query dict | pos dict | neg dict |
|---|---|---|
{
"abstract": "Insulin resistance is characteristic of the diabetic state. To define the role of hyperglycemia in generation of the insulin resistance, we examined the effect of phlorizin treatment on tissue sensitivity to insulin in partially pancreatectomized rats. Five groups were studied: group I, sham-operated controls; group II, partially pancreatectomized diabetic rats with moderate glucose intolerance; group III, diabetic rats treated with phlorizin to normalize glucose tolerance; group IV, phlorizin-treated controls; and group V, phlorizin-treated diabetic rats restudied after discontinuation of phlorizin. Insulin sensitivity was assessed with the euglyemic hyperinsulinemic clamp technique in awake, unstressed rats. Insulin-mediated glucose metabolism was reduced by approximately 30% (P less than 0.001) in diabetic rats. Phlorizin treatment of diabetic rats completely normalized insulin sensitivity but had no effect on insulin action in controls. Discontinuation of phlorizin in phlorizin-treated diabetic rats resulted in the reemergence of insulin resistance. These data demonstrate that a reduction of beta-cell mass leads to the development of insulin resistance, and correction of hyperglycemia with phlorizin, without change in insulin levels, normalizes insulin sensitivity. These results provide the first in vivo evidence that hyperglycemia per se can lead to the development of insulin resistance.",
"corpus_id": 1251037,
"title": "Correction of hyperglycemia with phlorizin normalizes tissue sensitivity to insulin in diabetic rats."
} | {
"abstract": "The past 200 years have brought an understanding of diabetes and its pathogenesis, as well as the development of treatments that could not have been predicted when the disorder was first clinically described 2000 years ago. Beginning in the late 19th century, the initial descriptions of the microscopic anatomy of the pancreatic islets by Langerhans led to recognition of pancreatic endocrine function. Many investigators attempted to isolate the hypoglycemic factor produced by the pancreas, but Banting, Best, Macleod, and Collip were able to extract and purify “isletin” to treat human diabetes in 1921. Rapid scientific progress over the next 100 years led to an understanding of insulin synthesis, structure and function, production of modified synthetic insulins, and the physiopathology that permitted classification of diabetes subtypes. Improvements in control of diabetes have reduced the risks of complications. In less than two hundred years, we have gone from being unable to measure glucose in blood to being able to offer people with diabetes continuous blood glucose monitoring, linked to continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion. We come ever closer with new drugs and treatments to repair the biochemical defects in type 2 diabetes and to biologically replace islets and their function in type 1 diabetes. This review addresses the history of continuing progress in diabetes care.",
"corpus_id": 254094285,
"title": "From Antiquity to Modern Times: A History of Diabetes Mellitus and Its Treatments"
} | {
"abstract": "The overall response rates and long‐term survival of primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL) are still significantly inferior to the results achieved in similar subtypes of extranodal non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma. It is clearly necessary to investigate new therapeutic methods on PCNSL. We encountered three patients histologically documented PCNSL as diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma (DLBCL). They were treated with R‐IDARAM which comprised rituximab, idarubicin, dexamethasone, cytarabine and methotrexate. Patient 1 received stereotactic brachytherapy (SBT) prior to chemotherapy performed with iodine‐125 seeds (cumulative therapeutic dose 50 Gy). After six cycles of R‐IDARAM at 3‐weekly intervals, radiotherapy was applied at a dosage of 2000–4000 cGy in conventional schedule (180 or 200 cGy/day) to whole brain or spinal cord in all patients. Complete remission (CR) was achieved after first two cycles of R‐IDARAM in all patients. All three patients remained in CR at the time of this report with a median duration of follow‐up of 23 months (ranging from 13 to 41 months). Three patients have been alive for 41, 13, 16 months respectively until now. The patient with the longest survival time was the one given SBT prior to chemotherapy. This study suggests that R‐IDARAM combining with radiotherapy maybe a high effective regimen in PCNSL patients especially those with primary central nervous system DLBCL. A comprehensive treatment combining internal radiotherapy by SBT, modified R‐IDARAM and followed reduced external radiotherapy may be a new treatment concept for PCNSL with higher efficiency and lower toxicity.",
"corpus_id": 6578345,
"score": 1,
"title": "Combined treatment of rituximab, idarubicin, dexamethasone, cytarabine, methotrexate with radiotherapy for primary central nervous system lymphoma"
} |
{
"abstract": "Author's version of an article in the journal: Journal of Enterprise Information Management. Also available from the publisher at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/17410391211265142",
"corpus_id": 21002361,
"title": "Identifying reasons for ERP system customization in SMEs: a multiple case study"
} | {
"abstract": "Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to explore the critical success factors (CSFs) of enterprise resource planning (ERP) system implementation in small and medium‐sized enterprises (SMEs).Design/methodology/approach – Five case studies of Canadian SMEs were conducted. They included interviewing individuals from five roles at each organization and gathering project documents. Following an evaluation of each project's success (within‐case analysis), cross‐case analysis was conducted to elicit influential and distinctive factors.Findings – Factors were identified that appeared to explain variation between successful and unsuccessful implementations at SMEs, besides factors that appeared to be innovative or counter‐intuitive in light of the established literature.Research limitations/implications – The study reinforces the need for more research that is focused on SMEs. All cases were of Canadian SMEs with either a manufacturing or distribution focus, potentially limiting the generalizability of findings t...",
"corpus_id": 154330446,
"title": "ERP implementation at SMEs: analysis of five Canadian cases"
} | {
"abstract": "Small enterprises are facing significant challenges to become suppliers of bigger customers due to the excessive costs associated with accessing a vast market of potential customers. It is essential for small businesses to adopt an ERP system to maintain control of their operations and to compete globally. An ERP implementation is expensive and risky for all businesses, but it is still more challenging for small businesses, which have particular characteristics. We identified from archived literature, key decisions necessary in selecting and implementing an ERP system. While these critical decisions are applicable to all types of businesses, the focus of this research was to recommend the best practices for each one of these key decisions for small businesses. We interviewed six small businesses to recommend best practices for the critical decisions: (1) project team structure, (2) implementation strategy, (3) database conversion strategy, (4) transition technique, (5) risk management strategy and (6) change management strategy. Our results indicate that these best practices greatly enhanced the success of an ERP implementation for small businesses. Further, we recommend studying the impact of ERP systems on the small business' participation in supply chain management.",
"corpus_id": 8419066,
"score": -1,
"title": "International Journal of Information Management Critical Decisions for Erp Integration: Small Business Issues"
} |
{
"abstract": "Many statistical potentials were developed in last two decades for protein folding and protein structure recognition. The major difference of these potentials is on the selection of reference states to offset sampling bias. However, since these potentials used different databases and parameter cutoffs, it is difficult to judge what the best reference states are by examining the original programs. In this study, we aim to address this issue and evaluate the reference states by a unified database and programming environment. We constructed distance‐specific atomic potentials using six widely‐used reference states based on 1022 high‐resolution protein structures, which are applied to rank modeling in six sets of structure decoys. The reference state on random‐walk chain outperforms others in three decoy sets while those using ideal‐gas, quasi‐chemical approximation and averaging sample stand out in one set separately. Nevertheless, the performance of the potentials relies on the origin of decoy generations and no reference state can clearly outperform others in all decoy sets. Further analysis reveals that the statistical potentials have a contradiction between the universality and pertinence, and optimal reference states should be extracted based on specific application environments and decoy spaces. Proteins 2012; © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.",
"corpus_id": 6451452,
"title": "What is the best reference state for designing statistical atomic potentials in protein structure prediction?"
} | {
"abstract": "A remaining challenge in protein modeling is to predict structures for sequences with no sequence similarity to any experimentally solved structure. Based on earlier observations, the library of protein backbone supersecondary structure motifs (Smotifs) saturated about a decade ago. Therefore, it should be possible to build any structure from a combination of existing Smotifs with the help of limited experimental data that are sufficient to relate the backbone conformations of Smotifs between target proteins and known structures. Here, we present a hybrid modeling algorithm that relies on an exhaustive Smotif library and on nuclear magnetic resonance chemical shift patterns without any input of primary sequence information. In a test of 102 proteins, the algorithm delivered 90 homology-model-quality models, among them 24 high-quality ones, and a topologically correct solution for almost all cases. The current approach opens a venue to address the modeling of larger protein structures for which chemical shifts are available.",
"corpus_id": 8315640,
"title": "Modeling proteins using a super-secondary structure library and NMR chemical shift information."
} | {
"abstract": "The use of classical molecular dynamics simulations, performed in explicit water, for the refinement of structural models of proteins generated ab initio or based on homology has been investigated. The study involved a test set of 15 proteins that were previously used by Baker and coworkers to assess the efficiency of the ROSETTA method for ab initio protein structure prediction. For each protein, four models generated using the ROSETTA procedure were simulated for periods of between 5 and 400 nsec in explicit solvent, under identical conditions. In addition, the experimentally determined structure and the experimentally derived structure in which the side chains of all residues had been deleted and then regenerated using the WHATIF program were simulated and used as controls. A significant improvement in the deviation of the model structures from the experimentally determined structures was observed in several cases. In addition, it was found that in certain cases in which the experimental structure deviated rapidly from the initial structure in the simulations, indicating internal strain, the structures were more stable after regenerating the side‐chain positions. Overall, the results indicate that molecular dynamics simulations on a tens to hundreds of nanoseconds time scale are useful for the refinement of homology or ab initio models of small to medium‐size proteins.",
"corpus_id": 33436373,
"score": 2,
"title": "Refinement of homology‐based protein structures by molecular dynamics simulation techniques"
} |
{
"abstract": "Calmodulin (CaM) is a Ca2+-binding protein that plays an important role in cellular Ca2+-signaling. CaM interacts with diverse downstream target proteins and regulates their functions in a Ca2+-dependent manner. CaM changes its conformation and hydrophobicity upon [Ca2+] change and consequently changes its interaction with CaM-binding domains from the targets. Based on these special properties of CaM, it was used as an affinity tag to develop a novel purification strategy by using it for two sequential orthogonal purification steps: 1) an affinity purification step, in which CaM-tag interacts with an immobilized CaM-binding domain; and 2) a hydrophobic interaction chromatography step, during which CaM binds to a phenyl sepharose column. In both steps, the CaM-tagged protein binds in the presence of Ca2+ and unbinds in the presence of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA). An optional third step can be added to remove the CaM-tag if necessary. We used green fluorescent protein (GFP) as a test protein to demonstrate the effectiveness of the method. High yield and high purity of GFP with proper function was obtained using this novel strategy. We believe that this method can be applied to a wide range of protein targets for structural and functional studies.",
"corpus_id": 3975316,
"title": "A two-step purification strategy using calmodulin as an affinity tag."
} | {
"abstract": "The effects of calcitonin on lipid metabolism were investigated in three kinds of rats, one strain of rabbits, and a primary culture of rat hepatocytes. In a short-term experiment, calcitonin decreased serum cholesterol and triglycerides after injection in rats on either an ordinary or high-fat diet. In a long-term experiment, calcitonin decreased the serum cholesterol and triglycerides in uremic rats, hypothalamic obese rats, and Watanabe-heritable hyperlipidemic rabbits. In cultured hepatocytes, calcitonin reduced the incorporation of [14C]acetate into cholesterol and triglycerides in a dose-dependent way. Treatment with W7, a calmodulin inhibitor, overcame the decrease caused by calcitonin in serum lipids in rats and in the synthesis of triglycerides from acetate or palmitate in the hepatocytes, but did not alter the intracellular cAMP level or incorporation of [32P]Pi into PI in the cells. The results suggest that calcitonin lowers serum lipid levels and lipogenesis in hepatocytes in a calcium/calmodulin-dependent way.",
"corpus_id": 6395726,
"title": "Calcium/calmodulin-mediated action of calcitonin on lipid metabolism in rats."
} | {
"abstract": "Squid optic nerve sodium channels were characterized in planar bilayers in the presence of batrachotoxin (BTX). The channel exhibits a conductance of 20 pS in symmetrical 200 mM NaCl and behaves as a sodium electrode. The single-channel conductance saturates with increasing the concentration of sodium and the channel conductance vs. sodium concentration relation is well described by a simple rectangular hyperbola. The apparent dissociation constant of the channel for sodium is 11 mM and the maximal conductance is 23 pS. The selectivity determined from reversal potentials obtained in mixed ionic conditions is Na+ approximately Li+ greater than K+ greater than Rb+ greater than Cs+. Calcium blocks the channel in a voltage-dependent manner. Analysis of single-channel membranes showed that the probability of being open (Po) vs. voltage relation is sigmoidal with a value of 0.5 between -90 and -100 mV. The fitting of Po requires at least two closed and one open state. The apparent gating charge required to move through the whole transmembrane voltage during the closed-open transition is four to five electronic charges per channel. Distribution of open and closed times are well described by single exponentials in most of the voltage range tested and mean open and mean closed times are voltage dependent. The number of charges associated with channel closing is 1.6 electronic charges per channel. Tetrodotoxin blocked the BTX-modified channel being the blockade favored by negative voltages. The apparent dissociation constant at zero potential is 16 nM. We concluded that sodium channels from the squid optic nerve are similar to other BTX- modified channels reconstituted in bilayers and to the BTX-modified sodium channel detected in the squid giant axon.",
"corpus_id": 7037339,
"score": 1,
"title": "Batrachotoxin-modified sodium channels from squid optic nerve in planar bilayers. Ion conduction and gating properties"
} |
{
"abstract": "A method has been developed to measure Ca influx in internally dialyzed squid axons. This was achieved by controlling the dialyzed segment of the axon exposed to the external radioactive medium. The capacity of EGTA to buffer all the Ca entering the fiber was explored by changing the free EGTA at constant [Ca++]i. At a free [EGTA]i greater than 200 microM, the measured resting Ca influx and the expected increment in Ca entry during electrical stimulation were independent of the axoplasmic free [EGTA]. To avoid Ca uptake by the mitochondrial system, cyanide, oligomycin, and FCCP were included in the perfusate. Axons dialyzed with a standard medium containing: [ATP] = 2 mM, [Ca++]i = 0.06 microM, [Ca++]o = 10 mM, [Na+]i = 70 mM, and [Na+]o = 465 mM, gave a mean Ca influx of 0.14 +/- 0.012 pmol.cm-2.s-1 (n = 12. Removal of ATP drops the Ca influx to 0.085 +/- 0.007 pmol.cm-2.s-1 (n = 12). Ca influx increased to 0.35 pmol.cm-2,s-1 when Nao was removed. The increment was completely abolished by removing Nai+ and (or) ATP from the dialysis medium. At nominal zero [Ca++]i, no Nai-dependent Ca influx was observed. In the presence of ATP and Nai [Ca++]i activates the Ca influx along a sigmoid curve without saturation up to 1 microM [Ca++]i. Removal of Nai+ always reduced the Ca influx to a value similar to that observed in the absence of [Ca++]i (0.087 +/- 0.008 pmol.cm-2.s-1; n = 11). Under the above standard conditions, 50-60% of the total Ca influx was found to be insensitive to Nai+, Cai++, and ATP, sensitive to membrane potential, and partially inhibited by external Co++.",
"corpus_id": 3011347,
"title": "Calcium influx in internally dialyzed squid giant axons"
} | {
"abstract": "We have cloned the squid neuronal Na+–Ca2+ exchanger, NCX-SQ1, expressed it in Xenopus oocytes, and characterized its regulatory and ion transport properties in giant excised membrane patches. The squid exchanger shows 58% identity with the canine Na+–Ca2+ exchanger (NCX1.1). Regions determined to be of functional importance in NCX1 are well conserved. Unique among exchanger sequences to date, NCX-SQ1 has a potential protein kinase C phosphorylation site (threonine 184) between transmembrane segments 3 and 4 and a tyrosine kinase site in the Ca2+ binding region (tyrosine 462). There is a deletion of 47 amino acids in the large intracellular loop of NCX-SQ1 in comparison with NCX1. Similar to NCX1, expression of NCX-SQ1 in Xenopus oocytes induced cytoplasmic Na+-dependent 45Ca2+ uptake; the uptake was inhibited by injection of Ca2+ chelators. In giant excised membrane patches, the NCX-SQ1 outward exchange current showed Na+-dependent inactivation, secondary activation by cytoplasmic Ca2+, and activation by chymotrypsin. The NCX-SQ1 exchange current was strongly stimulated by both ATP and the ATP-thioester, ATPγS, in the presence of F− (0.2 mM) and vanadate (50 μM), and both effects reversed on application of a phosphatidylinositol-4′,5′-bisphosphate antibody. NCX1 current was stimulated by ATP, but not by ATPγS. Like NCX1 current, NCX-SQ1 current was strongly stimulated by phosphatidylinositol-4′,5′-bisphosphate liposomes. In contrast to results in squid axon, NCX-SQ1 was not stimulated by phosphoarginine (5–10 mM). After chymotrypsin treatment, both the outward and inward NCX-SQ1 exchange currents were more strongly voltage dependent than NCX1 currents. Ion concentration jump experiments were performed to estimate the relative electrogenicity of Na+ and Ca2+ transport reactions. Outward current transients associated with Na+ extrusion were much smaller for NCX-SQ1 than NCX1, and inward current transients associated with Ca2+ extrusion were much larger. For NCX-SQ1, charge movements of Ca2+ transport could be defined in voltage jump experiments with a low cytoplasmic Ca2+ (2 μM) in the presence of high extracellular Ca2+ (4 mM). The rates of charge movements showed “U”-shaped dependence on voltage, and the slopes of both charge–voltage and rate–voltage relations (1,600 s−1 at 0 mV) indicated an apparent valency of −0.6 charges for the underlying reaction. Evidently, more negative charge moves into the membrane field in NCX-SQ1 than in NCX1 when ions are occluded into binding sites.",
"corpus_id": 898498,
"title": "Cloning, Expression, and Characterization of the Squid Na+–Ca2+ Exchanger (NCX-SQ1)"
} | {
"abstract": "Here we describe how some important scaling laws observed in the distribution of languages on Earth can emerge from a simple computer simulation. The proposed language dynamics includes processes of selective geographic colonization, linguistic anomalous diffusion and mutation, and interaction among populations that occupy different regions. It is found that the dependence of the linguistic diversity on the area after colonization displays two power law regimes, both described by critical exponents which are dependent on the mutation probability. Most importantly for the future prospect of world's population, our results show that the linguistic diversity always decrease to an asymptotic very small value if large areas and sufficiently long times of interaction among populations are considered.",
"corpus_id": 11322703,
"score": 1,
"title": "Theoretical model for the evolution of the linguistic diversity"
} |
{
"abstract": "BackgroundIn this paper, we report an outbreak of bovine trypanosomiasis in Kurmuk District, Blue Nile State, Sudan that involved an infection with four Trypanosoma species in cattle. The outbreak occurred in June 2010 when indigenous cattle, mainly Kenana and Fulani breed types, crossed the national Sudanese border to Ethiopia and returned. A veterinarian was notified of massive deaths in the cattle populations that recently came from Ethiopia. All animals involved in the outbreak were from the nomadic Fulani group and resident local cattle were not infected and no death has been reported among them. A total of 210 blood samples were collected from the ear vein of cattle. A few samples were also collected from other domestic animals species. Parasitological examinations including hematocrit centrifugation techniques (HCT) and Giemsa-stained thin blood films were carried out. ITS1-PCR, which provides a multi-species-specific diagnosis in a single PCR, was performed.FindingsParasitological examinations revealed that 43% (91/210) of the affected cattle population was infected with two morphologically distinct trypanosomes. Seventy animals (33.3%) were infected with T. vivax and twenty one (10%) with T. congolense. In contrast, ITS1-PCR was able to identify four Trypanosoma species namely T. vivax, T. congolense, T. simiae and T. brucei in 56.7% (80/141). T. brucei showed the highest prevalence of 36.9% (52/141) and the lowest 19% (27/141) was displayed by T. congolense. Furthermore, and because ITS1-PCR could not differentiate between T. brucei subspecies, serum resistance-associated (SRA) gene based PCR was used to detect the human T. brucei rhodesiense in T. brucei positive samples. None of the samples was shown positive for T. b. rhodesiense. The identity of the 400 bp PCR product originating from T. simiae, was further confirmed by sequencing and subsequent phylogenetic analysis.ConclusionsThe outbreak of bovine trypanosomiasis occurred in the Blue Nile State was caused by mixed infection of two or more Trypanosoma species and the conventional parasitological examinations were not reliable in identifying all the species of Trypanosoma involved in the outbreak. It is difficult to determine the cause of the disease for the reason that the current enzootic situation in the resident cattle in the region is poorly understood. The study concluded that there are at least four species of trypanosomes that caused this outbreak in the Blue Nile State. The presence of mixed infections might have exacerbated the severity of the disease. It is hypothesized that variant parasite type(s) might have been introduced to Sudanese cattle when they crossed to Ethiopia, a tsetse belt region.",
"corpus_id": 405214,
"title": "An outbreak of bovine trypanosomiasis in the Blue Nile State, Sudan"
} | {
"abstract": "BackgroundAfter a long period of neglect, initiatives are being implemented in Sudan to control tsetse and trypanosomosis. Their planning, execution and monitoring require reliable information on the geographic distribution of the disease and its vectors. However, geo-referenced and harmonized data at the national level are lacking, despite the fact that a number of epidemiological studies were conducted over the years. The Atlas of tsetse and bovine trypanosomosis in Sudan tries to fill this gap.MethodsThe present study includes both a review of historical datasets on tsetse flies and bovine trypanosomosis, as well as the results of recent, targeted field investigations. The review includes both published and unpublished datasets collected in Sudan from 1960 onwards. Targeted field investigations were conducted for trypanosomosis in Blue Nile (2011) and Gezeira States (2012), for tsetse flies in South Darfur (2012) and Blue Nile States (2009 and 2011), and for other trypanosomosis vectors in seven States (Khartoum, Gezeira, White Nile, Blue Nile, North Kordofan, Kassala and Gadarif). The latter surveys, conducted from 2010 to 2012, also enabled us to confirm the absence of tsetse flies in a number of locations.ResultsTsetse fly infestation in Sudan appears to be limited to two relatively small areas at the south-western and south-eastern tips of the Country (South Darfur and Blue Nile State respectively). Glossina morsitans submorsitans is present in both areas, whilst G. fuscipes fuscipes is found only in the latter. In contrast, bovine trypanosomosis is widespread, its presence having being confirmed in eleven States and suspected in all the others. Both mechanical transmission by non-cyclical vectors and animal movement contribute to this broad distribution of trypanosomosis. This is especially the case for Trypanosoma vivax, which was found even in sedentary cattle at hundreds of kilometres of the tsetse belt.ConclusionsThe Atlas provides a spatially-explicit synthesis of the current knowledge of tsetse and bovine trypanosomosis in Sudan. Its various epidemiological outputs are being used to target both trypanosomosis control activities and further data collection exercises. Activities are ongoing to expand the Atlas to non-cyclical vectors and hosts other than cattle.",
"corpus_id": 18844901,
"title": "An atlas of tsetse and bovine trypanosomosis in Sudan"
} | {
"abstract": "Taguchi methods are used widely as the basis for development trials during industrial process design. Here, we describe their suitability for optimisation of the PCR. Unlike conventional strategies, these arrays revealed the effects and interactions of specific reaction components simultaneously using just a few reactions, negating the need for extensive experimental investigation. Reaction components which effected product yield were easily determined. In addition, this technique was applied to the qualitative investigation of RAPD-PCR profiles, where optimisation of the size and distribution of a number of products was determined.",
"corpus_id": 15717996,
"score": 2,
"title": "A simple procedure for optimising the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using modified Taguchi methods."
} |
{
"abstract": "Conceptual climate models are very simple mathematical representations of climate processes, which are especially useful because their workings can be readily understood. The usual procedure of representing effects of unresolved processes in such models using functions of the prognostic variables (parametrizations) that include no randomness generally results in these models exhibiting substantially less variability than do the phenomena they are intended to simulate. A viable yet still simple alternative is to replace the conventional deterministic parametrizations with stochastic parametrizations, which can be justified theoretically through the central limit theorem. The result is that the model equations are stochastic differential equations. In addition to greatly increasing the magnitude of variability exhibited by these models, and their qualitative fidelity to the corresponding real climate system, representation of unresolved influences by random processes can allow these models to exhibit surprisingly rich new behaviours of which their deterministic counterparts are incapable.",
"corpus_id": 2188722,
"title": "Effects of stochastic parametrization on conceptual climate models"
} | {
"abstract": "Arguably one of the most important effects of climate change is the potential impact on human health. While this is likely to take many forms, the implications for future transmission of vector-borne diseases (VBDs), given their ongoing contribution to global disease burden, are both extremely important and highly uncertain. In part, this is owing not only to data limitations and methodological challenges when integrating climate-driven VBD models and climate change projections, but also, perhaps most crucially, to the multitude of epidemiological, ecological and socio-economic factors that drive VBD transmission, and this complexity has generated considerable debate over the past 10–15 years. In this review, we seek to elucidate current knowledge around this topic, identify key themes and uncertainties, evaluate ongoing challenges and open research questions and, crucially, offer some solutions for the field. Although many of these challenges are ubiquitous across multiple VBDs, more specific issues also arise in different vector–pathogen systems.",
"corpus_id": 1377565,
"title": "Climate, environmental and socio-economic change: weighing up the balance in vector-borne disease transmission"
} | {
"abstract": "ABSTRACT Avertical airflow dryer and a continuous weighing system were used to determine the drying constant of steamed and unsteamed rough rice as a function of temperature, velocity and relative humidity of the drying air. The drying constant is an important parameter in thin layer drying theory which is needed to the drying process. Drying tests were conducted with unsteamed and steamed rough rice in order to evaluate the drying constants. Different effects of drying air conditions on the drying constant were observed for the steamed and unsteamed rough rice samples",
"corpus_id": 96216178,
"score": 0,
"title": "Effects of Drying Air Parameters on Rice Drying Models"
} |
{
"abstract": "BackgroundHealth information and statistics for Black foreign-born women in the United States are under-reported or not available. Black foreign-born women typically are classified under the general category of African American, ignoring the heterogeneity that exists in the United States Black population. It is important to identify health issues and behaviors of African-born women to effectively address health disparities.MethodsBlack African-born women (N = 29), 20 years or older completed a survey about general and women’s health, health history, acculturation, lifestyle, social and health challenges, beliefs about breast cancer. Data were analyzed using SPSS 14.0 software. Categorical variables were summarized with frequencies and percentages and continuous variables were summarized with means and standard variation. A Likert scale (strongly agree, agree, disagree, and strongly disagree) was used to assess beliefs about breast cancer.ResultsMost (71.4 %) participants had a high school education or more, 70 % were employed, and 50 % had health insurance. Two-thirds received health care from primary care doctors, 20.7 % from health departments, and 39.3 % got annual checkups. Lack of jobs, healthcare cost, language barrier, discrimination, and child care were the top social issues faced by participants. High blood pressure, obesity, oral health, HIV/AIDS, and diabetes were indicated as the most common health problems. The percent of participants (60 %) that had not had a mammogram within the previous 2 years was more than the state average (24 %) for women 40 years and older reported by the Kansas Department of Health and Environment. The percent of participants (40 %) that had a mammogram within the previous 2 years was lower than the national average (73.2 %) for African American women.ConclusionsStudy provides a snapshot of social concerns and health issues in an African population residing in Midwestern United States. Understanding the socio-cultural characteristics of this population is necessary to address health disparities.",
"corpus_id": 634583,
"title": "Health status among black African-born women in Kansas City: a preliminary assessment"
} | {
"abstract": "Recent policy changes have limited immigrants' access to insurance and to health care. Fewer noncitizen immigrants and their children (even U.S.-born) have Medicaid or job-based insurance, and many more are uninsured than is the case with native citizens or children of citizens. Noncitizens and their children also have worse access to both regular ambulatory and emergency care, even when insured. Immigration status is an important component of racial and ethnic disparities in insurance coverage and access to care.",
"corpus_id": 22458221,
"title": "Left out: immigrants' access to health care and insurance."
} | {
"abstract": "Aims: The aim of this study was to analyse delays in emergency medical system transfer of ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) patients to percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) centres according to transport modality in a rural French region. Methods and results: Data from the prospective multicentre CRAC / France PCI registry were analysed for 1911 STEMI patients: 410 transferred by helicopter and 1501 by ground transport. The primary endpoint was the percentage of transfers with first medical contact to primary percutaneous coronary intervention within the 90 minutes recommended in guidelines. The secondary endpoint was time of first medical contact to primary percutaneous coronary intervention. With helicopter transport, time of first medical contact to primary percutaneous coronary intervention in under 90 minutes was less frequently achieved than with ground transport (9.8% vs. 37.2%; odds ratio 5.49; 95% confidence interval 3.90; 7.73; P<0.0001). Differences were greatest for transfers under 50 km (13.7% vs. 44.7%; P<0.0001) and for primary transfers (22.4% vs. 49.6%; P<0.0001). The median time from first medical contact to primary percutaneous coronary intervention and from symptom onset to primary percutaneous coronary intervention (total ischaemic time) were significantly higher in the helicopter transport group than in the ground transport group (respectively, 137 vs. 103 minutes; P<0.0001 and 261 vs. 195 minutes; P<0.0001). There was no significant difference in inhospital mortality between the helicopter and ground transport groups (6.9% vs. 6.6%; P=0.88). Conclusions: Helicopter transport of STEMI patients was five times less effective than ground transport in maintaining the 90-minute first medical contact to primary percutaneous coronary intervention time recommended in guidelines, particularly for transfer distances less than 50 km.",
"corpus_id": 201712684,
"score": 1,
"title": "Does helicopter transport delay prehospital transfer for STEMI patients in rural areas? Findings from the CRAC France PCI registry"
} |
{
"abstract": "Mutations in DJ-1/PARK7 (Parkinson protein 7) have been identified as a cause of autosomal-recessive PD (Parkinson's disease) and the antioxidant property of DJ-1 has been shown to be involved in the regulation of mitochondrial function and neuronal cell survival. In the present study, we first found that the DJ-1 transgene mitigated MPTP (1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine)-induced DA (dopamine) neuron cell death and cell loss. We then observed that the protein levels of DJ-1 were significantly decreased, whereas levels of Fis1 [fission 1 (mitochondrial outer membrane) homologue] were noticeably increased in the striatum of MPTP-treated mice. In addition to our identification of RNF5 (RING-finger protein-5) as an E3-ligase for Fis1 ubiquitination, we demonstrated the involvement of the DJ-1/Akt/RNF5 signalling pathway in the regulation of Fis1 proteasomal degradation. In other experiments, we found that Akt1 enhances the mitochondrial translocation and E3-ligase activity of RNF5, leading to Fis1 degradation. Together, the identification of Fis1 degradation by DJ-1 signalling in the regulation of oxidative stress-induced neuronal cell death supplies a novel mechanism of DJ-1 in neuronal protection with the implication of DJ-1 in a potential therapeutic avenue for PD.",
"corpus_id": 593229,
"title": "DJ-1 promotes the proteasomal degradation of Fis1: implications of DJ-1 in neuronal protection."
} | {
"abstract": "The mitochondrial network is a dynamic organization within eukaryotic cells that participates in a variety of essential cellular processes, such as adenosine triphosphate (ATP) synthesis, central metabolism, apoptosis and inflammation. The mitochondrial network is balanced between rates of fusion and fission that respond to pathophysiologic signals to coordinate appropriate mitochondrial processes. Mitochondrial fusion and fission are regulated by proteins that either reside in or translocate to the inner or outer mitochondrial membranes or are soluble in the inter-membrane space. Mitochondrial fission and fusion are performed by guanosine triphosphatases (GTPases) on the outer and inner mitochondrial membranes with the assistance of other mitochondrial proteins. Due to the essential nature of mitochondrial function for cellular homeostasis, regulation of mitochondrial dynamics is under strict control. Some of the mechanisms used to regulate the function of these proteins are post-translational proteolysis and/or turnover, and this review will discuss these mechanisms required for correct mitochondrial network organization.",
"corpus_id": 7534003,
"title": "Regulation of Mitochondrial Dynamics by Proteolytic Processing and Protein Turnover"
} | {
"abstract": "We study the effect of limiting the number of different messages a node can transmit simultaneously on the verification complexity of proof-labeling schemes (PLS). In a PLS, each node is given a label, and the goal is to verify, by exchanging messages over each link in each direction, that a certain global predicate is satisfied by the system configuration. We consider a single parameter r that bounds the number of distinct messages that can be sent concurrently by any node: in the case r=1, each node may only send the same message to all its neighbors (the broadcast model), in the case r is at least Delta, where Delta is the largest node degree in the system, each neighbor may be sent a distinct message (the unicast model), and in general, for r between 1 and Delta, each of the r messages is destined to a subset of the neighbors. \nWe show that message compression linear in r is possible for verifying fundamental problems such as the agreement between edge endpoints on the edge state. Some problems, including verification of maximal matching, exhibit a large gap in complexity between r=1 and r>1. For some other important predicates, the verification complexity is insensitive to r, e.g., the question whether a subset of edges constitutes a spanning-tree. We also consider the congested clique model. We show that the crossing technique for proving lower bounds on the verification complexity can be applied in the case of congested clique only if r=1. Together with a new upper bound, this allows us to determine the verification complexity of MST in the broadcast clique. Finally, we establish a general connection between the deterministic and randomized verification complexity for any given number r.",
"corpus_id": 5881958,
"score": 0,
"title": "Proof-Labeling Schemes: Broadcast, Unicast and in Between"
} |
{
"abstract": "Escherichia coli has three major K(+) uptake systems, Trk, Kup, and Kdp, which have been studied extensively at near neutral pH. However, the function of these transporters under acidic conditions is not well understood, although growth and survival under acidic conditions are important for bacterial pathogenesis. In this study, we examined the expression and activity of Kdp under acidic conditions and found that the transport activity of Kdp is decreased at low pH and that the expression of kdp is regulated by the internal K(+) concentration in a pH-independent manner. Consequently, the low activity of Kdp was compensated for by the induction of its elevated expression by low K(+) accumulation via Kdp at acidic pH.",
"corpus_id": 1785132,
"title": "Expression and activity of Kdp under acidic conditions in Escherichia coli."
} | {
"abstract": "ABSTRACT Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium) is one of the leading causative agents of food-borne bacterial gastroenteritis. Swift invasion through the intestinal tract and successful establishment in systemic organs are associated with the adaptability of S. Typhimurium to different stress environments. Low-pH stress serves as one of the first lines of defense in mammalian hosts, which S. Typhimurium must efficiently overcome to establish an infection. Therefore, a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying the adaptability of S. Typhimurium to acid stress is highly relevant. In this study, we have performed a transcriptome analysis of S. Typhimurium under the acid tolerance response (ATR) and found a large number of genes (∼47%) to be differentially expressed (more than 1.5-fold or less than −1.5-fold; P < 0.01). Functional annotation revealed differentially expressed genes to be associated with regulation, metabolism, transport and binding, pathogenesis, and motility. Additionally, our knockout analysis of a subset of differentially regulated genes facilitated the identification of proteins that contribute to S. Typhimurium ATR and virulence. Mutants lacking genes encoding the K+ binding and transport protein KdpA, hypothetical protein YciG, the flagellar hook cap protein FlgD, and the nitrate reductase subunit NarZ were significantly deficient in their ATRs and displayed varied in vitro virulence characteristics. This study offers greater insight into the transcriptome changes of S. Typhimurium under the ATR and provides a framework for further research on the subject.",
"corpus_id": 10100157,
"title": "Global Transcriptome and Mutagenic Analyses of the Acid Tolerance Response of Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium"
} | {
"abstract": "OBJECTIVES\nBased on the assertion that fluorescence spectroscopy detects dimers of the polyene antibiotic amphotericin B (AmB), this technique was recently proposed to analyse the interaction of the drug with cell membranes. However, contradictory results indicate that this 'dimeric' fluorescence might actually originate from polyene impurities. We used a highly purified AmB to challenge this last proposal.\n\n\nMETHODS\nComparison of the fluorescence of AmB from different origins was made in dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO); concentration and sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) addition dependencies were analysed in water.\n\n\nRESULTS\nExcitation of fluorescence in the absorption band of the AmB monomer (around 410 nm) revealed no difference between the different samples, in contrast with what was observed by excitation in the absorption wavelengths of self-associated AmB (around 325 nm). Furthermore, in this latter case, no concentration dependence was observed, in DMSO or in water. SDS addition increased the fluorescence in water.\n\n\nCONCLUSIONS\nThe fluorescence of AmB observed by excitation in the absorption wavelengths of self-associated species (around 325 nm) is explainable by the presence of impurities. Fluorescence is probably not appropriate for characterization of the drug interaction with cell membranes.",
"corpus_id": 7149779,
"score": 1,
"title": "Evidence that impurities contribute to the fluorescence of the polyene antibiotic amphotericin B."
} |
{
"abstract": "This paper presents an electrostatic harvester of vibration energy based on multiple variable capacitors. Conventional electrostatic energy harvesters rely on a single variable capacitor working when driven by vibrations of sufficient amplitude and frequency. The proposed harvester is suitable for applications with low vibration amplitude and frequency because it can start in lower vibration conditions without increasing the size of the device. A harvester prototype based on four variable capacitors was developed, and its performance was measured and analyzed.",
"corpus_id": 2026850,
"title": "Electrostatic energy harvester based on multiple variable capacitors"
} | {
"abstract": "This brief describes several ways in which a variation of the electrostatic generator known as “doubler of electricity” or “Bennet's doubler” can be used as a practical micropower generator and a battery charger. The device has a structure that can be constructed as a microelectromechanical system device powered by ambient vibration. A simple battery charger that does not require any control circuit for operation is detailed, and the inherent instability of the device is exploited to allow greater power output, with experimental results presented.",
"corpus_id": 6311734,
"title": "The Doubler of Electricity Used as Battery Charger"
} | {
"abstract": "A 12-bit 43MHz switched capacitor pipelined analog- to-digital converter was implemented in a 0.5 mum 2P3M CMOS process based on 1.5-bit/stage architecture. The design features an on-chip continuous digital correction and a fully differential signal path circuitry that minimizes noise and relaxes comparator offset requirements. The design is a fully monolithic design that achieved an integral non-linearity of plusmn 0.7 LSB and differential non-linearity of plusmn 0.8 LSB with power dissipation of 94 mW.",
"corpus_id": 35152939,
"score": 1,
"title": "A Pipelined 12-bit Analog-to-Digital Converter with Continuous On-Chip Digital Correction"
} |
{
"abstract": "Verruciform xanthoma is a rare condition that was first reported in the oral cavity in 1971. Its histopathology is distinctive on account of the presence of foamy histiocytes within elongated dermal papillae. Three cases of oral mucosal verruciform xanthoma were studied. Immunohistochemical staining by streptavidin‐peroxidase and in situ hybridization to detect human papillomavirus (HPV types 6, 11, 16, 18) DNA and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP‐2, ‐9) RNA were performed to investigate the pathogenesis of verruciform xanthoma. This study showed that the foam cells were strongly positive for CD68 (KP1) and vimentin. Cytokeratin, PCNA and S‐100 stained focally negative in foam cells. In situ hybridization failed to detect HPV (types 6, 11, 16, 18) in any of the three cases. Based on our findings we conclude that verruciform xanthoma is most likely not a human papillomavirus‐associated lesion; the foam cells, as a histological hallmark of the lesion, are most likely derived from the monocyte‐macrophage lineage, and verruciform xanthoma is, at least partly, mediated by an immune mechanism. MMPs degrade basilar membrane that promotes the reciprocal induction between epithelium and mesenchyme. However, as yet unrecognized factors may play a role in the development of epithelium‐mesenchyme reciprocal induction.",
"corpus_id": 2387325,
"title": "Verruciform xanthoma of the oral cavity: clinicopathological study relating to pathogenesis"
} | {
"abstract": "Verruciform xanthoma is a rare lesion that occurs predominantly on the oral mucosae, but also on other mucosal sites and on the skin. We report an immunocytochemical analysis of the xanthoma cells in three cases of verruciform xanthoma (two vulval and one scrotal), and also attempt to identify human papilloma virus (HPV) as a possible trigger for the production of these lesions. We employed a panel of seven histiocytic markers (CD68 [KP1], KiM1P, HAM 56, lysozyme, vimentin, peanut agglutinin and factor X111a) and two others to identify HPV involvement (CAMVIR-1 and bovine papilloma virus-1 [BPV-1]). Results showed the xanthoma cells to be positive for CD68, KiM1P, HAM 56 and vimentin, with less consistent labelling for peanut agglutinin and lysozyme. CAMVIR-1 and BPV-1 were negative in all three cases. These findings support the view that the xanthoma cells are derived from a monocyte macrophage lineage and fail to demonstrate HPV as the cause.",
"corpus_id": 8357431,
"title": "Verruciform xanthoma: an immunocytochemical study."
} | {
"abstract": ". . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xi Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xiii",
"corpus_id": 187662217,
"score": 0,
"title": "Modelling and Solving Techniques for Stochastic Combinatorial Optimisation Problems"
} |
{
"abstract": "stress field can be evaluated through the knowledge of the strain tensor. Then, based on assumptions on the values of mechanical rock properties (cohesion, Young’s modulus, etc.) and on their uncertainties, a probability of fracturation is computed through the model. Moreover, combined with other fracture drivers and calibrated with well data, this new fracture parameter enables to determine a fracture density analogue. The other fracture attributes (size, orientation) are characterized through 3D distribution laws obtained from mechanical analysis and well data. Discrete Fracture Networks (DFNs) are finally generated using the previously computed fracture attributes and a heterogeneous Poisson point process. First, a new approach of fracture characterization including geological uncertainties is described. Then, the stochastic generation of DFNs from 3D fracture attributes is detailed. Methods for assessing equivalent fracture permeability are finally discussed.",
"corpus_id": 6960667,
"title": "3D Fracture Modeling Integrating Geomechanics and Geologic Data."
} | {
"abstract": "Stochastic simulation of fracture systems is an interesting approach to build a set of dense and complex networks. However, discrete fracture models made of planar fractures generally fail to reproduce the complexity of natural networks, both in terms of geometry and connectivity. In this study a pseudo-genetic method is developed to generate stochastic fracture models that are consistent with patterns observed on outcrops and fracture growth principles. The main idea is to simulate evolving fracture networks through geometric proxies by iteratively growing 3D fractures. The algorithm defines heuristic rules in order to mimic the mechanics of fracture initiation, propagation, interaction and termination. The growth process enhances the production of linking structure and impacts the connectivity of fracture networks. A sensitivity study is performed on synthetic examples. The method produces unbiased fracture dip and strike statistics and qualitatively reproduces the fracture density map. The fracture length distribution law is underestimated because of the early stop in fracture growth after intersection. Highlights? We propose a stochastic fracture simulation method mimicking mechanical behavior. ? Non-stationary information can be integrated in the simulation. ? Resulting fractures are better connected than in classical planar networks.",
"corpus_id": 6183456,
"title": "A methodology for pseudo-genetic stochastic modeling of discrete fracture networks"
} | {
"abstract": "In this paper we perform an evaluation of a guidance algorithm for aeroassisted orbit transfer based on the method of matched asymptotic expansions (MAEs). It is shown that, by exploiting the structure of the matched asymptotic expansion solution procedure, the original problem, which requires the solution of a set of 20 implicit algebraic equations, can be reduced to a problem of 6 implicit equations in 6 unknowns. Guidance law implementation entails treating the current state as a new initial state and repetitively solving the MAE problem to obtain the feedback controls.",
"corpus_id": 120832134,
"score": 0,
"title": "Evaluation of optimal-guidance algorithm for aeroassisted orbit transfer"
} |
{
"abstract": "This study examined the temperature distribution during rotation welding process using birch (Betula spp.) wood dowel and Chinese larch (Larix gmelinii) substrates. Wood dowels were divided into two categories including an untreated group and a group pretreated with cupric chloride. The mechanics test results indicated that the pullout resistance of the pretreated group with welded time 3 s showed the best performance. As a fitting analyses result, both the untreated group and pretreated group showed a significant nonlinear relationship among temperature, welded depth and welded time. In the untreated group case, a linear regression relationship was found between the highest temperature of the welding interface and the depth. However, two-stage fitting was used to fit the regression for the pretreated group. Compared with the untreated group, thermogravimetric (TG) analysis of the pretreated group welding interface presented two pyrolytic peaks, and it illustrated that the pretreatment promoted the depolymerization and pyrolysis of wood constituents.",
"corpus_id": 12054808,
"title": "Influence of pretreated wood dowel with CuCl2 on temperature distribution of wood dowel rotation welding"
} | {
"abstract": "The aim of this work was to investigate the possibility to apply high-speed rotation-induced wood-dowel welding technique to two Canadian hardwood species commonly used for furniture and structural applications, sugar maple (Acer saccharum) and yellow birch (Betula alleghaniensis). Different factors have been evaluated such as the wood species, the grain orientation, the rotation rate, as well as the receiver hole diameter. The results indicate that high-speed rotation-induced wood-dowel welding can be suitable for these two wood species with average tensile strength values comparable to their respective PVAc-glued joints. Additionally, wood-welded joints presented higher water resistance than their glued-joint counterparts. The results of the temperature measurements confirm that the softening and degradation temperatures of wood components have been reached during the welding process. The X-ray microdensitometry analyses show an increase of density for the interfacial material between the wood substrate and the dowel, the profile of which is more uniform for sugar maple than for birch. The scanning electron micrographs of the interfacial contact zone confirm the different extents of wood-to-wood welding.",
"corpus_id": 137026039,
"title": "Wood-Dowel Bonding by High-Speed Rotation Welding — Application to Two Canadian Hardwood Species"
} | {
"abstract": "A change in linear welding conditions from those previously used, namely higher vibration frequency (150 Hz) and lower displacement (2 mm) during welding afforded a quicker rise in temperature of the weldline. This allowed a much shorter welding time (1.5 s). This resulted (a) in no fibres being expelled from the welded interface edge and (b) the thin exposed interface seen on the joint side not being dark, indicating almost no charring of the interfacial region. The maintenance of all the fibres in the interfacial composite ensured a stronger joint and a much improved water resistance due to the decrease and almost absence of the rather porous weldline char which would have facilitated water penetration. Such change in the set of parameters allowed resistance of the linear welded joints in water for more than 25 h.",
"corpus_id": 135848303,
"score": 2,
"title": "Improving the Water Resistance of Linear Vibration-Welded Wood Joints"
} |
{
"abstract": "AbstractMain conclusionA recombinant antigen targeting α-synuclein was produced in the plant cell rendering an immunogenic protein capable to induce humoral responses in mice upon oral administration.\n Synucleinopathies are neurodegenerative diseases characterized by the abnormal accumulation of α-synuclein (α-Syn, a 140 amino acid protein that normally plays various neurophysiologic roles) aggregates. Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the synucleinopathy with the highest epidemiologic impact and although its etiology remains unknown, α-Syn aggregation during disease progression pointed out α-Syn as target in the development of immunotherapies. Herein a chimeric protein, comprising the B subunit of the enterotoxin from enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli and α-Syn epitopes, was expressed in the plant cell having the potential to induce humoral responses following oral immunization. This approach will serve as the basis for the development of oral plant-based vaccines against PD with several potential advantages such as low cost, easy scale-up during production, and easy administration.",
"corpus_id": 1943930,
"title": "LTB-Syn: a recombinant immunogen for the development of plant-made vaccines against synucleinopathies"
} | {
"abstract": "Carrot (Daucus carota) cells have been used to effectively manufacture recombinant biopharmaceuticals such as cytokines, vaccines, and antibodies. We generated the carrot cell line Z4, genetically modified to produce the LTB-Syn antigen, which is a fusion protein proposed for immunotherapy against synucleinopathies. In this work, the Z4 cell suspension line was cultivated to produce the LTB-Syn protein in a 250 mL shake flask and 2 L airlift bioreactor cultures grown for 45 and 30 days, respectively. Maximum biomass was obtained on day 15 in both the airlift bioreactor (35.00 ± 0.04 g/L DW) and shake flasks (17.00 ± 0.04 g/L DW). In the bioreactor, the highest LTB-Syn protein yield (1.52 ± 0.03 µg/g FW) was obtained on day 15; while the same occurred on day 18 for shake flasks (0.92 ± 0.02 µg/g FW). LTB-Syn protein levels were analyzed by GM1-ELISA and western blot. PCR analysis confirmed the presence of the transgene in the Z4 line. The obtained data demonstrate that the carrot Z4 cell suspension line grown in airlift bioreactors shows promise for a scale-up cultivation producing an oral LTB-Syn antigen.",
"corpus_id": 245262315,
"title": "Establishment of the Carrot-Made LTB-Syn Antigen Cell Line in Shake Flask and Airlift Bioreactor Cultures."
} | {
"abstract": "The experimental study of plain concrete specimens suffering 0, 25, 50 ,75 and 100 cycles of freezing and thawing were carried out. The compressive strength and tensile strength , the initial elastic modulus, the secant modulus at the peak of stress, the dynamic modulus of elasticity, the weight loss and the stress-strain curve of concrete were measured. The testing rezults were discussed and the related regression formulas were established.",
"corpus_id": 137998233,
"score": 0,
"title": "Experimental Study on Properties of Concrete after Freezing and Thawing Cycles"
} |
{
"abstract": "RS-SCID http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ entrez/dispomim. Patients with underlying cellular defects in the response to DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) often exhibit genomic instability, increased cancer predisposition and radiation sensitivity. Penny Jeggo, Markus Löbrich and colleagues have sought to dissect how DSB-induced checkpoint activation and DSB repair in cycling cells influence these clinical characteristics. Previously, it was shown that a subset of ionizing radiation (IR)-induced DSBs are repaired in an ataxia-telangiectasia mutated (ATM)and artemis (also known as DCLRE1C)-dependent subpathway of non-homologous end-joining (NHEJ) in non-cycling cells. Artemis-deficient cells exhibit a DSB repair defect, whereas cells derived from patients with ataxiatelangiectasia (A-T; deficient for ATM activity) show both DSBrepair and cell-cycle checkpoint arrest defects. Using primary fibroblasts derived from patients with A-T or RS-SCID (severe combined immunodeficiency with sensitivity to ionizing radiation; deficient for artemis activity) and Atm–/– or Dclre1c–/– mouse embryonic fibroblasts, Jeggo, Löbrich and colleagues showed that a subset of DSBs require repair by the ATM–artemis arm of NHEJ in both G1and G2-phase cells exposed to X-rays. However, RS-SCID cells showed a delay in G2–M checkpoint deactivation compared with normal cells, indicating that checkpoint activation is maintained to provide time for DSB repair. Approximately 15% of IR-induced DSBs persisted considerably longer than the time it takes for the checkpoint to be deactivated in artemis-deficient cells, indicating that DNA damage is transmitted to mitosis and the following G1 phase. Mitotic, irradiated A-T cells had more chromosome breaks than equivalent RS-SCID cells, which in turn had more breaks than normal cells, demonstrating the influence of both the repair and checkpoint defects on genomic instability. Interestingly, both normal and RS-SCID mitotic cells showed persistent DSBs after deactivation of the G2–M checkpoint, indicating that the maintenance of ATM-dependent G2–M checkpoint arrest does not fully correlate with the completion of DSB repair. Next, the authors investigated the kinetics of mitotic chromosome breakage and showed that mitotic DSBs increased when cells entered mitosis after G2–M checkpoint deactivation compared with checkpoint escape, as is the case for checkpoint-defective A-T cells. Importantly, they showed that both RS-SCID and normal cells that have undergone G2–M checkpoint arrest have 10–20 DSBs in mitosis. This provides direct evidence for a threshold number of DSBs that are required to activate the ATMdependent G2–M checkpoint. Furthermore, exposure of cells to radiation doses that result in less than 20 DSBs failed to activate the G2–M checkpoint. These data indicate that the G2–M checkpoint is activated by a threshold level of DNA damage, potentially indicating the importance of the G1–S checkpoint (which is p53-dependent) in preventing the transmission of damaged DNA. Genomic instability is a common characteristic of cancer cells and might, in part, be propagated by such threshold tolerance to DNA damage. Moreover, when combined with underlying defects in DSB repair, this could explain the often fatal sensitivity of these patients to low dose radiation used in anticancer therapeutic regimes. Gemma Alderton",
"corpus_id": 1026116,
"title": "Radiation sensitivity: Tolerance is not a virtue"
} | {
"abstract": "Despite decades of research, cancer continues to affect millions of people each year. However, the more we discover about cancer, the more we realize that no single therapeutic strategy can effectively treat it. As we learn about the aberrant signals and pathways which lead to cancer, prevention may be a more feasible strategy. Vaccines, chemo preventive compounds, and healthier lifestyle choices are our arms in the battle against this deadly disease. In this chapter we discuss the importance of cancer prevention, how chemoprevention can be our first line of defense, and consider the role of small molecules and vaccines in cancer prevention and therapy. Deciphering the role of early disease detection and understanding how biomarkers and epigenetics can be a tool against cancer is vital. Finally, tackling the causes of cancer is critical for eradicating this malignancy.",
"corpus_id": 71102465,
"title": "Staying a Step Ahead of Cancer"
} | {
"abstract": "Single crystalline, non-toxicity, and long-term stability graphene quantum dots (GQDs) were modified onto the AgVO3 nanoribbons by a facile hydrothermal and sintering technique which constructs a unique heterojunction photocatalyst. Characterization results indicate that GQDs are well dispersed on the surface of AgVO3 nanoribbons and GQD/AgVO3 heterojunctions are formed, which can greatly promote the separation efficiency of photogenerated electron-hole pairs under visible light irradiation. By taking advantage of this feature, the GQD/AgVO3 heterojunctions exhibit considerable improvement on the photocatalytic activities for the degradation of ibuprofen (IBP) under visible light irradiation as compared to pure AgVO3. The photocatalytic activity of GQD/AgVO3 heterojunctions is relevant with GQD ratio and the optimal activity is obtained at 3wt% with the highest separation efficiency of photogenerated electron-hole pairs. Integrating the physicochemical and photocatalytic properties, the factors controlling the photocatalytic activity of GQD/AgVO3 heterojunctions are discussed in detail. Moreover, potential photocatalytic degradation mechanisms of IBP via GQD/AgVO3 heterojunctions under visible light are proposed.",
"corpus_id": 38598130,
"score": 0,
"title": "Efficient photocatalytic degradation of ibuprofen in aqueous solution using novel visible-light responsive graphene quantum dot/AgVO3 nanoribbons."
} |
{
"abstract": "SepteMBer 2012 | voL. 55 | No. 9 | CommuniCationS oF the aCm 7 W h i l e i l a r g e ly agree with Sarah Spiekermann’s Viewpoint “The Challenges of Privacy by Design” (July 2012), as Ontario’s Information and Privacy Commissioner (http:// www.ipc.on.ca/english/Home-Page/) and originator of Privacy by Design (PbD http://privacybydesign.ca/), I want to make it clear that many organizations do understand the need to embed privacy in their systems and technologies and regularly ask my office’s help in doing so. I called 2011 “The Year of the Engineer” because of all the companies that had asked me to speak to their engineers and software designers about how to embed privacy, by design, into their operations. Ranging from major players like Adobe, Google, and RIM to smaller ones, all got the message that embedding privacy from the start is critical to their operations. Indeed, my message seemed well received and welcome. The next stage of PbD evolution is to translate its “7 Foundational Principles” (http://privacybydesign. ca/about/principles/) into more prescriptive requirements, specifications, standards, best practices, and operational-performance criteria. To provide guidance, we are presently writing a how-to paper on operationalizing PbD that should provide further implementation assistance in specific areas. It will supplement earlier papers like “Operationalizing Privacy by Design: The Ontario Smart Grid Case Study” (http://www.privacybydesign. ca/content/uploads/2011/02/pbd-ontsmartgrid-casestudy.pdf), a collaborative effort by my office, GE, Hydro One, IBM, and Telvent published in 2011 to demonstrate how PbD was being operationalized in a major smartgrid project. Following and sharing the principles with technologists and senior management puts an organization well on its way to strong privacy. Translating them into concrete steps is not difficult yet ensures privacy is embedded into an organization’s operations, by design. We have shown how it works with our partners in North America and Europe by embedding PbD into smart-meter and smart-grid designs. Another example is the Ontario Lottery and Gaming Corporation, which operationalized PbD in its face-recognition system for casinos and gaming facilities to identify participants of a voluntary self-exclusion program for problem gamblers while fully protecting the privacy of all other patrons (http://www.ipc.on.ca/english/Resources/ Discussion-Papers/Discussion-PapersSummary/?id=1000). The challenges of PbD are not as great as Spiekermann suggested; the engineers I have met have embraced the PbD principles, finding implementation not difficult. Perhaps all that is needed is to put PbD on engineers’ radar screens and empower them to develop and adopt privacy best practices, share their implementation experiences, and provide recognition for innovative solutions. ann Cavoukian, ontario, Canada",
"corpus_id": 148906,
"title": "Operationalizing privacy by design"
} | {
"abstract": "This paper describes the experiences of organizing an event to celebrate women in computing in Spain. We present how the idea of the event was conceived and what the aims with its organization are from its conception, including providing a network and role models for the participants based on role model theory. We then explain how these aims have been implemented for each of the four editions of the event, and we include data for them. Finally, we compile recommendations for readers interested in launching an event of these characteristics and we reflect on the work to be done in the future.",
"corpus_id": 210844014,
"title": "Digital Transformation for a Sustainable Society in the 21st Century: I3E 2019 IFIP WG 6.11 International Workshops, Trondheim, Norway, September 18–20, 2019, Revised Selected Papers"
} | {
"abstract": "BACKGROUND: The increase in the use of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) by the general public has led to increasing interest in how health professionals view these therapies. OBJECTIVE: To determine the knowledge and attitudes of pharmacists toward CAM. METHODS: An anonymous, self-administered questionnaire was designed and mailed to 1500 randomly selected pharmacists in New South Wales, Australia. RESULTS: Four hundred eighty-four responses were received, with 77% of respondents indicating that they had personally used CAM and 60% correctly identifying that CAM was comprised of more than just botanicals and nutritional agents. The most commonly used CAMs were herbal and vitamin supplements (74%), which was significantly above use of the next most frequent CAM, massage therapy (6%). Most pharmacists (71%) reported offering CAM products for sale; however, 27% of these practices did not have access to CAM information for pharmacy staff or patients. Pharmacists generally viewed CAM positively and believed that they enhanced the customers' image of pharmacy (57%), increased customer numbers (87%), and could increase annual sales (72%). Ninety-one percent of respondents believed that it is necessary for pharmacists to have knowledge of both CAM and conventional medicine to be able to inform patients about their treatment options. Books and journal articles were their primary information sources, with the main reasons for recommending CAM evidence of efficacy and to maintain general health. CONCLUSIONS: CAM use is prevalent among Australian pharmacists. While pharmacists are aware of their role as educators about both CAM and conventional medicines, there is a need for greater access to CAM resources and education on these therapies.",
"corpus_id": 8274102,
"score": 0,
"title": "Attitudes of Australian Pharmacists Toward Complementary and Alternative Medicines"
} |
{
"abstract": "Abstract Effects of a novel carbon/phenolic (CF/PR) ablator filled with acidified graphitic carbon nitride (ag-C3N4) on ablative resistance were evaluated. Ablative properties of CF/PR composites were significantly enhanced by 69.23% with incorporating 0.2 wt% ag-C3N4, ascribing to the formation of the dense carbon layer over the fibers, increased graphitization degree and more pyrolysis gases. Molecular dynamics simulations of ag-C3N4 inside the matrix confirm the origins of improved ablation resistance arising from the fact that ag-C3N4 alters the breaking patterns and spatial distribution of the polymer fragments, and reduces the graphitic growth temperature by 400 K. And the decomposition of ag-C3N4 and phenolic at the fiber-matrix interface collides the fibers' surfaces to undermine the structural integrity, which induces the phase transformation from short-range to long-range order of the matrix carbon because of the templating effect (transverse) and the interlayer π-π stacking (longitudinal) of the fibers at extremely high temperature.",
"corpus_id": 155980168,
"title": "Enhanced thermal resistance of carbon/phenolic composites by addition of novel nano-g-C3N4"
} | {
"abstract": "Abstract Using molecular dynamics simulations with a reactive force field (ReaxFF), we generate models of amorphous carbon (a-C) at a wide range of densities (from 0.5 g/cc to 3.2 g/cc) via the ‘liquid-quench’ method. A systematic study is undertaken to characterize the structural features of the resulting a-C models as a function of carbon density and liquid quench simulation conditions: quench rate, type of quench (linear or exponential), annealing time and size of simulation box. The structural features of the models are investigated in terms of pair correlation functions, bond-angles, pore-size distribution and carbon hybridization content. Further, the influence of quench conditions on hybridization/graphitization is investigated for different stages of the simulation. We observe that the structural features of generated a-C models agree well with similar models reported in literature. We find that in the low-density regime, size effects play an important role in determining the pore size distribution and the structures are predominantly anisotropic. Whereas, at densities larger than 1.0 g/cc, the structures are space-filling and differences exist only in terms of carbon hybridization. The rate of structural evolution (pore size and hybridization) during the quench process is observed to be dependent on the quench type, rate and the annealing time.",
"corpus_id": 62796628,
"title": "Generation of amorphous carbon models using liquid quench method: A reactive molecular dynamics study"
} | {
"abstract": "The effect of active-area scale-down and improved memory performance of solution-processed TiO_x were investigated using devices with active areas ranging from 50 × 50 m2 to 200 × 200 nm2. As the active area decreases, higher operation voltages were required owing to the reduction of unintended extrinsic defects resulting from solution processing. Moreover, faster switching speeds were observed with decreasing active area, which is induced by incremental Joule heating. These scale-down effects provided enhanced reliability characteristics such as highly uniform operation voltages and resistance states and improved pulse endurance by minimizing extrinsic defect-related nonuniformity and introducing additional heating-assisted filamentary switching.",
"corpus_id": 6826570,
"score": 1,
"title": "In-Depth Study on the Effect of Active-Area Scale-Down of Solution-Processed $\\hbox{TiO}_{x}$"
} |
{
"abstract": "Increasingly school counselors are being called upon to demonstrate that they contribute to students’ academic achievement. No Child Left Behind (NCLB) has led to an intense focus on the use of standardized test scores in measuring academic achievement and on educator accountability for producing measurable achievement gains. NCLB also calls for all educators to use interventions that have been demonstrated to be effective through empirically-based research. The ASCA National Model (2003) calls for increased attention to the documentation of impact through “results data” that include standardized measures of achievement.",
"corpus_id": 2540805,
"title": "School Counseling Research Brief"
} | {
"abstract": "During this century, school counseling has experienced a number of shifts in emphasis, each reflecting its own socio-historical context. In brief, the profession, with several intermediary phases in between, moved beyond its initial focus on vocational guidance during the 1920s and 1930s to a service-delivery model in mid-century (see Gysbers & Henderson, 1994, for a detailed review). Designed essentially for secondary schools, the service-delivery approach endeavors to patch together such varied guidance services as orientation and articulation, counseling, student appraisal, referral, placement, and follow-up (e.g., Froehlich, 1958). By the early 1970s, this approach began to intersect with the another traditional organizational pattern called the process model (see Gysbers, 1990). Counselors with this latter orientation tend to view the clinical and therapeutic processes of counseling, consulting, and coordinating as the primary \"services\" afforded to K-12 students. As the internal and external demands of their position increased significantly over time, school counselors became primarily crisis-oriented, reactive, focused on remediation over prevention, and overburdened with nonguidance-related clerical and administrative tasks. Consequently, the public often viewed the typical duties of secondary counselors as largely unrelated to the teaching-learning process. Concurrently, calls for restructuring counseling practice emerged from within the counseling field as early as the late 1960s (Gysbers & Henderson, 1994). Additional factors provided a strong impetus for change, including: (a) research-supporting developmental approaches to the pedagogy and learning, (b) rapid societal change and the growing need for counseling interventions in the elementary years, (c) a resurgence of interest in vocational and career guidance, (d) the need for developmental guidance, (e) a concern about the efficacy of guidance in the schools, and (f) the movement toward increased counselor accountability and evaluation (Baker, 1996; Gysbers, 1990; Gysbers & Henderson, 1994; Neukrug, Barr, Hoffman, & Kaplan, 1993; Wittmer, 1993b). During the 1970s and 80s several organizational models emphasizing \"systems thinking\" and developmental theory and research were proposed. The Governing Board of the American School Counselor Association (ASCA), for example, issued a series of position and role statements (cf. ASCA, 1974, 1984) concerning the establishment of school-based comprehensive and developmental guidance and counseling programs. The fundamental responsibility of school counselors was reconceptualized from an ancillary and position-focused service provider to a developmental guidance specialist (Myrick, 1997; Paisley & Hubbard, 1994). Because of this change in focus, the developmental counselor is curriculum and program-oriented, available to all students, and is competent to teach important life skills (Wittmer, 1993c). The work of establishing comprehensive guidance programs nationwide has advanced significantly during the past two decades. Increasingly, sophisticated theoretical models are being translated into effective programs at the state, district, and local school levels. In recent years, comprehensive guidance programs have rapidly become the preferred way of organizing and managing guidance in the schools (Gysbers, 1990; Neukrug et al., 1993). On a discouraging note, however, the legacy of traditional organizational models continues to define the job duties of many school counselors (Neukrug et al., 1993). The principal attributes of a comprehensive developmental guidance and counseling program are sharply different from those of a traditional service-delivery approach. Comprehensive programs, for example, deemphasize administrative and clerical tasks (nonguidance activities) and crisis-centered modes of intervention. Instead, they promote guidance activities and structured group experiences that are designed to support students in the process of skill-development, such as personal, social, educational, and career skills, and to become responsible and productive citizens (ASCA, 1990). …",
"corpus_id": 141235084,
"title": "The Status of Comprehensive Guidance and Counseling in the United States"
} | {
"abstract": "Responding to the increasing challenges faced by Nova Scotia schools, the provincial Department of Education initiated, 4 years ago, the development of a comprehensive guidance and counseling program to address the guidance and counseling needs of students. A task force, established with representation of interested groups, was committed to the concept of shifting guidance and counseling from a position-based model to a program-based model (Gysbers & Henderson, 2000). The task force, guided by the work of Gysbers and Henderson and by the Alberta Department of Education (1995), designed a framework, including a number of essential characteristics, within which schools could develop programs to meet their particular counseling needs. The Comprehensive Guidance and Counseling Program (CGCP), the name given to the program, was designed and developed with defined outcomes and benefits for students from grades one to 12 in Nova Scotia. The program reflects a strong developmental approach, systematically presenting activities appropriate to student developmental levels and including achievable and measurable outcomes in the area of personal, social, educational, and career domains (Gysbers & Henderson, 2000). The four components of the program include guidance curriculum, professional services, life and career planning, and program management and system support. In addition to articulating preventive and responsive activities throughout all program components, the CGCP also outlines roles for all members of the school community, the establishment of an advisory committee, and the design and administration of a program needs assessment. Implementation of the CGCP requires qualified school counselors to coordinate the program and to deliver components of the program requiring this particular professional expertise. Most comprehensive guidance and counseling programs in existence today are rooted in the Missouri model (Lapan, Gysbers, & Sun, 1997) and are suggested to be the choice of schools in the United States (Whiston & Sexton, 1998). Though some problems were reported with the implementation and delivery of these comprehensive guidance and counseling programs, there was general agreement mat me programs were more effective at accessing more students than were traditional models of school counseling. In an edited work by Gysbers and Henderson (1997), there was consensus among the authors who were involved in the implementation of the comprehensive guidance programs that more students were served, and that the school counselor and the program had a higher profile than before initiating the program. In earlier research, Hughey, Gysbers, and Starr (1993) also examined the impact of the Missouri Comprehensive Guidance Program. Their research yielded positive results for students, teachers, and parents, and they recommended that counselors work constantly to inform the school staff and the community about the guidance program, and work more fully to address the guidance needs of all students. Research on comprehensive programs has generally yielded positive outcome results, including enhanced student learning (Kuhl, 1994), and has been recommended as the preferred model of guidance service delivery to schools (Gysbers, Lapan, & Blair, 1999; Sink & MacDonald, 1998). Lapan et al. (1997) reported that schools with more fully implemented guidance programs had students who were more likely to report that they had earned higher grades, were better prepared for their future, had more career and college information available to them, and their school had a more positive climate. Despite the generally positive perception of comprehensive programs, MacDonald and Sink (1999) found that comprehensive programs lacked clarity as to how the program components were integrated with one another. In recommending a model that would yield positive changes within schools, Gysbers et al. (1999) and Rowley (2000) stressed the importance of collaboration among school counselors, administrators, and counselor educators. …",
"corpus_id": 68711116,
"score": 2,
"title": "Factors Impacting the Successful Implementation of Comprehensive Guidance and Counseling Programs in Nova Scotia."
} |
{
"abstract": "Unlike various disinfectants, antifungals have not been commonly incorporated so far in medical devices, such as catheters or prostheses, to prevent biofilm formation by Candida spp. In the present study, five antimycotics were added to polydimethyl siloxane (PDMS) disks via admixture (nystatin) or impregnation (trimethylsilyl-nystatin (TMS-nystatin), miconazole, tea tree oil (TTO), zinc pyrithione). Nystatin-medicated PDMS disks exhibited a concentration-dependent inhibitory effect on biofilm formation in a microtiter plate (MTP) but not in a Modified Robbins Device (MRD). This observation, together with HPLC data and agar diffusion tests, indicates that a small fraction of free nystatin is released, which kills Candida albicans cells in the limited volume of a MTP well. In contrast, biofilm inhibition amounted to more than one log unit in the MRD on disks impregnated with miconazole, TTO, and zinc pyrithione. It is hypothesized that the reduction in biofilm formation by these compounds in a flow system occurs through a contact-dependent effect.",
"corpus_id": 3223789,
"title": "Inhibition of Candida albicans Biofilm Formation by Antimycotics Released from Modified Polydimethyl Siloxane"
} | {
"abstract": "Pathogenic fungi have the capacity to form tenacious biofilm structures that are notoriously unresponsive to antifungal therapies. Fungal biofilms are ubiquitous, located all over the human host, including the oral cavity, respiratory tract, gastrointestinal tract, urinary tract, wounds and upon biomedical devices. This latter category represents one of the greatest hurdles in clinical management, where the presence of inert substrates such as a catheter provides a reservoir for fungal biofilm development. Here, Candida albicans is the most adept at forming biofilms and is the principal nosocomial fungal pathogen based on its high rates of mortality, which are often associated with the biofilm lifestyle. This review will summarise some of the key fungal biofilm-forming organisms and their clinical significance and will discuss current and novel strategies to manage these hard-to-treat infections based on in vitro and in vivo studies.",
"corpus_id": 5880320,
"title": "Strength in numbers: antifungal strategies against fungal biofilms."
} | {
"abstract": "Contrast media nephrotoxicity (CMN) in patients with pre-existing renal impairment remains a clinically significant problem. The first step to reduce the chance of CMN is to identify patients at risk through the use of screening questionnaires and renal function measurement. Patients at risk requiring injection of contrast medium (CM) because of important clinical indications should receive a small dose of either non-ionic iso-osmolar dimeric or non-ionic low osmolar monomeric CM and hydration. Intravenous infusion (1 ml/kg body weight/h) of 0.9% saline starting 4 h before CM injection and continuing for at least 12 h afterwards is effective in reducing the incidence of CMN. Prophylactic haemodialysis does not lower the risk of this complication. The value of pharmacological manipulation with renal vasodilators (calcium channel blockers, dopamine, atrial natriuretic peptide, fenoldopam (selective dopamine-1 receptor agonist), prostaglandin E(1), non-selective adenosine receptors antagonist (theophylline), non-selective endothelin receptor antagonist or the antioxidant acetylcysteine has not been fully proven. However, haemofiltration for several hours before and after contrast medium injection offers good protection against CMN in patients with advanced renal disease.",
"corpus_id": 12235432,
"score": 1,
"title": "Prevention of contrast media nephrotoxicity--the story so far."
} |
{
"abstract": "This paper presents the XEMU framework for mutation based testing of embedded software binaries. We apply an extension of the QEMU software emulator, which injects mutations at run-time by dynamic code translation without affecting the binary software under test. The injection is based on a mutation table, which is generated by control flow graph (CFG) analysis of the disassembled code prior to its execution without presuming access to source code. We introduce our approach by the example of the ARM instruction set architecture for which a mutation taxonomy is presented. In addition to extending the testing scope to target specific low level faults, XEMU addresses the reduction of the mutants creation, execution, and detection overheads. Moreover, we reduce testing efforts by applying binary CFG analysis and constraint-based test generation for improved test quality. The experimental results of a car motor management software show significant improvements over conventional source code based approaches while providing 100% accuracy in terms of the computed test quality metrics.",
"corpus_id": 14973260,
"title": "XEMU: an efficient QEMU based binary mutation testing framework for embedded software"
} | {
"abstract": "In embedded system design, there is an increasing demand for modeling techniques that can provide both accurate measurements of delay and fast simulation speed. Modeling latency effects of a cache can greatly increase accuracy of the simulation and assist developers to optimize their software. Current solutions have not succeeded in balancing three important factors: speed, accuracy and usability. In this research, we created a cache simulation module inside a well-known instruction set simulator QEMU. Our implementation can simulate various cases of cache configuration and obtain every memory access. In full system simulation, speed is kept at around 73 MIPS on a personal host computer which is close to native execution of ARM Cortex-M3(125 MIPS at 100 MHz). Compared to the widely used cache simulation tool, Valgrind, our simulator is three time faster.",
"corpus_id": 15037589,
"title": "Cache Simulation for Instruction Set Simulator QEMU"
} | {
"abstract": "A 65nm generation logic technology with 1.2nm physical gate oxide, 35nm gate length, enhanced channel strain, NiSi, 8 layers of Cu interconnect, and low-k ILD for dense high performance logic is presented. Transistor gate length is scaled down to 35nm while not scaling the gate oxide as a means to improve performance and reduce power. Increased NMOS and PMOS drive currents are achieved by enhanced channel strain and junction engineering. 193nm lithography along with APSM mask technology is used on critical layers to provide aggressive design rules and a 6-T SRAM cell size of 0.57/spl mu/m/sup 2/. Process yield, performance and reliability are demonstrated on a 70 Mbit SRAM test vehicle with >0.5 billion transistors.",
"corpus_id": 9040395,
"score": -1,
"title": "A 65nm logic technology featuring 35nm gate lengths, enhanced channel strain, 8 Cu interconnect layers, low-k ILD and 0.57 /spl mu/m/sup 2/ SRAM cell"
} |
{
"abstract": "1 \n \nThe use of small letters for the symbols “p” (partial pressure), “s” (saturation) and “c” (concentration) (e.g. pO2, sO2, cO2) follows recommendations of the IFCC and IUPAC [4]. This supports the use of contemporary word processing systems and mostly eliminates the need to use subscripts (except for chemical valencies: e.g. O2, CO2, H2CO3 etc.). The potential risk of misinterpretations and double meanings is reduced also (e.g. “cO2” [oxygen concentration] v.s. “CO2” [carbon dioxide] and “sO2” [oxygen saturation] v.s. “sO2” [sulfur dioxide]). \n \n \n \n \n2 \n \nThe symbol shall include the site of measurement or description, e.g. paO2 (arterial O2 partial pressure), svO2 (mixed venous oxygen saturation), or avDO2 (arterio-venous oxygen difference). This removes in an intelligible manner the confusion of symbols (e.g. paO2: PaO2, paO2, Pao2 Pao2, etc.). One wishes to question the rationale of a statement such as “writing Sao2, So2(a), So2(ab) or the like, is a matter of taste” [10], because perfect confusion may be the result, here concerning the arterial O2 saturation (saO2). \n \n \n \n \n3 \n \nIt is a convention in chemistry to refer to radicals or compounds containing oxygen with the term “oxi” rather than “oxy” (e.g. carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2), oxidized Hb (MetHb) etc.). On the other hand, methods and terms referring to molecular oxygen (oxygenium) should be written with “y” and not with “i” (e.g. oxymetry, pulse oxymetry, oxygenation, Hb with reversibly bound O2 (Oxy-Hb, O2Hb) and deoxygenated Hb (Deoxy-Hb, Hb), etc.). \n \n \n \n \n4 \n \nEven if a new in vivo method differs considerably from the established in vitro method (e.g. in vivo (transcutaneously) measurement of arterial O2 saturation or O2 partial pressure) this does not justify the use of different notations or symbols. Use of the symbol ptcO2 should be avoided for transcutaneously determined “paO2”: If the method is able to measure the arterial pO2 then the symbol paO2 should be used. If this is not the case, however, i.e. if indeed the cutaneous pO2 is determined, then the symbol pctO2 is appropriate. The use of Spo2 [2,7] or Spo2[5] or So2(po) [10] for arterial O2 saturation, measured by pulse oxymetry, could erroneously suggest the measurement of an essentially different quantity [10]. \n \n \n \n \n5 \n \nThe number of symbols employed for a given measured value should be kept as small as possible. For this reason the suggestions of Payne and Severinghaus [5] should not be followed, since a total of six different symbols is recommended for the O2 saturation. Consequences are a worldwide confusion: within only one article [2] arterial oxygen saturation is referred to as Spo2 (pulse oxymeter reading), FSao2 (functional saturation), Sao2 (fractional saturation), O2Hb % (fractional saturation). Within the same volume of a journal [2,7] Sao2 is used for fractional oxygen saturation [2] as well as for functional oxygen saturation [7]. Obviously, the notation “fraction” becomes more and more attractive: Besides the widely accepted “fraction” in respiratory physiology (e.g. FIO2, inspired oxygen fraction), the oxyhemoglobin fraction FHbO2 was proposed [10] for the So2(frac) [5] or the fractional saturation Sao2, [2]. But, on the other hand, the symbol F was then introduced as FSao2 for the functional (not the fractional) saturation and used besides the common FIO2 [2], the inspired oxygen fraction. \n \n \n \n \n6 \n \nSymbols used for any notations should be as simple as possible. Neither the use of NSo2 to describe the noninvasive technique [1] for the measurement of oxygen saturation, nor that of Spo2 [2] for pulse oxymetry should be accepted. \n \n \n \n \n7 \n \nThe symbol for a measured value must be independent of the method (cf. comment 5), and certainly independent of the manufacturer. Recent recommendations to the contrary, e.g. to use the symbol ShpO2 for the value given by an oxymeter from Hewlett Packard [5], or that of Barker et al [2] to use the symbol Sxo2 for the value given by an Oximetrix system, are unacceptable.",
"corpus_id": 1567627,
"title": "Tentative recommendation on terminology and definitions in respiratory physiology: résumé of the Isott Consensus Session 1992."
} | {
"abstract": "Abstract The absorbance of the packed hemolyzed erythrocytes is read at 37° in a micro cuvette of 0.1-mm path length. The oxyhemoglobin fraction is calculated from measurements at 600 and 470 nm. The carboxy- and sulfhemoglobin fraction are both calculated from measurements at 620, 600, and 470 nm on dithionite-reduced blood. The met- and sulfhemoglobin fractions are both calculated from measurements at 620, 570, and 470 nm on carboxygenated blood with added sodium cyanide. Simple nomograms are constructed for the calculations.",
"corpus_id": 34539981,
"title": "Hemoglobin pigments. Spectrophotometric determination of oxy-, carboxy-, met-, and sulfhemoglobin in capillary blood."
} | {
"abstract": "Most cases of Rett syndrome (RTT) are associated with mutations of the transcriptional regulator MeCP2. On the basis of molecular structure, ontogeny, and subcellular and regional distribution, MeCP2 appears to be a link between synaptic activity and neuronal transcription. Integrating data on MeCP2 neurobiology, RTT neurobiology, MeCP2 mutational patterns in RTT and other disorders, histone profiles of relevance to RTT, and genotype-phenotype correlations in RTT, we update here our synaptic hypothesis of RTT. We postulate that MeCP2 dysfunction leads to abnormal brain development through maladjustment of neuronal gene expression to synaptic and other extra-cellular signals, mainly during the critical period of synaptic maturation. RTT phenotype will develop, only if severe MeCP2 dysfunction is present during early neuronal differentiation. Two models are proposed for explaining general and regional neuronal abnormalities in RTT and the phenotypical outcome of MeCP2 dysfunction, respectively.",
"corpus_id": 702975,
"score": 1,
"title": "MeCP2 expression and function during brain development: implications for Rett syndrome's pathogenesis and clinical evolution"
} |
{
"abstract": "Experimental study reveals the apparent ordered arrangement of excess Ni at the nominally vacant sublattice in thermoelectric Ti1−xHfxNi1.0/1.1Sn half-Heusler compounds.",
"corpus_id": 155614066,
"title": "Long- and short-range structures of Ti1−xHfxNi1.0/1.1Sn half-Heusler compounds and their electric transport properties"
} | {
"abstract": "Addition of Cu to XNiSn half-Heuslers improves homogeneity and reduces thermal conductivity without affecting electron mobility.",
"corpus_id": 209484982,
"title": "Suppression of thermal conductivity without impeding electron mobility in n-type XNiSn half-Heusler thermoelectrics"
} | {
"abstract": "Abstract The positive parity states of 71As, 73As and 81Rb, which consist of a 4g 9 2 proton coupled to the rotational motion of the core are studied in terms of the asymmetric rotor model with variable moment of inertia. One obtains a reasonable agreement with experimental excitation energies if one allows the mixture of 4d 5 2 and 4g 9 2 states for the description of the odd particle. The results suggest that these nuclei have rather stable γ deformations (γ ≈ 25°) as those in A ≈ 130 and A ≈ 190 mass regions.",
"corpus_id": 122545740,
"score": 1,
"title": "Asymmetric rotor model for positive parity states of 71As, 73As and 81Rb"
} |
{
"abstract": "The increasing popularity of online streaming video is defining a major shift in the Internet's workload. To cope with the demands of distributing video, many popular services take a peer-to-peer approach, relying on users to redistribute video data after receiving it. PPLive is one such system, using daily for live streaming by millions of people worldwide. As with any P2P design, the scalability of PPLive depends on users contributing capacity to the system. But currently, these contributions are neither verified not rewared. This article describes Contracts, an extension of the PPLive protocol, that improves performance by recognizing and rewarding users who contribute. For example, in our experiments, the fraction of PPLive clients using Contracts experiencing loss-free playback is more than four times that on native PPLive.",
"corpus_id": 2083446,
"title": "Improving the Performance and Robustness of P2P Live Streaming with Contracts"
} | {
"abstract": "PPLive is a popular P2P video system used daily by millions of people worldwide. Achieving this level of scalability depends on users making contributions to the system, but currently, these contributions are neither verified nor rewarded. In this paper, we describe the design and implementation of Contracts, a new, practical approach to providing contribution incentives in P2P live streaming systems. Using measurements of tens of thousands of PPLive users, we show that widely-used bilateral incentive strategies cannot be effectively applied to the live streaming environment. Contracts adopts a different approach: rewarding globally effective contribution with improved robustness. Using a modified PPLive client, we show that Contracts both improves performance and strengthens contribution incentives. For example, in our experiments, the fraction of PPLive clients using Contracts experiencing loss-free playback is more than 4 times that of native PPLive.",
"corpus_id": 13451602,
"title": "Contracts: Practical Contribution Incentives for P2P Live Streaming"
} | {
"abstract": "We present FlightPath, a novel peer-to-peer streaming application that provides a highly reliable data stream to a dynamic set of peers. We demonstrate that FlightPath reduces jitter compared to previous works by several orders of magnitude. Furthermore, FlightPath uses a number of run-time adaptations to maintain low jitter despite 10% of the population behaving maliciously and the remaining peers acting selfishly. At the core of FlightPath's success are approximate equilibria. These equilibria allow us to design incentives to limit selfish behavior rigorously, yet they provide sufficient flexibility to build practical systems. We show how to use an Ɛ-Nash equilibrium, instead of a strict Nash, to engineer a live streaming system that uses bandwidth efficiently, absorbs flash crowds, adapts to sudden peer departures, handles churn, and tolerates malicious activity.",
"corpus_id": 132744,
"score": 2,
"title": "FlightPath: Obedience vs. Choice in Cooperative Services"
} |
{
"abstract": "There are widespread concerns that anthropogenic climate change will become a major cause of global biodiversity loss. However, the potential impact of climate change on the extinction risk of species remains poorly understood, particularly in comparison to other current threats. The objective of this research was to examine the relative impact of climate change on extinction risk of upper montane tree species in the tropical Andes, an area of high biodiversity value that is particularly vulnerable to climate change impacts. The extinction risk of 129 tree species endemic to the region was evaluated according to the IUCN Red List criteria, both with and without the potential impacts of climate change. Evaluations were supported by development of species distribution models, using three methods (generalized additive models, recursive partitioning, and support vector machines), all of which produced similarly high AUC values when averaged across all species evaluated (0.82, 0.86, and 0.88, respectively). Inclusion of climate change increased the risk of extinction of 18–20% of the tree species evaluated, depending on the climate scenario. The relative impact of climate change was further illustrated by calculating the Red List Index, an indicator that shows changes in the overall extinction risk of sets of species over time. A 15% decline in the Red List Index was obtained when climate change was included in this evaluation. While these results suggest that climate change represents a significant threat to tree species in the tropical Andes, they contradict previous suggestions that climate change will become the most important cause of biodiversity loss in coming decades. Conservation strategies should therefore focus on addressing the multiple threatening processes currently affecting biodiversity, rather than focusing primarily on potential climate change impacts.",
"corpus_id": 1017094,
"title": "The Relative Impact of Climate Change on the Extinction Risk of Tree Species in the Montane Tropical Andes"
} | {
"abstract": "In this article, I apply the environmental or expanded capabilities approach to species and examine whether species as wholes can have capabilities and what are the implications if they can. The examination provides support for the claim that species as evolutionary groups can possess capabilities. They have integrity, which refers to the functionings that enable the self-making and development (evolvement) of species, and it is conceptually possible to identify capabilities that essentially enable or contribute to species integrity. One central capability for species can be identified from conservation literature: adaptive capacity, the ability of species to react to environmental changes by self-regulative evolution. After constructing the main argument that species can have capabilities and that they possess the capability to adaptive capacity, I shortly expound on the implications of these claims. It turns out that there are at least three different ways to apply the notion, and that the claim ‘species have capabilities’ does not entail that species are necessarily recipients of justice.",
"corpus_id": 254605435,
"title": "Can Species Have Capabilities, and What if They Can?"
} | {
"abstract": "Nanomaterials are used in a wide spectrum of applications, including nanowires that are objects with at least one of its dimensions in the range of 1 to 100 nm. Recently, a new type of silver vanadate nanowire decorated with silver nanoparticles (SVSN‐LQES1) with promising antimicrobial activity against different pathogenic bacteria was described. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the role of silver and vanadium release in the acute toxicity of this material using Daphnia similis. To verify the effect of the presence of the nanowires in the test solution, tests were performed before and after filtration. Total silver release to the testing media was determined using the method of inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP‐AES). Silver vanadate nanowires decorated with silver nanoparticles (SVSN‐LQES1) are acutely toxic to D. similis. The release of silver from the nanomaterial trapped in the gut along with the silver released to the test media seems to be responsible for the observed toxicity. Although toxic to Daphnia, vanadium does not contribute to the toxicity of SVSN‐LQES1. The observed increase in lipid droplets appears to be related to the exposure of the organisms to the nanomaterials, but the significance of this response needs further investigation. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2013;32:908–912. © 2013 SETAC",
"corpus_id": 10111613,
"score": 1,
"title": "The role of silver and vanadium release in the toxicity of silver vanadate nanowires toward Daphnia similis"
} |
{
"abstract": "Urbanization can radically disrupt natural ecosystems through alteration of the sensory environment. Habitat disturbances are predicted to favor behaviorally flexible species capable of adapting to altered environments. When artificial light at night (ALAN) is introduced into urban areas, it has the potential to impede reproduction of local firefly populations by obscuring their bioluminescent courtship signals. Whether individual fireflies can brighten their signals to maintain visibility against an illuminated background remains unknown. In this study, we exposed male Aquatica ficta fireflies to diffused light of varying wavelength and intensity, and recorded their alarm flash signals. When exposed to wavelengths at or below 533 nm, males emitted brighter signals with decreased frequency. This is the first evidence of individual-level light signal plasticity in fireflies. In contrast, long wavelength ambient light (≥ 597 nm) did not affect signal morphology, likely because A. ficta cannot perceive these wavelengths. These results suggest long wavelength lighting is less likely to impact firefly courtship, and its use in place of broad spectrum white lighting could augment firefly conservation efforts. More generally, this study demonstrates benefits of bioluminescent signal plasticity in a “noisy” signaling environment, and sheds light on an important yet understudied consequence of urbanization.",
"corpus_id": 3596831,
"title": "Short- and mid-wavelength artificial light influences the flash signals of Aquatica ficta fireflies (Coleoptera: Lampyridae)"
} | {
"abstract": "Pteroptyx malaccae is a synchronous firefly that is important in firefly tourism in Thailand. Without well-managed tourism, the fireflies have faced to the problems of shooting camera flashes from tourists. Although the effect of artificial light was well understood, which causes negative impact to firefly courtship, there is no obvi-ous information on the effect of the camera illumination. The experiment of testing four types of camera illumination was set up in laboratory using wild populations of P. malaccae . The flash patterns were recorded by videotaping and analyzed by using TiLIA software. The results showed that all kinds of camera illuminations affect flashing behavior of the fireflies. They prolonged flash interval by increasing pulse duration. The flashes from smartphone camera displayed the strongest effect; however, all flash types did not influence on the firefly life span, mating behavior and oviposition behavior of the fireflies.",
"corpus_id": 182745606,
"title": "Effect of Camera Illumination on Flashing Behavior of Pteroptyx malaccae (Coleoptera: Lampyridae)"
} | {
"abstract": "We report results from new experiments on C/Re($$11\\bar{2}1$$112¯1) to identify threshold conditions for morphological instability of Re($$11\\bar{2}1$$112¯1). We have found that adsorption of carbon from 0.35 to 0.85 ML (0.3–6.0 L exposure of C2H2) at T ≥ 800 K leads to faceting of Re($$11\\bar{2}1$$112¯1) with formation of three-sided pyramids. Using density functional theory we have investigated binding sites and binding energies of C on planar and faceted Re surfaces as well as generated a surface phase diagram of C/Re to obtain an atomistic understanding of C-induced pyramidal faceting of Re($$11\\bar{2}1$$112¯1). The calculations reveal that at low to intermediate coverage, C atoms prefer binding at four-fold sites on the Re surfaces and formation of three-sided pyramids is thermodynamically favored.Graphical AbstractUsing density functional theory and thermodynamic considerations as well as AES and LEED measurements we studied the structure of Re(11–21) surfaces in contact with C2H2. The experiments show that adsorption of carbon from 0.35 to 0.85 ML (0.3–6.0 L exposure of C2H2) at T ≥ 800 K leads to faceting of Re(11–21) with formation of three-sided pyramids. The calculations reveal that at low to intermediate coverage, C atoms prefer binding at four-fold sites on the Re surfaces and formation of three-sided pyramids is thermodynamically favored.",
"corpus_id": 7621480,
"score": 0,
"title": "Theoretical Study of Carbon Adsorption on Re Surfaces: Morphological Instability"
} |
{
"abstract": "The synthesis of the new nitroxide crown ether 8 and its use as the wheel in a bistable [2]rotaxane, containing dialkylammonium and 4,4'-bipyridinium recognition sites, is reported. The synthesis of 8 was achieved by the sequential addition of substituted phenyl groups to a nitrone derivatives leading to the preferential formation of the cis stereoisomer. Due to charge-dipole interactions between the nitroxide unit and the bipyridinium moiety, it was possible to probe the movement of the macrocycle between the two molecular stations of the [2]rotaxane after addition of a base by measuring the nitrogen hyperfine splitting in the corresponding EPR spectra. The equilibrium constant for the complexation of dibenzyl viologen by the macrocycle 8 was also determined by EPR titration.",
"corpus_id": 3797344,
"title": "Synthesis and Characterisation of a Paramagnetic [2]Rotaxane Based on a Crown Ether-Like Wheel Incorporating a Nitroxide Motif."
} | {
"abstract": "Benzobis(imidazolium) salts ([BBI-H2-R4]2+, R = alkyl, aryl) interact with crown ethers through a combination of hydrogen bonds, ion-dipole, and π-π stacking interactions to form starburst [24]pseudo-rotaxanes. This new recognition motif allows the extension of four side-arms directly from the cavity of the crown ether, thus positioning the wheel component in a straddled orientation onto the axle, while their carbene-based derivatives show the classical shape of regular [22]pseudorotaxanes.",
"corpus_id": 58571855,
"title": "Benzobis(imidazolium) salts as templates for the self-assembly of starburst [24]pseudorotaxanes and their corresponding carbene-based classic [22]pseudorotaxanes."
} | {
"abstract": "ABSTRACT Fungi are known to be affected by external environmental stimuli, resulting in different stress response effects, which in turn could be used to enhance its biodegrading ability. In a previous study, ethanol was used to manipulate cell–cell and cell–surface interaction to prevent cell loss and maximize the usage of Penicillium purpurogenum cells in the media, a correlation was drawn between ethanol oxidative stress, surface-bound proteins and fungal adhesion. The present study focuses on a more detailed study of the effect of ethanol on the same fungus. The results show that the presence of Yap1p gene and the detection of an oxidized form of glutathione (GSSG) suggest that a stress response might be involved in the adhesion process. The process of adhesion could be described as a signaling process and it is affected by the germ tube formation as an initial step in adhesion. Protein profile showed polymorphism in surface-bound proteins for cultures amended with ethanol when compared to control cultures. Ethanol also affected the DNA polymorphic profile of DNA, rendering the fungus genetically variable. P. purpurogenum produced phenol oxidase enzyme and could be used to degrade total phenols in olive mill waste water without the formation of biofilm on the surface of the containers.",
"corpus_id": 5380841,
"score": 0,
"title": "Penicillium purpurogenum cultures under ethanol-induced stress and its correlation with fungal adhesion and biodegrading ability"
} |
{
"abstract": "III–V semiconductor solar cells have demonstrated the highest power conversion efficiencies to date. However, the cost of III-V solar cells has historically been too high to be practical outside of specialty applications. This stems from the cost of raw materials, need for a lattice-matched substrate for single-crystal growth, and complex epitaxial growth processes. To address these challenges, here, we explore the direct non-epitaxial growth of thin poly-crystalline films of III-Vs on metal substrates by using metalorganic chemical vapor deposition. This method minimizes the amount of raw material used while utilizing a low cost substrate. Specifically, we focus on InP which is known to have a low surface recombination velocity of carriers, thereby, making it an ideal candidate for efficient poly-crystalline cells where surface/interface properties at the grain boundaries are critical. The grown InP films are 1-3 μm thick and are composed of micron-sized grains that generally extend from the surface to t...",
"corpus_id": 16853339,
"title": "High optical quality polycrystalline indium phosphide grown on metal substrates by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition"
} | {
"abstract": "We present Raman spectra of InP measured under nonresonant conditions revealing multiphonon processes up to fifth order. Using an incident photon energy in the absorption region of the compound but far from any of its interband transitions, nonresonant multiphonon processes of order higher than two, which have not been reported so far in a zinc-blende-type semiconductor, have been observed in indium phosphide. In this way it has been possible to detect contributions not only from the longitudinal optical phonons but also from the transverse optical phonons in the higher-order peaks. We find a very good agreement between multiples of the TO- and LO-phonon frequencies at the zone center and the higher-order phonons measured in the experiments. The trend of strong intensity reductions observed when passing from first to second as well as from second to third order is not maintained when going from third to fourth, and from fourth to fifth order.",
"corpus_id": 1488782,
"title": "Up to fifth-order Raman scattering of InP under nonresonant conditions."
} | {
"abstract": "Etude du dopage par l'etain a forte concentration des couches minces de InP sur InP formees par epitaxie en phase liquide. La concentration de porteurs se sature a ∼6×10 18 cm −3 pour la fraction >0,8 M d'etain dans le liquide. Les mesures des concentrations d'etain dans le solide par spectrometrie de masse des ions secondaires demontrent que la limite de solubilite est atteinte. La microscopie electronique par transmission n'indique pas de precipites",
"corpus_id": 96981316,
"score": 2,
"title": "Carrier Saturation in Tin‐Doped InP Films Grown by Liquid Phase Epitaxy"
} |
{
"abstract": "Modern photochemistry and photobiology were only made possible by Planck‘s quantum theory, which goes back to the turn of the century, and Einstein’s photoequivalence law, which he published in 1904. Photobiology only came into being as a separate science two decades ago; and although modern photochemistry--based on Planck and Einstein-goes back half a century before that, it began to attract serious attention only in the nineteen-thirties. There had been interest in photochemistry during the nineteenth century, with some valuable experimental work, from which Planck and Einstein both borrowed. But interest in light and its effects goes back at least several centuries before that. The Egyptians needed light in constructing the tombs under their pyramids, and were acquainted with the use of mirrors. Recent excavations have discovered silver mirrors that could have been used for this purpose, and diagrams as to how they were used. It is widely believed that Archimedes used mirrors to destroy the Roman fleet in the battle of Syracuse in 2 1 2 ~ . c . This date is adequately fixed by Greek and Roman historical records; but there is no evidence of the mirrors, and we are dependent on Greek and Roman legend, stemming largely from Homer’s story of Ulysses, which he told about 8 0 0 ~ . c . This story was not written down until several centuries later, and may have been considerably modified in the meantime; but it contains our only clues to men’s ideas about light before our own era, and they seem often based on sound observation of the environment. The goddess Ceres understood the cycle of the seasons, with life springing from the earth with the coming of sunlight after the dark winter. Pandora coming out of hiding and returning again to her dark cave exemplifies this. Ulysses’ story of using light to deceive Circe and Polyphemus is another example, as is the legend of the Trojan Horse. The idea that all our ideas about light trace back to Zarathustra and Mithra belongs also to the “Age of Fable”, codified by Bulfinch (1855). The grinding of lenses and prisms, greatly advanced by Spinoza, made it possible for Newton, a century later, to delimit the spectrum of color vision, but modern understanding of a broader spectrum begins with Herschel’s findings about 1800 that a blackened thermometer placed beyond the region where red is perceived showed increase in temperature, indicating the presence of energy in sunlight beyond what the eye could see. In 1801, Ritter found that a photosensitive plate darkened when placed beyond our perception of violet. The infrared range was referred to as “heat rays”, and the ultraviolet range as chemical rays (terms that apply to the detecting instrument rather than the biologic effect of the radiation). This confused nomenclature led to misconceptions that still pursue us. Although Widmark showed about 1889 that sunburn of the eye and of the skin is caused by ultraviolet radiation, this was not generally recognized for many years, and these biological effects were assumed to result from heat. Although factors complicating the penetration of ultraviolet, visible and infrared radiations were shown in the nineteen-twenties (Guillame, 1962; Miescher and Minder, 1938), misconceptions have persisted until the present. The accumulation of biological effects, including cancer, with repeated doses of radiation was only recognized in the nineteen-fifties (Blum, 1950). That the lines emitted by atoms could be arranged in orderly fashion was shown by Rydberg in the late eighteen-nineties, before this was shown by Rutherford and Bohr. The Bunsen-Roscoe phoiochemical reciprocity law was a precursor of Einstein’s photo-equivalence law; and Planck‘s equation, describing the spectral distribution of black-body radiation was based on the Stephan-Boltzrnann law. Quantum Theory only appeared in elementary textbooks after 1942, and the bearing of Chemical Thermodynamics was recognized about the same time, although still not generally incorporated into photobiological thinking (Blum, 1955). The concept of “free radicals” originated in the nineteen-twenties, but was not accepted into photochemistry until the next decade (Rollefson and Burton, 1939). The helical arrangement of nucleotides made public in the early fifties contributed much to the study of photobiology, but tended for a time to mask the importance of proteins in biological structure and catalysis. Although Heisenberg pointed out in the nineteentwenties that direction and velocity of an electron in an atom cannot be measured simultaneously, it was only in the seventies that it was recognized that number and rate of growth in cell populations cannot be determined simultaneously (Blum, 1974, 1976). The name Photobiology was introduced in 1951, when the ComitC International de Photobiologie, replaced the ComitC International de la Lumiere (Vince-Prue and Hall, 1975).",
"corpus_id": 8742964,
"title": "ROOTS OF PHOTOBIOLOGY"
} | {
"abstract": "We studied mitral valve motion in 15 patients with aortic regurgitation and an Austin Flint murmur by recording simultaneously the phonocardiogram, apexcardiogram, and mitral valve echocardiogram. In 14 patients the murmur was presystolic, and in 13 of these a middiastolic component was present as well. The middiastolic component occurred after the period of rapid ventricular filling as the mitral valve",
"corpus_id": 91801949,
"title": "On The Mechanism of"
} | {
"abstract": "R ESULTS OBTAINED IN PHYSICAL chemistry and chemical crystallography yield a rather definite picture of the native protein which fits at many points with that emerging from the various fields of the biology of the proteins, i.e. enzymology, immunology, pharmacology, virus studies, and genetics. If we attempt to sum up the general impression derived from a study of various independent sources of information on the proteins, it can be broken down into the following parts: (1) Many proteins in solution are particles, not individual molecules (21). It is useful to use the term proteon to connote a native protein unit incapable of division into subunits also having the native protein character. Every native protein may then be regarded as a proteon or a system of proteons, alike or different. That a protein particle is not a mere conglomerate of proteons but an orderly aggregate, i.e. a molecular colony, follows from the finding that in many cases where ultracentrifugal studies show that a protein is uniform in size and shape under well-defined external conditions, the protein in question is capable of dissociation into subunits when the environmental conditions are modified (21). Much information has now been assembled concerning the particle status of many proteins, ranging from the very large tobacco mosaic nucleoprotein down to horse hemoglobin. The reversible dissociation of protein particles does not imply any change in the chemical status of the proteons. It is therefore to be sharply distinguished from denaturation. (2) Interproteon associations within particles depend upon the R-substituents of the amino acid backbones (N-CQ-C) which make up the proteon skeletons. Structure chemistry provides three types of association: direct polar, mediated polar, and less polar. Horse hemoglobin, which on dilution dissociates into two subunits, provides an illustration of the first type; the Helix hemocyanin particle whose dissociations in aqueous solution are affected by Ca++ and Mg++, an illustration of the first and second types (21). That the less polar R-substituents of aliphatic and aromatic types, as well as the more polar types, emerge from protein surfaces is indicated by many data, e.g. the higher solubility of insulin in propylene glycol than in water and the affinity of human serum albumin for the paraffin chains of fatty acid molecules (13). Thus, associations of the third type are also a possibility,",
"corpus_id": 5529657,
"score": 2,
"title": "The Native Protein."
} |
{
"abstract": "The effects of endotoxin, exotoxin, and otitis media on the permeability of the round window membrane (RWM) in chinchillas was investigated by detecting tetraethylammonium chloride, applied to the RWM, using a potassium-selective microelectrode in the scala tympani. The RWM, 48 hours following the application of endotoxin or exotoxin, became significantly more permeable to tetraethylammonium chloride than the normal RWM. Two weeks after the obstruction of the eustachian tube, the permeability of the RWM was decreased. These results suggest that bacterial toxins and the consequential migration of chemical inflammatory mediators act as promotive factors of RWM permeability, and that a pathologic thickness of the RWM and the presence of effusion induced by the obstruction of the eustachian tube acts as an inhibitory factor. In the clinical role of RWM permeability in human otitis media, these two factors must be taken into consideration.",
"corpus_id": 1316951,
"title": "Changes of the permeability of round window membrane in otitis media."
} | {
"abstract": "Middle ear permeability after instillation of staphylococcal pyrogenic exotoxin was studied in each of 12 cats, 6 of them with otitis media induced by obstructing their eustachian tubes. This is the first report that there is passage of toxin to the perilymph, cerebrospinal fluid and blood not only in diseased ears, but also in normal controls, 25 min and 12 h after exposure of the middle ear cavity and round window membrane to toxin. The data suggest a pathophysiological explanation for the association of otitis media and sensorineural hearing loss and/or endolymphatic hydrops; potentially both entities can be caused by exotoxins. It also documents the extraordinary capabilities of movement of staphylococcal exotoxin.",
"corpus_id": 4249606,
"title": "Permeability of the middle ear to staphylococcal pyrogenic exotoxin in otitis media."
} | {
"abstract": "INTRODUCTION\nIn the 1990s, the publication and PhD recruitment rates following the Danish pre-graduate research programme (PGRP) in medicine were 54% and 33%, respectively. Updated estimates are unknown.\n\n\nMETHODS\nAll medical students enrolled in the PGRP at the Faculty of Medicine, Aarhus University (Health), Denmark, during 2003-2012 were included (n = 687). The PGRP files were merged with PhD students' files at Health. A systematic literature search was completed for research students who had enrolled during the 2006-2009 period (n = 227). The factors investigated were student age, sex, PGRP completion time and years in medical school at the time of PGRP initiation. Supervisors were described by sex, title, position and affiliation. Calculations were tested by the chi-squared test; p < 0.05 was considered significant.\n\n\nRESULTS\nA larger proportion of male medical students conducted a PGRP compared to female medical students (28% versus 19%; p < 0.01). Within three and a half years from PGRP initiation, 13% of the research students had enrolled in a PhD programme at Health, and 52% had published ≥ 1 paper with ≥ 1 supervisor. The research student was the first author on 43% of the overall 224 papers, and 90% were original articles. Publication was positively associated with completion of the PGRP in < 18 months and with embarking on a PhD and with having a male main supervisor. PhD recruitment was related to enrolment in the PGRP after fewer years in medical school.\n\n\nCONCLUSIONS\nFast completion of the PGRP and early enrolment in the programme were associated with scientific publishing and PhD recruitment. The publication rate has remained stable over time.",
"corpus_id": 21557397,
"score": 1,
"title": "Publication rate and PhD enrolment following a medical pre-graduate research programme."
} |
{
"abstract": "IN this note we discuss the reliability of the Io–U dating method and report on the age of fossils from the Ouljian stage, outcropping along the Mediterranean coast in southern Spain. That this method can produce good results is evident from the fact that the measured ages for these fossils, all from the same stratigraphic horizon, show a standard deviation of only 6,100 yr, which is well within our precision limits. The mean age of the samples is 98,000 yr.",
"corpus_id": 4184750,
"title": "Io–U dating of the Ouljian stage from Torre Garcia (southern Spain)"
} | {
"abstract": "Pleistocene molluscan shells from the marine deposits of southern California were dated by the uranium-series disequilibrium method. The closed system ages were calculated from the measured Th230/U234 and Pa231/U235 activity ratios. Because of discordances found between the Th230 and Pa231 ages of many of the shell samples analyzed, it was assumed that shells do not usually form an ideal closed system. A mathematical solution for an open system model that can compensate for the deviation of a sample from the closed system model is proposed. The average open system ages of the first terrace at San Pedro of the Palos Verdes Hills and the Dume terrace and terrace C at Point Dume were calculated to be near 85,000, 105,000, and 130,000 years, respectively.",
"corpus_id": 131303449,
"title": "Uranium‐series dating of Pleistocene molluscan shells from southern California—An open system model"
} | {
"abstract": "Determination of the activity ratio Th230/U234 in corals from the Pleistocene Key Largo limestone, a fossil coral reef, leads to the conclusion that the reef-forming corals lived about 130,000 years ago in a sea that stood about 10 meters higher than today. Similar ages for the Pleistocene Miami oolite suggest that this formation represents oolitic sand deposited contemporaneously with the coral reef. The age calculation is based on the assumption that living corals extract no thorium from sea water and thus any Th230 found in fossils results from the decay of U234. Measurements made on Recent corals from the same area generally confirm this assumption.",
"corpus_id": 129292081,
"score": 2,
"title": "Th230/U234 age of the Pleistocene corals and oolites of Florida"
} |
{
"abstract": "Annas discusses the December 2005 U.S. District Court decision about a curricular change requiring the teaching of intelligent design in public schools in Dover, Pennsylvania. The judge ruled that intelligent design is not science and that the school board's curricular change served a religious purpose, in violation of the establishment clause of the First Amendment.",
"corpus_id": 1677407,
"title": "Intelligent judging--evolution in the classroom and the courtroom."
} | {
"abstract": "struck down by a lower federal court on the grounds that creation science is not science at all, but religion [McLean v. Arkansas Bd. of Education, F. Supp. (Ark. 1982) (opinion reprinted in Science, 215: 934-43, Feb. 19, 1982]. But this judicial opinion may iot close the books on the issue. Those religions that view evolution as a dangerous heresy will continue to oppose its teaching in any way they feel reasonable; and even if their statutes are consistently declared unconstitutional, some may still introduce them, and legislatures may still pass them, simply to keep the issue in the public eye. The resurgence of antievolution legislation provides us with a useful opportunity to review the history of this issue, and to put the current dispute in its First Amendment context. The first clause of the First Amendment to the United States Constitution is that \"Congress shall make no law respecting the establishment of religion or prohibiting the free exercise thereof. ... The theory of the amendment is that the state and organized religion will survive only if they keep to their own realms. As the U.S. Supreme Court has expressed it, \"A union of government and religion tends to destroy government and degrade religion\" (Engel",
"corpus_id": 36357498,
"title": "Monkey laws in the courts."
} | {
"abstract": "Preface Familial Challenges, Conflicts, or Dilemmas in the New Millennium Challenging or Restructuring the Concept of Family Feminist Perspectives: Enhancing or Threatening Traditional Values? Reproductive Privacy or Social Responsibility: Toward a New Genetic Family Domestic Partnerships and Same-Sex Relationships Testing the Limits of Procreational Autonomy Intra-Familial and External Discontinuities Assisted Reproductive Technologies: Artificial Insemination, Surrogation, and In Vitro Fertilization Incest and Intrafamilial Child Abuse Pornography and Obscenity Dissolving the Family and Expanding Its Relevance Death: Dying with Dignity Organ Harvesting: Salvaging a New Beginning Selected Bibliography Index",
"corpus_id": 141949719,
"score": 2,
"title": "Family Values and the New Society: Dilemmas of the 21st Century"
} |
{
"abstract": "Recently, we displayed an Iberian shrew species (Sorex granarius) with telomere structures unusual for mammals. Long telomeres on the short acrocentric arms contain an average of 213 kb of telomere repeats, whereas the other chromosomal ends have only 3.8 kb (Zhdanova et al., 2005; 2007). However, it is not clear whether these telomeres are typical for all shrew species or only for S. granarius. S. granarius and common shrew Sorex araneus are sibling species. In this study, using modified Q-FISH we demonstrated that telomeres in S. araneus from various chromosomal races distinguished by their number of metacentrics contain 6.8–15.2 kb of telomeric tracts. The S. araneus telomere lengths appear to correspond to telomere lengths in the majority of both shrew species and wild mammals, whereas S. granarius has telomeres with unique or rare structures. Using DNA and RNA high-specific modified probes to telomeric repeats (PNA and LNA), we showed that interstitial telomeric sites in S. araneus chromosomes contain mainly telomeric DNA and that their localization coincide with some evolutionary breakpoints. Interstitial telomeric DNA in S. granarius chromosomes was not revealed. Thus, the distribution of telomeric DNA may be significantly different, even in closely related species whose chromosomes are composed of almost identical chromosomal arms.",
"corpus_id": 1745777,
"title": "Telomeric DNA allocation in chromosomes of common shrew (Sorex araneus, eulipotyphla)"
} | {
"abstract": "We integrated chromosome painting information on 5 core-insectivora species available in the literature with new Zoo-FISH data for Iberian shrew (Sorex granarius) and Altai mole (Talpa altaica). Our analysis of these 7 species allowed us to determine the chromosomal features of Eulipotyphla genomes and to update the previously proposed ancestral karyotype for 2 main groups of the Sorex genus. The chromosome painting evidence with human painting probes (HSA) reveals the presence of the 2 unique associations HSA4/5 and 1/10p/12/22b, which support Eulipotyphla. There are a series of synapomorphies both for Erinaceidae (HSA3/1/5, 3/17, 11/15 and 10/20) and for Soricinae (HSA5/9, 6/7/16, 8/3/21 and 11/12/22). We found associations that link Talpidae/Erinaceidae (HSA7/8, 1/5 and 1/19p), Talpidae/Soricidae (HSA1/8/4) and Erinaceidae/Soricidae (HSA4/20 and 2/13). Genome conservation in Eulipotyphla was estimated on the basis of the number of evolutionary breaks in the ancestral mammalian chromosomes. In total, 7 chromosomes of the boreo-eutherian ancestor (BEA8 or 10, 9, 17, 18, 20–22) were retained in all eulipotyphlans studied; among them moles show the highest level of chromosome conservation. The integration of sequence data into the chromosome painting information allowed us to further examine the chromosomal syntenies within a phylogenetic perspective. Based on our analysis we offer the most parsimonious reconstruction of phylogenetic relationships in Eulipotyphla. The cytogenetic reconstructions based on these data do not conflict with molecular phylogenies supporting basal position of Talpidae in the order.",
"corpus_id": 5221249,
"title": "Chromosome Evolution in Eulipotyphla"
} | {
"abstract": "Great efforts have been made to develop potential substitutes or restorative materials for human hard tissues such as bone and teeth. A general strategy is to mimic the functions of noncollagenous proteins (NCPs), which can modulate the biomineralization process, leading to hierarchical intrafibrillar mineralization and is very important for the properties of biomineralized hard tissues. However, most of the reported biomimetic mineralization strategies could not mimic the full roles of NCPs and reproduce the elegant hierarchy of the biomineralized tissues. In this work, we use 'artificial protein', i.e., PAMAM-COOH dendrimer, to be the analog of NCPs, due to its mono-dispersed molecular weight within the size retention range of collagen and the well-defined steric structure. The bioinspired mineralization process induced by PAMAM-COOH on human dentine was characterized and illustrated both in vitro and in vivo. The design of PAMAM-COOH, especially the 4th generation one (G4-COOH), provides a general strategy to prepare various promising restorative materials for biomineralized hard tissues such as bone and teeth.",
"corpus_id": 1274339,
"score": 1,
"title": "Bioinspired intrafibrillar mineralization of human dentine by PAMAM dendrimer."
} |
{
"abstract": "Objectives . Recent proposals for value-based assessment, made by the National Institute of Health and Care Excellence (NICE) in the United Kingdom, recommended that burden of illness (BOI) should replace end of life (EOL) as a factor for consideration when deciding on new health technologies. This article reports on a study eliciting societal preferences for 1) BOI from a medical condition, defined as quality-adjusted life year (QALY) loss due to premature mortality and prospective morbidity, and 2) EOL, defined as expected life expectancy of less than 2 years and expected life expectancy gain from new treatment of 3 months or more. Methods . A discrete choice experiment survey was conducted with an online UK general population sample. Respondents chose whether they thought the health service should treat patient group A or B: life expectancy and health-related quality of life (HRQOL) with current treatment or life expectancy and HRQOL gains from new treatment, respectively. These attributes were used to derive BOI, QALY gain, and EOL. The respondents’ choices were analyzed using conditional logistic regression with a range of specifications examined, including BOI or EOL, QALY gain and QALY gain squared, and robustness. QALY weights were estimated. Results . The sample of 3669 respondents was representative of the UK population for age and sex. QALY gain had a positive and significant coefficient across all models. QALY gain squared term was negative and significant across all models, indicating a diminishing marginal social value from QALY gains. When included, the BOI coefficient was generally small, positive, and significant, but this was not consistent across the different life expectancy variants. EOL was always positive and significant. Conclusions . The social value of a QALY gain is not equal between recipients but depends on whether they are end of life, and it may depend on the prospective burden of illness.",
"corpus_id": 2629299,
"title": "Eliciting Societal Preferences for Weighting QALYs for Burden of Illness and End of Life"
} | {
"abstract": "BackgroundProposals for value-based assessment, made by the National Institute of Health and Care Excellence (NICE) in the UK, recommended that burden of illness (BOI) should be used to weight QALY gain. This paper explores some of the methodological issues in eliciting societal preferences for BOI.AimsThis study explores the impact of mode of administration and framing in a survey for eliciting societal preferences for BOI.MethodsA pairwise comparison survey with six arms was conducted online and via face-to-face interviews, involving two different wordings of questions and the inclusion/exclusion of pictures. Respondents were asked which of two patient groups they thought a publically funded health service should treat, where the groups varied by life expectancy without treatment, health-related quality of life (HRQOL) without treatment, survival gain from treatment, and HRQOL gain from treatment. Responses across different modes of administration, wording and use of pictures were compared using chi-squared tests and probit regression analysis controlling for respondent socio-demographic characteristics.ResultsThe sample contained 371 respondents: 69 were interviewed and 302 completed the questionnaire online. There were some differences in socio-demographic characteristics across the online and interview samples. Online respondents were less likely to choose the group with higher BOI and more likely to treat those with a higher QALY gain, but there were no statistically significant differences by wording or the inclusion of pictures for the majority of questions. Regression analysis confirmed these results. Respondents chose to treat the group with larger treatment gain, but there was little support for treating the group with higher BOI. Respondents also preferred to treat the group with treatment gains in life expectancy rather than HRQOL.ConclusionsMode of administration did impact on responses, whereas question wording and pictures did not impact on responses, even after controlling for the socio-demographic characteristics of respondents in the regression analysis.",
"corpus_id": 16548989,
"title": "Comparison of Modes of Administration and Alternative Formats for Eliciting Societal Preferences for Burden of Illness"
} | {
"abstract": "BACKGROUND\nAudit and feedback has been identified as having the potential to change the practice of health care professionals.\n\n\nOBJECTIVES\nTo assess the effects of audit and feedback on the practice of health professionals and patient outcomes.\n\n\nSEARCH STRATEGY\nWe searched MEDLINE up to June 1997, the Research and Development Resource Base in Continuing Medical Education, and reference lists of related systematic reviews and articles.\n\n\nSELECTION CRITERIA\nRandomised trials of audit and feedback (defined as any summary of clinical performance of health care over a specified period of time). The participants were health care professionals responsible for patient care.\n\n\nDATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS\nTwo reviewers independently extracted data and assessed study quality.\n\n\nMAIN RESULTS\nThirty-seven studies were included, involving more than 4977 physicians. The reporting of study methods was inadequate for almost all studies. In 31 out of 37 studies the randomisation process could not be determined. Information regarding data analysis was also lacking. For example, power calculations were not mentioned in 27 out of 37 studies. A variety of behaviours were targeted including the reduction of diagnostic test ordering, prescribing practices, preventive care, and the general management of a problem, for example hypertension. Twenty-eight studies measured physician performance, one study targeted patient outcomes in diabetes and the remaining eight studies measured both physician performance and patient outcomes. The relative percentage differences ranged from -16% to 152%. The clinical importance of the changes was not always clear.\n\n\nREVIEWER'S CONCLUSIONS\nAudit and feedback can sometimes be effective in improving the practice of health care professionals, in particular prescribing and diagnostic test ordering. When it is effective, the effects appear to be small to moderate but potentially worthwhile. Those attempting to enhance professional behaviour should not rely solely on this approach.",
"corpus_id": 205906973,
"score": 1,
"title": "Audit and feedback: effects on professional practice and health care outcomes."
} |
{
"abstract": "BackgroundHIV infection has been associated with impaired language development in prenatally exposed children. Although most of the burden of HIV occurs in sub-Saharan Africa, there have not been any comprehensive studies of HIV exposure on multiple aspects of language development using instruments appropriate for the population.MethodsWe compared language development in children exposed to HIV in utero to community controls (N = 262, 8–30 months) in rural Kenya, using locally adapted and validated communicative development inventories.ResultsThe mean score of the younger HIV-exposed uninfected infants (8–15 months) was not significantly below that of the controls; however older HIV-exposed uninfected children had significantly poorer language scores, with HIV positive children scoring more poorly than community controls, on several measures.ConclusionsOur preliminary data indicates that HIV infection is associated with impaired early language development, and that the methodology developed would be responsive to a more detailed investigation of the variability in outcome amongst children exposed to HIV, irrespective of their infection status.",
"corpus_id": 1766631,
"title": "The effects of prenatal HIV exposure on language functioning in Kenyan children: establishing an evaluative framework"
} | {
"abstract": "Objective: Early childhood development programs typically combine healthy nutrition and cognitive stimulation in an integrated model. We separately delivered these 2 components in a cluster-randomized controlled trial to evaluate their comparative effectiveness in promoting healthy child development and caregiver mental health. This is the first study to do so for HIV-affected children and their infected mothers. Methods: Two hundred twenty-one HIV-exposed but uninfected child (2–3 years old) and caregiver dyads in 18 geographic clusters in Eastern Uganda were randomized by cluster to receive biweekly individualized sessions of either (1) Mediational Intervention for Sensitizing Caregivers (MISC) training emphasizing cognitive stimulation or (2) Uganda Community Based Association for Child Welfare (UCOBAC) program that delivered health and nutrition training. Children were evaluated at baseline, 6 months, 1 year (training conclusion), and 1-year posttraining with the Mullen Scales of Early Learning (MSEL), the Color-Object Association Test for memory, the Early Childhood Vigilance Test of attention, and the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function (BRIEF-parent). The Caldwell Home Observation for the Measurement of the Environment (HOME) was completed by observers to gauge caregiving quality after training. Caregiver depression/anxiety (Hopkins Symptom Checklist-25) and functionality (list of activities of daily living) were also evaluated. Data collectors were blinded to trial arm assignment. Results: Mediational Intervention for Sensitizing Caregivers resulted in significantly better quality of caregiving compared with UCOBAC midintervention with an adjusted mean difference (MadjDiff) of 2.34 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.54–3.15, p < .01), postintervention (MadjDiff = 2.43, 95% CI: 1.61–3.25, p < .01), and at 1-year follow-up (MadjDiff = 2.07, 95% CI: 1.23–2.90, p < .01). MISC caregivers reported more problems on the BRIEF for their child at 1-year posttraining only (p < .01). Caregiving quality (HOME) was significantly correlated with MSEL composite performance 1-year posttraining for both the MISC and the UCOBAC trial arms. Likewise, physical growth was significantly related to child development outcomes even though it did not differ between trial arms. Conclusion: Even though MISC demonstrated an advantage of improving caregiving quality, it did not produce better child cognitive outcomes compared with health and nutrition training. Trial Registration: clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT01640561.",
"corpus_id": 46779243,
"title": "Effect of Caregiver Training on the Neurodevelopment of HIV-Exposed Uninfected Children and Caregiver Mental Health: A Ugandan Cluster-Randomized Controlled Trial"
} | {
"abstract": "OBJECTIVES\nTo examine distal sensory polyneuropathy (DSP) in a highly active antiretroviral therapy era, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected cohort, to determine whether clinical manifestations are affected by demographic or other clinical variables.\n\n\nPATIENTS\nOne hundred eighty-seven patients with HIV infection enrolled in the Manhattan HIV Brain Bank underwent baseline neurologic evaluations between January 29, 1999, and June 17, 2002. Distal sensory polyneuropathy was diagnosed if patients displayed abnormalities in 2 or more of the following: ankle reflexes or vibratory or pinprick perception. Patients were classified as symptomatic if they described pain, paresthesia, or numbness. Nonneurologic information was obtained by interview, laboratory testing, and medical chart review. Psychiatric and substance use disorders were elucidated by semistructured interview. In 36 patients, morphometric analysis was performed on autopsy-derived sural nerves.\n\n\nRESULTS\nOf 187 patients, 99 (53%) had DSP. Patients with neuropathy were older than those without (mean +/- SD age, 45.3 +/- 0.7 vs 41.2 +/- 0.8 years, P <.001), and DSP was significantly more common in men (58% [83/99]) than in women (37% [16/99]) (P =.02). The presence of neuropathy was not correlated with plasma viral load, decreased CD4 cell counts, or neurotoxic antiretroviral therapy. Twenty-six of 99 patients with DSP were asymptomatic. Asymptomatic neuropathy was correlated with histories of opiate and sedative abuse and dependence. Symptomatic DSP correlated with ethanol and hallucinogen syndromes, but not neurotoxic therapy. Sural nerve morphometric findings did not distinguish between patients with substance use syndromes and those without.\n\n\nCONCLUSIONS\nIn contrast to populations before the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy, DSP in the Manhattan HIV Brain Bank cohort is not associated with increased viral load or decreased CD4 cell counts in this cross-sectional analysis. Symptoms in DSP are associated with substance use disorders, but no difference in morphologic structure is seen in nerves of patients with HIV infection with and without substance use histories. Previously reported virologic and immunologic underpinnings of DSP may be affected by highly active antiretroviral therapy. Furthermore, symptoms of DSP in substance users may be altered by central mechanisms of increased or decreased tolerance to sensory disturbance.",
"corpus_id": 2603648,
"score": 2,
"title": "HIV-associated distal sensory polyneuropathy in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy: the Manhattan HIV Brain Bank."
} |
{
"abstract": "We describe the architecture of a CORBA-based platform offering end-to-end multimedia communications and processing support in a broadband network environment. The design gives application programmers an extended CORBA computational model incorporating explicit support for continuous media including quality of service abstractions. The proposed architecture goes beyond existing multimedia-in-CORBA platforms by integrating continuous media data types as first class types in the application programmer's computational model. This is in contrast to currently proposed platforms which typically adopt an ‘off line plumbing’ approach where application programmers connect together ‘standard’ multimedia objects and then monitor and control the flow of media inside these objects. We present our extensions in detail using code examples based on Iona's Orbix CORBA 2.0 compliant platform. We also offer a scenario illustrating the use of our extensions and the implementation of a simple binding object.",
"corpus_id": 1776904,
"title": "A CORBA Compliant Real-Time Multimedia Platform for Broadband Networks"
} | {
"abstract": "In computer-participative multimedia applications, the computer not only manipulates media, but also digests it and performs independent actions based on media content. We present a design approach that applies the programming techniques of visualization systems to the development of computer-participative multimedia applications. We describe an implementation based on this approach, and report performance measurements that demonstrate it is practical. We conclude by describing three applications written with the system, and suggest future directions for research in the area.",
"corpus_id": 7873547,
"title": "The VuSystem: a programming system for visual processing of digital video"
} | {
"abstract": "Tensor structured Markov chains are part of stochastic models of many practical applications, e.g., in the description of complex production or telephone networks. The most interesting question in Markov chain models is the determination of the stationary distribution as a description of the long term behavior of the system. This involves the computation of the eigenvector corresponding to the dominant eigenvalue or equivalently the solution of a singular linear system of equations. Due to the tensor structure of the models the dimension of the operators grows rapidly and a direct solution without exploiting the tensor structure becomes infeasible. Algebraic multigrid methods have proven to be efficient when dealing with Markov chains without using tensor structure. In this work we present an approach to adapt the algebraic multigrid framework to the tensor frame, not only using the tensor structure in matrix-vector multiplications, but also tensor structured coarse-grid operators and tensor representations of the solution vector.",
"corpus_id": 559374,
"score": 1,
"title": "Multigrid Methods for Tensor Structured Markov Chains with Low Rank Approximation"
} |
{
"abstract": "Introduction: This review examines the postmarketing experience with varenicline, including case reports, newer clinical trials and secondary analyses of large clinical datasets. Areas covered: Varenicline has been shown to be an effective treatment in a broad range of tobacco users with medical, behavioral and diverse demographic characteristics. Recent studies finding excellent safety and efficacy in groups of smokers with diseases including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease are particularly encouraging and call for increased use of this medication for smoking cessation. Despite case reports of serious neuropsychiatric symptoms in patients taking varenicline, including changes in behavior and mood, causality has not been established. Recent analyses of large datasets from clinical trials have not demonstrated that varenicline is associated with more depression or suicidality than other treatments for smoking cessation. Expert opinion: Now that additional clinical trials in specific populations and observational studies on treatment-seeking smokers outside of clinical trials have been published, we can be confident that varenicline remains the most efficacious monotherapy for smoking cessation and that its side-effect profile remains good. The risk-to-benefit ratio of receiving varenicline to quit smoking must include the increased chances of quitting smoking and avoiding the sizeable risks of smoked-caused disease and death that remain if tobacco addiction is not properly treated.",
"corpus_id": 2286077,
"title": "Varenicline for tobacco dependence: panacea or plight?"
} | {
"abstract": "Varenicline, a partial alpha4beta2 and full alpha7 nicotinic receptor agonist, has been shown to inhibit nicotine self-administration and nicotine-induced increases in extracellular dopamine in the nucleus accumbens. In the present study, we investigated whether varenicline inhibits nicotine-enhanced electrical brain-stimulation reward (BSR), and if so, which receptor subtypes are involved. Systemic administration of nicotine (0.25-1.0 mg/kg, i.p.) or varenicline (0.03-3 mg/kg, i.p.) produced biphasic effects, with low doses producing enhancement (e.g., decreased BSR threshold), and high doses inhibiting BSR. Pretreatment with low dose (0.03-1.0 mg/kg) varenicline dose-dependently attenuated nicotine (0.25 or 0.5 mg/kg)-enhanced BSR. The BSR-enhancing effect produced by varenicline was blocked by mecamylamine (a high affinity nicotinic receptor antagonist) or dihydro-beta-erythroidine (a relatively selective nicotinic alpha4-containing receptor antagonist), but not methyllycaconitine (a selective alpha7 receptor antagonist), suggesting an effect mediated by activation of alpha4beta2 receptors. This suggestion is supported by findings that the alpha4beta2 receptor agonist SIB-1765F produced a dose-dependent enhancement of BSR, while pretreatment with SIB-1765F attenuated nicotine (0.5 mg/kg)-enhanced BSR. In contrast, the selective alpha7 receptor agonist ARR-17779, altered neither BSR itself nor nicotine-enhanced BSR, at any dose tested. These findings suggest that: 1) varenicline inhibits nicotine-enhanced BSR, supporting its use as a smoking cessation aid; and 2) varenicline-enhanced BSR by itself and varenicline's anti-nicotine effects are mediated by activation of alpha4beta2, but not alpha7, receptors.",
"corpus_id": 13954683,
"title": "Varenicline attenuates nicotine-enhanced brain-stimulation reward by activation of α4β2 nicotinic receptors in rats"
} | {
"abstract": "This study investigated the effects of altered auditory feedback on stuttering frequency during speech production at two different speech rates. Nine stutterers, who exhibited at least 5% dysfluency during a reading task, served as subjects. They read eight different passages (each 300 syllables in length) while receiving four conditions of auditory feedback: nonaltered, masking, delayed, and frequency altered. For each auditory feedback condition, subjects read at both a normal and a fast rate. Results indicated that stuttering frequency was significantly decreased during conditions of delayed and frequency altered auditory feedback at both speech rates (p < 0.05). These findings refute the notion that a slowed speech rate is necessary for fluency enhancement under conditions of altered auditory feedback. Considering previous research and the results of this study, it is proposed that there may be two interdependent factors that are responsible for fluency enhancement: alteration of auditory feedback and modification of speech production.",
"corpus_id": 16949019,
"score": 0,
"title": "Effects of Alterations in Auditory Feedback and Speech Rate on Stuttering Frequency"
} |
{
"abstract": "Abstract Encroachment by commercial fleets on small-scale fishing territories throughout Latin America over the last half-century is increasing inter-sector conflict. Small-scale fishery production is crucial to communities that rely on fish as a key source of protein in daily consumption and for supplying increased demand. As the continued viability of local management is threatened, we need to properly understand under what conditions informal institutions are resilient. Seven published Latin American case studies test which model management principles correlate with resilience. Shoreline exchange is identified as an effective practice promoting reciprocity and rapid collective action in the face of external threats.",
"corpus_id": 153720496,
"title": "Comparative institutions and management resiliency in Latin American small-scale fisheries"
} | {
"abstract": "Abstract On the Grande River (Rio Grande, Brazil), fishermen from two communities use different fishing gear (cast nets, longlines, gillnets or fishing rods) in different seasons, marked by the river water level. This study is an ecological analysis of fishing strategies at Grande River, downstream of a hydroelectric plant. Procedures included interviews and systematic observations of fishing trips. Corimba (Prochilodus lineatus) is caught especially in the wet season (November–March), barbado (Pinirampus pirinampu) is caught in the transitional months between seasons (April and October) and a relatively high diversity of fish is caught in the dry season (May–September). Cast nets are used especially in the wet season, longlines in the transition period, and gillnets and fishing rods in the dry season. In the wet season, P. lineatus is abundant and fishermen concentrate on fishing, whereas in the dry season some fishermen look for other jobs in construction, agriculture and local distilleries, and fishing is almost for subsistence. In the transition period, only fishermen who have rights on fishing grounds, used for longlines to catch P. pirinampu, continue to fish commercially. Predictability of fish migrations, fish abundance and market value of fish species are factors determining gears used, territorial rights and shift of economic activities at Grande River.",
"corpus_id": 84098886,
"title": "Ecology of fishing on the Grande River (Brazil): technology and territorial rights"
} | {
"abstract": "We report the first nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) two-dimensional correlation T(1) - T(2) and T(2) - T(2) measurements of hydrating cement pastes. A small but distinct cross peak in the two-dimensional relaxation spectrum provides the first direct evidence of chemical exchange of water between gel and capillary pores occurring over the first 14 days of hydration. A correlation of features along the line T(1) = 4T(2) provides strong supportive evidence for the surface diffusion model of (1)H nuclear spin relaxation in cements and for a multimodal discrete pore size distribution. Differences in detail of the results are reported for white cement paste and white cement paste with added silica fume. Both the method and the theory presented can be applied more widely to other high surface area materials with other reactive surface areas.",
"corpus_id": 17302134,
"score": 0,
"title": "Surface relaxation and chemical exchange in hydrating cement pastes: a two-dimensional NMR relaxation study."
} |
{
"abstract": "This paper demonstrates the application of the Finite-Difference Time-Domain method for dispersive media to indoor ultra-wideband channel modeling. A new description of the frequency dispersion of building materials, based on a partial-fraction approach, is proposed, utilizing experimentally measured data on complex permittivity values reported in the literature. The analytical dispersion model for a series of building materials is estimated through the Vector Fitting technique and the through-the-wall penetration is calculated for indicative cases. Finally, a small two-dimensional office environment is studied and several channel characteristics are calculated demonstrating the flexibility and robustness of the proposed formulation in communication modeling. The proposed FDTD implementation covers all the bandwidth in a single run instead of running simulations for every frequency or subband.",
"corpus_id": 2507929,
"title": "Improved propagation modeling in ultra-wideband indoor communication systems utilizing vector fitting technique of the dielectric properties of building materials"
} | {
"abstract": "In this letter, we show that both Debye poles and Lorentz pole pairs are special cases of complex-conjugate pole-residue pairs, and the general form of such pairs is in fact far more efficient than the commonly used Debye poles and Lorentz pole pairs for modeling real dispersive media with the finite-difference time-domain method. We first derive an alternative formulation of the auxiliary differential equation method for arbitrary dispersive media based on general complex-conjugate pole-residue pairs. We then numerically demonstrate the efficiency of using these pairs in modeling dispersive media",
"corpus_id": 2949342,
"title": "Model dispersive media in finite-difference time-domain method with complex-conjugate pole-residue pairs"
} | {
"abstract": "We investigate optical excitations on single silver nanospheres and nanosphere composites with the Finite Difference Time Domain (FDTD) method. Our objective is to achieve polarization control of the enhanced local field, pertinent to SERS applications. We employ dimer and quadrumer structures, which can display broadband and highly confined near-field-intensity enhancement comparable to or exceeding the resonant value of smaller sized isolated spheres. Our results demonstrate that the polarization of the enhanced field can be controlled by the orientation of the multimers in respect to the illumination, rather than the illumination itself. In particular, we report cases where the enhanced field shares the same polarization with the exciting field, and cases where it is predominantly perpendicular to the source field. We call the later phenomenon depolarized enhancement. Furthermore, we study a realizable nanolens based on a tapered self-similar silver nanosphere array. The time evolution of the fields in such structures show conversion of a diffraction limited Gaussian beam to a focused spot, through sequential coupling of the nano-array spheres' Mie-plasmons. For a longitudinally excited nanolens design we observed the formation of an isolated focus with size about one tenth the vacuum wavelength. We believe such nanolens will aid scanning near-field optical microscopy (SNOM) detection and the excitation of surface plasmon based guiding devices.",
"corpus_id": 2554919,
"score": 2,
"title": "Optical near-field excitations on plasmonic nanoparticle-based structures."
} |
{
"abstract": "In water treatment processes that involve contaminant reduction by zerovalent iron (ZVI), reduction of water to dihydrogen is a competing reaction that must be minimized to maximize the efficiency of electron utilization from the ZVI. Sulfidation has recently been shown to decrease H2 formation significantly, such that the overall electron efficiency of (or selectivity for) contaminant reduction can be greatly increased. To date, this work has focused on nanoscale ZVI (nZVI) and solution-phase sulfidation agents (e.g., bisulfide, dithionite or thiosulfate), both of which pose challenges for up-scaling the production of sulfidated ZVI for field applications. To overcome these challenges, we developed a process for sulfidation of microscale ZVI by ball milling ZVI with elemental sulfur. The resulting material (S-mZVIbm) exhibits reduced aggregation, relatively homogeneous distribution of Fe and S throughout the particle (not core-shell structure), enhanced reactivity with trichloroethylene (TCE), less H2 formation, and therefore greatly improved electron efficiency of TCE dechlorination (εe). Under ZVI-limited conditions (initial Fe0/TCE = 1.6 mol/mol), S-mZVIbm gave surface-area normalized reduction rate constants (k'SA) and εe that were ∼2- and 10-fold greater than the unsulfidated ball-milled control (mZVIbm). Under TCE-limited conditions (initial Fe0/TCE = 2000 mol/mol), sulfidation increased kSA and εe ≈ 5- and 50-fold, respectively. The major products from TCE degradation by S-mZVIbm were acetylene, ethene, and ethane, which is consistent with dechlorination by β-elimination, as is typical of ZVI, iron oxides, and/or sulfides. However, electrochemical characterization shows that the sulfidated material has redox properties intermediate between ZVI and Fe3O4, mostly likely significant coverage of the surface with FeS.",
"corpus_id": 5345005,
"title": "Mechanochemically Sulfidated Microscale Zero Valent Iron: Pathways, Kinetics, Mechanism, and Efficiency of Trichloroethylene Dechlorination."
} | {
"abstract": "Mechanochemically sulfidated microscale zero valent iron (S-mZVIbm) is a promising groundwater remediation material as it has been proven to be not only efficient in dechlorinating chlorinated compounds but also amenable to up-scaling. Yet, its efficiency in treating metal contaminants remains barely studied. In this study, we investigated the mechanism and efficiencies of Cr(VI) removal by S-mZVIbm and its effect on TCE dechlorination as a co-contaminant. The Cr(VI) removal by S-mZVIbm was mainly a chemisorption process and its kinetics was well fitted by a pseudo-second-order model. Alkaline pH inhibited Cr(VI) removal while dissolved oxygen slightly depressed the Cr(VI) removal. The Cr(VI) removal rapidly formed a non-conductive layer on S-mZVIbm surface to hinder further electron transfer from Fe0 core before H+ was able to accept any electrons to produce H2, which resulted in 100% electron efficiencies of Cr(VI) removal but <1% of Fe0 utilization efficiency. The presence of Cr(VI) also dramatically inhibited the dechlorination of TCE and its electron efficiency as a co-contaminant by passivating the FeS surface. Therefore, Cr(VI) is likely to be an electron sink if present for remediation of other contaminants in groundwater.",
"corpus_id": 52187821,
"title": "Chromium(VI) removal by mechanochemically sulfidated zero valent iron and its effect on dechlorination of trichloroethene as a co-contaminant."
} | {
"abstract": "Liquid-crystalline (LC) physical gels are a new class of dynamically functional materials consisting of liquid crystals and fibrous aggregates of molecules that are called \"gelators\". Liquid-crystalline physical gels, which are macroscopically soft solids, exhibit induced or enhanced electro-optical, photochemical, electronic properties due to the combination of two components that form phase-separated structures. In this tutorial review, we describe the materials design and structure-property relationships of the LC physical gels. The introduction of self-assembled fibers into nematic liquid crystals leads to faster responses in twisted nematic (TN) mode and high contrast switching in light scattering mode. Furthermore, the LC physical gels can be exploited as a new type of materials for electro-optical memory. This function is achieved by the control of reversible aggregation processes of gelators under electric fields in nematic liquid crystals. Electronic properties such as hole mobilities are improved by the introduction of fibrous aggregates into triphenylene-based columnar liquid crystals. The incorporation of photochromic azobenzenes or electroactive tetrathiafulvalenes into the chemical structures of gelators leads to the preparation of ordered functional materials.",
"corpus_id": 23972206,
"score": 1,
"title": "Liquid-crystalline physical gels."
} |
{
"abstract": "When code is compiled, information is lost, including some of the structure of the original source code as well as local identifier names. Existing decompilers can reconstruct much of the original source code, but typically use meaningless placeholder variables for identifier names. Using variable names which are more natural in the given context can make the code much easier to interpret, despite the fact that variable names have no effect on the execution of the program. In theory, it is impossible to recover the original identifier names since that information has been lost. However, most code is natural: it is highly repetitive and predictable based on the context. In this paper we propose a technique that assigns variables meaningful names by taking advantage of this naturalness property. We consider decompiler output to be a noisy distortion of the original source code, where the original source code is transformed into the decompiler output. Using this noisy channel model, we apply standard statistical machine translation approaches to choose natural identifiers, combining a translation model trained on a parallel corpus with a language model trained on unmodified C code. We generate a large parallel corpus from 1.2 TB of C source code obtained from GitHub. Under the most conservative assumptions, our technique is still able to recover the original variable names up to 16.2% of the time, which represents a lower bound for performance.",
"corpus_id": 27491388,
"title": "Suggesting meaningful variable names for decompiled code: a machine translation approach"
} | {
"abstract": "In this work, we develop T2API, a statistical machine translation-based tool that takes a given English description of a programming task as a query, and synthesizes the API usage template for the task by learning from training data. T2API works in two steps. First, it derives the API elements relevant to the task described in the input by statistically learning from a StackOverflow corpus of text descriptions and corresponding code. To infer those API elements, it also considers the context of the words in the textual input and the context of API elements that often go together in the corpus. The inferred API elements with their relevance scores are ensembled into an API usage by our novel API usage synthesis algorithm that learns the API usages from a large code corpus via a graph-based language model. Importantly, T2API is capable of generating new API usages from smaller, previously-seen usages.",
"corpus_id": 18713535,
"title": "T2API: synthesizing API code usage templates from English texts with statistical translation"
} | {
"abstract": "Security vulnerabilities are still prevalent in systems despite the existence of their countermeasures for several decades. In order to detect the security vulnerabilities missed by developers, complex solutions are undertaken like static analysis, often after the development phase and with a loss of context. Although vulnerabilities are found, there is also an absence of systematic protection against them. In this paper, we introduce an integrated Eclipse plug-in to assist developers in the detection and mitigation of security vulnerabilities using Aspect-Oriented Programming early in the development life-cycle. The work is a combination of static analysis and protection code generation during the development phase. We leverage the developer interaction with the integrated tool to obtain more knowledge about the system, and to report back a better overview of the different security aspects already applied, then we discuss challenges for such code correction approach. The results are an in-depth solution to assist developers to provide software with higher security standards. Keywords-Security, AOP, Software Engineering, Static Analysis, Vulnerability Remediation",
"corpus_id": 38853265,
"score": -1,
"title": "Towards assisted remediation of security vulnerabilities"
} |
{
"abstract": "A case of renal echinococcosis, most uncommon in Hungary, is reported. The problems of diagnosis and therapy are discussed. It is emphasized that difficulties of diagnosis, particularly differential diagnosis, arise mainly in countries where the incidence of echinococcosis is low. It is with the aid of the new diagnostic methods that an echinococcus cyst has been identified preoperatively in an occluded kidney which had been out of function for years.",
"corpus_id": 1155976,
"title": "Echinococcosis of the kidney."
} | {
"abstract": "AbstractWe report a case of echinococcal cyst disease of the kidney associated with hypertension that was evaluated preoperatively by computerized tomography and verified at operation. The accuracy of computerized tomography, and the relationship between the cyst and hypertension are discussed.",
"corpus_id": 42135027,
"title": "Giant echinococcal cyst of the kidney associated with hypertension evaluated by computerized tomography."
} | {
"abstract": "Abstract The angiographic features of 6 hydatid cysts are presented. The appearance of a vascular rim in the capillary-venous phase during the angiographic study is described in those hepatic and renal cysts which do not show excessive calcification. The cardiac cyst, which demonstrates paradoxical pulsations at fluoroscopy, presents as a mass arising from the left ventricular wall and must be distinguished from an aneurysm. Direct left ventriculography in the presence of an echinococcal cyst can be performed if the operator injects the ventricle from its outflow portion.",
"corpus_id": 3770897,
"score": 2,
"title": "The angiographic appearance of hydatid disease."
} |
{
"abstract": "This paper proposes an isolation technique for two small-size wireless local area network (WLAN) multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) laptop computer antennas. The MIMO antenna array is designed to operate in the dual frequency bands covering the WLAN 2.4/5.2/5.8 GHz bands and has a small size, a low height, and a small thickness especially suitable for ultra-thin notebook computers. The size of the designed antenna array has been reduced to about 40% those of the MIMO arrays appearing in the recent literature. The designed isolation element consists of two monopole slots between the antenna radiating elements. These two monopole slots have their respective lengths of a quarter-wavelength, one at 2.45 GHz and the other at 5.5 GHz. The isolation elements block the horizontal surface currents on the system's ground plane, leading to the reduction of the mutual coupling between the two source antennas and hence the excellent isolation between them. Results show that the proposed MIMO antenna array has good characteristics of antenna radiation efficiency, and impedance matching in the two bands of interest.",
"corpus_id": 1168147,
"title": "Small-size WLAN MIMO antenna array with high isolation for laptop computer application"
} | {
"abstract": "An isolation technique for two small‐size triband wireless wide area network (WLAN) multiple‐input multiple‐output (MIMO) laptop computer antennas covering the 2.4/5.2/5.8 GHz bands is presented. The proposed WLAN MIMO antennas have measured isolation of better than −21 dB in the 2.4 GHz band and −32 dB in the 5.2/5.8 GHz bands in this study. In addition to enhanced isolation achieved, good antenna efficiencies of better than about 70 and 90%, respectively, in the 2.4 GHz and 5.2/5.8 GHz bands are obtained for the two antennas. The WLAN MIMO antenna array having a planar structure of size 9 × 55 mm2 is to be mounted at the top edge of the supporting metal plate of the laptop display. The two antennas can be fabricated at low cost on a thin FR4 substrate and are of a simple structure comprising a driven strip and a shorted strip, which provides two wide operating bands to cover the 2.4 and 5.2/5.8 GHz bands. Between the two antennas, there is an isolation element formed by a protruded ground plane and a spiral open slot embedded therein. The isolation element leads to enhanced isolation between the antennas in the 2.4/5.2/5.8 GHz WLAN bands and good antenna efficiencies for the antennas as well. Details of the isolation technique for the WLAN MIMO antennas are described, and the obtained results are presented and discussed. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 55:382–387, 2012; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/mop.27279",
"corpus_id": 111333219,
"title": "High‐isolation 2.4/5.2/5.8 GHz WLAN MIMO antenna array for laptop computer application"
} | {
"abstract": "The use of mobile data is rapidly increasing along with the popularity of smartphones and tablets. The use of indoor data, especially, is expected to be further increased. Indoor cell evolved Node Bs (eNBs) are being installed and they are expected to increase the areas overlaid by indoor and outdoor cells to offload indoor mobile data. We confirmed increases in the handover (HO) failure rates from our analysis of field measurements due to rapid drops in communication quality when user equipment (UE) moved through the doors of a building. If HO failure occurred, the quality of experience (QoE) for real-time applications, e.g., voice over Internet protocol (VoIP) and streaming, degraded due to service interruptions and rebuffering. Thus, it was important to reduce the HO failure rates and disconnection times due to HO failure. We propose a scheme of dual HO triggers that improves the performance of HO from/to an indoor cell while maintaining that of HO between outdoor cells. The proposed scheme introduces events to UE measurement reports to detect rapid drops in communication quality in addition to conventional events that are optimized to the HO between outdoor cells. LTE simulations confirmed that the new HO trigger prevented UE from going out-of-synchronization before the completion of the HO process. The simulation results indicated that the proposed scheme improved indoor-cell-related QoE. More specifically, the number of dropped calls reduced by 87%, the number of service interruptions for VoIP reduced by 92%, and the HO failure rate reduced by 23 points. Moreover, the proposed scheme also improved outdoor-cell-related QoE. In short, it significantly improved QoE by reducing HO failure rates in indoor and outdoor cell environments.",
"corpus_id": 23133250,
"score": 1,
"title": "Dual handover triggers to improve QoE for indoor and outdoor mobility"
} |
{
"abstract": "The resonant shells of vibratory cylinder gyroscopes are commonly packaged in metallic caps. In order to lower the production cost, a portion of vibratory cylinder gyroscopes do not employ vacuum packaging. However, under non-vacuum packaging conditions there can be internal acoustic noise leading to considerable acoustic pressure which is exerted on the resonant shell. Based on the theory of the structural-acoustic coupling, the dynamical behavior of the resonant shell under acoustic pressure is presented in this paper. A finite element (FE) model is introduced to quantitatively analyze the effect of the structural-acoustic coupling. Several main factors, such as sealing cap sizes and degree of vacuum which directly affect the vibration of the resonant shell, are studied. The results indicate that the vibration amplitude and the operating frequency of the resonant shell will be changed when the effect of structural-acoustic coupling is taken into account. In addition, an experiment was set up to study the effect of structural-acoustic coupling on the sensitivity of the gyroscope. A 32.4 mV/°/s increase of the scale factor and a 6.2 Hz variation of the operating frequency were observed when the radial gap size between the resonant shell and the sealing cap was changed from 0.5 mm to 20 mm.",
"corpus_id": 7866164,
"title": "Structural-Acoustic Coupling Effects on the Non-Vacuum Packaging Vibratory Cylinder Gyroscope"
} | {
"abstract": "This study presents a new MEMS vibrating ring gyroscope (VRG), which is driven by electrostatic force and detected by capacitance. A novel ring resonator with eight S-shaped symmetrical supporting springs is developed based on the advantageous characteristics of a thin-shell vibrating gyroscope. The capacitance electrodes, including the drive electrodes, the sense electrodes and the mode control electrodes, are designed according to the vibration characteristics of the ring resonator and the shape of the supporting springs. In addition, the operational principle of these electrode capacitors and the electrostatic force of the drive electrodes are discussed in detail. The gyroscope with high aspect-ratio structures is manufactured through an efficient fabrication process. Finally, the performance characteristics of the fabricated VRG are tested, and the experimentally obtained the zero-bias instability is about 0.0167°/s and angle random walk (ARW) is about 0.1363°/s1/2 at room temperature. Experimental re...",
"corpus_id": 103389737,
"title": "A novel MEMS S-springs vibrating ring gyroscope with atmosphere package"
} | {
"abstract": "Publisher Summary The numerical prediction of aerothermodynamic environment around space vehicles at high flight altitudes is the main subject of computational rarefied gas aerodynamics. Experimental simulation of low-density high-enthalpy and strongly nonequilibrium gas flows around space vehicles at high flight altitudes is rather problematic at the moment. The Direct Simulation Monte Carlo (DSMC) parallelization is traditionally based on domain decomposition. Its essence is the partitioning of the computational domain into subdomains and allocation of each subdomain to a particular processor. The efficiency of parallel algorithms was studied for two different 3D aerodynamic problems: the flow around a capsule and steady shock wave reflection, in the near-continuum regime. Credible information on capsule aerodynamics, especially momentum characteristics, along the descent trajectory will allow a person to understand capsule performance and therefore, increase the payload and reduce the heat-shield thicknesses on the aeroshell forebody. The static LB efficiency is, nevertheless, rather high for the problems characterized by large regions with constant parameters. The dynamic LB ensured a high efficiency even for a large number of processors in all cases under consideration.",
"corpus_id": 118144041,
"score": 0,
"title": "Parallel DSMC strategies for 3D computations"
} |
{
"abstract": "This study examines both the status and behavior while addicted of 230 White and 230 Black male narcotic addicts. Following a presentation of antecedent behaviors and characteristics, an addict typology is developed based on illicit income, perception of adequacy of income to meet needs, and employment. The resulting six types are then described in terms of treatment experiences, criminality, social activities, and psychopathology. The discussion includes suggestions of a treatment perspective for each type.",
"corpus_id": 2558837,
"title": "Types and characteristics of addicts in the community."
} | {
"abstract": "Forty-seven heroin users referred by the Drug and Alcohol Court Assessment Programme (DACAP) were compared with 45 self-referred heroin users at 12 months post-presentation. Data at presentation indicated distinct subpopulations were generated by each referral source. Differences were recorded in age, heroin use, marital status, educational level, employment history and age of onset of anti-social behaviour. The DACAP scheme exerted an earlier health intervention effect in a sample experiencing dysfunction in other areas, principally legally and socially. Prospective data demonstrated that both samples reported significant reductions in the proportion using heroin. Differences between samples evident at presentation were expressed prospectively, in rates of employment, incarceration and involvement in methadone maintenance programmes. The limitations of diverting clientele from the legal system to the treatment system is discussed in light of these results.",
"corpus_id": 26217573,
"title": "A 12-month prospective comparison of court-diverted with self-referred heroin users."
} | {
"abstract": "Kentucky residents who were treated for narcotic addiction at the U. S. Public Health Service Hospital, Lexington, Kentucky, between May, 1935 and December, 1959, were followed to determine what happened to them after discharge. Sample size was 266. More than half had died. Of living subjects, more than half were abstinent from narcotics when located.",
"corpus_id": 45552840,
"score": 2,
"title": "A FOLLOW-UP OF NARCOTIC ADDICTS; MORTALITY, RELAPSE AND ABSTINENCE."
} |
{
"abstract": "Although InP/GaAs0.51Sb0.49/InP DHBT has recently attracted much interest, some sensitive material parameters are still uncertain. We detailed the simulation methodology used to evaluate bandgap energy, minority carrier lifetime and band gap narrowing effect. Moreover, the high-injection effect is analysed as resulting from electron parasitic barrier formation at base-collector junction.",
"corpus_id": 16286377,
"title": "DHBT : ial parameters and ysical"
} | {
"abstract": "Abstract A preliminary reliability study is reported for carbon-doped InP/GaAs 0.51 Sb 0.49 /InP NpN double heterojunction bipolar transistors (DHBTs) lattice-matched to InP substrates. These DHBTs take advantage of the staggered (“type II”) band lineup at InP/GaAs 0.51 Sb 0.49 interfaces: in this system, the GaAs 0.51 Sb 0.49 base conduction band edge lies 0.15–0.18 eV above the InP collector conduction band, thus enabling the implementation of InP collectors free of the collector current blocking effect encountered in conventional Ga 0.47 In 0.53 As base DHBTs. The structure results in very low collector offset voltages, low emitter-base turn-on voltages, and very nearly ideal base and collector current characteristics with excellent junction ideality factors. Cut-off frequencies in excess of 100 GHz have been measured, making InP/GaAsSb DHBTs very attractive for wireless communication systems. InP/GaAs 0.51 Sb 0.49 heterojunctions have so far received little attention in the literature, and no reliability information is available for this promising material combination. We have found that electrical stressing at moderate bias in fully self-aligned non-passivated devices results in a rapid, and reversible, degradation of device properties which is manifested through an increase of the base current ideality factor n B . On the other hand, the collector current remains unchanged, indicating that there is no dopant migration effect under the test conditions used here.",
"corpus_id": 109391184,
"title": "InP/GaAs0.51Sb0.49/InP fully self-aligned double heterojunction bipolar transistors with a C-doped base: a preliminary reliability study"
} | {
"abstract": "Bias-temperature stress tests were performed to examine the stability of base-emitter junction characteristics of carbon-doped InP/InGaAs heterojunction biopolar transistors (HBT's). Two different kinds of degradation modes were observed from the Gummel I-V characteristics. One is characterized by the gradual increase in a nonideal base current. The generation of the nonideal current strongly depends on the crystallographic orientation of the emitter mesa. The other degradation mode was observed when a large current (200 kA/cm/sup 2/) was injected under a high ambient temperature (180/spl deg/C). This degradation is characterized by an initial decrease in turn-on voltage and significant drop in current gain.",
"corpus_id": 34252753,
"score": 2,
"title": "Initial degradation of base-emitter junction in carbon-doped InP/InGaAs HBTs under bias and temperature stress"
} |
{
"abstract": "In this paper the concept of Q-fuzzification of ideals of Γ-semigroups has been introduced and some important properties have been investigated. A characterization of regular Γ-semigroup in terms of Q-fuzzy ideals has been obtained. Operator semigroups of a Γ-semigroup has been made to work by obtaining various relationships between Q-fuzzy ideals of a Γ-semigroup and that of its operator semigroups. Keywords—Q-Fuzzy set, Γ-Semigroup, Regular Γ-semigroup, QFuzzy left(right) ideal, Operator semigroups.",
"corpus_id": 3145455,
"title": "On Q-Fuzzy Ideals in Γ-Semigroups"
} | {
"abstract": "In this paper, we introduce the notion of Q-fuzzy prime, Q-fuzzy strongly prime, Q-fuzzy semiprime, Q-fuzzy irreducible and strongly irreducible bi- -ideals in a -semigroup. Also here, we investigate some of their properties.",
"corpus_id": 125622071,
"title": "On Q-Fuzzy Prime Bi- -ideals of -semigroups"
} | {
"abstract": "Abstract We consider an analysis of fuzzy subgroups in terms of the corresponding family of level subgroups. Given a finite chain of subgroups of a group G , we prove that there exists a fuzzy subgroup of G whose level subgroups are exactly the subgroups of this chain. As a corollary we obtain an interpretation of the number of chains of subgroups of a group G in which a subgroup H is a member. When the group G is a supersolvable group, some further interpretation of this number is obtained.",
"corpus_id": 9458342,
"score": 2,
"title": "Fuzzy subgroups: Some characterizations. II"
} |
{
"abstract": "This article discusses the results of the first empirical study providing evidence of regulatory “chilling effects” of Wikipedia users associated with online government surveillance. The study explores how traffic to Wikipedia articles on topics that raise privacy concerns for Wikipedia users decreased after the widespread publicity about NSA/PRISM surveillance revelations in June 2013. Using an interdisciplinary research design, the study tests the hypothesis, based on chilling effects theory, that traffic to privacy-sensitive Wikipedia articles reduced after the mass surveillance revelations. The Article finds not only a statistically significant immediate decline in traffic for these Wikipedia articles after June 2013, but also a change in the overall secular trend in the view count traffic, suggesting not only immediate but also long-term chilling effects resulting from the NSA/PRISM online surveillance revelations. These, and other results from the case study, not only offer compelling evidence for chilling effects associated with online surveillance, but also offer important insights about how we should understand such chilling effects and their scope, including how they interact with other dramatic or significant events (like war and conflict) and their broader implications for privacy, U.S. constitutional litigation, and the health of democratic society. This study is among the first to demonstrate — using either Wikipedia data or web traffic data more generally — how government surveillance and similar actions may impact online activities, including access to information and knowledge online.",
"corpus_id": 156111408,
"title": "Chilling Effects: Online Surveillance and Wikipedia Use"
} | {
"abstract": "A recent review published by Rains and Brunner documented an overwhelming preponderance of the Facebook brand in scholarship about social networking sites (SNS). This follow-up analysis shows that Facebook is still over-privileged when examining the broader umbrella of social media brands; the social networking hegemon constitutes over half of all scholarship across an array of social media, including SNS, media sharing sites, (micro)blogging platforms, virtual communities, and others. This study builds upon Rains and Brunner’s critiques about the over-reliance on the Facebook brand and calls for more scholarship that examines social media as part of larger media repertoires, is more inclusive of indigenous social media brands and their users, and provides greater diversity in terms of academic context. In doing, it serves as the most comprehensive review of social media scholarship to date. Implications for future research are discussed.",
"corpus_id": 38843645,
"title": "What have we learned about social media by studying Facebook? A decade in review"
} | {
"abstract": "This article offers a model of musical meaning that allows for the cultural construction of musical meaning, while at the same time acknowledging the existence of constraints upon the meanings any given music may support under any given circumstances; in this way it aims to ll the void between existing approaches that understand musical meaning as either inherent or socially constructed. I illustrate the argument through Tovey’s and McClary’s contrasting readings of the recapitulation in the rst movement of Beethoven’s Ninth Symphony, and suggest some ways in which theory and analysis may enter into a constructive relationship with the broadened critical agenda of contemporary musicology. This content downloaded from 157.55.39.217 on Mon, 18 Apr 2016 07:06:54 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms",
"corpus_id": 120510682,
"score": 1,
"title": "Theorizing Musical Meaning"
} |
{
"abstract": "BackgroundThe ability to follow gaze is an important prerequisite for joint attention, which is often compromised in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). The direction of both the head and eyes provides cues to other people’s attention direction, but previous studies have not separated these factors and their relation to ASD susceptibility. Development of gaze following typically occurs before ASD diagnosis is possible, and studies of high-risk populations are therefore important.MethodsEye tracking was used to assess gaze following during interaction in a group of 10-month-old infants at high familial risk for ASD (high-risk group) as well as a group of infants with no family history of ASD (low-risk group). The infants watched an experimenter gaze at objects in the periphery. Performance was compared across two conditions: one in which the experimenter moved both the eyes and head toward the objects (Eyes and Head condition) and one that involved movement of the eyes only (Eyes Only condition).ResultsA group by condition interaction effect was found. Specifically, whereas gaze following accuracy was comparable across the two conditions in the low-risk group, infants in the high-risk group were more likely to follow gaze in the Eyes and Head condition than in the Eyes Only condition.ConclusionsIn an ecologically valid social situation, responses to basic non-verbal orienting cues were found to be altered in infants at risk for ASD. The results indicate that infants at risk for ASD may rely disproportionally on information from the head when following gaze and point to the importance of separating information from the eyes and the head when studying social perception in ASD.",
"corpus_id": 1582142,
"title": "Altered gaze following during live interaction in infants at risk for autism: an eye tracking study"
} | {
"abstract": "This experiment investigates the role of eye direction in infant joint visual attention. Sixty-three infants aged from 8 to 19 months participated in a training study in which they were shown adult eye turns in association with the appearance of an interesting sight to one or the other side. It was only at 18–19 months of age that infants showed a reliable ability to use the adult eye turns to predict the side of appearance of the target. this finding suggests that before 18 months of age, infants do not recognize the significance of eye direction for joint visual attention.",
"corpus_id": 7136930,
"title": "Infant gaze following based on eye direction"
} | {
"abstract": "Concepts are often used in Medical Information Retrieval. Previous studies showed that exact concept matching (using either the exact concept expression or concept IDs) is not effective, while using concept expressions for proximity matching is more effective. In our participation in Clinical Decision Support Track 2015 task 1a, we investigated the utilization of proximity matching based on concepts. Our results suggest that this matching strategy can be helpful. In this report, we describe the methods tested as well as their results.",
"corpus_id": 7622965,
"score": 1,
"title": "Investigation of Concept-based Proximity Matching - GRIUM@Clinical Decision Support Track 2015 Task 1a"
} |
{
"abstract": "vehicle detection is an essential part of the Intelligent Vehicles and it is an important problem in the area of intelligent transportation systems, driven assistance systems and self- guided vehicles. The proposed algorithms should detect out all cars in realtime. Related to the driving direction, the cars can be classified into two types. Cars drive in the same direction as the intelligent vehicle and cars drive on the opposite direction of the intelligent vehicle. Due to the distinct features of these two types, we can use a fast approach so-called association is a modified version of the association approach (1) to detect both these directions. The proposed method is achieved in two main steps. The first one detects all obstacles from images. The second step is applied to each obstacle to verify if it is a vehicle or not by the mean of AdaBoost classifier. The modified Association approach has been applied to different images data and the results are satisfactory.",
"corpus_id": 977059,
"title": "On Road Vehicle Detection using Association Approach"
} | {
"abstract": "This paper presents a real-time stereo image sequences matching approach dedicated to intelligent vehicles applications. The main idea of the paper consists in integrating temporal information into the matching scheme. The estimation of the disparity map of an actual frame exploits the disparity map estimated for its preceding frame. An association between the two frames is searched, i.e. temporal integration. The disparity range is inferred for the actual frame based on both the association and the disparity map of the preceding frame. Dynamic programming technique is considered for matching the image features. As a similarity measure, a variance-based cost function is used. The proposed approach is tested on virtual and real stereo image sequences and the results are satisfactory. The method is fast and able to provide about 20 millions disparity maps per second on a HP Pavilion dv6700 2.1GHZ.",
"corpus_id": 9562306,
"title": "Temporal consistent real-time stereo for intelligent vehicles"
} | {
"abstract": "Smart city is the future city that benefits from the emerging technologies to manage the complexity, and improve the quality of life in many aspects including public safety, healthcare, transportation, or energy. Public safety is an important issue, and in urban environment such as smart city, it is necessary to conduct much research to study the surveillance systems for public safety. It is important to know how to improve its performance especially with the utilization of cloud solutions in order to find the suspicious events in the near real time. For emergency and monitoring applications in distributed systems, Publish/Subscribe system is widely used and studied because of its advantages including the loosely coupled form of interaction, and the full decoupling in time, space, and synchronization between publishers and subscribers. So, combining its advantages with the offered benefits of cloud can be an optimal solution in order to use it in public safety surveillance applications in smarter cities. Subscriptions in a Publish/Subscribe system can be static or parametric. There is extensive work on static subscriptions where its constituent predicates stay fixed once defined. In contrast, there is little work on the emerging Publish/Subscribe parametric subscriptions despite of its proven efficiency in the existing few studies. In this work, we examine the use of the parametric subscriptions in the context of public safety scenario. We illustrate the use of it by showing some examples. Furthermore, we propose cloud-based Publish/Subscribe framework with some details that explain how system works.",
"corpus_id": 15334549,
"score": 1,
"title": "Cloud-Based Parametrized Publish/Subscribe System for Public Safety Applications in Smarter Cities"
} |
{
"abstract": "Abstract The advances in adaptive learning dynamics to pure Nash equilibria in game theory provide promising results for the modeling of selfish agents with limited information in congestion games. In this study, a distributed game-theoretical learning algorithm with real-time information provision for dynamic congestion games is proposed. The learning algorithm is based on the regret matching process by considering a user's previously realised payoffs and real-time information. The numerical studies show that the proposed algorithm can converge to a non-cooperative Nash equilibrium in both static and dynamic congestion networks. Moreover, the proposed algorithm leads to a plausible real-time route choice modeling framework based on a user's perception being updated by incorporating the user's past experience, real-time information and behaviour inertia.",
"corpus_id": 154145368,
"title": "Distributed Regret Matching Algorithm for Dynamic Congestion Games with Information Provision"
} | {
"abstract": "This paper considers a group of self-interested agents (drivers) trying to optimize their utility by choosing the route with the least travel time and proposes an algorithm that converges to a pure Nash equilibrium almost surely in traffic games. Weakly acyclic games, which generalize potential and dominance solvable games, are closely related to multi-agent systems through the existence of a global objective function and its alignment to the local utilities of each agent. The authors show that in a multi-agent distributed traffic routing problem with both linear and non-linear link cost functions, in the form of a congestion game, the achievement of pure Nash equilibrium is possible even if the agents use only the utility information of the previous action. The authors propose a fast and adaptive algorithm for the informed-user problem that provides almost sure convergence to a pure Nash equilibrium in any weakly acyclic game.",
"corpus_id": 153752471,
"title": "Informed-user Algorithms that Converge to Nash Equilibrium in Traffic Games"
} | {
"abstract": "The concept of context can be used with advantage in the area of Computer-Supported Cooperative Work. For many years, the awareness term has been used in this area without explicit association to context. This paper attempts to clarify their relationship. In particular, a framework is proposed to understand context and awareness as connected to other concepts used in group work as well, such as user interface and storage. The framework is useful to consider some groupware systems from the context perspective and to eventually obtain some insight on possible improvements for users.",
"corpus_id": 15305117,
"score": 1,
"title": "Context-Based Awareness in Group Work"
} |
{
"abstract": "This paper concerns the construction of k-uniform maximally mixed multipartite states by using the formalism of phase states for finite dimensional systems (qudits). The k-uniform states are a special kind of entangled (n)-qudits states, such that after tracing out arbitrary (n[Formula: see text]k) subsystems, the remaining (k) subsystems are maximally mixed. We recall some basic elements about unitary phase operators of a multi-qudit system and we give the corresponding separable density matrices. Evolved density matrices arise when qudits of the multipartite system are allowed to interact via an Hamiltonian of Heisenberg type. The expressions of maximally mixed states are explicitly derived from multipartite evolved phase states and their properties are discussed.",
"corpus_id": 155254960,
"title": "k-uniform maximally mixed states from multi-qudit phase states"
} | {
"abstract": "A bstractWe propose a family of exactly solvable toy models for the AdS/CFT correspondence based on a novel construction of quantum error-correcting codes with a tensor network structure. Our building block is a special type of tensor with maximal entanglement along any bipartition, which gives rise to an isometry from the bulk Hilbert space to the boundary Hilbert space. The entire tensor network is an encoder for a quantum error-correcting code, where the bulk and boundary degrees of freedom may be identified as logical and physical degrees of freedom respectively. These models capture key features of entanglement in the AdS/CFT correspondence; in particular, the Ryu-Takayanagi formula and the negativity of tripartite information are obeyed exactly in many cases. That bulk logical operators can be represented on multiple boundary regions mimics the Rindlerwedge reconstruction of boundary operators from bulk operators, realizing explicitly the quantum error-correcting features of AdS/CFT recently proposed in [1].",
"corpus_id": 15157931,
"title": "Holographic quantum error-correcting codes: toy models for the bulk/boundary correspondence"
} | {
"abstract": "Entanglement production in coupled chaotic systems is studied with the help of kicked tops. Deriving the correct classical map, we have used the reduced Husimi function, the Husimi function of the reduced density matrix, to visualize the possible behaviors of a wave packet. We have studied a phase-space based measure of the complexity of a state and used random matrix theory (RMT) to model the strongly chaotic cases. Extensive numerical studies have been done for the entanglement production in coupled kicked tops corresponding to different underlying classical dynamics and different coupling strengths. An approximate formula, based on RMT, is derived for the entanglement production in coupled strongly chaotic systems. This formula, applicable for arbitrary coupling strengths and also valid for long time, complements and extends significantly recent perturbation theories for strongly chaotic weakly coupled systems.",
"corpus_id": 43807143,
"score": 2,
"title": "Entanglement production in coupled chaotic systems: Case of the kicked tops."
} |
{
"abstract": "Malfunction of the ubiquitin (Ub) E3 ligase, parkin, leads to defects in mitophagy and protein quality control linked to Parkinson's disease. Parkin activity is stimulated by phosphorylation of Ub at Ser65 (pUbS65). Since the upstream kinase is only known for Ser65 (PINK1), the biochemical function of other phosphorylation sites on Ub remain largely unknown. We used fluorescently labelled and site-specifically phosphorylated Ub substrates to quantitatively relate the position and stoichiometry of Ub phosphorylation to parkin activation. Fluorescence measurements show that pUbS65-stimulated parkin is 5-fold more active than auto-inhibited and un-stimulated parkin, which catalyzes a basal level of auto-ubiquitination. We consistently observed a low but detectable level of parkin activity with pUbS12. Strikingly, pUbS57 hyper-activates parkin, and our data demonstrate that parkin is able to selectively synthesize poly-pUbS57 chains, even when 90% of the Ub in the reaction is un-phosphorylated. We further found that parkin ubiquitinates its physiological substrate Miro-1 with chains solely composed of pUbS65 and more efficiently with pUbS57 chains. Parkin hyper-activation by pUbS57 demonstrates the first PINK1-independent route to active parkin, revealing the roles of multiple ubiquitin phosphorylation sites in governing parkin stimulation and catalytic activity. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled \"Biochemistry of Synthetic Biology - Recent Developments\" Guest Editor: Dr. Ilka Heinemann and Dr. Patrick O'Donoghue.",
"corpus_id": 3587070,
"title": "Ubiquitin phosphorylated at Ser57 hyper-activates parkin."
} | {
"abstract": "BackgroundCell transplantation is likely to become an important therapeutic tool for the treatment of various traumatic and ischemic injuries to the central nervous system (CNS). However, in many pre-clinical cell therapy studies, reporter gene-assisted imaging of cellular implants in the CNS and potential reporter gene and/or cell-based immunogenicity, still remain challenging research topics.ResultsIn this study, we performed cell implantation experiments in the CNS of immunocompetent mice using autologous (syngeneic) luciferase-expressing bone marrow-derived stromal cells (BMSC-Luc) cultured from ROSA26-L-S-L-Luciferase transgenic mice, and BMSC-Luc genetically modified using a lentivirus encoding the enhanced green fluorescence protein (eGFP) and the puromycin resistance gene (Pac) (BMSC-Luc/eGFP/Pac). Both reporter gene-modified BMSC populations displayed high engraftment capacity in the CNS of immunocompetent mice, despite potential immunogenicity of introduced reporter proteins, as demonstrated by real-time bioluminescence imaging (BLI) and histological analysis at different time-points post-implantation. In contrast, both BMSC-Luc and BMSC-Luc/eGFP/Pac did not survive upon intramuscular cell implantation, as demonstrated by real-time BLI at different time-points post-implantation. In addition, ELISPOT analysis demonstrated the induction of IFN-γ-producing CD8+ T-cells upon intramuscular cell implantation, but not upon intracerebral cell implantation, indicating that BMSC-Luc and BMSC-Luc/eGFP/Pac are immune-tolerated in the CNS. However, in our experimental transplantation model, results also indicated that reporter gene-specific immune-reactive T-cell responses were not the main contributors to the immunological rejection of BMSC-Luc or BMSC-Luc/eGFP/Pac upon intramuscular cell implantation.ConclusionWe here demonstrate that reporter gene-modified BMSC derived from ROSA26-L-S-L-Luciferase transgenic mice are immune-tolerated upon implantation in the CNS of syngeneic immunocompetent mice, providing a research model for studying survival and localisation of autologous BMSC implants in the CNS by real-time BLI and/or histological analysis in the absence of immunosuppressive therapy.",
"corpus_id": 7072192,
"title": "Reporter gene-expressing bone marrow-derived stromal cells are immune-tolerated following implantation in the central nervous system of syngeneic immunocompetent mice"
} | {
"abstract": "A distinct mechanism for ubiquitin (Ub) ligation has recently been proposed for the RING1-IBR-RING2 (RBR) family of E3s: an N-terminal RING1 domain recruits a thioester-linked intermediate complex between Ub and the E2 UbcH7, and a structurally distinct C-terminal RING2 domain displays a catalytic cysteine required for Ub ligation. To obtain insights into RBR E3s, we determined the crystal structure of the human homolog of Ariadne (HHARI), which reveals the individual RING1, IBR, and RING2 domains embedded in superdomains involving sequences specific to the Ariadne RBR subfamily. The central IBR is flanked on one side by RING1, which is exposed and binds UbcH7. On the other side, a C-terminal autoinhibitory \"Ariadne domain\" masks the RING2 active site. Insights into RBR E3 mechanisms are provided by structure-based mutations that indicate distinct steps of relief from autoinhibition, Ub transfer from E2 to HHARI, and ligation from the HHARI cysteine to a terminal acceptor.",
"corpus_id": 887915,
"score": 2,
"title": "Structure of HHARI, a RING-IBR-RING ubiquitin ligase: autoinhibition of an Ariadne-family E3 and insights into ligation mechanism."
} |
{
"abstract": "The retina serves as an excellent model in which to study vertebrate CNS development. We have discovered a spontaneous mutation in the Sprague-Dawley rat that results in a novel and unusual ocular phenotype, including retinal abnormalities, that we have named Nuc1. We have previously shown that the Nuc1 mutation appears to suppress programmed cell death in the developing retina. Here we report that maturation of both the retinal neurons and the retinal vessels is abnormal in Nuc1 homozygous rats. The developmental changes in the retinal neurons and vasculature are correlated with regard to degree of abnormality. As Nuc1 homozygotes mature, focal retinal detachment begins at approximately 3 months after birth, and near total traction retinal detachment, associated with pre-retinal fibrosis and neovascularization, is evident by 18 months. Electroretinographic studies at 2.5 months of age indicate that functional retinal degeneration precedes retinal detachment. The functional abnormality is most evident in rods and the inner retina, and is present in homozygous but not heterozygous mutants. Immunocytochemical studies of rod and cone photoreceptors indicate abnormalities in rod, but not cone, photoreceptors in Nuc1 homozygotes, consistent with the electroretinographic findings. In Nuc1 animals, the Muller cells are activated. Although such activation may result from inflammation, Muller cells in Nuc1 may be reacting to a neuronal influence. It appears that the Nuc1 mutation plays a regulatory role in both developing and maturing ocular tissues. The Nuc1 mutation may also serve as an important genetic tool to explore the relationships that may exist among gliosis, normal neuronal development, and normal vascular development and how abnormalities in these associations lead to common retinal diseases.",
"corpus_id": 144978,
"title": "Developmental abnormalities in the Nuc1 rat retina: A spontaneous mutation that affects neuronal and vascular remodeling and retinal function"
} | {
"abstract": "We have previously characterized monoclonal antibodies against chick brain cells. One of them (14-2B2) brightly stained all capillaries in frozen sections of chick brain. Here we show that this antibody is directed against chick fibronectin. Using this antibody and polyclonal antibodies against laminin, we have studied the development of the vascular extracellular matrix. Vasculogenesis, the development of capillaries from in situ differentiating endothelial cells, was studied in yolk sac blood islands and intraembryonic dorsal aorta. Blood islands produced high levels of fibronectin but not laminin. Early intraembryonic capillaries all expressed fibronectin but little if any laminin. The dorsal aorta of a 6-day-old chick embryo has several layers of fibronectin-producing cells, but is devoid of laminin. Laminin expression commenced at Day 8 and by Day 10 an adult-like distribution was found in the aortic vascular wall. Angiogenesis, the formation of capillaries from preexisting vessels, was studied during brain development. Capillary sprouts invading the neuroectoderm at Embryonic Day 4 migrated in a fibronectin-rich matrix devoid of laminin. Ultrastructural immunolocalization demonstrated the presence of fibronectin exclusively on the abluminal site of the endothelial cells. Beginning on Day 6, laminin codistributed with fibronectin in brain capillaries. We conclude that immature capillaries migrate and proliferate in a fibronectin-rich extracellular matrix, which is subsequently remodeled acquiring basement membrane-like characteristics. We suggest that laminin expression is an early indication of vascular maturation.",
"corpus_id": 24720770,
"title": "Changes in the vascular extracellular matrix during embryonic vasculogenesis and angiogenesis."
} | {
"abstract": "We examine the experiences of five teachers who traveled with a team of educators, scientists, and explorers on circumpolar Arctic expeditions to deliver adventure learning (AL) programs to K–12 students at a distance. Results highlight the personal and professional impacts this opportunity had on teachers, including their empowering, fulfilling, and mentally exhausting experiences while assisting in delivering distance education to students worldwide. The article concludes with a discussion of issues to consider in the development of similar programs.",
"corpus_id": 60784674,
"score": 0,
"title": "Field-based professional development of teachers engaged in distance education: experiences from the Arctic"
} |
{
"abstract": "The diversity of extant calcareous dinophytes (Thoracosphaeraceae, Dinophyceae) is currently not sufficiently recorded. The majority of their coccoid stages are cryptotabulate or entirely atabulate, whereas relatively few forms exhibit at least some degree of tabulation more than the archeopyle. A survey of coastal surface sediment samples from the Mediterranean Sea resulted in the isolation and cultivation of several strains of calcareous dinophytes showing a prominent tabulation. We investigated the morphologies of the thecate and the coccoid cells and conducted phylogenetic analyses using Maximum Likelihood and Bayesian approaches. The coccoid cells showed a distinct reflection of the cingulum (and were thus cingulotabulate), whereas thecal morphology corresponded to the widely distributed and species‐rich Scrippsiella. As inferred from molecular sequence data (including 81 new GenBank entries), the strains belonged to the Scrippsiella sensu lato clade of the Thoracosphaeraceae and represented two distinct species. Morphological details likewise indicated two distinct species with previously unknown coccoid cells that we describe here as new, namely S. bicarinata spec. nov. and S. kirschiae spec. nov. Cingulotabulation results from the fusion of processes representing the pre‐ and postcingular plate series in S. bicarinata, whereas the ridges represent sutures between the cingulum and the pre‐ and postcingular series in S. kirschiae, respectively. Bicarinate cingulotabulation appears homoplasious among calcareous dinophytes, which is further supported by a comparison to similar, but only distantly related fossil forms.",
"corpus_id": 1084039,
"title": "SAME BUT DIFFERENT: TWO NOVEL BICARINATE SPECIES OF EXTANT CALCAREOUS DINOPHYTES (THORACOSPHAERACEAE, PERIDINIALES) FROM THE MEDITERRANEAN SEA 1"
} | {
"abstract": "The diversity of extant calcareous dinophytes (Thoracosphaeraceae, Dinophyceae) is not fully recorded at present. The establishment of algal strains collected at multiple localities is necessary for a rigorous study of taxonomy, morphology and evolution in these unicellular organisms. We collected sediment and water tow samples from more than 60 localities in coastal areas of the eastern Mediterranean Sea and documented 15 morphospecies of calcareous dinophytes. Internal transcribed spacer (ITS) barcoding identified numerous species of the Scrippsiella trochoidea species complex that were genetically distinct, but indistinguishable in gross morphology (i.e. with the same tabulation patterns of the motile theca and similar spiny coccoid stages). We assessed a possible minimal number of cryptic species using ITS ribotype networks that indicated the existence of at least 21 species within the Scrippsiella trochoidea species complex. Species diversity of calcareous dinophytes appears higher in the Mediterranean Sea than in other parts of the world’s oceans such as the North Sea. Our data underline the importance of field work to record the diversity of calcareous dinophytes and other unicellular life forms.",
"corpus_id": 16140845,
"title": "Who am I — and if so, how many? Species diversity of calcareous dinophytes (Thoracosphaeraceae, Peridiniales) in the Mediterranean Sea"
} | {
"abstract": "A global emissions inventory for ammonia (NH3) has been compiled for the main known sources on a 1° × 1° grid, suitable for input to global atmospheric models. The estimated global emission for 1990 is about 54 Tg N yr−1. The major sources identified include excreta from domestic animals (21.6 Tg N yr−1) and wild animals (0.1 Tg N yr−1), use of synthetic N fertilizers (9.0 Tg N yr−1), oceans (8.2 Tg N yr−1), biomass burning (5.9 Tg N yr−1), crops (3.6 Tg N yr−1), human population and pets (2.6 Tg N yr−1), soils under natural vegetation (2.4 Tg N yr−1), industrial processes (0.2 Tg N yr−1 ), and fossil fuels (0.1 Tg N yr−1). About half of the global emission comes from Asia, and about 70% is related to food production. The regions with highest emission rates are located in Europe, the Indian subcontinent, and China, reflecting the patterns of animal densities and type and intensity of synthetic fertilizer use. The overall uncertainty in the global emission estimate is 25%, while the uncertainty in regional emissions is much greater. As the global human population will show considerable growth in the coming decades, food production and associated NH3 emissions are likely to increase as well.",
"corpus_id": 129291297,
"score": 1,
"title": "A global high‐resolution emission inventory for ammonia"
} |
{
"abstract": "Undeniably, cloud computing has been reshaping information technology drastically, and eventually making utility computing comes true. Internet services, ranging from simple word processing to online social networking, are progressively being shifted to the cloud. These services are interesting because they assure high scalability, availability, and reliability. Nevertheless, they are missing security as a vital non-functional requirement. As users no longer control their data and hand its governance over to cloud providers, data is significantly exposed to misuses and malicious attacks. In this article we present a lightweight software based agent that runs along with the cloud database on every host machine (i.e. virtual machine). The agents implement all the logic needed to prevent malicious attacks, monitor, and assess database transactions.",
"corpus_id": 2166564,
"title": "Secure processing of large scale databases in a cloud computing environment"
} | {
"abstract": "The tremendous growth of the cloud computing environments requires new architecture for security services. In addition, these computing environments are open, and users may be connected or disconnected at any time. Cloud Data Storage, like any other emerging technology, is experiencing growing pains. It is immature, it is fragmented and it lacks standardization. To verify the correctness, integrity, confidentially and availability of users’ data in the cloud, we propose a security framework. This security framework consists of two main layers as agent layer and cloud data storage layer. The propose MAS architecture includes five types of agents: UserInterface Agent (UIA), User Agent (UA), DER Agent (DERA), Data Retrieval Agent (DRA) and Data Distribution Preparation Agent (DDPA). The main goal of this paper is to formulate our secure framework and its architecture.",
"corpus_id": 62659202,
"title": "Formulating a security layer of cloud data storage framework based on multi agent system architecture."
} | {
"abstract": "This study sets out to find the most reliable method for loglikelihood-ratio (LLR) calculation under severe data scarcity, which is typical of forensic voice comparison casework. We compared the performances of three types of speaker modelling, namely a single Gaussian model, Gaussian Mixture Models (GMM) of different complexity, and a Multivariate Kernel Density Model (MVKD), using two and threedimensional formant frequency feature vectors extracted from /iː/ vowels. We varied the number of tokens used in the offender dataset from 2 to 6. We find that calibration of the systems was critical for dependable evaluation with all the systems tested and that the MVKD model outperformed Gaussian models in most cases.",
"corpus_id": 89605447,
"score": 1,
"title": "LR-based forensic voice comparison under severe test-data scarcity"
} |
{
"abstract": "To understand a node's centrality in a multiplex network, its centrality values in all the layers of the network can be aggregated. This requires a normalization of the values, to allow their meaningful comparison and aggregation over networks with different sizes and orders. The concrete choices of such preprocessing steps like normalization and aggregation are almost never discussed in network analytic papers. In this paper, we show that even sticking to the most simple centrality index (the degree) but using different, classic choices of normalization and aggregation strategies, can turn a node from being among the most central to being among the least central. We present our results by using an aggregation operator which scales between different, classic aggregation strategies based on three multiplex networks. We also introduce a new visualization and characterization of a node's sensitivity to the choice of a normalization and aggregation strategy in multiplex networks. The observed high sensitivity of single nodes to the specific choice of aggregation and normalization strategies is of strong importance, especially for all kinds of intelligence-analytic software as it questions the interpretations of the findings.",
"corpus_id": 2196389,
"title": "Most Central or Least Central? How Much Modeling Decisions Influence a Node's Centrality Ranking in Multiplex Networks"
} | {
"abstract": "In many networks, different centrality indices reveal conflicting rankings of the nodes. The problem is worsened, if the same nodes occur in different but related network layers, i.e., in multiplex networks. The main concern in the analysis of multiplex networks is maintaining the inherent nature of multiple layers in the explorations. Therefore, in this paper we discuss a method combining a fuzzy operator with a visualization, that allows the exploration of a node’s centrality with respect to different network processes on different layers of the same network simultaneously. Our empirical results indicate that an airport transportation network allows for a smaller number of different behaviors than social networks in a medium sized law firm and a large sized tweet dataset.",
"corpus_id": 31088017,
"title": "Analyzing Multiple Rankings of Influential Nodes in Multiplex Networks"
} | {
"abstract": "BackgroundActivating transcription factor-3 (ATF3) is involved in the complex process of cellular stress response. However, its exact role in cancer is discussed controversially because both tumor suppressive and oncogenic effects have been described. Here we followed-up on our previous observation that inhibition of Hsp90 may increase ATF3 expression and sought to determine the role of ATF3 in colon cancer.MethodsRegulation of ATF3 was determined in cancer cells using signaling inhibitors and a heat-shock protein-90 (Hsp90) antagonist. Human HCT116 cancer cells were stably transfected with an ATF3-shRNA or a luciferase-shRNA expression plasmid and alterations in cell motility were assessed in migration assays. The impact of ATF3 down-regulation on cancer growth and metastasis were investigated in a subcutaneous tumor model, a model of hepatic tumor growth and in a model of peritoneal carcinomatosis. Human colon cancer tissues were analyzed for ATF3 expression.ResultsThe results show that therapeutic Hsp90 inhibition substantially up-regulates the expression of ATF3 in various cancer cells, including colon, gastric and pancreatic cancer. This effect was evident both in vitro and in vivo. RNAi mediated knock-down of ATF3 in HCT116 colon cancer cells significantly increased cancer cell migration in vitro. Moreover, in xenogenic mouse models, ATF3 knock-down promoted subcutaneous tumor growth and hepatic metastasis, as well as peritoneal carcinomatosis. Importantly, ATF3 expression was lower in human colon cancer specimens, as compared to corresponding normal surrounding tissues, suggesting that ATF3 may represent a down-regulated tumor suppressor in colon cancer.ConclusionIn conclusion, ATF3 down-regulation in colon cancer promotes tumor growth and metastasis. Considering that blocking Hsp90 induces ATF3 expression, Hsp90 inhibition may represent a valid strategy to treat metastatic colon cancer by up-regulating this anti-metastatic transcription factor.",
"corpus_id": 3228931,
"score": 2,
"title": "Activating transcription factor-3 (ATF3) functions as a tumor suppressor in colon cancer and is up-regulated upon heat-shock protein 90 (Hsp90) inhibition"
} |
{
"abstract": "Image super-resolution (SR) aims to recover high-resolution images from their low-resolution counterparts for improving image analysis and visualization. Interpolation methods, widely used for this purpose, often result in images with blurred edges and blocking effects. More advanced methods such as total variation (TV) retain edge sharpness during image recovery. However, these methods only utilize information from local neighborhoods, neglecting useful information from remote voxels. In this paper, we propose a novel image SR method that integrates both local and global information for effective image recovery. This is achieved by, in addition to TV, low-rank regularization that enables utilization of information throughout the image. The optimization problem can be solved effectively via alternating direction method of multipliers (ADMM). Experiments on MR images of both adult and pediatric subjects demonstrate that the proposed method enhances the details in the recovered high-resolution images, and outperforms methods such as the nearest-neighbor interpolation, cubic interpolation, iterative back projection (IBP), non-local means (NLM), and TV-based up-sampling.",
"corpus_id": 13119501,
"title": "LRTV: MR Image Super-Resolution With Low-Rank and Total Variation Regularizations"
} | {
"abstract": "We address the problem of image upscaling in the form of single image super-resolution based on a dictionary of low- and high-resolution exemplars. Two recently proposed methods, Anchored Neighborhood Regression (ANR) and Simple Functions (SF), provide state-of-the-art quality performance. Moreover, ANR is among the fastest known super-resolution methods. ANR learns sparse dictionaries and regressors anchored to the dictionary atoms. SF relies on clusters and corresponding learned functions. We propose A+, an improved variant of ANR, which combines the best qualities of ANR and SF. A+ builds on the features and anchored regressors from ANR but instead of learning the regressors on the dictionary it uses the full training material, similar to SF. We validate our method on standard images and compare with state-of-the-art methods. We obtain improved quality (i.e. 0.2–0.7 dB PSNR better than ANR) and excellent time complexity, rendering A+ the most efficient dictionary-based super-resolution method to date.",
"corpus_id": 9751499,
"title": "A+: Adjusted Anchored Neighborhood Regression for Fast Super-Resolution"
} | {
"abstract": "Kineograph is a distributed system that takes a stream of incoming data to construct a continuously changing graph, which captures the relationships that exist in the data feed. As a computing platform, Kineograph further supports graph-mining algorithms to extract timely insights from the fast-changing graph structure. To accommodate graph-mining algorithms that assume a static underlying graph, Kineograph creates a series of consistent snapshots, using a novel and efficient epoch commit protocol. To keep up with continuous updates on the graph, Kineograph includes an incremental graph-computation engine. We have developed three applications on top of Kineograph to analyze Twitter data: user ranking, approximate shortest paths, and controversial topic detection. For these applications, Kineograph takes a live Twitter data feed and maintains a graph of edges between all users and hashtags. Our evaluation shows that with 40 machines processing 100K tweets per second, Kineograph is able to continuously compute global properties, such as user ranks, with less than 2.5-minute timeliness guarantees. This rate of traffic is more than 10 times the reported peak rate of Twitter as of October 2011.",
"corpus_id": 3721244,
"score": -1,
"title": "Kineograph: taking the pulse of a fast-changing and connected world"
} |
{
"abstract": "The repair of DNA damage caused by ultraviolet radiation (UVR) is well understood in both lower and higher organisms. Genetic studies carried out at optimum temperature for growth, 37 °C in Escherichia coli, have revealed the major pathways of DNA repair. We show that E. coli cells grown at 20 °C are more sensitive to UVR than cells grown at 37 °C. The analysis of knockout mutants demonstrates that cells impaired in recombinational DNA repair pathways show increased UV sensitivity at 20 °C. Cells with mutations in the nucleotide excision repair (NER) pathway genes are highly sensitive to UVR when grown at 37 °C and retain that sensitivity when grown at 20 °C, whereas wild-type cells are not sensitive when grown at 37 °C but become more sensitive to UVR when grown at low temperatures. Our results taken along with reports from the literature suggest that the UVR sensitivity of E. coli cells at low temperature could be due to impaired NER function.",
"corpus_id": 1840261,
"title": "Increased ultraviolet radiation sensitivity of Escherichia coli grown at low temperature."
} | {
"abstract": "ABSTRACT The CspA family of cold shock genes in Escherichia coli K-12 includes nine paralogs, cspA to cspI. Some of them have been implicated in cold stress adaptation. Screening for mutations among common laboratory E. coli strains showed a high degree of genetic diversity in cspC but not in cspA and cspE. This diversity in cspC was due to a wide spectrum of variations including insertions of IS elements, deletion, and point mutation. Northern analysis of these mutants showed loss of cspC expression in all but one case. Further analysis of the loss-of-function cspC mutants showed that they have a fitness advantage in broth culture after 24 h over their isogenic wild-type derivatives. Conversely, introduction of mutated cspC alleles conferred a competitive fitness advantage to AB1157, a commonly used laboratory strain. This provides the evidence that loss of cspC expression is both necessary and sufficient to confer a gain of fitness as seen in broth culture over 24 h. Together, these results ascribe a novel role in cellular growth at 37°C for CspC, a member of the cold shock domain-containing protein family.",
"corpus_id": 7590922,
"title": "Loss of Expression of cspC, a Cold Shock Family Gene, Confers a Gain of Fitness in Escherichia coli K-12 Strains"
} | {
"abstract": "Significance Cells in the fruit fly Drosophila require forces generated by the myosin II motor to reorganize the embryo and elongate the body axis from head to tail. It has been proposed that regulated myosin phosphorylation generates global patterns of myosin activity that shape tissues. However, the mechanisms that determine where and when forces are generated are not well understood. We show that myosin variants that evade upstream regulation by preventing or mimicking phosphorylation disrupt the spatiotemporal pattern of forces during axis elongation. Mimicking myosin phosphorylation accelerates cell rearrangements, but these rearrangements are poorly oriented and produce less efficient elongation. These results indicate that regulated myosin phosphorylation provides an instructive cue that determines where and when myosin generates force to shape multicellular tissues. Spatiotemporally regulated actomyosin contractility generates the forces that drive epithelial cell rearrangements and tissue remodeling. Phosphorylation of the myosin II regulatory light chain (RLC) promotes the assembly of myosin monomers into active contractile filaments and is an essential mechanism regulating the level of myosin activity. However, the effects of phosphorylation on myosin localization, dynamics, and function during epithelial remodeling are not well understood. In Drosophila, planar polarized myosin contractility is required for oriented cell rearrangements during elongation of the body axis. We show that regulated myosin phosphorylation influences spatial and temporal properties of contractile behavior at molecular, cellular, and tissue length scales. Expression of myosin RLC variants that prevent or mimic phosphorylation both disrupt axis elongation, but have distinct effects at the molecular and cellular levels. Unphosphorylatable RLC produces fewer, slower cell rearrangements, whereas phosphomimetic RLC accelerates rearrangement and promotes higher-order cell interactions. Quantitative live imaging and biophysical approaches reveal that both phosphovariants reduce myosin planar polarity and mechanical anisotropy, altering the orientation of cell rearrangements during axis elongation. Moreover, the localized myosin activator Rho-kinase is required for spatially regulated myosin activity, even when the requirement for phosphorylation is bypassed by the expression of phosphomimetic myosin RLC. These results indicate that myosin phosphorylation influences both the level and the spatiotemporal regulation of myosin activity, linking molecular properties of myosin activity to tissue morphogenesis.",
"corpus_id": 10863660,
"score": 1,
"title": "Spatiotemporal control of epithelial remodeling by regulated myosin phosphorylation"
} |
{
"abstract": "This paper presents an analysis of a novel control approach for the secondary side controlled flyback concept, along with improved drain–source voltage sensing for more precise gate signals and reduced losses. In contrast to the existing control scheme for this concept, the approach presented here sustains constant switching frequency throughout the load range without any additional hardware, boosting efficiency and simplifying coupled inductor design optimization. A 65-W demonstrator shows minimal output ripple during load changes, peak efficiency of 89.90%, natural output current limiting in overload conditions, and utilizes a novel lossless synchronous-rectification sensing subcircuit with minimal zero current crossing delay.",
"corpus_id": 59619799,
"title": "Variable on-Time Control Scheme for the Secondary-Side Controlled Flyback Converter"
} | {
"abstract": "A conventional Flyback converter's controller is based on the primary side of the coupled inductor–requiring isolated coupling for both the output voltage measurement and for any synchronous rectification gate signal. A novel communication approach is proposed here, whereby the need for such signal coupling is eliminated by moving the controller to the secondary side and communicating back to the primary switch through the coupled inductor itself. This simultaneously allows direct access to the output voltage, reduced component count, synchronous rectification, and soft primary switch turn-on without optoisolator propagation delay or additional magnetic coupling. This paper presents a novel drain–source voltage sensing method that provides reliable turn-on signals for the primary switch along with the principles of the secondary-side control. Concept feasibility is proven using a 65 W demonstrator with a simple constant-on-time control scheme. The benefits, limitations, and suggested improvements are presented.",
"corpus_id": 31392451,
"title": "Investigation of a Soft-Switching Flyback Converter With Full Secondary Side-Based Control"
} | {
"abstract": "This energy harvesting solution permits the autonomous supply of low power sensor nodes, without a chemical battery, allowing their extensive use in various environments. The electrical interface between the harvester and the sensor is crucial in order to maximize the harvested energy and boost the voltage to a minimum value required by the sensor. To achieve input impedance and voltage gain independently, this paper presents a flyback converter in discontinuous mode. Using the proposed flyback model validated experimentally, we have studied the impact of each loss source in order to give some trade-off for designing an efficient sub-mW harvesting interface. We underline the effect of the transformer losses due to the magnetic hysteresis as well as the driving loss impact. Following this method, the flyback prototype achieves 71% power efficiency when harvesting from a microbial fuel cell delivering 90μW.",
"corpus_id": 27427472,
"score": -1,
"title": "Loss analysis of flyback in discontinuous conduction mode for sub-mW harvesting systems"
} |
{
"abstract": "The Internet of Things is a vast and growing virtual universe that includes medical devices, automobiles, industrial systems and a variable number of consumer electronics devices. With some 100 billion devices expected to be connected to the Internet by 2025, providing interoperability among the things on the IoT is one of the most fundamental requirements to support tracking, object addressing and discovery as well as information representation, storage, and exchange. Applying semantic techniques to IoT can support Interoperability, effective data access, integration resource discovery reasoning and processing of data knowledge extraction. In this paper, we present an overview of semantic technologies such as Semantic Web of Things (SWoT), Ontologies, Resource Description Framework (RDF), RDF Schema, Web Ontology Language (OWL), SPARQL Protocol And RDF Query Language (SPARQL), Semantic annotation and reasoning widely deployed in IoT.",
"corpus_id": 52158965,
"title": "A Survey on Semantic Web Technologies for the Internet of Things"
} | {
"abstract": null,
"corpus_id": 12607805,
"title": "Introducing Thing Descriptions and Interactions: An Ontology for the Web of Things"
} | {
"abstract": "A major issue in the field of human-robot interaction for assistance to manipulation is transparency. This basic feature qualifies the capacity for a robot to follow human movements without any human-perceptible resistive forces. In this paper we address the issue of human motion prediction in order to increase the transparency of a robotic manipulator. Our aim is not to predict the motion itself, but to study how this prediction can be used to improve the robot transparency. For this purpose, we have designed a setup for performing basic planar manipulation tasks involving movements that are demanded to the subject and thus easily predictable. Moreover, we have developed a general controller which takes a predicted trajectory (recorded from offline free motion experiments) as an input and feeds the robot motors with a weighted sum of three controllers: torque feedforward, variable stiffness control and force feedback control. Subjects were then asked to perform the same task but with or without the robot assistance (which was not visible to the subject), and with several sets of gains for the controller tuning. First results seems to indicate that when a predictive controller with open loop torque feedforward is used, in conjunction with force- feedback control, the interaction forces are minimized. Therefore, the transparency is increased.",
"corpus_id": 3174174,
"score": -1,
"title": "How can human motion prediction increase transparency?"
} |
{
"abstract": "The consumer movement preferences data have traditionally been collected through more or less subjective methods, such as panel interviews, camera tracking and in-store observation. Modern technology makes it possible also to use more objective methods. In this paper different data-collecting methods were compared. One method, wireless local area network (WLAN) was tested and used in identification purposes. The empirical data were collected from a large Do-It-Yourself store. The most popular departments and sections of the store were explored from the standpoint of different times of a day. The WLAN technology proved to be useful, reliable and objective. The empirical test results show that consumer behaviour varies depending on the time of the day.",
"corpus_id": 153727276,
"title": "From mornings to evenings: is there variation in shopping behaviour between different hours of the day?"
} | {
"abstract": "RFID can act as a data-collection method in the study of shopping behaviour (wayfinding and approach & attention behaviour) at the point of sale. This article focuses on the possibilities of automatic RFID-based shopper tracking. Apart from the technical aspects of this data collection, the data analysis is also described. The existing Data Protection Act, further regulations, and consumer and public acceptance are legal and social restrictions. Including these points in the analysis, some practicable and legally permitted methods of RFID-based shopper tracking are presented. If all products are equipped with RFID-Tags in the future, these methods can be extended further. It will be very important to keep the social acceptance and legal restrictions in mind. Under these circumstances, consumer research at the Point of Sale stands to gain greatly from these new methods – not only for retail marketing but also manufacturer marketing.",
"corpus_id": 107629865,
"title": "RFID-Based Tracking of Shopping Behaviour at the Point of Sale – Possibilities and Limitations"
} | {
"abstract": "Forty six (9%) out of 520 patients from the years 1976 to 1982 who used intermittent urethral self-catheterisation (IUSC) as the method of bladder drainage at the moment of discharge from the Swiss Paraplegic Centre of Basel were analysed during their rehabilitation period, on discharge, 3, 6 months later and again 5 years later regarding bacteriological changes and urinary tract infections, behaviour of some problem germs such as Proteus, Klebsiella and Pseudomonas, sterile versus clean catheterisation, catheterisation frequency, complications, continence and acceptance of this method. Only 22 patients continue IUSC, 5 have died, 6 use indwelling catheters and 13 are voiding their neurogenic bladder with other methods.Average time on IUSC was 6.6 years (0.5-13 years) in the women's group and 4.6 years (0.5-12 years) in the men's group. Of the remaining 22 patients on IUSC, 23% have sterile urines, 36.5% are infected with E. coli and Enterococci, 4.5% with Staphylococci and the remaining 36% still show the problem germs Pseudomonas (4.5%), Proteus (13.5%) and Klebsiella (18%), but there was a reduction from 19 cases with problem germs in 1983 to 11 cases in 1988.In 1988 5% women and 4% men changed from sterile to clean IUSC (2 out of 11 men using the same catheter for at least 1 week and 2 out of 10 women).The complication rate was astonishingly low during IUSC: being only 4.3% (2 male patients, one with stricture of the urethra and epididymitis, one with autonomous dysreflexia with bladder overdistension). No anti-cholinergic or alpha-stimulating agents were used nor continuous antibiotic-prophylaxis and only in one female patient was a bladder denervation procedure performed. No deterioration of the upper urinary tract was observed. The degree of continence remained stable throughout the follow-up, and the same applies to the acceptance of IUSC.The authors conclude that IUSC can be of great help in neuropathic bladder rehabilitation provided that the patients are properly selected, motivated and well instructed and followed throughout the years.",
"corpus_id": 24560025,
"score": 0,
"title": "Intermittent urethral self-catheterisation: long term results (bacteriological evolution, continence, acceptance, complications)"
} |
{
"abstract": "Recent studies have challenged the accuracy of standard radiographs for detecting cervical spine injuries. We used thin-section tomography to determine the accuracy of the cross-table lateral view (CTLV) alone, and the three standard emergency department views (CTLV, anteroposterior, and open-mouth) together, for detecting acute cervical spine fractures. Seventy-one patients with blunt cervical spine injuries had thin-section tomography performed for the following indications: fracture, dislocation, or suspicious findings on standard radiographs; or persistent severe pain or neurologic deficit. Tomography detected acute fractures in 44 of the 71 patients. The CTLV had a sensitivity of 82%, specificity of 70%, and accuracy of 77% for detecting patients with fractures. The three standard views had a corresponding sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of 93%, 71%, and 84%, respectively. Eight patients with fractures had the CTLV interpreted as normal, and three patients with fractures had all three standard views interpreted as normal. The use of thin-section tomography is recommended when there are suspicious radiographic or clinical findings suggesting a severe cervical spine injury.",
"corpus_id": 2035130,
"title": "Accuracy of standard radiographic views in detecting cervical spine fractures."
} | {
"abstract": "Injury to the cervical spine is a potentially lethal condition, and the accurate detection of such injury is essential. Plain cervical radiography remains the first line of investigation, despite well documented difficulty with interpretation. There have been many studies demonstrating unreliability of plain cervical radiography in detecting atlanto-axial injuries. We report a group of patients in which false-positive interpretation of such injuries occurred.",
"corpus_id": 967896,
"title": "Radiological assessment of atlanto-axial injuries."
} | {
"abstract": "This report is the latest in a series exploring the issue of ‘excess’ mortality in Scotland, and particular parts of Scotland. \n \nThis ‘excess’ is defined as the higher levels of mortality experienced in Scotland compared with other parts of the UK over and above that explained by socioeconomic deprivation. As such, this research does not seek alternative explanations to poverty and deprivation as the driving forces of poor health. The links between deprivation and health are profound, well researched and beyond dispute: the three cities that are the focus for the research described in this and other reports – Glasgow, Liverpool and Manchester – have the lowest life expectancy of any UK city because they have the highest levels of deprivation of any UK city. Rather, this research seeks to identify what additional factors might explain the considerably higher ('excess') mortality seen in Glasgow compared with these two similarly deprived English cities and, by extension, that seen in all other parts of Scotland compared with England and Wales after taking into account differences in levels of poverty. \n \nThis report describes the collection and analysis of new data for a number of theories that have been proposed to explain this additional mortality. Further hypotheses are being examined in other research projects. A report synthesising the results of all these research elements will be published by the Glasgow Centre for Population Health and NHS Health Scotland in due course.",
"corpus_id": 158617141,
"score": 0,
"title": "Exploring potential reasons for Glasgow’s ‘excess’ mortality: results of a three-city survey of Glasgow, Liverpool and Manchester"
} |
{
"abstract": "In this paper we propose an upper body exoskeleton to augment a soldier's ability to maneuver and fire a heavy weapon. After describing the initial design concept, we model the system dynamics both using Lagrange's method and the SimMechanics software package. We derive a controller for our upper body exoskeleton, loosely inspired by the novel approach used on the Berkeley lower body exoskeleton (BLEEX). The approach is to combine the computed torque method, along with a nearly marginally stable linear feedback law. The resulting controller can track the wearer's movement with without the need to measure muscular activation levels. We simulation results for the controller with a human torque input. The contributions, while modest, are an important first step in evaluating the feasibility of this approach for an upper body exoskeleton.",
"corpus_id": 8755788,
"title": "Modeling and Control of an Upper-Body Exoskeleton"
} | {
"abstract": "This literature review of exoskeleton design provides a brief history of exoskeleton development, discusses current research of exoskeletons with respect to the innate human-machine interface, and the incorporation of exoskeletons for ergonomic intervention, and offers a review of needed future work. Development of assistive exoskeletons began in the 1960's but older designs lacked design for human factors and ergonomics and had low power energy density and power to weight ratios. Advancements in technology have spurred a broad spectrum of research aimed at enhancing human performance and assisting in rehabilitation. The review underwent a holistic and extensive search and provides a reflective snapshot of the state of the art in exoskeleton design as it pertains to the incorporation of exoskeletons for ergonomic intervention. Some of the remaining challenges include improving the energy density of exoskeleton power supplies, improving the power to weight ratio of actuation devices, improving the mechanical human-machine interface, and dealing with variability between users.",
"corpus_id": 39094817,
"title": "Current Work in the Human-Machine Interface for Ergonomic Intervention with Exoskeletons"
} | {
"abstract": "The mining chute is an important equipment in the process of coal transportation and coal screening preparation. During the working process, the mining chute generates a lot of vibration and noise because of constant friction and impact of gangue and coal blocks. In order to reduce the vibration and noise during the operation of the chute, a new type of foam aluminum laminated structure is used to manufacture the mining chute. According to the characteristic of chute, the laminated structure is optimized by taking the vibration amplitude as the objective function and the thickness of the steel plate and the foam aluminum core plate as the design variables. Then, the vibration and noise reduction performance of two types of chute are evaluated through experiments and finite element simulation method. Results show that use of foam aluminum laminate structure to manufacture the chute can obviously increase the damping ratio of the system, which can effectively reduce the vibration amplitude of the chute. The average sound insulation performance of foam aluminum laminated chute is better than prototype chute, especially in the middle and high frequency section, which can be reduced by about 7.1 dB on average in comparison with prototype chute. So, the foam aluminum laminated structure chute has a more significant sound insulation and vibration reduction effects than the prototype chute. doi: 10.5829/ije.2020.33.08b.26",
"corpus_id": 227140128,
"score": 1,
"title": "Image Quality Enhancement Using Pixel-Wise Gamma Correction"
} |
{
"abstract": "This paper presents a criterion for testing the irreducibility of a polynomial over an algebraic extension field. Using this criterion and the characteristic set method, the authors give a criterion for testing whether certain difference ascending chains are strong irreducible, and as a consequence, whether the saturation ideals of these ascending chains are prime ideals.",
"corpus_id": 2385860,
"title": "A criterion for testing whether a difference ideal is prime"
} | {
"abstract": "Abstract In this paper, a Ritt-Wu's characteristic set method for ordinary difference systems is proposed, which is valid for any admissible ordering. New definition for irreducible chains and new zero decomposition algorithms are also proposed.",
"corpus_id": 6285557,
"title": "RITT-WU＇S CHARACTERISTIC SET METHOD FOR ORDINARY DIFFERENCE POLYNOMIAL SYSTEMS WITH ARBITRARY ORDERING"
} | {
"abstract": "The growth and proliferation of metazoan cells are driven by cellular nutrient status and by extracellular growth factors. Growth factor receptors on cell surfaces initiate biochemical signals that increase anabolic metabolism and macropinocytosis, an actin-dependent endocytic process in which relatively large volumes of extracellular solutes and nutrients are internalized and delivered efficiently into lysosomes. Macropinocytosis is prominent in many kinds of cancer cells, and supports the growth of cells transformed by oncogenic K-Ras. Growth factor receptor signaling and the overall metabolic status of the cell are coordinated in the cytoplasm by the mechanistic target-of-rapamycin complex-1 (mTORC1), which positively regulates protein synthesis and negatively regulates molecular salvage pathways such as autophagy. mTORC1 is activated by two distinct Ras-related small GTPases, Rag and Rheb, which associate with lysosomal membranes inside the cell. Rag recruits mTORC1 to the lysosomal surface where Rheb directly binds to and activates mTORC1. Rag is activated by both lysosomal luminal and cytosolic amino acids; Rheb activation requires phosphoinositide 3-kinase, Akt, and the tuberous sclerosis complex-1/2. Signals for activation of Rag and Rheb converge at the lysosomal membrane, and several lines of evidence support the idea that growth factor-dependent endocytosis facilitates amino acid transfer into the lysosome leading to the activation of Rag. This review summarizes evidence that growth factor-stimulated macropinocytosis is essential for amino acid-dependent activation of mTORC1, and that increased solute accumulation by macropinocytosis in transformed cells supports unchecked cell growth.",
"corpus_id": 3728204,
"score": 0,
"title": "Macropinocytosis, mTORC1 and cellular growth control"
} |
{
"abstract": "A 60-year-old woman, who had been diagnosed with and treated for Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada (VKH) disease 17 years before, was receiving pegylated interferon-α and ribavirin therapy for chronic hepatitis C virus. Three weeks after the start of therapy, she complained of visual blurring, eye pain, and an increased hearing loss. Based on a slit lamp and fundus examination, she was diagnosed with a relapse of VKH disease. After discontinuation of the pegylated interferon-α and ribavirin therapy and administration of corticosteroid therapy, her visual acuity returned to 1.0 in both eyes without ocular inflammation, and remained stable thereafter. When interferon therapy is administered to hepatitis C virus patients, those who also have a history of VKH disease must be closely monitored for ophthalmologic complications.",
"corpus_id": 1414524,
"title": "Relapse of Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada Disease during Interferon-α and Ribavirin Therapy in a Case of Chronic Viral Hepatitis C"
} | {
"abstract": "Retinal abnormalities, including retinal hemorrhage and “cotton-wool” spots, often occur within the first 8 weeks in the course of interferon therapy in patients with chronic hepatitis C. Here, we describe a case of Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada disease occurring 4 months after the start of interferon alpha treatment, probably induced by the immunomodulatory effects of interferon. Therefore, we conclude that chronic hepatitis C patients, especially people with darkly pigmented skin, need to be closely monitored for ophthalmologic complications, by periodic check-up of the optic fundi, for a prolonged period, during interferon treatment.",
"corpus_id": 20596584,
"title": "Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada disease occurring during interferon alpha therapy for chronic hepatitis C"
} | {
"abstract": "Study Design. Prospective randomized and observational cohorts. Objective. To compare outcomes of patients with and without workers' compensation who had surgical and nonoperative treatment for a lumbar intervertebral disc herniation (IDH). Summary of Background Data. Few studies have examined the association between worker's compensation and outcomes of surgical and nonoperative treatment. Methods. Patients with at least 6 weeks of sciatica and a lumbar IDH were enrolled in either a randomized trial or observational cohort at 13 US spine centers. Patients were categorized as workers' compensation or nonworkers' compensation based on baseline disability compensation and work status. Treatment was usual nonoperative care or surgical discectomy. Outcomes included pain, functional impairment, satisfaction and work/disability status at 6 weeks, 3, 6, 12, and 24 months. Results. Combining randomized and observational cohorts, 113 patients with workers' compensation and 811 patients without were followed for 2 years. There were significant improvements in pain, function, and satisfaction with both surgical and nonoperative treatment in both groups. In the nonworkers' compensation group, there was a clinically and statistically significant advantage for surgery at 3 months that remained significant at 2 years. However, in the workers' compensation group, the benefit of surgery diminished with time; at 2 years no significant advantage was seen for surgery in any outcome (treatment difference for SF-36 bodily pain [−5.9; 95% CI: −16.7–4.9] and physical function [5.0; 95% CI: −4.9–15]). Surgical treatment was not associated with better work or disability outcomes in either group. Conclusion. Patients with a lumbar IDH improved substantially with both surgical and nonoperative treatment. However, there was no added benefit associated with surgical treatment for patients with workers' compensation at 2 years while those in the nonworkers' compensation group had significantly greater improvement with surgical treatment.",
"corpus_id": 1865865,
"score": 1,
"title": "The Impact of Workers' Compensation on Outcomes of Surgical and Nonoperative Therapy for Patients With a Lumbar Disc Herniation: SPORT"
} |
{
"abstract": "HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access archive for the deposit and dissemination of scientific research documents, whether they are published or not. The documents may come from teaching and research institutions in France or abroad, or from public or private research centers. L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires publics ou privés. Closed-Form Solution to the Structure from Motion Problem by Fusing Visual and Inertial Sensing Agostino Martinelli",
"corpus_id": 5011781,
"title": "Closed-Form Solution to the Structure from Motion Problem by Fusing Visual and Inertial Sensing Agostino Martinelli"
} | {
"abstract": "The perception of self‐motion is crucial for navigation, spatial orientation and motor control. In particular, estimation of one’s direction of translation, or heading, relies heavily on multisensory integration in most natural situations. Visual and nonvisual (e.g., vestibular) information can be used to judge heading, but each modality alone is often insufficient for accurate performance. It is not surprising, then, that visual and vestibular signals converge frequently in the nervous system, and that these signals interact in powerful ways at the level of behavior and perception. Early behavioral studies of visual–vestibular interactions consisted mainly of descriptive accounts of perceptual illusions and qualitative estimation tasks, often with conflicting results. In contrast, cue integration research in other modalities has benefited from the application of rigorous psychophysical techniques, guided by normative models that rest on the foundation of ideal‐observer analysis and Bayesian decision theory. Here we review recent experiments that have attempted to harness these so‐called optimal cue integration models for the study of self‐motion perception. Some of these studies used nonhuman primate subjects, enabling direct comparisons between behavioral performance and simultaneously recorded neuronal activity. The results indicate that humans and monkeys can integrate visual and vestibular heading cues in a manner consistent with optimal integration theory, and that single neurons in the dorsal medial superior temporal area show striking correlates of the behavioral effects. This line of research and other applications of normative cue combination models should continue to shed light on mechanisms of self‐motion perception and the neuronal basis of multisensory integration.",
"corpus_id": 20433667,
"title": "Visual–vestibular cue integration for heading perception: applications of optimal cue integration theory"
} | {
"abstract": "This article investigates whether anticipated technological progress can be expected to be strong enough to offset carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions resulting from the rapid growth of air transport. Aviation CO2 emissions projections are provided at the worldwide level and for eight geographical zones until 2025. Total air traffic flows are first forecast using a dynamic panel-data econometric model, and then converted into corresponding quantities of air traffic CO2 emissions using specific hypotheses and energy factors. None of our nine scenarios appears compatible with the objective of 450 ppm CO2-eq. (a.k.a. \"scenario of type I\") recommended by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). None is either compatible with the IPCC scenario of type III, which aims at limiting global warming to 3.2°C.",
"corpus_id": 110046564,
"score": 1,
"title": "Will technological progress be sufficient to stabilize CO2 emissions from air transport in the mid-term?"
} |
{
"abstract": "Molecular alterations in Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) were investigated for the first time in molar placenta using protein expression, activation status, differential amplification status and mutational analysis. Invasive lesions showed upregulation of internal domain and downregulation of external domain with concomitantly high gene amplification and phosphorylation. Mutations distributed across different exons in non-invasive cases in contrast to single mutations restricted to exons 4 and 6 in invasive cases displayed a strong correlation to overexpression and phosphorylation status suggesting that higher copies of EGFR gene and mutations in exon 4&6 influence the invasive capacity of trophoblasts and can be used as a biomarker of invasion.",
"corpus_id": 3257480,
"title": "Molecular Alterations in Epidermal Growth Factor Receptors as Potential Predictors of Invasion in Complete Hydatidiform Moles (CHM)"
} | {
"abstract": "The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is overexpressed in many epithelial cancers, an observation often correlated with poor clinical outcome. Overexpression of the EGFR is commonly caused by EGFR gene amplification and is sometimes associated with expression of a variant EGFR (de2–7 EGFR or EGFRvIII) bearing an internal deletion in its extracellular domain. Monoclonal antibody (mAb) 806 is a novel EGFR antibody with significant antitumor activity that recognizes both the de2–7 EGFR and a subset of the wild type (wt) EGFR when overexpressed but does not bind the wt EGFR expressed in normal tissues. Despite only binding to a low proportion of the wt EGFR expressed in A431 tumor cells (∼10%), mAb 806 displays robust antitumor activity against A431 xenografts grown in nude mice. To elucidate the mechanism leading to its unique specificity and mode of antitumor activity, we have determined the EGFR binding epitope of mAb 806. Analysis of mAb 806 binding to EGFR fragments expressed either on the surface of yeast or in an immunoblot format identified a disulfide-bonded loop (amino acids 287–302) that contains the mAb 806 epitope. Indeed, mAb 806 binds with apparent high affinity (∼30 nm) to a synthetic EGFR peptide corresponding to these amino acids. Analysis of EGFR structures indicates that the epitope is fully exposed only in the transitional form of the receptor that occurs because EGFR changes from the inactive tethered conformation to a ligand-bound active form. It would seem that mAb 806 binds this small proportion of transient receptors, preventing their activation, which in turn generates a strong antitumor effect. Finally, our observations suggest that the generation of antibodies to transitional forms of growth factor receptors may represent a novel way of reducing normal tissue targeting yet retaining antitumor activity.",
"corpus_id": 24794047,
"title": "Identification of the Epitope for the Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor-specific Monoclonal Antibody 806 Reveals That It Preferentially Recognizes an Untethered Form of the Receptor*"
} | {
"abstract": "SummarySeveral systems are available for the expression of foreign gene sequences inEscherichia coli. We describe the use of prokaryotic expression products of viral gene fragments in order to identify the regions that specify the binding sites of antibodies. This approach is particulary successful if the antigenicity does not depend on the native protein, but only on the amino acid sequence, i.e., if the epitope is sequential. Combining prokaryotic expression with the use of synthetic peptides often permits a fast and accurate mapping of an epitope. The occurrence of immunodominant sequential epitopes on the surface of viruses seems to be a widespread phenomenon.",
"corpus_id": 24374642,
"score": 1,
"title": "Mapping of viral epitopes with prokaryotic expression products"
} |
{
"abstract": "INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVE\nAnemia is a common comorbidity in patients with acute coronary syndromes (ACS), and is associated with higher risk for both bleeding and ischemic complications. We aimed to assess the predictive ability of bleeding risk scores (Can Rapid risk stratification of Unstable angina patients Suppress ADverse outcomes with Early implementation of the ACC/AHA guidelines [CRUSADE], Mehran and Acute Coronary Treatment and Intervention Outcomes Network [ACTION]) in ACS patients with anemia.\n\n\nMETHODS\nAll consecutive ACS patients were prospectively included. The primary outcome was in-hospital major bleeding according to the CRUSADE, Mehran and ACTION definitions. Anemia was defined as hemoglobin <130 g/l in men and <120 g/l in women. The predictive ability of the bleeding risk scores was assessed by binary logistic regression, calculating receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves and their corresponding area under the curve (AUC).\n\n\nRESULTS\nWe included 2255 patients, mean age 62.4 years. Anemia was present in 550 patients (24.4%). Patients with anemia had a significantly higher prevalence of comorbidities. The three bleeding risk scores adequately predicted major bleeding in the whole cohort. No significant differences were observed regarding the predictive ability of each of the scores in patients with and without anemia (CRUSADE: AUC 0.73 without anemia vs. 0.74 with anemia, p=0.913; ACTION: AUC 0.68 without anemia vs. 0.73 with anemia, p=0.353; Mehran: AUC 0.69 without anemia vs. 0.61 with anemia, p=0.210). Only the Mehran score showed significantly lower predictive ability in patients with hemoglobin <11 g/dl (AUC 0.51, p=0.044).\n\n\nCONCLUSIONS\nAnemia was a common comorbidity in patients with ACS from our series. Currently available bleeding risk scores showed an adequate predictive ability in patients with mild anemia.",
"corpus_id": 3938480,
"title": "Does anemia affect the predictive ability of bleeding risk scores in patients with acute coronary syndromes?"
} | {
"abstract": "OBJECTIVES\nThe aim of this study was to develop a practical risk score to predict the risk and implications of major bleeding in acute coronary syndromes (ACS).\n\n\nBACKGROUND\nHemorrhagic complications have been strongly linked with subsequent mortality in patients with ACS.\n\n\nMETHODS\nA total of 17,421 patients with ACS (including non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction [MI], ST-segment elevation MI, and biomarker negative ACS) were studied in the ACUITY (Acute Catheterization and Urgent Intervention Triage strategY) and the HORIZONS-AMI (Harmonizing Outcomes with RevasculariZatiON and Stents in Acute Myocardial Infarction) trials. An integer risk score for major bleeding within 30 days was developed from a multivariable logistic regression model.\n\n\nRESULTS\nNon-coronary artery bypass graft surgery (CABG)-related major bleeding within 30 days occurred in 744 patients (7.3%) and had 6 independent baseline predictors (female sex, advanced age, elevated serum creatinine and white blood cell count, anemia, non-ST-segment elevation MI, or ST-segment elevation MI) and 1 treatment-related variable (use of heparin + a glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitor rather than bivalirudin alone) (model c-statistic = 0.74). The integer risk score differentiated patients with a 30-day rate of non-CABG-related major bleeding ranging from 1% to over 40%. In a time-updated covariate-adjusted Cox proportional hazards regression model, major bleeding was an independent predictor of a 3.2-fold increase in mortality. The link to mortality risk was strongest for non-CABG-related Thrombolysis In Myocardial Infarction (TIMI)-defined major bleeding followed by non-TIMI major bleeding with or without blood transfusions, whereas isolated large hematomas and CABG-related bleeding were not significantly associated with subsequent mortality.\n\n\nCONCLUSIONS\nPatients with ACS have marked variation in their risk of major bleeding. A simple risk score based on 6 baseline measures plus anticoagulation regimen identifies patients at increased risk for non-CABG-related bleeding and subsequent 1-year mortality, for whom appropriate treatment strategies can be implemented.",
"corpus_id": 24534931,
"title": "A risk score to predict bleeding in patients with acute coronary syndromes."
} | {
"abstract": "Working memory and attention are closely related constructs. Models of working memory often incorporate an attention component, and some even equate working memory and attentional control. Although some attention-related processes, including inhibitory control of response conflict and interference resolution, are strongly associated with working memory, for other aspects of attention the link is less clear. We examined the association between working-memory performance and attentional breadth, the ability to spread attention spatially. If the link between attention and working memory is broader than inhibitory and interference resolution processes, then working-memory performance might also be associated with other attentional abilities, including attentional breadth. We tested 123 participants on a variety of working-memory and attentional-breadth measures, finding a strong correlation between performances on these two types of tasks. This finding demonstrates that the link between working memory and attention extends beyond inhibitory processes.",
"corpus_id": 253974163,
"score": 0,
"title": "Working-memory performance is related to spatial breadth of attention"
} |
{
"abstract": "BackgroundMusculoskeletal ultrasound has been found to be more sensitive than radiographs in detecting osteophytes. Our objective was to measure the prevalence of features of osteoarthritis (OA), in the dominant hand, knees and hips using ultrasound, within the Newcastle Thousand Families birth cohort.MethodsParticipants were aged 61–63 (mean 63) years. Knee images were scored for presence of osteophytes and effusion. Hip images were scored for the presence of osteophytes and femoral head abnormality. The first carpometacarpal joint, metacarpophalangeal, proximal interphalangeal and distal interphalangeal joints of the index finger (dominant hand) were imaged for osteophytes.ResultsAmong 311 participants, prevalence of osteophytes at the distal interphalangeal joint was 70% while it was 23%, 10% and 41% for index proximal interphalangeal and metacarpophalangeal and thumb base carpometacarpal joints respectively. Prevalence of knee osteophytes was 30%, hip OA was 41%. Prevalence of knee effusions was 24% (right) and 20% (left). Ultrasound evidence of generalised OA (48%) and isolated hand OA (31%) was common, compared to isolated hip or knee OA (5%) and both hip and knee OA (3%).ConclusionThis is the first study to assess prevalence of ultrasound features of OA in a population-based sample. The higher prevalence of hand/hip OA, when compared to previous radiographic studies, supports the hypothesis that ultrasound is more sensitive than radiography in detecting OA, particularly for osteophytes.",
"corpus_id": 2060607,
"title": "Population prevalence of ultrasound features of osteoarthritis in the hand, knee and hip at age 63 years: the Newcastle thousand families birth cohort"
} | {
"abstract": "OBJECTIVES\nA recent review of ultrasound (US) studies in osteoarthritis (OA) showed very limited data about hand OA. Previous US studies in patients with OA described a degree of overlap between the US appearance of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and OA joints. The present study aimed to assess the US features of subclinical inflammation in RA and hand OA, using the same US examination protocol.\n\n\nMETHODS\nA retrospective, cohort study compared patients with established RA (n = 224) and hand OA (n = 73), with respect to several demographic, clinical, laboratory and US parameters. We used a 22-hand joint US examination protocol (wrists, metacarpophalangeal and proximal interphalangeal joints bilaterally - Outcome Measures in Rheumatology Clinical Trials [OMERACT] scoring system) for all patients.\n\n\nRESULTS\nSubclinical joint inflammation in the context of equivocal clinical examination was found in 9.6% of OA patients compared with 46.4% of RA patients (p = 0.0001), despite the fact that there was no significant difference between the degree of chronic joint swelling (synovial hypertrophy grades 2 and 3; p = 0.75 and p = 0.11, respectively). The presence of osteophytes was more common in patients with hand OA, as expected (p = 0.0001).\n\n\nCONCLUSIONS\nOur study findings reflected differences between the incidence and characteristics of subclinical inflammation in patients with RA and OA, which could be helpful in patients with an equivocal clinical examination or history of both diseases. Almost one in 10 patients with hand OA had active synovitis, while almost one in two patients with RA had uncontrolled inflammation in at least one joint.",
"corpus_id": 3807878,
"title": "Ultrasonography‐detected subclinical inflammation in patients with hand osteoarthritis and established rheumatoid arthritis: a comparison between two different pathologies using the same ultrasound examination protocol"
} | {
"abstract": "I have read with great interest the article by Dr Tsougos and co-authors, ‘‘The contribution of diffusion tensor imaging and magnetic resonance spectroscopy for the differentiation of breast lesions at 3 T’’ (1), which appeared in the February 2014 issue of Acta Radiologica. The results indicated that applying the combination of diffusion-tensor imaging (DTI) and 1H-magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) adds a diagnostic value to the application of conventional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) alone. The authors state that the diagnostic advantage of DTI derives from the differences found for fractional anisotropy (FA) rather than the ones of the apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) values. Unfortunately, the DTI results presented in this work raise serious concerns. First, the reported ADC values for malignant tissue (1.54 0.59) were higher than values reported previously for breast cancer in both DTI (2–4) and DWI studies (5,6) using a similar range of b values. Moreover, the value reported for ADC values of the normal contralateral breast tissue (0.99 0.68) are exceptionally low and in complete disagreement with previous results (2–4,7–11). Consequently the conclusion regarding the diagnostic efficiency of ADC contradicts numerous studies, as well as the general concept of lower ADC measured in the (non-cystic) lesions, as compared to the normal breast tissue, attributed to the higher cellularity in the lesions. Additionally, previous reports of the values of FA in breast cancer versus normal breast yielded conflicting results (2–5), with several reports showing that FA values cannot discriminate cancer from normal nor malignant tissue. This was ignored in the paper discussion. Indeed, breast DTI is prone to technical drawbacks, mainly EPI-related artifacts, as well as imperfect fat suppression and signal to noise limitations in fatty breasts (12). This might partially explain the lower ADC values in the normal breast. However, irrespective of this explanation, it is limiting the ability to assess the results and derived conclusions on the diagnostic utility of breast DTI.",
"corpus_id": 45103302,
"score": 1,
"title": "The usefulness of diffusion-tensor imaging for the differential diagnosis of breast lesions"
} |
{
"abstract": "Lower urinary tract diseases are emotionally and financially burdensome to the individual and society. Current treatments are ineffective or symptomatic. Conversely, stem cells (SCs) are regenerative and may offer long-term solutions. Among the different types of SCs, bone marrow SCs (BMSCs) and skeletal muscle-derived SCs (SkMSCs) have received the most attention in pre-clinical and clinical trial studies concerning the lower urinary tract. In particular, clinical trials with SkMSCs for stress urinary incontinence have demonstrated impressive efficacy. However, both SkMSCs and BMSCs are difficult to obtain in quantity and therefore neither is optimal for the eventual implementation of SC therapy. On the other hand, adipose tissue-derived SCs (ADSCs) can be easily and abundantly obtained from \"discarded\" adipose tissue. Moreover, in several head-on comparison studies, ADSCs have demonstrated equal or superior therapeutic potential compared to BMSCs. Therefore, across several different medical disciplines, including urology, ADSC research is gaining wide attention. For the regeneration of bladder tissues, possible differentiation of ADSCs into bladder smooth muscle and epithelial cells has been demonstrated. For the treatment of bladder diseases, specifically hyperlipidemia and associated overactive bladder, ADSCs have also demonstrated efficacy. For the treatment of urethral sphincter dysfunction associated with birth trauma and hormonal deficiency, ADSC therapy was also beneficial. Finally, ADSCs were able to restore erectile function in various types of erectile dysfunction (ED), including those associated with diabetes, hyperlipidemia, and nerve injuries. Thus, ADSCs have demonstrated remarkable therapeutic potentials for the lower urinary tract.",
"corpus_id": 212332,
"title": "Advances in stem cell therapy for the lower urinary tract."
} | {
"abstract": "BACKGROUND/PURPOSE\nMesh-augmented vaginal surgery for treatment of pelvic organ prolapse (POP) does not meet patients' needs. This study aims to test the hypothesis that fascia tissue engineering using adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) might be a potential therapeutic strategy for reconstructing the pelvic floor.\n\n\nMETHODS\nHuman ADSCs were isolated, differentiated, and characterized in vitro. Both ADSCs and fibroblastic-differentiated ADSCs were used to fabricate tissue-engineered fascia equivalents, which were then transplanted under the back skin of experimental nude mice.\n\n\nRESULTS\nADSCs prepared in our laboratory were characterized as a group of mesenchymal stem cells. In vitro fibroblastic differentiation of ADSCs showed significantly increased gene expression of cellular collagen type I and elastin (p < 0.05) concomitantly with morphological changes. By contrast, ADSCs cultured in control medium did not demonstrate these changes. Both of the engrafted fascia equivalents could be traced up to 12 weeks after transplantation in the subsequent animal study. Furthermore, the histological outcomes differed with a thin (111.0 ± 19.8 μm) lamellar connective tissue or a thick (414.3 ± 114.9 μm) adhesive fibrous tissue formation between the transplantation of ADSCs and fibroblastic-differentiated ADSCs, respectively. Nonetheless, the implantation of a scaffold without cell seeding (the control group) resulted in a thin (102.0 ± 17.1 μm) fibrotic band and tissue contracture.\n\n\nCONCLUSION\nOur results suggest the ADSC-seeded implant is better than the implant alone in enhancing tissue regeneration after transplantation. ADSCs with or without fibroblastic differentiation might have a potential but different role in fascia tissue engineering to repair POP in the future.",
"corpus_id": 5178353,
"title": "Fascia tissue engineering with human adipose-derived stem cells in a murine model: Implications for pelvic floor reconstruction."
} | {
"abstract": "Adult C57BL/6 mice were injected with 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP). Intrastriatal transplantation of bone marrow stromal cells (MSCs) was performed 1 week after MPTP administration. MSCs were harvested from donor adult mice, and then cultured and prelabeled with bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU). MPTP-Parkinson's disease (PD) mice treated with intrastriatal injection of phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), and normal non-MPTP mice were used as controls. MPTP-PD mice with MSC intrastriatal transplantation exhibit significant improvement on the rotarod test (P<0.05) at day 35 compared with PBS controls. Immunohistochemistry shows that BrdU reactive cells survive in the transplanted areas in the MPTP-PD striatum at least 4 weeks after administration. Scattered BrdU reactive cells express tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) immunoreactivity. Our findings suggest that MSCs injected intrastriatally survive, express dopaminergic protein TH immunoreactivity, and promote functional recovery.",
"corpus_id": 13493194,
"score": 2,
"title": "Intracerebral transplantation of bone marrow stromal cells in a 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine mouse model of Parkinson's disease"
} |
{
"abstract": "Most firms engage in outsourcing of software development to lower costs. Several years ago we began working with firms that were using global partners to increase innovation in product development. These firms were able to deliver product capabilities beyond those that could be generated inside their own organization. They were not just outsourcing to reduce costs; instead they were leveraging their global partners to increase the value of their products for their customers. This paper provides an overview of the results from our six-month study. The goal was to understand the successful practices used to achieve innovation in new product development projects between leading technology firms and their global software development partners.",
"corpus_id": 1501257,
"title": "Beyond Cost Reduction: Using Collaboration to Increase Innovation in Global Software Development Projects"
} | {
"abstract": "As a globally operating company with about 30,000 software engineers worldwide, Siemens has accumulated a wide variety of experiences in global development. Many individuals and organizations have adjusted their practices to deal with the challenges related to the geographic distribution of the development effort. From a corporate perspective, Siemens has accumulated a rich base of knowledge about global development and how to approach it successfully. The Siemens software initiative - a company-wide improvement program for software development at Siemens - has worked on collecting this widely-distributed knowledge and synthesizing it in a form accessible to the wider software development community. In this paper, the approach as well as key learnings in people and communication-related aspects of collaboration are summarized.",
"corpus_id": 5767749,
"title": "Collaboration in Global Software Projects at Siemens: An Experience Report"
} | {
"abstract": "Kim, Jong-mi. 2005. Stress assignment rules in Korean English. Studies in Phonetics, Phonology and Morphology 11.2. 247-258. Although literature on second language pronunciation has thus far focused only on the difficulties of acquiring the target sound by adult learners, we argue that some target phonology rules are apparently as easy to acquire as instantaneous. We compared the F0 slope of stress assignment rules in English as spoken by 25 native speakers and by 46 Korean learners. The learners had an average of 10-minute instruction with less than a week of practice period. The stimulus words, sentences, and paragraph contrast the compound stress rule and nuclear stress rule in compound nouns and noun phrases such as the 'White House' and 'a white house.' We measured the F0 values of the speech data and normalized them by the average pitch of individual speakers. The result indicates that both the native speakers and the learners had an F0 drop (p < .01) for the compound nouns but an F0 rise (p < .01) for noun phrases. We also observed that the learners showed a more characteristic (p < .05) F0 slope than the native speakers did. We thus conclude that Korean learners easily learn stress assignment in English, which is realized as pitch. (Kangwon National University)",
"corpus_id": 55167375,
"score": 0,
"title": "Stress assignment rules in Korean English"
} |
{
"abstract": "Modeling fluid cycloalkanes with molecular dynamics simulations has proven to be a very challenging task partly because of lacking a reliable force field based on quantum chemistry calculations. In this paper, we construct an ab initio force field for fluid cyclopropane using the second-order Møller-Plesset perturbation theory. We consider 15 conformers of the cyclopropane dimer for the orientation sampling. Single-point energies at important geometries are calibrated by the coupled cluster with single, double, and perturbative triple excitation method. Dunning's correlation consistent basis sets (up to aug-cc-pVTZ) are used in extrapolating the interaction energies at the complete basis set limit. The force field parameters in a 9-site Lennard-Jones model are regressed by the calculated interaction energies without using empirical data. With this ab initio force field, we perform molecular dynamics simulations of fluid cyclopropane and calculate both the structural and dynamical properties. We compare the simulation results with those using an empirical force field and obtain a quantitative agreement for the detailed atom-wise radial distribution functions. The experimentally observed gross radial distribution function (extracted from the neutron scattering measurements) is well reproduced in our simulation. Moreover, the calculated self-diffusion coefficients and shear viscosities are in good agreement with the experimental data over a wide range of thermodynamic conditions. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first ab initio force field which is capable of competing with empirical force fields for simulating fluid cyclopropane.",
"corpus_id": 1887079,
"title": "Molecular dynamics simulations of fluid cyclopropane with MP2/CBS-fitted intermolecular interaction potentials."
} | {
"abstract": "Self-adapting fixed endpoint configurational-bias Monte Carlo simulations in the Gibbs ensemble were carried out to determine the vapour–liquid coexistence curves of cyclic alkanes from c-pentane to c-octadecane. In general, the critical temperatures and densities of the cyclic alkanes are substantially higher than those of their linear counterparts. Furthermore, the simulation data point to a maximum in the critical density for cyclic alkanes with about eight carbon atoms as also observed for the linear alkanes.",
"corpus_id": 15820527,
"title": "Simulating the vapour–liquid equilibria of large cyclic alkanes"
} | {
"abstract": "Triphenylamine was used as a donor and electron-withdrawing groups in different positions as terminal acceptor groups in order to design a series of push–pull chromophores (D1-5). The dyes were characterized via UV–vis spectroscopy and electric, absorption, and thermal studies. Based on the theoretical results, the electrochemical and optical investigations of D1-5 displayed reduced bandgap HOMO–LUMO energies. In addition, these compounds exhibited an electrical character, making them promising donor dyes for solar cell usage. The B3LYP/6-31G (d, p) basis set using the density functional theory (DFT) was applied in this study. The second-order NLO response was also investigated for D1-5 chromophores. D1-5 compounds have higher second-order nonlinear characteristics and a smaller HOMO–LUMO gap than electron-accepting groups ranging from ultraviolet to near-infrared. The thermodynamic properties were also calculated as a function of temperature in the 298.15 K range, including heat capacity, entropy, enthalpy, free energy, and zero-point energy.",
"corpus_id": 252696687,
"score": 1,
"title": "Structural, photophysical and optoelectronic activity of triphenylamine-based push–pull chromophores: a theoretical study"
} |
{
"abstract": "A soybean extract or an ethanolic solution of cysteine and ferric chloride catalyzed the conversion of 13-L-hydroperoxy-cis-9,trans-11-octadecadienoic acid to numerous products among which wastrans-12,13-epoxy-9-hydroperoxy-trans-10-octadecenoic acid. When this fatty acid was treated further with the cysteine-ferric chloride solution, 9-hydroxy-12,13-epoxy-10-octadecenoic and 9-oxo-12,13-epoxy-10-octadecenoic acids were formed. Thus,trans-12,13-epoxy-9-hydroperoxy-trans-10-octadecenoic acid probably is an intermediate in the formation of the latter two compounds. Additionally, theerythro andthreo isomers oftrans-12,13-epoxy-11-hydroperoxy-cis-9-octadecenoic acid tenatatively were identified as products.",
"corpus_id": 2959711,
"title": "Formation oftrans-12,13-epoxy-9-hydroperoxy-trans-10-octadecenoic acid from 13-L-hydroperoxy-cis-9,trans-11-octadecadienoic acid catalyzed by either a soybean extract or cysteine-FeC13"
} | {
"abstract": "Abstract Interaction of lipoxygenase with hydroperoxylinoleic acid, which is the product of this enzyme reaction and acts as an activator, was studied kinetically by the fluorescence stopped-flow method. The kinetic features are consistent with a two-step mechanism involving a fast bimolecular association process followed by a slow unimolecular process. The dissociation constant of the bimolecular process was 3 (±2) · 10 −5 M, which was appreciably dependent on temperature and pH, in contrast to the rate constant of the latter process. The enthalpy and the entropy of activation for the unimolecular process were estimated to be 21 kcal/mol and 20 e.u., respectively. The pH dependence of the rate constant indicated that an ionizable group with p K of about 8.6 is involved in the interaction. Linoleic acid, the substrate of lipoxygenase, and oleic acid inhibited the interaction between the lipoxygenase and the hydroperoxylinoleic acid by reducing the rate. A series of saturated monohydric alcohols also reduced the rate of the interaction as the chain length of the alcohols increases, though methanol and ethanol increased the rate of the interaction.",
"corpus_id": 84931154,
"title": "Kinetic study of lipoxygenase-hydroperoxylinoleic acid interaction."
} | {
"abstract": "This study focuses on the proposal and validation of a combined photocatalytic (PC) system and a three-parameterized procedure for the determination of chemical oxygen demand (COD; PcCOD(combined)), with a highly oxidative reagent utilized as a photoelectron scavenger and signal indicator. The PcCOD(combined) was the functional combination of photon-efficient thin-layer photocatalytic oxidation, conventional bulk-phase photocatalytic oxidation and photocarrier-efficient high-activity photocatalytic reduction in one single photodigestion system, and consequently, this system possessed high photon-utilization efficiency, automatic stirring function and satisfactory determination characteristics. In comparison with the conventional one-parameterized procedure, the three-parameterized procedure introduces the blank and total photocatalytic reduction responses as two of the three significant analytical parameters. Under the optimized pH value of 3.0-4.5 and a rotating rate of 40 rpm, the representative KMnO(4) species was used for the PcCOD(combined) system as the combined high-activity oxidant, and a narrow and reliable analytical linear range of 0-260 mg L(-1) was achieved during the 10 min duration of the determinations. No observable interference of Cl(-) was found at concentration of the ion up to 2000 mg L(-1). A real sample analysis indicated that the measured values for the PcCOD(combined) were all within a relative deviation below 5% of COD(Cr) of the standard method, which further validates the practical feasibility of the proposed PcCOD(combined) system.",
"corpus_id": 43575454,
"score": 1,
"title": "A combined photocatalytic determination system for chemical oxygen demand with a highly oxidative reagent."
} |
{
"abstract": "To examine whether chronic increase in the local concentration of certain neurotransmitters in the hypothalamus might lead to some metabolic disorders in peripheral organs, several neurotransmitters and neuropeptides were infused continuously at a rate of 0.48 microliter/h for up to 20 weeks into the unilateral ventromedial (VMH), lateral or paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus of rats. A massive obesity with marked increase in body weight was observed after about 10 weeks when norepinephrine (NE) was infused chronically into the VMH, but not into other hypothalamic loci. Plasma insulin level went up markedly at the early stage of NE infusion and remained high during the infusion period, but plasma glucose did not change appreciably. Similar, but less pronounced effects were observed with epinephrine infusion into the VMH. However, other neurotransmitters and neuropeptides tested had no such effects. The NE-induced obese rats showed hyperphagia and an arrhythmic feeding pattern with increased daytime feeding. Chemical composition and the rate of fatty acid synthesis in the interscapular brown adipose tissue (BAT) were also altered after NE infusion into the VMH: although the triglyceride content was increased, the rate of fatty acid synthesis was decreased, indicating that triglyceride turnover in BAT was greatly reduced. The latter observation suggests that energy dissipation in BAT is impaired and this functional abnormality in BAT may also contribute to the development or maintenance of a new type of hypothalamic obesity induced by NE infusion.",
"corpus_id": 1048914,
"title": "Chronic infusion of norepinephrine into the ventromedial hypothalamus induces obesity in rats"
} | {
"abstract": "We examined the effects of dietary fats consisting of differ ent fatty acids on a2-adrenergic receptor binding in the hypothalamus and cerebral cortex. Sprague-Dawley male rats were meal-fed isoenergetic diets based on safflower oil or beef tallow for 8 weeks. a2-Adrenergic receptor bindings were determined with [3H] para-aminoclonidine. Bind ing affinities of a2-adrenergic receptor in the hypothalamus and cortex were significantly higher in the beef tallow diet group. The values of the polyunsaturated/saturated fatty acid ratio and the fluidity of the plasma membrane in the hypothalamus and cortex were lower in the beef tallow diet group than in the safflower oil diet group. These results suggest that the beef tallow diet decreases membrane fluidity by altering the fatty acid composition in rat brain regions. Consequently, a2-adrenergic receptor binding affinities in the brain regions are higher in rats fed the beef tallow diet than in rats fed the safflower oil diet.",
"corpus_id": 249377311,
"title": "Effect of Beef Tallow Diet on a2-Adrenergic Receptor Binding in Rat Brain Regions"
} | {
"abstract": "New palaeomagnetic data clarify the manner of break-up of Gondwanaland and show that India was adjacent to Africa and Antarctica, but not Australia, during the Phanerozoic. This does not conflict with possible contiguity of parts of India and Australia before Gondwanaland came into existence. Relative movement of the pole and a Gondwanaland which is known to have existed at least from the Cambrian to the time of break-up in the late Mesozoic implies non-synchroneity of glaciations geographically distant from one another, the products of which have also been scattered by drift. Precambrian tillites are unlikely to be synchronous; glaciations merely follow the poles. A difference is established between the Indian peninsula. the Indian shield and Gondwanic India. The development of India has been in five stages; before Gondwanaland existed, during its life-span, during association with Madagascar while separate from Africa, during movement as Gondwanic India, and since collision and fusion with Asia.",
"corpus_id": 132620336,
"score": 0,
"title": "Gondwanaland and the Growth of India"
} |
{
"abstract": "Spontaneous coronary artery dissection is a rare cause of acute myocardial infarction that occurs particularly in women during the pregnancy and in the postpartum period. We describe a dramatic case of pregnancy-related spontaneous left main coronary artery dissection that resulted in acute myocardial infarction with severe left ventricular dysfunction and was complicated by acute heart failure and cardiogenic shock. Urgent revascularization and restoration of myocardial perfusion that were performed in this case resulted in marked left ventricular function recovery and clinical improvement.",
"corpus_id": 2090975,
"title": "Pregnancy-associated spontaneous coronary artery dissection."
} | {
"abstract": "Spontaneous coronary artery dissection not associated with underlying coronary artery disease is rare. When the dissection does occur, it most often is manifested as an acute ST-elevation myocardial infarction in young women. Although the condition can occur in men, most often it involves women who are in their third trimester of pregnancy or the early postpartum period or are engaging in vigorous exercise. Because little is known about spontaneous coronary artery dissection in this population of women, recommendations for treatment are the same as for treatment of acute myocardial infarction associated with atherosclerotic coronary disease.",
"corpus_id": 5463850,
"title": "Spontaneous coronary artery dissection: a rare threat to young women."
} | {
"abstract": "The paper presents a way to control the actuation lines of a morphing wing using an intelligent controller based on fuzzy logic techniques. The strong non-linear character of the used actuators, made from some smart materials, and the numerical simulations achieved in the design phase provides for the controller a fuzzy logic Proportional-Integral-Derivative architecture seconded by a conventional On-Off controller. The input-output mapping of the fuzzy model is designed, taking account of the system’s error and its change in error. The shapes chosen for the inputs’ membership functions are triangular, while the product fuzzy inference and the center average defuzzifier are applied (Sugeno). After the controller tuning, three validation steps are done: a numerical one, followed by other two experimentally. For the experimental validation, bench tests and wind tunnel tests are performed. The bench test experimental validation is made in laboratory conditions, in the absence of aerodynamic forces, for different actuation commands. In the wind tunnel tests, are also experimentally validated the optimized airfoils with the theoretically-determined airfoils obtained earlier. Both the transition point real time position detection and visualization are realized in wind tunnel tests.",
"corpus_id": 109189461,
"score": 0,
"title": "An Intelligent Controller based Fuzzy Logic Techniques for a Morphing Wing Actuation System using Shape Memory Alloy"
} |
{
"abstract": "This article reviews the current status of various methodologies used in obesity and nutrition research in children, with particular emphasis on identifying priorities for research needs. The focus of the article is 1) to review methodologic aspects involved with measurement of body composition, body-fat distribution, energy expenditure and substrate use, physical activity, and food intake in children; and 2) to present an inventory of research priorities.",
"corpus_id": 490020,
"title": "Measurement issues related to studies of childhood obesity: assessment of body composition, body fat distribution, physical activity, and food intake."
} | {
"abstract": "We determined the reproducibility of measuring resting energy expenditure (REE) and the effect on REE of spending the night before testing at home compared with in a clinical research center. We studied 19 prepubertal girls aged 6.0-10.1 y with a mean weight-for-height of 108% of ideal. REE was measured for 30 min with a metabolic monitor after 12 h of fasting on three consecutive mornings during two different hospitalizations 6 wk apart. The initial REE measurement of each hospitalization was obtained on admission and the second and third measurements were performed during the 3-d hospitalization. Energy intake was ad libitum and was recorded while the children were in the research center. Body composition was determined twice with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. No significant effect on REE of day within visit was found across visits. There was no significant difference between the initial REE measurement and the second and third measurements. The mean REEs for the two hospitalizations were highly correlated. The mean CV in intraindividual REE (ie, all six measurements) was 5.8% and was unchanged when adjusted for fat-free body mass (FFM) or body weight. The mean CV in interindividual REE decreased when adjusted for FFM or body weight. Because REE was highly reproducible, a single measurement can suffice for energy expenditure studies in girls aged 6-10 y. Admission to a clinical research setting is not necessary for a reliable determination of REE.",
"corpus_id": 4453277,
"title": "Reproducibility of measurement of resting energy expenditure in prepubertal girls."
} | {
"abstract": "The purpose of this study was twofold: (1) to develop multiple regression equations for predicting computed tomography (CT) derived intra-abdominal (IAF), subcutaneous (SCF), and total (TOTF= IAF+SCF) abdominal adipose tissue areas from anthropometric measures in adult white males with a large range of age (18-71 years) and percent body fat (2.0-40.6); and (2) to validate the new and existing equations that used similar Hounsfield Units (HU) for determining IAF for estimating these fat depots. One hundred fifty-one white male subjects had IAF, SCF, and TOTF determined by a single CT scan, skinfold and circumference measures taken and body density determined. Linear intra-correlations and factor analysis procedures were used to identify variables for inclusion in stepwise multiple regression solutions. IAF was estimated from age, waist circumference, the sum of mid-thigh and lower thigh circumferences, and vertical abdominal skinfold. SCF was estimated from age, umbilicus circumference, chest and suprailiac skinfolds. TOTF was estimated from age, body mass index (BMI), chest skinfold, and umbilicus circumference. R2 for IAF, SCF, and TOTF was .73, .77, and .86 respectively. The existing and the new equations were validated on an independent sub-sample of 51 subjects. The only existing equation that met validation criteria had a validation R2 = .67 for IAF. All three new equations met validation criteria with R2 validations of .75, .79, and .85 for IAF, SCF, and TOTF respectively. It is concluded that the new equations might be used as an inexpensive estimation of IAF, SCF, and TOTF in adult white males varying greatly in age and percent body fat.",
"corpus_id": 23934608,
"score": 2,
"title": "Development and validation of computed tomography derived anthropometric regression equations for estimating abdominal adipose tissue distribution."
} |
{
"abstract": "People have difficulty understanding ultrasonic sensing because they cannot see sound. The purpose of simulation is to overcome this problem by visualizing the scattering of ultrasonic waves off objects. The lattice gas model calculates wave behavior with finite difference equations to produce data suitable for grayscale visualization. This visualization is useful when designing ultrasonic sensing systems for navigating mobile robots. Situations that result in the sensor failing to detect an object can be studied with the simulator.",
"corpus_id": 460117,
"title": "Simulating ultrasonic sensing with the lattice gas model"
} | {
"abstract": "A computer model is described that combines concepts from the fields of acoustics, linear system theory, and digital signal processing to simulate an acoustic sensor navigation system using time-of-flight ranging. By separating the transmitter/receiver into separate components and assuming mirror-like reflectors, closed-form solutions for the reflections from corners, edges, and walls are determined as a function of transducer size, location, and orientation. A floor plan consisting of corners, walls, and edges is efficiently encoded to indicate which of these elements contribute to a particular pulse-echo response. Sonar maps produced by transducers having different resonant frequencies and transmitted pulse waveforms can then be simulated efficiently. Examples of simulated sonar maps of two floor plans illustrate the performance of the model. Actual sonar maps are presented to verify the simulation results.",
"corpus_id": 15017160,
"title": "Physically Based Simulation Model for Acoustic Sensor Robot Navigation"
} | {
"abstract": "Abstract The selection of appropriate processing parameters is crucial for producing parts with target properties via the laser powder bed fusion (L-PBF) process. In this work, the fatigue properties of L-PBF stainless steel 316L under controlled changes in laser power and scan speed were studied by employing the statistical response surface method. Processing regions corresponding to different fatigue failure mechanisms were identified. The optimum fatigue properties are associated with crack initiation from microstructure defect, which, by acting as the weakest link, creates enhanced porosity-tolerance at applied stress approaching the fatigue limit. Deviations from the optimum processing condition lead to strength degradation and porosity-driven cracking. Based on the observed relations between microstructural features and failure behaviour, a processing-independent fatigue prediction model was proposed. The microstructure-driven failure was modelled by a reference S-N curve where the intrinsic effect of microstructure inhomogeneity was accounted for by applying a reduction factor on fatigue life. For the porosity-driven failure, high cycle fatigue life follows an inverse-square-root relation with porosity fraction. This relation was incorporated into the Basquin equation for predicting the fatigue strength parameters.",
"corpus_id": 139233304,
"score": 1,
"title": "Predictive models for fatigue property of laser powder bed fusion stainless steel 316L"
} |
{
"abstract": "Abstract: Classically, the North Sea Chalk is interpreted as having been deposited under quiet, homogeneous pelagic conditions with local redeposition in slumps and slides. Recent observations of highly discontinuous reflection patterns on 2D and 3D seismic reflection data from the NW European Chalk Group have led to a revision of some general ideas of chalk deposition, with the suggestion that long-lived, contour-parallel bottom currents exerted a primary influence on the development of intra-chalk channels, drifts and mounds. This study proposes an alternative explanation for the formation of selected intra-chalk seismic and stratal discontinuities, interpreting these as being caused by gravity-driven processes that developed in response to intense syndepositional tectonics. Submarine mass-transport systems identified in the study area include large-scale slumps, slides, debris flows and turbidites. The last occur in sinuous channel systems flanked by large master levees, with the channel fill exhibiting well-developed secondary banks and overbanks on the outer bends of the channel thalweg. This first documentation of channelized density-flow deposits in the North Sea Chalk has important consequences for the interpretation and prediction of redeposited chalk units, emphasizing at the same time the strength of detailed 3D seismic discontinuity detection for subsurface sedimentary-systems analysis.",
"corpus_id": 3735305,
"title": "3D seismic geomorphology and sedimentology of the Chalk Group, southern Danish North Sea"
} | {
"abstract": "Weathered-crust karst carbonate is developed in the third submember of the fourth member of the Middle Triassic Leikoupo Formation (Lei43 submember) in the Longgang area of Sichuan Basin, China, and acts as an important oil and gas reservoir. To reconstruct the paleogeomorphology of the weathered-crust karst, we analyzed the seismic thickness of the interval from the erosional unconformity surface on the top of the Leikoupo Formation to the karst at the bottom of the third member of the Xujiahe Formation (Xu3 member), based on existing three-dimensional seismic and drilling data, and the sedimentary characteristics of the Leikoupo and Xujiahe formations. There are three secondary types of geomorphological unit, namely the karst highlands, the karst transitional zone, and the karst basin, and these have distinct karst water development patterns and hydrological conditions that determine the intensity of karstification and reservoir quality. Among them, the karst highlands have a poor reservoir capacity due to their long-term exposure above the water table, which resulted in severe denudation. The karst transitional zone features the superimposition of multiple periods of strong karstification, and this has resulted in high-quality reservoir conditions in the karst monadnocks but poor reservoir conditions in the karren. The karst basin represents a drainage area that experienced weak karstification, and the reservoir capacity is generally poor, although some good reservoirs were developed in shoals. Paleogeomorphological maps provide excellent guides to finding karst monadnocks in karst transitional zones, and monadnocks should serve as the main targets of exploration in the weathered-crust karst reservoir on top of the Lei43 submember.",
"corpus_id": 134210159,
"title": "Paleogeomorphological reconstruction and geological implications of the weathered-crust karst on the top of the Middle Triassic Leikoupo Formation in the Longgang area, Sichuan Basin, China"
} | {
"abstract": "Introduction: architectural element analysis of turbidite systems, K.T. Pickering et al. Part 1 Slope aprons, slide deposits. Part 2 Modern channel-levee systems. Part 3 Ancient canyon and channel fills. Part 4 Mesotopography and geometry of sand lobes and packets. Part 5 Distal Lobes and basin floor plains and megaturbidites.",
"corpus_id": 127980639,
"score": 2,
"title": "Atlas of deep water environments : architectural style in turbidite systems"
} |
{
"abstract": "It is well known that the spectral radius of a tree whose maximum degree is @D cannot exceed [email protected] In this paper we derive similar bounds for arbitrary planar graphs and for graphs of bounded genus. Using the decomposition result of Goncalves (2009) [9], we prove that the spectral radius @r(G) of a planar graph G of maximum vertex degree @D>=2 satisfies @r(G)=<[email protected]+3.47. This result is best possible up to the additive constant-we construct an (infinite) planar graph of maximum degree @D, whose spectral radius is [email protected] This generalizes and improves several previous results and solves an open problem proposed by Tom Hayes. Similar bounds are derived for graphs of bounded genus. For every k, these bounds can be improved by excluding K\"2\",\"k as a subgraph. In particular, the upper bound is strengthened for 5-connected graphs. All our results hold for finite as well as for infinite graphs. At the end we enhance the graph decomposition method introduced in the first part of the paper and apply it to tessellations of the hyperbolic plane. We derive bounds on the spectral radius that are close to the true value, and even in the simplest case of regular tessellations of type {p,q} we derive an essential improvement over known results, obtaining exact estimates in the first-order term and non-trivial estimates for the second-order asymptotics.",
"corpus_id": 2567142,
"title": "Spectral radius of finite and infinite planar graphs and of graphs of bounded genus"
} | {
"abstract": "This paper provides new upper bounds on the spectral radius ? (largest eigenvalue of the adjacency matrix) of graphs embeddable on a given compact surface. Our method is to bound the maximum rowsum in a polynomial of the adjacency matrix, using simple consequences of Euler's formula. Let ? denote the Euler genus (the number of crosscaps plus twice the number of handles) of a fixed surface ?. Then (i) for n?3, every n-vertex graph embeddable on ? has ??2+2n+8??6, and (ii) a 4-connected graph with a spherical or 4-representative embedding on ? has ??1+2n+2??3. Result (i) is not sharp, as Guiduli and Hayes have recently proved that the maximum value of ? is 3/2+2n+o(1) as n?∞ for graphs embeddable on a fixed surface. However, (i) is the only known bound that is computable, valid for all n?3, and asymptotic to 2n like the actual maximum value of ?. Result (ii) is sharp for the sphere or plane (?=0), with equality holding if and only if the graph is a “double wheel” 2K1+Cn?2 (+denotes join). For other surfaces we show that (ii) is within O(1/n1/2) of sharpness. We also show that a recent bound on ? by Hong can be deduced by our method.",
"corpus_id": 6933934,
"title": "The Spectral Radius of Graphs on Surfaces"
} | {
"abstract": "In this paper, a novel model free adaptive robust control (MFARC) algorithm is proposed to adaptive and robust control for a class of complex and uncertain nonlinear systems, which are considered to have random noise and disturbances in the input and output data. It is shown that general inner model control (GIMC) structure can be used to overcome the trade-off that performance and robustness of controller are both taking into account. Meanwhile, model free adaptive control is employed to guarantee the performance of nominal controller with disturbance or uncertainty, where the detailed analytical models are difficult to obtain. The unique feature of this paper is that we explicitly combine data driven control technique and GIMC structure to design controller directly to omit the drawback of model linearization with dynamical uncertainties and disturbances. Simulation results show the effectiveness and applicability of the proposed control law.",
"corpus_id": 83210,
"score": 1,
"title": "Model free adaptive robust control based on GIMC structure for nonlinear discrete-time system"
} |
{
"abstract": "Abstract Mango cultivar and ripeness stage at the time of cutting are important factors that consequently affect the quality of the fresh-cut mango product. In this study, physico-chemical and sensory qualities were measured instrumentally, with sensory descriptive analysis, and by consumer acceptance tests. All tests were performed on fresh-cut ‘Kent’ and ‘Tommy Atkins’ mangos from different initial ripeness stages (45 N, 35 N, and 25 N). Instrumental quality parameters (color, firmness, soluble solids, titratable acidity) and sensory descriptive analysis were assessed periodically during 9 days of storage at 5 °C. During storage, the sensory profile of fresh-cut ‘Kent’ mango was predominant in fruity aroma, overall aroma intensity and orange flesh color, whereas fresh-cut ‘Tommy Atkins’ had less aroma and orange flesh color, but had greater edge sharpness, edge fibrousness, moist and glossy appearance and fibrous texture. Fresh-cut mango consumers found the ‘Kent’ cultivar more desirable than ‘Tommy Atkins’. The initial ripeness stage of 35 N for ‘Kent’ mango and 25 N for ‘Tommy Atkins’ mango were optimal ripeness stages for fresh-cut mango in terms of handling, visual quality, and quality maintenance during storage, and were also well received by consumers. The a*/b* value and instrumental firmness of ‘Kent’ mango were correlated well with edge sharpness, sensory hue, and tartness. In addition, the L* value and instrumental firmness of fresh-cut ‘Tommy Atkins’ mango were demonstrated to be useful predictors for the texture attributes, including melting, slipperiness, chewiness and firmness. Interestingly, SSC and SSC/TA were not good predictors of sensory sweetness.",
"corpus_id": 4649211,
"title": "Influence of cultivar and ripeness stage at the time of fresh-cut processing on instrumental and sensory qualities of fresh-cut mangos"
} | {
"abstract": "A study was performed to assess volatile and quality changes in stored fresh-cut mangos prepared from ‘‘firm-ripe’’ (FR) and ‘‘soft-ripe’’ (SR) fruit, and to assess what effect passive modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) may hav eo n cut fruit physiology, overall quality and volatile retention or loss. Florida-grown ‘Keitt’ and ‘Palmer’ mangos were used, without heat-treatment. Subjective appraisals of fresh-cut mangos based on aroma and cut edge or tissue damage indicated that most SR cubes were unmarketable by day 7 at 4 8C. Both varieties stored in MAP at 4 8C had almost identical O2 consumption, which was independent of ripeness. Percent CO2 and O2 data for cubes stored in passive MAP indicates that the system was inadequate to prevent potential anaerobic respiration after 7 days storage. A significant three-way interaction (container/ripeness/day) was observed for L* (lightness) between stored cubes prepared from FR versus SR fruit of both varieties. There was a linear L* decrease for SR ‘Keitt’ cubes stored in clamshell containers. d-3-Carene was the dominant terpene in both varieties in all treatments throughout most of the study, and FR cubes had statistically higher levels of seven terpenes compared with the respective SR treatments. Most terpenes in FR and SR cubes stored in both package types displayed a transient increase, occurring on day 4 or 7, followed by a decline. Published by Elsevier B.V.",
"corpus_id": 40867364,
"title": "Volatile and quality changes in fresh-cut mangos prepared from firm-ripe and soft-ripe fruit, stored in clamshell containers and passive MAP"
} | {
"abstract": "Nitration of thiacalix[4]arene, immobilized in the 1,3-alternate conformation, leads regioselectively to meta-substituted products. Depending on the reaction conditions, mono- and dinitro-derivatives can be isolated in acceptable yields. This unique substitution pattern is inaccessible in classical calixarene chemistry, and yields inherently chiral compounds, which makes thiacalixarenes very attractive as building blocks or molecular scaffolds.",
"corpus_id": 28257956,
"score": 0,
"title": "Meta nitration of thiacalixarenes."
} |
{
"abstract": "Knowledge graphs have been used to support a wide range of applications and enhance search results for multiple major search engines, such as Google and Bing. At Amazon we are building a Product Graph, an authoritative knowledge graph for all products in the world. The thousands of product verticals we need to model, the vast number of data sources we need to extract knowledge from, the huge volume of new products we need to handle every day, and the various applications in Search, Discovery, Personalization, Voice, that we wish to support, all present big challenges in constructing such a graph. In this talk we describe four scientific directions we are investigating in building and using such a knowledge graph. First, we have been developing advanced extraction technologies to harvest product knowledge from semi-structured sources on the web and from text product profiles. Our annotation-based extraction tool selects a few webpages (typically below 10 pages) from a website for annotations, and can derive XPaths to extract from the whole website with average precision and recall of 97% [1]. Our distantly supervised extraction tool, CERES, uses an existing knowledge graph to automatically generate (noisy) training labels, and can obtain a precision over 90% when extracting from long-tail websites in various languages [1]. Our OpenTag technique extends state-of-the-art techniques such as Recursive Neural Network (RNN) and Conditional Random Field with attention and active learning, to achieve over 90% precision and recall in extracting attribute values (including values unseen in training data) from product titles, descriptions, and bullets [3].",
"corpus_id": 46930689,
"title": "Challenges and Innovations in Building a Product Knowledge Graph"
} | {
"abstract": "Collaborative knowledge bases that make their data freely available in a machine-readable form are central for the data strategy of many projects and organizations. The two major collaborative knowledge bases are Wikimedia's Wikidata and Google's Freebase. Due to the success of Wikidata, Google decided in 2014 to offer the content of Freebase to the Wikidata community. In this paper, we report on the ongoing transfer efforts and data mapping challenges, and provide an analysis of the effort so far. We describe the Primary Sources Tool, which aims to facilitate this and future data migrations. Throughout the migration, we have gained deep insights into both Wikidata and Freebase, and share and discuss detailed statistics on both knowledge bases.",
"corpus_id": 8296207,
"title": "From Freebase to Wikidata: The Great Migration"
} | {
"abstract": "Machine translation can be considered a highly interdisciplinary and multidisciplinary field because it is approached from the point of view of human translators, engineers, computer scientists, mathematicians, and linguists. One of the most popular approaches is the Statistical Machine Translation ( smt ) approach, which tries to cover translation in a holistic manner by learning from parallel corpus aligned at the sentence level. However, with this basic approach, there are some issues at each written linguistic level (i.e., orthographic, morphological, lexical, syntactic and semantic) that remain unsolved. Research in smt has continuously been focused on solving the different linguistic levels challenges. This article represents a survey of how the smt has been enhanced to perform translation correctly at all linguistic levels.",
"corpus_id": 9889011,
"score": -1,
"title": "Statistical machine translation enhancements through linguistic levels: A survey"
} |
{
"abstract": "The unexpected high species richness of deep-sea sediments gives rise to the questions, which processes produce and maintain diversity in the deep sea, and at what spatial scales do these processes operate? The idea of a small-scale habitat structure at the deep-sea floor provides the background for this study. At small scales biogenic structures create a heterogeneous environment that influences the structure of the surrounding communities and the dynamics of the meiobenthic populations. As an example for biogenic structures, small deep-sea sponges (Tentorium semisuberites Schmidt 1870) and their sedimentary environment were investigated for small-scale distribution patterns of benthic deep-sea nematodes. Sampling was carried out with the remotely operated vehicle Victor 6000 at the Arctic deep-sea observatory HAUSGARTEN. In order to investigate nematode community patterns sediment cores around three small sponges and corresponding control cores were analysed. A total of approx. 5800 nematodes were identified. The comparison of the nematode communities from sponge and control samples indicated an influence of the biogenic structure “sponge” on diversity patterns and habitat heterogeneity. The increased number of nematode species and functional groups found in the sediments around the sponges suggest that on a small scale the sponge acts as a gradient and creates a more divers habitat structure. The nematode community from the sponge sediments shows a greater taxonomic variance and species richness together with lower relative abundances of the species compared to those from control sediments. Obviously, the more homogeneous habitat conditions of the control sediments offer less micro-habitats than the sediments around the sponges. This seems to reduce the number of functional groups and species coexisting in the control sediments.",
"corpus_id": 3873647,
"title": "Small-Scale Heterogeneity in Deep-Sea Nematode Communities around Biogenic Structures"
} | {
"abstract": "Termites are frequently dominant invertebrate decomposers and bioturbators in lowland tropical forests and therefore strongly influence ecosystem processes favouring soil stability, porosity and nutrient retention. In this study, we provide the first spatially replicated dataset on termite assemblage composition, abundance and biomass in a Peruvian rainforest by sampling six separate plots. In addition, two alternative sampling methods (transect method-TM and quadrat method-QM), providing termite species density data, were compared among the plots. The relationships between a range of environmental and spatial variables and species composition were examined using canonical correspondence analysis variation partitioning. We found that the TM captured a higher proportion of the known species in the site (82 %) compared with the QM (66 %). In addition, 56 % of the species sampled by TM were common between the plots while only 18 % of species overlapped using the QM. The QM may therefore potentially have undersampled the species pool. Environmental variables were shown to explain a larger proportion of the species patterns than the spatial variables with elevation, soil temperature and distance to the river being the most important. We discuss the impacts of the environmental and spatial variables on termite species composition.",
"corpus_id": 17736065,
"title": "Describing termite assemblage structure in a Peruvian lowland tropical rain forest: a comparison of two alternative methods"
} | {
"abstract": "To increase our understanding of the mode of action of auxin, we analyzed auxin-induced changes in the Arabidopsis transcriptome with microarrays representing 20,426 Arabidopsis genes. Treatment of etiolated seedlings with low concentrations of the auxin, indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), decreased the expression levels of 23 genes, whereas it increased the expression levels of 47 genes within 20 min. After 40 min, the directional trend in genomic change was predominantly an increase in gene expression. Among the most rapidly induced changes are those in genes encoding transcription factors. Promoter regions of transiently induced genes contained DNA motifs that bind auxin response (ARFAT) and silence element binding factors whereas genes induced by IAA during the entire experimental period contained MYC and ARFAT DNA motifs at higher frequencies. Six structurally diverse auxins were analyzed to determine genes that are unique to a specific auxin, as well as a common set of genes that are rapidly regulated by all tested auxins, thus enabling the identification of shared DNA motifs. In addition to ARFAT, analysis of promoter regions of genes induced by all six auxins revealed the presence of an abscisic-acid-responsive DC3 promoter-binding factor and low temperature responsive elements suggesting a possible role for abscisic acid in modulating auxin-induced responses.",
"corpus_id": 12691598,
"score": 1,
"title": "The auxin-induced transcriptome for etiolated Arabidopsis seedlings using a structure/function approach"
} |
{
"abstract": "There are a variety of applications where user behavior consists of a combination of both repeat item consumption and new item consumption, such as listening to music artists, visiting Web sites, purchasing groceries, and so on. In this paper we address the problem of building user models that can predict the rate at which individuals consume both old and new items. We use zero-inflated Poisson (ZIP) regression models as the basis for our modeling approach, leading to a general framework for modeling user-item consumption rates over time. We show that these models are more flexible in capturing user behavior than alternatives such as well-known latent factor and embedding models. We compare the performance of ZIP regression and latent factor and embedding models on three different data sets involving music, restaurant reviews, and social media. The ZIP regression models are systematically more accurate across all three data sets across different prediction metrics.",
"corpus_id": 3520528,
"title": "Prediction of Sparse User-Item Consumption Rates with Zero-Inflated Poisson Regression"
} | {
"abstract": null,
"corpus_id": 46949655,
"title": "A Variational Recurrent Neural Network for Session-Based Recommendations using Bayesian Personalized Ranking"
} | {
"abstract": "The service usage analysis, aiming at identifying customers' messaging behaviors based on encrypted App traffic flows, has become a challenging and emergent task for service providers. Prior literature usually starts from segmenting a traffic sequence into single-usage subsequences, and then classify the subsequences into different usage types. However, they could suffer from inaccurate traffic segmentations and mixed-usage subsequences. To address this challenge, we exploit a multi-label multi-view learning strategy and develop an enhanced frame-work for in-App usage analytics. Specifically, we first devise an enhanced traffic segmentation method to reduce mixed-usage sub-sequences. Besides, we develop a multi-label multi-view logistic classification method, which comprises two alignments. The first alignment is to make use of the classification consistency between packet-length view and time-delay view of traffic subsequences and improve classification accuracy. The second alignment is to combine the classification of single-usage subsequence and the post-classification of mixed-usage subsequences into a unified multi-label logistic classification problem. Finally, we present extensive experiments with real-world datasets to demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach.",
"corpus_id": 18724097,
"score": -1,
"title": "Service Usage Analysis in Mobile Messaging Apps: A Multi-label Multi-view Perspective"
} |
{
"abstract": "When different stakeholders share a common resource, such as the case in spectrum sharing, security and enforcement become critical considerations that affect the welfare of all stakeholders. Recent advances in radio spectrum access technologies, such as cognitive radios, have made spectrum sharing a viable option for significantly improving spectrum utilization efficiency. However, those technologies have also contributed to exacerbating the difficult problems of security and enforcement. In this paper, we review some of the critical security and privacy threats that impact spectrum sharing. We propose a taxonomy for classifying the various threats, and describe representative examples for each threat category. We also discuss threat countermeasures and enforcement techniques, which are discussed in the context of two different approaches: ex ante (preventive) and ex post (punitive) enforcement.",
"corpus_id": 8981455,
"title": "Security and Enforcement in Spectrum Sharing"
} | {
"abstract": "Due to the under-utilization problem of the allocated radio spectrum, cognitive radio (CR) communications have recently emerged as a reliable and effective solution. Among various network models, this survey paper focuses on the enabling techniques for interweave CR networks which have received great attention from standards perspective due to its reliability to achieve the required quality-of-service. Spectrum sensing provides the essential information to enable this interweave communications in which primary and secondary users are not allowed to access the medium concurrently. Several researchers have already considered various aspects to realize efficient techniques for spectrum sensing. In this direction, this survey paper provides a detailed review of the state-of-the-art related to the application of spectrum sensing in CR communications. Starting with the basic principles and the main features of interweave communications, this paper provides a classification of the main approaches based on the radio parameters. Subsequently, we review the existing spectrum sensing works applied to different categories such as narrowband sensing, narrowband spectrum monitoring, wideband sensing, cooperative sensing, practical implementation considerations for various techniques, and the recent standards that rely on the interweave network model. Furthermore, we present the latest advances related to the implementation of the legacy spectrum sensing approaches. Finally, we conclude this survey paper with some suggested open research challenges and future directions for the CR networks in next generation Internet-of-Things applications.",
"corpus_id": 8227817,
"title": "Advances on Spectrum Sensing for Cognitive Radio Networks: Theory and Applications"
} | {
"abstract": "Due to constantly increasing demand from commercial communications, defense applications are losing spectrum while still striving to maintain legacy capabilities, not to mention the need for enhanced performance. Consequently, ongoing research is focused on developing multi-function methods to share spectrum between radar and military communication. One approach is to incorporate information-bearing communication symbols into the emitted radar waveforms. However, varying the radar waveform during a coherent processing interval (CPI) causes range sidelobe modulation (RSM) that results in increased residual clutter in the range-Doppler response, thus leading to reduced target visibility. Here a novel approach is proposed to embed information into radar emissions while preserving constant envelope waveforms with good spectral containment. Information sequences are implemented using continuous phase modulation (CPM) and phase-attached to a polyphase-coded frequency-modulated (PCFM) radar waveform, the implementation of which is also derived from CPM. The resulting communication-embedded radar waveforms therefore maintain high power and spectral efficiency. More importantly, the adjustable parameterization of the proposed approach enables direct control of the degree of RSM by trading off bit error rate (BER) and/or data throughput.",
"corpus_id": 38527054,
"score": -1,
"title": "A novel approach for embedding communication symbols into physical radar waveforms"
} |
{
"abstract": "By means of density functional theory and statistical mechanics, we investigate the geometric and electronic structures, thermodynamic stability and infrared (IR) vibrational frequencies of alkaline earth metal endohedral fullerenes, M@C(76) (M = Ca, Sr, and Ba). The results reveal that M@C(1)(17,459)-C(76) possesses the lowest energy followed by M@C(2v)(19,138)-C(76) with a very small energy difference. Both the structures have a pair of adjacent pentagons and are related by a single Stone-Wales transformation. Equilibrium statistical thermodynamic analyses based on Gibbs energy treatments suggest that M@C(1)(17,459)-C(76) has a prominent thermodynamic stability at higher temperatures, in contrast with M@C(2v)(19,138)-C(76) whose thermodynamic stability is affected by the encapsulated metal atom. The encapsulated metallic atoms as well as cage structures significantly influence the electronic properties of endohedral fullerenes such as electron affinities and ionization potentials. On the other hand, the singlet-triplet splitting energy ΔE(S-T) depends on the cage structures. In addition, IR spectra and chemical shifts of these compounds have been computed to assist further experimental characterization.",
"corpus_id": 9343544,
"title": "Probing the role of encapsulated alkaline earth metal atoms in endohedral metallofullerenes M@C76 (M = Ca, Sr, and Ba) by first-principles calculations."
} | {
"abstract": "In terms of density functional theory combined with statistic mechanics computations, we investigated a dimetallic sulfide endohedral fullerene Sc2S@C76 which has been synthesized without any characterization in experiments. Our theoretical study reveals that Sc2S@Td(19151)‐C76 which satisfies the isolated‐pentagon rule (IPR) possesses the lowest energy, followed by three non‐IPR structures (Sc2S@C2v(19138)‐C76, Sc2S@Cs (17490)‐C76, and Sc2S@C1(17459)‐C76). To clarify the relative stabilities of those isomers at high temperatures, enthalpy–entropy interplay has been taken into consideration. Calculation results indicate that three species Sc2S@Td(19151)‐C76, Sc2S@C2v(19138)‐C76, and Sc2S@C1(17459)‐C76 have noticeable molar fractions at the fullerene‐formation temperature region (500–3000K), and the Sc2S@C1(17459)‐C76 with one pentagon pair becomes the most predominant isomer above 1800 K, suggesting that the unexpected non‐IPR structure is thermodynamically favorable at elevated temperatures. In addition, the structural characteristics, electron features, UV‐vis‐NIR adsorptions, and 13C NMR spectra of those three stable structures are introduced to assist experimental identification and characterization in future. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.",
"corpus_id": 1384348,
"title": "Dimetallic sulfide endohedral metallofullerene Sc2S@C76: Density functional theory characterization"
} | {
"abstract": "In the molecule of the title compound, [Cd(C8H4O5)(C10H8N2)]n, the Cd atom is coordinated by two N and four O atoms of 2,2′-bipyridine and hydroxyisophthalate ligands, respectively, in a highly distorted octahedral geometry. 5-Hydroxyisophthalate acts as a tetradentate ligand, with one carboxylate group bidentate to one Cd atom and the other carboxylate group bidentate to two further Cd atoms, resulting in the formation of two-dimensional sheets.",
"corpus_id": 208885212,
"score": 1,
"title": "Poly[[(2,2′‐bipyridine‐κ2N:N′)cadmium(II)]‐μ3‐5‐hydroxyisophthalato‐κ4O,O′:O′′:O′′′]"
} |
{
"abstract": "Abstract Tree saturation in a multistage interconnection network due to hotspot access can result in drastically degraded bandwidth and mean latency. Several solutions for preventing tree saturation or avoiding traffic congestion, enhancing overall network band-width and latency, have been proposed. One class of these solutions may be effective in many situations, but tends to offer disappointing performance when hotspot requests are not combinable, whereas the other class of solutions is generally applicable to all situations, but often gives rise to decreased bandwidth under uniform traffic when no hotspot exists. In this paper, we investigate a new approach that can provide good performance regardless of whether hotspot requests are combinable and, in addition, can improve network bandwidth in the absence of a hotspot. This is made possible by utilizing multiqueues at switch inputs and at network primary inputs to ensure a considerably larger traffic flow toward memory modules under both uniform and nonuniform reference patterns. Simulation studies reveal that if hotspots are present, this approach indeed alleviates the impact of tree saturation on regular requests effectively, exhibiting a performance better than that of most prior solutions. With its general applicability and reasonably low hardware complexity, the proposed approach appears to be readily suitable for practical applications.",
"corpus_id": 2851541,
"title": "Alleviating the Impact of Tree Saturation on Multistage Interconnection Network Performance"
} | {
"abstract": "High-performance message-based supercomputers have only recently emerged from the research laboratory. The commercial manufacturing of such products as the Intel iPSC, the Ametek s/14, the NCUBE/ten, and the FPS T Series - all based on multicomputer network technology - has sparked lively interest in high-performance computation, and particularly in the message-passing paradigm for parallel computation.This book makes readily available information on many aspects of the design and use of multicomputer networks, including machine organization, system software, and application programs. It provides an introduction to the field for students and researchers and a survey of important recent results for practicing engineers. The emphasis throughout is on design principles and techniques; however, there are also descriptions and comparison of research and commercial machines and case studies of specific applications.\"Multicomputer Networks\" covers such major design areas as communication hardware, operating systems, fault tolerance, algorithms, and the selection of network topologies. The authors present results in each of these areas, emphasizing analytic models of interconnection networks, VLSI constraints and communication, communication paradigms and hardware support, multicomputer operating systems, and applications for distributed simulation and for partial differential equations. They survey the hardware designs and the available software and present a comparative performance study of existing machines.",
"corpus_id": 62725060,
"title": "Multicomputer Networks: Message-Based Parallel Processing"
} | {
"abstract": "An emulator is a software or hardware environment that is capable of closely reproducing the functionalities of a real world system. Emulators, especially if implemented in software, are very useful for performing experiments that might compromise the operation of the target system or simply when the real system itself is not available. This is true in particular for computer networks, where configurations of network devices often need to be tested before being deployed. In this paper we present a survey of network emulation systems and we describe in detail Netkit, a lightweight emulator based on User-Mode Linux. Besides being an effective instrument to support teaching of computer networks, Netkit has also proven itself to be helpful in testing the configuration of large scale real world networks. Netkit provides tools for a straightforward setup of complex network scenarios that can be easily distributed and comes with a set of ready to use experiences that permit to immediately experiment with specific case studies. Netkit also fully installs and runs in user space and provides users with a familiar environment consisting of a Debian based Linux box and well known routing software and networking tools.",
"corpus_id": 849278,
"score": 1,
"title": "Emulation of Computer Networks with Netkit"
} |
{
"abstract": "A series of studies has indicated that the frequency of morphological transformation induced by chemical carcinogens in early passage Syrian hamster embryo (SHE) cells is significantly higher when these cells are cultured in medium of reduced bicarbonate concentration and pH (6.70) compared with cells cultured in medium of higher pH. It has also been shown that intercellular gap junctional communication is decreased in these cells when they are cultured at pH 6.70 compared with medium of higher pH. The purpose of the studies reported here was to characterize the effect of changing extracellular pH on intracellular pH in SHE cells. The frequency of morphological transformation induced by benzo(a)pyrene was established at various extracellular pHs and compared with intracellular pH values. Cells cultured in medium of pH ranging from 6.70 to 7.35 were loaded with the pH-sensitive fluorescent dye 2',7'-bis(carboxyethyl)-5,6-carboxyfluorescein, and either the steady-state intracellular pH values or the kinetics of change in intracellular pH following refeeding of the cultures with medium of pH ranging from pH 6.70 to pH 7.35 was monitored via image analysis techniques. Results from these studies indicate that, at culture medium pH above 6.95, SHE cells were relatively insensitive to changes in extracellular pH, maintaining an intracellular pH of 7.30 to 7.35 in medium containing 0% serum or pH 7.05 to 7.10 in medium containing 20% fetal bovine serum. At extracellular pHs below 6.95, intracellular pH decreased and, in the presence of serum, equilibrated with extracellular pH. The decrease in intracellular pH was closely associated with an increase in benzo(a)pyrene-induced morphological transformation frequency observed in parallel studies. These results indicate that SHE cells have active intracellular pH regulatory activities and suggest that intracellular acidification plays a role in the increased frequency of transformation observed in SHE cells cultured under acidic conditions.",
"corpus_id": 2391296,
"title": "Intracellular acidification is associated with enhanced morphological transformation in Syrian hamster embryo cells."
} | {
"abstract": "A solid tumor presents a unique challenge as a system in which the dynamics of the relationship between vascularization, the physiological environment and metabolism are continually changing with growth and following treatment. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) studies have demonstrated quantifiable linkages between the physiological environment, angiogenesis, vascularization and metabolism of tumors. The dynamics between these parameters continually change with tumor aggressiveness, tumor growth and during therapy and each of these can be monitored longitudinally, quantitatively and non-invasively with MRI and MRS. An important aspect of MRI and MRS studies is that techniques and findings are easily translated between systems. Hence, pre-clinical studies using cultured cells or experimental animals have a high connectivity to potential clinical utility. In the following review, leaders in the field of MR studies of basic tumor physiology using pre-clinical models have contributed individual sections according to their expertise and outlook. The following review is a cogent and timely overview of the current capabilities and state-of-the-art of MRI and MRS as applied to experimental cancers. A companion review deals with the application of MR methods to anticancer therapy.",
"corpus_id": 22521831,
"title": "Applications of magnetic resonance in model systems: tumor biology and physiology."
} | {
"abstract": "To assess the effect of lesion motion and respiration rate on Standardised Uptake Value (SUV) and the ability of 4D PET to restore any loss in SUV and distortion of lesion volume on two PET/CT systems. A Perspex phantom with four cylindrical reservoirs filled with 18F-FDG was used in this study. The cylinders measured 5, 10, 15, and 20 mm in diameter. A GE Discovery STE8 (GE Medical Systems Milwaukee, WI) and a Siemens Biograph 64/40 (Siemens Medical Solutions, Erlangen, Germany) scanner was used to acquire a stationary un-gated PET scan of the phantom. Multiple 10 min list mode 4D PET scans were acquired using the Varian RPM on the GE camera and the Anzai Gating system on the Siemens camera. The phantom was scanned at five different respiratory rates and motion amplitudes in a sinusoidal fashion, 15 RPM/1 cm, 15 RPM/2 cm, 15 RPM/4 cm, 30 RPM/2 cm and 7.5 RPM/2 cm (RPM-respirations per minute). Each scan was reconstructed into ten bins and as an un-gated static image. The SUVmax, SUVmean and volume were measured for all four reservoirs using Siemens TrueD analysis software. With increasing lesion movement the SUVmax and SUVmean decreased and the volume increased with the SUVmax in the smallest lesion underestimated by up to a factor of four. The SUVmax, SUVmean and volume were mostly recovered using 4D imaging regardless of amount of lesion displacement. The larger lesions showed better count recovery and volume correction than the smaller lesions. The respiratory rate had no effect of SUV or volume. Un-gated imaging of moving lesions decreases apparent SUV in small lesions significantly and overestimates volumes. 4D PET scanning recovers most of the apparent loss in SUV and distortion of volumes.",
"corpus_id": 10674895,
"score": 0,
"title": "Motion effects on SUV and lesion volume in 3D and 4D PET scanning"
} |
{
"abstract": "The domain of automatic face detection is a challenging problem that has made great progress in the last two decades. Much of this progress is due to the continuous advancements in deep learning and computer vision. Nonetheless, contemporary state-of-the-art face detection models rely on exhaustive search or are unable to deal with changes in the data distribution. In this work, we propose a novel Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL) approach for face detection on data with nonuniform conditions. More specifically, we address illumination and rotation invariance in face detection. Firstly, we train a Stacked Convolutional Autoencoder (SCAE) in a greedy layer-wise unsupervised fashion for illumination invariant feature extraction. We then train a deep Q-network on the illumination invariant features produced by the SCAE model, to learn an action-value policy that allows an agent to place a bounding box around a face. The proposed approach achieves state-of-the-art recognition rates on images with varying degrees of illumination and images that contain faces with some degree of rotation.",
"corpus_id": 203605166,
"title": "Deep Q-Learning for Illumination and Rotation Invariant Face Detection"
} | {
"abstract": "Visual attention is the cognitive process of directing our gaze on one aspect of the visual field while ignoring others. The mainstream approach to modeling focal visual attention involves identifying saliencies in the image and applying a search process to the salient regions. However, such inference schemes commonly fail to accurately capture perceptual attractors, require massive computational effort and, generally speaking, are not biologically plausible. This paper introduces a novel approach to the problem of visual search by framing it as an adaptive learning process. In particular, we devise an approximate optimal control framework, based on reinforcement learning, for actively searching a visual field. We apply the method to the problem of face detection and demonstrate that the technique is both accurate and scalable. Moreover, the foundations proposed here pave the way for extending the approach to other large-scale visual perception problems.",
"corpus_id": 8683208,
"title": "Reinforcement learning based visual attention with application to face detection"
} | {
"abstract": "Numerous crime-related security concerns exist in e-commerce transactions recently. User authentication for mobile payment has numerous approaches including face recognition, iris scan, and fingerprint scan to identify user's true identity by comparing the biometric features of users with patterns in the signature database. Existing studies on the face recognition problem focus mainly on the static analysis to determine the face recognition precision by examining the facial features of images with different facial expressions for users rather than the dynamic aspects where images were are often vague affected by lighting changes with different poses. Because the lighting, facial expressions, and facial details varied in the face recognition process. Consequently, it limits the effectiveness of scheme with which to determine the true identity. Accordingly, this study focused on a face recognition process under the situation of vague facial features using deep reinforcement learning (DRL) approach with convolutional neuron networks (CNNs) thru facial feature extraction, transformation, and comparison to determine the user identity for mobile payment. Specifically, the proposed authentication scheme uses back propagation algorithm to effectively improve the accuracy of face recognition using feed-forward network architecture for CNNs. Overall, the proposed scheme provided a higher precision of face recognition (100% at gamma correction γlocated in [0.5, 1.6]) compared with the average precision for face image (approximately 99.5% at normal lighting γ=1) of the existing CNN schemes with ImageNet 2012 Challenge training data set.",
"corpus_id": 35364621,
"score": -1,
"title": "A Face-Recognition Approach Using Deep Reinforcement Learning Approach for User Authentication"
} |
{
"abstract": "Although proton therapy delivered using scanned pencil beams has the potential to produce better dose conformity than conventional radiotherapy, the created dose distributions are more sensitive to anatomical changes and patient motion. Therefore, the introduction of adaptive treatment techniques where the dose can be monitored as it is being delivered is highly desirable. We present a GPU-based dose calculation engine relying on the widely used pencil beam algorithm, developed for on-line dose calculation. The calculation engine was implemented from scratch, with each step of the algorithm parallelized and adapted to run efficiently on the GPU architecture. To ensure fast calculation, it employs several application-specific modifications and simplifications, and a fast scatter-based implementation of the computationally expensive kernel superposition step. The calculation time for a skull base treatment plan using two beam directions was 0.22 s on an Nvidia Tesla K40 GPU, whereas a test case of a cubic target in water from the literature took 0.14 s to calculate. The accuracy of the patient dose distributions was assessed by calculating the γ-index with respect to a gold standard Monte Carlo simulation. The passing rates were 99.2% and 96.7%, respectively, for the 3%/3 mm and 2%/2 mm criteria, matching those produced by a clinical treatment planning system.",
"corpus_id": 934815,
"title": "Sub-second pencil beam dose calculation on GPU for adaptive proton therapy"
} | {
"abstract": "The highly conformal dose distributions produced by scanned proton pencil beams (PBs) are more sensitive to motion and anatomical changes than those produced by conventional radiotherapy. The ability to calculate the dose in real-time as it is being delivered would enable, for example, online dose monitoring, and is therefore highly desirable. We have previously described an implementation of a PB algorithm running on graphics processing units (GPUs) intended specifically for online dose calculation. Here, we present an extension to the dose calculation engine employing a double-Gaussian beam model to better account for the low-dose halo. To the best of our knowledge, it is the first such PB algorithm for proton therapy running on a GPU. We employ two different parameterizations for the halo dose, one describing the distribution of secondary particles from nuclear interactions found in the literature and one relying on directly fitting the model to Monte Carlo simulations of PBs in water. Despite the large width of the halo contribution, we show how in either case the second Gaussian can be included while prolonging the calculation of the investigated plans by no more than 16%, or the calculation of the most time-consuming energy layers by about 25%. Furthermore, the calculation time is relatively unaffected by the parameterization used, which suggests that these results should hold also for different systems. Finally, since the implementation is based on an algorithm employed by a commercial treatment planning system, it is expected that with adequate tuning, it should be able to reproduce the halo dose from a general beam line with sufficient accuracy.",
"corpus_id": 2980795,
"title": "Fast Pencil Beam Dose Calculation for Proton Therapy Using a Double-Gaussian Beam Model"
} | {
"abstract": "Trehalose is an important nutraceutical of wide commercial interest in the food processing industry. Recently, crude glycerol was reported to be suitable for the production of trehalose using a food microbe, Propionibacterium freudenreichii subsp. shermanii, under static flask conditions. Similarly, enhanced trehalose yield was reported in an osmotically sensitive mutant of the same strain under anaerobic conditions. In the present study, an effort was made to achieve higher production of trehalose, propionic acid, and lactic acid using the parent and an osmotically sensitive mutant of P. freudenreichii subsp. shermanii under aeration conditions. Under aeration conditions (200 rpm in shake flasks and 30 % air saturation in a batch reactor), biomass was increased and approximately 98 % of crude glycerol was consumed. In the parent strain, a trehalose titre of 361 mg/l was achieved, whereas in the mutant strain a trehalose titre of 1.3 g/l was produced in shake flask conditions (200 rpm). In the mutant strain, propionic and lactic acid yields of 0.53 and 0.21 g/g of substrate were also achieved with crude glycerol. Similarly, in controlled batch reactor culturing conditions a final trehalose titre of approximately 1.56 g/l was achieved with the mutant strain using crude glycerol as the substrate. Enhanced production of trehalose using P.freudenreichii subsp. shermanii from waste under aeration conditions is reported here. Higher production of trehalose was not due to a higher yield of trehalose but to a higher final biomass concentration.",
"corpus_id": 2148118,
"score": 0,
"title": "Improved trehalose production from biodiesel waste using parent and osmotically sensitive mutant of Propionibacterium freudenreichii subsp. shermanii under aerobic conditions"
} |
{
"abstract": "The diversity of applications and protocols is a big challenge for the Internet of Things (IoT) devices to communicate in collecting data or exchanging messages without a hitch of protocol differences. In addition, security features are required to secure data transmitted between the end devices and the server. In this study, we developed a secure multiprotocol gateway that supports for RF, ZigBee, BLE, and Ethernet protocols and utilizes TCP / IP protocols for advanced data processing after the gateway exit. Additionally, we added a data encryption algorithm for data security transmitted through the proposed gateway. To display the data the server receives, we added a dashboard to the gateway. The proposed multiprotocol gateway has been simulated using testbed environment in which the transmitted data was encrypted by default. The results showed that WiFi has the highest throughput compared to BLE and XBee, while the transmission delay tends to increase for all protocols but WiFI has the lowest delay compared to XBee and BLE.",
"corpus_id": 44172316,
"title": "Secure multi-protocol gateway for Internet of Things"
} | {
"abstract": "This paper presents a hybrid wearable sensor network system towards the Internet of Things (IoT) connected safety and health monitoring applications. The system is aimed at improving safety in the outdoor workplace. The proposed system consists of a wearable body area network (WBAN) to collect user data and a low-power wide-area network (LPWAN) to connect the WBAN with the Internet. The wearable sensors in the WBAN are exerted to measure the environmental conditions around the subject using a Safe Node and monitor the vital signs of the subject using a Health Node. A standalone local server (gateway), which can process the raw sensor signals, display the environmental and physiological data, and trigger an alert if any emergency circumstance is detected, is designed within the proposed network. To connect the gateway with the Internet, an IoT cloud server is implemented to provide more functionalities, such as web monitoring and mobile applications.",
"corpus_id": 58586344,
"title": "An Internet-of-Things (IoT) Network System for Connected Safety and Health Monitoring Applications"
} | {
"abstract": "This paper reviews search tools constructed for Information Retrieval from the Holy Quran. This paper evaluates these different search tools against 13 criteria depending on: search features, output features, precision of the retrieved verses, recall database size and types of database contents. Based on this survey, we conclude that most of the existing Quran search tools still cannot solve the problem of ambiguity in the retrieved results because these tools use traditional query analysis and make limited usage of Quran ontologies.",
"corpus_id": 54696295,
"score": -1,
"title": "Evaluation Criteria for Computational Quran Search"
} |
{
"abstract": "A previous study conducted in our laboratory showed that feeding 500 ppm of dietary L-carnitine to young and aging White Leghorns for 5 wk improved sperm concentration and reduced sperm lipid peroxidation during the last half of supplementation. The current study examined the effect of feeding dosimetric as well as lower levels of L-carnitine for longer durations on semen traits of White Leghorns. In experiments 1 and 2, White Leghorns consumed diets supplemented with 0, 125, 250, or 500 mg of L-carnitine/kg of feed. For experiment 1, an 8-wk trial was conducted with 48 White Leghorns from 46 to 54 wk of age. For experiment 2, a 17-wk trial was conducted with 96 White Leghorn roosters from 46 to 63 wk of age. For experiment 3, 84 roosters were provided for ad libitum consumption a diet formulated to contain 0 or 125 ppm of L-carnitine beginning at hatch until 37 wk of age. Long-term consumption of 125 ppm of L-carnitine beginning at hatch was the only dietary treatment that sustained a persistent increase in sperm concentration. These results suggest that L-carnitine's antioxidant influence on sperm production begins before the onset of sexual maturity.",
"corpus_id": 3647458,
"title": "The effect of dietary L-carnitine on semen traits of White Leghorns."
} | {
"abstract": "In recent years, l-carnitine has been used increasingly as a supplement in livestock animals. The present review gives an overview of the effects of dietary l-carnitine supplementation on the reproductive performance of sows. Results concerning the effect of l-carnitine supplementation during pregnancy on litter sizes are controversial. There are some studies reporting an increased number of piglets born alive per litter, while others could not find such an effect. In contrast, most studies performed show consistently that l-carnitine supplementation to a sow diet low in native carnitine during gestation increases piglet and litter weights at birth and enhances growth of litters during the suckling period. Biochemical mechanisms underlying the favourable effect of carnitine on intra-uterine growth have not been fully elucidated. There is, however, some evidence that carnitine influences the insulin-like growth factor-axis in sows and leads to greater placentae, which in turn improves intra-uterine nutrition, and stimulates oxidation of glucose in the fetuses. These effects may, at least in part, be responsible for higher birth weights of piglets. The stimulating effect of carnitine on growth of the litters might be due to an improved suckling behaviour of piglets born to l-carnitine-supplemented sows, causing the sows' milk production to rise. In conclusion, recent studies have clearly shown that dietary l-carnitine supplementation increases the reproductive performance of sows. These findings suggest that endogenous de novo synthesis of carnitine is insufficient to meet the metabolic requirement of sows during gestation.",
"corpus_id": 13886920,
"title": "Influence of l-carnitine on metabolism and performance of sows"
} | {
"abstract": "Methodological advances are usually a direct consequence of conceptual and technical advances. In the case of animal intake on pasture, recent conceptual advances regarding the process of searching and apprehension of the forage by the ruminant provide insight regarding the importance of the basic unit of intake, the bite, and the importance of processes limiting intake that occur before the forage reaches the rumen. Applying a reductionist approach to the grazing process, along with its spatial-temporal hierarchy, brought a new conceptualization of how an animal obtains feed from pasture. From the conceptual models emerged new variables that required new experimental and analytical procedures. Within this context, important advances have occurred. This article describes the new procedures that allow to estimate the consumption on the short-term, as well as that most utilized by the national scientific community for estimating the consumption on the long-term. Procedure for estimating fecal production and digestibility are discussed, as well as the use of n-alkanes and other emerging techniques. Consideration is given to the use of animals or paddocks as experimental units in grazing experiments. The conclusions presented in this article do not differ from those of preceding articles regarding this subject. In a grazing condition, continuous intake is the “black box” to be revealed, complex by nature with regard to the animal as well as the pasture, and there are important methodological barriers toward is determination. Nevertheless, recent advances in conceptualizing the grazind process, as well as in the analytical procedures, have been considerable and generate ambitious expectations over the short and",
"corpus_id": 54691022,
"score": 1,
"title": "Advances in methods for determining animal intake on pasture"
} |
{
"abstract": "Combined sewer overflow (CSO) from urban areas is recognized as a major pollutant source to the receiving waters during wet weather. This study attempts to categorize rainfall events and corresponding CSO behaviours to reveal the relationship between rainfall patterns and CSO behaviours in the Shingashi urban drainage areas of Tokyo, Japan where complete service by a combined sewer system (CSS) and CSO often takes place. In addition, outfalls based on their annual overflow behaviours were characterized for effective storm water management. All 117 rainfall events recorded in 2007 were simulated by a distributed model InfoWorks CS to obtain CSO behaviours. The rainfall events were classified based on two sets of parameters of rainfall pattern as well as CSO behaviours. Clustered rainfall and CSO groups were linked by similarity analysis. Results showed that both small and extreme rainfalls had strong correlations with the CSO behaviours, while moderate rainfall had a weak relationship. This indicates that important and negligible rainfalls from the viewpoint of CSO could be identified by rainfall patterns, while influences from the drainage area and network should be taken into account when estimating moderate rainfall-induced CSO. Additionally, outfalls were finally categorized into six groups indicating different levels of impact on the environment.",
"corpus_id": 535490,
"title": "Cluster analysis for characterization of rainfalls and CSO behaviours in an urban drainage area of Tokyo."
} | {
"abstract": "The effect of combined sewer overflow (CSO) control measures should be validated during operation based on monitoring of CSO activity and subsequent comparison with (legal) requirements. However, most CSO monitoring programs have been started only recently and therefore no long-term data is available for reliable efficiency control. A method is proposed that focuses on rainfall data for evaluating the effectiveness of CSO control measures. It is applicable if a sufficient time-series of rainfall data and a limited set of data on CSO discharges are available. The method is demonstrated for four catchments of the Berlin combined sewer system. The analysis of the 2000-2007 data shows the effect of CSO control measures, such as activation of in-pipe storage capacities within the Berlin system. The catchment, where measures are fully implemented shows less than 40% of the CSO activity of those catchments, where measures have not yet or not yet completely been realised.",
"corpus_id": 30144974,
"title": "Evaluation of effectiveness of combined sewer overflow control measures by operational data."
} | {
"abstract": "The Queen's University/National Water Research Institute Stormwater Quality Enhancement Group has been actively researching stormwater ponds for the past decade, using a fully instrumented on-line system in Kingston, Ontario, Canada as a representative field installation of this group of stormwater best management practices, along with comprehensive surveys of other facilities as well. From this body of research, the Group has concluded that there are a number of identifiable factors, termed critical issues, which will significantly influence the success, failure and sustainability of these BMPs. Such factors will be important to a very diverse group of stakeholders in stormwater management, including designers, owners/operators, regulatory authorities and the general public. These factors can be grouped within the categories of initial design, operation and maintenance, performance and adaptive design. From this work, it is concluded that the so-called first generation quantity-control ponds may be outdated today, compared with the modern focus on quantity and quality issues in the second generation systems; nonetheless, without consideration of these critical issues and flexible design practices which can account for emerging or future issues, the current systems also run the risk of becoming outdated before the end of their design lives.",
"corpus_id": 46642934,
"score": 2,
"title": "Critical issues for stormwater ponds: learning from a decade of research."
} |
{
"abstract": "A new composite type of industrial corrosion and scale inhibitor of maleic anhydride-acryl amide copoly merattapulgite was developed, when water was solvent, hydrogen peroxide was initiator, maleic anhydride (MA) and acrylamide were monomers, and hot acid treated attapulgite clay was added into the polymerization system. Its scale and corrosion inhibitions were evaluated by methods of static test and rotary weight loss test. For further study, modification temperature and acidity, stirring time, and adding dosage of attapulgite clay on the scale inhibition performance of copolymer were investigated, as well as the corrosion inhibitory property of the final product. Results showed that, the copolymerization conditions were: modified attapulgite clay after 300 ¡æcalcination and 4% hydrochloric acid 0.05 g, maleic anhydride2.7 g, acryl amide 1.525 g, hydrogen peroxide 1 mL, water 9.9mL, reaction temperature 60 ¡æ, and stirring time 100 min. Under these conditions, the high test anti-scaling rate was85.68% that was improved by 73.40%, and the corresponding corrosion rate was 0.093 mm/a that was improved by 26.2%. The composite type of industrial corrosion and scale inhibitor prepared with hot acid treated attapulgite clay possesses advantages of new-type, efficient, economical and phosphate free, and proves potential application prospect in industrial circulation cooling water treatment.",
"corpus_id": 14114181,
"title": "Applied Study on Composite Type of Industrial Corrosion and Scale Inhibitor Preparation with Hot Acid Treated Attapulgite Clay"
} | {
"abstract": "In this paper, Shuwaymiyah palygorskite in the Sultanate of Oman has been characterized mineralogically by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and electron microscopy, chemically by oxide compositions, structural formulae, and cation exchange capacity (CEC), and physically by specific surface area and adsorption isotherms. Batch adsorption studies were performed to evaluate the adsorption performance of methylene blue (MB) basic dye on the local clay mineral. The quantitative XRD analysis indicates that the purity of some selected samples of palygorskite clay is very high (about 70% of the clay minerals are palygorskite and 30% kaolinite). The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images clearly support this conclusion. The adsorption equilibrium revealed that Shuwaymiyah palygorskite clay can uptake up to 51 mg of MB per 1 g mass of clay. MB adsorption is best fitted by Langmuir isotherm, and a pseudo-second-order kinetic model can be efficiently used to predict the kinetic of adsorption of MB by the palygorskite. The results obtained from these laboratory-scale adsorption tests indicate the promising adsorption capability of the Omani palygorskite.",
"corpus_id": 93811288,
"title": "Adsorption capacity and mineralogical and physico-chemical characteristics of Shuwaymiyah palygorskite (Oman)"
} | {
"abstract": "Here we show a simple and convenient method to prepare micropatterned gels by the use of a microscope, without large-scale or special-order experimental setup. UV light focused by an objective lens was locally irradiated to a pre-gel solution in a microchannel. This method would be useful for preparing microgels at target positions in microchips. A controlled drug-release microchip has actually been fabricated by utilizing this local photo-irradiation method, and pulsatile drug release in response to temperature changes was demonstrated.",
"corpus_id": 37584330,
"score": 1,
"title": "Maskless microfabrication of thermosensitive gels using a microscope and application to a controlled release microchip."
} |
{
"abstract": "BackgroundTo assess psychosocial functioning and distress of children and adolescents with cystic fibrosis compared to healthy controls.MethodsThirty-six patients with cystic fibrosis aged 8–18 years (24 boys, mean age ± SD: 11.5 ± 2.6 years) and 31 sex- and age-matched healthy control subjects (18 boys, mean age ± SD: 12 ± 2.5 years) were enrolled in the study. In order to assess the self-esteem, social adjustment, and family functioning of these young people, the Culture-free Self-esteem Inventory, the Social Adjustment Scale–Self-Report, and the Family Assessment Device were administered. Emotional/ behavioral problems were assessed through the Youth Self Report and the Child Behavior Checklist given to both the subjects and their parents.ResultsNo significant differences were found for self-esteem between the two study groups. Regarding social adjustment, children with cystic fibrosis reported significantly worse friendship and overall adjustment (P < 0.05). Moreover, no difference was found in the levels of family functioning between the two groups. No significant differences between the groups were found in emotional/ behavioral problems from the self-reports. On the contrary, parents of children with cystic fibrosis reported significantly higher levels of withdrawal/ depression, thought problems, and delinquent behavior (P ≤ 0.01) as compared to controls.ConclusionsChildren and adolescents with cystic fibrosis appear to be a psychosocially vulnerable group. A biopsychosocial approach should emphasize the assessment and treatment of the psychosocial distress of these patients alongside multiple somatic treatments.",
"corpus_id": 2076757,
"title": "Psychosocial distress and functioning of Greek youth with cystic fibrosis: a cross-sectional study"
} | {
"abstract": "This study aimed to comprehensively describe parental control strategies (appropriate support, critical control or overprotection) in the distinct living contexts of paediatric cystic fibrosis patients (namely daily routine and peer interaction). Fourteen mothers and two fathers of children with cystic fibrosis participated in the study. Children’s ages ranged from 5 to 12 years old (M=7.00; SD=2.25). Participants answered the Interview on Childrearing Practices and The New Friends Vignettes and provided socio-demographic information concerning the family and clinical details about the child’s illness. Descriptive statistical analyses were performed. Appropriate support was the most frequently reported strategy in both contexts, with 83.9% in daily routine and 44.37% in peer interaction. In the daily routine context, reports of critical control were infrequent (15.68%), especially regarding the treatment for cystic fibrosis. In the peer interaction context, reports of overprotection were more frequent (38.48%) than reports of critical control (17.15%). Parents may be more flexible and responsive to children’s difficulties associated with treatments than to other types of disturbing behaviours in their daily routine, while problems in peer interactions tend to evoke overprotective strategies.",
"corpus_id": 237775281,
"title": "Parental control in different life contexts for paediatric cystic fibrosis patients"
} | {
"abstract": "ABSTRACT Objectives: This study investigated the level of cortisol under different stressful situations and its relationship with sleep and anxiety in female college students. Methods: Salivary cortisol was measured 6 times a day during a routine period free of examination stress and a stressful period. Area under the curve (AUC) was calculated for cortisol level for awakening response (AUCAG) and during the day (AUCTG). Sleep characteristics and anxiety were measured using an actigraph and the Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, respectively, during the different periods. Results: Thirty-six people participated in the study. During the stressful period, anxiety had a positive correlation with sleep efficiency (P = .020), wake after sleep onset (P = .023), and mean wake episodes during sleep (P = .048). Poorer sleep efficiency (P = .014), greater wake after sleep onset (P = .008), and mean wake episodes during sleep (P = .044) were significantly associated with less AUCAG. Trait anxiety was significantly higher in participants with greater AUCTG (P = .008). Conclusions: Female college students with increased anxiety under the stressful situation slept better. Those with poor sleep showed attenuated morning cortisol secretion. Those with higher trait anxiety had greater cortisol during the day.",
"corpus_id": 52125060,
"score": 1,
"title": "Salivary Cortisol Profile Under Different Stressful Situations in Female College Students: Moderating Role of Anxiety and Sleep"
} |
{
"abstract": "AbstractThe paper is a supplement to [2]. LetL be a lattice andU ano-symmetric convex body inRn. The Minkowski functionalℝn ofU, the polar bodyU0, the dual latticeL*, the covering radius μ(L, U), and the successive minima λi,i=1, …,n, are defined in the usual way. Let\n$$\\mathcal{L}_n $$\n be the family of all lattices inRn. Given a convex bodyU, we define\n$$\\begin{gathered} mh(U){\\text{ }} = {\\text{ }}\\sup {\\text{ }}\\max \\lambda _i (L,U)\\lambda _{n - i + 1} (L^* ,U^0 ), \\hfill \\\\ {\\text{ }}L \\in \\mathcal{L}_n 1 \\leqslant i \\leqslant n \\hfill \\\\ lh(U){\\text{ }} = {\\text{ }}\\sup {\\text{ }}\\lambda _1 (L,U) \\cdot \\mu (L^* ,U^0 ), \\hfill \\\\ {\\text{ }}L \\in \\mathcal{L}_n \\hfill \\\\ \\end{gathered} $$\n and kh(U) is defined as the smallest positive numbers for which, given arbitrary\n$$L \\in \\mathcal{L}_n $$\n andx∈Rn/(L+U), somey∈L* with ∥y∥U0⪯sd(xy,Z) can be found. It is proved\n$$C_1 n \\leqslant jh(U) \\leqslant C_2 nK(R_U^n ) \\leqslant C_3 n(1 + \\log n),$$\n, for j=k, l, m, whereC1,C2,C3 are some numerical constants andK(RUn) is theK-convexity constant of the normed space (Rn, ∥∥U). This is an essential strengthening of the bounds obtained in [2]. The bounds for lh(U) are then applied to improve the results of Kannan and Lovász [5] estimating the lattice width of a convex bodyU by the number of lattice points inU.",
"corpus_id": 3529297,
"title": "Inequalities for convex bodies and polar reciprocal lattices inRn II: Application ofK-convexity"
} | {
"abstract": "On donne la validite de la conjecture de Fernique (1974) sur l'existence de mesures de majoration pouvant caracteriser la limitation des processus gaussiens",
"corpus_id": 121218656,
"title": "Regularity of gaussian processes"
} | {
"abstract": "Some applications such as RSA encryption/decryption needs integer arithmetic operations with many bits. However, such operations cannot be performed directly by conventional CPUs, because their instruction supports integers with fixed bits, say, 64 bits. Since the CPUs need to repeat arithmetic operations to numbers with fixed bits, they have considerably overhead to execute applications involving integer arithmetic with many bits. On the other hand, we can implement hardware algorithms for such applications in the FPGAs for further acceleration. However, the implementation of hardware algorithm is usually very complicated and debugging of hardware is too hard. The main contribution of this paper is to present an intermediate approach of software and hardware using FPGAs. More specifically, we present a processor based on FDFM (Few DSP slices and Few Memory blocks) approach that supports arithmetic operations with flexibly many bits, and implement it in the FPGA. Arithmetic instructions of our processor architecture include addition, subtraction, and multiplication for numbers with variable size longer than 64 bits. To show the potentiality of our processor, we have implemented 2048-bit RSA encryption/decryption by software written by machine instructions. The resulting processor uses only one DSP48E1 slices and four Block RAMs (BRAMs), and RSA encryption software on it runs in 635.65ms. It has been shown that the direct hardware implementation of RSA encryption runs in 277.26ms. Although our intermediate approach is slower, it has several advantages. Since the algorithm is written by software, the development and the debugging are easy. Also, it is more flexible and scalable.",
"corpus_id": 14271776,
"score": 1,
"title": "A Flexible-Length-Arithmetic Processor Using Embedded DSP Slices and Block RAMs in FPGAs"
} |
{
"abstract": "Compositing is one of the most important editing operations for images and videos. The process of improving the realism of composite results is often called harmonization. Previous approaches for harmonization mainly focus on images. In this paper, we take one step further to attack the problem of video harmonization. Specifically, we train a convolutional neural network in an adversarial way, exploiting a pixel-wise disharmony discriminator to achieve more realistic harmonized results and introducing a temporal loss to increase temporal consistency between consecutive harmonized frames. Thanks to the pixel-wise disharmony discriminator, we are also able to relieve the need of input foreground masks. Since existing video datasets which have ground-truth foreground masks and optical flows are not sufficiently large, we propose a simple yet efficient method to build up a synthetic dataset supporting supervised training of the proposed adversarial network. The experiments show that training on our synthetic dataset generalizes well to the real-world composite dataset. In addition, our method successfully incorporates temporal consistency during training and achieves more harmonious visual results than previous methods.",
"corpus_id": 52158616,
"title": "Temporally Coherent Video Harmonization Using Adversarial Networks"
} | {
"abstract": "Video stabilization technique is essential for most hand-held captured videos due to high-frequency shakes. Several 2D-, 2.5D- and 3D-based stabilization techniques are well studied, but to our knowledge, no solutions based on deep neural networks had been proposed. The reason for this is mostly the shortage of training data, as well as the challenge of modeling the problem using neural networks. In this paper, we solve the video stabilization problem using a convolutional neural network (ConvNet). Instead of dealing with offline holistic camera path smoothing based on feature matching, we focus on low-latency real-time camera path smoothing without explicitly representing the camera path. Our network, called StabNet, learns a transformation for each input unsteady frame progressively along the time-line, while creating a more stable latent camera path. To train the network, we create a dataset of synchronized steady/unsteady video pairs via a well designed hand-held hardware. Experimental results shows that the proposed online method (without using future frames) performs comparatively to traditional offline video stabilization methods, while running about 30 times faster. Further, the proposed StabNet is able to handle night-time and blurry videos, where existing methods fail in robust feature matching.",
"corpus_id": 3496970,
"title": "Deep Online Video Stabilization"
} | {
"abstract": "Robust scene understanding of outdoor environments using passive optical sensors is a onerous and essential task for autonomous navigation. The problem is heavily characterized by changing environmental conditions throughout the day and across seasons. Robots should be equipped with models that are impervious to these factors in order to be operable and more importantly to ensure safety in the real-world. In this paper, we propose a novel semantic segmentation architecture and the convoluted mixture of deep experts (CMoDE) fusion technique that enables a multi-stream deep neural network to learn features from complementary modalities and spectra, each of which are specialized in a subset of the input space. Our model adaptively weighs class-specific features of expert networks based on the scene condition and further learns fused representations to yield robust segmentation. We present results from experimentation on three publicly available datasets that contain diverse conditions including rain, summer, winter, dusk, fall, night and sunset, and show that our approach exceeds the state-of-the-art. In addition, we evaluate the performance of autonomously traversing several kilometres of a forested environment using only the segmentation for perception.",
"corpus_id": 1862797,
"score": -1,
"title": "AdapNet: Adaptive semantic segmentation in adverse environmental conditions"
} |
{
"abstract": "• Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research. • You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain • You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal ? Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim.",
"corpus_id": 155790126,
"title": "From pictogram to sensogram: - wayfinding through pervasive computing and multisensory perception"
} | {
"abstract": "This paper reports on a study of privacy concerns related to location-based services in an airport, where users who volunteer for the service will be tracked for a limited period and within a limited area. Reactions elicited from travellers at a field trial showed 60% feeling to some or to a large degree more secure with the system in operation. To provide a background for the privacy study we also describe services provided by the tracking facility and the infrastructure behind it as well as the design and evaluation activities we used. Based on project results including a large number of comments from passengers, we discuss factors influencing passengers' acceptance and appreciation of location-based services in airports.",
"corpus_id": 1787212,
"title": "Location-Based Services and Privacy in Airports"
} | {
"abstract": "Lymphangioleiomyomatosis is a rare condition characterized by a proliferation of the smooth muscle cells, mainly in the lymphatic system, giving rise to blockage of the thoracic duct with chylothorax and chyloascites. This condition was seen in a 34-year-old woman with an abdominal tumor that was subjected to fine needle aspiration. The cytologic diagnosis of this neoplasm is difficult since the cellularity and the cytologic picture indicate malignancy. The organoid configuration together with the chylus formation gave an important clue to the correct diagnosis, which, however, was not made until after a biopsy was performed and the cytologic and histologic findings were combined. The cytologic, histologic and electron microscopic findings are presented.",
"corpus_id": 24309109,
"score": 1,
"title": "Lymphangioleiomyomatosis. Is fine needle aspiration cytodiagnosis possible?"
} |
{
"abstract": null,
"corpus_id": 12241678,
"title": "A Novel 8 T SRAM Cell using 16 nm FinFET Technology"
} | {
"abstract": "The paper presents an SRAM array with bit interleaving and read scheme. The SRAM test-chip is fabricated in a 90nm CMOS technology. For leakage comparison, 49 kb arrays are implemented for both the conventional 6T cell and 10T cell. The leakage power consumption of this SRAM is close to that of the 6T cell (between 0.96times and 1.1times) even though it has extra transistors in a cell. This is because the subthreshold leakage from the bitline to the cell node is drastically reduced by the stacking of devices in the leakage path. The design operates at 31.25 kHz with a 0.18 V supply. With more aggressive wordline boosting of 80 mV, the VDD scales down to 0.16 V at 0.16 V VDD, the operating frequency is 500 Hz and power consumption is 0.123 muW.",
"corpus_id": 15340855,
"title": "A 32kb 10T Subthreshold SRAM Array with Bit-Interleaving and Differential Read Scheme in 90nm CMOS"
} | {
"abstract": "Emotions like regret and envy share a common origin: they are motivated by the counterfactual thinking of what would have happened had we made a different choice. When we contemplate the outcome of a choice we made, we may use the information on the outcome of a choice we did not make. Regret is the purely private comparison between two choices that we could have taken, envy adds to this the information on outcome of choices of others. However, envy has a distinct social component, in that it adds the change in the social ranking that follows a difference in the outcomes. We study the theoretical foundation and the experimental test of this view.",
"corpus_id": 7191735,
"score": -1,
"title": "Counterfactual thinking and emotions: regret and envy learning"
} |
{
"abstract": "R.S.S.E. virus has been demonstrated to inhibit leukocytosis and organ infiltration in Ak4 mouse leukemia. Survival time was not affected. The Massachusetts strain of N.D.V., Uganda S virus, Anopheles B virus, Bunyamwera virus, and Theiler's G.D. VII virus had slight antileukemic effect. Nine other strains of viruses had no detected effect upon this leukemia.",
"corpus_id": 2498743,
"title": "The effect of Russian encephalitis and other viruses on mouse leukemia."
} | {
"abstract": "Abstract 1. (1) The isolation of what is believed to be a hitherto unrecorded virus is described. The first isolation was made in April 1947 from the serum of a pyrexial rhesus monkey caged in the canopy of Zika Forest. The second isolation was made from a lot of A. africanus taken in January, 1948, in the same forest. The virus has been called Zika virus after the locality from where the isolations were made. 2. (2) Cross neutralization tests indicate that Zika virus is not related to yellow fever, Hawaii dengue nor to the FA and GD VII strains of Theiler's mouse encephalomyelitis virus. Neutralization tests with Zika virus and the antisera of some other viruses which are neurotropic in mice gave no evidence of any identity of these with Zika virus.",
"corpus_id": 28892541,
"title": "Zika virus. I. Isolations and serological specificity."
} | {
"abstract": "The main objective of this study is to examine if the long term financial trends influence not only a stock market’s returns, but also the day of the week pattern (DOW). In order to examine the specific issue the author tries to find a financial market which: (1) presents clear and long-term financial trends, and (2) during the examined period does not present significant regulatory, institutional and economic reforms ( ceteris paribus principle), which influence the DOW. The Greek stock market during the period 2002-2012 satisfies the assumptions. The author divides the total period into growth (2002-2007) and recession (2008-2012) sub-period in order to examine the patterns behavior under changing financial trends. Several models that are usually used in the respective literature (OLS, GARCH family) are applied in order to conclude that the TGARCH asymmetry model is the most appropriate due to the leverage effect. The literature review and the empirical results show that for the Greek stock market there is a long-term tendency for the turn of the week effect, but the changing financial trend influences the strength of the specific calendar effect. Therefore, if the author examines the calendar anomalies without taking into account the financial trend the author may reach conclusions that are not completely correct. Moreover, the fact that scholars do not take into account the ceteris paribus and/or the financial trend’s role may be a new-alternative explanation why the empirical literature provides conflicting findings for the calendar anomalies existence through time.",
"corpus_id": 56304315,
"score": 0,
"title": "Long live day of the week patterns and the financial trends' role. Lessons from the Greek stock market during the Euro era"
} |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.