a discretization of the method is presented and some non-trivial elastic deformations are simulated, both static and dynamic. The method's accuracy is directly verified against known analytical solutions.",
"corpus_id": 14825281,
"title": "An Eulerian approach to the simulation of deformable solids: Application to finite-strain elasticity"
} | {
"abstract": "Abstract In this paper we introduce a new version of ENO (essentially non-oscillatory) shock-capturing schemes which we call weighted ENO. The main new idea is that, instead of choosing the \"smoothest\" stencil to pick one interpolating polynomial for the ENO reconstruction, we use a convex combination of all candidates to achieve the essentially non-oscillatory property, while additionally obtaining one order of improvement in accuracy. The resulting weighted ENO schemes are based on cell averages and a TVD Runge-Kutta time discretization. Preliminary encouraging numerical experiments are given.",
"corpus_id": 121403615,
"title": "Weighted essentially non-oscillatory schemes"
} | {
"abstract": "Recently these authors have proved [46, 47] that a smooth spin tensor Ωlog can be found such that the stretching tensor D can be exactly written as an objective corotational rate of the Eulerian logarithmic strain measure ln V defined by this spin tensor, and furthermore that in all strain tensor measures only ln V enjoys this favourable property. This spin tensor is called the logarithmic spin and the objective corotational rate of an Eulerian tensor defined by it is called the logarithmic tensor-rate. In this paper, we propose and investigate a hypo-elasticity model based upon the objective corotational rate of the Kirchhoff stress defined by the spin Ωlog, i.e. the logarithmic stress rate. By virtue of the proposed model, we show that the simplest relationship between hypo-elasticity and elasticity can be established, and accordingly that Bernstein's integrability theorem relating hypo-elasticity to elasticity can be substantially simplified. In particular, we show that the simplest form of the proposed model, i.e. the hypo-elasticity model of grade zero, turns out to be integrable to deliver a linear isotropic relation between the Kirchhoff stress and the Eulerian logarithmic strain ln V, and moreover that this simplest model predicts the phenomenon of the known hypo-elastic yield at simple shear deformation.",
"corpus_id": 117082362,
"score": 2,
"title": "Hypo-Elasticity Model Based upon the Logarithmic Stress Rate"
} |
{
"abstract": "In recent years, active learning has emerged as a powerful tool in building robust systems for object detection using computer vision. Indeed, active learning approaches to on-road vehicle detection have achieved impressive results. While active learning approaches for object detection have been explored and presented in the literature, few studies have been performed to comparatively assess costs and merits. In this study, we provide a cost-sensitive analysis of three popular active learning methods for on-road vehicle detection. The generality of active learning findings is demonstrated via learning experiments performed with detectors based on histogram of oriented gradient features and SVM classification (HOG---SVM), and Haar-like features and Adaboost classification (Haar---Adaboost). Experimental evaluation has been performed on static images and real-world on-road vehicle datasets. Learning approaches are assessed in terms of the time spent annotating, data required, recall, and precision.",
"corpus_id": 7210194,
"title": "Active learning for on-road vehicle detection: a comparative study"
} | {
"abstract": "Most methods for learning object categories require large amounts of labeled training data. However, obtaining such data can be a difficult and time-consuming endeavor. We have developed a novel, entropy-based ldquoactive learningrdquo approach which makes significant progress towards this problem. The main idea is to sequentially acquire labeled data by presenting an oracle (the user) with unlabeled images that will be particularly informative when labeled. Active learning adaptively prioritizes the order in which the training examples are acquired, which, as shown by our experiments, can significantly reduce the overall number of training examples required to reach near-optimal performance. At first glance this may seem counter-intuitive: how can the algorithm know whether a group of unlabeled images will be informative, when, by definition, there is no label directly associated with any of the images? Our approach is based on choosing an image to label that maximizes the expected amount of information we gain about the set of unlabeled images. The technique is demonstrated in several contexts, including improving the efficiency of Web image-search queries and open-world visual learning by an autonomous agent. Experiments on a large set of 140 visual object categories taken directly from text-based Web image searches show that our technique can provide large improvements (up to 10 x reduction in the number of training examples needed) over baseline techniques.",
"corpus_id": 15855239,
"title": "Entropy-based active learning for object recognition"
} | {
"abstract": "The research focus of computational coreference resolution has exhibited a shift from heuristic approaches to machine learning approaches in the past decade. This paper surveys the major milestones in supervised coreference research since its inception fifteen years ago.",
"corpus_id": 825928,
"score": -1,
"title": "Supervised Noun Phrase Coreference Research: The First Fifteen Years"
} |
{
"abstract": "The relatively rigid second and third carpometacarpal joints provide stability for the cantilevered metacarpals of the index and middle fingers, about which the thumb and ulnar metacarpals move, providing spatial adaptation for grasping objects. Although seldom recognized, sprains of the carpometacarpal joints as part of a range of injury which includes subluxations, dislocations, and fractures are apparently common. The entity known as carpe bossu also may be related. The second and third carpometacarpal joints are more susceptible to injury in palmar flexion than in dorsiflexion. The sprain may be acute or chronic. Severe swelling over the carpometacarpal area, with tenderness and weakness without significant roentgenographic findings, is suggestive of the acute sprain, which generally responds to immobilization. The chronic sprain is often overlooked or misdiagnosed. Point tenderness of one or more carpometacarpal joints, a palpable laxity, and crepitus with manipulation are seen as physical findings, in decreasing order of frequency. Lidocaine, 0.5 ml, injected directly into the joint offers dramatic relief. If conservative measures are insufficient, arthrodesis of the joint is relatively simple, symptomatically reliable, and functionally uncompromising, especially of the second and third rays.",
"corpus_id": 2197300,
"title": "Chronic sprains of the carpometacarpal joints."
} | {
"abstract": "The cases of four patients with carpometacarpal fracture-dislocations of the ulnar four joints are reported, in all of whom there was extensive additional trauma. Open reduction was necessary in three patients, and only one was treated successfully by a closed reduction. He then had persistent but painless subluxation of the metacarpal bases. On end-result evaluation, two of the other three patients had occasional discomfort and diminished grip strength. One patient had a diminished range of motion of the wrist joint at one-year follow-up, and one patient had narrowing and sclerosis of the carpometacarpal joints.",
"corpus_id": 19695052,
"title": "Multiple carpometacarpal dislocations. A review of four cases."
} | {
"abstract": "Due to the challenge of hundreds of potential mycotoxins that may be present in cereals, a rapid and reliable ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole-time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-Q-TOF MS) technique was developed for universal screening of 200 mycotoxins (prototype, emerging and related derivatives) in cereals. With satisfactory sensitivity of accurate mass full-spectrum acquisition, it is feasible to preliminarily identify tentative untargeted mycotoxins with a large range of polarity without reference materials. The current screening method was also validated by the determination of 33 typical mycotoxins, and the screening detection limits in the range of 0.5-100 μg kg-1 were established in cereals. In total, 138 stored samples were contaminated by 46 mycotoxins and their metabolites, some of which were firstly reported in cereals, posing emerging potential health risks to humans and animals. Furthermore, the accumulation, transformation and degradation mechanisms of typical mycotoxins in cereals were investigated under real storage conditions.",
"corpus_id": 247914246,
"score": 0,
"title": "Universal screening of 200 mycotoxins and their variations in stored cereals in Shanghai, China by UHPLC-Q-TOF MS."
} |
{
"abstract": "Abstract Voltage-gated sodium channels play an important role in action potentials. If enough channels open during a change in the cell's membrane potential, a small but significant number of sodium ( Na + ) ions will move into the cell reducing its electrochemical gradient and further depolarizing the cell. Voltage-gated Na + channels play a fundamental role in the excitability of nerve and muscle cells. Na + channels both open and close more quickly than potassium ( K + ) channels, producing an influx of positive charge ( Na + ) toward the beginning of the action potential and an efflux ( K + ) toward the end. The study of K + channels is essential as they appear to be more diverse in structure and function than any other types of ion channel. K + channels shape the action potential, set the membrane potential, and determine firing rates. There already are some drugs in clinical use that target K + channels which improve our ability to regulate excitability. In this research, we study the influence of voltage dependence on channel activation and inactivation by simulating different channel subtypes as well as the effect of different kinetic parameters on membrane excitability.",
"corpus_id": 1667603,
"title": "Simulating Voltage-Gated Na and K Ion Channel Kinetics Using Hodgkin- Huxley Mode"
} | {
"abstract": "Transmission of signals within the brain is essential for cognitive function, but it is not clear how neural circuits support reliable and accurate signal propagation over a sufficiently large dynamic range. Two modes of propagation have been studied: synfire chains, in which synchronous activity travels through feedforward layers of a neuronal network, and the propagation of fluctuations in firing rate across these layers. In both cases, a sufficient amount of noise, which was added to previous models from an external source, had to be included to support stable propagation. Sparse, randomly connected networks of spiking model neurons can generate chaotic patterns of activity. We investigate whether this activity, which is a more realistic noise source, is sufficient to allow for signal transmission. We find that, for rate-coded signals but not for synfire chains, such networks support robust and accurate signal reproduction through up to six layers if appropriate adjustments are made in synaptic strengths. We investigate the factors affecting transmission and show that multiple signals can propagate simultaneously along different pathways. Using this feature, we show how different types of logic gates can arise within the architecture of the random network through the strengthening of specific synapses.",
"corpus_id": 14206076,
"title": "Signal Propagation and Logic Gating in Networks of Integrate-and-Fire Neurons"
} | {
"abstract": "A one-pot synthesis of 1,2-disubstituted 2-imidazolines from N-(2-haloethyl)amides has been developed. The reaction affords high yields of diverse 1,2-disubstituted 2-imidazolines from triflic anhydride-mediated dehydration of amides followed by installation of a primary amine.",
"corpus_id": 102376758,
"score": 1,
"title": "One-pot triflic anhydride-mediated synthesis of 1,2-disubstituted 2-imidazolines from N-(2-haloethyl)amides and amines"
} |
{
"abstract": "This paper presents the state of the art distributed sensing systems, based on optical fibres, developed and qualified for the French Cigéo project, the underground repository for high level and intermediate level long-lived radioactive wastes. Four main parameters, namely strain, temperature, radiation and hydrogen concentration are currently investigated by optical fibre sensors, as well as the tolerances of selected technologies to the unique constraints of the Cigéo’s severe environment. Using fluorine-doped silica optical fibre surrounded by a carbon layer and polyimide coating, it is possible to exploit its Raman, Brillouin and Rayleigh scattering signatures to achieve the distributed sensing of the temperature and the strain inside the repository cells of radioactive wastes. Regarding the dose measurement, promising solutions are proposed based on Radiation Induced Attenuation (RIA) responses of sensitive fibres such as the P-doped ones. While for hydrogen measurements, the potential of specialty optical fibres with Pd particles embedded in their silica matrix is currently studied for this gas monitoring through its impact on the fibre Brillouin signature evolution.",
"corpus_id": 1623054,
"title": "France’s State of the Art Distributed Optical Fibre Sensors Qualified for the Monitoring of the French Underground Repository for High Level and Intermediate Level Long Lived Radioactive Wastes"
} | {
"abstract": "On-site monitoring of mass concrete offers several benefits. It may comprise a wide range of objectives from (i) the maintaining of adequate temperature conditions for the evolution of the desired concrete properties and to (ii) the determination of thermal and mechanical parameters for verification of the calculation models and assumptions applied for crack assessment of the considered structure. Next to very general information on monitoring of mass concrete, this chapter presents different levels of measures with regard to the purpose and expected insights into each level, available instruments and least requirements on practical application, as well as possibilities for result verification. The chapter focuses on both established techniques with comprehensive experiences in many applications and comparably new techniques available on the market. Finally, the presented techniques and approaches were exemplified on three different application examples with regard to different measurement systems as well as types of structures.",
"corpus_id": 67420513,
"title": "On-site Monitoring of Mass Concrete"
} | {
"abstract": "Although the science and engineering of ultrasound computed tomography (USCT) has been explored for over four decades, there have been relatively few instances of a system being developed and applied to patients. Nonetheless, there have been notable results from the clinical setting, especially recently, that illustrate how a successful USCT scanner may provide significant advances to women’s health. For practical anatomical reasons, this work has almost exclusively addressed imaging of the female breast. Other quantitative ultrasound techniques have been applied to characterizing the female breast, including quantitative backscatter analysis, shear wave speed, computer-aided diagnosis, etc., but USCT is the focus of this chapter. We highlight the evolution of scanner design and image reconstruction by presenting key results from patient measurements by the major researchers in the field. There has been steady progress in electronics, parallel processors, reconstruction algorithms, understanding of the physical properties of breast tissue and a resurgence of interest in the medical community for dedicated breast ultrasound systems. It is understood today that USCT may be able to contribute in many aspects of the medical management of breast disease including detection, diagnosis and treatment of breast cancer.",
"corpus_id": 59799811,
"score": 1,
"title": "Clinical Results with Ultrasound Computed Tomography of the Breast"
} |
{
"abstract": "Inorganic nanoparticles have great potential for application in many fields, including nanomedicine. Within this class of materials, inorganic nanoheterostructures (NHS) look particularly promising as they can be formulated as the combination of different domains; this can lead to nanosystems with different functional properties, which, therefore, can perform different functions at the same time. This review reports on the latest development in the synthesis of advanced NHS for biomedicine and on the tests of their functional properties in in vivo studies. The literature discussed here focuses on the diagnostic and therapeutic applications with special emphasis on cancer. Considering the diagnostics, a description of the NHS for cancer imaging and multimodal imaging is reported; more specifically, NHS for magnetic resonance, computed tomography and luminescence imaging are considered. As for the therapeutics, NHS employed in magnetic hyperthermia or photothermal therapies are reported. Examples of NHS for cancer theranostics are also presented, emphasizing their dual usability in vivo, as imaging and therapeutic tools. Overall, NHS show a great potential for biomedicine application; further studies, however, are necessary regarding the safety associated to their use.",
"corpus_id": 58589489,
"title": "Nanoheterostructures (NHS) and Their Applications in Nanomedicine: Focusing on In Vivo Studies"
} | {
"abstract": "Multimodality imaging overcomes the shortage and incorporates the advantages of different imaging tools. Lanthanide-based nanoprobes are unique and have rich optical, magnetic, radioactive, and X-ray attenuation properties; however, simple doping of different lanthanide cations into one host can result in a material with multifunction but not the optimized properties. In this study, using NaLuF4:Yb,Tm as the core and 4 nm of (153)Sm(3+)-doped NaGdF4 (half-life of (153)Sm = 46.3 h) as the shell, we developed a lanthanide-based core-shell nanocomposite as an optimized multimodal imaging probe with enhanced imaging ability. The lifetime of upconversion luminescence (UCL) at 800 nm and relaxation rate (1/T1) were at 1044 μs and 18.15 s(-1)·mM(-1), respectively; however, no significant decrease in the attenuation coefficient was observed, which preserved the excellent X-ray imaging ability. The nanomaterial NaLuF4:Yb,Tm@NaGdF4((153)Sm) was confirmed to be effective and applicable for UCL imaging, X-ray computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging, and single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) in vivo. Furthermore, the NaLuF4:Yb,Tm@NaGdF4((153)Sm) nanoparticles were applied in tumor angiogenesis analysis by combining multimodality imaging of CT, SPECT, and confocal UCL imaging, which shows its value of multifunctional nanoparticles NaLuF4:Yb,Tm@NaGdF4((153)Sm) in tumor angiogenesis imaging.",
"corpus_id": 9740120,
"title": "Core-shell lanthanide upconversion nanophosphors as four-modal probes for tumor angiogenesis imaging."
} | {
"abstract": "The rapidly emerging field of nanotechnology has offered innovative discoveries in the medical, industrial, and consumer sectors. The unique physicochemical and electrical properties of engineered nanoparticles (NP) make them highly desirable in a variety of applications. However, these novel properties of NP are fraught with concerns for environmental and occupational exposure. Changes in structural and physicochemical properties of NP can lead to changes in biological activities including ROS generation, one of the most frequently reported NP-associated toxicities. Oxidative stress induced by engineered NP is due to acellular factors such as particle surface, size, composition, and presence of metals, while cellular responses such as mitochondrial respiration, NP-cell interaction, and immune cell activation are responsible for ROS-mediated damage. NP-induced oxidative stress responses are torch bearers for further pathophysiological effects including genotoxicity, inflammation, and fibrosis as demonstrated by activation of associated cell signaling pathways. Since oxidative stress is a key determinant of NP-induced injury, it is necessary to characterize the ROS response resulting from NP. Through physicochemical characterization and understanding of the multiple signaling cascades activated by NP-induced ROS, a systemic toxicity screen with oxidative stress as a predictive model for NP-induced injury can be developed.",
"corpus_id": 3734053,
"score": -1,
"title": "Mechanisms of Nanoparticle-Induced Oxidative Stress and Toxicity"
} |
{
"abstract": "The end-to-end delay (also referred to as latency) experienced by gaming users has a significant impact on the quality of online games. In this paper we concentrate on the delay introduced in access networks. This access network delay depends on the access technology used, the network load, the link rate configured on the access links (also referred to as the last mile link) and the size of the packets generated by the games. We characterize this access network delay by means of measurements. First, we focus on this delay in actually deployed access networks: dial-up, cable and Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line (ADSL) access. In these access networks the access network delay shoots up as soon as the gaming user (or somebody else on the user's home network) saturates the user's last mile link with traffic generated by applications (e.g. web browser) other than the games. Therefore, we also characterize the access network delay in a laboratory set-up of a QoS-enabled ADSL network. In this set-up we show that it is possible to (logically) segregate the game traffic from the other traffic to such an extent that the game packets are not excessively delayed while at the same time a large part of the link capacity can be consumed by the other traffic.",
"corpus_id": 2378560,
"title": "Access network delay in networked games"
} | {
"abstract": "Mean Opinion Score (MOS) tests are a well-known procedure to indicate the suitability of telecommunications equipment to provide voice services. However, converged data networks provide a variety of services, increasingly entertainment services as e.g. games. After describing the potential of games for Third Generation (3G) mobile networks, this paper establishes first guidelines to perform subjective assessment of game quality. Subsequently, an experimental study is conducted to assess the game quality of a multiplayer real-time game, XBlast, for different network conditions.",
"corpus_id": 14432979,
"title": "Subjective quality assessment for multiplayer real-time games"
} | {
"abstract": "Abstract Koh, Rogers and Tan (Discrete Math. 25 (1979) 141–148) give a method to construct a bigger graceful tree from two graceful trees. Based upon their results, we give a new construction, which allows us to prove that the subdivision graph of a graceful tree is still a graceful tree.",
"corpus_id": 38834962,
"score": 1,
"title": "The subdivision graph of a graceful tree is a graceful tree"
} |
{
"abstract": "Let <i>A</i> and <i>B</i> be strings of common length <i>n.</i> Define <i>LLCS</i>(<i>A, B</i>) to be the length of the longest common subsequence of <i>A</i> and <i>B.</i> Hunt and Szymanski presented an algorithm for finding <i>LLCS</i>(<i>A, B</i>) with time complexity <i>O</i>((<i>r</i> + <i>n</i>)<i>logn</i>), where <i>r</i> is the number of elements in the set {(<i>i, j</i>)|<i>A</i>[<i>i</i>] = <i>B</i>[<i>j</i>]}. In the worst case the algorithm has running time of <i>O</i>(<i>n</i><sup>2</sup><i>logn</i>). We present an improvement to this algorithm which changes the time complexity to <i>O</i>(<i>r</i> + <i>n</i>(<i>LLCS</i>(<i>A, B</i>) + <i>logn</i>)). Some experimental results show dramatic improvements for large <i>n.</i>",
"corpus_id": 1031176,
"title": "An improved algorithm to find the length of the longest common subsequence of two strings"
} | {
"abstract": "The aim of this paper is to give a comprehensive comparison of well-known longest common subsequence algorithms (for two input strings) and study their behaviour in various application environments. The performance of the methods depends heavily on the properties of the problem instance as well as the supporting data structures used in the implementation. We want to make also a clear distinction between methods that determine the actual lcs and those calculating only its length, since the execution time and more importantly, the space demand depends crucially on the type of the task. To our knowledge, this is the first time this kind of survey has been done. Due to the page limits, the paper gives only a coarse overview of the performance of the algorithms; more detailed studies are reported elsewhere.",
"corpus_id": 10375334,
"title": "A survey of longest common subsequence algorithms"
} | {
"abstract": "Twitter is the most popular social platform for broadcasting opinions but the reach of tweets is often non-deterministic. While people believe the world is taking cognizance of their tweets, this seldom is the truth. This paper presents a micro-prediction model for determining message propagation for a user, especially for the non-influential majority. Our framework uses Ego network in predicting message propagation. The work focuses on determining the possible users who would interact and their immediate reach. This is achieved by using Twitter API in a limited manner. We attempt to make a responsive prediction model; simple, stateless and scalable, capable of catering to parallel requests. The simulation results shows a promising 86.4% accuracy for data constituting of 336768 connected users.",
"corpus_id": 53278877,
"score": 1,
"title": "A Micromodel to Predict Message Propagation for Twitter Users"
} |
{
"abstract": "Fasciclin-like arabinogalactan proteins (FLAs) are a subclass of arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs) that have, in addition to predicted AGP-like glycosylated regions, putative cell adhesion domains known as fasciclin domains. In other eukaryotes (e.g. fruitfly [Drosophila melanogaster] and humans [Homo sapiens]), fasciclin domain-containing proteins are involved in cell adhesion. There are at least 21 FLAs in the annotated Arabidopsis genome. Despite the deduced proteins having low overall similarity, sequence analysis of the fasciclin domains in Arabidopsis FLAs identified two highly conserved regions that define this motif, suggesting that the cell adhesion function is conserved. We show that FLAs precipitate with β-glucosyl Yariv reagent, indicating that they share structural characteristics with AGPs. Fourteen of the FLA family members are predicted to be C-terminally substituted with a glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchor, a cleavable form of membrane anchor for proteins, indicating different FLAs may have different developmental roles. Publicly available microarray and expressed sequence tag data were used to select FLAs for further expression analysis. RNA gel blots for a number of FLAs indicate that they are likely to be important during plant development and in response to abiotic stress. FLAs 1,2, and 8 show a rapid decrease in mRNA abundance in response to the phytohormone abscisic acid. Also, the accumulation of FLA1 and FLA2 transcripts differs during callus and shoot development, indicating that the proteins may be significant in the process of competence acquisition and induction of shoot development.",
"corpus_id": 1090171,
"title": "The Fasciclin-Like Arabinogalactan Proteins of Arabidopsis. A Multigene Family of Putative Cell Adhesion Molecules1"
} | {
"abstract": "A basic, galactose-rich style glycoprotein (GaRSGP) encoded by a previously characterized style-specific cDNA (NaPRP4) has been isolated from the styles of Nicotiana alata and structurally characterized. The glycoprotein is associated with cell walls in the transmitting tract and is composed of approximately 25% (w/w) protein and 75% (w/w) carbohydrate. The purified glycoprotein appears as a smear of between 45-120 kDa on SDS-PAGE; the deglycosylated protein backbone has an apparent molecular weight of approximately 30 kDa. The glycoprotein is rich in the amino acids lysine, proline, and hydroxyproline and in the monosaccharides galactose and arabinose. It is one of only a few proline/hydroxyproline-rich glycoproteins (P/HRGPs) to be characterized both as a cDNA-clone and protein. Glycans are attached to the protein backbone through both O- and N-glycosidic linkages with the majority of the carbohydrate being O-linked and consisting of short, highly branched chains terminating primarily in galactose residues. A carbohydrate epitope(s) is found on both GaRSGP and another style-specific glycoprotein but not on glycoproteins from other tissues. This finding provides further evidence for the existence of a style-specific carbohydrate epitope(s) which may play a role in style function.",
"corpus_id": 21978949,
"title": "A galactose-rich, cell-wall glycoprotein from styles of Nicotiana alata."
} | {
"abstract": "We assess the sole substantial film documenting the history of socio-economic relations in Mauritius, a history stamped by long experiences of slavery and bonded labour. We argue that it represents an important crystallisation of a triumphalist ethnic interpretation of Mauritian history. We show the filmic devices used to underline the ethnic narrative and the marginalisation of slave descendants’ voices. We demonstrate that the film ignores the early and strong development of values of equity across racial groups. It obscures the linked creation of a significant labour movement and its contribution to Mauritian society in securing the degree of equitable success which the film makers celebrate.",
"corpus_id": 56112384,
"score": 0,
"title": "Ethnicity and labour in Mauritius : assessing a cinematic account"
} |
{
"abstract": "ABSTRACT Threat stimuli typically elicit a psychophysiological response pattern supporting the organism's preparation for active defence. Differently, blood stimuli prompt a distinctive autonomic response pattern and sustained processing, which do not call for clear-cut mobilisation for action. However, the contribution of motor disposition in these response patterns remains unclear. One way to address this issue is to investigate whether threat and blood stimuli differentially affect the active suppression of an ongoing motor activity. Thirty-two undergraduates were presented with threat, mutilation, pleasant, and neutral pictures in an emotional Go/NoGo task. The amplitudes of the NoGo-N2 and NoGo-P3 components of the event-related potentials were analysed as indices of conflict monitoring and inhibition of motor response, respectively. Reaction times to Go trials were significantly faster for threat than for mutilations. The NoGo-N2 was significantly larger to threat than to mutilations, whereas the NoGo-P3amplitude did not differ between the two conditions. These findings suggest that threat stimuli facilitated the execution of a prepotent response and enhanced conflict monitoring when action must be withheld. In contrast, blood stimuli did not either promote action in the Go trials or increase conflict in the NoGo condition, suggesting a response pattern compatible with defensive immobility.",
"corpus_id": 1574650,
"title": "Unpleasant stimuli differentially modulate inhibitory processes in an emotional Go/NoGo task: an event-related potential study"
} | {
"abstract": "Using appropriate stimuli to evoke emotions is especially important for researching emotion. Psychologists have provided several standardized affective stimulus databases—such as the International Affective Picture System (IAPS) and the Nencki Affective Picture System (NAPS) as visual stimulus databases, as well as the International Affective Digitized Sounds (IADS) and the Montreal Affective Voices as auditory stimulus databases for emotional experiments. However, considering the limitations of the existing auditory stimulus database studies, research using auditory stimuli is relatively limited compared with the studies using visual stimuli. First, the number of sample sounds is limited, making it difficult to equate across emotional conditions and semantic categories. Second, some artificially created materials (music or human voice) may fail to accurately drive the intended emotional processes. Our principal aim was to expand existing auditory affective sample database to sufficiently cover natural sounds. We asked 207 participants to rate 935 sounds (including the sounds from the IADS-2) using the Self-Assessment Manikin (SAM) and three basic-emotion rating scales. The results showed that emotions in sounds can be distinguished on the affective rating scales, and the stability of the evaluations of sounds revealed that we have successfully provided a larger corpus of natural, emotionally evocative auditory stimuli, covering a wide range of semantic categories. Our expanded, standardized sound sample database may promote a wide range of research in auditory systems and the possible interactions with other sensory modalities, encouraging direct reliable comparisons of outcomes from different researchers in the field of psychology.",
"corpus_id": 3798959,
"title": "Affective auditory stimulus database: An expanded version of the International Affective Digitized Sounds (IADS-E)"
} | {
"abstract": "A balance between excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmissions in brain is an essential factor for the proper function of the brain. The amino acid gamma-aminobutyric-acid (GABA) is considered as the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in brain. Thus, GABAergic neurons play a key role in regulating behavior. Previous data have revealed the complex subunit structural design for GABAA receptor channel, in which a pentameric assembly resulting from 5 of at least 21 subunits, grouped in the eight classes alpha (α1-6), beta (β1-4), gamma (γ1-4), delta, pi (π), epsilon (ε), theta (θ) and rho (ρ1-3) permits an immense number of putative receptor isoforms. GABAARs are highly diversed in the central nervous system in which this diversity may be related to some mental disorders. Any alteration in expression of the GABAA receptor genes causes neurophysiological and functional consequences that might be associated with neurological disorders. Some neuropsychiatric disorders, such as anxiety, epilepsy and sleep disorders, are effectively treated with therapeutic agents that act on the GABAA receptor. In this article, the contribution of GABAA receptor deficits to central nervous system disorders, in particular anxiety disorders, epilepsy, schizophrenia and insomnia, will be reviewed. The better understanding of GABA and its receptors may help us to find novel therapeutic agents for treatment of mental disorder in future research.",
"corpus_id": 40455,
"score": 1,
"title": "GABA A receptors as novel drug targets for treatment of mental disorders"
} |
{
"abstract": "This study employed the composite-film to fabricate CNT-polymer microactuators. The actuator is driven using electrostatic, thermal, and optical approaches. The subsequent measurements show that micro-cantilever actuators can be electrically driven at very low pull in voltage compared with existing MEMS elements. Bimorph effect from composite cantilever is also tested. The experimental results show that the output displacement of the actuator by electrostatic approach was 560 mum at a 50 V driving voltage. Moreover, the actuator also moved 560 mum at only a 160degC temperature variation, and 325 mum at a 450 muA driving current. The material also has the potential to apply for optical actuator.",
"corpus_id": 7732531,
"title": "\"CNT-Polymer\" Composite-Film as a Material for Microactuators"
} | {
"abstract": "The application of polysilicon/gold bimorph stress-induced curved beams for three-dimensional self-assembly of MEMS devices is reported. The mechanical principle behind this self-assembling procedure is presented and comparison with current assembling methods are made. With this self-assembling technique, no postprocessing is required. A free-space optical MEMS device in the form of a variable optical attenuator (VOA) has been fabricated and self-assembled using this technique. The angular elevation of the self-assembled structures and the attenuation characteristics of the optical MEMS device are reported. The VOA has a measured dynamic attenuation range of 44 dB at 1.55 /spl mu/m optical wavelength. The bending of the bimorph beams is also temperature controllable, and the thermal behavior of the beams is also reported.",
"corpus_id": 33369775,
"title": "Integrated self-assembling and holding technique applied to a 3-D MEMS variable optical attenuator"
} | {
"abstract": "Arrays of conducting polymer composite vapor detectors have been evaluated for performance in the presence of the nerve agent simulants dimethylmethylphosphonate (DMMP) and diisopropylmethylphosponate (DIMP). Limits of detection for DMMP on unoptimized carbon black/ organic polymer composite vapor detectors in laboratory air were estimated to be 0.047-0.24 mg m(-3). These values are lower than the EC50 value (where EC50 is the airborne concentration sufficient to induce severe effects in 50% of those exposed for 30 min) for the nerve agents sarin (methylphosphonofluoridic acid, 1-methylethyl ester) and soman (methylphosphonofluoridic acid, 1,2,2-trimethylpropyl ester), which has been established as approximately 0.8 mg m(-3). Arrays of these vapor detectors were easily able to resolve signatures due to exposures to DMMP from those due to DIMP or due to a variety of other test analytes (including water, methanol, benzene, toluene, diesel fuel, lighter fluid, vinegar, and tetrahydrofuran) in a laboratory air background. In addition, DMMP at 27 mg m(-3) could be detected and differentiated from the signatures of the other test analytes in the presence of backgrounds of potential interferences, including water, methanol, benzene, toluene, diesel fuel, lighter fluid, vinegar, and tetrahydrofuran, even when these interferents were present in much higher concentrations than that of the DMMP or DIMP being detected.",
"corpus_id": 16345609,
"score": 2,
"title": "Detection and classification characteristics of arrays of carbon black/organic polymer composite chemiresistive vapor detectors for the nerve agent simulants dimethylmethylphosphonate and diisopropylmethylphosponate."
} |
{
"abstract": "The primary objective of this study was to examine the associations of ethnicity, diet (calcium, protein, energy), and weight‐bearing activity with dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry (DXA)‐measured bone mass and hip axis length (HAL) in 423 Asians, blacks, Hispanics, and non‐Hispanic Caucasians, aged 9–25 years. Bone mass was expressed as bone mineral content (BMC), bone mineral density (BMD), and bone mineral apparent density (BMAD). The data were analyzed using multiple linear regression, after stratifying for gender and pubertal stage and adjusting for height and weight. With few exceptions, Asians and Hispanics had comparable bone mass to whites at all pubertal stages. Greater femoral neck BMAD in black than white females was observed at all pubertal stages. Black males displayed greater BMD and BMAD than white males at all sites in early puberty and at the femoral neck in maturity. Calcium was positively and protein negatively related to BMAD at the femoral neck in early pubertal females. Among males, calcium was negatively associated with whole body BMC and BMD and spine BMD and BMAD in midpuberty. Weight‐bearing activity was not associated with bone mass in females; in males, it was positively related only to femoral neck BMC in early puberty. There was an absence of evidence for ethnic differences in HAL among females. In males, we observed shorter HAL in mature Asians and blacks than whites. Neither diet nor activity was associated with HAL.",
"corpus_id": 2586285,
"title": "Bone Mass and Hip Axis Length in Healthy Asian, Black, Hispanic, and White American Youths"
} | {
"abstract": "Peak bone mass is determined mainly by genetic‐ethnic factors, but environmental factors such as calcium intake and physical activity during childhood and adolescence could play a role. We have measured the bone mineral density (BMD) of 151 healthy children and adolescents, ages 7–153 years. Density was measured by dual X‐ray absorptiometry (DXA) at two sites (lumbar verterbrae L1–L4 and the upper femur), and the data were analyzed in terms of the height, weight, sexual maturation, spontaneous calcium intake, and physical activity. Of the children, 57–71% had calcium intakes below 1000 mg/day. BMD increased with pubertal maturation from 0.68 ± 0.08 to 0.92 ± 0.09 g/cm2 (vertebral bone density, VBD) and from 0.87 ± 0.10 to 1.03 ± 0.09 g/cm2 (femoral bone density, FBD) between Tanner stage 1 and 5. Multiple regression analysis showed that body weight and Tanner stage were main determinants of bone density when expressed as g/cm2. The weekly duration of sports activity also influenced both the vertebral (p < 0.001) and femoral (p = 0.01) sites, especially in girls and during puberty. Dietary calcium appeared to be another independent determinant of BMD, especially before puberty, at the vertebral (p = 0.02) site. Most important, dietary calcium was found to be the main determinant of vertebral mineral density, when expressed as z score, in both sexes. Moreover, 93% of the 28 children with low vertebral z score values (below –1) and 84% of the 31 children with low femoral z score values (below –1) had dietary calcium intakes below 1000 mg/day.",
"corpus_id": 22869351,
"title": "Influence of spontaneous calcium intake and physical exercise on the vertebral and femoral bone mineral density of children and adolescents"
} | {
"abstract": "Primary immunodeficiency diseases (PID) are a heterogeneous group of genetically determined diseases of the immune system. Patients with a PID are characterized by increased infectious sensitivity, a high rate of development of autoimmune diseases and malignant diseases. All these factors lead to a high incidence of early child mortality.We identified 191 patients (120 males and 71 female) with genetically confirmed PID, which are represented by 25 nosologies. We found 32 variants that have not been previously described. Most of these variants were small deletions (n = 13) that lead to the synthesis of a shortened protein. Missense variants rank second in frequency (n = 11). Missense mutations lead to changes in the amino acid sequence of the protein. These mutations affect the structure of a protein and change the functional activity of a protein.",
"corpus_id": 241631827,
"score": 1,
"title": "Genetic defects in patients with primary immunodeficiencies in the Republic of Belarus"
} |
{
"abstract": "Millimeter-wave communication achieves multi-Gbps data rates via highly directional beamforming to overcome pathloss and provide the desired SNR. Unfortunately, establishing communication with sufficiently narrow beamwidth to obtain the necessary link budget is a high overhead procedure in which the search space scales with device mobility and the product of the sender-receiver beam resolution. In this paper, we design, implement, and experimentally evaluate Blind Beam Steering (BBS) a novel architecture and algorithm that removes in-band overhead for directional mm-Wave link establishment. Our system architecture couples mm-Wave and legacy 2.4/5 GHz bands using out-of-band direction inference to establish (overhead-free) multi-Gbps mm-Wave communication. Further, BBS evaluates direction estimates retrieved from passively overheard 2.4/5 GHz frames to assure highest mm-Wave link quality on unobstructed direct paths. By removing in-band overhead, we leverage mm-Wave's very high throughput capabilities, beam-width scalability and provide robustness to mobility. We demonstrate that BBS achieves 97.8% accuracy estimating direction between pairing nodes using at least 5 detection band antennas. Further, BBS successfully detects unobstructed direct path conditions with an accuracy of 96.5% and reduces the IEEE 802.11ad beamforming training overhead by 81%.",
"corpus_id": 13891098,
"title": "Steering with eyes closed: Mm-Wave beam steering without in-band measurement"
} | {
"abstract": "Millimeter-wave (mm-wave) wireless local area networks (WLANs) are expected to provide multi-Gbps connectivity by exploiting the large amount of unoccupied spectrum in e.g. the unlicensed 60 GHz band. However, to overcome the high path loss inherent at these high frequencies, mm-wave networks must employ highly directional beamforming antennas, which makes link establishment and maintenance much more challenging than in traditional omnidirectional networks. In particular, maintaining connectivity under node mobility necessitates frequent re-steering of the transmit and receive antenna beams to re-establish a directional mm-wave link. A simple exhaustive sequential scanning to search for new feasible antenna sector pairs may introduce excessive delay, potentially disrupting communication and lowering the QoS. In this paper, we propose a smart beam steering algorithm for fast 60 GHz link re-establishment under node mobility, which uses knowledge of previous feasible sector pairs to narrow the sector search space, thereby reducing the associated latency overhead. We evaluate the performance of our algorithm in several representative indoor scenarios, based on detailed simulations of signal propagation in a 60 GHz WLAN in WinProp with realistic building materials. We study the effect of indoor layout, antenna sector beamwidth, node mobility pattern, and device orientation awareness. Our results show that the smart beam steering algorithm achieves a 7-fold reduction of the sector search space on average, which directly translates into lower 60 GHz link re-establishment latency. Our results also show that our fast search algorithm selects the near-optimal antenna sector pair for link re-establishment.",
"corpus_id": 17199266,
"title": "Smart mm-Wave Beam Steering Algorithm for Fast Link Re-Establishment under Node Mobility in 60 GHz Indoor WLANs"
} | {
"abstract": "Current theoretical and computational models of dopamine-based reinforcement learning are largely rooted in the classical behaviorist tradition, and envision the organism as a purely reactive recipient of rewards and punishments, with resulting behavior that essentially reflects the sum of this reinforcement history. This framework is missing some fundamental features of the affective nervous system, most importantly, the central role of goals in driving and organizing behavior in a teleological manner. Even when goal-directed behaviors are considered in current frameworks, they are typically conceived of as arising in reaction to the environment, rather than being in place from the start. We hypothesize that goal-driven cognition is primary, and organized into two discrete phases: goal selection and goal engaged, which each have a substantially different effective value function. This dichotomy can potentially explain a wide range of phenomena, playing a central role in many clinical disorders, such as depression, OCD, ADHD, and PTSD, and providing a sensible account of the detailed biology and function of the dopamine system and larger limbic system, including critical ventral and medial prefrontal cortex. Computationally, reasoning backward from active goals to action selection is more tractable than projecting alternative action choices forward to compute possible outcomes. An explicit computational model of these brain areas and their function in this goal-driven framework is described, as are numerous testable predictions from this framework.",
"corpus_id": 12738175,
"score": -1,
"title": "Goal-Driven Cognition in the Brain: A Computational Framework"
} |
{
"abstract": "The domino hypothesis of the onset of age associatedimmune insufficiency suggests that it is theconsequence of a cascade of events beginning withinvolution of the thymus. Involution is associatedwith a reduced thymic output leading to fewernaïve T cells contributing to the peripheral T-cell pool. Homeostatic mechanisms, which maintain thenumber of T cells in the peripheral pool withinprecise limits, induce the proliferation and prolongthe survival of resident T cells to fill the nichesleft vacant by the absent naïve T cells. In thishypothesis, falling thymic output would be matched byresident T-cell proliferation and with age theseproliferating cells will reach their replicativelimit. Their prolonged survival will lead to theaccumulation of cells unable to replicate, producinga decline in immune function and a susceptibility toinfection, or certain cancers.Comparison of gender differences in life-span andrates of death in each age group due to infectious orparasitic disease suggests that the immune system infemales works more efficiently and effectively forlonger than the immune system in males. This leads tothe suggestion that involution of the thymus, andhence thymic output, occurs more rapidly in males thanin females.",
"corpus_id": 2053031,
"title": "Longevity and the immune response"
} | {
"abstract": "Centenarians are the best example of successful ageing, since they have escaped the major age-associated diseases, and most are in good mental and physical condition. Here, Claudio Franceschi and colleagues discuss how the study of their immune systems reveals that several immune parameters are well conserved, suggesting that a complex remodelling of most immune parameters occurs with age, rather than a unidirectional deterioration.",
"corpus_id": 39111226,
"title": "The immunology of exceptional individuals: the lesson of centenarians."
} | {
"abstract": "Laurus nobilis Linn. (Lauraceae), commonly known as Bay, has been used as a traditional medicine in the Mediterranean and Europe to treat diverse immunological disorders. Although the effects of L. nobilis on immunosuppression have been reported, the detailed underlying mechanism remains unclear. In this study, to elucidate the anti‐inflammatory mechanism of L. nobilis, we examined the effect of L. nobilis leaf extract on inflammasome activation in mouse bone marrow‐derived macrophages. L. nobilis leaf extract inhibited NOD‐like receptor pyrin domain‐containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome activation, which was associated with caspase‐1 activation, interleukin‐1β secretion, and apoptosis‐associated speck‐like protein containing a CARD (ASC) pyroptosome complex formation. We also observed that 1,8‐cineole, the major component of L. nobilis extract, consistently suppressed NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Furthermore, L. nobilis leaf extract attenuated the in vivo expression of proinflammatory cytokines in an acute lung injury mouse model. Our results provide the first evidence that L. nobilis leaf extract modulates inflammatory signaling by suppressing inflammasome activation.",
"corpus_id": 54282583,
"score": 1,
"title": "Laurus nobilis leaf extract controls inflammation by suppressing NLRP3 inflammasome activation"
} |
{
"abstract": "This paper compares two biohacking groups, Bulletproof Executive and DIYbio, whose distinct goals result in differences in social network structures, activities and entry points.",
"corpus_id": 245233,
"title": "Comparing Network Structures of Commercial and Non-commercial Biohacking Online-communities"
} | {
"abstract": "The emergence of synthetic biology, and off-shoots such as DIYbio, make the need for a rigorous, sustained and mature approach for assessing, and preparing for, the broad range of associated dangers and risks all the more pressing.",
"corpus_id": 26343447,
"title": "From synthetic biology to biohacking: are we prepared?"
} | {
"abstract": "AbstractSharing tacit knowledge is of great importance for an integrated project team to achieve success. However, research on the factors affecting tacit-knowledge sharing within an integrated project team has been insufficient in the construction management field. This paper aims to identify the critical factors affecting tacit-knowledge sharing and explore the interrelationships between these factors. Based on a literature review, the authors first identify 31 factors of tacit-knowledge sharing within integrated project teams. Through a questionnaire and statistical test, this research next analyzes the factors that are significant to tacit-knowledge sharing within an integrated project team. Then, factors analysis was used to study the critical factors of tacit-knowledge sharing. Finally, the authors analyze the interrelations among the critical factors and explore how they influence tacit-knowledge sharing within the integrated project team. The findings in this research demonstrate the impacts of tr...",
"corpus_id": 109078141,
"score": 1,
"title": "Critical Factors Affecting Tacit-Knowledge Sharing within the Integrated Project Team"
} |
{
"abstract": "The Internet of Things (IoT) concept proposes that everyday objects are globally accessible from the Internet and integrate into new services having a remarkable impact on our society. Opposite to Internet world, things usually belong to resource-challenged environments where energy, data throughput, and computing resources are scarce. Building upon existing standards in the field such as IEEE1451 and ZigBee and rooted in context semantics, this paper proposes CTP (Communication Things Protocol) as a protocol specification to allow interoperability among things with different communication standards as well as simplicity and functionality to build IoT systems. Also, this paper proposes the use of the IoT gateway as a fundamental component in IoT architectures to provide seamless connectivity and interoperability among things and connect two different worlds to build the IoT: the Things world and the Internet world. Both CTP and IoT gateway constitute a middleware content-centric architecture presented as the mechanism to achieve a balance between the intrinsic limitations of things in the physical world and what is required from them in the virtual world. Said middleware content-centric architecture is implemented within the frame of two European projects targeting smart environments and proving said CTP’s objectives in real scenarios.",
"corpus_id": 11938482,
"title": "Protocol and Architecture to Bring Things into Internet of Things"
} | {
"abstract": "MQTT-S and CoAP are two protocols able to use the publish/subscribe model in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs). The high scalability provided by the publish/subscribe model may incur a high packet loss and therefore requires an efficient reliability mechanism to cope with this situation. The reliability mechanism of MQTT-S and CoAP employs a method which defines a fixed value for the retransmission timeout (RTO). This article argues that this method is not efficient for deploying publish/subscribe in WSN, because it may be unable to recover a packet, therefore resulting in a lower packet delivery ratio (PDR) at the subscriber nodes. This article proposes and evaluates an adaptive RTO method, which consists in using a Smooth Round-trip Time and multiplying it by a constant parameter (K). Thanks to this method, the reliability mechanism of MQTT-S and CoAP would be able to react properly to packet loss and would also be lightweight in terms of energy, memory and computing for sensor nodes where these resources are critical. We present a detailed evaluation of the effects of the K value on the calculation of the adaptive RTO method. We also establish the setting for obtaining the highest PDR on the subscriber nodes for single-hop and multi-hop scenarios. The results for single-hop scenario show that use of the appropriate K value for the adaptive RTO method increases the PDR up to 76% for MQTT-S and up to 38% for CoAP when compared with the use of fixed RTO method for both protocols, respectively. Meanwhile the same comparison for multi-hop scenario, the adaptive RTO method increases the PDR up to 36% for MQTT-S and up to 14% for CoAP.",
"corpus_id": 5128422,
"title": "Improving Packet Delivery Performance of Publish/Subscribe Protocols in Wireless Sensor Networks"
} | {
"abstract": "The ability to track vehicles is useful in many applications including security of personal vehicles, public transportation systems, fleet management and others. Furthermore, the number of vehicles on the road globally is also expected to increase rapidly. Therefore, the development of vehicle tracking system using the Global Positioning System (GPS) and Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) modem is undertaken with the aim of enabling users to locate their vehicles with ease and in a convenient manner. The system will provide users with the capability to track vehicle remotely through the mobile network. This paper presents the development of the vehicle tracking system's hardware prototype. Specifically, the system will utilize GPS to obtain a vehicle's coordinate and transmit it using GSM modem to the user's phone through the mobile network. The main hardware components of the system are u-blox NEO-6Q GPS receiver module, u-blox LEON-G100 GSM module and Arduino Uno microcontroller. The developed vehicle tracking system demonstrates the feasibility of near real-time tracking of vehicles and improved customizability, global operability and cost when compared to existing solutions.",
"corpus_id": 31968017,
"score": -1,
"title": "Development of vehicle tracking system using GPS and GSM modem"
} |
{
"abstract": "We prove that a stochastic flow of reflected Brownian motions in a smooth multidimensional domain is differentiable with respect to its initial position. The derivative is a linear map represented by a multiplicative functional for reflected Brownian motion. The method of proof is based on excursion theory and analysis of the deterministic Skorokhod equation.",
"corpus_id": 2407705,
"title": "Differentiability of Stochastic Flow of Reflected Brownian Motions"
} | {
"abstract": "We prove that a sequence of semi-discrete approximations converges to a multiplicative functional for reflected Brownian motion, which intuitively represents the Lyapunov exponent for the corresponding stochastic flow. The method of proof is based on a study of the deterministic version of the problem and the excursion theory.",
"corpus_id": 14554885,
"title": "Multiplicative functional for reflected Brownian motion via deterministic ODE"
} | {
"abstract": "The solar radiance obtained by a sensor is modified by atmosphere interaction, affected by its path through the atmospheric absorption and scattered in the combined Sun-surface-aircraft. In this paper, we described a method using RTM to simulate atmospheric spectral for deriving surface reflectance from Hyperspectral data (Hyperion). Preliminary application of the technique to Hyperion data indicates that the retrieval results are reasonable, and available techniques including retrieval of water vapor amount with MODTRAN look-up- table.",
"corpus_id": 14795045,
"score": 0,
"title": "Atmospheric correction of hyperspectral data using MODTRAN model"
} |
{
"abstract": "In this paper we present a study on phone confusabilities based on phone recognition experiments from facial surface electromyographic (EMG) signals. In our study EMG captures the electrical potentials of the human articulatory muscles. This technology can be used to create Silent Speech Interfaces, where a user can communicate naturally without uttering any sound. This paper investigates to which extent different phone properties can be recognized from an EMG signal, shows which weaknesses have yet to be overcome, and compares the results to acoustic-based recognition of phones.",
"corpus_id": 1713063,
"title": "Analysis of phone confusion in EMG-based speech recognition"
} | {
"abstract": "Silent Speech Interfaces use data from the speech production process, such as visual information of face movements. However, using a single modality limits the amount of available information. In this study we start to explore the use of multiple data input modalities in order to acquire a more complete representation of the speech production model. We have selected 4 non-invasive modalities – Visual data from Video and Depth, Surface Electromyography and Ultrasonic Doppler - and created a system that explores the synchronous combination of all 4, or of a subset of them, into a multimodal Silent Speech Interface (SSI). This paper describes the system design, data collection and first word recognition results. As the first acquired corpora are necessarily small for this SSI, we use for classification an example based recognition approach based on Dynamic Time Warping followed by a weighted k-Nearest Neighbor classifier. The first classification results using different vocabularies, with digits, a small set of commands related to Ambient Assisted Living and minimal nasal pairs, show that word recognition benefits can be obtained from a multimodal approach.",
"corpus_id": 16635840,
"title": "Multimodal Silent Speech Interface based on Video, Depth, Surface Electromyography and Ultrasonic Doppler: Data Collection and First Recognition Results"
} | {
"abstract": "The HiBRID-SoC integrates three fully programmable processor cores, each optimized towards a particular class of algorithm: the HiPAR-DSP for DSP oriented functions, the macroblock processor for block oriented algorithms, and the stream processor for bitstream processing. Dedicated interface units for SDRAM, serial Flash, and host system access are connected via a 64 bit AMBA AHB system bus with the processor cores. Dual-port memories between the processor cores facilitate fast data and control information exchange between the cores. The HiBRID-SoC is fabricated in a 0.18 /spl mu/m 6LM standard-cell technology, occupies about 82 mm/sup 2/, and operates at 160 MHz.",
"corpus_id": 61043971,
"score": 1,
"title": "HiBRID-SoC: a system-on-chip architecture with two multimedia DSPs and a RISC core"
} |
{
"abstract": "We report the prevalence of celiac disease (CD) and its relationship with other autoimmune diseases and HLA haplotypes in a Bedouin kindred. Of 175 individuals sampled and typed for autoantibodies and HLA class II genotypes, six (3.4%) members had CD, and an additional 10 (5.7%) members tested positive for autoantibodies to transglutaminase (TgAA+). Several CD/TgAA+ relatives also had islet cell antigen or adrenal autoimmunity. Affected relatives are more closely related than expected from the pedigree relationships of all family members and were more often the offspring of consanguineous marriages. Individuals with CD or TgAA+ were enriched for DRB1*0301-DQA1*0501-DQB1*0201, a haplotype previously reported as high risk for CD. There was also an increased frequency of DQB1*0201/DQB1*0201 homozygotes among affected relatives. We found no evidence that DRB1*0701-DQA1*0201-DQB1*0201/DRB1*11-DQA1*0501-DQB1*0301 is a high-risk genotype, consistent with other studies of Arab communities. In addition, a nonparametric linkage analysis of 376 autosomal markers revealed suggestive evidence for linkage on chromosome 12p13 at marker D12S364 (NPL = 2.009, p = 0.0098). There were no other significant results, including the HLA region or any other previously reported regions. This could reflect the reduced power of family-based linkage and association analyses in isolated inbred populations.",
"corpus_id": 796471,
"title": "Celiac disease and HLA in a Bedouin kindred."
} | {
"abstract": "Based on a genomic search for linkage, a locus contributing to type 1 diabetes in a large Bedouin Arab family (19 affected relatives) maps to the long arm of chromosome 10 (10q25; nonparametric linkage = 4.99; P = 0.00004). All affected relatives carry one or two high-risk HLA-DR3 haplotypes that are rarely found in other family members. One chromosome 10 haplotype, the B haplotype, was transmitted from a heterozygous parent to 13 of 13 affected offspring compared to 10 of 23 unaffected siblings. Recombination events occurring on this haplotype place the susceptibility locus in an 8-cM interval between markers D10S1750 and D10S1773. Two adjacent markers, D10S592 and D10S554, showed evidence of linkage disequilibrium with the disease locus. A 273-bp allele at D10S592 was transmitted to 8 of 10 affected offspring compared to 3 of 14 unaffected siblings, and a 151-bp allele at D10S554 was transmitted to 15 of 15 affected offspring compared with 10 of 24 unaffected siblings. D10S554 and D10S592 and the closest flanking markers are contained in a 1,240-kb yeast artificial chromosome, a region small enough to proceed with positional cloning.",
"corpus_id": 890463,
"title": "Evidence for oligogenic inheritance of type 1 diabetes in a large Bedouin Arab family."
} | {
"abstract": "The expression of interleukin 2 receptors (IL-2R) is a critical step leading to normal lymphocyte proliferation. Since thymosin fraction 5 (TF5), a thymic hormone preparation, enhances lymphoproliferative responses of human cells, we examined the effects of TF5 on the expression of IL-2R on mitogen-stimulated human lymphocytes. TF5 significantly increased the percentage and antigen density of cells expressing IL-2R after stimulation with an optimal concentration of phytohemagglutinin (PHA) when the cells from the same donor exhibited suboptimal responses to PHA alone. The same effect was observed with a suboptimal PHA concentration and with OKT3 monoclonal antibody stimulation. Thymosin alpha 1, a synthetic polypeptide originally isolated in its native form from TF5, was also able to increase IL-2R expression in response to PHA, suggesting that it is the active species in TF5. The enhancement of IL-2R expression was paralleled by increased proliferative responses. Increased IL-2R expression appears to be the direct effect of thymic hormones, since abrogation of interleukin 2 production by cyclosporin A did not affect TF5-mediated enhancement of PHA-induced IL-2R expression. These results point to a physiological role of thymic hormones in the maintenance of normal levels of IL-2R expression. This immunoregulatory activity of thymic hormones might be relevant in the treatment of conditions where there is decreased IL-2R expression, such as the acquired immune-deficiency syndrome, or in the restoration of normal IL-2R expression to lymphocytes from aged individuals.",
"corpus_id": 1805449,
"score": 1,
"title": "Modulation of interleukin 2 receptor expression on normal human lymphocytes by thymic hormones."
} |
{
"abstract": "Background—Coronary computed tomographic angiography (CCTA) is an accurate test for the identification of coronary artery disease (CAD), yet the impact of CCTA results on subsequent medical therapy and risk factors has not been widely reported. Methods and Results—We identified consecutive patients aged >18 years without prior CAD who underwent CCTA from 2004 to 2011 and had complete data on medications before and after CCTA. CCTA results were categorized as no CAD, <50% stenosis, and ≥50% stenosis. Based on the number of involved segments, extent of disease was categorized as nonextensive (⩽4 segments) or extensive CAD (>4 segments). Electronic medical records and patient interviews were reviewed blinded to CCTA findings to assess initiation of aspirin and intensification of lipid-lowering therapies. Survival analysis was performed to evaluate intensification of lipid therapy as a predictor of cardiovascular death or nonfatal myocardial infarction. Among 2839 patients with mean follow-up of 3.6 years, the odds of physician intensification of lipid-lowering therapy significantly increased for those with nonobstructive CAD (odds ratio, 3.6; 95% confidence interval, 2.9–4.9; P<0.001) and obstructive CAD (odds ratio, 5.6; 95% confidence interval, 4.3–7.3; P<0.001). Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels declined significantly in association with intensification of lipid-lowering therapy after CCTA in all patient subgroups. In a hypothesis-generating analysis, among patients with nonobstructive but extensive CAD, statin use after CCTA was associated with a reduction in cardiovascular death or myocardial infarction (hazards ratio, 0.18; 95% confidence interval, 0.05–0.66; P=0.01). Conclusions—Abnormal CCTA findings are associated with downstream intensification in statin and aspirin therapy. In particular, CCTA may lead to increased use of prognostically beneficial therapies in patients identified as having extensive, nonobstructive CAD.",
"corpus_id": 349879,
"title": "Coronary Artery Disease Detected by Coronary Computed Tomographic Angiography Is Associated With Intensification of Preventive Medical Therapy and Lower Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol"
} | {
"abstract": "While the paucity of studies relating cardiovascular imaging to patient outcomes has drawn much attention, the complex nature of cardiovascular disease makes it extremely hard to study how a test performed today can lead to better outcomes in the future. Realizing this, a simpler question is whether imaging testing leads to changes in patient or physician behavior. In other words, does the test lead to initiation of new therapies that would not have otherwise been considered? Among symptomatic patients with known or suspected coronary artery disease (CAD), myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI) provides important information about the presence and extent of ischemia or infarction and can be used to predict the presence of hemodynamically significant obstructive CAD. This information can then be used in deciding between medical therapies and revascularization. Positron emission tomography (PET) is a superb technique to assess myocardial perfusion. While PET has many advantages over SPECT techniques, such as improved image resolution, robust attenuation correction and ability to measure absolute myocardial blood flow, it is limited in its ability to identify pre-clinical atherosclerosis and severe multi-vessel atherosclerosis (balanced ischemia). On the other hand, coronary artery calcium (CAC) scoring identifies whether coronary calcifications are present or absent, and reliably quantifies the burden of calcified coronary atherosclerosis (though not necessarily representing obstructive CAD). The exam is simple, does not require intravenous contrast and can be performed with a relatively low radiation dose (*1-2 mSv) on the majority of CT scanners as well as on hybrid SPECT/CT and PET/CT platforms. In patients undergoing MPI, CAC scoring can be used to better define the presence or absence of calcified atherosclerosis, thereby resulting in improved risk assessment. In highlighting the complementary information provided by these tests, several recent studies have showed that approximately 21-47% of patients with normal MPI have extensive coronary calcifications (i.e. CAC [ 400). Among patients who are otherwise considered low to intermediate risk, such findings could be used to reclassify their risk, thereby indicating that more aggressive therapies should be considered. The increased availability of hybrid SPECT/CT and PET/CT platforms has facilitated the acquisition of CAC score together with MPI during a single setting. One of the arguments for such an approach is that the identification of CAC can be used to identify the presence and extent of atherosclerosis. On the other hand, when extensive calcifications are found, perfusion imaging can be used to determine the physiologic significance of plaque. However, in contrast to screening cohorts undergoing CAC scoring, patient cohorts undergoing combined MPI and CAC at the same setting have a higher pretest likelihood of CAD as they are more likely to be symptomatic patients referred for an evaluation of ischemia. Patients referred for PET MPI may have an even higher risk, due to their reduced functional capacity and/or presence of obesity. However, even in such patient populations, the presence of severe calcified coronary atherosclerosis provides substantial incremental prognostic value. Therefore, the logical next question is whether the improved diagnosis of coronary atherosclerosis by CAC score leads to changes in From the Noninvasive Cardiovascular Imaging Program, Departments of Medicine (Cardiovascular Division) and Radiology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA. Reprint requests: Sharmila Dorbala, MD, Noninvasive Cardiovascular Imaging Program, Departments of Medicine (Cardiovascular Division) and Radiology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 70 Francis Street, Boston, MA 02115; sdorbala@ partners.org. J Nucl Cardiol 2010;17:168–71. 1071-3581/$34.00 Copyright 2009 by the American Society of Nuclear Cardiology. doi:10.1007/s12350-009-9185-7",
"corpus_id": 28943971,
"title": "Adding calcium scoring to myocardial perfusion imaging: Does it alter physicians’ therapeutic decision making?"
} | {
"abstract": "Game-based learning is an emerging field that has become a part of university education and several researchersdescribe its strong learning potential. For several subjects there is a rich flora of ...",
"corpus_id": 41029122,
"score": 0,
"title": "Learning to Program by Playing Learning Games"
} |
{
"abstract": "We have identified a novel gene MEL1 (MDS1/EVI1-like gene 1) encoding a zinc finger protein near the breakpoint of t(1; 3)(p36;q21)-positive human acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cells. Here, we studied the structure, expression pattern, and function of MEL1 in leukemia cells. In this study, we have identified 3 transcription start sites, 1 in exon 1 and 2 in exon 2, and 2 kinds of translation products, 170 kDa (MEL1) and 150 kDa (MEL1S). Notably, the 150-kDa band of MEL1S was detected mainly in the t(1;3)(p36;q21)-positive AML cells. By immunoblot analysis and proteolytic mapping, it is suggested that the 150-kDa band of MEL1S in the leukemia cells is translated from the internal initiation codon ATG597 in exon 4 and is mostly lacking the amino-terminal PR domain of MEL1. By the cyclic amplification and selection of targets (CASTing) method for identifying consensus sequences, it was shown that the consensus sequences of MEL1 were included in 2 different consensus sequences for DNA-binding domain 1 and 2 (D1-CONS and D2-CONS) of EVI1. In reporter gene assays, MEL1S activated transcription via binding to D2-CONS; however, the fusion of MEL1 or MEL1S to GAL4 DNA-binding domain (DBD) made them GAL4 binding site-dependent transcriptional repressors. Moreover, overexpression of MEL1S blocked granulocytic differentiation induced by granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) in interleukin-3 (IL-3)-dependent murine myeloid L-G3 cells, while MEL1 could not block the differentiation. Thus, it is likely that overexpression of the zinc finger protein lacking the PR domain (EVI1 and MEL1S) in the leukemia cells is one of the causative factors in the pathogenesis of myeloid leukemia.",
"corpus_id": 2105909,
"title": "A novel EVI1 gene family, MEL1, lacking a PR domain (MEL1S) is expressed mainly in t(1;3)(p36;q21)-positive AML and blocks G-CSF-induced myeloid differentiation."
} | {
"abstract": "PRDM16 is a member of the PR domain-containing protein family and is associated with various disease states including myelodysplastic syndrome and adult T-cell leukemia, as well as developmental abnormalities such as cleft palate. It is also known to act as a regulator of cell differentiation. Expression analysis of PRDM16 is limited, especially within the developing embryo. The current study evaluated the temporal and spatial localization of PRDM16 during early mouse development (embryonic days 8.5-14.5). PRDM16 was first detected on E9.5 in a limited number of tissues and by E14.5, was expressed in a broad range of developing tissues including those of the brain, lung, kidney, and gastrointestinal tract. The expression pattern is consistent with a role for PRDM16 in the development of multiple tissues. Collectively, these studies are the first to characterize the expression of the PRDM16 gene during early murine development.",
"corpus_id": 2941912,
"title": "PRDM16 expression in the developing mouse embryo."
} | {
"abstract": "Runways are vital descriptive features of airports and knowledge of their location is important to many aviation and military applications. With the recent wide availability of remote sensing data, there is demand for an automatic process of extracting runway geometry from satellite imagery. In particular, Very High Resolution (VHR) data makes it feasible to extract a runway's area precisely. In this paper we establish a novel method for accurate and precise extraction of geometric polygons for an arbitrary number of runways in VHR remote sensing imagery. Validated results are demonstrated for a dataset of twelve images of six different airports, at 61 cm resolution from the QuickBird II satellite.",
"corpus_id": 16041414,
"score": 0,
"title": "Runway detection in High Resolution remote sensing data"
} |
{
"abstract": "Many researchers have used the term “data independence” without indicating a precise meaning. One common definition is—the isolation of a program from considerations of the data which it processes [1,2].Another is—the ability of an applications program to execute correctly regardless of the actual storage of its data[3,4].Although these suggest the general concept, a precise framework is clearly needed. The current paper provides such a framework and explores its ramifications.",
"corpus_id": 1061708,
"title": "A functional view of data independence"
} | {
"abstract": "Data independence is a relatively new concept in database management technology. In essence, the objective of data independence is the insulation of application programs from the underlying database management system. The remarkably widespread appreciation for the notion is in part a result of the vigorous discussion generated by the reports of the Data Base Task Group of CODASYL and the Joint GUIDE-SHARE Data Base Requirements Group. While the pros and cons have been discussed at some length, very little has been written or spoken on the implications of data independence on the architecture of database management systems. It is the purpose of this paper to identify and elaborate on some of the problems associated with the design of a data-independent system.",
"corpus_id": 18553396,
"title": "Implications of data independence on the architecture of database management systems"
} | {
"abstract": "This paper focuses on the stabilisation for a class of high-order nonlinear systems with multiple time delays. Growth restriction on system nonlinearities is further relaxed. Design procedures of a continuous controller are provided by the method of adding a power integrator, and the stability of the resulting closed-loop system is rigorously proven with the help of the elegant choice of a Lyapunov–Krasovskii functional. Finally, a simulation example is provided to demonstrate the validness of the proposed approach.",
"corpus_id": 8671313,
"score": 0,
"title": "Global stabilisation of high-order nonlinear systems with multiple time delays"
} |
{
"abstract": "SUMMARY Series elastic actuators have beneficial properties for some robot applications. Several recent implementations contain alternative placements of the compliant element to improve instrumentation design. We use a class 1 versus class 2 lever model and energy-port methods to demonstrate in this paper that these alternative placements should still be classified as series elastic actuators. We also note that the compliance of proximal series elastic actuators is reflected by an augmented gear ratio dependent on the nominal gear ratio, which is significant for small gear ratios and approaches unity for large gear ratios. This reflected compliance is shown to differ depending on the sign of the gear ratio. We demonstrate that although the reflected compliance is only marginally influenced by the magnitude of the gear ratio, there are several notable differences, particularly for small gear ratios.",
"corpus_id": 6244372,
"title": "Effect of compliance location in series elastic actuators"
} | {
"abstract": "It has been a challenge to design humanoid robots that possess intrinsic compliant actuation, especially for robots that are required to be manipulated multidimensionally. Adapting from human limbs, robotic manipulators with internal mechanical compliance can perform high-quality force/torque control and more safely interact with humans. This paper presents a humanoid robotic wrist whose size, range-of-motion, and torque density are comparable to those of a human wrist. To achieve 2-D series elastic actuation, two internal compliant couplers are proposed. Through slider crank and spherical mechanisms, the linear elasticity is converted to rotary elasticity to control the pitch and yaw torques at the same time. This new compact design realizes series elastic actuation in two perpendicular axes without increasing size or complexity relative to that without series elastic actuation. Experiments using a prototype demonstrate that the wrist can achieve accurate and fast force/torque control. We expect this novel compliant wrist to serve as an alternative for applications involving human-robot interaction.",
"corpus_id": 1044600,
"title": "A Humanoid Robotic Wrist With Two-Dimensional Series Elastic Actuation for Accurate Force/Torque Interaction"
} | {
"abstract": "Abstract Robotic devices for movement therapy are moving closer to becoming commercially available tools for aiding in stroke rehabilitation. Robotic technology offers a range of functions that will augment current clinical practice by leveraging therapists' time, cost effectively extending therapy programs, providing new measures of impairment, and offering new therapy protocols. In this article, we review work from several research laboratories that supports the clinical value of stroke therapy systems. A commercialization effort based on these results is described. We also discuss challenges to achieving clinical acceptance and practical implementation of these devices.",
"corpus_id": 6519792,
"score": 2,
"title": "Robotic Devices for Movement Therapy After Stroke: Current Status and Challenges to Clinical Acceptance"
} |
{
"abstract": "Opioid analgesic tolerance remains a considerable drawback to chronic pain management. The finding that concomitant administration of delta opioid receptor (DOR) antagonists attenuates the development of tolerance to mu opioid receptor (MOR) agonists has led to interest in producing bifunctional MOR agonist/DOR antagonist ligands. Herein, we present 7-benzylideneoxymorphone (6, UMB 246) displaying MOR partial agonist/DOR antagonist activity, representing a new lead for designing bifunctional MOR/DOR ligands.",
"corpus_id": 1043701,
"title": "Benzylideneoxymorphone: A new lead for development of bifunctional mu/delta opioid receptor ligands."
} | {
"abstract": "N-Acetylation of the tetrahydroquinoline (THQ) core of a series of μ-opioid receptor (MOR) agonist/δ-opioid receptor (DOR) antagonist ligands increases DOR affinity, resulting in ligands with balanced MOR and DOR affinities. We report a series of N-substituted THQ analogues that incorporate various carbonyl-containing moieties to maintain DOR affinity and define the steric and electronic requirements of the binding pocket across the opioid receptors. 4h produced in vivo antinociception (ip) for 1 h at 10 mg/kg.",
"corpus_id": 6431628,
"title": "Effects of N-Substitutions on the Tetrahydroquinoline (THQ) Core of Mixed-Efficacy μ-Opioid Receptor (MOR)/δ-Opioid Receptor (DOR) Ligands"
} | {
"abstract": "Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARγ) is a nuclear receptor with transcriptional activity controlling multiple physical and pathological processes. Recently, PPARγ has been implicated in the pathogenesis of liver fibrosis. Its depleted expression has strong associations with the activation and transdifferentiation of hepatic stellate cells, the central event in liver fibrogenesis. Studies over the past decade demonstrate that PPARγ cross-regulates a number of signaling pathways mediated by growth factors and adipokines, and cellular events including apoptosis and senescence. These signaling and cellular events and their molecular interactions with PPARγ system are profoundly involved in liver fibrogenesis. We critically summarize these mechanistic insights into the PPARγ regulation in liver fibrogenesis based on the updated findings in this area. We conclude with a discussion of the impacts of these discoveries on the interpretation of liver fibrogenesis and their potential therapeutic implications. PPARγ activation could be a promising strategy for antifibrotic therapy.",
"corpus_id": 10358704,
"score": 1,
"title": "Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ cross-regulation of signaling events implicated in liver fibrogenesis."
} |
{
"abstract": "traditional age-elevation method using detrital and bedrock 40 Ar/ 39 Ar muscovite data sets from a single river catchment in the Annapurna Range, Nepal Himalaya. A nominal erosion rate estimate of � 0.6 km/Myr for the 5.0–2.5 Ma period was calculated from the bedrock data, presented here for the first time. This result agrees with the � 0.7 km/Myr (maximum) estimate from the detrital data set, which was derived from the DMT variant that emphasizes the range of single-grain ages for a detrital sample, in this case, 11–2.5 Ma. However, the other DMT variant, which emphasizes the mean of the sample age distribution, yields an erosion rate estimate of � 2.3 km/Myr. The simplest explanation for this discrepancy is that erosion rate increased significantly after � 2.5 Ma, a scenario that is supported by apatite fission track data from the catchment.",
"corpus_id": 800351,
"title": "A comparative study of detrital mineral and bedrock age-elevation methods for estimating erosion rates"
} | {
"abstract": "[1] Wildfire heating of the outer few centimeters of exposed rock or soil generates shortduration, high-temperature thermal events that produce characteristic thermochronologic signatures in minerals. Contrasting activation energies of fission track annealing and He diffusion in apatite lead to a kinetic crossover whereby wildfire heating resets fission track (FT) ages much faster than (U-Th)/He ages, resulting in ‘‘inverted’’ FT-He ages in single grains. This can be used to trace wildfire-affected detritus at the Earth’s surface. We show that in exposed bedrock, inverted apatite FT-He ages vary systematically with depth to � 3 cm, and detrital clasts on hillslopes also show strong but heterogeneous wildfire-resetting signatures. In soils, colluvium, and low-order channel sediments, strongly wildfire-reset apatite grains are abundant, and in some cases dominate the population of detrital apatite, to depths at least as great as 10 cm. Wildfire-reset apatite is rare, however, in fluvial sediments sampled from larger basins, indicating a strong fractionation of apatite populations from hillslopes to rivers. Characteristic dissolution features in hillslope apatite and slower relative dissolution rates of other common minerals suggest that wildfire-reset apatite grains are rare or absent in rivers because they dissolve relatively rapidly in soil profiles. Apatite that does contribute to fluvial sediments is likely to be dominantly derived from bedrock landslides in steep regions or from large clasts containing grains protected from both wildfire heating and dissolution. This means that apatite in fluvial sediment is spatially fractionated with respect to its sources in the catchment, even if catchment erosion rates are spatially uniform.",
"corpus_id": 884761,
"title": "Wildfire thermochronology and the fate and transport of apatite in hillslope and fluvial environments"
} | {
"abstract": "Abstract Sublevel stoping methods with delayed backfill are employed for mining tabular steeply dipping ore bodies. Cemented rockfill (CRF) is a type of backfill with simple operation, moderate capital cost while acquiring good strength. CRF stope is subjected to blast-induced vibrations during production blasting in adjacent stopes. Excessive dynamic load may destabilise backfill stope that leads to dilution of precious ore. Blast-induced vibrations can be monitored to assess the stability of CRF and to determine the blast waveforms for a detailed analysis using numerical models. This paper aims to establish that excessive blast-induced vibrations are the prime cause of backfill dilution at the case study mine. A detailed methodology and results of monitoring blast-induced vibrations in backfill are also presented. Blast vibrations are monitored in a CRF stope using three dimensional geophones and blast vibration monitors. The monitoring results obtained are processed and analysed to produce results in terms of velocity components and vector sum of velocity components. The data is further processed to examine particle velocity vs. scaled distances of individual blastholes and the effect of rock/backfill interface",
"corpus_id": 111811605,
"score": 1,
"title": "In-situ blast vibration monitoring in cemented rockfill stope – a case study"
} |
{
"abstract": "A GLObal Smart Space (GLOSS) provides support for interaction amongst people, artefacts and places while taking account of both context and movement on a global scale. Crucial to the definition of a GLOSS is the provision of a set of location-aware services that detect, convey, store and exploit location information. We use one of these services, hearsay, to illustrate the implementation dimensions of a GLOSS. The focus of the paper is on both local and global software architecture to support the implementation of such services. The local architecture is based on XML pipelines and is used to construct location-aware components. The global architecture is based on a hybrid peer-to-peer routing scheme and provides the local architectures with the means to communicate in the global context.",
"corpus_id": 1981,
"title": "Architectural Support for Global Smart Spaces"
} | {
"abstract": "It is widely accepted in the Pervasive Computing community that contextual interactions are the key to the delivery of truly calm technology. However, there is currently no easy way to incorporate contextual data into an application. If contextual data is used, it is generally in an ad hoc manner, which means that developers have to spend time on low-level details. There have been many projects investigating this area, however as yet none of them provide support for all of the key issues of dynamic composition and flexible representation of contextual information as well as the problems of scalability and adaptability to environmental changes. In this paper we present the Strathclyde Context Infrastructure (SCI), a middleware infrastructure for discovery, aggregation, and delivery of context information.",
"corpus_id": 5681590,
"title": "Towards a Middleware for Generalised Context Management"
} | {
"abstract": "We consider an architecture for a serverless distributed file system that does not assume mutual trust among the client computers. The system provides security, availability, and reliability by distributing multiple encrypted replicas of each file among the client machines. To assess the feasibility of deploying this system on an existing desktop infrastructure, we measure and analyze a large set of client machines in a commercial environment. In particular, we measure and report results on disk usage and content; file activity; and machine uptimes, lifetimes, and loads. We conclude that the measured desktop infrastructure would passably support our proposed system, providing availability on the order of one unfilled file request per user per thousand days.",
"corpus_id": 12514482,
"score": 2,
"title": "Feasibility of a serverless distributed file system deployed on an existing set of desktop PCs"
} |
{
"abstract": "A mid-infrared spectrometer with a tuning range of >400 cm(-1) in the C-H stretching region of the spectrum has been designed and constructed. The spectrometer is based on the difference-frequency generation of two tunable diode lasers in periodically poled lithium niobate waveguides. Tuning is achieved by varying a single parameter, the wavelength of one of the near-infrared input lasers. The instrument can be tuned over the entire tuning range in less than 1 s. By taking advantage of the wide tuning range, the instrument has been used to analyze a mixture of methane, ethylene, and propylene. Each of these major components was measured with an accuracy of better than 2% (where the error is defined as a percentage of the measured value) in a single 30 s long scan. When optimized, the spectrometer has the potential to meet both the performance requirements and the practical requirements for real-time process control in petrochemical manufacturing. The general principles for the design of mid-infrared spectrometers with wide tuning ranges are explained, including the use of variable waveguide fabrication recipes to create broad phase-matching resonances (which lead to broad tuning) in the desired location.",
"corpus_id": 1348609,
"title": "Widely tunable rapid-scanning mid-infrared laser spectrometer for industrial gas process stream analysis."
} | {
"abstract": "We report the results of a systematic characterization of various optical fiber pumping schemes for difference-frequency sources employing periodically poled LiNbO3. Theoretical and practical considerations to achieve performance improvements for ultra-sensitive trace gas detection applications are discussed. As a result, we report a new mechanically robust and miniaturized mixing module employing a hybrid fiber with a plano-convex lens, reducing the size of previous DFG configurations by 65%. We also show pump, signal, and idler beam cross-sections before and after passing through a 100-m effective pathlength astigmatic Herriott multi-pass cell.",
"corpus_id": 121250928,
"title": "Ultra-high precision mid-IR spectrometer I: Design and analysis of an optical fiber pumped difference-frequency generation source"
} | {
"abstract": "This chapter describes the three main analysis techniques used in this work: ion beam induced luminescence (ionoluminescence, IL or IBIL), Rutherford Backscattering Spectrometry (RBS), and X-Ray Diffraction (XRD). The three techniques have been used to study the changes and the damage produced in MgO and a-SiO\\(_{2}\\) by ion irradiation.",
"corpus_id": 105296977,
"score": 1,
"title": "Experimental Characterization Techniques"
} |
{
"abstract": "Anti-glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) antibody-associated autoimmune encephalitis has been reported mostly as limbic encephalitis. Only few cases with extralimbic involvement are reported with limited investigation. Here, we report an extensive investigation with MRI, PET, and pathological examination. A 66-year-old Japanese female with a history of hypothyroidism, colon cancer, pheochromocytoma, and thymoma-associated myasthenia gravis presented with generalised tonic-clonic seizures. MRI showed multiple hyperintense lesions and PET showed hypermetabolic lesions in the brain. Biopsy showed non-specific gliosis, microglial proliferation, and perivascular lymphohistiocytic infiltrates. Various neuronal antibodies were negative, except for anti-GAD antibody. Anti-GAD antibody-associated encephalitis is an increasingly recognised CNS disease. Pathophysiology of this encephalitis is unclear. While PET showed hypermetabolic lesions, the biopsy showed non-specific changes. The treatments may include immunosuppressants, IVIg, and plasma exchange. One should consider to measure this antibody, in addition to others, when autoimmune encephalitis is suspected [Published with video sequences] .",
"corpus_id": 327002,
"title": "PET-positive extralimbic presentation of anti-glutamic acid decarboxylase antibody-associated encephalitis."
} | {
"abstract": "A rare kind of antibody, known as anti-glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) autoantibody, is found in some patients. The antibody works against the GAD enzyme, which is essential in the formation of gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA), an inhibitory neurotransmitter found in the brain. Patients found with this antibody present with motor and cognitive problems due to low levels or lack of GABA, because in the absence or low levels of GABA patients exhibit motor and cognitive symptoms. The anti-GAD antibody is found in some neurological syndromes, including stiff-person syndrome, paraneoplastic stiff-person syndrome, Miller Fisher syndrome (MFS), limbic encephalopathy, cerebellar ataxia, eye movement disorders, and epilepsy. Previously, excluding MFS, these conditions were called ‘hyperexcitability disorders’. However, collectively, these syndromes should be known as “anti-GAD positive neurological syndromes.” An important limitation of this study is that the literature is lacking on the subject, and why patients with the above mentioned neurological problems present with different symptoms has not been studied in detail. Therefore, it is recommended that more research is conducted on this subject to obtain a better and deeper understanding of these anti-GAD antibody induced neurological syndromes.",
"corpus_id": 14989800,
"title": "Anti-glutamic acid decarboxylase antibody positive neurological syndromes"
} | {
"abstract": "Disturbances of memory, behavior, cognition, and seizures can result from immune-mediated encephalitides. These disorders can be paraneoplastic or not and may associate with several antibodies.1 Recently, a treatment-responsive paraneoplastic encephalitis that associates with antibodies to NR1/NR2 heteromers of the NMDA receptor (NMDAR) was reported.2 Patients were young women with teratomas, usually of the ovary, who presented with prominent psychiatric symptoms, and less frequently with features of limbic encephalitis. We report a man with treatment-responsive limbic encephalitis and antibodies to NR1/NR2 heteromers.\n\n### Case report.\n\nFor 3 months this 53-year-old man had progressive short-term memory deficits and disorientation that forced him to leave his job. During the month before hospital admission he had multiple episodes compatible with partial complex seizures. He had no past medical history of interest. The neurologic examination only revealed short-term memory deficits and impairment of temporal orientation. Blood cell count, general chemistry, B12, folic acid, thyroid function test, thyroglobulin antibodies, RPR, Lyme serology, antibodies to double stranded DNA, and SSA/Ro and SSB/La were unrevealing. CSF analysis showed 5 WBC/μL (100% lymphocytes) and normal glucose and protein concentration. Serum and CSF disclosed the same oligoclonal IgG bands. Paraneoplastic antineuronal and VGKC antibodies were negative. EEG demonstrated bilateral temporal lobe epileptic activity. MRI of the brain revealed noncontrast enhancing T2 and FLAIR hyperintensities involving the medial aspect of the temporal lobes and nonspecific hyperintensities in the frontal lobes (figure, A). Ultrasound of the testis, CT of the chest, abdomen and …",
"corpus_id": 27725315,
"score": 2,
"title": "TREATMENT-RESPONSIVE SUBACUTE LIMBIC ENCEPHALITIS AND NMDA RECEPTOR ANTIBODIES IN A MAN"
} |
{
"abstract": "A different approach to off-line signature verification is described in the paper. There are inevitable variations in the signature patterns written by the same person. Due to the projection profiles of measuring the positional variations, the modified dynamic time warping (DTW) algorithm is applied to optimal matching. The optimal algorithm penalizes points with higher phase difference between a reference signature point and a testing signature point in order to prevent minimum distance distortion caused by outliers. Given a signature to be verified, the positional displacements are determined and the authenticity is decided based on the statistics of the training samples. The experimental results with English and Chinese signature databases confirm the effectiveness of the proposed technique and show its ability to yield high verification rates.",
"corpus_id": 1546130,
"title": "A Different Approach to Off-Line Signature Verification Using the Optimal DTW Algorithm"
} | {
"abstract": "The problem of signature verification is in theory a pattern recognition task used to discriminate two classes, original and forgery signatures. Even after many efforts in order to develop new verification techniques for static signature verification, the influence of the forgery types has not been extensively studied. This paper reports the contribution to signature verification considering different forgery types in an HMM framework. The experiments have shown that the error rates of the simple and random forgery signatures are very closed. This reflects the real applications in which the simple forgeries represent the principal fraudulent case. In addition, the experiments show promising results in skilled forgery verification by using simple static and pseudodynamic features.",
"corpus_id": 5440063,
"title": "Off-line signature verification using HMM for random, simple and skilled forgeries"
} | {
"abstract": "We present a method for inducing new dialogue systems from very small amounts of unannotated dialogue data, showing how word-level exploration using Reinforcement Learning (RL), combined with an incremental and semantic grammar - Dynamic Syntax (DS) - allows systems to discover, generate, and understand many new dialogue variants. The method avoids the use of expensive and time-consuming dialogue act annotations, and supports more natural (incremental) dialogues than turn-based systems. Here, language generation and dialogue management are treated as a joint decision/optimisation problem, and the MDP model for RL is constructed automatically. With an implemented system, we show that this method enables a wide range of dialogue variations to be automatically captured, even when the system is trained from only a single dialogue. The variants include question-answer pairs, over- and under-answering, self- and other-corrections, clarification interaction, split-utterances, and ellipsis. This generalisation property results from the structural knowledge and constraints present within the DS grammar, and highlights some limitations of recent systems built using machine learning techniques only.",
"corpus_id": 2173169,
"score": 1,
"title": "Bootstrapping incremental dialogue systems: using linguistic knowledge to learn from minimal data"
} |
{
"abstract": "Genetic and functional analyses of 120 mouse strains have identified a heart regeneration candidate gene that modulates the contractile sarcomeric apparatus. This gene, Tnni3k, controls the frequency of the mononuclear, diploid cardiomyocyte population, which affects cardiomyocyte proliferative potential after injury.",
"corpus_id": 2201597,
"title": "Genetic insights into mammalian heart regeneration"
} | {
"abstract": "L‐type voltage‐gated calcium ion channels (L‐VGCCs) have been demonstrated to be the mediator of several significant intracellular activities in excitable cells, such as neurons, chromaffin cells and myocytes. Recently, an increasing number of studies have investigated the function of L‐VGCCs in non‐excitable cells, particularly stem cells. However, there appear to be no systematic reviews of the relationship between L‐VGCCs and stem cells, and filling this gap is prescient considering the contribution of L‐VGCCs to the proliferation and differentiation of several types of stem cells. This review will discuss the possible involvement of L‐VGCCs in stem cells, mainly focusing on osteogenesis mediated by mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) from different tissues and neurogenesis mediated by neural stem/progenitor cells (NSCs). Additionally, advanced applications that use these channels as the target for tissue engineering, which may offer the hope of tissue regeneration in the future, will also be explored.",
"corpus_id": 162170280,
"title": "L‐type voltage‐gated calcium channels in stem cells and tissue engineering"
} | {
"abstract": "Rationale: The turnover of cardiomyocytes in the aging female and male heart is currently unknown, emphasizing the need to define human myocardial biology. Objective: The effects of age and gender on the magnitude of myocyte regeneration and the origin of newly formed cardiomyocytes were determined. Methods and Results: The interaction of myocyte replacement, cellular senescence, growth inhibition, and apoptosis was measured in normal female (n=32) and male (n=42) human hearts collected from patients 19 to 104 years of age who died from causes other than cardiovascular diseases. A progressive loss of telomeric DNA in human cardiac stem cells (hCSCs) occurs with aging and the newly formed cardiomyocytes inherit short telomeres and rapidly reach the senescent phenotype. Our data provide novel information on the superior ability of the female heart to sustain the multiple variables associated with the development of the senescent myopathy. At all ages, the female heart is equipped with a larger pool of functionally competent hCSCs and younger myocytes than the male myocardium. The replicative potential is higher and telomeres are longer in female hCSCs than in male hCSCs. In the female heart, myocyte turnover occurs at a rate of 10%, 14%, and 40% per year at 20, 60, and 100 years of age, respectively. Corresponding values in the male heart are 7%, 12%, and 32% per year, documenting that cardiomyogenesis involves a large and progressively increasing number of parenchymal cells with aging. From 20 to 100 years of age, the myocyte compartment is replaced 15 times in women and 11 times in men. Conclusions: The human heart is a highly dynamic organ regulated by a pool of resident hCSCs that modulate cardiac homeostasis and condition organ aging.",
"corpus_id": 173563,
"score": 2,
"title": "Myocyte Turnover in the Aging Human Heart"
} |
{
"abstract": "This paper empirically examines social network explanations for migration decisions in the context of German reunification. Using longitudinal data from the German Socio-Economic Panel, we first show that the presence of a family in West Germany is an important predictor for the migration hazard rate of East Germans. We then explore whether pre-migration networks have a discernible impact on the economic and social assimilation of East German immigrants in West Germany. We find that East German immigrants are more likely to be employed and to hold higher paying jobs when socially connected to the West prior to emigrating.",
"corpus_id": 153402600,
"title": "The role of social networks in determining migration and labour market outcomes: Evidence from German reunification"
} | {
"abstract": "In this paper we analyze the pre-to-post migration occupational mobility of Mexican migrants to the U.S. using occupation and migration histories from the Mexican Migration Project. We compare the first occupation in the U.S. to the last occupation in Mexico, and the occupation in the last year spent in the U.S. to the occupation in the first year, by sex, using multinomial logistic regression models. The multivariate analyses account for individual, migration, and context characteristics. Our findings show rigidities in occupational structure for migrants and low opportunities for mobility after migration. Most men experience lateral mobility upon arriving to the U.S., and are unlikely to change occupations afterwards. Most women enter lower-status occupations or exit the labor force upon arrival, especially if highly educated or skilled. Undocumented men and university educated women are more likely to experience downward mobility. These patterns remain even after accounting for migrant networks.",
"corpus_id": 134387191,
"title": "The Occupational Mobility of Mexican Migrants in the United States"
} | {
"abstract": "A versatile strategy featuring a Colvin rearrangement, hydrozirconation, a Sonogashira cross-coupling reaction and a Z-selective Wittig olefination, was successfully developed for the construction of a conjugated E,E,Z-triene subunit, flanked on both sides by two Z-allylic hydroxyl groups. This chemical pattern is found in many endogenous lipid metabolites such as maresin 1 (MaR1), neuroprotectin D1 (NPD1), and its aspirin triggered-isomer AT-NPD1, which not only counter-regulate inflammation but also actively orchestrate (at nanomolar doses) the resolution and termination program of acute inflammation while promoting wound healing, return to homeostasis and neuroprotection. Unlike previous approaches, the advantages of the present strategy are obvious, as it allows us to modify the nonpolar tail, the carboxylated head or both ends of the molecule without repeating the whole synthetic sequence (about 26-34 steps according to the literature). Thus, the first total syntheses of NPD1 methyl ester epimer (which can also be considered as an enantiomer of AT-NPD1) and its n-3 docosapentaenoic acid derived analogue were achieved from a highly functionalized and late advanced pivotal intermediate. This innovative route may be easily adapted to gain access to other dihydroxylated metabolites and analogues of polyunsaturated fatty acids containing a conjugated E,E,Z-triene subunit. Different epimers/diastereoisomers may be obtained by purchasing the suitable optically pure (S)- and/or (R)-1,2,4-butanetriol(s) as a chiral pool for both stereogenic centers.",
"corpus_id": 205607517,
"score": 0,
"title": "A versatile and stereocontrolled total synthesis of dihydroxylated docosatrienes containing a conjugated E,E,Z-triene."
} |
{
"abstract": "Despite tremendous progress in the management of breast cancer, the survival rate of this disease is still correlated with the development of metastases—most notably, those of the bone. Diagnosis of bone metastasis requires a combination of multiple imaging modalities. MR imaging remains the best modality for soft-tissue visualization, allowing for the distinction between benign and malignant lesions in many cases. On the other hand, PET imaging is frequently more specific at detecting bone metastasis by measuring the accumulation of radiotracers, such as 18F-sodium fluoride (18F-NaF) and 18F-FDG. Thus, the main purpose of this study was to longitudinally monitor bone tumor progression using PET/MR image coregistration to improve noninvasive imaging–assisted diagnoses. Methods: After surgical implantation of mammary MRMT-1 cells in a rat femur, we performed minimally invasive imaging procedures at different time points throughout tumor development. The procedure consisted of sequential coregistered MR and PET image acquisition, using gadolinium-diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA) as a contrast agent for MR imaging and 18F-FDG, 11C-methionine, and 18F-NaF as molecular tracers for PET imaging. The animals were then euthanized, and complementary radiologic (micro-CT scans) and histologic analyses were performed. Results: In this preclinical study, we demonstrated that coregistered MR and PET images provide helpful information in a rat mammary–derived bone cancer model. First, MR imaging provided a high-definition anatomic resolution that made the localization of bone resorption and tumor extension detectable between days 9 and 18 after the injection of cancer cells in the medullary channel of the femur. Indeed, the calculation of mean standardized uptake value (SUVmean) and maximal SUV (SUVmax) in bone and soft-tissue regions, as defined from the gadolinium-DTPA contrast-enhanced MR images, showed 18F-NaF uptake modifications and increased 18F-FDG or 11C-methionine uptake in the bone and surrounding soft tissues. 18F-FDG and 11C-methionine were compared in terms of the magnitude of change in their uptake and variability. We observed that 11C-methionine SUVmean variations in the tumor were more important than those of 18F-FDG. We also found fewer interindividual variations using SUVmean as a quantitative parameter than SUVmax. Conclusion: This preclinical evaluation demonstrated that a PET/MR image coregistration protocol provided a powerful tool to evaluate bone tumor progression in a rat model of bone metastasis and that this protocol could be translated to improve the clinical outcome for metastatic breast cancer management.",
"corpus_id": 2015889,
"title": "Mammary Cancer Bone Metastasis Follow-up Using Multimodal Small-Animal MR and PET Imaging"
} | {
"abstract": "This chapter is divided into three subsections: The bone biology part will provide some insight into the matrix composition as well as the origin and basic function attributed to the cellular components, the osteoblasts osteocytes and osteoclasts. In the second section, the interplay between these matrix components and the cells will be discussed in the context of skeletal growth, skeletal adaptation (modeling), and skeletal maintenance (bone remodeling). Finally, the third section will address similarities and differences in bone biology between human, nonhuman primate, rat, and mouse, the most commonly used species in the study of bone metabolic disorders. Other large animals like dogs, sheep, mini-pigs, or rabbits which are being successfully used to study orthopedic conditions (implant ingrowth, fracture healing, and bone augmentation) have not been addressed in this chapter.",
"corpus_id": 34532523,
"title": "Bone Toxicology"
} | {
"abstract": "Metastasis to the brain is prevalent in solid tumors and lymphomas, and is associated with shortened survival. The brain is regarded as a sanctuary site for metastatic tumor cells where they exist partially protected from drugs by the blood-tumor barrier. Model systems for brain metastasis have been developed and are now yielding mechanistic insights into the roles of angiogenesis, energy metabolism, the Her-2 and Stat3 signaling pathways, and dormancy. Specific, new approaches to combat brain metastatic disease are needed.",
"corpus_id": 18563761,
"score": 2,
"title": "The Biology of Metastasis to a Sanctuary Site"
} |
{
"abstract": "Background/Aims: Histological diagnosis between ductal and endocrine carcinoma is imperative in patients with advanced and unresectable pancreatic malignancies because of the different treatment modalities and prognoses. Whenever percutaneous and endoscopic ultrasound-guided pancreatic fine needle aspiration (FNA) fails to obtain a diagnostic specimen, a laparoscopic approach may be employed. Methods: Between October 2002 and July 2004, 19 patients with demonstrated unresectable pancreatic cancer underwent laparoscopy to obtain a cytohistological diagnosis. Results: The mean operative time was 83 min. Laparoscopy showed the presence of liver metastases in 15 patients that were correctly diagnosed by preoperative imaging in only 8 cases (53%). Overall 5 pancreatic FNA and 16 liver and peritoneal biopsies were obtained. In 1 patient the procedure was abandoned due to hypercapnia. In 16 patients (84%) a cytohistological diagnosis was obtained. There were no mortalities. Conclusions: Laparoscopic biopsy of advanced unresectable pancreatic cancer is a feasible, safe and reliable procedure to obtain a cytohistological diagnosis whenever ultrasound-guided FNA fails.",
"corpus_id": 500877,
"title": "The Role of Laparoscopy in Advanced Pancreatic Cancer Diagnosis"
} | {
"abstract": "AIM\nTo address the role of a dedicated radiologist and high quality CT scanning in staging of patients referred with suspected locally advanced pancreatic cancer. Furthermore, the value of laparoscopy in detecting CT-occult metastases in these patients was assessed.\n\n\nMETHODS\nIn a prospective cohort study, 116 patients with suspected unresectable pancreatic cancer referred from peripheral hospitals (107) or our own gastroenterology department (9) were analysed. CT scans from referral centres were reviewed and in case of locally advanced disease or uncertain metastatic disease, patients underwent a laparoscopy to detect CT-occult metastases. Patients without metastases were offered 5-FU based chemoradiotherapy.\n\n\nRESULTS\nAfter reviewing 107 abdominal CT scans from referral centres, 73 (68%) scans had to be repeated due to unacceptable quality. Locally advanced disease was confirmed in 59 (55%) patients and metastatic disease was found in 24 patients (22%). During laparoscopy, metastases were found in 24/68 (35%) patients with locally advanced disease on CT scan and metastases were confirmed in 3/5 (60%) with suspected metastases. Overall, only 46/116 (40%) patients with suspected unresectable disease appeared to have locally advanced pancreatic cancer after adequate staging including laparoscopy in our centre.\n\n\nCONCLUSION\nCorrect staging is difficult in patients with suspected locally advanced pancreatic cancer and should preferably be performed in centres with technically advanced equipment and experienced radiologists. Laparoscopy should be offered to patients before locoregional therapy.",
"corpus_id": 45019500,
"title": "Staging for locally advanced pancreatic cancer."
} | {
"abstract": "PURPOSE\nThe effects of preoperative versus postoperative fluorouracil (5-FU)-based chemotherapy and irradiation on treatment toxicity, duration of treatment, tumor recurrence, and survival were compared in patients who underwent potentially curative therapy for adenocarcinoma of the pancreatic head during a 5-year period.\n\n\nMETHODS\nFrom July 1990 to July 1995, 142 patients with localized adenocarcinoma of the pancreatic head deemed resectable on the basis of radiographic images were treated with curative intent using a multimodality approach involving either preoperative or postoperative chemoradiation. Patients with biopsy confirmation of adenocarcinoma and a low-density mass in the pancreatic head identified by computed tomography (CT) received preoperative chemoradiation. Patients without a mass on CT or in whom the preoperative biopsy was negative underwent pancreaticoduodenectomy with planned postoperative chemoradiation. Protocol-based preoperative chemoradiation consisted of external-beam irradiation at a dose of 50.4 Gy (standard fractionation; 1.8 Gy/d, 5 d/wk) or 30 Gy (rapid fractionation; 3 Gy/d, 5 d/wk) combined with continuous infusion 5-FU (300 mg/m2/d, 5 d/wk). Postoperative chemoradiation combined 50.4 Gy of external-beam irradiation (standard fractionation) with continuous-infusion 5-FU.\n\n\nRESULTS\nNo patient who received preoperative chemoradiation experienced a delay in surgery because of chemoradiation toxicity, but six of 25 eligible patients (24%) did not receive postoperative chemoradiation because of delayed recovery after pancreaticoduodenectomy. No significant differences in toxicities from chemoradiation were observed between groups. Patients treated with rapid-fractionation preoperative chemoradiation had a significantly (P < .01) shorter duration of treatment (median, 62.5 days) compared with patients who received postoperative chemoradiation (median, 98.5 days) or standard-fractionation preoperative chemoradiation (median, 91.0 days). At a median followup of 19 months, no significant differences in survival were observed between treatment groups. No patient who received preoperative chemoradiation and pancreaticoduodenectomy experienced a local recurrence; peritoneal (regional) recurrence occurred in 10% of these patients. Local or regional recurrence occurred in 21% of patients who received pancreaticoduodenectomy and postoperative chemoradiation.\n\n\nCONCLUSION\nDelivery of preoperative and postoperative chemoradiation in patients who underwent potentially curative pancreaticoduodenectomy for adenocarcinoma of the pancreatic head resulted in similar treatment toxicity, patterns of tumor recurrence, and survival. Rapid-fractionation preoperative chemoradiation ensured the delivery of all components of therapy to all eligible patients with a significantly shorter duration of treatment than with standard-fractionation chemoradiation given either before or after pancreaticoduodenectomy. Prolonged recovery after pancreaticoduodenectomy prevents the delivery of postoperative adjuvant chemoradiation in up to one fourth of eligible patients.",
"corpus_id": 6973010,
"score": 2,
"title": "Preoperative and postoperative chemoradiation strategies in patients treated with pancreaticoduodenectomy for adenocarcinoma of the pancreas."
} |
{
"abstract": "Abstract Rice cultivar is the most influential factor affecting methane emissions from double rice fields. A two-year field experiment was conducted at Huizhou, Guangdong province, South China, to identify from among nine cultivars those cultivars with high-yield potential and lower yield-scaled methane emissions (YSMEs). Methane emissions were measured using the static chamber – gas chromatograph method. Results indicate that the cultivars Qihuazhan (QH), Yexianzhan 8 (YX8) and Yue’erzhan (YE) provide higher rice grain yield (8.69%) with lower YSME (30.27%) compared to the other six cultivars (Yexianzhan 6, Yuejingsimiao, Hefengzhan, Huangsizhan, Huangruanzhan and Huangxiuzhan) (p < 0.05). In particular, QH has the highest yield potential (6777 kg ha−1) and lowest methane emission intensity (0.36 kg kg−1 yield) capacity. Methane emissions from the double rice field was found to be significantly (p < 0.05) and positively correlated with tiller number, culm biomass and soil organic matter, dissolved soil organic carbon and total carbon content, but negatively correlated (p < 0.05) with rice harvest index (HI), and root and panicle biomass, suggesting that organic source strength provides the substrate of methane production while the oxidation potential in the rhizosphere and the methane transport capacity of rice roots and culm dominate the emissions of methane from soil to the atmosphere. Multivariate decision regression tree (DRT) analysis showed a significant class difference between QH, YX8 and YE with the other six cultivars. These three cultivars are suitable for promotion of low carbon agriculture in South China. DRT analysis also successfully illustrated a potential way to identify rice varieties for low YSME by decisive parameters of tiller number (<15), HI (>0.43) and nitrogen assimilation of leaves (<40). These findings suggest that optimization of rice cultivars may represent an effective way to address both food demand and climate change concerns by improving rice yields while simultaneously minimizing the impact of climate change per unit yield.",
"corpus_id": 156835120,
"title": "Effect of rice cultivars on yield-scaled methane emissions in a double rice field in South China"
} | {
"abstract": "Rice is a staple food of human kind and its demand is ever increasing. Asia accounts for 91% of global rice production of which India contributes 23%. The increasing demand has led to the development of various high yielding varieties and cultivars. Rice cultivation in flooded fields is known to influence the atmospheric methane-budget. Here, we studied the effects of rice cultivars on methane (CH4) production, methanogenic archaeal diversity and abundance in Indian rice soils using six rice cultivars (IDR 763, HUR 3022, Sahbhagi, Swarna sub 1, MTU 7029 and BPT 5204). Methanogen community size and diversity was analyzed using qPCR and DGGE targeting mcrA and 16S rRNA gene fragments, respectively. Methanogenic community size varied among cultivars (1.65-97.6 × 105 copies g-1 dws). The diversity analysis revealed five methanogenic groups i.e., Methanocellaceae, Methanobacteriaceae, Methanomicrobiaceae, Methanosaetaceae and Methanosarcinaceae common to all the cultivar samples but with varying composition. Methane production of soil samples was in the order: Sahbhagi <HUR 3022 <IDR 763 <Swarna sub 1 <MTU 7029 <BPT 5204. It has been observed that rice cultivars with different plant biomass could provide favourable niche for the prevalence of methanogenic archaeal community that imparts differential effects on soil CH4 production.",
"corpus_id": 55527601,
"title": "Molecular diversity of methanogenic archaea and methane production potential of soil in relation to rice cultivars"
} | {
"abstract": "Nitrous oxide is emitted into the atmosphere as a result of biomass burning, and biological processes in soils. Biomass burning is not only an instantaneous source of nitrous oxide, but it results in a longer term enhancement of the biogenic production of this gas. Measurements of nitrous oxide emissions from soils before and after a controlled burn showed that significantly more nitrous oxide was exhaled after the burn. The current belief is that 90% of the emissions come from soils. Nitrous oxide is formed in soils during the microbiological processes nitrification and denitrification. Because nitrous oxide is a gas it can escape from soil during these transformations. Nitrous oxide production is controlled by temperature, pH, water holding capacity of the soil, irrigation practices, fertilizer rate, tillage practice, soil type, oxygen concentration, availability of carbon, vegetation, land use practices and use of chemicals. Nitrous oxide emissions from agricultural soils are increased by the addition of fertilizer nitrogen and by the growth of legumes to fix atmospheric nitrogen. A recent analysis suggests that emissions of nitrous oxide from fertilized soils are not related to the type of fertilizer nitrogen applied and emissions can be calculated from the amount of nitrogen applied. Legumes also contribute to nitrous oxide emission in a number of ways, viz. atmospheric nitrogen fixed by legumes can be nitrified and denitrified in the same way as fertilizer nitrogen, thus providing a source of nitrous oxide, and symbiotically living Rhizobia in root nodules are able to denitrify and produce nitrous oxide. Conversion of tropical forests to crop production and pasture has a significant effect on the emission of nitrous oxide. Emissions of nitrous oxide increased by about a factor of two when a forest in central Brazil was clear cut, and pasture soils in the same area produced three times as much nitrous oxide as adjacent forest soils. Studies on temperate and tropical rice fields show that less than 0.1% of the applied nitrogen is emitted as nitrous oxide if the soils are flooded for a number of days before fertilizer application. However, if mineral nitrogen is present in the soil before flooding it will serve as a source of nitrous oxide during wetting and drying cycles before permanent flooding. Thus dry seeded rice can be a source of considerable nitrous oxide. There are also indirect contributions to nitrous oxide emission through volatilization of ammonia and emission of nitric oxides into the atmosphere, and their redistribution over the landscape through wet and dry deposition. In general nitrous oxide emissions can be decreased by management practices which optimize the crop's natural ability to compete with processes whereby plant available nitrogen is lost from the soil-plant system. If these options were implemented they would also result in increased productivity and reduced inputs.",
"corpus_id": 20306432,
"score": 2,
"title": "Emission of nitrous oxide from soils used for agriculture"
} |
{
"abstract": "In this paper, we introduce a systematic method to design CMOS low noise amplifiers (LNA) for ultrawideband (UWB) applications. The proposed method is addressed to optimize noise performance and power efficiency while maintaining good input and output matching. The synthesized LNA achieves up to 14 dB power gain with a low noise figure (NF) of 2 dB and provides a reasonably acceptable input and output matching of -10 dB across the frequency range of 3/spl sim/5 GHz. The developed LNA, implemented in TSMC 0.18 /spl mu/m CMOS technology, is a single-stage architecture with very low power dissipation of 9 mW with a 0.9 V supply.",
"corpus_id": 1372626,
"title": "A systematic approach to CMOS low noise amplifier design for ultrawideband applications"
} | {
"abstract": "Based on measured four-noise parameters and two-port noise theory, considerations for noise optimization of integrated low-noise amplifier (LNA) designs are presented. If arbitrary values of source impedance are allowed, optimal noise performance of the LNA is obtained by adjusting the source degeneration inductance. Even for a fixed source impedance, the integrated LNA can achieve near NF/sub min/ by choosing an appropriate device geometry along with an optimal bias condition. An 800 MHz LNA has been implemented in a standard 0.24 /spl mu/m CMOS technology. The amplifier possesses a 0.9 dB noise figure with a 7.1 dBm third-order input intercept point, while drawing 7.5 mW from a 2.0 V power supply, demonstrating that the proposed methodology can accurately predict noise performance of integrated LNA designs.",
"corpus_id": 16389216,
"title": "A noise optimization technique for integrated low-noise amplifiers"
} | {
"abstract": "GaAs monolithic microwave integrated circuits (MMICs) with very low current and of very small size have been developed for L-band front-end applications. The MMICs fully employ lumped LC elements with uniplanar configurations. There are two kinds of MMICs: a low-noise amplifier and a mixer. The low-noise amplifier has a noise figure of 2.5 dB and a gain of 11.5 dB. The mixer has a conversion gain of 12.5 dB small local oscillator (LO) power of -3 dBm. Total current dissipation of the two MMICs is less than 8 mA with 3-V drain bias voltages. >",
"corpus_id": 110727723,
"score": 2,
"title": "Design and performance of low-current GaAs MMICs for L-band front-end applications"
} |
{
"abstract": "Capillary malformation–arteriovenous malformation (CM‐AVM) syndrome, due to inactivating mutations in RASA1 in 68% of cases, is characterized by the development of cutaneous capillary malformations and arteriovenous malformations or fistulas; no known genetic etiology has been identified in patients with CM‐AVM syndrome without RASA1 mutations. We present the case of a child with RASA1‐negative CM‐AVM syndrome with a de novo missense mutation in EPHB4, a transmembrane tyrosine kinase receptor essential for vasculogenesis. Inactivating the mutation in EPHB4 has been shown to upregulate the mitogen‐activated protein kinase pathway and the mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1, possibly contributing to the development of vascular malformations.",
"corpus_id": 1727152,
"title": "EPHB4 Mutation Implicated in Capillary Malformation–Arteriovenous Malformation Syndrome: A Case Report"
} | {
"abstract": "Capillary malformation–arteriovenous malformation (CM‐AVM) is a recently described autosomal dominant disorder that results from mutations in RASA1. It has been initially described as multiple CMs affecting several members of the same family, associated with fast‐flow malformations in at least one family member.",
"corpus_id": 5329796,
"title": "Capillary malformation–arteriovenous malformation: a clinical review of 45 patients"
} | {
"abstract": "The double bootstrap provides diagnostics for bootstrap calculations and, if need be, appropriate adjustments. The amount of computation involved is usually considerable, and recycling provides a less computer intensive alternative. Recycling consists of using repeatedly the same samples drawn from a recycling distribution G for estimation under each first-level bootstrap distribution, rather than independently repeating the simulation and estimation steps for each of these.Recycling is successful in parametric applications of the bootstrap, as demonstrated by M.A. Newton and C.J. Geyer (J. Amer. Statist. Assoc. 89: 905–912, 1994). We show that it is bound to fail in non-parametric bootstrap applications, and suggest a modification that makes the method work. The modification consists of smoothing the first-level bootstrap distributions, with the desired consequence that this removes the zero probabilities in the multinomial distributions that define them. We also discuss efficient choices of recycling distributions, both in terms of estimator efficiency and simulation efficiency.",
"corpus_id": 37448132,
"score": 0,
"title": "Non-parametric bootstrap recycling"
} |
{
"abstract": "This paper reports performance metrics and end-user perceptions of a display leasing service, introduced for a network of public displays. Through leasing, users can acquire a temporary ownership of a public display and utilize it as an application UI element together with a personal mobile device. We argue that this functionality is necessary as the quantity of public displays grows, in order to facilitate public resource utilization and alleviate patterns such as queuing and polling. We implemented a prototype of the leasing service and conducted a field trial with a real-world city centre scenario, through which we analyze the service's signaling overhead and key deployment challenges.",
"corpus_id": 852178,
"title": "Leasing Service for Networks of Interactive Public Displays in Urban Spaces"
} | {
"abstract": "Configuring themselves through Elope middleware, tagged physical objects and rooms let users seamlessly integrate their content and invoke services.",
"corpus_id": 8645169,
"title": "Spontaneous marriages of mobile devices and interactive spaces"
} | {
"abstract": "In this paper, we describe a public navigation system which uses adaptive displays as directional signs. The displays are mounted to walls where they provide passersbys with directional information. Each sign is an autonomous, wirelessly networked digital displays connected to a central server. The signs are position-aware and able to adapt their display content in accordance with their current position. Advantages of such a navigation system include improved flexibility, dynamic adaptation and ease of setup and maintenance.",
"corpus_id": 5082295,
"score": 2,
"title": "Adaptive navigation support with public displays"
} |
{
"abstract": "ABSTRACT Wood extractives, commonly referred to as pitch, cause major problems in the manufacturing of pulp and paper. Treatment of nonsterile southern yellow pine chips for 14 days withPseudomonas fluorescens, Pseudomonas sp.,Xanthomonas campestris, and Serratia marcescens reduced wood extractives by as much as 40%. Control treatments receiving only water lost 11% of extractives due to the growth of naturally occurring microorganisms. Control treatments were visually discolored after the 14-day incubation, whereas bacterium-treated wood chips were free of dark staining. Investigations using P. fluorescens NRRL B21432 showed that all individual resin and fatty acid components of the pine wood extractives were substantially reduced. Micromorphological observations showed that bacteria were able to colonize resin canals, ray parenchyma cells, and tracheids. Tracheid pit membranes within bordered pit chambers were degraded after treatment with P. fluorescensNRRL B21432. P. fluorescens and the other bacteria tested appear to have the potential for biological processing to substantially reduce wood extractives in pine wood chips prior to the paper making process so that problems associated with pitch in pulp mills can be controlled.",
"corpus_id": 16377698,
"title": "Bacterial Biodegradation of Extractives and Patterns of Bordered Pit Membrane Attack in Pine Wood"
} | {
"abstract": "Impregnability of poles and other products made from spruce or fir wood decreases after the closing of toruses in the pits of tracheids, which usually occurs after their drying up to the fiber saturation point. With the aim of reopening access to the pits in the tracheids, the microscopic fungus Trichoderma viride was used for the enzymatic degradation of the pits in Norway spruce. During the summer, freshly cut and debarked spruce bolts were exposed in an inoculation mycelium of T. viride for 1, 3, 6, and 9 weeks under exterior conditions. Very good permeability and impregnability of spruce sapwood was observed after 1 or 3 weeks with no apparent change in its mechanical properties (Modulus of Rupture, Impact Bending Strength). On the other hand, previously closed pits of spruce heartwood remained unchanged in all experiments. Generally, coming out from achieved results and knowledge of other researches, bio-treatments of conifers are suitable for improving the impregnability of poles and other rounded timber products with the sapwood zone intact. However, bio-treatments for squared timbers with visible heartwood are usually less appropriate.",
"corpus_id": 13693650,
"title": "Trichoderma viride for Improving Spruce Wood Impregnability"
} | {
"abstract": "Mortierella isabellina ATCC 38063 is a zygomycete capable of hydroxylating fish-toxic resin acids which occur in certain pulp mill effluents to nontoxic metabolites. Addition of dehydroabietic acid (1) (80 mg/liter) to a freshly inoculated culture of M. isabellina in dextrose-yeast extract broth resulted in precursor disappearance in 28 to 30 h. During growth phase, hydroxylation occurred at C-2, whereas hydroxylation at C-15 and C-16 commenced with onset of stationary phase. Alternatively, 1 added to stationary-phase culture (40 mg/liter) disappeared within 2 h and hydroxylation occurred concurrently at C-2, C-15, and C-16. Enzymatic activity of stationary-phase culture was totally cell associated and was present despite the absence of 1 during the preparatory growth phase. Resuspension of mature fungi as free mycelia or immobilized in calcium alginate beads did not diminish the effectiveness of the biotransformation, although two new metabolites, 15-hydroxy-8,9,11,12-tetradehydro-7,8-dihydroabietic acid (5) and 16-hydroxy-8,9,11,12-tetradehydro-7,8-dihydroabietic acid (7) were formed. Immobilized mycelia retained hydroxylase activity for greater than 110 days whether or not they were challenged with fresh 1 on a regular basis. In this respect they are more long-lived than resuspended free mycelia are.",
"corpus_id": 19818776,
"score": 2,
"title": "Biotransformation of dehydroabietic acid with resting cell suspensions and calcium alginate-immobilized cells of Mortierella isabellina"
} |
{
"abstract": "The majority of approaches for rotationally aligning panoramic images use feature-based methods which extract and match visual clues in both images and analytically determine their rotational offset. However, these methods can be computationally expensive and might suffer from motion blur or images taken in structureless environments (e.g. forests). An alternative approach is the visual compass, a method which simulates a wide range of possible rotational offsets and searches for the best match. While this approach has been successfully implemented for rotations around a single axis, the increasing computation time for 3D rotations limits the usability for real-time applications. It has been suggested to use real spherical harmonics (RSH) to represent panoramic images, to calculate rotations in frequency domain using sparse matrix-vector multiplications. In this paper, we present strategies which are crucial to implement a real-time visual 3D compass using RSH. We provide a software implementation of the visual 3D compass and analyze the effect of increasing rotational misalignment between pairs of panoramic images. Furthermore, we show that the visual 3D compass can be used on low-cost hardware in real-time.",
"corpus_id": 1033930,
"title": "Real-time rotational image registration"
} | {
"abstract": "We took panoramic snapshots in outdoor scenes at regular intervals in two- or three-dimensional grids covering 1 m2 or 1 m3 and determined how the root mean square pixel differences between each of the images and a reference image acquired at one of the locations in the grid develop over distance from the reference position. We then asked whether the reference position can be pinpointed from a random starting position by moving the panoramic imaging device in such a way that the image differences relative to the reference image are minimized. We find that on time scales of minutes to hours, outdoor locations are accurately defined by a clear, sharp minimum in a smooth three-dimensional (3D) volume of image differences (the 3D difference function). 3D difference functions depend on the spatial-frequency content of natural scenes and on the spatial layout of objects therein. They become steeper in the vicinity of dominant objects. Their shape and smoothness, however, are affected by changes in illumination and shadows. The difference functions generated by rotation are similar in shape to those generated by translation, but their plateau values are higher. Rotational difference functions change little with distance from the reference location. Simple gradient descent methods are surprisingly successful in recovering a goal location, even if faced with transient changes in illumination. Our results show that view-based homing with panoramic images is in principle feasible in natural environments and does not require the identification of individual landmarks. We discuss the relevance of our findings to the study of robot and insect homing.",
"corpus_id": 28066337,
"title": "Catchment areas of panoramic snapshots in outdoor scenes."
} | {
"abstract": "A series of closed-course driving experiments were conducted in which 41 drivers ranging in age from 19 to 70 were put through a series of increasingly challenging driving performance tasks both in the presence and absence of audible messages. The messages required specific responses and these, along with driving performance measures based on driver/vehicle response characteristics, were recorded. The results clearly showed a negative impact of the message task on driver decision-making performance when this involved the more complex tasks of weaving and especially left-turning. Such decision-making decrements in the presence of the messages were exacerbated by adverse pavement surface conditions.",
"corpus_id": 24341120,
"score": 1,
"title": "The impact of hands-free message reception/response on driving task performance."
} |
{
"abstract": "Through the paper the characterization of a comfort model, enriching that proposed by Fanger with an adaptive approach, is carried out using a Multi Agent System (MAS). This is a well suited coordinated set of Intelligent Agents, that are software applications interacting in order to follow user in his own needs and preferences in relation to indoor comfort, adapting to the changes of context variables. As a matter of fact, MAS are systems aware of the scenery where users live, following them in their own needs and preferences and adapting to their expectations. Indeed, thermal comfort conditions in the built environment are strictly related not only to the thermal and geometric building features and to air-conditioning systems, but also to the building using profile and to the biological-metabolic-psychological characteristics of the users. Within this frame, as a consequence, it is very useful to formalize new models, both subjective and adaptive to the environmental scenery, where users are represented as an integral part of the global experience context, in a particular holistic vision of the problem, strongly addressed towards the personalization of the service, with regards to the novel tern user-plant-building system. In this aim, Intelligent Agents can be considered as the best solution to b e adopted, allowing characterization of a control model for an Advanced Smart Conditioning System, that would realize integration of Fanger's theory with an adaptive approach, also proposed by other authors (Brager and de Dear, Nicols, etc.), in particular by means of a Multi Agent System (MAS).",
"corpus_id": 1504977,
"title": "Multi-Agent Systems as Effective Tools for the User-Based Thermal Comfort: an Introduction"
} | {
"abstract": "This paper presents the results of an extensive literature review on the topic of thermal adaptations in the built environment. The adaptive approach to modeling thermal comfort acknowledges the thermal perception in 'real world' settings is influenced by the complexities of past thermal history and cultural and technical practices. An important premise of the adaptive model is that the person is no longer a passive recipient of the given thermal environment, but instead is an active agent interacting with the person-environment systems via multiple feedback loops. The thermal adaptation can be attributed to three different processes--behavioral adjustment, physiological acclimatization and psychological habituation or expectation. Both climate chamber and field evidence indicates that the slower process of acclimatization is not so relevant to thermal adaptation in the relatively moderate conditions found in buildings, whereas behavioral adjustments and expectations have a much greater influence. One of the most important findings from our review of field evidence was the distinction between thermal comfort responses in air-conditioned vs. naturally ventilated buildings, most likely resulting from a combination of past thermal history in the buildings and differences in levels of perceived control.",
"corpus_id": 114893272,
"title": "Thermal adaptation in the built environment: a literature review"
} | {
"abstract": "This thesis pursues to evidence that it is possible to get information on the behaviour of a complex chemical process by data-based analysis, even though the accurate reaction chemistry is not known. In the hydrometallurgical zinc production process, metallic zinc is produced by reducing it from aqueous solution. The essential part of the process is the purification of zinc sulphate solution, where all elements nobler than zinc are removed by deposition from the solution. These elements lower the efficiency of the electric current drastically and cause zinc dissolution even in the smallest amounts. Process monitoring supplies a remarkable amount of on-line measurement data and analysis information. This makes it possible to use data-based methods for the evaluation of deposition reactions. The purpose of this thesis was not to specify reaction equations, but to evaluate which of the known reactions will occur in different process conditions. This was done by diagnosing the purification process of zinc sulphate solution and by combining measurement information with reaction models. An increased understanding of process stability also affects solution purification costs. The results gave new information about the purification process of zinc sulphate solution and its accelerating and decelerating components. The second target was to develop a modular, modelfree method of signal validation and estimation, suitable for implementation in the control system in the form of a simple, configurable algorithm. Combining measurements confidence level-based information with fuzzy logic provides a compact system that is easily implemented in the process automation system. The algorithm that was developed was tested in a direct leaching process, where the combination of fast on-line sensors and accurate reference measurement was needed. Measurement data came from an operational zinc plant, so the amount of factory testing was strictly limited. Data evaluation was based on long-term variations in process conditions, possible disturbances and breakdowns of the measurement devices.",
"corpus_id": 15458493,
"score": 0,
"title": "Intensified use of process measurements in hydrometallurgical zinc production processes"
} |
{
"abstract": "Aim To determine the communicative profiles of family physicians and the characteristics associated with an improved level of communication with the patient. Design A descriptive multicentre study. Location Primary Healthcare Centres in Almeria, Granada, Jaen and Huelva. Participants 119 family physicians (tutors and 4th year resident physicians) filmed and observed with patients. Principal measurements: Demographic and professional characteristics. Analysis of the communication between physicians and patients, using a CICAA (Connect, Identify, Understand, Agree and Assist, in English) scale. A descriptive, bivariate, multiple linear regression analysis was performed. Results There were 436 valid interviews. Almost 100% of physicians were polite and friendly, facilitating a dialogue with the patient and allowing them to express their doubts. However, few physicians attempted to explore the state of mind of the patient, or enquire about their family situation or any important stressful events, nor did they ask open questions. Furthermore, few physicians summarised the information gathered. The mean score was 21.43 ± 5.91 points (maximum 58). There were no differences in the total score between gender, city, or type of centre. The linear regression verified that the highest scores were obtained from tutors (B: 2.98), from the duration of the consultations (B: 0.63), and from the age of the professionals (B: −0.1). Conclusion Physicians excel in terms of creating a friendly environment, possessing good listening skills, and providing the patient with information. However the ability to empathise, exploring the psychosocial sphere, carrying out shared decision-making, and asking open questions must be improved. Being a tutor, devoting more time to consultations, and being younger, results in a significant improvement in communication with the patient.",
"corpus_id": 3594238,
"title": "Communication skills of tutors and family medicine physician residents in Primary Care clinics"
} | {
"abstract": "To determine patients' participation in the discussion of options in primary care consultations. Identify the patients' wish to participate and their perceptions of their participation and explore the potential factors that may influence these.",
"corpus_id": 25728633,
"title": "Patient participation in the discussions of options in Spanish primary care consultations"
} | {
"abstract": "around the globe are increasingly promulgating practice guidelines and evidence-based treatments in mental health. Foremost among these initiatives in psychology was the Society of Clinical Psychology’s (American Psychological Association, Division 12) Task Force efforts to identify empirically supported treatments (ESTs) for adults and to publicize these treatments to fellow psychologists and training programs. A succession of APA Division 12 Task Forces (now a standing committee) constructed and elaborated a list of empirically supported, manualized psychological interventions for adult disorders based on randomized controlled studies (Chambless et al., 1996; Chambless et al., 1998; Chambless & Hollon, 1998; Task Force on Promotion and Dissemination of Psychological Procedures, 1995). Subsequently, ESTs were applied to both older adults and children (e.g., Gatz et al., 1998; Lonigan, Elbert, & Johnson, 1998). In Great Britain, a Guidelines Development Committee of the British Psychological Society authored a Department of Health (2001) document entitled Treatment Choice in Psychological Therapies and Counselling: Evidence-Based Practice Guidelines. In psychiatry, the American Psychiatric Association has published a dozen or so practice guidelines, on disorders ranging from schizophrenia to anorexia nervosa to nicotine dependence. These and other efforts to promulgate evidence-based psychotherapies have been noble in intent and timely in distribution. They are praiseworthy efforts to distill scientific research into clinical applications and to guide practice and training. They wisely demonstrate that, in a climate of increasing accountability, psychotherapy stands up to empirical scrutiny with the best of health care interventions. At the same time, as with any initial effort, the EST effort was incomplete and potentially misleading. In particular, two important omissions detracted from these first-generation compilations of evidence-based practices. First, they neglected the therapy relationship, an interpersonal quality that makes substantial and consistent contributions to psychotherapy outcome, independent of the specific type of treatment. The therapy relationship accounts for as much treatment outcome as the specific treatment method (Lambert, 2003; Wampold, 2001). Second, the initial efforts at ESTs and practice guidelines largely ignored matching the treatment and the relationship to the individual patient beyond his or her diagnosis. Virtually all were directed toward single, categorical disorders; DSM diagnoses have ruled the evidence-based roost to date. Although the research indicates that certain psychotherapies make better marriages for certain disorders, psychological therapies will be increasingly matched to people, not simply to diagnoses. As every clinician knows, different types of patients respond more effectively to different types of treatments and relationships. Clinicians strive to offer or select a therapy that accords to the patient’s personal characteristics, proclivities, and worldviews—in addition to diagnosis. Within this context, an APA Division of Psychotherapy Task Force was established to identify, operationalize, and disseminate information on empirically supported therapy relationships. We aimed to identify empirically supported (therapy) relationships rather than empirically supported treatments – or ESRs rather than ESTs. Specifically, the twin aims of the Division 29 Task Force were to: identify elements of effective therapy relationships, and to identify effective methods of tailoring therapy to the individual patient on the basis of his or her (nondiagnostic) characteristics. In other words, we sought to answer the dual pressing questions of “What works in general in the therapy relationship?” and “What works best for particular patients?” The Task Force reviewed the extensive body of empirical research and generated a list of empirically supported relationship elements and a list of means for customizing therapy to the individual Empirically Supported Therapy Relationships",
"corpus_id": 14865334,
"score": 2,
"title": "Empirically supported therapy relationships."
} |
{
"abstract": "Pressurized liquid extraction (PLE), an environmentally friendly technique, has been used to obtain antiviral compounds from microalgae commonly used as carotenoid sources: Haematococcus pluvialis and Dunaliella salina. The antiviral properties of PLE extracts (hexane, ethanol and water) were evaluated against herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) at different stages during viral infection. Pretreatment of Vero cells with 75 μg mL−1 of H. pluvialis ethanol extract inhibited virus infection by approximately 85%, whereas the same concentration of water and hexane extracts reduced the virus infectivity 75% and 50%, respectively. D. salina extracts were less effective than H. pluvialis extracts and presented a different behaviour since water and ethanol extracts produced a similar virus inhibition (65%). Moreover, H. pluvialis ethanol extract was also the most effective against HSV-1 intracellular replication. The antiviral activity of water PLE extracts was found to correlate with polysaccharides since the polysaccharide-rich fraction isolated from these extracts showed higher antiviral activity than the original water extracts. A gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) characterization of the H. pluvialis ethanol extract showed the antiviral activity of this extract could be partially related with the presence of short-chain fatty acids, although other compounds could be involved in this activity; meanwhile, in the case of D. salina ethanol extract other compounds seemed to be implied, such as: β-ionone, neophytadiene, phytol, palmitic acid and α-linolenic acid. The results demonstrate the use of PLE allows obtaining antiviral compounds from microalgae used as carotenoids sources, which gives the microalgae biomass an added value.",
"corpus_id": 629842,
"title": "Antiviral compounds obtained from microalgae commonly used as carotenoid sources"
} | {
"abstract": "A sulfated polysaccharide fraction was isolated from the hot water extract of the green alga Caulerpa racemosa and designated HWE. This polymer, which contained galactose, glucose, arabinose and xylose as the major component sugars, had [alpha](D)(30) + 46.2 degrees in water and contained 9% sulfate hemiester groups. Sugar linkage analysis indicates that HWE was branched and mainly contained 1,3- and 1,3,6-linked galactose, 1,3,4-linked arabinose, 1,4-linked glucose and terminal- and 1,4-linked xylose residues. Sulfation was deduced from infrared spectroscopy and methylation analysis to occur on O-6 of galactose and O-3 of arabinose. The native polysaccharide could be fractionated by size exclusion chromatography into two overlapping fractions and the major fraction has a hydrodynamic volume similar to that of 70 kDa dextran. HWE was a selective inhibitor of reference strains and TK(-) acyclovir-resistant strains of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) and type 2 (HSV-2) in Vero cells, with antiviral effective concentration 50% (EC(50)) values in the range of 2.2-4.2 microg/ml and lacking cytotoxic effects. Furthermore, HWE did not exhibit anticoagulant properties at concentrations near the EC(50).",
"corpus_id": 25149635,
"title": "In vitro anti-herpetic activity of sulfated polysaccharide fractions from Caulerpa racemosa."
} | {
"abstract": "The wild-type strain and four DNA repair-deficient strains (uvrA6, uvrB5, recA56, and polA1) of Escherichia coli K-12 were treated with acetic acid, lactic acid, and p-aminobenzoic acid at pH 3.5 during their stationary phase of growth. All three acids were highly toxic to the polymerase-deficient strain. The greater sensitivity of the strain carrying the polA1 gene than its isogenic pol+ derivatives suggested that damage caused by acidity requires polA+ gene products for repair.",
"corpus_id": 26839269,
"score": 2,
"title": "Toxicity of organic acids for repair-deficient strains of Escherichia coli"
} |
{
"abstract": "The bony skeleton is one of the most common sites of metastatic spread of cancer and is a significant source of morbidity in cancer patients, causing pain and pathologic fracture, impaired ambulatory ability, and poorer quality of life. Animal cancer models of skeletal metastases are essential for better understanding of the molecular pathways behind metastatic spread and local growth and invasion of bone, to enable analysis of host-tumor cell interactions, identify barriers to the metastatic process, and to provide platforms to develop and test novel therapies prior to clinical application in human patients. Thus, the ideal model should be clinically relevant, reproducible and representative of the human condition. This review summarizes the current in vivo animal models used in the study of cancer metastases of the skeleton.",
"corpus_id": 1699802,
"title": "Animal Cancer Models of Skeletal Metastasis"
} | {
"abstract": "Breast cancer is one of the most common malignancies and bone is the commonest site of distant metastases. Evidences indicate that adequate supply of vitamin D will decrease the morbidity and mortality of breast cancer. However, the main role of vitamin D deficiency in breast cancer bone metastases remains unclear. In this study, the relationship between vitamin D and breast cancer bone metastases were evaluated. Results showed that 1,25(OH)2D3 can not only inhibit the proliferation, migration and invasion of breast cancer cell TM40D in vitro, but also attenuate the breast cancer cell TM40D-induced bone destruction in vivo, whose underlying mechanism was at least partially through decreasing the number of the osteoclasts. To our knowledge, this is the first to use 1-alpha-hydroxylase [1α(OH)ase] knockout mice which characterized vitamin D deficiency to establish the breast cancer bone metastases model. Based on this model, we also found that vitamin D deficiency will accelerate the osteolytic lesions, and 1,25(OH)2D3 supplement will restrain osteolytic lesions. Therefore, these findings suggest that vitamin D has the potential capacity to be a therapeutic agent for the breast cancer bone metastases.",
"corpus_id": 8310625,
"title": "1,25(OH)2D3 deficiency increases TM40D tumor growth in bone and accelerates tumor-induced bone destruction in a breast cancer bone metastasis model."
} | {
"abstract": "In the complex environment of intensive care units, needs of patients’ relatives might be seen as the lowest priority. On the other hand, because of their patients’ critical and often uncertain conditions, stress levels of relatives are quite high. This study aims to adapt the Critical Care Family Need Inventory, which assesses the needs of patients’ relatives, for use with the Turkish-speaking population and to assess psychometric properties of the resulting inventory. The study was conducted in a state hospital with the participation of 191 critical care patient relatives. Content validity was assessed by expert opinions, and construct validity was examined by exploratory factor analysis (EFA). Cronbach’s alpha coefficient was used to determine internal consistency. The translated inventory has a content validity ratio higher than the minimum acceptable level. Its construct validity was established by the EFA. Cronbach’s alpha coefficient for the entire scale was 0.93 and higher than 0.80 for subscales, thus demonstrating the translated version’s reliability. The Turkish adaptation appropriately reflects all dimensions of needs in the original CCFNI, and its psychometric properties were acceptable. The revised tool could be useful for helping critical care healthcare workers provide services in a holistic approach and for policymakers to improve quality of service.",
"corpus_id": 1115073,
"score": 1,
"title": "Adaptation of the Critical Care Family Need Inventory to the Turkish population and its psychometric properties"
} |
{
"abstract": "In this letter, a method to calculate the ac losses, including skin effect and proximity losses, in planar windings with rectangular cross-sectional conductors is proposed. The aim is proposing proper ac losses expressions similar to the formulas available for round cross-sectional wires, to be used for the calculation of the ac losses and the optimization of planar magnetic windings implemented in the printed circuit board. The proposed model is based on the decomposition into conduction and proximity losses. Conduction losses only depend on the properties of the conductor, whereas proximity losses are calculated by using the orthogonal decomposition of the magnetic fields in which the conductors are immersed. Functions including the frequency and geometrical dependences of the both types of losses are extracted by means of finite element method simulation. Finally, several prototypes are used to verify the proposed expressions and some design considerations are also outlined.",
"corpus_id": 32831495,
"title": "AC Power Losses Model for Planar Windings With Rectangular Cross-Sectional Conductors"
} | {
"abstract": "This paper includes calculation of the AC resistance of litz wire in a wide frequency range for an optimal strand diameter by two methods and compared. Calculations of AC resistance for these methods are carried out by using mathematical software SCILAB. Analysis of skin effect is carried out with FEMM. Effect of pitch on AC resistance is analyzed. The results for AC resistance, skin effect and analysis of skin effect presented in this paper are compared with FEM simulations. A graphical comparison of the theoretical calculation and FEM simulation of ac resistance with frequency is done and found to be in good agreement.",
"corpus_id": 427152,
"title": "AC resistance calculation of litz wire and its modeling with FEMM"
} | {
"abstract": "In this paper, a new soft switching T-type three level inverter is proposed. The proposed new converter provides for main switches to turn on with Zero Voltage Transition (ZVT) and turn off with Zero Voltage Switching (ZVS) without any voltage or current stresses. Also, the proposed new converter provides Soft Switching (SS) for all semiconductors. Besides, Electro Magnetic Interference (EMI) noises are decreased by soft switching cell. The proposed converter has a low cost, ease of control and simple structure. The theoretical analysis of converter is clarified and the operating stages are given in detail. The simulation results of converter are obtained for 3.3 kW and 50 kHz by PSIM program. It is observed that the simulation results and theoretical analysis of converter are perfectly suitable with each other.",
"corpus_id": 43769078,
"score": -1,
"title": "A new soft switching three level T-type inverter"
} |
{
"abstract": "We consider wireless networks in which multiple paths are available between each source and destination. We allow each source to split traffic among all of its available paths, and we ask the question: How do we attain the lowest possible number of transmissions per unit time to support a given traffic matrix? Traffic bound in opposite directions over two wireless hops can utilize the “reverse carpooling” advantage of network coding in order to decrease the number of transmissions used. We call such coded hops “hyper-links.” With the reverse carpooling technique, longer paths might be cheaper than shorter ones. However, there is a peculiar situation among sources-the network coding advantage is realized only if there is traffic in both directions of a shared path. We consider the problem of routing with network coding by selfish agents (the sources) as a potential game and develop a method of state-space augmentation in which additional agents (the hyper-links) decouple sources' choices from each other by declaring a hyper-link capacity, allowing sources to split their traffic selfishly in a distributed fashion, and then changing the hyper-link capacity based on user actions. Furthermore, each hyper-link has a scheduling constraint in terms of the maximum number of transmissions allowed per unit time. We show that our two-level control scheme is stable and verify our analytical insights by simulation.",
"corpus_id": 1181123,
"title": "Multipath Wireless Network Coding: An Augmented Potential Game Perspective"
} | {
"abstract": "Potential games form a class of non-cooperative games where unilateral improvement dynamics are guaranteed to converge in many practical cases. The potential game approach has been applied to a wide range of wireless network problems, particularly to a variety of channel assignment problems. In this paper, the properties of potential games are introduced, and games in wireless networks that have been proven to be potential games are comprehensively discussed.",
"corpus_id": 14271544,
"title": "A Comprehensive Survey of Potential Game Approaches to Wireless Networks"
} | {
"abstract": "We examine the throughput benefits that network coding offers with respect to the average throughput achievable by routing, where the average throughput refers to the average of the rates that the individual receivers experience. We relate these benefits to the integrality gap of a standard linear programming formulation for the directed Steiner tree problem. We describe families of configurations over which network coding at most doubles the average throughput, and analyze a class of directed graph configurations with N receivers where network coding offers benefits proportional to /spl radic/N. We also discuss other throughput measures in networks, and show how in certain classes of networks, average throughput bounds can be translated into minimum throughput bounds, by employing vector routing and channel coding. Finally, we show configurations where use of randomized coding may require an alphabet size exponentially larger than the minimum alphabet size required.",
"corpus_id": 176030,
"score": 2,
"title": "On average throughput and alphabet size in network coding"
} |
{
"abstract": "Abstract Consumers, particularly in industrialised countries, are concerned about the application of genetic engineering in food production. There are considerations in many nations worldwide to introduce legal regulations to label food as free of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) in order to enable producers to better promote such products. However, requirements for labelling food products as ‘GMO-free’ can be very different, and therefore it is questionable whether consumers’ understanding of ‘GMO-free’ is consistent with what certain labels actually can guarantee. We conducted a consumer survey in order to explore potential gaps between expectations of ‘GMO-free’ food and production requirements in the case of the revised German regulation covering the labelling of foods as ‘GMO-free’. Our results indicate significant differences between consumers’ view and standards of production. Keywords Genetic Engineering, Food Labelling, Consumer Survey 1 Introduction and Background Genetically modified organisms (GMOs) in food are a growing concern for consumers (B",
"corpus_id": 152951960,
"title": "'GMO-FREE' LABELS - ENHANCING TRANSPARENCY OR DECEIVING CONSUMERS?"
} | {
"abstract": "\"Labeling of genetically modified (GM) foods is a contentious issue and internationally, there is sharp division whether such labeling ought to be mandatory. This debate has reached India where the government has proposed mandatory labeling. In this context, this paper evaluates the optimal regulatory approach to GM food labels. Mandatory labeling aims to provide greater information and correspondingly more informed consumer choice. However, even without such laws, markets have incentives to supply labeling. So can mandatory labeling achieve outcomes different from voluntary labeling? The paper shows that this is not the case in most situations. The paper goes on to explore the special set of circumstances, where mandatory labeling makes a difference to outcomes. If these outcomes are intended, mandatory labeling is justified; otherwise not.\" from Authors' Abstract",
"corpus_id": 17657393,
"title": "The Economics of GM Food Labels: An Evaluation of Mandatory Labeling Proposals in India"
} | {
"abstract": "\"The development pattern in Ghana is characterised by a north-south divide in which the north lags far behind the south... This paper sets out to identify avenues for pro-poor growth in Ghana, focussing on agricultural opportunities, particularly in northern Ghana. Using an economywide, multimarket model and based on time series production data between 1991 and 2000 and Ghana Living Standards Survey data of 1991/92 and 1998/99, this paper analyzes the possible poverty reduction trends up to 2015 by assuming different patterns of growth. The results show that agriculture-led growth has a larger poverty reducing effect than nonagriculture-led growth... A review of the literature shows that while the north generally is a net migration area, the rewards of migration have been limited because people who migrate have no skills and are, therefore, limited to entering the informal job market where wages are low. The implication is to enhance this labour with education and skills. Ultimately, the regions must attract production investment to boost economic activity and generate local growth. The state must play a leading role in investing in productive and social infrastructure as a way of facilitating the environment for private sector operators.: from Authors' Abstract",
"corpus_id": 16079845,
"score": 2,
"title": "Regional Disparities in Ghana: Policy Options and Public Investment Implications"
} |
{
"abstract": "ABSTRACT Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) is classified in nine subtypes (A to D, F, G, H, J, and K), a number of subsubtypes, and several circulating recombinant forms (CRFs). Due to the high level of genetic diversity within HIV-1 and to its worldwide distribution, this classification system is widely used in fields as diverse as vaccine development, evolution, epidemiology, viral fitness, and drug resistance. Here, we demonstrate how the high recombination rates of HIV-1 may confound the study of its evolutionary history and classification. Our data show that subtype G, currently classified as a pure subtype, has in fact a recombinant history, having evolved following recombination between subtypes A and J and a putative subtype G parent. In addition, we find no evidence for recombination within one of the lineages currently classified as a CRF, CRF02_AG. Our analysis indicates that CRF02_AG was the parent of the recombinant subtype G, rather than the two having the opposite evolutionary relationship, as is currently proposed. Our results imply that the current classification of HIV-1 subtypes and CRFs is an artifact of sampling history, rather than reflecting the evolutionary history of the virus. We suggest a reanalysis of all pure subtypes and CRFs in order to better understand how high rates of recombination have influenced HIV-1 evolutionary history.",
"corpus_id": 1080411,
"title": "Recombination Confounds the Early Evolutionary History of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1: Subtype G Is a Circulating Recombinant Form"
} | {
"abstract": "Memory CD4 T cells are the primary targets of HIV-1 infection, which then subsequently spreads to other T lymphocyte subsets. Antiretroviral therapy (ART) alters the pattern of HIV-1 distribution. Blood samples were collected from ART-naïve or -experienced HIV-1 patients, and the memory and naïve subsets of CD4(+) and CD8(+) T lymphocytes, respectively, were isolated by cell sorting. DNA was extracted and the HIV-1 env C2/V3 region PCR amplified. Amplicons were cloned and sequenced, and genetic relatedness among different HIV-1 compartments was determined by the phylogenetic analysis of clonal sequences. The viral V3 sequence of HIV-1 in each compartment was analyzed by using webPSSM to determine CCR5 or CXCR4 coreceptor binding property of the virus. The direction of viral migration among involved compartments was determined by using the MacClade program. In ART-naïve patients, HIV-1 was generally confined to the memory CD4 T (mT4) cell compartment, even though in a few cases, naïve CD4 T (nT4) cells were also infected. When this occurred, the HIV-1 gene migrated from nT4 to mT4. In contrast, HIV-1 was detected in nT4 and mT4 as well as in the memory CD8 T (mT8) compartments of ART-experienced patients. However, no clear pattern of directional HIV-1 gene flow among the compartments could be determined because of the small sample size. All HIV-1-infected T cell compartments housed the virus that used either CCR5 or CXCR4 as the coreceptor.",
"corpus_id": 498576,
"title": "Distribution of HIV-1 infection in different T lymphocyte subsets: antiretroviral therapy-naïve vs. experienced patients."
} | {
"abstract": "The authors are using a perceptual difference model (Case-PDM) to quantitatively evaluate image quality of the thousands of test images which can be created when optimizing fast magnetic resonance (MR) imaging strategies and reconstruction techniques. In this validation study, they compared human evaluation of MR images from multiple organs and from multiple image reconstruction algorithms to Case-PDM and similar models. The authors found that Case-PDM compared very favorably to human observers in double-stimulus continuous-quality scale and functional measurement theory studies over a large range of image quality. The Case-PDM threshold for nonperceptible differences in a 2-alternative forced choice study varied with the type of image under study, but was approximately 1.1 for diffuse image effects, providing a rule of thumb. Ordering the image quality evaluation models, we found in overall Case-PDM approximately IDM (Sarnoff Corporation) approximately SSIM [Wang et al. IEEE Trans. Image Process. 13, 600-612 (2004)] > mean squared error NR [Wang et al. (2004) (unpublished)] > DCTune (NASA) > IQM (MITRE Corporation). The authors conclude that Case-PDM is very useful in MR image evaluation but that one should probably restrict studies to similar images and similar processing, normally not a limitation in image reconstruction studies.",
"corpus_id": 12850293,
"score": 1,
"title": "Quantitative image quality evaluation of MR images using perceptual difference models."
} |
{
"abstract": "A low power successive approximation analog-to-digital converter is presented operating at 1.2 V supply. The circuit has been designed in a 0.13 μm standard CMOS technology. The power consumption while converting is 13 μW, and in standby mode the power is reduced to 5.8 μW. The resolution is programmable between 1 to 8 bits. It can work from 500 Hz up to 50 kHz clock frequencies.",
"corpus_id": 64328,
"title": "An Ultra Low Power Successive Approximation ADC with Selectable Resolution in 0.13 μm CMOS Technology"
} | {
"abstract": "Presented here is a 10 bit SAR ADC working over a wide supply range of 5.5 V to 2.5 V. The circuit is built in a CMOS process with Metal-Poly capacitors. Issues related to low voltage sampling circuitry design and low voltage high speed comparator design are discussed. Silicon evaluation results are presented.",
"corpus_id": 26156385,
"title": "A 2.5 V 10 bit SAR ADC"
} | {
"abstract": "Linearity errors of weighted capacitor digital-to-analog converters (DAC's) can be corrected using a simple digital algorithm. The additional circuitry required is approximately 350 digital gates plus 10 bytes of memory space.",
"corpus_id": 109945377,
"score": 2,
"title": "Self-calibration technique for A/D converters"
} |
{
"abstract": "Conjugated polyelectrolyte (CPE) interfacial layers present a powerful way to boost the I-V characteristics of organic photovoltaics. Nevertheless, clear guidelines with respect to the structure of high-performance interlayers are still lacking. In this work, impedance spectroscopy is applied to probe the dielectric permittivity of a series of polythiophene-based CPEs. The presence of ionic pendant groups grants the formation of a capacitive double layer, boosting the charge extraction and device efficiency. A counteracting effect is the diminishing affinity with the underlying photoactive layer. To balance these two effects, we found copolymer structures containing nonionic side chains to be beneficial.",
"corpus_id": 2399759,
"title": "High-Permittivity Conjugated Polyelectrolyte Interlayers for High-Performance Bulk Heterojunction Organic Solar Cells."
} | {
"abstract": "Work function modification by polyelectrolytes and tertiary aliphatic amines is found to be due to the formation of a net dipole at the electrode interface, induced by interaction with its own image dipole in the electrode. In polyelectrolytes differences in size and side groups between the moving ions lead to differences in approach distance towards the surface. These differences determine magnitude and direction of the resulting dipole. In tertiary aliphatic amines the lone pairs of electrons are anticipated to shift towards their image when close to the interface rather than the nitrogen nuclei, which are sterically hindered by the alkyl side chains. Data supporting this model is from scanning Kelvin probe microscopy, used to determine the work function modification by thin layers of such materials on different substrates. Both reductions and increases in work function by different materials are found to follow a general mechanism. Work function modification is found to only take place when the work function modification layer (WML) is deposited on conductors or semiconductors. On insulators no effect is observed. Additionally, the work function modification is independent of the WML thickness or the substrate work function in the range of 3 to 5 eV. Based on these results charge transfer, doping, and spontaneous dipole orientation are excluded as possible mechanisms. This understanding of the work function modification by polyelectrolytes and amines facilitates design of new air‐stable and solution‐processable WMLs for organic electronics.",
"corpus_id": 15166022,
"title": "Origin of Work Function Modification by Ionic and Amine‐Based Interface Layers"
} | {
"abstract": "Hydroxyapatite (HAp) nanoparticles were synthesized with cationic surfactant, anionic surfactant and nonionic surfactant tuwen 80 respectively. The products were characterized by transmission electronmicroscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The results show the characteristic peaks of HAp with size between 75–100 nm, which indicate the successful preparation of HAp nanoparticles. The images of TEM display the needle-like structure of HAp crystals by adding cationic surfactant, however rectangular structure of HAp crystals is obtained by adding anionic surfactant. It revealed that the morphology of HAp could be adjusted by surfactants, which might provide a new way of preparing HAp nanoparticles with controllable morphology.",
"corpus_id": 14118497,
"score": 1,
"title": "Synthesis of hydroxyapatite assisted by surfactants"
} |
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