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69373547 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zakiah%20Laidin | Zakiah Laidin | DCP Dato' Pahlawan Zakiah binti Laidin (1938–2011) is a former Deputy Director of Management (Services/Staffing) of the Royal Malaysia Police (RMP). She is the first Malaysian policewoman to hold the highest position in the Police Force.
Police career
She served in the RMP for 36 years with the last rank as Deputy Commissioner of Police when serving as Deputy Director of Management at the Bukit Aman Police Headquarters before retiring in 1993. She was the first female police officer to be entrusted with the position of Contingent Administrative Officer, Public Relations Superintendent, Assistant Police Commissioner. Police Service Branch, Police Supervisor and several other positions.
She was selected as the first Asian female police officer to attend a three month course at the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) National Academy in Virginia, USA in 1980.
Death
On 12 November 2011, she died of old age, at the age of 73 years. The RMP Media Center reported that he died at his house in Jalan Tiang Seri, Taman Bukit Jelutong, Shah Alam, Selangor.
Her body was prayed at the Bukit Jelutong Mosque before being buried at the Bukit Kiara Islamic Cemetery.
Honours
Officer of the Order of the Defender of the Realm (K.M.N.) (1979)
Companion of the Order of Loyalty to the Crown of Malaysia (J.S.M.) (1992)
Knight Commander of the Order of Taming Sari (D.P.T.S.) - Dato' Pahlawan (1992)
References
Malaysian police officers
Officers of the Order of the Defender of the Realm
Companions of the Order of Loyalty to the Crown of Malaysia
1938 births
2011 deaths |
69375037 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roy%20Bj%C3%B8rnstad | Roy Bjørnstad | Roy Bjørnstad (September 29, 1925 – November 25, 2005) was a Norwegian actor.
Bjørnstad made his debut in 1945 at the People's Theater in Sweden. Throughout his career, he was associated with several theaters in Norway, including the Trøndelag Theater from 1949 to 1951, the Rogaland Theater from 1953 to 1960, and then several periods with NRK's Television Theater in the 1960s and 1970s. From 1978 to 1996 he was engaged with the Norwegian Theater. He made a name for himself there in a number of Chekhov productions, such as Three Sisters (1981) and The Seagull (1987). He also made an impression in Cora Sandel's Kjøp ikke Dondi (Don't Buy Dondi) and Kido Okamoto's Heikegani (The Heike Crabs).
In 1946, Bjørnstad made his film debut in Englandsfarere. Other films that he appeared in include Jentespranget, Trost i taklampa, Den siste Fleksnes, and Olsenbanden gir seg aldri. Bjørnstad also had some television roles outside of his Television Theater productions, including in a few episodes of the comedy series Fleksnes Fataliteter as well as in the crime series Nini (2001) and Blind gudinne (1997).
Filmography
Films
Englandsfarere (1946) as Arne
Dei svarte hestane (1951) as Falte
Trost i taklampa (1955) as Roy
Freske fraspark (1963)
Om Tilla (1963)
Marenco (1964)
Sult (1966) as Konstantin
Bare et liv – Historien om Fridtjof Nansen (1968)
An-Magritt (1969) as Lort-Nils, an ore transporter
Operasjon V for vanvidd (1970) as Mørk
One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich (1970)
Lukket avdeling (1972) as Vestfold
The Call of the Wild (1972) as Storeman
Jentespranget (1973) as Gilbert
Bobbys krig (1974) as Robert Lund
Kimen (1974) as Jens
Den siste Fleksnes (1974) as a policeman
Karjolsteinen (1977) as the party chairman
Operasjon Cobra (1978) as Fredrik's father
Rallarblod (1979) as Slag-Peder
Olsenbanden gir seg aldri (1981) as passport control officer
Krypskyttere (1982) as Olaf Buer
Buicken – store gutter gråter ikke (1991) as Arntzen
Television
Kontorsjef Tangen (1966)
Fleksnes Fataliteter: Trafikk og panikk (1974) as a policeman
Fleksnes Fataliteter: Radioten (1976) as Bud
Saken Ruth Vang (1981) as William Hagenberg
I de beste familier (1994) as Jack
Blind gudinne (1997) (mini-series) as Thomassen
Nini (2001) as Will
NRK Television Theater
Ungen (1960) as Julius
Den store barnedåpen (1961) as Hans "Gjøken"
Fru Inger til Østråt (1961) as Ejner Huk
Går ut i kveld (1961) as Gidney
Nederlaget (1966) as Louis
Huset på grensen (1969) as a smuggler
Twigs (1978) as Frank
References
External links
Roy Bjørnstad at Filmfront
Roy Bjørnstad at the Swedish Film Database
1925 births
2005 deaths
20th-century Norwegian male actors
Male actors from Oslo |
69377240 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zo%C3%AB%20Metcalfe | Zoë Metcalfe | Zoë Metcalfe is a British Conservative politician. She was elected to the post of North Yorkshire Police, Fire and Crime Commissioner in November 2021, in a by-election that was called due to the resignation of Philip Allott following his remarks on the murder of Sarah Everard.
Metcalfe is also an elected member of North Yorkshire County Council for the Knaresborough division, and of Harrogate Borough Council for the Claro ward.
She has twice stood as a parliamentary candidate for the Conservative Party, contesting the Doncaster Central constituency in 2015 and Leeds West in 2017.
References
Living people
Conservative Party (UK) councillors
Conservative Party police and crime commissioners
Councillors in North Yorkshire
Police and crime commissioners in England
Year of birth missing (living people)
21st-century British women politicians |
69377748 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mmabatho%20Mogomotsi | Mmabatho Mogomotsi | Mmabatho Mogomotsi is a South African actress and script writer. She is best known for the roles in the television serials such as; Ashes to Ashes, Hillside, Ingozi, The Wild and Yizo Yizo.
Personal life
She graduated with a degree in Dramatic Arts from the University of Witwatersrand.
She is a mother of two children.
Career
In 1999, she joined with the SABC1 drama serial Yizo Yizo and played the role "Snowey". After receiving popularity for her role, she continued to play the role until the end of third season in 2004. After that, she appeared in the second season of police procedural Zero Tolerance with the role "Sonia". In 2006, she played the role of "Botshelo" in the 'Heartlines' film The Other Woman. In the meantime, she also appeared in the medical drama serial Hillside with the role "Harriet Khanyi", where she continued to play the role until 2008. Apart from that, she appeared in the television serials such as; Dark Angels, Sorted, Homecoming, Mponeng, Crossing the Line and Izoso Connexion.
In 2008, she acted in the feature film Mafrika by playing the role of "Head Nurse Maria". In 2009, she joined with the in the second season of the SABC2 drama serial 90 Plein Street. In the meantime, she joined with two popular soap operas: as "Moipone" in Muvhango and as "Tshego Tselapedi" in Rhythm City. In 2015, she played the role of "Magistrate" in the season two of e.tv telenovela Ashes to Ashes. In the same year, she performed in the stage play The Pen and in the first ever Setswana play called Lepatata at Market Theatre and took a two-year sabbatical. Then in 2017, she joined with SABC1 drama Ingozi and played the role "Makgotso Sebotsane" in first two seasons. Meanwhile, she played the role "Candy" in Mzansi Magic drama Imposter. In 2020, she joined with another Mzansi Magic telenovela Gomora for the role "Tono".
Apart from acting, she is an Executive Director of an independent audio-visual production company titled "Afroville Media".
Filmography
References
External links
Living people
South African film actresses
South African people
South African television actresses
South African stage actresses
University of the Witwatersrand alumni
Year of birth missing (living people) |
69378350 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karachi%20Kops | Karachi Kops | Karachi Kops was a British documentary show that was broadcast on Channel 4 from 11 January 1994 to 8 February 1994
It was a show about Pakistani police officers in Karachi.
References
1994 British television series debuts
1994 British television series endings
1990s British documentary television series
Channel 4 documentaries
Urdu-language television shows
Television shows set in Karachi
Documentary television series about policing
Law enforcement in Pakistan
English-language television shows |
69378984 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlisle%20Graham | Carlisle Graham | Carlisle D. Graham (1850 – May 3, 1909) was an American athlete, famous for surviving several journeys through the rapids at Niagara Falls in a barrel, as well as by swimming. Described as the "Nero of Niagara", Graham made his journeys at risk to his own life, on one occasion being hit by a large wave and losing the use of his ear.
Graham made his first attempt in 1886, after he desired to follow in the footsteps of Captain Matthew Webb who had died several years prior while trying to swim the whirlpool. He succeeded in going over the falls in 1889, commenting that he "felt like a man who has passed into the painless portion of a death by drowning." Graham's attempts were typically witnessed by large crowds and he would also engage in athletic challenges with other athletes, such as with champion diver Tommy Burns in England.
He was described as being "tall, well built and active" by the age of 57, at which time he was a widower. He died on May 3, 1909 at the home of his sister from a cold and was buried in Oakwood Cemetery.
Early life
Graham was born in Wilmington, Delaware, although much of his childhood was spent in Canada, near Hamilton on Lake Ontario shores where he learned to swim. At the age of 14, he moved to Philadelphia where he became a cooper. Although he was also a baseball player, he yearned for the sea and in following his desires, made his first voyage to New Orleans.
Career
19th century
Early efforts
In 1886, three years after Captain Matthew Webb lost his life in the rapids, Graham had ambitions to follow in his footsteps and decided upon passing through Niagara Falls and whirlpool in a barrel cask. Despite being told this would result in his death, he persisted regardless and accomplished his objective on July 11 that year, witnessed by a large crowd of spectators. He had previously attempted this unsuccessfully, having at that time been arrested on suspicion of attempting to commit suicide, although was released two hours later. His feat gained him widespread attention. He attempted this feat again a month later on August 19, keeping his head out the barrel which was described as "an amazing sight", until a wave struck the side of his head, resulting in the permanent loss of the use of his ear. He was joined by three others, although on this occasion he lost his cask and had to swim through the rapids unaided.
He made further journeys in 1887 and again on August 25, 1889, this time in a boat shaped like a barrel. At first, the barrel traveled easily but soon was grasped by more rapid currents which hastened the journey. On several occasions, the boat disappeared from view, on one occasion striking a wave in front of Buttery's elevator, with some believing it to be lost as it was not visible for an extended period of time. Several thousand people gathered to watch him enter the whirlpool, but were disappointed when it was instead carried into quieter waters from the American side, rather than through the main current, as would usually be the case. Despite the dangers faced, he navigated it safely and was picked up just above Lewiston Bridge on the Canadian side.
First survival over the falls
A week later in September 1889, Graham achieved the ambition of his lifetime, going over the falls and surviving. His wife had been reluctant to consent to his voyage unless his barrel was sent over the falls first, which was done and it managed the trip safely in approximately 35 minutes. Despite this, his wife continued to object, though she was assured it would not be until several days later when Graham would attempt the feat himself. Graham made preparations in case he did not survive the trip, offering his gold watch and $40 () cash to Constable Hern with the instruction that the officer should give the items to Graham's family if he did not complete the journey alive. On describing his attempt, Graham said, "I may be tempting God's providence to try to go over the falls, but it is the ambition of my life to do this. I am satisfied to die if it is necessary. Goodbye, boys." When his barrel was retrieved from the water, it had to be broken as Graham had locked the barrel inside with an iron fastener and did not have the strength by that point to release it. He had been in the barrel for around 50 minutes and suffered skinned arms, bruised knees and a blow to the head, although his injuries were not considered serious, except for the blow to the head. His speech was incoherent due to the "racking he had received" and complained of considerable pains in his back and head.
He was afterwards cared for by his wife and remarked to a reporter, "I determined to make the trip this morning because I was satisfied that I could do it safely." He was not able to tell the point he went over the falls, describing that the "awful shaking up I got stupefied me. I felt happy. I felt like a man who has passed into the painless portion of a death by drowning." He declared that he would not attempt the same feat again, as doing it once was enough, noting that he had prepared for the moment for ten years of his life. Although Graham was the first person to go over the falls and survive, he did not venture over the Horseshoe Falls, although had offered to do so for $1,000 with little interest. That feat was achieved 12 years later by Annie Edson Taylor in 1901, using the same barrel that Graham used.
Competition in England
On 15 June 1890, a challenge between him and British champion diver Tommy Burns involved them to each to dive off Runcorn Bridge in England, swim then run . To evade police, Burns dressed as an old women and Graham as a laborer. Burns beat Graham on the swim by 10 minutes and subsequently won the race. Following his jump off Runcorn Bridge on June 19, 1890, he took several similar jumps after this.
20th century
In July 1901, Graham made his fifth voyage through the rapids in a barrel, watched by about 3,000 people. The journey took around 3 and a half minutes traveling for about from the time the barrel floated from the rapids and in to the whirlpool. Upon being released from the barrel, Graham was partially suffocated and had to be fanned for 30 minutes due to exhaustion, noting that the lack of air was the primary cause of discomfort during his journey. Having completed the journey with just slight brusing around the knees and elbows, he received $300 () for his feat, with the money paid by businessmen who profited from the crowd that were attracted to witness his voyage. Graham announced in August 1902 that he would "try to do what Captain Webb failed to do on July 24, 1883", which would be to swim Niagara's whirlpool rapids, although it was reported that his friends would attempt to dissuade him from doing so. Wearing a life preserver around his body and a ring around his neck, he completed the swim on August 31, which was his second from the whirlpool to Lewiston and was cheered on by a large crowd. In what would be his last trip through the Niagara rapids, Graham competed in a swimming race on July 17, 1905 with William J Glover of Baltimore. Over a course of , Glover won by approximately 4 minutes, finishing in a time of 26 minutes. The race was the first time Glover, then described as "quite a young fellow", had ventured in the rapids and was watched upon by thousands of spectators. Upon being pulled from the water, Glover was described as being "quite chipper", while Graham was "used up" and was carried to a nearby hotel where he had dressings applied to his bruises.
In December 1907, Captain Carlisle Graham, then referred to as the "Hero of Niagara", announced his intention on swimming from Niagara Falls to Montreal in Canada, which is a distance of around with his fox terrier "Beauty". He described how he would use what he described as the "American underhand stroke", believing that it paid to be "thoroughly American" by following out that principle when he swam.
Personal
In December 1907, Graham was working as a cooper in Point Breeze, Philadelphia and by that time was a widower at the age of 57. He was described as being "tall, well built and active" while not looking like a man of fifty-seven years.
Death
On May 3, 1909, 58-year-old Graham died at the home of his sister from a cold. He had been visiting Winnipeg. He is buried in Oakwood Cemetery, Niagara Falls, New York and the inscription on his headstone reads "Carlisle D Graham. First to go through the whirlpool rapids in a barrel and live. July 11, 1886".
References
American woodworkers
People who went over Niagara Falls
1850 births
1909 deaths
People from Wilmington, Delaware |
69379372 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tedo%20Sakhokia | Tedo Sakhokia | Tedo Sakhokia (; March 15, 1868 ― February 17, 1956) was a Georgian ethnographer, lexicologist, folklore scientist, translator, opinion journalist and educator, Correspondent Member of the Académie de Reims (1902) and Foreign Correspondent Member of the Society of Anthropology of Paris (1904).
Tedo Sakhokia attended classes in Tbilisi Spiritual Seminary, from where he was expelled because of illegal activities. He attended universities in Paris, Geneva and Brussels. Tedo Sakhokia was a member of Liberty League. He was the leader of the Georgian Party, a political movement and co-edited the newspaper "Georgia" from 1903 to 1905.
Tedo Sakhokia was arrested in 1905 for attempting to bring weapons into Georgia illegally. In 1908, he was deported to Siberia, through which he fled to Europe, settling in Belgium, France, and England until 1916. After returning to Georgia, he became more actively involved in scientific and social activities, particularly in the restoration of the Georgian Church's autocephaly.
Tedo Sakhokia was the first Georgian figure who received specialized ethnographic education. He wrote several well-known works, including "Travelings (Guria, Adjara, Samurzakano and Abkhazia)," "Ethnographic Writings, "How We Grew Up in the Old Time" and "Georgian Imaginative Words and Sayings". His ethnographic papers have appeared in Georgian, English, Russian, Italian, and French translations.
Tedo Sakhokia worked closely with the Society for the Spreading of Literacy among Georgians. He was a regular contributor to Georgian and foreign magazines and newspapers such as Tsnobis Furtseli, Moambe, Droeba, Sakhalkho Gazeti, Кавказ, etc.
Tedo Sakhokia was a translator as well. He translated Giovanni Boccaccio's "The Decameron" and Giuseppe Garibaldi's "Clelia" from Italian, and works by Voltaire, Guy de Maupassant, Emile Zola, Alphonse Daudet, François Coppée, Henri Barbusse, and Octave Mirbeau from French, Ivan Vazov’s "Under the Yoke" from Bulgarian and Cornelius Borozdin’s “Samegrelo” and “Serfdom in Samegrelo“ from Russian.
Ancestry
According to Tedo Sakhokia, his distant ancestor was Gamkrelidze from Racha, who relocated to Lechkhumi as a result of the murder. Because of Mouravi Chikovani's murder, his sons were forced to flee to Samegrelo. Two brothers settled in Shkhepi and adopted the surname Sakhokia, while two others took the surname Gakhokia.
Tedo Sakhokia's great-grandfather was a priest of nobleman Dadiani. Sakhokias were in charge of picking common nettles for lord and fasters in the palace during Great Lent, hence why they were dubbed "nettler" Sakhokias. Great-grandfather (from father's side) was a goldsmith and his family was considered as a prosperous family. Timote (1832-1887), Tedo Sakhokia's father, was from Shkhepi and worked as a priest at St. George's Church in Kheta. Mother Elizabeth was daughter of the same church's priest, David Kukava.
Early life and education
Childhood
Tedo Sakhokia was born on 15 March 1868 in Kheta in Zugdidi Uezd (now Khobi Municipality). His family was regarded as wealthy and esteemed family. Accodring to mingrelian tradition of that time, Irine Lataria and Utotia Iosava took Tedo to a neighbouring village and raised him till he was three years old.
In 1872 Tedo Sakhokia returned to Kheta, but his family soon relocated to Sukhumi. Tedo Sakhokia's mother died in 1874 and Timote Sakhokia was left to raise four daughters and two sons alone.
Tedo Sakhokia was five years old when he learned to read and write in Russian and enrolled in "Горская школа" but as the Russo-Ottoman war approached, Timothy Sakhokia relocated his family to Kheta, bringing church items with him.
Spiritual seminary
Admission to Martvili Spiritual School required fluency in Georgian literacy. That's why Timote Sakhokia sent his son to priest Shio Iosava, with whom Tedo lived for nearly a year but still couldn't learn to read or write in Georgian. Tedo Sakhokia was admitted to the Martvili Spiritual School in 1877, but due to his lack of Georgian literacy, he was placed in the first preparatory class. Tedo Sakhokia lived in Ivane Odisharia's home, where Besarion and Giorgi Khelaia also resided. Tedo was taught to read and write in Georgian by Besarion (later the Catholicos-Patriarch of All Georgia Ambrosius Khelaia). While Tedo Sakhokia was in school, Vasil Barnov also taught him.
Tedo Sakhokia graduated from Martvili Spiritual School in 1884. Due to his age, he was unable to enroll in the second class at Kutaisi Classical Gymnasium. On the other hand, he was admitted to the first class of the Tbilisi Spiritual Seminary in the same year without exams because he had graduated from the first degree of the Spiritual School.
While studying at the Tbilisi Spiritual Seminary, he befriended Shio Dedabrishvili and Ioseb Laghiashvili with whom he shared Socialist beliefs. In his second year, Tedo Sakhokia also met Alexander Jabadari and Zakaria Chichinadze, from whom he obtained "forbidden books." During this time, Tedo Sakhokia shared a home with Mikhail Tskhakaya. Tedo Sakhokia was expelled from the seminary on 21 February, 1886, based on his own statement about engaging in illegal student activities.
High education
After being expelled from the Tbilisi Spiritual Seminary, Tedo Sakhokia returned to Sukhumi. Agronomy was a relatively common occupation at the time and Timote Sakhokia sent his son to study agriculture in another country on the suggestion of Antim Jugheli. In the spring of 1886, Tedo Sakhokia arrived in Geneva, Switzerland, where he met Ivan Machvariani, a well-known writer and translator. On his suggestion, Tedo Sakhokia stayed in Geneva, studied French, and enrolled at the Faculty of Natural Sciences of University of Geneva. He established close ties with Georgian students there while pursuing his degree.
Tedo Sakhokia was compelled to return to Georgia after his father died in 1887. After that, he enrolled at the Department of History of the Sorbonne University in Paris, which offered free tuition. Despite this, Tedo Sakhokia did not finish the course and returned to Georgia in 1889.
Tedo Sakhokia arrived in Tiflis in 1900 and agreed to work '"Tsnobis Furtseli" and "Moambe" from abroad. He mailed Feuilletons four times a month on average from abroad. Kirion II of Georgia, the Catholicos-Patriarch of All Georgia, has offered to help him financially throughout his stay abroad.
Tedo Sakhokia traveled to Paris in 1900, where he attended a World's fair. Hi was the Georgian delegation's correspondent. He subsequently went to the High School of Anthropology in Paris, where he spent four years. In addition to his studies, he attended De Mortilie seminars, weekly scientific expeditions, and scientific discussions. Tedo Sakhokia's "Georgian Proverbs," which included Shota Rustaveli's aphorisms, was published in French during this time period. He was elected to the Académie de Reims as a Correspondent Member in 1902. Also, he was elected as a Foreign Correspondent Member of the Society of Anthropology of Paris in 1904.
1890-1900
Tedo Sakhokia worked in a variety of jobs between 1890 and 1894 to support himself: Worked as a forester (in Borjomi), as a foreign correspondent in the industry of Nikoloz Ghoghoberidze (in Zestaponi), as a member of "Georgian Cooperation of Book Publishers". In 1894 He started working in "Phylloxerian Group" (). During this time, Tedo Sakhokia was primarily focused on researching the situation in western Georgian communities. In the fight against grape disease, he sought to enhance the level of awareness among peasants.
From 1895 to 1897 Tedo Sakhokia lived in Tbilisi and engaged in publishing activites of the "Georgian Cooperation of Book Publishers". During this time, he released the following books: "აკაკის ნაკვესები" (1895), "Russian-Georgian Dictionary" (1897) and translation of Hans Christian Andersen's fairy tale The Wild Swans (1997).
Political life
Liberty League of Georgia
In 1892 Liberty League was founded in Kutaisi by Georgian students from Russian and European universities. Most of its founders were from Universities of Warsaw, Kiev, St. Petersburg, Moscow, Kharkiv and Odessa. Tedo Sakhokia became a member of the organization in 1892. Tedo Sakhokia secretly corresponded with Shio Aragvispireli, Vakhtang Ghambashidze, and others to popularize the group and recruit new members.
The Russian government's gendarmerie has intercepted correspondence between members of the organization. Tedo Sakhokia was arrested on September 20, 1894, accusation for communicating with Shio Dedabrishvili and participating with the "Liberty League of Georgia" and was sent to Kutaisi's prison the following day. Three months later, he was freed from prison, however, he was still being watched by the police and gendarmerie.
Georgian Party
Tedo Sakhokia relocated to Sukhumi in 1898. He was the leader of a political movement, known as the "Georgian Party", in Abkhazia, and with Antim Jugheli, Ivane Gegia, Grigol Kandelaki and others, was an outspoken opponent of Russia's russification policy. With Tedo Sakhokia fought Spiridon Norakidze, Ivane Burchuladze, Ivane Gegia, and Parna Davitaia fought. "Georgian Party" members were clergy: Protoiereus David Matchavariani; priests: Avksenty Sakhokia and Ivane Chkhenkeli, and future Catholicos-Patriarchs of All Georgia: St. Kyrion II, Leonid of Georgia and Ambrosius of Georgia.
Tedo Sakhokia and his associates generally corresponded with one another and Tedo Sakhokia was in charge of coordinating this correspondence. The activities of the "Georgian Party" and Tedo Sakhokia were soon investigated by authorities of the Russian Empire. The indictment took them four years to write but with the support of his friends, Tedo Sakhokia was able to flee to Europe. After this, "Georgian Party's" operations slowed considerably.
Newspaper "Georgia"
Tedo Sakhokia traveled to Italy in the summer of 1901. In Rome he assisted Mikhail Tamarashvili in preparing his manuscripts for publishing. Then he went to Tuscany for two months. Tedo Sakhokia became a close friend with Archil Jorjadze after returning to France, and he assisted him with remembering the Georgian language.
In 1902, it was determined to be printed the illegal newspaper "Georgia" in Paris. The inaugural edition along with the French counterpart ("La Georgie") was released the following year. Tedo Sakhokia was a co-editor of the newspaper with Archil Jorjadze and Giorgi Laskhishvili and was involved in the unlawful distribution of it in Georgia. Tedo Sakhokia was sentenced to five years in prison and deported to Siberia by the Emperor's administration, but he assisted himself by emigration to Novorossiysk, where he secured a foreign passport, and then returning to Paris.
After temporarily returning from France Tedo Sakhokia and other members of the Georgian Socialist-Federalist Revolutionary Party had meeting with Ilia Chavchavadze. They begged him to support in the newspaper and other financial concerns, but the meeting failed.
Weapons smuggling and exile
In 1904, at the conference of the Georgian political movements and groups in Geneva, Georgian Socialist-Federalist Revolutionary Party was created. At that time Tedo Sakhokia should have been a member of the party. Although it is uncertain what his alias was, he was included among the participants of the Geneva meeting.
in 1905, Tedo Sakhokia was ordered by George Dekanozishvili, one of the leaders of the Socialist-Federalist Party in France, to accept illegally smuggled weaponry from abroad and meet people in various places of the Black Sea. After returning in Georgia Tedo Sakhokia communicated with Mikhail Esakia, the chairman of the Poti committee of the party. They also established committees in Batumi and Sukhumi. While being in Batumi Tedo Sakhokia and Alexander Jabadari met David Kldiashvili but did not get any important support from him. In the same year, the Dutch ship "Sirius" transported weapons purchased in Switzerland into Georgia, some of which were handed to the public, some of which were seized by the government, and some of which were dumped into the sea.
The case of weapons smuggling into Georgia has been referred to judicial authorities for review. Tedo Sakhokia was detained in February of 1906. At his trial, he was represented by lawyers from St. Petersburg: Luarsab Andronikashvili and David Eristavi and lawyers from the Socialist-Federalist Party: Giorgi Gvazava and Iosif Baratov. He was imprisoned until May, when he was granted bail and freed.
In 1906 Tedo Sakhokia married and began working as a secretary of self-government of Sukhumi. In February of the following year, he was arrested once more. In September, he was found guilty and sentenced to an eternity in exile in Siberia. Tedo Sakhokia was released on bail while the Senate debated his case. He was allowed to stay in Sukhumi and not leave. Tedo Sakhokia traveled in Samegrelo to gather ethnographic materials with permission of the Caucasus Museum, the Society for the Spreading of Literacy among Georgians and the Ethnographic Museum of St. Petersburg.
As a result of Senate's decision, Tedo sakhokia was arrested again in September 1908. In November he was exiled to Irkutsk Oblast and lived in Zhigalovo from March to April. Tedo Sakhokia, when exiled, sent telegrams to Iakob Gogebashvili and Tedo Zhordania, requesting assistance with 5-5 tumans. On May 3, Tedo Sakhokia arrived in Irkutsk, where he met with Georgian anarchist Nestor Kalandarishvili. He was given a fake passport and a paper granting him permission to return to Georgia by the latter. Tedo Sakhokia arrived in Tbilisi without incident and proceeded to Batumi, where he met his spouse and daughter.
Emigration
Tedo Sakhokia has lived in a number of European nations throughout the years. During the second political emigration (1909-1916), he continued his scientific and political pursuits. In 1909 he went from Batumi to Turkey. In Hopa he met his Laz friend Bekir-Oghli, and his fellow party member Memed-Beg Abashidze in Trabzon. Tedo Sakhokia spent a short time in a Georgian Catholic church in Trabzon before traveling to Brussels via Marseilles and Paris. Under the Belgian law he became protected and untouchable by the Belgian government from the Russian officials.
Tedo Sakhokia was assisted by his friend Paliko Kipiani throughout his stay in Belgium. Due to his wife's condition, he was unable to take his wife and children to Belgium. Tedo Sakhokia studied photography while attending electrical engineering school. He worked as a librarian, in a weapon factory, in a chocolate factory, and a number of other jobs while in exile.
Tedo Sakhokia continued his scientific research throughout his emigration. During this time he wrote letters to the Ethnographic Museum of Petrograd regarding Samegrelo and requested materials from his wife. Simultaneously, he wrote articles to the editorial offices of a number of Georgian periodicals and newspapers.
Tedo Sakhokia arrived in England in 1910 as a representative of one of the Chiatura's black stone industries, where he spent a year. He met Oliver Wardrop here, and after returning to Brussels, they kept in touch for the next 4-5 years. Tedo Sakhokia was allowed to return to Georgia by the Russian Imperial Court in 1916.
Soviet period
Tedo Sakhokia retired from political involvement after the August Uprising in 1924. He did not participate in the rebellion, but he backed the commanders and leaders and provided them with covert sanctuary. He eventually retreated from political activity, abandoned his pedagogical duties, and devoted himself exclusively to the public and scientific realms once the revolt was suppressed.
The Georgian National Opera and Ballet Theater of Tbilisi hosted a meeting in 1925 to debate the question of Samegrelo's secession and autonomy from Georgia. Tedo Sakhokia was elected as a chairman of the meeting. He was the first who read the report and was outspoken in his opposition to Samegrelo's autonomy.
In 1927 Henri Barbusse visited the Georgian SSR. During this time Tedo Sakhokia was imprisoned in Metekhi prison. His friends also gave the French writer the Georgian version of his novel "Under Fire" and requested for assistance in getting the translator out of prison. Tedo Sakhokia was imprisoned from September 20, 1927 - to October 13, 1927, according to correspondence between him and his daughter.
Theology
Tedo Sakhokia's fight to develop the Georgian Church, have services conducted in Georgian, and attain church independence was part of the fight against Russification policy. Tedo Sakhokia's close friends were: Anton Kekelia, Ambrosius Khelaia (who helped him to learn Georgian language while he was in Martvili spiritual school), Kirion Sadzaglishvili (who assisted him financially while studying abroad), and Kalistrate Tsintsadze. He was close friend with Georgian Catholic monk and theologian Mikhail Tamrashvili for many years. Tedo Sakhokia paid him many visits in Italy and assisted him with the writing of the book "History of the Georgian Church."
Representatives were dispatched to various regions of Georgia to prepare public opinion before the proclamation of the autocephaly of the Georgian Church. Tedo Sakhokia, as a native of Samegrelo, was assigned to western Georgia. In September 1917, Tedo Sakhokia was elected as a member of the Catholicos Council with Protoiereus Nikoloz Talakvadze, Pavle Ingorokva, Mikhail Machabeli, P. Makhatashvili, Raphael Ivanicky and Christopher Kapanadze. In 1934 the Holy Synod was formed instead of the Catholicos Council which limited the inclusion of secular people in it. Tedo Sakhokial was likewise hampered by this constraint.
Scientific life
Tedo Sakhokia extensively studied anthropology, then Georgian language, literature, ethnography, folklore, opinion journalism, lexicology, and other fields during his time in Paris. Simultaneously he took part in scientific expeditions and excursions and regularly published ethnographic papers in French, Italian, English, and Russian.
Pedagogy
After returning from France Tedo Sakhokia worked as a teacher in Tirdznisi in Kartli. During this time, he began collecting and publishing Georgian proverbs and lexical materials, as well as customs, historical and ethnographic materials. Niko Lomouri, Vazha-Pshavela and Bachana, Anastasia Eristavi-Khoshtaria, Nikoloz Janashia, and others were among the people he met in Kartli. Tedo Sakhokia's pedagogical work in the community allowed him connect with the people and broaden his work.
Tedo Sakhokia taught only one year in Kartli. He took initiative in dealing with issues at schoolს (especially in Abkhazian schools). He campaigned for the preservation of the Georgian language's purity, publishing Feuilletons and letters in journals and newspapers about various issues. In 1911, "Sakhalkho Gazeti" () published a series of his feuilletons titled "Georgian Language (Modern Speaking and Writing)".
Tedo Sakhokia returned to Georgia after emigration and taught French language at the Tbilisi Spiritual Seminary and then Georgian and French languages in the VII Gymnasium of Tbilisi. In October, 1923, Tedo Sakhokia resigned from his position as a teacher.
Ethnography
Tedo Sakhokia was the first Georgian to obtain an ethnographic education. In his scientific work Tedo Sakhokia used ethnographic and field research methodologies that were well-known in Europe. After returning to Georgia from France, he continued to research Georgians traditions and published ethnographic pieces in publications.
Tedo Sakhokia began working in Valerian Gunia's "Tsnobis Furtseli" in 1896. During this time, he decided to travel to different regions of Georgia and describe the ethnography of the people who lived there. He visited Samurzakano, Guria, and Adjara, among other places. Their descriptions appeared in "Moambe" and "Tsnobis Furtseli" in 1897-1901. Tedo Sakhokia's ethnographic and folklore writings were collected in a separate book entitled "Travelings: Guria, Adjara, Samurzakano, Abkhazia," which was released in 1950.
Tedo Sakhokia traveled to Racha in 1898, but he misplaced his records and was unable to find it. He traveled to Abkhazia the following year. The records given to a friend were lost in 1916, but the author discovered them in the Georgian Museum in 1936.
In 1950 and 1956, Tedo Sakhokia published ethnographic articles and publicist ethnographic researches. The exhibition "Travelings" depicts a time of travel in Adjara, Guria, Samurzakano, and Abkhazia, as well as the lives of the people who live there and present ethnosocial processes. Agriculture, pastoral farming, beekeeping, handicrafts, settlement forms, clothing, modes of public transportation, residential and commercial buildings, marriage customs, forms of labor organization, customary law and religious customs are among the ethnographic observations made by Tedo Sakhokia. After Dimitri Bakradze and Giorgi Kazbegi, Tedo Sakhokia made a great contribution to the research of the life of Adjara.
"Ethnographic Writings," a study of Samegrelo's ethnographic materials, was published just two months after of Tedo Sakhokia's death in 1956. One of the earliest scholarly works about this topics in Georgian ethnography is "Wedding Customs in Samegrelo." Tedo Sakhokia discusses wedding limitations and restrictions, as well as different types of engagement and wedding ceremonies. Other publications by Tedo Sakhokia include: "New Year or Kalanda in Samegrelo," "From the Mingrelian Mythology" "The Cult of the Dead in Samegrelo," "The Cult of St. George and the Law of God," and others, all of which have significant contribution in the research of Georgian culture.
Tedo Sakhokia was a collector of ethnographic artefacts in addition to anthropological study. Simon Janashia Museum of Georgia, Russian Museum of Ethnography, State Historical Museum, and the Museum of the French Anthropological Society have all maintained his collections.
Lexicology
In 1889, while working as a teacher in Kartli, Tedo Sakhokia became interested in collecting Georgian proverbs, imaginative phrases and lexical materials. "Georgian Imaginative Words and Sayings", a three-volume masterpiece, is the best of his works. In 1936 Tedo Sakhokia began organizing the materials, systematizing the definitions of terms and phrases, and classification of their origins. More than 7000 lexical elements are included in the work. After finishing the work, he gave the book to the Nikolai Marr Institute of Language, History and Material Culture, but due to the onset of World War II, publishing was delayed. In 1950, 1954, and 1955, the three-volume set was originally published. Tedo Sakhokia's collection of "Georgian Proverbs" was published in 1967. In 1937 Tedo Sakhokia's article "Imaginative Words and Sayings in the Knight in the Panther's Skin" was published in Nikolai Marr Institute of Language, History and Material Culture Moambe which contained 208 definitions of words and phrases.
Folklore studies
Tedo Sakhokia developed an interest in folklore at a young age, and his interest was piqued further while studying in the seminary by Georgian historian Tedo Zhordania.
Georgian folklore plays a significant role in Tedo Sakhokia's literary legacy. He obtained rich folklore materials from the regions of western Georgia while gathering ethnographic materials. Tedo Sakhokia gathered oral histories, labor poems, ritual poetry samples, mythological narratives, and fairy tales, among other things. Tedo Sakhokia's great interest in Mingrelian folklore materials is evident in his letters to Nade Kekelia and Tedo Jordania. "Travelings: Guria, Adjara, Samurzakano, Abkhazia", "Ethnographic Writings," "Ethnography of Samegrelo," "Georgian Imaginative Words and Sayings", and other volumes by the author contain folklore materials.
Translation
Tedo Sakhokia was a translator from French, Italian, Russian and English language. In 1888, he began his literature and translation career. Tedo Sakhokia's translation of Jules Lemet's short story "The King's Daughter Mimi and Her Sweethearts" appeared in the 164th issue of "Iveria" this year. Guy de Maupassant and other French writers were later translated and published by Tedo Sakhokia. He translated Polish writer Zygmunt Miłkowski's novel "W zaraniu", Ivan Vazov’s "Under the Yoke", etc, which were first published in "Moambe" and afterwards in their own volumes.
Victor Hugo's "The Last Day of a Condemned Man," which was published separately in 1891 in Georgia, was translated by Tedo Sakhokia. Giovanni Boccaccio's The Decameron in two volumes and Guy de Maupassant's three collections of short stories was published in Georgian from 1924 to 1936. Tedo Sakhokia translated "Clelia" by Giuseppe Garibaldi from Italian, as well as works by Voltaire, Émile Zola , Henri Barbusse ("Under Fire") and Octave Mirbeau from French. He also translated scientific books, such as Cornelius Borozdin’s "Samegrelo" and "Serfdom in Samegrelo" from Russian.
Tedo Sakhokia also worked as a translator from Georgian into other languages. He translated "ქართული ანდაზები" ("Georgian Proverbs") into French and Italian. His article "The Animal Folklore in Georgia" was published in English-language anthropological journal "Man". A number of scientific works about Georgian culture have been published in "Петербургския ведомости" and "Брачные обряды в Мингрелии" in Russian.
Public life
Tedo Sakhokia was an active member of the Georgian Culture Society of Amateurs. He was elected as a full member of the Historical and Ethnographic Society of Georgia on April 27, 1908. Tedo Sakhokia bought museum exhibits and anthropological items in the Akhaltsikhe-Akhalkalaki uezd and the Borjomi Gorge under the direction of the same society. In 1912, he presented this society with a French translation of his work, "Les proverbs Georgiens". According to the list dated January 1, 1913, he is no longer a member of this society. Tedo Sakhokia was also actively involved in the activities of the Writers' Union of Georgian SSR.
Society for the Spreading of Literacy among Georgians
Tedo Sakhokia was an active member of the Society for the Spreading of Literacy among Georgians. While still a student in Geneva, he addressed the society, requesting financial and book assistance.
The society put out a program in 1882 "for the gathering materials of Georgian orality", which contained samples of folk wisdom from various regions of Georgia, but Samegrelo was left out. Tedo Sakhokia wrote a letter to Iveria in 1891 titled "For Whom Folk Art Loves" to address this problem. He encouraged readers to provide Mingrelian oral tradition samples, such as fairy tales, shairs, proverbs, spells, poems, etc. He requested that it be collected in Mingrelian language (written with Georgian letters).
Even though his case was being considered in court, Tedo Sakhokia maintained his relationship with the Society for the Spread of Literacy among Georgians. With the society's assistance, he proceeded to Samegrelo in 1908 to collect anthropological materials.
Opinion journalism
Tedo Sakhokia routinely published letters, feuilletons, and other papers in journals concerning various regions of Georgia, as well as noteworthy events or concerns. He also supplied publications and newspapers with materials from other countries (Switzerland, France, Belgium, Italy, England). He also published papers in Russian, English, French and Italian.
1889-1900
Tedo Sakhokia worked for Iveria in 1889-1893 after returning to Georgia from Switzerland. Simulthaneously to his instructional work, he gathered folklore samples, fairy tales, and other materials and published them in local newspapers. In 1890, Iveria published "Tariel's Tale or The Knight in the Panther's Skin", which he recorded in Tirdznisi. Tedo Sakhokia also wrote about agriculture and economy, describing the economic situation in Tsilkani in letters published in Iveria in 1892, harvest in Vladikavkaz, etc. He often commented on contemporary events, such as the spread of cholera in Zestaponi and the battle to stop it.
Tedo Sakhokia started publishing purposeful propaganda in periodicals such as "Moambe," "Kvali," "Tsnobis Furtsel," and others beginning in 1895. From 1898, he began publishing Abkhazia-related articles in newspapers published throughout the Russian Empire, including "Петербургское ведемости". Tedo Sakhokia wrote a letter "Из Сухума" to this publication, on July 1, 1900, discussing the persecution of the Georgian language: The Georgian language was forbidden from schools and churches in Abkhazia, and worship in Georgian was prohibited. The letter drew a lot of attention from both the general public and government officials. Tedo Sakhokia wrote articles about rural life in the periodical "Кавказ" from 1894 to 1898, specifically, about Shida Kartli's importannt difficulties, such as schools, farmer living conditions, harvest, diseases, etc.
Tedo Sakhokia released a book titled "აკაკის ოხუნჯობანი" in 1895 that was met with skepticism. The letter "Two New Books" by Artem Akhnazarov was published in one of the issues of the newspaper Iveria. Tedo Sakhokia took it as a personal affront and filed a lawsuit against the editors. The case was considered by the district court on July 24, 1896, and the complaint was deemed to be invalid, while Ilia Chavchavadze was declared not guilty. Tedo Sakhokia filed an appeal, and the case was reheard in the court, but the verdict was upheld.
Tedo Sakhokia's "Russian-Georgian Dictionary" was published in 1897. In the same year, Mitropane Laghidze's letter was published in one of the issues of the newspaper "Kvali", in which Tedo Sakhokia was severely attacked for mistakes of the translation. A critical remark was also published in "Iveria," in which the author (using the pen name "Georgian from Fereydan") chastised Tedo Sakhokia for inventing and misusing new vocabulary words.
1901-1905
In 1901 Tedo Sakhokia wrote an unique letter in response to Ivan Vazov's letter "A Brief Overview of the Historical Life of the Georgian Nation," in which the Bulgarian writer gave information about Georgia and Georgians.
Tedo Sakhokia participated in the Sukhumi board administration elections in 1903. He was elected as a mouravi of the city, but his candidacy was rejected by the government, therefore Vasil Abuladze was elected in his place. Berens, a former Mouravi of Sokhumi, sued Tedo Sakhokia for abusing him in November of the same year. The court discovered that Berens was dismissing cases without the agreement of the city councils, for which Tedo Sakhokia verbally attacked him. Berens eventually denied Tedo Sakhokia's guilt, bringing the case to a close.
Tedo Sakhokia published a series of letters titled "Passenger Notes" in the newspaper "Tsnobis Furtseli" in 1903-1904, in which he reported what he had seen and experienced while traveling from Sukhumi to Gagra. He also spoke about issues in churches and schools. On April 1, 1905, a letter was published in "Tsnobis Furtseli" that was likewise critical of the Russification policy.
Tedo Sakhokia and Mikheil Tamarashvili had a disagreement in 1904 over a letter published in "Tsnobis Furtseli". Tedo Sakhokia discussed the disagreement, reasons, and predictions between France and the Pope in the letter. Mikheil Tamarashvili published a letter in "Iveria", chastising him for his one-sided interpretation of the problem and factual distortions. Their quarrel lasted a long time, but eventually they rekindled their friendship, and their scientific collaboration continued until Mikheil Tamarashvili's tragic death.
Tedo Sakhokia extensively collaborated with periodicals and newspapers before fleeing, including "Tsnobis Furtseli", "Droeba", "Sakhalkho Gazeti", "Arrow", "Traveler", etc. Even throughout his emigration, Tedo Sakhokia continued to collaborate with magazines. He was able to save his ailing wife and children thanks to the honorarium he received.
Legacy
Tedo Sakhokia was honored on the 85th anniversary of his birth as well as the 65th anniversary of his creative and literary career on April 18, 1953.
Tedo Sakhokia's childhood recollections "How We Grew Up in the Old Time" were published in 1955.
Tedo Sakhokia died at the age of 87 on February 17, 1956. He was buried in the Didube Pantheon. His 100th birthday was commemorated with a jubilee evening at the Rustaveli Theater on June 17, 1968. Giorgi Leonidze opened the meeting. Reports about Tedo Sakhokia's life and works were read aloud by Solomon Tsaishvili, Konstantine Gamsakhurdia, Geronti Kikodze, Giorgi Chitaia, and others.
Tedo Sakhokia's collection titled "People of My Generation" was released in 1984 by Professor Solomon Khutsishvili.
Tedo Sakhokia Memorial House-Museum was opened Kheta, Khobi Municipality in 1990.
References
Bibliography
Bukia, L. (2017). Tedo Sakhokia and Georgian Folklore. Kartvelian Heritage. XIV. Scientific Collection. pp. 29-36.
Bukia, L. (2018). Tedo Sakhokia: Life and Works (1868-1956). Tbilisi: The Saint Andrew the First-Called Georgian University. Dissertation.
Itonishvili, V. (2000). Tedo Sakhokia's Contributions to Georgian Ethnography. Historical-ethnographic Studies I. Tbilisi: Ivane Javakhishvili Institute of History and Ethnography. pp. 3-15.
Kacharava, V. (Ed.). (1976). Tedo Sakhokia's Correspondencies with Public Figures. Saistorio Moambe. 33-34. pp. 5-116.
Manelashvili, A. (Ed.). (1984). Tedo Sakhokia's Correspondencies (1906-1941). Saistorio Moambe. 49-50. Tbilisi: „Science“. pp. 178-226.
Sakhokia, T. (1943). My Autobiography. in The Autobiographies of the Writers, book I. Tbilisi. Literature Museum. pp. 125-159.
Sakhokia, T. (1989). Tedo Sakhokia's Letters. Mnatobi 1. pp. 155-163.
Sakhokia, T. (2012). In Siberia: Memories of the 1905 revolution. Tbilisi: Literature Museum. ISBN 978-99940-28-76-4.
Surmanidze, R. (2004). Known and Unknown Tedo Sakhokia. Batumi: Adjara.
Further reading
Apridonidze, Sh. (1998). Memory: Tedo Sakhokia From the Perspective of a Grandson. Mtsignobari. Tbilisi. pp. 33-49.
Bukia, L. (2018). Tedo Sakhokia's Political Life (1868-1916). Tbilisi: Georgian University.
Sakhokia, T. (1955). How We Grew Up in the Old Time. Tbilisi: Sablitgami.
Sakhokia, T. (1969). People of My Generation. Tbilisi: Nakaduli.
Shioshvili, T. (1978). Tedo Sakhokia's Folklore Heritage. Tbilisi: Tbilisi State University. Dissertation.
1868 births
1956 deaths
Translators from Bulgarian
Translators from French
Translators from Italian
Translators from Russian
Translators to Georgian
20th-century translators
20th-century lexicographers |
69379571 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cauliflower%20%28film%29 | Cauliflower (film) | Cauliflower is a 2021 Indian Telugu-language spoof movie starring Sampoornesh Babu, in a dual role. It revolves around laws about the need to protect man's chastity.In the times where men are held responsible for all the crimes against women,this movie offers for special laws for men.
Plot
The movie starts with a British man, Andy Flower(Sampoornesh Babu) in the streets of a Telugu village, writing about the chastity of Indian women to take the records back to UK. He is taken to a brothel and is disturbed that women in India should be chaste. He marries the madam of the brothel and marries off the prostitutes to men. He fathers a son,Cauliflower(also Sampoornesh Babu) and decries that he should touch no one except the woman he is going to marry.
At present, Hyderabad city is bothered by chain robbery cases, who leave Rum bottles after they rob people.CM appoints a special Police officer, Singh to investigate the matter. He deduces that Rum gang is a trio of women called Ramba, Urvasi and Menaka. They rob people by luring them and into buying a doll fitted with a pin hole camera which records the video and voice, thus knowing their profile. The scene shifts to Cauliflower's village, where he is now the head of the village and makes a law that every living being, including animals should have only one partner. He even marries off two buffaloes. One day, a young man is caught staring a sixty year old lady , to which Cauliflower marries of the two. Meanwhile, his sister-in-law constantly urges Cauliflower and her mother for their marriage. But his mother rejects that he isn't 35 years old yet, the age of marriage as per their family traditions. Meanwhile, to seek revenge, the young man and the gang throw a cobra at his sister-in-law. Cauliflower, while saving her from snake, looks at her naked. That day, the whole village gathers for a panchayati and Cauliflower judges that he marry his sister-in-law the same night. That night, while on his way to marry, he encounters the same trio of ladies who ridicule and gang rape him.
He goes to police station, court and legislative assembly , where he sits invariably to seek justice arguing that man's chastity is equally important as women's, but to no avail.A local media catches his attention. After an initial setback, he receives support from women, men and the old alike. The police, on C.M's order beat and strip him naked. One S.I takes pity and offers him a pair of pants and takes Cauliflower his home. He then requests C.M for a new machine to be designed and the city women kiss it so that he may recognize who raped him. The trio continue their robberies, including from a girl who is being helped by Sonu Sood for her mother's operation. The trio and Singh are revealed to the birds of same flock, planning to escape to Bangkok. The trio manage to evade the kissing machine by replacing one of them with the S.I's wife with Singh helping them. The girl spots the trio, when one of them finds that her passport is replaced with Singh's ,and is chased by them, who in turn are chased by Cauliflower. After they manage to escape, Cauliflower accidentally nabs them and takes them to court.
The trio are represented by a woman lawyer who accuses Cauliflower of misogynist when he claims that he was raped. Cauliflower gives an emotional speech about how a man's birth is only celebrated and is sidelined after he is born and his sacrifices for the family. His rhetoric melts several people's hearts, including the judge's wife. Before the judge can give any punishment, the three girls accept the mistake that they exploited men for their own selfishness. The judge then requests to higher court that a law be made to protect man's chastity with par women's.
Later the S.I asks how the beautiful trio gang raped him and forces Cauliflower to explain what precisely happened that day. To everyone's surprise, Cauliflower reveals that he was only kissed and that without a formal sex education, he assumed kissing led to loss of chastity and birth of children.
Cast
Sampoornesh Babu (dual role) Andy Flower and Cauliflower
Getup Seenu as an assistant to Andy Flower and care taker of Cauliflower
Posani Krishna Murali as S.I
Reception
Sreedhar Marati of Telugu Bulletin said actor Sampurnesh Babu "...gave a decent performance in the lead role. His facial expressions and comic timing in a few episodes will evoke good fun. His acting at the state assembly with only a cauliflower on his body will attract the audience to an extent." Other actors he said were just "okay". Overall, he said the film had an "Uneven screenplay added with depth less proceedings makes the film a boring watch during this weekend."
Sri Latha of 24 News Daily said "Sampoo as Cauliflower evokes good fun. His body language is quite funny" and that "All the supporting cast also tried very hard to make a difference" but that "The satirical comedy was shown in excess and this creates a boring factor for the audience" and "The concept of the film is so silly"..
References
Indian films
Telugu-language films
2020s Telugu-language films
2021 comedy films
Indian comedy films |
69379753 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storm%20Arwen | Storm Arwen | Storm Arwen was a powerful extratropical cyclone that was part of the 2021–22 European windstorm season. It affected the United Kingdom, Ireland and France, bringing strong winds and snow. Storm Arwen caused at least three fatalities and widespread power outages. Damage was exacerbated by the fact that the strong winds came unusually from the north.
Meteorological history
After Storm Aurore in October 2021, it was confirmed that the next storm to be named by the Met Office, Met Éireann, or KNMI, would be Storm Arwen (are-wen).
Impacts
Ireland
On 26 and 27 November the north and northwestern coasts of Ireland were subjected to gale-force winds, which moved into the Irish Sea as the storm moved south-eastwards.
United Kingdom
Storm Arwen was named by the Met Office on 25 November 2021. On 26 November 2021, the UK Met Office, issued what they described as a "rare red weather warning" due to a deep pressure moving southwards from the Atlantic Ocean. This forecast was of extreme wind and waves on the eastern coast of Scotland at Aberdeenshire, all the way down to the Tees Estuary in England. Red warnings for wind were issued for north-eastern parts of the UK, as well as extensive orange and yellow warnings for much of Scotland, Northern Ireland, Wales and most of England. Dangerous waves were also forecast to cause disruption to ferry services.
The damage caused by the storm was compounded by the fact that "sustained winds with gusts in excess of 90 mph were, unusually, from the north-east, affecting trees that do not normally have to yield to those winds."
112,000 homes were without power in the north of England (mostly in Northumberland, County Durham and Tyne & Wear), 80,000 were without power in Scotland (Aberdeenshire, Angus, Perthshire and the Moray Coast), and 13,000 homes in Wales lost power too. On 30 November, 45,000 UK consumers were still without power, according to the Energy Networks Association (ENA). Many people went without power for a week, relying on local establishments for food and other amenities. Northern Powergrid stated Arwen was the largest storm to impact their network since 2005, with large sections of overhead lines needing to be rebuilt. Many thousands of homes were still without power a week after the storm, and it was not until 7 December that power was fully restored.
It was estimated that around eight million trees in Scotland were damaged or affected by the storm.
Dozens of crashes were reported by police agencies across the UK, many roads were closed due to fallen trees, snow or ice. More than 120 lorries were stuck in heavy snow on the M62 in Greater Manchester, with the motorway shut by police while ploughs and gritters led the rescue effort. At 5pm GMT on 26 November, Network Rail closed the rail lines north of Berwick-upon-Tweed and LNER stopped running trains north of Newcastle.
A man in the Northern Irish town of Antrim died when a falling tree hit his car. Another man was hit and killed by a falling tree in Cumbria, and a third man died after his pick-up truck was struck by a falling tree in Aberdeenshire.
The live broadcasts and filming of I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! on 26, 27, 28 and 29 November at Gwrych Castle in North Wales were affected as a result of the storm. Wind speeds reached up to 100MPH which caused waves in Scotland of over 10 meters in height.
Elsewhere
The storm was expected to move elsewhere in Northern Europe from 28 November onwards.
See also
2021–22 European windstorm season
Weather of 2021
Storm Aurore, another extratropical cyclone that affected similar areas one month earlier
Storm Barra, another extratropical cyclone that affected similar areas ten days later
References
2021 disasters in the United Kingdom
2021 in Ireland
2021 in France
Arwen
2021 meteorology
Arwen
Arwen
Arwen
2021 natural disasters |
69381511 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuchai | Kuchai | Kuchai is a village in the Kuchai CD block in the Seraikela Sadar subdivision of the Seraikela Kharsawan district in the Indian state of Jharkhand.
Geography
Location
Kuchai is located at .
Area overview
The area shown in the map has been described as “part of the southern fringe of the Chotanagpur plateau and is a hilly upland tract”. 75.7% of the population lives in the rural areas and 24.3% lives in the urban areas.
Note: The map alongside presents some of the notable locations in the district. All places marked in the map are linked in the larger full screen map.
Civic administration
There is a police station at Kuchai.
The headquarters of Kuchai CD block are located at Kuchai village.
Demographics
According to the 2011 Census of India, Kuchai had a total population of 1,315, of which 738 (56%) were males and 577 (44%) were females. Population in the age range 0-6 years was 185. The total number of literate persons in Kuchai was 727 (64.34% of the population over 6 years).
(*For language details see Kuchai block#Language and religion)
Transport
Rajkharsawan railway station on the Tatanagar-Bilaspur section of the Howrah-Nagpur-Mumbai line is located nearby.
Education
Government High School Kuchai is a Hindi-medium coeducational institution established in 1979. It has facilities for teaching from class IX to class XII. The school has a playground and a library with 1,100 books.
Project Balika High School Kuchai is a Hindi-medium girls only institution established in 1982. It has facilities for teaching in classes IX and X. The school has a library with 100 books.
Model School Kuchai is an English-medium coeducational institution established in 2012. It has facilities for teaching from class VI to class XII.
References
Villages in Seraikela Kharsawan district |
69381521 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle%20at%20Old%20Market%20Square | Battle at Old Market Square | The Battle at Old Market Square was an anti-fascist protest on 5 June 1934 in Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.
Members of the Nationalist Party of Canada (NPC) planned a rally in Winnipeg's Exchange District, attended by an estimated 75 to 100 sympathizers of Adolf Hitler and Benito Mussolini. This event was "a public provocation aimed at the organized labor movement, Jews, and minority communities". This rally prompted 500 protesters from various anti-fascist groups to converge on Old Market Square; at least 20 Nationalist members were injured and seven were arrested when police arrived to subdue the crowd.
The conflict "demonstrated the successful and deeply rooted popular resistance to fascist provocations" in Winnipeg: the NPC held no further public meetings and "no fascist group in the city would ever find itself in a position to mount such public campaigns of discrimination".
References
Further reading
Events in Winnipeg
History of Winnipeg |
69382260 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surachman%20Tjokroadisurjo | Surachman Tjokroadisurjo | Ir. Raden Mas Panji Surachman Tjokroadisurjo (30 August 1894 – 16 November 1952), more commonly referred to Surachman Tjokroadisurjo, was an Indonesian politician and academic from the province of Central Java. He served in a number of national cabinets during the National Revolution, as the Minister of Welfare and later the Minister of Finance. Born in Wonosobo, Dutch East Indies, he studied chemical engineering at the Delft Institute of Technology, Netherlands. He returned to Indonesia in 1920, and worked for the Dutch government in a chemical laboratory in Bandung.
Following the proclamation of independence, he was appointed as Minister for Economic Affairs in the Presidential Cabinet. However, he only served for two months, before being appointed Minister of Finance, replacing the ill Sunarjo Kolopaking. He was replaced as finance minister by his deputy Sjafruddin Prawiranegara upon the formation of the Third Sjahrir Cabinet. He remained active in government affairs, and was appointed as the first Rector of the University of Indonesia. Whilst on a diplomatic mission in the Netherlands, he died on 16 November 1952, from hypertension.
Early life
Raden Mas Panji Surachman Tjokroadisurjo was born in Wonosobo, Dutch East Indies, on 30 August 1894. He was a descendent of Yogyakarta Sultan Hamengkubuwono II, and he had twelve siblings. His father, Raden Mas Tumenggung Suryoadikusumo, the third regent of Wonosobo. His grandfather, Raden Mas Adipati Aryo Cokroadisuryo, also served as the regent of Wonosobo. He studied at a Europeesche Lagere School before continuing to a Hogere Burgerschool in Batavia. In 1915, he went to the Netherlands where he studied chemical engineering at the Delft Institute of Technology. He graduated in 1920, and became the first Indonesian chemical engineer. Prior returning to the Indies, he briefly undertook an internship in Germany.
Early career
After returning, Surachman was appointed to lead a chemical laboratory in Bandung, where he worked with batik workers and silversmiths, rejecting a job offer in the police department. In this period, he built a relationship with Bandung-based nationalists including Sukarno, and Surachman was relocated to Bogor due to suspicions arising from those contacts. He was later relocated again to Yogyakarta before returning to Bogor. Due to his government work, he decided against openly supporting the nationalist movement, but he did provide donations including helping fund the 1928 Second Youth Congress. In 1936, he was assigned to the colonial government's Economic Department in Batavia. During the Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies, he was first appointed as a member of the Putera organization, before his appointment as chief of the economic department in July 1945.
Political career
Shortly after the proclamation of Indonesian independence, he was appointed as Minister for Economic Affairs (later Minister of Welfare) on 19 August 1945 in the Presidential Cabinet. In this tenure, he announced the government economic policy which favored cooperatives, and further announced that foreign property in Indonesia would still be respected by the new government. He was replaced by Darmawan Mangunkusumo when the cabinet fell in November 1945. Not long after, however, he was reappointed into the cabinet as Minister of Finance to replace the sick Sunarjo Kolopaking on 8 December 1945. He retained this post in the Second Sjahrir Cabinet.
In his capacity as Finance Minister, Surachman was the first issuer of the Oeang Republik Indonesia, which was arranged to be exchanged with Japanese occupation currency at a 1,000:1 exchange rate. He also announced a 45 percent hike in the salaries of high level civil servants in order to attract skilled bureaucrats. In order to finance the government, Surachman also arranged for the first issuing of Indonesian government bonds in April 1946, which attracted significant interest and managed to reach the targeted amount of sales within less than a year, but due to poor archiving and later conflicts the government would default on. During this period, Surachman would often personally hold onto the government funds, storing the cash in suitcases inside of his home. He was replaced as finance minister by his deputy Sjafruddin Prawiranegara on 2 October 1946 upon the formation of the Third Sjahrir Cabinet. He was still active in government affairs, however, and following Operation Product in 1947, he formed a private company to accommodate the now-unemployed Republican civil servants around Jakarta.
After the transfer of sovereignty in 1949, Surachman was appointed as the first Indonesian President of the University of Indonesia (UI) in 1950. He was also still active in Bandung, lecturing at the Bandung Institute of Technology. In establishing the governance of UI, he had to displace an opium processing factory in order to be able to establish his rector's office. He died on 16 November 1952 in The Hague from hypertension, whilst on a diplomatic mission to negotiate the nationalization of Dutch tin mining companies in Indonesia.
References
Citations
Sources
1894 births
1952 deaths
People from Wonosobo Regency
Finance Ministers of Indonesia
Agriculture ministers of Indonesia
Delft University of Technology alumni
University of Indonesia faculty
Bandung Institute of Technology faculty
Indonesian engineers |
69382442 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021%E2%80%932022%20Social%20unrest%20in%20the%20French%20West%20Indies | 2021–2022 Social unrest in the French West Indies | The 2021–2022 French West Indies unrest is a social conflict that has been taking place since November 17, 2021 in the French West Indies, particularly in Guadeloupe and Martinique. Unrest has also been reported in other Overseas Territories like Saint Pierre and Miquelon.
Following the French government's decision to introduce compulsory vaccination for health care workers and the health pass in several public places, acts of vandalism, a general strike, and demonstrations began, first in Guadeloupe and then in Martinique.
History
2021
On November 19, the prefect of Guadeloupe instituted a curfew from 6:00 p.m. to 5:00 a.m. for security reasons.
The authorities announced the closure of schools and prefectural services on November 22.
The same day, the revolt spread to Martinique.
On November 26, the Minister for Overseas France, Sébastien Lecornu, announced the postponement of the vaccination requirement until December 31 and said he was ready to "talk about the autonomy of Guadeloupe"
Gunfire, mortar fire, flaming barricades, tear gas: in the streets of the small town of Lamentin to the east of Fort-de-France, en Martinique, the aftermath of the evacuation of the roundabout du Mahault looked like a "small urban guerrilla" on the night from 1 to 2 December.
In December 2021, candidates for the 2022 French presidential election Marine Le Pen and Jean-Luc Mélenchon visited Mayotte and Guadeloupe.
On December 24, protesters briefly invaded the Regional Council of Guadeloupe and remained there overnight.
2022
On January 3, a group of organizations opposed to the health pass and mandatory vaccination organized a "snail operation" by car, which led to traffic jams.
On January 4, a series of small roadblocks and fires were set up in the municipality of Sainte-Rose.
The same day, trade unionists from the UTS-UGTG blocked the administrative building of the University Hospital of Pointe-à-Pitre and sequestered the staff for several hours.
On January 9, the deputy of Saint-Pierre and Miquelon, Stéphane Claireaux, was attacked by anti health pass protesters. President Emmanuel Macron reacted by denouncing an "intolerable" and "unacceptable" attack.
On January 10, roadblocks were set up by demonstrators and stones were thrown at the police in Basse-Terre.
On January 11, anti health pass protesters demonstrated outside Pointe-à-Pitre university hospital and clashed with police.
On January 20, rioters injured a police officer with live ammunition on the sidelines of unauthorized demonstrations. The administrative building of the Basse-Terre hospital was invaded by about forty people.
References
COVID-19 pandemic in France
2021 protests
2021 riots
2021 in France
2021 in politics
2022 protests
2022 riots
2022 in France
2022 in politics
Rebellions in France
French West Indies
Ongoing protests |
69382498 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020s%20in%20European%20political%20history | 2020s in European political history | The political history of Europe during the 2020s covers political events on the continent from 2020 to the present, culminating when the year 2029 ends.
Regional history
Europe
During the early 2020s, a major concern was the pandemic of Covid-19, and different concerns and restrictions, as countries sought ways to prevent or limit the spread of the disease.
History by country
Austria
The Greens became a governing party for the first time in January 2020 as part of a coalition deal with the right-wing Austrian People's Party. On 6 October 2021, Austrian anti-corruption prosecutors conducted a raid on the offices of Federal Chancellor Sebastian Kurz, the headquarters of the Austrian People's Party and the Federal Ministry of Finance. Kurz has been accused of embezzlement and bribery, along with nine high-profile politicians and newspaper executives. As a result of the raid, Kurz has sustained heavy criticism from his junior The Greens, as well as the opposition. On 9 October 2021, Kurz announced his resignation, with Alexander Schallenberg to serve as his replacement. As a result of the resignation, Kogler announced his intention to continue the governing coalition.
Belarus
The 2020 Belarusian presidential election was held on Sunday, 9 August 2020. Early voting began on 4 August and ran until 8 August. Incumbent Alexander Lukashenko was reelected to the sixth term in office, with official results crediting him with 80% of the vote. Lukashenko has won every presidential election since 1994, with all but the first being labelled by international monitors as neither free nor fair.
Opposition candidate Sviatlana Tsikhanouskaya claimed to have won a decisive first-round victory with at least 60% of the vote, and called on Lukashenko to start negotiations. Her campaign subsequently formed the Coordination Council to facilitate a transfer of power and stated that it was ready to organize "long-term protests" against the official results. All seven members of the Coordination Council Presidium were subsequently arrested or went into exile. Numerous countries refused to accept the result of the election, as did the European Union, which imposed sanctions on Belarusian officials deemed to be responsible for "violence, repression and election fraud".
The largest anti-government protests in the history of Belarus began in the lead-up to and during the election. Initially moderate, the protests intensified nationwide after official election results were announced on the night of 10 August, in which Lukashenko was declared the winner. Following the forced landing of Ryanair Flight 4978 to arrest opposition activist and journalist Roman Protasevich and his girlfriend Sofia Sapega, the European Union agreed to ban EU-based airlines from flying through Belarusian airspace, to ban Belarusian carriers from flying into EU airspace, and to implement a fresh round of sanctions.
The 2021 Belarus–European Union border crisis was a migrant crisis manifested in a massive influx of Middle Eastern and African migrants (mainly from Iraq) to Lithuania, Latvia, and Poland via those countries' borders with Belarus. The crisis was triggered by the severe deterioration in Belarus–European Union relations, following the 2020 Belarusian presidential election, the 2020–2021 Belarusian protests, the Ryanair Flight 4978 incident, and the attempted repatriation of Krystsina Tsimanouskaya. The three EU nations have described the crisis as hybrid warfare by human trafficking of migrants, waged by Belarus against the European Union, and called on Brussels to intervene.
Belgium
The foreign minister Sophie Wilmès was treated in intensive care after contracting COVID-19 in November, 2020.
Bulgaria
The 2020–2021 Bulgarian protests were a series of demonstrations held in Bulgaria, mainly in the capital Sofia, as well as cities with a large Bulgarian diaspora, such as Brussels, Paris, Madrid, Barcelona, Berlin and London. The protest movement was the culmination of long-standing grievances against endemic corruption and state capture, particularly associated with prime minister Boyko Borisov's governments, in power since 2009.
Snap parliamentary elections were held in Bulgaria on 11 July 2021 after no party was able or willing to form a government following the April 2021 elections. The populist party There Is Such a People (ITN), led by musician and television host Slavi Trifonov, narrowly won the most seats over a coalition of the conservative GERB and Union of Democratic Forces parties. ITN's success was propelled primarily by young voters.
Estonia
Kaja Kallas became the first female Prime Minister after the previous government fell after a corruption scandal.
France
The murder of Samuel Paty reignited the controversy surrounding depictions of Muhammad, and was followed by the 2020 Nice stabbing committed by another jihadist, as well as a far-right attack in Avignon on the same day. Before the attacks, the Charlie Hebdo depiction had been republished on September 1, and the trial over the Charlie Hebdo shooting in 2015 had begun on September 2. There had also been a second attack on Charlie Hebdo's former headquarters in Paris on September 25, and on October 2, President Emmanuel Macron had called Islam a 'religion in crisis'. Following Macron's remarks, the Turkish president Recep Tayyip Erdoğan suggested he needed "mental treatment", leading France to withdraw its ambassador. Saudi Arabia and Iran condemned France, while tens of thousands marched against in protest in Bangladesh. The French government demanded that the representative body for the religion in the country accept a 'charter of republican values', rejecting political Islam and foreign interference, as well as establishing a system of official licenses for imams. Overseas, the French military intervention in the Sahel continued fighting against the Islamic State in the Greater Sahara.
The former president Nicolas Sarkozy was charged with corruption in 2020. Sarkozy, was found guilty in 2021 and sentenced to three years in jail for corruption. Two years of this sentence are suspended, and one to be served in prison.
On 17 September 2021, Macron and his foreign minister Jean-Yves Le Drian recalled the French ambassadors to the U.S. and Australia after the formation of the AUKUS defense technology between the U.S., Australia, and UK (from which France was excluded). As part of the 2021 security agreement, the U.S. decided to provide nuclear-powered submarines to Australia, to counter China in the Pacific and Indo-Pacific region, and Australia canceled a US$66 billion (A$billion) deal from 2016 to purchase twelve French-built conventionally powered (diesel) submarines. The French government was furious at the cancellation of the submarine agreement and said that it had been blindsided, calling the decision a 'stab in the back'. On September 22, Biden and Macron pledged to improve the relationship between the two countries.
Greece
Following a surge of migrant arrivals from Turkey, Greece suspended all asylum applications in March 2020. The freeze was lifted a month later.
The 2021 Greek protests broke out in response to a proposed government bill that would allow police presence on university campuses for the first time in decades.
Italy
During the 2021 Italian government crisis, the Conte II Cabinet fell after Matteo Renzi, leader of Italia Viva (IV) and former Prime Minister, that he would revoke IV's support to the government of Giuseppe Conte. On 18 and 19 January, Renzi's party abstained and the government won the key confidence votes in the Chamber and in the Senate, but it failed in reaching an absolute majority in the Senate. On 26 January, Prime Minister Conte resigned from his office, prompting President Sergio Mattarella to start consultations for the formation of a new government. On 13 February, Mario Draghi was sworn in as Prime Minister, leading to the Draghi Cabinet.
Ireland
The 2020 Irish general election resulted in a historic win for the Sinn Féin, making it the second largest party of the Dáil Éireann. The result was seen as a historic shift in Ireland's political landscape, effectively ending the two-party system of Fine Gael and Fianna Fáil. The reason for the electoral upset for these parties was believed to be in voter dissatisfaction on issues of health, housing and homelessness. Sinn Féin won 37 seats, Fianna Fáil won 38, and Fine Gael won 35. Seán Ó Fearghaíl was re-elected to Ceann Comhairle at the first sitting of the 33rd Dáil on 20 February 2020.
On 27 June 2020, Micheál Martin was elected as Taoiseach, in an historic coalition agreement that saw his party Fianna Fáil go into government with the Green Party and Fianna Fáil's historical rivals, Fine Gael. A majority of 93 members of the Dáil voted in favour of him taking the role, while 63 members voted against him.
Lithuania
Ingrida Šimonytė became the second-ever female Prime Minister of Lithuania in 2020.
Montenegro
The 2020 Montenegrin parliamentary election resulted in a victory for the opposition parties and the fall from power of the ruling DPS, which had ruled the country since the introduction of the multi-party system in 1990. On 31 August, the leaders of three opposition coalitions, For the Future of Montenegro, Peace is Our Nation and In Black and White, agreed to form an expert government, and to continue to work on the European Union accession process. The period before the election was marked by the high polarization of the electorate. Several corruption scandals of the ruling party triggered 2019 anti-government protests, while a controversial religion law sparked another wave of protests.
In April 2021, a wave of protests, dubbed by its organizers as the Montenegrin Spring, or the Montenegrin Response/Montenegrin Answer was launched in Montenegro against the announced adoption of regulations that will make it easier to acquire Montenegrin citizenship, but also take away the citizenship of some Montenegrin emigrants, which the protesters consider as an "attempt of the government to change the ethnic structure of Montenegro" and against the newly-formed technocratic government of Montenegro, which the protesters accuse of being "treacherous" and the "satellite of Serbia".
The 2021 Montenegrin episcopal enthronement protests are a series of violent protests against the installation (enthronement) of Joanikije Mićović of the Serbian Orthodox Church as the Metropolitan of Montenegro and the Littoral that took place at the historic Cetinje Monastery on 5 September 2021.Following the enthronement, by mid-September 2021, divisions within the Krivokapić Cabinet led some of the ruling coalition members such as the Democratic Front and Democratic Montenegro to demand that the government be reconstructed or a snap election be held.
Poland
On 7 August 2020, a protest against the arrest of LGBT activist Margot led to a confrontation with police in central Warsaw and resulted in the arrest of 47 others, some of whom were peacefully protesting and others who were bystanders to the event, dubbed "Polish Stonewall" in an analogy to the 1969 Stonewall riots.
The October–December 2020 Polish protests, commonly known as the Women's Strike (), are the ongoing anti-government demonstrations and protests in Poland that began on 22 October 2020, in reaction to a ruling of the Constitutional Tribunal, mainly consisting of judges who were appointed by the ruling Law and Justice (, PiS) dominated United Right, which tightened the law on abortion in Poland. The ruling made almost all cases of abortion illegal, including those cases in which the foetus had a severe and permanent disability, or an incurable and life-threatening disease. It was the biggest protest in the country since the end of the People's Republic during the revolutions of 1989.
Portugal
The Socialist Party, led by António Costa, won a majority of seats in the Portuguese legislative election.
Romania
A political crisis began in Romania on 1 September 2021 engulfing both major coalition partners of the Cîțu Cabinet, namely the conservative-liberal National Liberal Party (PNL) and the progressive-liberal Save Romania Union (USR), then USR PLUS. The crisis was sparked by disagreements over the so-called Anghel Saligny investment program meant to develop Romanian settlements, which was supported by Prime Minister Cîțu but was severely criticized by USR PLUS (referring to it as a "brand new OUG 13 abuse") whose ministers boycotted a government meeting. In response, Prime Minister Cîțu sacked Justice Minister Stelian Ion (USR) and named Interior Minister Lucian Bode (PNL) as interim, igniting a crisis. In retaliation, USR PLUS submitted a motion of no confidence (also known as a motion of censure) against the Cîțu Cabinet together with the nationalist opposition party Alliance for the Unity of Romanians (AUR) and by 7 September, all USR PLUS ministers resigned on their own. Negotiations between PSD, PNL and UDMR for a new majority took place throughout most of November 2021, after which Ciucă was designated again by Iohannis as Prime Minister on 22 November. The crisis finally ended on 25 November, with the Ciucă Cabinet taking office.
Russia
The entire Russian cabinet resigned in January 2020, with a new Prime Minister Mikhail Mishustin soon sworn in. Following this, a constitutional referendum was held in Russia in 2020. The draft amendments to the Constitution were submitted to a referendum in accordance with article 2 of the Law on Amendments to the Constitution. The referendum was criticized for extending the rule of Vladimir Putin, as well as for not following the normal rules for referenda in Russia (by being labelled an "all-Russian vote" instead).
The anti-corruption activist and politician Alexei Navalny was the target of an attempted assassination by the Russian Federal Security Service, whose members involved in the attempt he exposed together with the investigative journalism outlet Bellingcat. Following his return to Russia, he was arrested and immediately placed in pre-trial detention. This, and the release of his film A Palace for Putin, led to the 2021 Russian protests. Navalny was ultimately sentenced to two-and-a-half years in a penal colony. A court ordered the Anti-Corruption Foundation, linked to Navalny, to cease its activities.
In late 2021, the Russian buildup of forces on its border with Ukraine caused major world concerns.
Serbia
On 7 July 2020, a series of protests and riots began over the government announcement of the reimplementation of the curfew and the government's allegedly poor handling of the COVID-19 situation, as well as being a partial continuation of the "One of Five Million" movement. The initial demand of the protesters had been to cancel the planned reintroduction of curfew in Serbia during July, which was successfully achieved in less than 48 hours of the protest. Among other causes, the protests were driven by the crisis of democratic institutions under Aleksandar Vučić's rule and the growing concern that the President is concentrating all powers in his hands at the expense of the parliament.
Slovenia
A series of protests broke out after the formation of Janez Janša's government in early 2020, with protestors demanding Janša's resignation and early elections.
Janez Janša has been accused of eroding freedom of media since assuming office. According to a report by International Press Institute Slovenia has experienced a swift downturn in media and press freedom. IPI accused Janša of creating a hostile environment for journalists by his tweets, which IPI described as "vitriolic attacks". He has also been accused of usurping power and corruption and is often compared to Viktor Orbán.
Sweden
A government crisis started on 21 June 2021 in Sweden after the Riksdag ousted Prime Minister Stefan Löfven with a no-confidence vote. This was the first time in Swedish history a Prime Minister was ousted by a no-confidence vote. Löfven was narrowly re-elected to stay in power later. In November, the Riksdag voted for Social Democrat leader Magdalena Andersson to become the first female prime minister of Sweden. However, Andersson resigned several hours later, after the Green Party quit the coalition. The Greens quit the coalition after the opposition budget was approved by the Riksdag.
Ukraine
United Kingdom
Under Boris Johnson's government, the UK left the EU on 31 January 2020; trade deal negotiations continued to within days of the scheduled end of the transition period on 31 December 2020 CET. The effects of Brexit will in part be determined by the EU–UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement which was agreed on 24 December 2020 and ratified by the UK Parliament on 30 December 2020 and was "provisionally" applied by the EU from 31 December 2020.
Loyalists and unionists argued that post-Brexit trading arrangements have created barriers between Northern Ireland and the rest of the United Kingdom. The Loyalist Communities Council, which represents paramilitary groups including the Ulster Volunteer Force and the Ulster Defence Association withdrew their support for the Good Friday Agreement (which brought to an end The Troubles) until the sea border is removed. A series of riots in loyalist areas of Northern Ireland began in Waterside, Derry, on 30 March 2021. First Minister Arlene Foster announced her resignation after losing the support of her Democratic Unionist Party in the aftermath of the riots.
On 15 October 2021, Sir David Amess, a British Conservative Party politician and Member of Parliament (MP) for Southend West, died after being stabbed multiple times at his constituency surgery at Belfairs Methodist Church Hall in Leigh-on-Sea, Essex. Ali Harbi Ali, a 25-year-old British man, was arrested at the scene and was later charged with murder and the preparation of terrorist acts.
See also
European Union
Economy of the European Union
Notes
References
2020s in Europe
2020s in politics
politics
2020s in international relations
21st century in politics |
69382573 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020s%20in%20African%20political%20history | 2020s in African political history | The political history of Africa in the 2020s covers political events on the continent from 2020 onwards.
History by country
Algeria
In July 2021, Amnesty International and Forbidden Stories reported, that Morocco had targeted more than 6,000 Algerian phones, including those of politicians and high-ranking military officials, with the Pegasus spyware. In August 2021, Algeria blamed Morocco and Israel of supporting the Movement for the self-determination of Kabylia, which the Algerian President Abdelmadjid Tebboune accused of being involved in the wildfires in northern Algeria. Tebboune accused Morocco for perpetrating hostile acts. In the same month, King Mohammed VI of Morocco reached out for reconciliation with Algeria and offered assistance in Algeria's battle against the fires. Algeria did not respond to the offer.
On 18 August 2021, Tebboune chaired an extraordinary meeting of the High Security Council to review Algeria's relations to Morocco. The president ordered an intensification of security controls at the borders. On 24 August 2021, Algerian foreign minister Ramtane Lamamra announced the break of diplomatic relations with Morocco. On 27 August 2021, Morocco closed the country's embassy in Algiers, Algeria. Furthermore, on 22 September 2021, Algeria's Supreme Security Council determined to close its airspace to all Moroccan civilian and military aircraft.
Burkina Faso
Chad
Presidential elections were held in Chad on 11 April 2021. Incumbent Idriss Déby, who served five consecutive terms since seizing power in the 1990 coup d'état, was running for a sixth. Déby was described as an authoritarian by several international media sources, and as "strongly entrenched". During previous elections, he forbade the citizens of Chad from making posts online, and while Chad's total ban on social media use was lifted in 2019, restrictions continue to exist.
Provisional results released on April 19 showed that incumbent president Idriss Déby won reelection with 79% of the vote. However, on 20 April it was announced by the military that Déby had been killed in action while leading his country's troops in a battle against rebels calling themselves the Front for Change and Concord in Chad (FACT).
Following president Déby's death, a body called the Transitional Military Council – led by his son Mahamat Déby Itno, dissolved the government and the legislature, and proclaimed that it would be assuming power for a period of 18 months. Thereafter, a new presidential election would be held. Some political actors within Chad have labeled the installing of the transitional military government a "coup", as the constitutional provisions regarding the filling of a presidential vacancy were not followed. Namely, according to the constitution, the President of the National Assembly, Haroun Kabadi, should have been named Acting President after Déby's death, and an early election called within a period of no less than 45 and no more than 90 days from the time of the vacancy.
Democratic Republic of Congo
Thirty-two members of the Parliament of the Democratic Republic of the Congo died of COVID-19.
Eswatini
The Prime Minister Ambrose Mandvulo Dlamini died of COVID-19 in 2020.
A series of protests in Eswatini against the monarchy and for democratisation began in late June 2021. Starting as a peaceful protest on 20 June, they escalated after 25 June into violence and looting over the weekend as the government took a hardline stance against the demonstrations and prohibited the delivery of petitions.
Ethiopia
Tensions began to rise again between Ethiopia and Eritrea, after several years of efforts to negotiate peace, due to possible border disputes.
After having won the Nobel Peace Prize in 2019, Prime Minister Abiy Ahmed's government adopted some policies which raised some concerns about political developments in Ethiopia. Abiy dissolved the governing coalition and formed a new party, the Prosperity Party; some said the imposition of a brand-new political party was detrimental to political stability. Also, the government enacted some restrictions on some forms of expression which raised concern about standards of free speech. Abiy's response to rebel groups has raised some concerns about undue harshness, although some others allege that he was originally too lenient. Amnesty International raised concerns about the status of one opposition leader. Abiy encouraged Ethiopian refugees to return home, due to improving conditions.
On November 4, 2020, the Ethiopian National Defense Force launched a civil war against the Tigray People's Liberation Front (TPLF) in the Tigray Region, which it claimed was in response to an attack on its troops. This followed month of feuding between the central and regional governments over elections and funding. The Tigray forces launched rockets at the airport of Asmara, capital of neighbouring Eritrea, claiming that forces from there had taken part in the offensive. Amnesty International reported that a massacre had taken place in Tigray, with TPLF-affiliated forces claimed to be responsible.
Theres was also another conflict ongoing in the Oromia Region.
Concurrently, there were also ongoing Afar–Somali clashes between the Afar and Somali Regions of Ethiopia. In October 2020, 27 people were killed. On 2 April 2021, 100 cattle herders were reportedly shot dead. On July 24, 2021, clashes erupted in the town of Garbaiisa, the clashes killing 300 were followed by massive protests in the Somali region resulting in the only road and rail line that goes into Djibouti where 95% of Ethiopia's maritime trade goes though.
Guinea
In 2020, President of Guinea Alpha Condé changed the constitution by referendum to allow himself to secure a third term, a controversial change which spurred the 2019–2020 Guinean protests. During the last year of the second term and his third term, Condé cracked down on protests and on opposition candidates, some of whom died in prison, while the government struggled to contain price increases in basic commodities. On 5 September 2021, Condé was captured by the country's armed forces in a coup d'état after gunfire in the capital, Conakry. Special forces commander Mamady Doumbouya released a broadcast on state television announcing the dissolution of the constitution and government.
Guinea-Bissau
A coup d'état was attempted in Guinea-Bissau on 1 February 2022. A few hours later, president Umaro Sissoco Embaló declared the coup over, he said that "many" members of the security forces had been killed in a "failed attack against democracy."
Kenya
The Camp Simba attack by Al-Shabaab in January 2020 killed three Americans.
Lesotho
On 10 January 2020, an arrest warrant was issued for First Lady Maesiah Thabane, who was wanted in connection with the 2017 murder of Lipolelo Thabane. Maesaih Thabane went into hiding and Prime Minister Tom Thabane announced his intent to resign from office shortly after her arrest warrant was issued. On 20 February 2020, police announced that Thabane would also be charged with murder in the case.
Libya
A conference between representatives of Mediterranean Basin powers implicated in the Libyan armed conflict as well as Algeria, the Republic of Congo and major world powers took place in Berlin on 19 January 2020, declaring a 55-point list of Conclusions, creating a military 5+5 GNA+LNA followup committee, and an International Follow-up Committee to monitor progress in the peace process. In the intra-Libyan component of the 3-point process, the economic track was launched on 6 January 2020 in a meeting in Tunis between a diverse selection of 19 Libyan economic experts. The military track of the intra-Libyan negotiations started on 3 February with the 5+5 Libyan Joint Military Commission meeting in Geneva, between 5 senior military officers selected by the GNA and 5 selected by the LNA leader Khalifa Haftar. A major aim was to negotiate detailed monitoring to strengthen the 12 January ceasefire. The intra-Libyan political track was started on 26 February 2020 in Geneva. Salamé resigned from his UNSMIL position in early March 2020.
A 21 August 2020 announcement by GNA leader Fayez al-Sarraj and Aguila Saleh for the LNA declared a ceasefire, lifting of the oil blockade, the holding of parliamentary and presidential elections in March 2021, and a new joint presidential council to be guarded by a joint security force in Sirte. Followup meetings took place in Montreux on 7–9 September with support from UNSMIL and the Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue and, between five GNA and five House of Representatives (HoR) members on 11 September, in Bouznika. Both meetings appeared to achieve consensus.
The three-track intra-Libyan negotiations, chaired by Stephanie Williams of UNSMIL, continued following the August ceasefire and September Montreux meeting, with the political track evolving into the Libyan Political Dialogue Forum, and the military track leading to a 24 October 2020 agreement on a permanent ceasefire.
Malawi
The Constitutional Court ordered a re-run of the 2019 Malawian general election following “widespread, systematic and grave” problems with the process, leading to the 2020 Malawian presidential election.
Mali
On 18 August 2020, elements of the Malian Armed Forces began a coup. Soldiers on pick-up trucks stormed the Soundiata military base in the town of Kati, where gunfire was exchanged before weapons were distributed from the armory and senior officers arrested. Tanks and armoured vehicles were seen on the town's streets, as well as military trucks heading for the capital, Bamako. The soldiers detained several government officials including the President Ibrahim Boubacar Keïta who resigned and dissolved the government.
The 2021 Malian coup d'état began on the night of 24 May 2021 when the Malian Army led by Vice President Assimi Goïta captured President Bah N'daw, Prime Minister Moctar Ouane and Minister of Defence Souleymane Doucouré. Assimi Goïta, the head of the junta that led the 2020 coup d'état, announced that N'daw and Ouane were stripped of their powers and that new elections would be held in 2022. It is the country's third coup d'état in ten years, following the 2012 and 2020 military takeovers with the latter only having happened nine months earlier. The African Union suspended the country's membership in response. On July 20, a knifeman wounded President Goïta in the arm at a mosque in Bamako in an attack described as an assassination attempt.
Morocco
In November 2020, the Polisario Front declared it had broken a 30-year truce and attacked Moroccan forces in Western Sahara as part of the Western Sahara conflict.
Mozambique
The insurgency in Cabo Delgado intensified with events such as the 2020 Mozambique attacks, the Mocímboa da Praia offensive in 2020 and the Battle of Palma in 2021.
Niger
The 2021 Nigerien coup attempt occurred on 31 March 2021 at around 3:00 am WAT (2:00 am UTC) after gunfire erupted in the streets of Niamey, the capital of Niger, two days before the inauguration of president-elect Mohamed Bazoum. The coup was staged by elements within the military. After it was foiled, the perpetrators were arrested.
Nigeria
The End SARS movement protested the abuses committed by the Special Anti-Robbery Squad, but were met with violence which killed at least 12 people.
Somalia
On 14 April 2021, acting President Somalia Mohamed Abdullahi Mohamed signed a law which extended his mandate by two years. This was opposed by opposition leaders which called it "a threat to the stability, peace and unity" and by the international community. On 25 April 2021, soldiers - mainly from Hirshabelle - entered Mogadishu in response. Rebels seized northern part of the city clashing with pro-government forces in some neighborhoods. Pro-government soldiers attacked homes of former Somali president and opposition leader. By the end of the day government forces withdrew towards Villa Somalia. On 6 May 2021, soldiers agreed to withdraw from Mogadishu after series of talks with the Prime Minister, held by the opposition. The police were set to take control of the city.
The 2021 Somali political crisis was triggered after president Mohamed Abdullahi Mohamed's term ended on 8 February 2021. Political turmoil escalated, with anti-government protests occurring after the government's decision to delay the 2021 Somali presidential election. Tensions rose when heavy gunfire was reported during demonstrations on 19–20 February in Mogadishu. The protesters were aiming to stage protest rallies over the next weeks and call for the 2021 Somali presidential election to be scheduled as quick as possible to end the political crisis and turmoil.
On 27 December 2021, President Mohamed Abdullahi Mohamed announced the suspension of Prime Minister Mohammed Hussein Roble for suspected corruption, which was described by Roble as a coup attempt. The next day, hundreds of soldiers loyal to Roble armed with rocket grenades and machine guns encircled the presidential palace.
South Africa
Former president Jacob Zuma was taken into custody after declining to testify at the Zondo Commission, an inquiry into allegations of corruption during his term as president from 2009 to 2018. The Constitutional Court reserved judgement on Zuma's application to rescind his sentence on 12 July 2021.
Riots and protests took place in South Africa from Friday, 9 July 2021 until Saturday, 17th July 2021, in response to the arrest of Zuma. The riots triggered wider rioting and looting fueled by job layoffs and economic inequality worsened by the COVID-19 pandemic. The unrest began in the province of KwaZulu-Natal on the evening of 9 July, and spread to the province of Gauteng on the evening of 11 July.
South Sudan
The South Sudanese Civil War ended with a negotiated peace treaty. In January 2020, the Community of Sant'Egidio mediated a Rome Peace Declaration between the SSOMA and the South Sudanese government. The most contentious issue delaying the formation of the unity government was whether South Sudan should keep 32 or return to 10 states. On 14 February 2020, Kiir announced South Sudan would return to 10 states in addition to three administrative areas of Abyei, Pibor, and Ruweng, and on 22 February Riek Machar was sworn in as first vice president for the creation of the unity government, ending the civil war. Disarmament campaigns led by the government has led to resistance, with clashes killing more than 100 people in two days in north-central Tonj in August 2020.
Sudan
In January 2020, progress was made in peace negotiations, in the areas of land, transitional justice and system of government issues via the Darfur track of negotiations. SRF and Sovereignty Council representatives agreed on the creation of a Special Court for Darfur to conduct investigations and trials for war crimes and crimes against humanity carried out during the War in Darfur by the al-Bashir presidency and by warlords. Two Areas negotiations with SPLM-N (al-Hilu) had progressed on six framework agreement points, after a two-week pause, but disagreement remained on SPLM-N (al-Hilu)'s requirement of a secular state in South Kordofan and Nuba Mountains and Blue Nile self-determination. On 24 January on the Two Areas track, political and security agreements, constituting a framework agreement, were signed by Hemetti on behalf of the Sovereignty Council and Ahmed El Omda Badi on behalf of SPLM-N (Agar). The agreements give legislative autonomy to South Kordofan and Blue Nile; propose solutions for the sharing of land and other resources, and aim to unify all militias and government soldiers into a single unified Sudanese military body.
On 26 January, a "final" peace agreement for the northern track, including issues of studies for new dams, compensation for people displaced by existing dams, road construction and burial of electronic and nuclear waste, was signed by Shamseldin Kabashi of the Sovereignty Council and Dahab Ibrahim of the Kush Movement.
In February 2020, a new unity government was announced, to govern the entire country, with the support of all sides of the conflict. As one part of the agreement, the current cabinet was disbanded, in order to enable more opposition members to be appointed to cabinet roles. In March 2020, negotiators and officials on both sides of the conflict attempted to work out arrangements to facilitate the appointment of civilian governors for various regions, in concert with ongoing peace efforts. The EU announced its support for the peace efforts and pledged to provide financial support of 100 million Euros.
The September 2021 Sudanese coup d'état attempt was a coup attempt against the Sovereignty Council of Sudan on Tuesday 21 September 2021. According to media reports, at least 40 officers were arrested at dawn on Tuesday 21 September 2021. A government spokesman said they included "remnants of the defunct regime", referring to former officials of President Omar al-Bashir's government, and members of the country's armoured corps.
On 25 October 2021, the Sudanese military, led by General Abdel Fattah al-Burhan, took control of the government in a military coup. At least five senior government figures were initially detained. Civilian Prime Minister Abdalla Hamdok refused to declare support for the coup and on 25 October called for popular resistance; he was moved to house arrest on 26 October. Some civilian groups including the Sudanese Professionals Association and Forces of Freedom and Change called for civil disobedience and refusal to cooperate with the coup organisers. Protests took place on 25 and 26 October against the coup and at least 10 civilians were reported as being killed and over 140 injured by the military during the first day of protests.
Tunisia
The 2021 Tunisian political crisis began on 25 July 2021, after Tunisian President Kais Saied dismissed Prime Minister Hichem Mechichi and suspended the activities of the Assembly of the Representatives of the People by invoking emergency powers from Article 80 of the Tunisian Constitution. The decisions of the president were made in response to a series of protests against Ennahda, economic hardship and spike in COVID-19 cases in Tunisia. The speaker of the Tunisian parliament and leader of the Ennahda Movement Rached Ghannouchi said the president's actions were an assault on democracy and called on his supporters to take to the streets in opposition.
On 24 August, Saied extended the suspension of parliament although the constitution states the parliament can only be suspended for a month, raising concerns in some quarters about the future of democracy in the country. On 22 September, President Saied issued a decree that grants him full presidential powers with the potential of the change of Tunisia's constitution, its transformation into a presidential republic and maybe even the dissolution of the parliament. Earlier that day, Seifeddine Makhlouf and Fayçal Tebbini, both members of parliament were jailed.
In October 2021, Saied appointed Najla Bouden Romdhane as the first female prime minister in Tunisia and the Arab world.
Uganda
Unrest killed at least 45 people after the arrest of opposition leader Bobi Wine in the runup to the 2021 Ugandan general election. In June 2021, four gunmen on a car opened fire against a convoy carrying Ugandan Minister of Transport Katumba Wamala, injuring him and killing his daughter and driver.
Zambia
Zambia faces sovereign default as the first sub-Saharan African country since 2005 due to economic mismanagement by the government of Edgar Lungu, who has grown public debt from 32% to 120% and has scared off investment by seizing mines. Debt servicing takes up four times more money from the budget than healthcare. Much of the money is believed to have been lost to corruption. The main opposition leader Hakainde Hichilema has been arrested. The electoral roll has been nulled and only 30 days have been given for re-registration. Comparisons have been drawn to neighbouring Zimbabwe.
See also
2020s in political history
References
2020s in Africa
2020s in politics
politics
2020s in international relations
21st century in politics |
69382850 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20You%20characters | List of You characters | You is an American psychological thriller television series developed by Greg Berlanti and Sera Gamble. For its first season, it aired on Lifetime, before moving to Netflix from its second season onwards.
Overview
= Main cast (credited)
= Recurring cast (3+)
= Guest cast (1-2)
Main cast
Recurring cast
Main characters
Joe Goldberg
Joe Goldberg (Penn Badgley), a bookstore manager at Mooney's who stalks and dates Beck in the first season. In the second season, he goes by the name Will Bettelheim and works as a bookstore clerk at Anavrin, and stalks and dates Love. Joe is portrayed as a teenager by Gianni Ciardiello in season one, and as a child by Aidan Wallace and Jack Fisher in season two and season three respectively.
Guinevere Beck
Guinevere Beck (Elizabeth Lail; season 1, special guest season 2), a broke NYU graduate student and an aspiring writer who Joe falls in love with. She is best friends with Peach and close friends with Lynn and Annika. She is also in on-again, off-again relationship with her ex, Benji.
Paco
Paco (Luca Padovan; season 1), Joe's young neighbor and Claudia’s son. He and Joe form a strong bond over their shared love of books. Paco also has a tumultuous relationship with his mother’s boyfriend, Ron.
Ethan Russell
Ethan Russell (Zach Cherry; season 1), a bookstore clerk who works with Joe.
Peach Salinger
Peach Salinger (Shay Mitchell; season 1), a wealthy and influential socialite and Beck's best friend whom she met at Brown University.
Peach is revealed to be secretly obsessed with Beck and has an adversarial relationship with Joe.
Love Quinn
Love Quinn (Victoria Pedretti; season 2–3), an aspiring chef and health guru in Los Angeles. Love is the heiress to a self-care business started by her wealthy parents, who launched the grocery store Anavrin ("Nirvana" spelled backwards) when Love and her younger brother Forty were teenagers. Love noticed Forty being sexually abused by Sofia, the family's au pair and murdered her after drugging Forty, allowing him to believe he blacked out and killed Sofia himself. Love's parents elected to cover up the death to protect Forty, who grew up with severe unresolved trauma and developed an addiction to alcohol and drugs. Love made it her responsibility during adulthood to manage Forty's sobriety. She later went to culinary school and fell in love with a mute man named James whom she sought to marry, but he ultimately died of a medical condition.
Love begins the series as an employee at Anavrin. She meets Joe - who also begins working at the store under the pseudonym Will Bettelheim - and quickly becomes attracted to him. She secretly discovers that Joe has been stalking her and keeps a glass cage inside his storage unit, which she takes as signs of his passion. She also deduces Beck as Joe's ex-girlfriend via her memoir and deems her undeserving of him. As she and Joe become closer, Love is visited by Candace (who was posing as Forty's girlfriend), who reveals that Joe is living under an alias and tried to murder Candace. Love feigns disbelief but cuts ties with Joe, only to realize she still holds feelings for him. Love learns that Joe was in a sexual relationship with his landlord Delilah and later discovers her being held hostage inside the glass cage. Love murders Delilah to tie up loose ends. Candace later discovers the storage unit herself and traps Joe inside the cage with Delilah's corpse, then calls Love to the unit to prove Joe's psychopathy to her. Love, however, murders Candace and reveals to Joe that she murdered Delilah and has been obsessed with him. Joe attempts to kill her, but she reveals she is pregnant with his child. Forty realizes Joe is a serial killer and calls Love and Joe to Anavrin; he warns Love to stay clear of Joe and prepares to execute him at gunpoint, but is shot dead by police officer David Fincher. Joe and Love move to a suburb outside San Francisco to raise their child. Love is portrayed as a teenager by Olivia Ragan.
Ellie Alves
Ellie Alves (Jenna Ortega; season 2), Delilah's fifteen-year-old sister and Joe’s new neighbor in LA. She quickly befriends Joe and helps him establish an online presence. Joe learns that Ellie has befriended stand-up comic Henderson - whom Delilah reveals sexually assaulted her when underage - and accidentally murders Henderson after he drugs Ellie. Love's brother Forty later hires Ellie as an "intern" to help him draft a screenplay. Ellie becomes distraught when Delilah goes missing; Joe, who is preparing to leave LA, informs her that Delilah is dead and that he killed Henderson, and gives her money to move out of LA permanently. Joe continues to provide Ellie with monthly payments after moving into a suburb with Love.
Forty Quinn
Forty Quinn (James Scully; season 2, special guest season 3), Love's beloved and troubled twin brother. Forty is the heir to a self-care business started by his wealthy parents, who launched the grocery store Anavrin when he and Love were young. As a child, Forty was sexually abused by Sofia, the family's au pair, believing himself to be in love with her. Love murdered Sofia after drugging Forty, allowing him to believe he blacked out and killed her himself. Their parents elected to cover up the death to protect Forty, who grew up with severe unresolved trauma and developed an addiction to alcohol and drugs. Love made it her responsibility during adulthood to manage Forty's sobriety.
Forty begins the series as Anavrin's spoiled, arrogant manager. He befriends Joe and attempts to use him to grow close to stand-up comic Henderson, to whom he has repeatedly attempted to pitch various film projects to no avail. Forty breaks his sobriety at one of Henderson's parties; Will takes him home and has sex with Love for the first time, though the two only disclose their relationship to Forty later on. Forty begins dating a woman named Amy Adam (Joe's ex Candace under an alias), who introduces him to Beck's posthumous memoir and encourages him to adapt it into a screenplay. He later learns that Joe is living in Los Angeles under an alias to escape Candace and cuts ties with her. As Joe is preparing to leave Los Angeles, Forty stages a kidnapping and has hired thugs confine he, Joe and Ellie (whom Forty hired as an intern) to a hotel suite to complete Forty's screenplay from start to finish. Forty later takes LSD (which he also gives to Joe) to enhance his creative process, and deduces that Beck was murdered not by her therapist (as is written in the book) but her ex-boyfriend. He confides to Joe that his believed role in Sofia's death led him to this insight.
Along the way, Forty has sex with Candace again, who tells him Joe is Beck's ex-boyfriend, who also attempted to murder Candace. Forty is skeptical but decides to talk to Beck's therapist Dr. Nicky (whom Joe framed for Beck's murder). He travels to New York to meet Nicky in prison, but Nicky warns him to stay away from Joe. Forty soon realizes Joe is indeed a serial killer and calls he and Love to Anavrin to warn Love to stay away from Joe. However, as he prepares to execute Joe at gunpoint, Forty is shot dead by police officer David Fincher, who followed Ellie to the scene. Forty is portrayed as a teenager by Anton Starkman.
Candace Stone
Candace Stone (Ambyr Childers; season 2, recurring season 1), Joe's ex-girlfriend. Candace was once an aspiring musician who cheated on Joe with Elijah, a record executive, in an attempt to get signed to the latter's label. Joe later murdered Elijah. When Candace admitted to Joe she no longer loved him, Joe kidnapped her and took her to the woods; when she attempted to escape, Joe hit her over the head and buried her, unaware she was still alive. Candace escaped her grave and attempted to report the incident to the police, who were unable to do anything due to lack of evidence.
Candace unexpectedly shows up at Joe's bookstore shortly after he kills Beck and vows revenge on him. She later follows Joe to Los Angeles (where he moved to escape her) and begins dating Forty Quinn under the alias "Amy Adam" to grow close to Joe. A suspicious Love hires a private investigator to look into Candace and learns that she is living under an alias; before leaving, Candace reveals to Love that Joe himself is living under a false identity (Will Bettelheim) and tried to murder her. Candace later finds the storage unit where Joe keeps a large glass cage and traps him inside with the corpse of his landlord, Delilah. She then calls Love to the storage unit to prove Joe's psychopathy, but Love, who had killed Delilah, murders Candace.
Delilah Alves
Delilah Alves (Carmela Zumbado; season 2), Ellie's older sister, Joe's landlord, and an investigative reporter. She confides to Joe that she was sexually assaulted by stand-up comedian Henderson while underage; Joe encourages her to expose his crimes. Joe himself attempts to help Delilah by breaking into Henderson's home and anonymously delivering her photographs of Henderson's other victims recovered from his basement, but Joe accidentally kills Henderson in a confrontation, and his death taints her investigation. Joe later advises Delilah to simply write about her own experience rather than seek justice for every one of his victims, as her story may prompt other victims to come forward on their own. Delilah and Joe begin a sexual relationship along the way. One day, Delilah finds a key in Joe's apartment leading to a storage unit where he keeps a large glass cage. Joe arrives before Delilah can leave and imprisons her in the cage, using electronic handcuffs timed to unlock after 16 hours (by which point Joe will have left LA). However, Love discovers the storage unit herself and murders Delilah to protect Joe.
Dottie Quinn
Dottie Quinn (Saffron Burrows; season 3, recurring season 2), Love and Forty's mother. She is the ex-wife of Ray and has a tumultuous relationship with her family.
Marienne Bellamy
Marienne Bellamy (Tati Gabrielle; season 3), a librarian and keen observer of the neighborhood's denizens. Beneath her practical exterior, Marienne is hiding personal struggles that set her back, as she tries to create a better life for herself and her daughter. She is Joe and Dante’s coworker at the library and has a young daughter named Zoe. Her ex-boyfriend, Ryan, is a successful local television reporter and has full custody due to her past addiction.
Sherry Conrad
Sherry Conrad (Shalita Grant; season 3), a locally famous "momfluencer," admired by her social media followers for her well-crafted persona. She is Cary’s wife and they befriend Love and Joe after they move to Madre Linda.
Cary Conrad
Cary Conrad (Travis Van Winkle; season 3), a wealthy, charismatic, and self-proclaimed founder who runs his own supplement company. He is Sherry’s husband and they befriend Joe and Love after they move to Madre Linda.
Theo Engler
Theo Engler (Dylan Arnold; season 3), a troubled college student who has a strained relationship with his stepfather, Matthew Engler. He is the next door neighbor of the Goldbergs and becomes infatuated with Love.
Recurring characters
Introduced in season one
Lynn Lieser
Lynn Lieser (Nicole Kang; season 1), one of Beck's rich friends.
Annika Atwater
Annika Atwater (Kathryn Gallagher; season 1), one of Beck's friends and a social media influencer.
Mr. Mooney
Mr. Mooney (Mark Blum; season 1), the owner of Mooney's and Joe's former boss, who mentored him in restoring books. Mooney was a sadist who frequently locked Joe inside the reinforced glass cage used to store old books.
Ron
Ron (Daniel Cosgrove; season 1), the parole officer boyfriend of Claudia. He is abusive towards Claudia and has an abrasive relationship with Paco.
Claudia
Claudia (Victoria Cartagena; season 1), Paco's mother and Ron’s girlfriend. She is a nurse at the local hospital and is abused by Ron.
Benji
Benjamin "Benji" Ashby Jr. III (Lou Taylor Pucci; season 1), Beck's wealthy, toxic hipster ex-boyfriend.
Blythe
Blythe (Hari Nef; season 1), a rival graduate student to Beck.
Dr. Nicky
Dr. Nicky (John Stamos; season 1, special guest season 2), Beck's therapist.
Introduced in season two
Will Bettelheim
Will Bettelheim (Robin Lord Taylor; season 2), a hacker who deals with unsavory clients as part of his job and whose identity Joe briefly assumes. Joe keeps Will trapped in his glass cage while taking on his name, but eventually allows him to leave in an effort to overcome his homicidal tendencies. Will moves to the Philippines to live with a woman he had met online.
Calvin
Calvin (Adwin Brown; season 2), a manager at Anavrin, a trendy high-end grocery store.
Sandy
Sandy (Magda Apanowicz; season 2, guest season 3), Joe's mother, who was abused by Joe's violent father throughout Joe's childhood and frequently made plans to run away with other men. After a young Joe murdered his father to protect his mother, Sandy left home with another man and abandoned Joe, who spent the remainder of his childhood in group homes.
Henderson
Joshua "Henderson" Bunter (Chris D'Elia; season 2), a famous stand-up comedian in Los Angeles. He has a history of drugging and sexually assaulting underage girls, including Will's landlord Delilah - who is attempting to protect her younger sister Ellie - who has befriended Henderson - from the same fate. Joe breaks into Henderson's home and discovers photographs of his victims that he anonymously delivers to Delilah to help her in exposing Henderson's crimes, but the nondescript nature of the images does little to corroborate her story. Joe later breaks into the home a second time to spy on Henderson while he is with Ellie, whom Henderson attempts to drug. However, Joe drugs Henderson and brings him to the basement to confront him; when Henderson tries to escape, Joe accidentally kills him and disposes of his body.
Gabe Miranda
Gabe Miranda (Charlie Barnett; season 2), a successful acupuncturist and Love's oldest friend and closest confidant. After Love and Joe break up, Gabe treats Joe to acupuncture therapy and helps him realize the importance of self-love.
Lucy Sprecher
Lucy Sprecher (Marielle Scott; season 2), an edgy-chic literary agent and Sunrise's partner. She and Sunrise soon get married.
Sunrise Darshan Cummings
Sunrise Darshan Cummings (Melanie Field; season 2), a stay-at-home lifestyle blogger and Lucy's partner. She and Lucy eventually get married.
David Fincher
David Fincher (Danny Vasquez; season 2), an LAPD officer and Delilah’s friend.
Introduced in season three
Dante Ferguson
Dante Ferguson (Ben Mehl; season 3), a librarian who retains his wit and equanimity no matter what the day brings. A veteran whose eyesight was damaged, Dante is a dedicated family man with a husband and two stepchildren who longs to expand his family, and delights in helping his friends with their children.
Andrew
Andrew (Christopher O'Shea; season 3), an adoring member of Sherry's cliquish inner circle. A fit stay-at-home dad, Andrew is dependably tuned in to the latest town gossip.
Jackson
Jackson (Bryan Safi; season 3), Andrew's wry husband; they have an enviable, loving marriage. Despite Jackson's high-powered job as a tech attorney, he's managed to stay humble.
Gil Brigham
Gil Brigham (Mackenzie Astin; season 3), a mild-mannered geology professor is thoughtful, friendly, and genuinely good-hearted if a bit vanilla and naïve.
Brandon
Brandon (Christopher Sean; season 3), Kiki's husband, who struck it rich in his mid-20s as a tech investor, is now a stay-at-home dad for his kids.
Kiki
Kiki (Shannon Chan-Kent; season 3), a devoted member of Sherry's cliquish "mean girl" friend group. She is a wife, mother and life coach who enjoys a life of entitlement, frequenting mid-day fitness classes and enjoying lengthy gossip sessions at the local café.
Paulie
Paulie (Mauricio Lara; season 3), a friend of Joe's when he was a child. Savvy with hard-earned smarts beyond his years, Paulie attempts to help his friend toughen up and negotiate the tough world of the boys home.
Matthew Engler
Matthew Engler (Scott Speedman; season 3), an affluent CEO, husband and "uncommunicative" father who is reserved, at times mysterious, and has a tendency to be withdrawn.
Dr. Chandra
Dr. Chandra (Ayelet Zurer; season 3), a chic, brusque, but extremely seasoned couple's therapist who has every intention of getting to the bottom of her patients' issues.
Ryan Goodwin
Ryan Goodwin (Scott Michael Foster; season 3), a local television reporter. Ryan is a well-liked single dad who has overcome a history of addiction but has secrets, including a controlling, calculating demeanor that he reserves for those closest to him and anyone who gets in his way.
Nurse Fiona
Nurse Fiona (Kim Shaw; season 3), Joe’s nurse at the group home, who was the first woman he grew an attachment to.
Guest characters
Introduced in season one
Reg Rogers as Professor Paul Leahy, Beck's graduate school advisor who has a sexual interest in her.
Michael Park as Edwin Beck, Beck's father.
Emily Bergl as Nancy Whitesell, Edwin's new wife, and Beck's stepmother.
Michael Maize as Officer Nico, a Greenwich police officer.
Gerrard Lobo as Raj, a med student and an old friend of Beck and Peach.
Natalie Paul as Karen Minty, Paco's babysitter and Joe's new girlfriend after his short-lived breakup with Beck.
Ryan Andes as Ross, a private investigator hired by Peach's family to look into her death.
Introduced in season two
Steven W. Bailey as Jasper Krenn, a criminal to whom Will owes money.
Kathy Griffin as herself, a eulogist at Henderson's funeral.
Michael Reilly Burke as Ray Quinn, Love and Forty's father.
David Paladino as Alec Grigoryan, a private investigator hired by Love to investigate Candace.
Haven Everly as Gigi, Will's fiancée.
Andrew Creer as Milo Warrington, James' best friend and Love's new boyfriend after her breakup with Joe.
Daniel Durant as James Kennedy, Love's deaf and deceased husband who died of cancer.
Madeline Zima as Rachel, Candace/Amy's roommate who knows Krav Maga.
Brooke Johnson as Sofia, Forty's au pair lover who was murdered by Love.
Introduced in season three
Michaela McManus as Natalie Engler, Joe's next-door neighbor and the subject of his growing affection. Natalie is in an unhappy marriage to tech mogul Matthew Engler, and attempts to initiate an affair with Joe, who declines out of loyalty to Love, despite his obsession with Natalie. Love murders Natalie after finding Joe's collection of her paraphernalia.
Romy Rosemont as Detective Ruthie Falco, a detective searching for Natalie.
Georgia Leva as Detective Acacia Kim, a detective searching for Natalie.
Terryn Westbrook as Margaret Brigham, Gil’s wife and Zoe and Alan’s mother.
Mercedes Colon as a doctor who treats Henry when he has measles.
Noah Bentley as Derek, a bully from Joe’s past in the orphanage.
Marcia Cross as Jean Peck, a business associate at Matthew’s company.
Ginifer King as Dr. Laura Kealy, a successful self-help author for working moms.
Monica Day as Leez, a talented coder who works for Matthew’s company.
References
Lists of American television series characters
You (TV series) |
69383085 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HEU%20HiSiBi%20Sky%20Journey%201%20USV | HEU HiSiBi Sky Journey 1 USV | Sky Journey (Tian-Xing, 天行) 1 is a Chinese (USV) jointly developed by Harbin Engineering University (HEU) and Shenzhen HiSiBi Shipyard.
The existence of Sky Travel 1 usv was first revealed in December 2017 at the Fifth Chinese Oceanic Economic Exhibition jointly held by the provincial government of Guangdong and Chinese State Oceanic Administration in Zhanjiang.
Completed in September 2017, Sky Journey 1 is an air-cushioned vehicledesigned to perform various military, paramilitary and police tasks, and is equipped with RCWS that can be armed with various sensors and small cabiler guns.The combined diesel and electric propulsion system enable the USV to reach top speed of 50 kts.More than ten units have already been built by December 2017.Specification:
Length: 12.2 meter
Displacement: 7.5 ton
Top speed: 50 kt
Propulsion: combined diesel and electric
Reference
Auxiliary ships of the People's Liberation Army Navy
Unmanned surface vehicles |
69383094 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yunzhou%20USV | Yunzhou USV | Yuzhou USVs are various USV developed by Chinese Zhuhai Yunzhou Intelligence Science & Technology Corporation (云洲智能科技), most of which have already entered service with Chinese military, paramilitary, police & governmental agencies:
Cloud Dragon
Cloud Dragon (云龙) USV is an USV specially designed to carry out sanitation tasks such as collecting floating garbages in rivers, reservoirs, lakes and harbors, and it is remotely controlled. Cloud Dragon is constructed of aluminium alloy and has cargo space of 2.7 cubic meter for trash collected. Specification:
Length (m): 9.7
Beam (m): 4.1
Height (m): 2.7
Displacement (t): 2.3
Speed (kn): 3
Endurance (hr): 8
Propulsion: 2 electrically driven paddle wheels
One of the first customers of Cloud Dragon USV is the city of Lianyungang, which use the USV to clean up its port.
CS40
CS40 is an USV of trimaran configuration designed to perform hydrographic survey mission. There are two models of this series, including CS40P and CS40R, both are designed to be operated by a two-man crew, and both can either be fully autonomous or remotely controlled. Constructed of carbon fiber composite material, CS40 is capable of operate in Sea State 4. Specification:
Length (m): 1.6
Beam (m): 0.6
Displacement (t): 1.45
Top speed (m/s): 6
Endurance (hr): 4 @ 2 m/s
Propulsion: pump-jet
Remote control range (km): 1
Dolphin 1
Dolphin (海豚) 1 is a robotic USV designed for rescue missions, and it can be either fully autonomous or remotely controlled. Specification:
Length (m): 1.19
Width (m): 0.85
Height (m): 0.2
Weight (kg): 13.75
Buoyance (kg): 32.8
Payload (kg): 150
Speed (m/sec): 3.6
Endurance (hr): 0.5
Propulsion: pump-jet
Effective Control Range (m): 800
Dolphin 1 have been deployed by lifeguard units of Brighton, Gold Coast, Queensland, and various Chinese disaster response organizations, and has been used in search and rescue mission sof 2021 Henan floods in Zhengzhou. Dolphin 1 and SL40 USVs were deployed in the China-Lao-Burma-Thailand joint riverine law enforcement exercise in 2019.
Fly on the Water
Fly on the Water USV is the larger cousin of Dolphin 1 USV from which it is development from. Fly on the Water USV is larger than Dolphin 1 USV, so victim can climb on board the Fly on the Water once reaching it, thus avoiding reducing hypothermia by keeping most portion of the body out of water. In addition to rescue, Fly on the Water USV has also been deployed as a delivery vehicle to the victims.
Specification:
Length (m): 1.68
Width (m): 0.73
Height (m): 0.26
Weight (kg): 30
Buoyance (kg): 70
Payload (kg): 200
Top speed when empty (m/s): 6
Top speed when loaded (m/s): 2
Endurance when empty (hr): 1
Endurance when loaded (min): 40
Propulsion: pump-jet
Effective Control Range (m): 800
Fly on the Water USV has been deployed by PLAGF in their rescue and evacuation missions in Jiangxi during the 2020 China floods.
L25
L25 USV is designed to perform oceanographic research and survey missions, and it is a catamaran design capable of working in Sea State 4.
Electrical propulsion is provided by diesel generators, and the USV is equipped with a 200 meter long cable for remotely operated underwater vehicle, and compare to earlier USVs, the noise signature has reduced by 20%. Specification:
Length (m): 4
Endurance (hr): 72
L30 Lookout and L30A Lookout I2
L30 Lookout (瞭望者) is an USV designed for law enforcement and fire fighting missions, and the law enforcement version has been in service with various Chinese law enforcement authorities. L30 Lookout can be either constructed from glass fiber reinforced plastic or carbon fiber composite material upon customer's requests, and its superstructure is designed to be fold down when the USV is in storage. As with most Yunzhou USVs, L30 series can be either fully autonomous or remotely controlled. Specification:
Length (m): 7.5
Beam (m): 2.7
Height (m): 4.6 (2.5 when in storage)
Weight (t): 3
Displacement (t): 4.4
Top speed (kn): 40
Cruise speed (kn): 20.5
Endurance: 280 nmi @ 12.5 kn, 6 hr @ 40 kn
Propulsion: diesel with pump-jet
Payload (kg): 550 – 1000
Remote control range (km): 1
An armed version designated as L30A Lookout II (瞭望者II) has been developed, with top speed increased to 45 kn, and endurance increased to 220 nmi @ 22 kn cruise speed, while displacement is reduced to 3.7 t. Although also armed with RCWSS like some other Chinese USVs, L30A Lookout II is the first Chinese USV armed with and successfully test fired missiles, with a total of four carried.
L85A
L85A is an USV design first revealed in 2021 during the 13th Zhuhai Air Show along with another design L90, and L85A is a high-speed general purpose USV.
L90
L90 is an USV design first revealed in 2021 during the 13th Zhuhai Air Show along with another design L85A, and L90 is an USV designed for underwater detection.
LVR-17 Vigilant-class USV
LVR-17 Vigilant-class (巡游者) USV is an USV developed by Zycraft, Yunzhou's subsidiary in Singapore, and it is a long-endurance USV constructed of carbon-fiber composite material, with Kevlar armor. LVR-17 Vigilant-class USV adopts modular design so that its payload can be changed to fit different mission requirements, and can operate in sea state 3. Specification:
Length (m): 17.5
Beam (m): 3.6
Draft (m): 0.85
Displacement (m): 16
Payload (t): 3
Propulsion: diesel
Top speed (kn): 35
Endurance (nmi): 3000 @ 6 kn
LVR-17 Vigilant-class USV has been deployed in Port of Singapore since 2013.
M40 Wind Listener
M40 Wind Listener (听风者) is an USV designed to carry out hydrographic survey duties. A catamaran design constructed of aluminium alloy, M40 Wind Listener is designed to operate in Sea State 2. M40 is specifically designed to operate in shallow waters where manned hydrographic survey craft with great draft cannot operate. Specifications:
Length (m): 3.5
Beam (m): 1.9
Height (m): 2.4
Displacement (t): 1.45
Cruise speed (kn): 4
Top speed (kn): 7
Endurance (hr): 6 @ 4 kn
Propulsion: electrical driven pump-jet
Weight (kg): 500
Payload (kg): 60
Remote control range (km): 1
On December 7, 2017, M40 Wind Listener USV has been successfully used in the navigational survey of Jiangmen.
M75 Protector
M75 Protector (守护者) is an USV designed to performance various duties such as firefighting, surveillance, port security, as well as coastal combatant for navy. Constructed of carbon fiber composite, M75 Protector series can operate in sea state 3. As with most Yunzhou USVs, M75 Protector is also self-righting. Specification:
Length (m): 5.3
Beam (m): 1.72
Height (m): 2.85
Displacement (t): 1.25
Cruise speed (kn): 18
Top speed (kn): 26
Endurance (hr): 4 @ 26 kn
Propulsion: diesel driven pump-jet
Point-to-point communication range (km): 15
M75 Protector has been developed into both armed and unarmed version, with the former being either equipped for firefighting and surveillance mission which can be equipped with non-lethal weapons, and latter being armed with RCWS.
M80 Polar Walker
Polar Walker (极行者) is an USV designed to be operated in polar regions for scientific research mission, and it can be either fully autonomous or remotely controlled. M80 Polar Walker is a trimaran built of aluminium alloy, and is able to operate in Sea State 3. Specification:
Specification:
Length (m): 5.56
Beam (m): 2.4
Height (m): 2.9
Displacement (t): 1.45
Top speed (kt): 12
Cruise speed (kt): 6
Endurance (nm): 300 @ 6 kt
Propulsion: diesel with pump-jet
Payload (kg): 200
Remote control range (km): 1
M80 Polar Walker is fully capable of being integrated and deployed on icebreakers such as Type 272 icebreaker, and has been successfully used in polar missions conducted by MV Xue Long. An updated version M80B has been jointly developed by Yunzhou and PLAN Survey Research Institute and Chinese State Oceanic Administration, and was also deployed on MV Xue Long in November 2017 exploration.
ME120
ME120 is a USV developed for hydrographic survey, and it adopts modular design, so that subsystem such as battery, payload and propulsion system can be rapidly changed. The USV is a catamaran design which can be taken apart and assembled in the field for rapid deployment. Specifications:
Length (m): 2.5
Beam (m): 1.4
In Ocean Business is held at the National Oceanography Centre, Southampton from 9–11 April 2019, ME120 successfully demonstrated its versatility by demonstrating the successful survey with onboard sonar system manufactured by Kongsberg Gruppen. ME120 can also be used as commercially for advertisement.
S600
S600 USV is the first USV developed by Yunzhou, and it is a micro USV entered PLAN service as a range instrumentation drone. The USV is designed to simulate various much larger targets, and can operate in Sea State 3, while capable of simultanesously tracking up to five different targets. Specification:
Top speed: 35 kt
Range accuracy: better than 2 meters
Azimuth accuracy: better than 2°
Effective range for measuring predicted impact point for artillery rounds: 200 meters
Effective range for measuring predicted impact point for missiles: 800 meters
Target speed: 200 – 1000 meter/second
S600 is often used in conjunction with Type 909, Type 909A, or Type 910 weapon trials ships.
SE40
SE40 is a small USV designed to performance hydrographic survey duties, and it is developed from earlier SL20 USV SE40 USV is designed to automatically return to the launching point once the mission is completed or after contact is lost. A trimaran design constructed of carbon fiber, SE40 is capable of operating in Sea State 4. Specifications:Specification:
Length (m): 1.6
Beam (m): 0.6
Wight (kg): 34
Payload (kg): 25
Propulsion: pump-jet
Cruise speed (m/sec): 2.5
Top speed (m/sec): 5
Minimum working depth (m): 0.2
Remote control range (km): 1
SL20
SL20 series (including SL20Y) USV is designed to perform hydrographic survey task. SL20 is micro USV designed to be handled by a single operator who can complete all designed tasks of the USV without outside assistance, and can be either fully autonomous or remotely controlled. SL20 series USV is constructed of carbon fiber composite material and is capable of performing designed tasks in Sea State 3. Specification:
Length (m): 1.05
Beam (m): 0.55
Height (m): 0.35
Wight (kg): 15
Payload (kg): 10
Propulsion: pump-jet
Cruise speed (m/sec): 2.5
Top speed (m/sec): 5
Endurance (hr): 2 @ 2.5 m/sec, 1 @ 4 m/sec
Minimum working depth (m): 0.5
Remote control range (km): 1
In July 2020, SL20 along with SL40 USVs were deployed to assist Yongxiu County in its flood prevention efforts, successfully mapping seven sections of local breakwater to identify weak points need to be reinforced.
SL40
SL40 is an USV developed for hydrographic survey and surveillance missions, and it can be either fully autonomous or remotely controlled. SL40 USV is a trimaran design constructed of carbon fiber composite material, and can operate in Sea State 4. Specification:
Length (m): 1.6
Beam (m): 0.6
Height (m): 0.4
Weight (kg): 34
Payload (kg): 25
Propulsion: pump-jet
Cruise speed (m/sec): 2.5 m/sec
Top speed (m/sec): 6 m/sec
Endurance (hr): 4 @ 2.5 m/sec, 2 @ 5 m/sec
Remote control range (km): 1
Minimum working depth (m): 0.2
In 2019, SL40 along with Dolphin USVs were successfully deployed in the China-Lao-Burma-Thailand joint riverine law enforcement exercise. In July 2020, SL40 along with SL20 USVs were deployed to assist Yongxiu County in its flood prevention efforts, successfully mapping seven sections of local breakwater to identify weak points need to be reinforced.
Somersault Cloud 0
Somersault cloud (筋斗云0号) USV is an unmanned cargo ship jointly developed by Intelligence Science & Technology Corporation, the municipal government of Zhuhai, Wuhan University of Technology, and China Classification Society, as a feasibility research project for adopting USV for commercial shipping. Specification:
Length (m): 13.2
Beam (m): 3.8
Depth (m): 2
Draft (m): 1.1
Displacement (t): 34
Payload: 1 TEU container
Propulsion: pump-jet
Speed (kt): 8
Endurance (nm): 55
Maiden voyage of Somersault Cloud 0 was completed on December 15, 2019.
TC40
TC40 is an USV is designed to detect underwater objects such as pipelines and other obstcles. Constructed of glass fiber reinforced plastic, TC40 USV can operate in Sea State 4, and is equipment with underwater video cameras and acoustic equipment. Specification:
Length (m): 1.6
Beam (m): 0.6
Height (m): 0.4
Top speed (m/sec): 5
Cruise speed (m/sec): 1.5
Endurance (hr): 3 @ 1.5 m/sec，2 @ 2 m/sec
Propulsion: propeller driven
Weight (kg): 32
Payload (kg): 14
Remote control range (km): 1
TC40 has been successfully deployed in December 2017 Fortune Forum held in Guangzhou to secure the adjacent lake and waterways of the conference.
V20
V20 USV is an USV developed to perform security and patrol details for anchorage and harbors, and was made public for the first time during the 12th Zhuhai Airshow in 2018. Specification:
Speed (kt): 60
References
Auxiliary ships of the People's Liberation Army Navy
Unmanned surface vehicles |
69383184 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajnagar%2C%20Seraikela%20Kharsawan | Rajnagar, Seraikela Kharsawan | Rajnagar is a village in the Gobindpur CD block in the Seraikela Sadar subdivision of the Seraikela Kharsawan district in the Indian state of Jharkhand.
Geography
Location
Rajnagar is located at .
Area overview
The area shown in the map has been described as “part of the southern fringe of the Chotanagpur plateau and is a hilly upland tract”. 75.7% of the population lives in the rural areas and 24.3% lives in the urban areas.
Note: The map alongside presents some of the notable locations in the district. All places marked in the map are linked in the larger full screen map.
Civic administration
There is a police station at Rajnagar.
The headquarters of Gobindpur CD block are located at Rajnagar village.
Demographics
According to the 2011 Census of India, Rajnagar had a total population of 1,806, of which 900 (50%) were males and 906 (50%) were females. Population in the age range 0-6 years was 222. The total number of literate persons in Rajnagar was 1,106 (69.82% of the population over 6 years).
(*For language details see Kuchai block#Language and religion)
Education
Government S.S.High School, Rajnagar, is a Hindi-medium coeducational institution established in 1959. It has facilities for teaching from class IX to class XII. The school has a playground and a library with 212 books.
Kasturba Gandhi Balika Vidyalaya is a Hindi-medium girls only institution established in 2006. It has facilities for teaching in classes VI and XII. The school has a playground, a library with 72 books and has 5 computers for teaching and learning purposes.
Academic English High School is an English-medium coeducational institution established in 1997. It has facilities for teaching from class I to class XII. The school has a playground, a library with 500 books and has 10 computers for teaching and learning purposes.
References
Villages in Seraikela Kharsawan district |
69383634 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meeting%20at%20Autom%C3%B3vel%20Clube | Meeting at Automóvel Clube | The meeting at the Automóvel Clube was a solemnity of sergeants of the Military Police and Armed Forces of Brazil, on March 30, 1964, in Rio de Janeiro, at which President João Goulart gave a speech. Taking place amid the repercussions of the 1964 Sailors' Revolt, it was one of the immediate factors in the coup d'état that began the following day.
Days earlier, the , (the lower ranks of the military), whose support the president sought, had been at the center of a mutiny in the Navy, and Goulart's response had been deemed insufficient by the opposition and the military. However, the president did not back down, and although warned that his appearance would be political provocation, he met with the sergeants and the same sailors as the previous days. In his speech, considered by most authors to be the most radical, he insisted that the would be achieved, pointed out the impending coup d'état and defended himself from the criticism that he was an enemy of military discipline and hierarchy, transferring this accusation to his enemies. The repercussion was negative among the officers, who disagreed with his definition of discipline and saw a breach of hierarchy in his direct relationship with the enlisted men.
The speech was one of the factors that prevented an effective reaction by legalistic military to the coup d'état. With the fall of the president, the event thus represented one of the final moments of the Populist Republic and of Goulart's public career.
Attendance
The month of March 1964 was a turning point for the Goulart government, marking the president's commitment to the left and the strengthening of his opposition. The mild reaction to the Sailors' Revolt discredited the government among military officers, and the ongoing conspiracies were about to materialize into a coup d'état. On the 28th the leaders of the conspirators in Minas Gerais met for their final preparations, while General Castelo Branco's group defined on the 29th that the overthrow of the president would be on April 2.
The celebration of the 40th anniversary of the Military Police Lieutenants and Sergeants Association was scheduled for the 30th at the and the president was invited. Although such a solemnity was commonplace and had already been scheduled well in advance, the circumstances gave the event a new connotation: it was a meeting with military subalterns in the midst of the repercussions of a subaltern mutiny, led by a president who wanted to have a support base among the sergeants to react to a possible attack by the officers.
Several advisors warned Goulart against attending, as did legalistic military personnel, such as Brigadier Francisco Teixeira. The president's press secretary, , and deputies Tancredo Neves, , and were against. For Tancredo, the president ought to send a representative, but his personal presence would be a political provocation; to attend, "only if the president were on the eve of an armed struggle and troops would leave from there for combat." In those circumstances, attendance would be in the eyes of the officerate a continuation of the breach of discipline and hierarchy. However, Goulart felt supported by the military apparatus of General , did not want to show weakness and "believed that, whether he attended or not, his attitude would not change the course of events."
The president arrived before 8:00 pm, in the presence of his wife Maria Thereza and the ministers Assis Brasil, of the Military Cabinet, , of Justice, , of Health, , of Labor, , of Transportation and Public Works, , of Aeronautics, and , of the Navy.
Out of 26,000 sergeants in Rio de Janeiro, the organizers expected 10,000, but only around two thousand showed up. Abelardo Jurema notes that the two thousand present were not two thousand military personnel, as their families and civilians were also in the hall. Of those present, it is likely that Military Police members predominated. The Army presence was minimal, as the commanders did not allow them to leave their barracks. There were no disciplinary incidents against this measure. The presence of the military police was relevant due to the fact that their corporation was the armed wing of the opposition governor Carlos Lacerda. Sailors, corporals, and marines also attended, and two figures of the crisis in the Navy, , "Corporal Anselmo," and , commander of the Marine Corps, were prominently present. Among those present were members of the , , and , and Brizolists, Communists and Nationalists.
Speeches
In addition to the president, several other speakers gave speeches, among them Abelardo Jurema and José Anselmo dos Santos. Sergeant and deputy spoke of "rejecting the alienated and reactionary cupolas," while sub-lieutenant Antônio Sena Pires defined, "We fight against alien exploitation and contribute to the politicization of the Brazilian people, who no longer tolerate colonizing foreign capital or foreign and domestic trusts." Other sergeants spoke in support of changes to the , social reforms, and changes in military regulations, and declared their support for the president and the unity of the pro-reform sectors.
Goulart's speech began after 10:00 PM and by 11:35 PM he was back at the Laranjeiras Palace. His words were broadcast over radio and television, with the television broadcast restricted to Rio de Janeiro. He spoke "tense, with dark circles under his eyes," with "a worried, tired, embarrassed physiognomy," speaking with indecision, lacking "the precision and seductive tone quite well known." He took a more moderate text, written "by several hands, among which those of Raul Ryff and Jorge Serpa," or written in large part by Luís Carlos Prestes, but he spoke by improvisation.
The possibility of a coup d'état was made explicit, and Goulart went on the offensive. The first term used was "crisis", which he blamed on sectors of the elite and foreign investors opposed to his proposals. He denounced the action of the Brazilian Institute for Democratic Action, which had financed conservative politicians, and refuted the criticism that he was against the family and the Catholic Church and attacked the "saboteurs" and "reactionaries". He talked about his base reforms, but the most important topics were his relationship with the sergeants and military hierarchy and discipline.
While justifying his response to the Sailors' Revolt, he declared himself a defender of the cohesion of the Armed Forces, responding to criticisms such as those enunciated by Castelo Branco. He called the coup plotters true violators of discipline and hierarchy, recalling that some of them, in 1961, had arrested sergeants and officers (such as Marshall Henrique Teixeira Lott) who defended legality. Defined discipline as being based on mutual respect and, insisting that the sergeants obey the legal hierarchy, alluded to a bond with him, and not with the officers, in case they practiced "sectarianism" or opposed the "feelings of the Brazilian people". He assured that, despite the opposition, the base reforms would be achieved, and "No one can be fooled anymore by a coup against the government, against the people." He concluded:
The president "didn't even look like the conciliatory Jango so fought by the left". A good part of the authors consider the speech as a radicalization and even as a political suicide, as Thomas Skidmore, for whom the tone was one of a "belligerent farewell prayer" in which he "refused to shirk responsibility for the attacks on military discipline." and Marco Antonio Villa, whose assessment is that it was a testament to provide the basis for a future return to politics. An alternative interpretation is that the purpose of the speech would instead be to preserve the president's mandate through the support of the sergeants.
Reactions
The Ultima Hora hit the stands the next day with optimistic assessments, although its founder Samuel Wainer wrote in his memoirs that he was opposed to the president's appearance. Luís Carlos Prestes, general secretary of the Communist Party, evaluated eighteen years later that the event was "an inversion of the entire hierarchy and facilitated the coup". Senator , after hearing the speech, judged that "Jango is no longer president of the Republic". Legalist and Nationalist officers realized the seriousness of the situation and were upset. The Minister of Aeronautics, who was at the meeting, later ordered the arrest of one of the sergeants for his speech. Lieutenant Colonel Alfredo Arraes de Alencar, who was serving in the Secretariat of the National Security Council, saw a coup as certain.
In military memory, the event is remembered as one of the motivating events for the neutral majority of officers to join the coup. The meeting appears together with the of 1963 and, in 1964, the Sailors' Revolt and the Central Rally. Added to these events, the impression of the officers, including the legalists, was that the president himself encouraged military indiscipline. His definition of discipline - the product of mutual respect - was not that which exists in the Armed Forces, where its basis is obedience. The officers' concept of discipline did not include, as Goulart intended, the political participation of his commanders. Hierarchical concepts were also hurt, as the president addressed the lower ranks directly to question what the higher ranks were doing.
The conspirators, in turn, liked the speech for pushing the other officers against the president, as was the opinion of Ernesto Geisel, who attended it together with Golbery do Couto e Silva and Castelo Branco. They were just waiting for a pretext to overthrow the president. At 05:00 on the 31st, in Juiz de Fora, General Olímpio Mourão Filho launched the offensive with a series of phone calls. Shortly after the coup, he defined the meeting at the Automóvel Clube as the trigger for his decision, understanding also present among historians. In his memoirs, he recounted having realized after dinner that he would have to leave at dawn the next day. Afterwards, he watched the speech on television at his wife's insistence. His decision consisted of extensive preparations and not a passionate gesture.
The sergeants' support did not materialize during the coup, and their hierarchical obedience in the Army was maintained, with the rapid collapse of the government's military situation. The meeting has already been called the "last act of the João Goulart Government and the Fifth Republic", as well as Jango's last public appearance, although his words at the airport in Brasilia on the evening of April 1 are also cited as his last in public.
Notes
References
Sources
Books
Articles and papers
External links
Speech at Estado de S. Paulo, March 31, 1964. p. 8
Speech at Jornal do Brasil, March 31, 1964. p. 5
Transcrption from Jornal do Brasil
1964 in Brazil
Cold War military history of Brazil
Meetings |
69383696 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abigail%20%28slave%29 | Abigail (slave) | Abigail (died December 1783), called Abby, was an African American woman owned as a slave by the American statesman John Jay. She died after attempting to escape in 1783 in Paris, where Jay helped negotiate the Treaty of Paris to secure America's independence.
Abigail belonged to the Jay household since at least 1776; she was one of the at least 17 slaves owned by Jay. In 1779, she was the only slave to accompany Jay and his family on their trip to Paris. When he left Paris for London in 1783, his family and Abigail remained in Paris. His wife Sarah regularly wrote to him about the household's affairs, and it is from this correspondence that almost all that is known about Abigail is drawn.
While Sarah's letters initially praised "Abbe"'s "attention & proofs of fidelity" and her "usefulness", she was isolated in Paris, with few friends or opportunity to make any, and separated from her loved ones in America. In summer of 1783, she suffered from toothache and rheumatism. By then, it appears that she felt unsettled; Sarah suggested that an "English washerwoman" might have enticed Abigail with the promise of wages in exchange for her work.
In October 1783, Abigail left the Jay home, intending not to return. At Sarah Jay's request, the Paris police searched for Abigail, and found her in the English washerwoman's company. By lettre de cachet, she was detained in La Petite Force, the women's wing of the city jail, the Hôtel de la Force. But she refused to return to the Jays unless she was promised passage back to America.
Jay reacted with pique to Abigail's escape attempt, writing that he could not "conceive a motive" for it, given that, he wrote, he "had promised to manumit her upon our return to America, provided she behaved properly in the meantime." He wished for her to be "punished, though not vigorously", and on the advice of Benjamin Franklin, he suggested that she be left in prison for 15 to 20 days to change her mind: "Little minds cannot bear attentions & to Persons of that Class they should rather be granted than offered." To his biographer Walter Stahr, this reaction indicates that "however much [Jay] disliked slavery in the abstract, he could not understand why one of his slaves would run away."
While imprisoned, Abigail fell ill, and asked to be allowed back to the Jays. William Franklin arranged her release by paying 60 livres to the jail, probably to cover her meals. Still sick, she was cared for by Sarah Jay, but died about two weeks after her release from prison. No grave, nor records or signs of her life remain.
References
African-American women
1783 deaths
18th-century American slaves |
69383802 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baku%20Gradonachalstvo | Baku Gradonachalstvo | The Baku Gradonachalstvo (; ) was a gradonachalstvo (municipal district) in the city of Baku in the Caucasus Viceroyalty of the Russian Empire. The Baku Gradonachalstvo was formed in 1906 on the territory of the Baku Uyezd of the Baku Governorate following the Armenian-Tatar Massacres, until its disestablishment after the revolution of 1917. The area of the Baku Gradonachalstvo corresponded to the Absheron Peninsula, located in easternmost modern-day Azerbaijan.
Administrative divisions
The politseymeysterstvos (police districts) of the Baku Gradonachalstvo were:
Baku ()
Balakhano-Sabunchinskoye ()
Demographics
Caucasian Calendar of 1917
The 1917 Caucasian Calendar which produced statistics of 1916 indicates 405,829 residents in the Baku Gradonachalstvo, including 235,892 men and 169,937 women, 173,489 of whom were the permanent population, and 232,340 were temporary residents. There were 262,422 residents in the Baku district and 143,407 in the Balakhano-Sabunchinskoye district. The ethno-religious distribution was the following:
Notes
References
Federal subjects
Russia 1
First-level administrative divisions by country
Russian-speaking countries and territories |
69384359 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Govinda%20Govinda%20%282021%20film%29 | Govinda Govinda (2021 film) | Govinda Govinda is a 2021 Indian Kannada comedy thriller film directed by Thilak, making his debut. The film was jointly produced by S. Shailendra Babu, M. K. Kishore and Ravi R. Garani. It features Sumanth Shailendra in the lead role. The supporting cast includes Vijay Chendur, Pavan and Achyuth Kumar. The score and soundtrack for the film is by Hithan Hasan and the cinematography is by K. S. Chandrasekhar. The film is an official remake of 2019 Telugu film Brochevarevarura.
Plot
This film starts with Vishal, an assistant director confirming to launch his debut film, for which he decides approach a star actress Shalini for lead role. As his directorial debut being a low budget film and crew are mostly new to the industry, he could not find the contacts to reach out to the big stars. However, Vishal manages to get Shalini's email and sends her a short film of his script. She's impressed by his pilot gives an appointment to hear his story. They meet in a restaurant where Vishal narrates his story.
The scene now moves to a high school college principal Radha Krishna taking his only daughter Mitra to school. There she meets Rahul, Rambabu "Rambo", and Rakesh "Rocky" famous as 'R3' batch who are last benchers and failing their grades for several years. One day they try to steal their answer sheets but they see Mitra sitting in front of the staffroom and were scared as she was the principal's daughter. So, Rakesh makes up a story about his sick grandmother but the next day Rambo keeps Rakesh's paper in the staffroom again so the lecturer will believe that they 3 didn't steal them but the other two thought the same thing and make a fool of themselves in the Physics class. Mitra is just like them, in the aspect that she doesn't have an interest in studying. Instead, she likes classical dance and wants to be a national level dancer. Her parents divorced when she was young and she chose to live with her mother. After her mother passed away she had no other option left but to live with her father. She takes a liking to the R3 gang and starts hanging out with them. Disappointed by her low grades, her father decides to enroll her in a Math tuition class which is run by her father's best friend. Having no rapport with her father, Mitra decides to run away from home to pursue her career. R3 batch supports her decision, and she devises a perfect plan for them to execute. Later her Math teacher takes advantage of her and harasses her sexually. She is sad and tells her father about it, but he dismisses it as pathetic excuse for skipping tuition. Mitra is heartbroken, her father is unable to help her and this makes her question her insecurity. She hatches a fake plan to get herself kidnapped by R3 and use the money to learn dance and run away from home. The R3 gang follow the plan perfectly and secure 8 lakh rupees from Mitra's father. Later Mitra runs away from home and moves to Hyderabad for living her dream.
Meanwhile R3 gang bash the Math teacher on Mitra's behalf, and unknowingly injure an innocent person (later revealed as Vishal's dad). Meanwhile, Radha informs his cop friend Srinu and asks him to investigate on R3. Srinu starts the investigation, but considers R3 as innocent. Mitra is excited to perform on stage and invites R3 to watch her performance. She forgets her phone while leaving for the dance studio. She is kidnapped again, this time by real thugs who are even willing to sell her for human trafficking. The thugs contact R3 for money as Mitra tells them that they are her only point of contact.The R3 batch is worried and decides to beg, borrow or steal money to save Mitra.
Vishal narrates half of the script to Shalini and promises to narrate the rest another day after making some minor developments. Later Shalini starts travelling with Vishal for the film, and falls for him. She introduces Vishal to some of the well known people in the film Industry and waits to propose to him for the marriage. Vishal receives a call from his mother, who tells him that his father met with an accident. They need 10 lakh rupees for the surgery, and Shalini helps him out with the money. She gets the money from the bank by one of her agents, and drives Vishal to his father with the money. Meanwhile, Rocky sees this as an easy opportunity to get 10 lakh rupees for saving Mitra. They pelt a stone on Shalini's car in route, which leads to a car crash and they steal the money. Rahul drops his phone which had the thug's contact on it at the crash scene (a mentally challenged person picks it up later). Vishal and Shalini are admitted to a local hospital and Vishal is hesitant to ask Shalini for more money for his father's surgery.
Meanwhile, the thugs try to contact Rahul but to no avail. Then they decide to sell her and start moving to pick up point. Rahul and Vishal realize that the phone was dropped at the crash site, both race to the crash site and deduce that the mentally challenged must've picked up the phone and start hunting for him in the city. Meanwhile, one of the thugs gifts Mitra's bag to his daughter. R3 and thug's daughter end up in the same auto-rickshaw and they realize that it is Mitra's bag. They investigate his daughter for his whereabouts and track him down. Meanwhile, Vishal manages to track down the mentally challenged and chases after him. They all run into each other and on realizing it try to disperse. Then Rahul contacts kidnappers to save Mitra but the kidnappers refuse his deal and delete his contact. While transporting Mitra to their place, Mitra creates havoc in the car of thugs which leads to hit into a motorcycle and end up creating a huge ruckus. This leads to the police trying to document the issue for insurance purposes. They are surprised to discover Mitra and save her.
Meanwhile, Vishal's sister informs Vishal that operation was completed successfully. He realizes that Shalini arranged the money again for his father, and he comes to thank her, then Shalini suddenly proposes him for marriage. Vishal is confused and Shalini promises to do his film even if he was not ready to accept her proposal. Vishal asks her for some time to think. Then they receive a parcel in the hospital which contains the 10 lakhs which was stolen by R3 initially.
Meanwhile, Srinu makes Radha realise on the mistakes he made while disciplining his daughter. Then Radha decides to get Mitra back and wholeheartedly apologize her. Later in a police station Mitra contacts Rahul to pick her up. But Rahul refused to come instead to call her father because they have realised they had done a big mistake. Her father is the correct person to handle the situation for setting right and Rahul hopes all for good. Then Mitra calls her father and Radha receives her warmly in the station.
Then finally the film ends with Radha supporting his daughter's decision by enrolling her in a classical dance academy and bashing his friend in front of his students along with Mitra. Mitra realised she fell for Rahul and proposes indirectly but Rahul did not understand her intention. Vishal starts his film with Shalini. Finally R3 gang discusses about their useless goals in life.
Cast
Sumanth Shailendra as Venkatesha
Bhavana as Padmavathi
Roopesh Shetty as Srinivas
Kavitha Gowda as Alamelu
Vijay Chendur as Hari Dodkunde
Pavan as Keshav Karade
Achyuth Kumar as Principal Sheshachala, Alamelu's father
Shobaraj as Inspector Narayana
V. Manohar as Ramana, Venkatesha's father
Padma Vasanthi as Ratnamma
Ajay Ghosh as Tirupati
Kaddipudi Chandru as Narahari
K. Manju as Producer
Production
The film was announced in December 2019 after the shoot had started. The film marks comeback of actor Sumanth Shailendra to Kannada films. The team had Bhavana reprising the role of Nivetha Pethuraj and Kavitha Gowda reprising the role of Nivetha Thomas from the original. The film later had Tulu actor Roopesh Shetty play the another male lead role. The filming of the film had taken place in Vijayapura and in and around Bengaluru.
Soundtrack
The film's background score and the soundtracks are composed by Hithan Hassan. The music rights were acquired by Pushkar Films.
Release and reception
The film was earlier slated to release on 16 April 2021 but owing to COVID-19 pandemic the film was theatrically released on 26 November 2021.
The Times Of India gave 3/5 stars stating "Govinda Govinda is a fun ride, filled with humour and thrills. The second half of the story has some good substance. This can make for a good family outing"
The New Indian Express gave 2.5/5 stars stating "The comedy-drama, which comes with an underlying message, does make for a one-time watch that had the potential to be a fun ride. "
References
External links
Indian films
Kannada-language films
Kannada remakes of Telugu films
2020s Kannada-language films
2021 comedy films
Indian comedy films
2021 directorial debut films
Films shot in Bangalore |
69385068 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canuck%20the%20Crow | Canuck the Crow | Canuck the Crow (hatched 2015 – disappeared 30 August 2019) is a human-raised Northwestern Crow from East Vancouver, British Columbia who became locally well known due to his close relationship with people and various stunts including stealing a knife from a crime scene and riding the Vancouver SkyTrain. He was voted Metro Vancouver's unofficial ambassador in 2018, and disappeared in August 2019.
Biography
Notoriety
As a hatchling, Canuck was pushed from his nest. He was rescued and raised by a young boy in Vancouver, who took care of him until he could fly and attached a red zip-tie to his leg before letting him free in 2015.
Canuck was well known in his neighbourhood, but first went viral in September 2015 when he landed on a cyclist and started investigating his backpack. During a soccer tournament at Empire Field, Canuck landed on spectator's shoulders, tried to take personal items including keys, and drank Tim Horton's coffee.
In January 2016, Global News producer Nick Logan filmed Canuck travelling via the Vancouver SkyTrain, an automated rapid transit system. He had entered on Millennium Line at the Commercial-Broadway station and got off in East Vancouver, having also done so on two dates prior.
On 24 May 2016, Canuck stole a knife from a crime scene and interrupted a police investigation. Police had been responding to a burning vehicle when a man came at them with a knife and was subsequently shot and brought to hospital. While police were still on the scene, Canuck picked up the dropped knife, but dropped it before flying off. During another police investigation, Canuck investigated the parked police motorcycles and entered a police van, in which he defecated.
Due to the visibility and uniqueness of Canuck's actions, he became legendary in Vancouver. He was named by CBC viewers as Metro Vancouver's unofficial ambassador in 2018, beating out actor Michael J. Fox with 81% of the final vote.
Personal life
In March 2017, Canuck was beaten unconscious on a soccer pitch by a man using a flagpole. He was nursed back to health by veterinarian Anne McDonald. Canuck mated with a female crow named Cassiar and had two broods in May and June 2019. The first brood died due to a predatory bird attack but the second was successful. One of the chicks, named Gord after late Canadian singer-songwriter Gord Downie, was plucked from the nest by another crow, but was rehabilitated and adopted by another crow pair in Maple Ridge.
Disappearance
Canuck was last seen on 30 August 2019. His mate Cassiar remained at their nest site, calling for him to return. Shawn Bergman, the operator of Canuck's social media profiles, posted a $10,000 reward for the safe return of Canuck, with money gathered from anonymous donations. Bergman and others have expressed belief that Canuck was kidnapped. Wildlife biologist and crow specialist John Marzluff has stated that the chances Canuck is still alive are slim. Reports of dead crows matching Canuck's description have remained unverified. Vancouver police are not investigating the disappearance.
References
Individual birds
Crows
SkyTrain (Vancouver) |
69385079 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nimdih | Nimdih | Nimdih is a village in the Nimdih CD block in the Chandil subdivision of the Seraikela Kharsawan district in the Indian state of Jharkhand.
Geography
Location
Nimdih is located at .
Area overview
The area shown in the map has been described as “part of the southern fringe of the Chotanagpur plateau and is a hilly upland tract”. 75.7% of the population lives in the rural areas and 24.3% lives in the urban areas.
Note: The map alongside presents some of the notable locations in the district. All places marked in the map are linked in the larger full screen map.
Civic administration
There is a police station at Nimdih.
The headquarters of Nimdih CD block are located at Nimdih village.
Demographics
According to the 2011 Census of India, Nimdih had a total population of 1,349, of which 708 (52%) were males and 641 (48%) were females. Population in the age range 0-6 years was 158. The total number of literate persons in Nimdih was 928 (77.92% of the population over 6 years).
(*For language details see Nimdih block#Language and religion)
Transport
There is a station at Nimdih on the Asansol-Tatanagar-Kharagpur line.
Education
Nimdih Middle School is a Hindi-medium coeducational institution established in 1953. It has facilities for teaching from class I to class VIII.
Bamni High School at Ketunga is a Hindi-medium coeducational institution established in 1952. It has facilities for teaching in classes IX and X. The school has a playground and a library with 200 books.
References
Villages in Seraikela Kharsawan district |
69385950 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teodor%20Boldur-L%C4%83%C8%9Bescu | Teodor Boldur-Lățescu | Teodor Boldur-Lățescu (; also written Teodor Boldour-Lățăscu, Boldour-Latzesko, Toderiță Lățescu, or T. B. Lățescu; 1837–1891) was a Romanian politician, essayist and newspaper publisher, best known for his violent advocacy of Moldavian separatism. Born into an ancient clan of Moldavian boyars, and claiming Montenegrin Balšić descent on his maternal side, he was unable to maintain his economic status, and eventually had to work as a lawyer. In his late teens, he debuted in politics as an adherent of the National Party, which sought to establish political ties between the Romanian populations of Moldavia and Wallachia. Boldur-Lățescu was disenchanted with the single Romanian state formed in 1859, emerging as an outspoken adversary of its Domnitor, Alexandru Ioan Cuza. His embrace of political separatism took a radical and controversial form, which included stereotyping Wallachians as Gypsies and circulating a historical forgery, the Chronicle of Huru. During the interregnum which followed Cuza's toppling by the "monstrous coalition" in February 1866, he joined a separatist caucus in Iași, convincing Nicolae Rosetti-Rosnovanu to claim the Moldavian throne.
On 3 April 1866, Boldur-Lățescu helped instigate the Iași separatist revolt, personally commanding armed citizens in resisting the Princely Lieutenancy and a Romanian Army-led backlash. These events, which resulted in many casualties on both sides, were widely believed to have been stoked by the Russian Empire and the Lipovan colony, though Lățescu later stated his anti-Russian sentiment. Arrested, then released, he continued to advocate for separatism even as his co-conspirators decided to no longer support it. His anti-Wallachian propaganda and his unrestrained criticism of Domnitor Carol I were regular features of the gazettes Moldova and Boldul, which he published in the late 1860s. In September 1867, Lățescu was assaulted by two Wallachian officers. Earning much public sympathy for his status as a victim, he was able to preserve separatism as a political cause into the 1870s. He was assaulted again in 1870, by police, after allegedly engaging in cruelty to animals at the Iași menagerie.
Shortly before the Romanian War of Independence, Boldur-Lățescu relaunched his political career as an ally of the right-wing politico Lascăr Catargiu. This took him to southern Bessarabia, where he served as Prefect for Bolgrad County. While there, he became noted as an adversary of the Bessarabian Bulgarians, but also as a critic of administrative abuse against civilians. Boldur-Lățescu, who launched several other newspapers and printing offices, was rewarded by Catargiu with a directorial position at Monitorul Oficial, the Romanian government gazette. Distancing himself from the administration in late 1873, he became a local ally of the National Liberal Party, which he joined in the early 1880s. Reconfirmed as Bolgrad Prefect, he was depicted by his critics as a habitual embezzler and vote-rigger, losing both this position and his seat in the Deputies' Assembly. The Russian annexation of southern Bessarabia forced him out of Bolgrad and into Neamț County, which returned him as deputy and also awarded him a seat in the Senate.
Within the newly proclaimed Kingdom of Romania, Boldur-Lățescu was noted as a skeptic of Moldavian regionalism and expressed loyalty toward Carol and his court; he was also involved in debates of Jewish emancipation, supporting full naturalization for only economically useful Jews. He eventually moved to Botoșani County, becoming its Prefect in 1887–1888. Though he also served as the National Liberals' branch leader, his rejection of any alliances with his old adversaries at Junimea pushed him into a conflict with this party. By the time of his death at age 53 or 54, Lățescu had joined the Conservative Party. His daughter Olga was a courtesan, infamous for her participation in a blackmail affair, which ended with her imprisonment in 1896.
Biography
Origins and youth
Teodor Boldur-Lățescu was born when Moldavia and Wallachia, the "Danubian Principalities", were ruled under Regulamentul Organic, a constitutional document which shared suzerainty of the countries between the Ottoman Empire and Russia. He belonged to the high-ranking boyar aristocracy, the first-born son of Gheorghe (or Iordachi) Costachi-Boldur-Lățescu (1798–1857), who in 1839 rose to the rank of Hatman in the Moldavian militia. Gheorghe had an older daughter, Esmeralda (or Didița), from his marriage to the Rosettești boyaress Eufrosina. Teodor's mother, Anica Balș (1820–1875) and Gheorghe had two other sons, Iorgu and Iancu, and daughters Olga and Evghenia.
A hypothesis put forth in the 1930s by Turkologist László Rásonyi identifies "Boldur", originally "Buldur", as a name of Cuman origins, which, according to historian Neagu Djuvara, could link the Moldavian family to the 13th-century nomadic confederation and its tribal aristocracy. The genealogical connection between the Boldur-Lățescus and the original Boldurs is not fully understood. In the 1840s, the scribe Iordache Mălinescu-Văleni endorsed a family tradition and circulated a genealogical tree which showed that the Costachis were descendants of Boldur, Vornic to 15th-century prince Stephen the Great. This is largely based on the observation that Boldur and the Costachis were both landowners in Epureni, and was received with enthusiasm by Costachi branches who added "Boldur" as their surname. The claim was revised in later scholarship, which only credits the family's attested lineage to the 17th-century Gavriliță Costache, also a Vornic, rendered notable by his partnership with Moldavian Prince Constantin Cantemir. More specifically, the Lățescus descended from Gavriliță's grandson, Clucer Gavril. The nickname "Lățescu" originated with his paternal great-grandfather, Spatharios Mihalache, evoking his ties with Lățești village, the sole estate he still owned at his retirement in 1816.
Through Anica, Teodor was the grandson of Hatman Teodor Balș, who viewed himself as descending from the Occitan House of Baux, through the Balšić dynasty, which had ruled in medieval Zeta. The claim of descent from the Balšićes was reviewed in 1844 by the Russian Office of Heraldry, who found it not entirely reliable. Genealogist Elena Monu argues that, whereas his father the Hatman was an avid agriculturist and social activist, who "helped the peasants on his estates in various ways", Teodor more closely resembled his Balș mother, who squandered a fortune in her lifetime. Memoirist Rudolf Șuțu argues that Anica was a careful entrepreneur, but attributes her misfortunes to her bad temper. He notes that she once pursued and physically threatened a judge who had ruled against her in a property dispute, and as a result had to spend time in prison. The story is backed by another raconteur, Dimitrie Hogea, who places it in 1864–1865.
During the Regulamentul years, the Hatman answered to Russian governor Pavel Kiselyov. In April 1831, he rode with the Cossacks to quell a peasant revolt in Deleni. In the mid 1850s, the Crimean War took Moldavia and Wallachia out of the Russian sphere of influence, and briefly into that of the Austrian Empire. Esmeralda Boldur, by then married to General Nicolae Mavrocordat, offered her home in Iași to serve as an Austrian hospital. Moldavia was led through the post-Regulamentul period by a modernizing Prince, Grigore Alexandru Ghica. During this time the family, whether wittingly or unwittingly, became involved with promoting a historical forgery called Chronicle of Huru—generally seen as produced, in whole or in part, by Paharnic Constantin Sion. It was printed in 1856 by Gheorghe Asachi with funds from Lățescu's father the Hatman, whom philologist Demostene Russo identifies as a likely contributor to the forgery process itself. The text was flattering for the Boldur family, depicting its ancestors as directly engaged in the foundation of Moldavia, which the Chronicle pushed back to the early medieval period; it also induced the political goal of Moldavian distinctiveness, at a time when the two Principalities already seemed to be heading toward union.
Hatman Costachi-Lățescu retired from the militia due to ill health in April 1856. A Romanian nationalist, he endorsed the idea of Moldavian–Wallachian union, and signed his name to letters of protest against the Caimacam (Regent) Toderiță Balș, who opposed it. At that stage, Teodor was adhering to similar goals. On 25 May 1856, he attended the unionist gathering of Socola and signed up to Petre Mavrogheni's National Party platform. Following protracted political battles, in 1859 the United Principalities were formed, with Alexandru Ioan Cuza as their first monarch, or Domnitor. In keeping with Cuza's program of educational reforms, as well as with their father's dying wish, young Boldur-Lățescu and his two brothers founded the Costăcească School of Hudești, which they paid for with agricultural revenue from their nearby estate. Teodor soon came to resent the regime and was satisfied when a "monstrous coalition" of left-liberal "Reds" and conservative "Whites" engineered Cuza's abdication in February 1866. Appearing in public shortly after the coup had succeeded, he "thought it wise to demean himself" by entering the Iași tribunal hall, where he tore down a Cuza portrait, "took it with him on his sleigh, and went over to Saint Nicholas Church, where he buried it with pomp and circumstance."
3 April riot
Boldur-Lățescu made a publicized return as an anti-unionist in March–April 1866. The Principalities maintained unity under a Princely Lieutenancy made up of Nicolae Haralambie, Lascăr Catargiu, and Nicolae Golescu, but the political format was under stress. The subsequent riots were sparked by outrage over the Lieutenancy's search for a foreign prince to replace Cuza, and their eventual selection of Carol of Hohenzollern; in Moldavia, they turned to open separatism and the proposal to revive a Moldavian monarchy under Nicolae Rosetti-Rosnovanu. On the same day as Cuza's overthrow, a petition calling for a loose confederation to be restored between the two principalities was circulated among Moldavian boyars, and then sent to the European great powers. Commenting on this document on 26 February, Russian diplomat Andrey von Budberg concluded that "the overwhelming majority of Moldavians want disengagement [from Wallachia]." Historian Gheorghe Cristea contrarily sees the movement as "without echo within the large mass of the Moldavian population, yet strongly supported by Russia."
Cristea also notes that Rosetti-Rosnovanu was an "absolute non-entity, but very rich", while all his more prominent supporters, including Boldur-Lățescu and Nicu Ceaur-Aslan, were "people of no importance". According to Șuțu, the plot for a takeover of Moldavia was hatched during suppers at Rosnovanu's home. Iași monographer N. A. Bogdan claims that Lățescu and the others could persuade the more junior Rosonovanu that "one bold move on their part could spark a revolt in Iași—and even in Moldavia as a whole". On 21–23 March, the separatist cause was popularized by leaflets calling for the expulsion of Wallachian soldiers from Moldavia, as well as by a petition, signed by Asachi and others, which called for Europe to guarantee "the rights of the Moldavian people".
The signal for an open rebellion was the move to appoint as Prefect Ștefan Golescu, the regent's brother, who was a Wallachian and entirely unfamiliar with the political scene of Iași; he was seconded by a third Golescu brother, Alexandru "Arăpilă", who was tasked with negotiating deals with the separatists. During such panel discussions, held at the Pogor House on 27–28 March, Rosnovanu and Boldur-Lățescu accepted the notion of a foreign prince, but noted that, if none was found in time, the union would need to be reexamined. Building on the argument that union risked turning Moldavians into Wallachian vassals, Boldur-Lățescu turned to slurs directed at the Wallachians and at the disgraced Cuza—as Cristea notes, his speech "lacked all sense of decorum." On 29 March, an incident sparked by Ceaur-Aslan and Nicolae Ionescu ended the negotiations. The Committee formed for supervising the upcoming legislative election was boycotted by the non-separatists, including by Vasile Pogor; Rosnovanu, Ceaur-Aslan and Boldur-Lățescu, running unopposed, became its organizers.
On the morning of 3 April, coinciding with Thomas Sunday, Boldur-Lățescu joined a delegation that also included Ceaur-Aslan, Orthodox Metropolitan Calinic Miclescu, and Constantin Moruzi Pecheanu, who visited Rosnovanu's home in Iași. They saluted the claimant's mother, to whom they communicated the "burning wish of Moldavia", namely that her son take the restored Moldavian crown. One account by Iacob Negruzzi places Boldur-Lățescu at the Metropolitan Cathedral, where he stood up on a table and delivered his "violent speech". His group, joined by men armed with clubs, firearms, and makeshift weapons, attempted to march on the Administrative Palace, which housed Catargiu and Prefect Golescu. They were pushed back by a unit of the Romanian Army, which, according to Negruzzi, took its orders from the poet-solder Nicolai Skelitti—whose father, also a soldier, had joined the rebel camp as one of Rosonovanu's would-be ministers. Their attempted use of bayonets was fended off by the armed populace, with new separatist arrivals joining in the scuffle. They included Boldur-Lățescu's sister Evghenia, who arrived with her then-husband, Costică Aslan. Wearing a red rose in her hair, she "urged the people to advance on the soldiers, who would not dare [...] to take aim at their Moldavian brethren".
The eventual standoff took place in front of the Rosnovanu residence. Once here, government troops reportedly found themselves shot at by snipers inside the house, and withdrew. As reported by oral historian Radu Rosetti, the rebels followed them, "headed by Toderiță Lățescu, who killed or wounded several soldiers." The assault only ended when Captains Costiescu and Pillat ordered their troops to fire into the crowd, dispersing it without need for a second volley. The approval for this was reportedly arranged by two "Whites", Petre P. Carp and Carol Davila, after securing Catargiu's approval. Boldur-Lățescu reportedly managed to reorganize his men, "his head bandaged as if wounded, pistol in hand". A cavalry charge was planned by Carp, but stalled because of a Colonel Cornescu, who could not find his saddle. Major Pandraf was appointed commander, but the attack itself had little effectiveness, since Boldur-Lățescu and his followers had erected a barricade, which served them in engaging the horsemen in hand-to-hand combat. Resistance only subsided after the cavalry shot their pistols into the crowd.
Karl Goering, the Prussian Consul in Iași, estimated 150 fatalities of the events. His Russian counterpart, I. M. Leks, settled on 50 killed and 150 wounded, but later argued that this may be a gross underestimate. The precise number of victims was never communicated by the embarrassed authorities. This allowed Boldur-Lățescu himself to narrate the events as a Romanian St. Bartholomew's, in which he also included 400 arrests among the separatists. Negruzzi acknowledges that the scene was "lugubrious. Even an hour later we could still see blood flowing and brains scattered on the cobblestones." All leaders of the revolt (except Moruzi Pecheanu, who escaped) were arrested and transported to a prison, while the surviving rebel crowd was held at a makeshift camp outside the Administrative Palace. Boldur-Lățescu soon earned infamy as "one of the artisans of the Iași separatist movement" or person with the "most significant role in the Revolution of April 3, 1866", his "band" allegedly "composed mostly of foreigners". The latter claim is qualified by Cristea, who notes that the mob must have comprised "various honest people who were misled, mostly by their political perspective, narrowed down by a rigid local patriotism". Șuțu contends that over 1,000 people were involved on the Rosnovanu side, but that many of them were from the (Russian-speaking) Lipovan minority.
Moldova and Boldul
After his release from custody, Boldur-Lățescu maintained his support for Moldavian secession. In October 1866, his separatist agenda was publicized in a bi-weekly political newspaper, Moldova ("Moldavia"), which he published alongside Iacobachi Stoianovici. Citing the verdicts of Russian diplomatic sources, historian Vladislav Grosul concludes that Boldur-Lățescu's paper was the "main organ of Moldavophiles at that time." The paper extolled Moldavian virtues and Moldavian heroes while serializing works of literature by Asachi and Costache Negruzzi. It also sought to "increase its public's antipathy toward Wallachians" by depicting these as "mountebanks" (saltimbanci) or as nomadic Gypsies (lăieși). Boldur-Lățescu also inventoried supposed differences in folkloric traditions between the two groups of Romanians: in one instance, he claimed that Wallachians were still celebrating each summer their 1653 defeat of the Moldavians, and also that they were imposing that celebration on the Moldavians themselves. Boldur-Lățescu argued that this was especially insulting, since it overlapped with the Saturday of Souls, a solemn religious festival, concluding that the two populations were "natural enemies".
Boldur-Lățescu's radicalism contrasted the political stances of other former rebels. In the snap elections in November, Rosnovanu was already running as a moderate, leaving Boldur-Lățescu as the only public partisan of Moldavia's secession—a position he reiterated when he publicly rejected the new constitution. His new brochure, Adivărul adivărat ("Truth and Nothing But"), published at Czernowitz in the Duchy of Bukovina, outlined his views of the 1866 riots. The document is also known for its "horrible expletives" against intellectuals who had gone public with their anti-separatism, including Titu Maiorescu. Its extraordinary claims against the authorities resulted in being prosecuted. He faced a sympathetic jury at the Iași Court, and used the opportunity to present his case against the government. He was ultimately acquitted on 14 December 1866. From April of the next year, Moldova moderated some of its goals: its nameplate featured mottoes calling for personal union under a foreign prince, with "legislative, administrative, judicial and financial separation" between the Principalities.
At the time, the United Principalities had a "Red" cabinet headed by Constantin A. Crețulescu, who was able to caucus among the Moldavian autonomists. One of the latter, Alecu D. Holban, canvassed for additional support at Iași. Boldur-Lățescu intervened to announce that Moldavians were being "cheated" out of their remaining local rights, but found himself heckled. During summer 1867, Boldur-Lățescu experimented with satirical writing, putting out the short-lived humorous paper, Boldul ("The Pin"). This made use of provocative cartoons and lithographs, such as depicting the aurochs of Moldavia and a female figure representing the principality, both being pecked by crows; to these were added drawings which personally attacked Carol. They earned Boldur-Lățescu negative attention from Wallachian and monarchist soldiers stationed in Iași. Moldova, meanwhile, entered a polemic with the Wallachian leftist C. A. Rosetti and his Românul gazette. In June, Moldova claimed that Rosetti had pocketed 20,000 ducats from funds meant to ensure Cuza's toppling. Românul responded that the claim was pure libel, and that the 1866 conspirators had only ever had 5,000 ducats between them. It then returned with allegations of its own, namely that Moldova was a front for Rosnovanu's interests.
Also that summer, Domnitor Carol visited the Moldavian capital. Though he was well received in the house owned by Esmeralda and the Mavrocordats, Boldur-Lățescu and Moldova were again tangled in national controversy tied to this affair. The newspaper amplified an incident from the military parade, which saw Moldavian Lieutenant Dimitrie Donici snubbing Colonel Cornescu, a Wallachian. During the aftermath, Boldur-Lățescu provoked Cornescu to a duel, but, when the latter accepted, Boldur-Lățescu failed to attend the agreed location for the event. On 3 September, Boldur-Lățescu was severely injured at Iași's Hüttemann Circus. Reports in Dreptatea newspaper suggest that two Wallachian officers, Paris and Slătineanu, shouted fire in order to stage a panic, then pounced on Boldur-Lățescu, pummeling and possibly stabbing him. The matter generated a national controversy when it was suspected that the new Prefect, Ștefan Sihleanu, had encouraged the attack, and especially when Crown Prosecutor Ioan Manu asked the Court of Cassation not to try Paris and Slătineanu at Iași. The Court agreed and picked Focșani, which was Sihleanu's hometown and political fief. Many Iași citizens felt obliged to take Boldur-Lățescu's side, and a deputation, comprising landowner Grigore Sturdza alongside lawyer George Țigara, pleaded with Carol that he intervene to ensure due process.
Boldur-Lățescu reported his absence from the country between 27 September and 19 October 1867, with Moldova only putting out three issues in that interval. According to Românul, he was in a hospital until returning with a proclamation about the coming victory of separatism, in which he also scolded Sihleanu. For a few weeks, separatism appeared to regain popularity due to the perceived injustice against Boldur-Lățescu as a Moldavian. While discouraging this politicization of the attack, Gazetas unsigned columnist declared himself indignant that police was still not in a rush to investigate the Hüttemann affair. Before the end of the month, Le Mémorial Diplomatique reported that the scandal was "used as a pretext by various ringleaders, who wished to spark a revolt. Their project was aborted, and an inquiry was ordered into this guilty maneuver."
Leaving Iași
Bogdan reports that, despite the sonorous opposition, the officers' trial was eventually moved to Focșani, "and got buried there, simply for ever, as had been intended". The suspects' only punishment, he notes, was to be relocated to more remote garrisons. On 3 April 1868, Moldova appeared with red lettering and an etching of human tears, in order to mark the two-year anniversary of the 3 April riots. The issue explicitly accused Catargiu and Davila of being mass murderers. Later that month, Carol visited the Moldavian city again and stayed at the Rosnovanu house. According to Bogdan, Boldur-Lățescu retorted with an unsigned piece in the gazette Convențiunea, which claimed that Carol had cheated his Moldavian subjects, exposing the region and its capital to more severe exploitation.
In July 1868, Moldova was reissued from Bacău and printed in Focșani, but returned to Iași before the end of that month. During August, it featured its publisher's definitive attack on C. A. Rosetti, as well as a promise (never fulfilled) that Moldova would also feature a French-language weekly edition, which was meant to publicize Romania's decay to an international audience. Also that year, Boldur-Lățescu published a translated edition of Dimitrie Cantemir's 1710s tract, Descriptio Moldaviae, as Scrisoarea Moldovei—based on the 1825 translation made at Neamț Monastery. He wrote the preface, which included his musings about the Moldavians being unfamiliar with their "ancient splendor", in which he identified the source of their political apathy. As noted by historian Andrei Pippidi, his preface has similarities with Sion's writings, including libelous claims about the genealogy of various boyar houses such as his Pillat adversaries.
In 1867, Anica Boldur settled outstanding gambling debts by selling Mărăței mahala, a part of Piatra city that she had owned to her name. Several authors have described Teodor himself as a "ne'er-do-well" (pierde-vară) and a dowry chaser. He trained as a lawyer and registered with the bar association in Iași, marrying and divorced a boyar lady, Tereza Exarhu. In 1871, he married the heiress of a timber trade merchant, Serdar Nicolae Albu, whose family controlled the politics of Piatra. This unhappy marriage ended in divorce, after the groom was found to be squandering Albu's assets. Beset by financial troubles, Boldur-Lățescu ended the publication of Moldova in 1869. At the time, he had leased Elena Berman's printing press and was using it to put out Vasile Botez's newspaper, Secolulŭ al Noue-spre-zecele. Șuțu reports that Boldur-Lățescu was mostly abroad, in Russia and in Istanbul, before deciding to return "to live among his own kind, at Iași." His younger brother Iorgu was fully reconciled with the political regime, and served as a perennial Prefect of Police in Iași, where a street was named after him. He may have been Prefect during an 1870 episode in which his brother fought with law enforcement. As reported by Șuțu, this came when Toader visited a menagerie and proceeded to pester, then prod at, the lions on display. Due to his "herculean strength", it took 50 police agents to physically subdue him; Bruised and bloodied, he asked for his photograph to be taken and kept by the Boldurs as a memento of the day.
According to literary historian Augustin Z. N. Pop, Boldur-Lățescu should be counted as an affiliate of the Free and Independent Faction, the political party which still coalesced Moldavian separatists and federalists. He returned in March–November 1871 as owner and editor of Echoul Munților ("Mountain Echoes"). Switching offices between Piatra and Iași, it may be considered the last of Moldavia's separatist gazettes. He was at the time based in Neamț County, which he successfully represented in the Deputies' Assembly after elections in May 1871. For a while before 1872, he served as Prefect of Dorohoi County, in northern Moldavia. He owed his appointment to a government headed by his former enemy Catargiu, the irony of which was commented upon in the press. According to Telegraphul daily, "here was Mr Boldur Lățescu asking to be made prefect of a district precisely by that executioner [emphasis in the original] of Moldavia whom he had turned in to public vindication, and the executioner himself, whether as a mockery of Mr Boldur Lățescu, or beacause he was afraid of him, now made him prefect of Dorohoi district." The same paper claimed that Lățescu showed his loyalty toward Catargiu by banning all local mayors from even discussing politics.
At some point in 1872, Boldur-Lățescu was assigned Prefect of Bolgrad County in southern Bessarabia, which was largely peopled by Bessarabian Bulgarians. His continued support for Catargiu was again reviewed as unusual, given his background in separatism: satirists at Ghimpele noted that Boldur-Lățescu had turned into a "fiery defender of the dynasty". Contrarily, Telegraphul noted that Lățescu had been moved after alienating the Dorohoi electorate, and that he regarded Bolgrad County as a place of exile, absenting for months on end. Like the Factionalist Holban, Lățescu eventually moved his law practice, joining the bar association shared between Bolgrad and Ismail. From July 1872 to May 1873, the former city housed his printing press, Echoulŭ Bolgraduluĭ. It put out a newspaper of the same name, owned by Boldur-Lățescu and curated by Basile Brănișteanu. A newspaper called Flagelulŭ ("The Scourge"), which appeared at Ismail and Bucharest for a while after October 1873, may have also been put out by Boldur-Lățescu.
During 1874, Lățescu was issuing another periodical, named Ecoulŭ Basarabieĭ ("Bessarabia's Echo"). In his letters to Christian Tell, the Minister for Religious and Educational Affairs, he noted his resentment for the Bulgarian community, which he saw as won over by pan-Slavism and Russophilia. He was especially adverse to the Inspection Committee of Bulgarian Schools, alleging that its members were habitual embezzlers and traffickers of influence, and expressing his dismay that two board members could not speak either Romanian or proper Bulgarian. In December 1874, he leased 10 desyatinas (1.9 hectares or 4.7 acres) of state agricultural land in the village of Caracurt.
National Liberal figure
As early as July 1873, Boldur-Lățescu had complained to Catargiu that Bolgrad was being governed with brute force, including the "arbitrary arrests [of] innocent people"—according to Telegraphul, he was abruptly told not to interfere with this state of affairs. He was eventually moved to a more central position: between 1 and 30 November 1873, he was the editor in chief of Monitorul Oficial, the Romanian government gazette, while also collecting a salary as director of the State Printing Office. According to Ghimpele, Lățescu was pushed to resign from these offices by Catargiu, after visiting the provinces and documenting forms of government abuse that he encountered there; Românul "stole the paper" and published it. Ghimpele also noted the Lățescu's surprising conversion from a "friend [and] supporter" of Catargiu to one who "reprimanded" Catargiu's government. In the June 1876 election, Boldur-Lățescu ran for the Assembly as an ally of the National Liberal Party, which coalesced the opposition to Catargiu's "Whites". Emerging as Prime Minister from this National Liberal sweep, Ion C. Brătianu applauded Lățescu's "staunch opposition to the past regime".
Boldur-Lățescu took the 3rd College of Bolgrad by 124 votes to Aristid Pascal's 100. He resigned shortly after, on 7 February 1877, to return as Bolgrad's Prefect upon Brătianu's recommendation. He then presided over the 3rd College seat snap election, in which he was the winning candidate. He engaged in massive electoral fraud, for which he was reprimanded by the Assembly on 9 June 1877; the election itself was annulled by a majority vote in chamber. He complained about this in a letter to the Assembly, which outlined his defense. He contended that, as a "man of no financial means", he could not be credibly accused of buying off voters; he also noted that the only violence in Bolgrad had been that of "my and my nation's most unrelenting enemies". Lățescu also mentioned that, as proof of his genuine popularity, he had since also been elected to Bolgrad's administrative council.
The 1870s saw the emergence and success of Iași's anti-separatist conservative club, Junimea, which grouped some of Lățescu's known adversaries, including Maiorescu, Pogor, Skelitti and Carp. At the time, Moldavians were rallying with the cause of Romanian nationalism, which led to them supporting the Romanian War of Independence (1877–1878): Rosnovanu enrolled as a volunteer, while Evghenia Boldur, married Conduratu, was a decorated nurse. Also in June 1877, at the height of the war, Boldur-Lățescu was sacked from the Bolgrad Prefecture. An unsigned letter in the "White" daily România Liberă claimed that this was to the "general satisfaction" of Bolgrad citizens. The letter alleged that the outgoing Prefect had taken bribes to facilitate the naturalization and public employment of foreigners. He was successful in his bid for the 3rd College of Neamț in the May 1879 election. While at Piatra, he put out another short-lived newspaper, Mișcarea Liberală ("The Liberal Movement", 1879–1880), "which created much scandal and discord within the liberal party"; he also replaced Theodor Dornescu as commander of the Neamț Civic Guard. During the by-elections of August, Lățescu moved again to the 3rd College seat of Bolgrad, though, as România Liberă reported, his election had widespread irregularities that should have invited a recount. Some records suggest that he was still committed to the project of Moldavian sovereignty: Pippidi notes that a reprint of the Huru forgery, which appeared in 1879 at Focșani, was probably financed by him or, alternatively, by Alexandru Asachi.
The representation of Bolgrad in the Assembly was abruptly ended when Romania agreed to cede all of southern Bessarabia to the Russian Empire. By March 1880, Boldur-Lățescu had retaken his Neamț seat. România Liberăs Bolgrad correspondent, commenting on these developments, suggested that Lățescu would still continue his trading in Romanian passports, by catering to the mass of Bessarabian Jews who stood ready to emigrate to Romania. Before January 1881, he had joined Brătianu's National Liberals. During this interval, his party had been pushed into the opposition. As reported by România Liberă, "the Reds' irritation" with this arrangement could be measured in Lățescu's claim that "intelligence itself was insulted" by the assignment of a cabinet position to Alexandru Teriachiu. He was reconfirmed as Neamț deputy for the 4th College in the April 1883 elections, part of a National Liberal sweep; he himself took 287 votes out of 300.
This final period of Boldur-Lățescu's career saw the country being created a Kingdom of Romania, still under Carol of Hohenzollern (who was crowned King). He resumed his participation in the disputes between liberal factions, attacking Mihail Kogălniceanu for his "Catonism" and criticizing the National Liberal government for errors in defining liquor licenses. In January 1882, an irate Kogălniceanu asked others to refrain from ever mentioning his and Lățescu's names together. Kogălniceanu was again upset when Lățescu advocated budgetary restraint, and sought to reduce the pension of General Mihail Cerchez during an Assembly vote in 1882. During the debates, Lățescu complained that Kogălniceanu's speech had made oblique references, which he qualified as "correct expressions, but terrible allusions", to his own political stances. During April–May, the two Moldavian politicians clashed again, when Lățescu tried to raise awareness of the new civil list set aside for the newly founded State Railways Company. He publicized the manager's 36,000-francs salary, which he found exorbitant. Lățescu proposed a reduction of 34,000 francs, equivalent to salaries paid by the private-run Lemberg–Czernowitzer Eisenbahn. In June 1884 he co-sponsored legislation which set aside a Crown Estate for the monarch and his family. At that stage, Lățescu's split from Moldavian autonomists such as Nicolae Ionescu was manifest when he refused to support tax rebates for Iași, which had been a point of policy since the 1860s. He argued that the debate had grown stale, and that Iași was already more privileged than other Moldavian communes. Ionescu declared his astonishment that Lățescu, the "O'Connell of Iași's outskirts", had not only "moved camp to the unionist side", but was also turning his back on the Moldavian capital city.
Final dissidence
At that stage, Boldur-Lățescu was also active in the debates over Jewish emancipation and assimilation, being skeptical of both. Speaking in front of the Assembly in March 1884, he criticized government for extending naturalization to "Israelite" bancheri și zarafi ("bankers and loan sharks"), instead of prioritizing "scientists and tradesmen" from the same community. Jewish journalist Moses Schwartzfeld quoted this assessment as a revelation into the corrupt nature of naturalization laws. Boldur-Lățescu switched to the Neamț Senate seat, 2nd College, during the race of November 1884. During this full term, which lasted to 1888, he continued to advocated checks on Jewish emancipation. In January 1887, he claimed to have received the names of "non-territorial Jews who had infiltrated the officers' corps under false names." The Jewish community analyzed the three names he had advanced as evidence, concluding that one, Cruceanu, was in fact a Christian; another one, Iosef Simionescu, was a decorated veteran of the 1877 war (and therefore granted naturalization); while a third one, Gherini, seemed not to exist at all.
Boldur-Lățescu increased his estate in Iași in December 1885, when he leased "in perpetuity" a vacant lot on Sărăriei Street. Some of his final years were spent in Botoșani County, where he served as Prefect from March 1887. His first act of office was to examine all pistols and rifles issued to police agents, and make sure that they were functional. In April 1887, he was a noted guest at Carol's banquet in Iași. He simultaneously served as leader of the National Liberal chapter, which led to accusation that he was abusing his power as Prefect, especially ahead of elections in January 1888. The "White" press had it that Boldur-Lățescu had embezzled public funds, extorted peasants, and taken bribes, as well as avoiding taxes or prosecution by having his revenues invested in a farm in Northern Dobruja. Lățescu was criticized when, on 1 April 1888, he vetoed Cassian Lecca's proposal to grant Junimea poet Mihai Eminescu a public pension. Aware that Eminescu was having a hard time making ends meet, he proposed granting him a one-time payment from the county council.
Other voices praised Lățescu's philanthropy after he donated 151 bound volumes in French, previously in his own collection, to A. T. Laurian National College. Carol also recognized his contributions. Also in January, he made Lățescu an Officer of the Order of the Crown. In mid April 1888, shortly after peasant revolts and the arrival in power of a Conservative–Junimea cabinet, under Theodor Rosetti, Boldur-Lățescu wrote Carol an open letter to complain about alleged administrative abuses. He contended that the new and "reactionary" Botoșani Prefect, Gheorghe Hermeziu, was oppressing the locals with the full support of Jews ("sworn enemies of the liberal party"), "proletarian" Romanians, and Gypsies. The letter ended with words of praise for Carol, congratulating him for his role in obtaining national self-determination and his styling as King.
The 1890s came with a rearrangement of the political landscape: Catargiu governed the country at the helm of a Conservative Party, which lost Junimist backing; Maiorescu and his men shifted instead toward a pragmatic alliance with the National Liberals. Boldur-Lățescu was still politically active during the April 1891 legislative election, but earned derision for his proposal of an alliance with Catargiu against Junimea. In May, he was stripped of his party membership, alongside fellow dissenters Lecca and Panait Gheorghiade; all three joined the Conservatives. The former Prefect, who had begun putting out another local newspaper, Țara de Sus ("The Upper Land"), died later that year.
The former separatist was survived by a daughter, who was named Olga, like her aunt. Aged 25 in 1896, she had been married off to a cousin, George Lățescu. Olga left him in March 1896, opting to live as a courtesan in Bucharest, though she was also reportedly married to an architect, Nicolae Gabrielescu. She then met Ioan Șabechi, a confidence man, together with whom she blackmailed, or simply robbed, Gabrielescu. This affair, "reported on by all contemporary newspapers", resulted in Olga's arrest. A defense team, comprising Ceaur-Aslan, Alexandru Djuvara, and Barbu Ștefănescu Delavrancea, obtained that she be seen as a person of diminished competence, or "great hysteric"; she was finally sentenced to one year in prison. The Boldur–Gabrielescu affair was retold in a romanticized reportage by Ion Luca Caragiale, who depicted the architect victim as a "gullible bohemian". The Boldur-Lățescu branch of the Costachis was continued by Gheorghe Boldur-Lățescu's daughters, who lived a comfortable existence after being awarded property in the trial over Elena Bașotă's estate; and by, among others, Teodor's grandnephew, Romanian Army Major Ion Boldur (1899–1985), distinguished for his participation in both world wars. Ion's own son, Gheorghe Boldur-Lățescu, a former political prisoner in Communist Romania, is the family's last male descendant.
Notes
References
Constantin Bacalbașa, Bucureștii de altădată. Vol. II: 1885 — 1901. Bucharest: Editura Ziarului Universul, 1928.
N. A. Bogdan, Regele Carol I și a doua sa capitală. Relații istorico-politice scrise din inițiativa primarului Iașului G. G. Mârzescu. Bucharest: Institutul de Arte Grafice C. Sfetea, 1916.
Mihai Chiper, "'Valahii ne-au înșelat'. Chestiunea compensațiilor Iașului în acțiunea politică moldovenească după unire (1874–1902) (II)", in Archiva Moldaviæ, Vol. XI, 2019, pp. 143–184.
Gheorghe Cristea, "Manifestări antidinastice în perioada venirii lui Carol I în Romania (aprilie—mai 1866)", in Studii. Revistă de Istorie, Vol. 20, Issue 6, 1967, pp. 1073–1091.
Mircea-Cristian Ghengea, "Din istoria separatismului moldovenesc: Teodor Boldur-Lățescu și gazeta Moldova (1866–1869)", in Anuarul Muzeului Național al Literaturii Române Iași, Vol. VIII, 2015, pp. 66–75.
Vladislav Grosul, "Промолдавские выступления в Румынии в конце ХIX столетия", in Moldovo–Pridnestrovskii Region, Issues 5–6, July–September 2019, pp. 86–90.
Nerva Hodoș, Alexandru Sadi-Ionescu, Publicațiunile periodice românești (ziare, gazete, reviste). Tom. I: Catalog alfabetic 1820—1906. Bucharest etc.: Librăriile Socec & Comp., Otto Harrassowitz & Gerold & Comp., 1913.
Dimitrie Hogea, Din trecutul orașului Piatra-Neamț. Amintiri. Piatra-Neamț: Institutul de Arte Grafice Record, 1936.
Mihail Kogălniceanu (editor: Dan Simonescu), Opere. Oratorie, III. Bucharest: Editura Academiei, 1986.
Dan Mănucă, Argumente de istorie literară. Iași: Editura Junimea, 1978.
Elena Monu, Familia Costache. Istorie și genealogie. Bârlad: Editura Sfera, 2011.
Iacob Negruzzi, Amintiri din Junimea. Bucharest: Humanitas, 2011.
Iulian Pînișoară, "Some Considerations about the End of the 'Separatism' in Moldova. The Events from April the 3rd 1866" , in Annals of the Costantin Brâncuși University of Târgu Jiu. Letters and Social Science Series, Supplement 2/2015, pp. 161–165.
Andrei Pippidi, Andrei Pippidi, mai puțin cunoscut. Studii adunate de foștii săi elevi cu prilejul împlinirii vârstei de 70 de ani. Iași: Alexandru Ioan Cuza University, 2018.
Augustin Z. N. Pop, Contribuții documentare la biografia lui Mihai Eminescu. Bucharest: Editura Academiei, 1962.
Dan Roșca, Amintirile Bucureștilor. Povestea berii. Bucharest: Ars Docendi, 2014.
Ion-Ciprian Stoian, "Câteva considerații referitoare la tabloul ordinului avocaților districtului Ismail‐Bolgrad, 1878–1879", in Analele Științifice ale Universității Alexandru Ioan Cuza din Iași. Istorie, Vols. LIV–LV, 2008–2009, pp. 97–114.
Rudolf Șuțu, Iașii de odinioară, Volumul II. Iași: Viața Romînească, 1928.
Mihail Dim. Sturdza, Familiile boierești din Moldova și Țara Românească. Vol. I: Abaza–Bogdan. Bucharest: Simetria, 2004.
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69386094 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storyville%20Slayer | Storyville Slayer | The Storyville Slayer is the nickname given to an American serial killer who murdered at least 24 prostitutes and drug addicts, most of whom were women, in New Orleans, Louisiana. Through the course of the investigation, two separate suspects were considered, one of whom was convicted of one murder, leading investigators to believe that multiple killers are responsible.
Modus operandi
The perpetrator(s) mainly targeted girls and women of African American descent, aged between 17 and 42, as victims. Most of them were strangled to death, while a number of others were beaten and drowned in canals and rivers, and then dumped in swamps, rivers or canals near highways bordering the western shores of Lake Pontchartrain. Due to the isolated locations of the dumping sites, the victims' bodies were left in water spanning from several weeks to several years, resulting in extreme decomposition and destruction of incriminating evidence. Some of the victims have never been identified.
Timeline
According to investigators, the crimes began in the summer of 1991, after a young black woman informed police about an attempt on her life. According to her testimony, she had boarded the car of an unknown man in Algiers sometime in July, and after having a conversation with him, the man strangled her into unconsciousness and dropped her off on the streets. Her name has never been disclosed, and she is referred to as "Brenda" in case files. During her testimony, "Brenda" gave a description of her attacker, from which an identikit was created. She described him as a muscular, well-dressed, middle-aged black male who drove a dark-colored vehicle, possibly a Buick Regal or Chevrolet Monte Carlo.
On August 4, 1991, the body of 17-year-old Danielle Britton was found in a ditch not far from where "Brenda" had been abducted. Her body had been covered with garbage, and an autopsy determined that she had been beaten and strangled. Britton had dropped out of school shortly before her death, and was last seen in a New Orleans bar next to an unknown man. It is unclear where she was employed, but nothing indicated that she engaged in prostitution or used drugs.
On September 3, the body of 21-year-old Tyra Tassin was found. A mother of three, she had a criminal record for drug possession. Eighteen days later, the body of 28-year-old Charlene Price was found in a New Orleans park, just one mile from where Britton was found. An autopsy determined that she had been beaten and strangled. Price was a drug addict, but had no history of prostitution.
On November 21, the body of 37-year-old Regina Oko was discovered. A mother of three, she had multiple arrests for prostitution during her lifetime. An autopsy deduced that she had been strangled, and prior to her death, had taken a large dose of cocaine, which could have caused an overdose. On December 14, skeletal remains were found in a ditch near a highway. The autopsy established the remains belonged to a young black girl, who at the time was in her early twenties and approximately 1,57 cm tall. Despite having a defining characteristic - namely strongly protruding front teeth - she was not identified. The victim is referred to as "Jane Doe No. 1", was presumably strangled and found not far from Britton's body.
On January 4, 1992, the body of 29-year-old Lydia Madison, who had several arrests on charges of prostitution and drug possession, was found in a ditch under a highway overpass. The cause of her death was also declared as strangulation. On June 2, 25-year-old George Williams' body was found in the LaBranche Wetlands area of St. Charles Parish. An autopsy determined that she had been strangled. Investigators determined that she was a transsexual, had feminine features and worked as an exotic dancer at a New Orleans nightclub. Like the previous victims, Williams was a drug addict and had been arrested for robbery and drug possession.
On July 25, the body of 33-year-old Noah Filson was found in the waters of a canal near I-55. Like Williams, Filson was transsexual and worked at a nightclub under the name 'Brenda Bewitch'. On September 21, the remains of 29-year-old Regiter Martin were discovered in the waters of another canal near a highway. She was an impoverished mother of three who engaged in prostitution and had several previous arrests.
On February 20, 1993, the skeletal remains of 30-year-old Cheryl Lewis were discovered in the waters of a canal near Hahnville. Like the previous victims, Lewis was an impoverished mother of four and known prostitutes with several arrests who had been strangled to death. However, while investigating her death, authorities learned that she was last seen alive on February 2, getting into the car of an unidentified white male. On the next day, the body of 42-year-old Delores Mack was found in the waters of a canal near a highway, not far from the Lewis crime scene. She too had been strangled, but was had no known history with either drugs or prostitution.
During this period, according to investigators, the killer(s) committed several other murders, but due to various circumstances, the bodies of the victims were found only in early 1994. On February 5, 1994, skeletal remains were found in St. John the Baptist Parish, later determined to be a young woman between the ages of 25 and 35. She had been strangled. She remains unidentified, as is referred to as "Jane Doe No. 2". Five days later, more skeletal remains were found, this time to a girl whose age is estimated to be around 15 to 17. Due to extreme decompisition, she too remains unidentified, and is named "Jane Doe No. 3".
On February 13, 25-year-old Stephanie Murray's body was found in a small pond near the Bonnet Carré Spillway. Two days later, the skeletal remains of another young girl were found, whose identity was never ascertained. On April 2, two sets of skeletal remains were found in the canals, later determined to be of a young woman and a young man. Due to extreme decomposition, neither could be identified, and are referred to as "Jane Doe No. 5" and "John Doe No. 1".
On July 3, the body of 32-year-old Michelle Foster, who had gone missing in New Orleans just days prior, was found. On October 19, the skeletal remains of a woman were found in a wooded area near a highway within the limits of Bridge City. She was later identified as 28-year-old Stephanie Brown, who had no prior criminal record.
On January 22, 1995, the body of 29-year-old impoverished mother of three Wanda Ford was found in a swamp near the I-55. During her lifetime, she had been arrested multiple times for theft and was a known drug addict. On the following day, the body of 39-year-old Sandra Warner was found in St. John the Baptist Parish. On January 25, the remains of 25-year-old Henry Calvin, who had gone missing months earlier from New Orleans, were found.
On March 24, police found more skeletal remains under an overpass in Tangipahoa Parish. While the remains were determined to be female, authorities were unable to identify the victim, and she is listed as "Jane Doe No. 6". Her estimated age was between 25 and 35. On April 30, the bodies of two women were found in a swampy area near the I-55. The victims were later identified as Karen Ivester and Sharon Robinson, 30 and 28, respectively. Autopsies determined that Ivester had been strangled, while Robinson had been beaten and strangled, but the presence of water in her lungs indicated that the cause of death had been drowning.
On May 6, the body of 39-year-old Sandra Williams, who had been strangled, was found on a boulevard in New Orleans. According to the official investigation, the murders ceased following her death. Eleven months after the final body was found, police discovered additional skeletal remains on April 8, 1996. She was later identified as 39-year-old Lola Porter, who had gone missing from New Orleans in 1992. Policemen later interviewed her friends and acquaintances, who stated that she had been cohabiting with a white male who vanished shortly after Porter went missing.
Investigation
In May 1995, a task force was established by the New Orleans Police Department, in conjunction with surrounding parishes and the FBI, in order to solve the killings. During a press conference in August, Chief Richard Pennington announced to the media that the current prime suspect was 33-year-old Victor Gant, a police officer working in New Orleans. During the investigations, it was established that Gant had an intimate relationship with one of the victims, Sharon Robinson. As a young man, he was a boxer and regularly went to the gym and did weightlifting, and closely matched the 1991 suspect sketch based on "Brenda"'s testimony. FBI agent Neil Gallagher later clarified that Gant was a suspect only in Robinson and Ivester's murders, and at present, they had no evidence tying him to any of the other killings. In response, Gant's attorney John Reed said that his client was innocent and the evidence was purely circumstantial.
Victor Gant
A native of New Orleans, Gant spent his childhood and youth in Algiers, where a number of the victims lived and were abducted from. He became a police officer in February 1980, and while on patrol, Gant would spend a lot of time in red-light districts, where in later years he acquired many acquaintances among pimps, prostitutes and street informants. In the early 1990s, Gant gained a reputation for being corrupt after a number of informants reported that he, along with a few others, were running racketeering operations against pimps and other criminals. It was revealed that during this time, he met Sharon Robinson, who soon became his roommate. On December 9, 1994, Robinson went to the police to report him for beating her, and according to her statement, Gant punched her in the face and broke her nose. Gant denied the accusation, stating that he had pushed her during an argument, with Robinson hitting her nose on a chair - this was contradicted by her children, who said that they had witnessed him beating their mother. This was backed up by the emergency room doctor, who testified that the woman's injuries were the result of a beating.
In early 1995, a disciplinary panel and hearing to determine Gant's punishment began. During the hearing, members of the disciplinary committee reviewed the testimony of the prosecution's witnesses. The key witness was supposed to be Robinson, but she was found dead on May 1, 1995. According to the investigators, Gant had killed both her and her friend, Karen Ivester, in order to get rid of them. According to friends and acquaintances of the victims, Gant held a personal grudge against Ivester and had spoken negatively about her on multiple occasions. In order to determine whether he was guilty or not, Gant was ordered to submit DNA for testing to see whether they could match it to the perpetrator's saliva, which was found on a piece of chewing tobacco found near Ivester's body. The results were inconclusive and no charges were filed against Gant, who was dismissed from the force in August 1996.
Russell Ellwood
On August 13, 1997, The Howard Stern Show received a call from a man who identified himself as "Clay". During the conversation with host Howard Stern, which was broadcast live, "Clay" described details for more than 12 murders and gave some details about his background, indicating that he was a white resident of New Orleans. The interview with the potential serial killer caused a massive media publicity, thanks to which FBI agents allegedly went to the studio and seized audio recordings of the call to establish the caller's location and possible identity. In the following years, the credibility of this incident was questioned, as the program regularly received numerous call from people who claimed to have done terrible things, with some alleging that Stern himself faked the call to boost his ratings. However, a representative from the FBI later stated that the man's confessions were credible, as he had described details not known to the public at the time.
In addition to Gant, another resident of New Orleans, Russell Ellwood, soon came under police suspicion. A native of Massillon, Ohio, Ellwood moved to New Orleans in 1968 after graduating high school. For the next 30 years, Ellwood lived in squalor because of his drug addiction, had no permanent residence, never married and changed professions often, mostly sticking to photography and cab driving. Owing to his addiction, Ellwood was arrested several times from 1968 to 1998. When not imprisoned, he spent most of his time among fellow vagrants, with acquaintances describing him as an outsider who constantly sought to make get-rich-quick schemes, but consistently failed in his endeavors.
Ellwood first came under police scrutiny in 1994, after he was allegedly found masturbating in his car by police, which had been parked by the road, near where Cheryl Lewis and Delores Mack's bodies were found. A partially undressed Ellwood was forced out of his car and told to show his driver's license. His explanation for stopping was to apparently change the oil and repair the brake pads of his car, and willingly allowed his vehicle to be searched. Officers found none of the items required for the fixes, not even a flashlight, which would be necessary to perform such repairs in an unlit area at night. Ellwood was questioned regarding the murders and later booked as a suspect. After the task force was formed, Col. Walter T. Gorman of the Jefferson Parish Sheriff's Office and other task force members travelled to Sebring, Florida on July 23, 1997, so they could question Ellwood, who was living with his elderly father.
Once located, Ellwood was informed of his rights, and within three days gave several statements recorded on tape. During the interrogations, he admitted to frequenting black prostitutes throughout his life, claiming that he knew more than 100 girls, in addition to frequently taking drugs such as heroin, crack cocaine and LSD over the years. The investigators became increasingly suspicious when Ellwood started speaking about having a dream in which he was being questioned about a series of murders and later admitting to frequenting the locations where the bodies were found, but continued to reaffirm his innocence.
On August 4, 1997, just days after the interrogations were completed, Ellwood was arrested for buying cocaine from an undercover police officer at his home in Sebring. As a result, he was convicted and sentenced to spend 85 days in the county jail. According to his cellmates, Ellwood implicated himself in the prostitute killings back in New Orleans and its various suburbs. One of them, Stan Hill, contacted the county prosecutor's office and claimed that Ellwood had described to him in detail how he had driven the women to outlying areas of the city, offering them large quantities of drugs that caused overdoses, then strangled and dumped their bodies. A number of other inmates witnessed a fight between Ellwood and another inmate, during which he allegedly said "Yeah, I killed that nigger bitch. I'll kill you too." Another inmate, Stephen Michael Busser, also told police that Ellwood had boasted of being wanted for more than 60 murders within the state of Louisiana, and had even described to him in detail one of them.
After his release, Ellwood returned to Canton to live with his brother, who offered him a high-paying job. Based on Hill's testimony, the task force tracked him down and re-interviewed in the presence of Ron Camden, a 27-year veteran of the Cincinnati Police Department's Homicide Unit. During interrogation, Ellwood initially denied making any such statements to the inmates, but after an audio tape of Hill's testimony was played, he admitted that he had indeed boasted to Hill. Camden later testified that Ellwood also confessed to him that he had killed a black girl, whose corpse he had dumped in the canal. No recording of this confession was taken, and Ellwood later denied ever confessing to such a murder to Camden. Ellwood later claimed that a mental illness had caused him to boast, demanding that the interrogations cease and he be allowed to return to New Orleans to see his attorney and be provided with treatment. This request was denied, whereupon Ellwood confessed to killing Lewis and Mack, but refused to be audiotaped and soon after began denying that he had confessed.
Eventually, Ellwood was released again, and in January 1998, he returned to New Orleans. On January 16, he was stopped by traffic cops for speeding and was scheduled to appear in court, but failed to appear on time and was subsequently arrested for contempt of court. Ellwood was eventually convicted and ordered to spend 120 days behind bars. While incarcerated, authorities charged him with the murders of Lewis and Mack on March 4, 1998.
Ellwood's trial
The trial began on June 8, 1999, in Lafayette. During the proceedings, a number of Ellwood's former cellmates and prostitutes testified as prosecution witnesses, with the former claiming that he had confessed to the killings while the latter claimed that he had assaulted them. Diane Gilliam, a former prostitute, told the court that she had known Ellwood since the early 1990s and had dated him periodically. She testified that in 1992, during a date, Ellwood, while under the influence of drugs, assaulted, beat and strangled her into unconsciousness. Gilliam stated that she woke up to find herself in a pool of blood in an unfamiliar, wooded area, where a passing motorist found her by chance and sheltered her at the motel he was staying at. She said that she did not report the incident, due to being a prostitute with a criminal record.
Another girl, Navassa Richmond, a former stripper and prostitute, in turn testified that she had also been beaten and assaulted twice by a drug-crazed Ellwood, during which he also attempted to strangle her. Janie Stokes, a former prostitute, told the court that she first met him in either 1992 or 1993 at Snell's gas station in Marrero, when he was working as a cab driver. Stokes stated Ellwood bought her lunch and treated her nicely before driving her to his home, where he suggested that they use cocaine. After doing drugs together, Ellwood beat her, but she managed to flee. The witness, like Gilliam, did not report the incident because she was a drug addict. Antoinette Rainey, who worked as a drug dealer in New Orleans, also appeared as a witness for the prosecution, testifying that Ellwood was a regular customer. She recounted an incident in which Ellwood forced her into his car at gunpoint, then drove her to an underpass where he beat, raped and robbed, threatening to kill her during the ordeal. Rainey was able to escape, but did not report the attack due to her criminal lifestyle.
Three witnesses testified that they had seen the defendant with Cheryl Lewis shortly before her disappearance. According to the testimony of Denise Sanders, who was Lewis' best friend, she had seen her with Ellwood three days prior, who was out driving his cab. Sanders also admitted to withholding this information, because she was a drug dealer. The second witness, Antoinette Holmes, who lived near Lewis, testified to seeing her at the Time Saver restaurant in Bridge City two weeks before she was reported missing, standing between two parked cars and talking to a cab driver. She then identified Ellwood as the driver. Weinweir Henry, Lewis' cousin, stated that she last saw her at a hotel in Avondale with a man, whom she identified as Ellwood. According to her, Lewis had told Henry that she and Ellwood were on their way to a suburb of New Orleans, where her body was later found. Henry testified that she had not given the police this information, as she was wanted for petty offenses at the time.
Ellwood himself denied knowing any of the victims or committing any murders, although he could not provide an alibi. Cheryl Lewis' mother, in turn, admitted that her daughter was a drug addict and a prostitute, but said that she had never seen Ellwood with her daughter before. His attorneys argued that Ellwood was not in New Orleans at the time of the murders, claiming that he had been in Ohio with some relatives. Ellwood was known for keeping extensive amounts of documents that indicate his whereabouts, but the receipts regarding his supposed presence in Ohio for February 1993 had mysteriously disappeared. Ellwood's attorneys then filed a motion for a polygraph test to be performed on Sue Rushing, then-head of the task force, which was granted. During the test, Rushing was unable to answer a series of questions regarding the missing receipts, but the result was inconclusive, casting doubt on Ellwood's guilt. Ultimately, the murder charge for Delores Mack was dropped, but on the basis of very circumstantial evidence and unreliable testimony, Ellwood was found guilty of killing Cheryl Lewis and was sentenced to life imprisonment without parole on August 17, 1999. A deputy who worked in the department later attempted to sue them for allegedly firing him for revealing that Rushing had destroyed crucial evidence, but his appeal was rejected due to lack of evidence.
Aftermath
As of November 2021, all of the murders, aside from that of Cheryl Lewis, remain unsolved. Ellwood remains a suspect in several of the killings, but no charges have been filed against him. Gant left New Orleans after his discharge from law enforcement and moved to Atlanta, Georgia, where he presumably still lives today. In a 2016 interview with HuffPost, Major C.J. Destor of the St. John the Baptist Parish Sheriff's Office confirmed that Gant is still on the suspect list.
See also
List of serial killers in the United States
Bibliography
External links
Gant v. Department of Police (2000)
State v. Ellwood (2001)
References
1990s in New Orleans
1990s crimes in the United States
21st-century American criminals
American male criminals
American serial killers
Male serial killers
Unidentified serial killers
Unsolved murders in the United States
Violence against women in the United States
Violence against trans women
History of women in Louisiana |
69387127 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black%20Sands%20%28TV%20series%29 | Black Sands (TV series) | Black Sands () is an Icelandic crime-drama television series created by Aldís Amah Hamilton, Andri Óttarsson, and Ragnar Jónsson. It is directed by Baldvin Zophoníasson. The show premiered on Stöð 2 on 25 December 2021.
Synopsis
A police officer takes a job in her hometown after being forced to resign in Reykjavík, and finds herself in a strange situation while investigating the death of a tourist.
Cast and characters
Aldís Amah Hamilton as Aníta
Þór Tulinius as Ragnar
Steinunn Ólína Þorsteinsdóttir as Elín
References
External links
Icelandic-language television shows
2020s Icelandic television series
Crime television series
Icelandic drama television series
Television shows set in Iceland |
69387136 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terminus%20des%20anges | Terminus des anges | Terminus des anges (English: Angels' Last Stop) is a 2010 Moroccan anthology film directed by Mohamed Mouftakir, Hicham Lasri and Narjiss Nejjar, released in 2010. The film is a combination of three short films, each directed by a different director. It premiered at the National Film Festival of Tangier. The film tackles the subject of AIDS.
Synopsis
The film starts in the middle of the night on a Casablanca street, where a woman suddenly finds herself arrested for prostitution, after a police search revealed she was carrying condoms. In the second part of the film directed by Mohamed Mouftakir, the first wife of an HIV-positive man who committed suicide, watches a video he left her explaining the reasons for his suicide. The last part of the film features two young people who meet for the first time and want to make love. The young man, a failed artist and dreamer, would like to do so without a condom. The young woman refuses in spite of the various far-fetched arguments of her companion. Finally, by chance, all the characters of the film end up at the police station.
Cast
Sana Akroud
Sanâa Alaoui
Bensalah Bensalah
Nadia Niazi
Ismael Kanater
Bouchra Ahrich
Driss Roukhe
External links
Terminus des anges - IMDb
References
Documentary films about HIV/AIDS
2010 short films
Moroccan films
HIV/AIDS in Africa |
69387308 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Nichols%20%28law%20enforcement%20officer%29 | John Nichols (law enforcement officer) | John Nichols (1918 – December 18, 1998) was an American law enforcement officer and politician who served as the head of the police departments of the Michigan cities of Detroit and Farmington Hills, as well as the sheriff of Oakland County, Michigan. He also unsuccessfully ran in the 1973 Detroit mayoral election, being narrowly defeated by Coleman Young.
Early life and education
Nichols was born in 1918 in Detroit's southwest side's Hungarian community. In 1935, he graduated from the city's Southwestern High School at the age of sixteen.
Nichols would, in 1968, graduate with a degree in police administration from Wayne State University.
Detroit Police Department career
Nichols joined the Detroit Police Department in 1942.
Nichols was in uniform during the 1943 Detroit race riot. Several days later he was drafted into the United States Army. He served 3.5 years in the United States Army, rising to the rank of captain and becoming a company commander in the European Theater of World War II. After his military service, in 1946, he rejoined the Detroit Police Department force.
In 1948, he became a police detective, and was assigned to the department's juvenile bureau. In 1965, he was promoted to district inspector.
In 1966, he was promoted to deputy superintendent. In 1967, he was promoted to superintendent, making him second-in-command of the department. Later in 1967, the 1967 Detroit riot took place.
In 1968, he received a degree in police administration from Wayne State University. He would go on to teach a course there himself on police work.
Commissioner
On October 15, 1970, Roman Gribbs appointed Nichols to be the city's police commissioner, making head of the city's police department. He was appointed to replace Patrick V. Murphy who had departed to head the New York City Police Department. Nichols was only the second rank-and-file police officer of the department to ever rise to serve as its head (the first being William P. Rutledge in 1926). One of the factors in Gribbs' decision to hire Nichols was an editorial board opinion article in the Michigan Chronicle which praised Nichols as a prospective police commissioner. His appointment was regarded to be a popular choice, and received praise from police unions.
During his tenure, the department's Stop the Robberies, Enjoy Safe Streets (STRESS) unit was established, with Nichols being one its creators. Nichols publicly defended the controversial program.
As police commissioner, he played himself in the blaxsploitation film Detroit 9000.
On September 21, 1973, amid Nichols' general election campaign for mayor, Mayor Gribbs fired Nichols as police commissioner, after Nichols had refused to tenure his resignation at Nichols' request. Gribbs had ousted Nichols out of a desire to separate the city election's politics and the operations of the Detroit Police Department separate. He also did so out of the belief that campaigning in a general election would be more demanding of Nichols than running in the primary had been, and that it would take him away from his duties as police commissioner.
1973 Detroit mayoral campaign
In 1973, Nichols ran a "law-and-order" centered campaign for mayor of Detroit. He narrowly lost to Coleman Young.
While the election was nonpartisan, both Nichols and Young were Democrats.
Young ran, in part, on a platform to abolish the police department's STRESS unit.
Farmington Hills Police Chief
In 1974, he retired from the Detroit Police Department, and moved to Farmington Hills, Michigan. He briefly served as Oakland County, Michigan undersheriff under Sheriff Johannes Spreen, before then being appointed Farmington Hills' police chief in 1977.
Oakland County Sheriff
In 1984, Nichols defeated the incumbent Johannes Spreen to become Oakland County sheriff. Nichols was reelected three times. In each of his elections, with the exception of his 1996 reelection to a fourth term, he was the county's highest vote-getter. Nichols was elected as a Republican.
As sheriff, Nichols undertook what James A. McClear of the Detroit Free Press would later call, "a tough, no-frills revamping of the department". He instituted strict policies for the department's officers, doubled the capacity of its jail, and tripled the size of its road patrol. The jail had been regularly at or near capacity. The department's annual budget increased during his tenure, being at $73 million by the end of his tenure.
Among what James A. McClear of the Detroit Free Press wrote, at the time of his death, had been the successes of Nichols' tenure was a boot camp for young offenders that garnered national acclaim, a marine division patrolling Oakland County's lakes, and an investigative bureau that was regularly asked to help other departments.
During his tenure, the department faced a corruption probe. While the probe harmed the reputation of the department, it was not regarded to have personally harmed his own reputation.
Nichols died in office in 1998.
Personal life and death
In 1954, his first wife, Mildred, committed suicide using his service revolver. Nichols remarried to a former policewoman.
Nichols was the father to several children.
At the time of his 1996 reelection to a fourth term as Oakland County sheriff, there were reports that Nichols was in poor health.
Nichols died in December 18, 1998 at the age of 80 after a debilitating fight with emphysema and heart failure. Following his death, James A. McClear of the Detroit Free Press wrote, "described as a crusty warrior who gave as much loyalty as he demanded, Nichols earned a reputation for honesty during his more than 55 years as a police officer." Obituaries described him as being bluntly spoken. More than 1,000 attended his funeral.
References
1918 births
1998 deaths
Detroit Police Department chiefs
County sheriffs in the United States
County officials in Michigan
People from Farmington Hills, Michigan
Wayne State University alumni
Politicians from Detroit
Michigan Democrats
Michigan Republicans
United States Army personnel of World War II
United States Army officers
Deaths from emphysema
American people of Hungarian descent |
69387329 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Future%20Soldier%20%28British%20Army%29 | Future Soldier (British Army) | Future Soldier is a reform of the British Army resulting from the Integrated Review of Security, Defence, Development and Foreign Policy ("Global Britain in a Competitive Age") published in March 2021. The aim of the reform is to create a more lethal, agile and expeditionary force, able to fight and win wars and to operate in the grey-zone between peace and war. Future Soldier was published on 25 November 2021 and deals with the organizational changes of the British Army, with changes to personnel and equipment were set out in the Defence in a Competitive Age paper published on 22 March 2021.
The British Army will be reduced to 73,000 regular personnel by 2025. The reserves will be kept at the current level.
Allied Rapid Reaction Corps
The Allied Rapid Reaction Corps (ARRC) is a high readiness corps-level command tasked to lead NATO’s Response Force (NRF).
Allied Rapid Reaction Corps (ARRC), in Innsworth
1st Signal Brigade
1st Signal Brigade provides communications elements to Allied Rapid Reaction Corps (ARRC), Permanent Joint Headquarters (PJHQ), Joint Helicopter Command (JHC), Joint Task Force HQ (JTFHQ), and other government departments.
1st Signal Brigade, in Innsworth
10 Signal Regiment, Royal Corps of Signals, in Corsham (Communication and Information Support)
16 Signal Regiment, Royal Corps of Signals, in Stafford (Sustainment Signals Support Regiment)
22 Signal Regiment, Royal Corps of Signals, in Stafford (HQ ARRC Signal Regiment)
30 Signal Regiment, Royal Corps of Signals, in Gamecock (JHC/JTFHQ Signals Regiment)
32 Signal Regiment, Royal Corps of Signals, in Glasgow (Signal Regiment - Reserve)
39 Signal Regiment, Royal Corps of Signals, in Bristol (Signal Regiment - Reserve)
Gurkha ARRC Support Battalion, in Innsworth (Logistics and Force Protection for HQ ARRC)
299 Signal Squadron, Royal Corps of Signals, in Bletchley (Special Communications)
104 Theatre Sustainment Brigade
104 Theatre Sustainment Brigade is a theatre logistic enabling formation that operates strategic and operational Lines of Communications.
104 Theatre Sustainment Brigade, in South Cerney
9 Supply Regiment, Royal Logistic Corps, in Hullavington (Theatre Support Regiment)
17 Port and Maritime Regiment, Royal Logistic Corps, in Marchwood (Port and Maritime Regiment)
29 Postal Courier and Movement Regiment, Royal Logistic Corps, in South Cerney (Movement Control Regiment)
9 Theatre Support Battalion, Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers, in Aldershot (Equipment Support; unit to be established by 2025)
2 Operational Support Group, Royal Logistic Corps, in Grantham (Logistics Operational Support Group; moves to Cottesmore in 2025)
152 Logistic Regiment, Royal Logistic Corps, in Belfast (Fuel Support Regiment - Reserve)
162 Logistic Regiment, Royal Logistic Corps, in Nottingham (Movement Control and Communications Regiment - Reserve)
165 Port and Maritime Regiment, Royal Logistic Corps, in Plymouth (Port and Maritime Regiment - Reserve)
167 Regiment, Royal Logistic Corps, in Grantham (Catering Support Regiment - Reserve; moves to Cottesmore by 2027)
Field Army
Field Army, in Andover
1st (UK) Division, in York
3rd (UK) Division, in Bulford
6th (UK) Division, in Upavon
Field Army Troops, in Andover
1st (UK) Division
1st (UK) Division is the British Army's main contributor for land operations outside the Euro-Atlantic area and operations on NATO's flanks.
1st (UK) Division, in York (Moves to Catterick by 2028)
4th Light Brigade Combat Team
4th Light Brigade Combat Team consists of light infantry formations.
4th Light Brigade Combat Team, in Catterick
Light Dragoons, in Catterick (Light Cavalry)
1st Battalion, Coldstream Guards, in Windsor (Light Infantry)
1st Battalion, Grenadier Guards, in Aldershot (Light Infantry)
1st Battalion, Duke of Lancaster's Regiment, in Chester (Light Infantry; moves to Cyprus in 2022 and then Blackpool in 2024)
1st Battalion, Royal Gurkha Rifles, in Folkestone (Light Infantry; moves to Brunei in 2022)
2nd Battalion, Royal Regiment of Scotland, in Edinburgh (Light Infantry)
2nd Battalion, The Rifles, in Lisburn (Light Infantry)
103 Regiment, Royal Artillery, in St Helens (Close Support Light Artillery - Reserve)
75 Engineer Regiment, Royal Engineers, in Warrington (Close Support Engineers - Reserve)
154 (Scottish) Logistic Regiment, Royal Logistic Corps, in Dunfermline (Transport Regiment - Reserve)
102 Battalion, Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers, in Newton Aycliffe (Close Support - Reserve)
7th Light Mechanised Brigade Combat Team
7th Light Mechanised Brigade Combat Team is a high readiness and highly mobile formation.
7th Light Mechanised Brigade Combat Team, in Cottesmore
Royal Scots Dragoon Guards, in Leuchars (Light Cavalry)
1st Battalion, Scots Guards, in Catterick (Light Mechanised Infantry)
1st Battalion, Yorkshire Regiment, in Catterick (Light Mechanised Infantry)
1st Battalion, The Rifles, in Beachley (Light Mechanised Infantry; moves to Cyprus in 2023 and then Chepstow in 2025)
2nd Battalion, Royal Anglian Regiment, in Cottesmore (Light Mechanised Infantry)
4th Battalion, Royal Regiment of Scotland, in Catterick (Light Mechanised Infantry)
4th Regiment, Royal Artillery, in Topcliffe (Close Support Light Artillery; will gain an additional group by May 2023)
105 Regiment, Royal Artillery, in Edinburgh (Close Support Light Artillery - Reserve)
32 Engineer Regiment, Royal Engineers, in Catterick (Close Support Engineers)
6 Regiment, Royal Logistic Corps, in Dishforth (Close Support Logistics)
3 Medical Regiment, Royal Army Medical Corps, in Catterick (Close Support Medical Regiment; redesignation from 5 Medical Regiment in 2023)
1 Battalion, Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers, in Catterick (Close Support)
11th Security Force Assistance Brigade
11th Security Force Assistance Brigade trains and mentors allied and partner nations' ground units.
11th Security Force Assistance Brigade, in Aldershot
1st Battalion, Irish Guards, in Aldershot (Security Force Assistance)
1st Battalion, Royal Anglian Regiment, in Cyprus (Security Force Assistance; moves to Cottesmore in 2023)
3rd Battalion, The Rifles, in Edinburgh (Security Force Assistance; moves to Blackpool by 2027)
3rd Battalion (Black Watch), Royal Regiment of Scotland, in Inverness (Security Force Assistance)
4th Battalion, Princess of Wales's Royal Regiment, in Redhill (Light Infantry - Reserve)
Outreach Group, in Hermitage (Outreach and Cultural Support; moves to Pirbright in 2027)
19th Brigade
19th Brigade is to be reactivated in 2022 to command and generate Army Reserve combat units.
19th Brigade, in York (Will be reactivated in 2022)
Scottish and North Irish Yeomanry, in Edinburgh (Light Cavalry - Reserve)
Queen's Own Yeomanry, in Newcastle upon Tyne (Light Cavalry - Reserve)
2nd Battalion, Royal Irish Regiment, in Lisburn (Infantry - Reserve; will gain an additional company by May 2023)
3rd Battalion, Royal Anglian Regiment, in Bury St Edmunds (Infantry - Reserve)
4th Battalion, Yorkshire Regiment, in York (Infantry - Reserve)
4th Battalion, Duke of Lancaster's Regiment, in Preston (Infantry - Reserve)
6th Battalion, The Rifles, in Exeter (Infantry - Reserve)
6th Battalion, Royal Regiment of Scotland, in Glasgow (Infantry - Reserve)
7th Battalion, Royal Regiment of Scotland, in Perth (Infantry - Reserve)
8th Battalion, The Rifles, in Bishop Auckland (Infantry - Reserve)
8 Engineer Brigade
8 Engineer Brigade commands the army's two engineer specialist groups: 12 Group provides land and air force support engineering. 29 Group provides Explosive Ordnance Disposal, and Counter-Chemical Biological Radiological and Nuclear capabilities.
8 Engineer Brigade, in Minley (restructure by 2023)
12 Force Support Group, at RAF Wittering
36 Regiment, Royal Engineers, in Maidstone (Force Support Engineers; moves to Cottesmore by 2028)
39 Regiment, Royal Engineers, in Kinloss Barracks (Force Support (Air) Engineers)
71 Engineer Regiment, Royal Engineers, in Leuchars (Force Support Engineers - Reserve)
20 Works Group, Royal Engineers, at RAF Wittering (Specialist Air Infrastructure Support)
62 Works Group, Royal Engineers, in Chilwell (Infrastructure Support; moves to Stafford in 2026)
63 Works Group, Royal Engineers, in Chilwell (Infrastructure Support; moves to Stafford in 2026)
65 Works Group, Royal Engineers, in Chilwell (Infrastructure Support - Reserve; moves to Stafford in 2026)
66 Works Group, Royal Engineers, in Chilwell (Infrastructure Support; moves to Stafford in 2026)
29 EOD & Search Group, in Aldershot
11 EOD Regiment, Royal Logistic Corps, in Didcot (EOD and Search Regiment)
28 Regiment, Royal Engineers, in Woodbridge (Counter CBRN)
33 Regiment, Royal Engineers, in Wimbish (Explosive ordnance disposal and Search Regiment)
35 Regiment, Royal Engineers, in Wimbish (EOD and Search Regiment)
101 Regiment, Royal Engineers, in Catford (EOD and Search Regiment - Reserve)
1st Military Working Dog Regiment, in North Luffenham (Military working dogs; moves to Cottesmore in 2023)
102 Operational Sustainment Brigade
102 Operational Sustainment Brigade moves troops and equipment to the battle area and logistically sustains fighting formations.
102 Operational Sustainment Brigade, in Grantham (Will move to York in 2024)
7 Regiment, Royal Logistic Corps, in Cottesmore (Force Logistic Regiment; will move to Abingdon in 2023)
150 Regiment, Royal Logistic Corps, in Kingston upon Hull (Transport Regiment - Reserve)
158 Regiment, Royal Logistic Corps, in Peterborough (Aviation Support Regiment - Reserve)
159 Regiment, Royal Logistic Corps, in Coventry (Supply & Transport Regiment - Reserve)
2 Battalion, Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers, in Leuchars (Force Support)
101 Battalion, Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers, in Keynsham (Force Support - Reserve)
1st Division Information Manoeuvre Units
1st Division Information Manoeuvre Units, in Catterick
1 Military Intelligence Battalion, Intelligence Corps, in Catterick (Military Intelligence)
5 Military Intelligence Battalion, Intelligence Corps, in Edinburgh (Military Intelligence - Reserve)
2 Signal Regiment, Royal Corps of Signals, in York (Communication and Information Support; will move to Catterick by 2028)
37 Signal Regiment, Royal Corps of Signals, in Redditch (Signal Regiment - Reserve)
3rd (UK) Division
3rd (UK) Division, in Bulford
12th Armoured Brigade Combat Team
12th Armoured Brigade Combat Team, in Bulford
King's Royal Hussars, in Tidworth (Armoured Cavalry)
Royal Tank Regiment, in Tidworth (Armoured)
Royal Wessex Yeomanry, in Bovington (Armoured - Reserve)
1st Battalion, Mercian Regiment, in Bulford (Mechanised Infantry)
4th Battalion, Mercian Regiment, in Wolverhampton (Infantry - Reserve)
1st Battalion, Royal Welsh, in Tidworth (Mechanised Infantry)
3rd Battalion, Royal Welsh, in Cardiff (Infantry - Reserve)
4 Regiment, Royal Logistic Corps, in Abingdon (Close Support Logistics; will move to Catterick in 2028)
4 Battalion, Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers, in Tidworth (Armoured Close Support)
2 Medical Regiment, Royal Army Medical Corps, in Tidworth (Close Support Medical Regiment; redesignation from 4 Medical Regiment by May 2023)
20th Armoured Brigade Combat Team
20th Armoured Brigade Combat Team, in Bulford
Royal Dragoon Guards, in Warminster (Armoured Cavalry)
Queen's Royal Hussars, in Tidworth (Armoured)
1st Battalion, Royal Regiment of Fusiliers, in Tidworth (Mechanised Infantry)
5th Battalion, Royal Regiment of Fusiliers, in Alnwick (Infantry - Reserve)
5th Battalion, The Rifles, in Bulford (Mechanised Infantry)
7th Battalion, The Rifles, in Kensington (Infantry - Reserve)
1st Battalion, Princess of Wales's Royal Regiment, in Cyprus (Mechanised Infantry; will move to Tidworth or Bulford in 2024)
3rd Battalion, Princess of Wales's Royal Regiment, in Canterbury (Infantry - Reserve)
1 Regiment, Royal Logistic Corps, in Bicester (Close Support Logistics)
3 Battalion, Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers, in Tidworth (Armoured Close Support)
1 Medical Regiment, Royal Army Medical Corps, in Tidworth (Close Support Medical Regiment)
1st Deep Recce Strike Brigade Combat Team
1st Deep Recce Strike Brigade Combat Team, in Tidworth
Household Cavalry Regiment, in Bulford (Armoured Cavalry)
Royal Lancers, in Catterick (Armoured Cavalry; will move to Tidworth in 2026)
1st Queen's Dragoon Guards, in Swanton Morley (Light Cavalry; will move to Caerwent by 2027)
Royal Yeomanry, in Leicester (Light Cavalry - Reserve)
1st Regiment, Royal Horse Artillery, in Larkhill (Armoured Close Support Artillery)
3rd Regiment, Royal Horse Artillery, in Newcastle upon Tyne (Deep Fires)
5th Regiment, Royal Artillery, in Catterick (Surveillance and Target Acquisition)
19 Regiment, Royal Artillery, in Larkhill (Armoured Close Support Artillery)
26 Regiment, Royal Artillery, in Larkhill (Deep Fires)
101 Regiment, Royal Artillery, in Gateshead (Deep Fires - Reserve)
104 Regiment, Royal Artillery, in Newport (Close Support Artillery - Reserve)
6 Armoured Close Support Battalion, Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers, in Tidworth (Close Support)
7 Air Defence Group
7 Air Defence Group, in Thorney Island
12 Regiment, Royal Artillery, in Thorney Island (Short Range Air Defence)
16 Regiment, Royal Artillery, in Thorney Island (Medium Range Air Defence)
106 Regiment, Royal Artillery, in London (Air Defence - Reserve)
25 (Close Support) Engineer Group
25 (Close Support) Engineer Group, in Bulford
21 Engineer Regiment, Royal Engineers, in Ripon (Force Support Engineers; will move to Catterick in 2025)
22 Engineer Regiment, Royal Engineers, in Perham Down (Close Support Engineers)
26 Engineer Regiment, Royal Engineers, in Perham Down (Close Support Engineers)
Royal Monmouthshire, Royal Engineers, in Monmouth (Engineers - Reserve)
101 Operational Sustainment Brigade
101 Operational Sustainment Brigade, in Aldershot
10 Queen's Own Gurkha Logistic Regiment, in Aldershot (Divisional Support Logistics)
27 Regiment, Royal Logistic Corps, in Aldershot (Divisional Support Logistics; will gain an additional squadron by June 2023)
151 Regiment, Royal Logistic Corps, in Croydon (Transport Regiment - Reserve)
156 Regiment, Royal Logistic Corps, in Liverpool (Supply Regiment - Reserve)
157 (Welsh) Regiment, Royal Logistic Corps, in Cardiff (Transport Regiment - Reserve)
5 Battalion, Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers, in Lyneham (Force Support)
103 Battalion, Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers, in Northampton (Force Support - Reserve)
7 Signals Group
7 Signals Group, in Bulford
1 Signal Regiment, Royal Corps of Signals, in Perham Down (Communication and Information Support)
3 Signal Regiment, Royal Corps of Signals, in Bulford (Communication and Information Support)
15 Signal Regiment, Royal Corps of Signals, in Perham Down (Communication and Information Support)
71 Signal Regiment, Royal Corps of Signals, in Bexley Heath (Signal Regiment - Reserve)
3rd UK Division Information Manoeuvre Units
3rd UK Division Information Manoeuvre Units, in Bulford
4 Military Intelligence Battalion, Intelligence Corps, in Bulford (Military Intelligence)
7 Military Intelligence Battalion, Intelligence Corps, in Bristol (Military Intelligence - Reserve)
6th (UK) Division
6th (UK) Division, in Upavon
Army Special Operations Brigade
Army Special Operations Brigade, in Aldershot
1st Battalion, Ranger Regiment, in Belfast (Army Rangers; former 1st Battalion, Royal Regiment of Scotland)
2nd Battalion, Ranger Regiment, in Aldershot (Army Rangers; former 2nd Battalion, Princess of Wales's Royal Regiment)
3rd Battalion, Ranger Regiment, in Pirbright (Army Rangers; former 2nd Battalion, Duke of Lancaster's Regiment; will move to Aldershot in 2027)
4th Battalion, Ranger Regiment, in Aldershot (Army Rangers; former 4th Battalion, The Rifles)
255 Signal Squadron, Royal Corps of Signals, in Perham Down (Communication and Information Support; will move to Aldershot in 2027)
77th Brigade
77th Brigade, in Hermitage (Will move to Pirbright in 2026)
Staff Corps, in Hermitage (Capacity Building; will move to Pirbright in 2026)
Deployed Information Activities, in Hermitage (Deployed Information Activity; will move to Pirbright in 2026)
Stand-off Information Activities, in Hermitage (Stand-off Information Activity; will move to Pirbright in 2026)
6 Military Intelligence Battalion, Intelligence Corps, in Manchester (Military Intelligence, hybrid active/reserve unit; will move to Pirbright by 2026)
The Honourable Artillery Company, in London (Surveillance and Target Acquisition - Reserve)
Field Army Troops
Field Army Troops, in Andover
16 Air Assault Brigade Combat Team
16 Air Assault Brigade Combat Team, in Colchester
2nd Battalion, Parachute Regiment, in Colchester (Airborne Infantry)
3rd Battalion, Parachute Regiment, in Colchester (Airborne Infantry)
4th Battalion, Parachute Regiment, in Leeds (Airborne Infantry - Reserve)
2nd Battalion, Royal Gurkha Rifles, in Brunei (Air Assault Infantry; will move to Folkestone in 2022)
1st Battalion, Royal Irish Regiment, in Ternhill (Light Recce Strike Infantry; will move to Edinburgh by 2027)
7th Parachute Regiment, Royal Horse Artillery, in Colchester (Airborne Close Support Artillery; will gain an additional group by May 2023)
23 Parachute Engineer Regiment, Royal Engineers, in Woodbridge (Close Support Air Manoeuvre Engineers)
13 Air Assault Regiment, Royal Logistic Corps, in Colchester (Air Assault Logistics; will gain an additional squadron by December 2022)
16 Medical Regiment, Royal Army Medical Corps, in Colchester (Air Manoeuvre Medical Regiment)
216 Signal Squadron, Royal Corps of Signals, in Colchester (Communication and Information Support)
Pathfinders, in Colchester
Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance Group
Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance Group, in Upavon
32 Regiment, Royal Artillery, in Larkhill (Miniature Un-crewed Aerial Systems)
47 Regiment, Royal Artillery, in Larkhill (Tactical Un-crewed Aerial Systems: Watchkeeper WK450)
2 Military Intelligence Battalion, Intelligence Corps, in Upavon (Intelligence Exploitation, hybrid active/reserve unit)
3 Military Intelligence Battalion, Intelligence Corps, in London (Military Intelligence - Reserve)
Specialist Group Military Intelligence, in Hermitage (Military Intelligence - Reserve; will move to Aldershot by 2026)
Land Intelligence Fusion Centre, in Hermitage (Will move to Andover in 2027)
2nd Medical Group
2nd Medical Group, in Strensall
21 Multi-Role Medical Regiment, in Strensall (Restructured 34 Field Hospital)
22 Multi-Role Medical Regiment, in Aldershot (Restructured 22 Field Hospital; will move to Preston in 2023 and then to Strensall by 2026)
202 (Midlands) Multi-Role Medical Regiment, in Birmingham (Reserve; restructured 202 Field Hospital)
203 (Welsh) Multi-Role Medical Regiment, in Cardiff (Reserve; restructured 203 Field Hospital)
206 (North-West) Multi-Role Medical Regiment, in Manchester and Liverpool (Reserve; merged and restructured 207 and 208 field hospitals)
210 (North Irish) Multi-Role Medical Regiment, in Belfast (Reserve; merged and restructured 204 Field Hospital and 253 Medical Regiment)
214 (North-East) Multi-Role Medical Regiment, in Newcastle upon Tyne and Sheffield (Reserve; merged and restructured 201 and 212 field hospitals)
215 (Scottish) Multi-Role Medical Regiment, in Glasgow (Reserve; merged and restructured 205 Field Hospital and 225 Medical Regiment)
243 (Wessex) Multi-Role Medical Regiment, in Keynsham (Reserve; restructured 243 Field Hospital)
254 (East of England) Multi-Role Medical Regiment, in Cambridge (Reserve; restructured 254 Medical Regiment)
256 (London and South-East) Multi-Role Medical Regiment, in Walworth (Reserve; restructured 256 Field Hospital)
306 Hospital Support Regiment, in Strensall (Hospital Support Regiment - Reserve)
335 Medical Evacuation Regiment, in Strensall (Medical Evacuation - Reserve)
Medical Operations Support Unit, in Strensall (Medical Operations Support Unit - Reserve)
Cyber and Electro Magnetic Activities Effects Group
Cyber and Electro Magnetic Activities Effects Group, in Andover
13 Signal Regiment, Royal Corps of Signals, in Blandford (Cyber; will move to Corsham by 2028)
14 Signal Regiment, Royal Corps of Signals, in Brawdy (Electronic Warfare; will move to Innsworth by 2028)
21 Signal Regiment, Royal Corps of Signals, in Colerne (Electronic Warfare; will move to Innsworth by 2028)
Land Warfare Centre
Land Warfare Centre, in Warminster
Collective Training Group
British Army Training Unit Suffield (BATUS), in Suffield (Canada)
British Army Training Unit Kenya (BATUK), in Nanyuki (Kenya)
British Army Training and Support Unit Belize (BATSUB), in Ladyville (Belize)
Command, Staff and Tactical Training Group (CSTTG)
Mission Ready Training Centre (MRTC), in Royston
Combat Ready Training Centre
Army Schools
1 Royal School of Military Engineering Regiment, in Chatham
2 Training Regiment, Army Air Corps, at AAC Middle Wallop
3 Royal School of Military Engineering Regiment, in Minley Manor
14 Regiment, Royal Artillery, in Larkhill
25 Training Regiment, Royal Logistic Corps, in Leconfield
Experimentation and Trials Group
Infantry Trials and Development Unit (ITDU)
Armoured Trials and Development Unit (ATDU)
Royal Artillery Trials and Development Unit (RA TDU)
Royal Engineers Trials and Development Unit (RE TDU)
Combat Service Support Training and Development Unit (CSS TDU)
2nd Battalion, Yorkshire Regiment, in Catterick
Home Command
Home Command, in Aldershot
Army Personnel Centre (APC), in Glasgow
Army Personnel Services Group (APSG)
Arms and Services
Army Recruiting and Initial Training Command
Army Recruiting and Initial Training Command (ARITC), in Upavon
Army Officer Selection Board (AOSB), in Westbury (Officer Selection)
Recruiting Group (RG), in Upavon (Recruit enlistment)
School of Infantry (SCHINF), in Catterick (Infantry training)
Initial Training Group (ITG), in Pirbright and Grantham (Basic training)
Army Adventurous Training Group (Army) (ATG(A), in Upavon (Adventurous training)
Royal Military Academy Sandhurst Group
Royal Military Academy Sandhurst Group, in Sandhurst
Royal Military Academy Sandhurst (RMAS)
University Officer Training Corps (UOTC)
General Staff Centre (GSC)
Centre for Army Leadership (CAL)
London District
London District (LONDIST), in Westminster
Household Cavalry Mounted Regiment, at Hyde Park Barracks in Knightsbridge (Public Duties and State Ceremonial)
King's Troop, Royal Horse Artillery, at Royal Artillery Barracks in Woolwich (Public Duties and State Ceremonial)
1st Battalion, Welsh Guards, in Windsor (Light Infantry)
London Regiment, in Battersea (Infantry - Reserve; will be retitled 1st Battalion, London Guards by 2024)
Public Duties Teams, at Wellington Barracks in London (Public Duties and State Ceremonial; to be established by August 2022)
Nijmegen Company, Grenadier Guards
No. 7 Company, Coldstream Guards
F Company, Scots Guards
Household Division Bands
Mounted Band of the Household Cavalry
Band of the Grenadier Guards
Band of the Coldstream Guards
Band of the Scots Guards
Band of the Irish Guards
Band of the Welsh Guards
Countess of Wessex's String Orchestra
Regional Bands
Band of the Royal Regiment of Scotland
Band and Bugles of The Rifles
Band of the Brigade of Gurkhas
Prince of Wales Band
Catterick Band
Tidworth Band
Sandhurst Band
Regional Command
Regional Command (RC), in Aldershot
Regional Point of Command South East, in Aldershot
Regional Point of Command South West, in Tidworth
Regional Point of Command North (Its exact location remains subject to further work.)
Regional Point of Command Centre, in Cottesmore
38 (Irish) Brigade, in Lisburn
51st Infantry Brigade and Headquarters Scotland, in Edinburgh
Balaklava Company, 5th Battalion, The Royal Regiment of Scotland, in Edinburgh
160th (Welsh) Brigade, in Brecon
Joint Helicopter Command
Joint Helicopter Command, in Andover
Army Aviation Centre, at AAC Middle Wallop
Watchkeeper Force HQ, at AAC Middle Wallop
1st Aviation Brigade Combat Team
1st Aviation Brigade Combat Team, at AAC Middle Wallop
1 Regiment, Army Air Corps, at RNAS Yeovilton (Aviation Reconnaissance)
3 Regiment, Army Air Corps, at Wattisham Flying Station (Attack Aviation)
4 Regiment, Army Air Corps, at Wattisham Flying Station (Attack Aviation)
5 Regiment, Army Air Corps, at Aldergrove Flying Station (Aviation Reconnaissance)
6 Regiment, Army Air Corps, in Bury St Edmunds (Aviation Support Regiment - Reserve)
7 AS Battalion, Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers, at Wattisham Flying Station (Aviation Close Support)
Provost Marshal (Army)
Provost Marshal (Army) polices the army and undertakes activities concerned with investigations, custodial matters and security in the UK. The 1st Royal Military Police Group provides police support to the force at an operational level, which includes operational detention, and support to security and stability policing.
Provost Marshal (Army), in Andover
1st Royal Military Police Group
1st Royal Military Police Group, in Andover
1 Regiment, Royal Military Police, in Catterick (Military Police, hybrid active/reserve unit)
3 Regiment, Royal Military Police, in Bulford (Military Police, hybrid active/reserve unit)
Special Investigation Branch, in Bulford (Special Investigations Branch)
Special Operations Unit, in Southwick Park (Specialist Operations)
Military Provost Staff Corps, in Colchester (Military Police)
Army units in other parts of Defence
Army units assigned to other parts of Defence:
Navy Command
3 Commando Brigade, in Plymouth
29 Commando Regiment, Royal Artillery, in Plymouth (Commando Artillery)
24 Commando Regiment, Royal Engineers, in Chivenor (Commando Engineers)
Air Command
No. 22 Group, at RAF High Wycombe
11 Signal Regiment, Royal Corps of Signals, in Blandford (Defence School of Communications and Information Systems)
8 Training Battalion, Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers, in Lyneham (REME Training Battalion)
UK Strategic Command
Defence Intelligence, in London
42 Engineer Regiment (Geographic), Royal Engineers, at RAF Wyton (Geographical Support)
Director Overseas Basing, in London
Royal Gibraltar Regiment, in Gibraltar (Light Infantry)
Graphic overview
Unit changes
The following are the units that will be raised, disbanded, amalgamated, re-designated, and re-roled under the reforms:
Units raised
9 Equipment Support Battalion, Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers
Disbandment
3 Medical Regiment
3 Regiment, Royal Logistic Corps
AmalgamationsInfantry1st and 2nd Battalions of the Mercian Regiment, as the 1st Battalion.Royal Army Medical Corps207 (Manchester) Field Hospital and 208 (Liverpool) Field Hospital to form 206 (North West) Multi-Role Medical Regiment.
204 (North Irish) Field Hospital and 253 (North Irish) Medical Regiment to form 210 (North Irish) Multi-Role Medical Regiment.
201 (Northern) Field Hospital and 212 (Yorkshire) Field Hospital to form 214 (North East) Multi-Role Medical Regiment.
205 (Scottish) Field Hospital and 225 (Scottish) Medical Regiment to form 215 (Scottish) Multi-Role Medical Regiment.
Re-designationsInfantryLondon Regiment to become the London Guards.
Royal Scots Borderers, 1st Battalion, Royal Regiment of Scotland to become 1st Battalion, Ranger Regiment.
2nd Battalion, Princess of Wales's Royal Regiment to become 2nd Battalion, Ranger Regiment.
2nd Battalion, Duke of Lancaster's Regiment to become 3rd Battalion, Ranger Regiment.
4th Battalion, The Rifles to become 4th Battalion, Ranger Regiment.Royal Army Medical Corps22 Field Hospital to become 22 Multi-Role Medical Regiment.
34 Field Hospital to become 21 Multi-Role Medical Regiment.
202 (Midlands) Field Hospital to become 202 (Midlands) Multi-Role Medical Regiment.
203 (Welsh) Field Hospital to become 203 (Welsh) Multi-Role Medical Regiment.
243 (The Wessex) Field Hospital to become 243 (Wessex) Multi-Role Medical Regiment.
254 (East of England) Medical Regiment to become 254 (East of England) Multi-Role Medical Regiment.
256 (City of London) Field Hospital to become 256 (London and South East) Multi-Role Medical Regiment.
Re-roleInfantry1st Battalion, Irish Guards from Light role infantry to Security force assistance.
1st Battalion, Royal Anglian Regiment from Light role infantry to Security force assistance.
3rd Battalion, The Rifles from Light mechanised infantry to Security force assistance.
Black Watch, 3rd Battalion, Royal Regiment of Scotland from Light mechanised infantry to Security force assistance.
1st Battalion, Welsh Guards from Light mechanised infantry to Light role infantry.
1st Battalion, The Rifles from Light role infantry to Light mechanished infantry
2nd Battalion, Royal Anglian Regiment from Light role infantry to Light mechanished infantry
1st Battalion, Yorkshire Regiment from Armoured infantry to Light mechanised infantry.
The Highlanders, 4th Battalion, Royal Regiment of Scotland from Armoured infantry to Light mechanised infantry.
1st Battalion, Princess of Wales's Royal Regiment from Light role infantry to Mechanised infantry.Royal Armoured Corps'''
King's Royal Hussars from Armoured to Armoured cavalry.
Notes
References
British Army
21st-century military history of the United Kingdom |
69389367 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sins%20of%20the%20Father%20%28Dexter%3A%20New%20Blood%29 | Sins of the Father (Dexter: New Blood) | "Sins of the Father" is the tenth and final episode of the American television miniseries Dexter: New Blood, a continuation of the series Dexter. The episode was written by Clyde Phillips from a story by Phillips, Alexandra Franklin and Marc Muszynski and directed by executive producer Marcos Siega. It originally aired on Showtime on January 9, 2022, being also available on its streaming service at midnight on the same day.
The series follows Dexter Morgan after having faking his death on the original series finale. Dexter now lives in the fictional small town of Iron Lake, New York, hiding his identity under the name of Jim Lindsay, a local shopkeeper and having suppressed his killing urges. He is now in a relationship with Angela Bishop, the town's chief of police, and is beloved and respected in the town. A local troublemaker and the arrival of a mysterious person cause friction in his new life, as the past comes back to haunt him. In the episode, Dexter faces consequences after new evidence resurfaces, linking him to past crimes while Harrison debates whether to accept being a part of his father's life.
According to Nielsen Media Research, the episode was seen by an estimated 0.814 million household viewers and gained a 0.16 ratings share among adults aged 18–49, making it the most watched episode of the revival. The episode received very positive reviews from critics. Critics deemed the episode as an improvement over the original, praising Hall's and Alcott's performances and sense of closure.
Plot
As the townspeople of Iron Lake bring food and blankets to his burned cabin, Dexter (Michael C. Hall) remarks that he cannot teach Harrison (Jack Alcott) the "Code of Harry" in a place filled with such good people. Angela (Julia Jones) arrives after issuing an all-points bulletin on Molly Park (Jamie Chung). She tells Dexter that his house was a target of arson and asks if he has any enemies. Harrison steps in to cover for him, suggesting that Zach and many of his friends fought with him and may have been involved in the fire. Afterwards, Dexter suggests to Harrison that they should move to Los Angeles for a fresh start, and while Harrison likes the idea, he does not want to leave Iron Lake just as he is starting to fit in.
While checking the burned cabin, Angela finds something that catches her attention. That night, she returns home and sends Harrison and Audrey (Johnny Sequoyah) away. After that, she and Logan (Alano Miller) arrest Dexter for the murder of Matt Caldwell. At the station, Angela has him on record state his name as Dexter Morgan and reveals the titanium screws along with the note that Kurt left at her house. She also reveals that she found a similar screw at his cabin, whose serial numbers coincide with Matt and theorizes that Dexter killed him after the incident with the deer. Dexter offers a different theory: Kurt killed Matt, lied about his status, burned down all evidence linking him to his cabin and tried to frame Dexter for that, in an attempt to discredit Angela after she found Iris' corpse. This statement upsets Angela, although Logan considers it plausible.
Harrison visits Dexter at the station, and Dexter instructs his son to go to a hotel, promising that this crisis will end soon. Angela decides to call Angel Batista (David Zayas) to question him about the Bay Harbor Butcher. Batista states that while he believed at the time that James Doakes was the Butcher, his deceased ex-wife and Captain María LaGuerta believed that Dexter was the Butcher. Angela then sends him a photo of her with Dexter; shocked that Dexter is still alive, he sets out for Iron Lake with LaGuerta's investigation files. Angela once again confronts Dexter, showing a pattern between the needle marks on Miles O'Flynn, Jasper Hodge and some of the Butcher's retrieved bodies, reaffirming her belief that he is the Bay Harbor Butcher. She states he will be arraigned for Matt's murder and when Batista arrives, he will be extradited to Miami and be charged as the Bay Harbor Butcher, possibly getting the death penalty. Dexter asks her to turn the camera off and tells her to go to Kurt's cabin for proof that she was right about Kurt being a serial killer. Angela decides to go and puts Dexter back in his jail cell.
At his cell, Dexter is tormented by Debra (Jennifer Carpenter), mocking him for thinking he could get away with everything. Dexter then asks Logan for water and puts him in a headlock, demanding to be let out. However, Logan takes out his gun and tries to shoot Dexter, prompting Dexter to break Logan's neck, killing him. He takes his keys and escapes the station. He contacts Harrison, telling him to meet him at the place where the deer incident took place. Meanwhile, Angela discovers Kurt's hideout and is horrified at finding the bodies, including Molly's. She tries to contact the station, to no avail. She then contacts Teddy (David Magidoff), ordering him to contact all possible authorities. Upon discovering that Logan hasn't responded in an hour, she hurries back to the station, where she cries over Logan's corpse.
By early morning, Dexter meets up with Harrison, who notes the blood on his face. As Dexter called him from Logan's phone, Harrison deduces that Dexter killed him. Horrified and outraged, Harrison aims the hunting rifle Dexter gave him for Christmas at his father, saying that Dexter's "code" is a lie, and that he kills simply because he enjoys it. Harrison says that, if not for him, Debra and Rita would still be alive, and that he would have grown up to be normal and happy. Harrison tells Dexter to "Open your eyes and look at what you've done!" Dexter reflects on the innocent people in his life who have died because of him, and realizes that Harrison is right: he destroys everyone he gets close to, and can never be the good person and father he wants to be. He then tells Harrison that they will both be better off with him dead, and tells him to shoot him. After a moment's hesitation, Harrison shoots Dexter in the chest, and a mortally wounded Dexter tells his son he "did good". As he lays dying, Dexter holds Debra's hand before succumbing to his wounds.
Angela arrives at the scene. Instead of arresting Harrison, Angela gives him money and instructs him to leave town and never come back. She then alters the crime scene to make it look as though she killed Dexter in self-defense, and calls in an "officer-involved shooting". In his truck, Harrison finds the letter that Dexter wrote to Hannah 10 years before, instructing her that unless Harrison shows dark tendencies, "let me die so my son can live". The series ends with Harrison leaving Iron Lake, finally free of his father's demons.
Production
Development
In December 2021, it was announced that the tenth and final episode of the revived series would be titled "Sins of the Father", and was directed by executive producer Marcos Siega and written by showrunner Clyde Phillips from a story by Phillips, Alexandra Franklin and Marc Muszynski.
Writing
The finale wraps Dexter Morgan's story arc, which culminates with his death. Michael C. Hall acknowledged the finale would surprise audiences but he felt satisfied with the ending. Before the airing of the episode, Clyde Phillips said the finale would be "surprising, inevitable and it's going to blow up the Internet", calling it the best thing he has ever written. For Phillips, Dexter dying was the only way the series could have ended, as audiences would feel frustrated by the amount of times he evaded justice. He justified it as "the legitimacy, honesty, dignity and integrity of the character of Dexter that we so carefully built up over almost a decade almost required that we end the show this way." He wanted to thank the audience for sticking with the show throughout the years, "it is no secret we wanted to redeem the show after Season 8. I didn't want to screw around with the audience's head." He further reiterated that "Dexter is dead", as he felt faking his death would be "dishonest" to the audience. Dexter's line, "I've never felt real love until now" served as a "real awakening in him". His death and final words were "absolution for what Harrison's done." His death scene originally involved Dexter pulling his hand away from Debra but Jennifer Carpenter suggested that she pulled away her hand, which was the version used.
Back when the original series finale aired, Phillips had a different ending in mind. His ending involved Dexter waking up on an execution table at a Florida prison, with the events of the series serving as an effect of the medications administered. The scene would have certain deceased characters watching from the observation gallery, which included Arthur Mitchell, Brian Moser, María LaGuerta, James Doakes, Rita Bennett, and Lila West, and other people that Dexter killed or was partially responsible for their deaths. On deviating on the ending, Phillips said that the ending couldn't work anymore and stated that Harrison killing Dexter was the right choice to end Dexter's story.
With Angela letting Harrison go, Phillips said her decision "was born of the horror that she had just witnessed. Her whole life has been this missing persons board and now all these women are dead. She needed humanity and maybe for maternal instinct to take over for justice — just this one moment of grace." He also said, "look at all the death that she has seen in this episode: she just saw 30 bodies in Kurt's tomb. Life is terrible and she has a chance to do something good. She knows Dexter killed Logan. It also complicates, in a surprising way, the storytelling. You don't expect it and that's another aspect of it being satisfying."
Regarding a possible continuation of the franchise, Phillips said "It's all in Showtime's hands. If they were to call me and say, 'We want to do Harrison. We want you to figure it out,' I'm pretty busy, but I would drop everything I'm doing and jump right into it. I would love to do it, but it's really up to Showtime."
Reception
Viewers
In its original American broadcast, "Sins of the Father" was seen by an estimated 0.814 million household viewers and gained a 0.16 ratings share among adults aged 18–49, according to Nielsen Media Research. This means that 0.16 percent of all households with televisions watched the episode. This was a 41% increase in viewership from the previous episode, which was watched by 0.576 million viewers with a 0.11 in the 18-49 demographics.
According to Showtime, the episode was watched by 3 million viewers across streaming and on demand platforms on its premiere, making Dexter: New Blood its most watched series in the history of the network.
Critical reviews
"Sins of the Father" received very positive reviews from critics. Matt Fowler of IGN gave the episode a "great" 8 out of 10 and wrote in his verdict, "Dexter: New Bloods excellent finale was full of necessary, wrenching confrontations and an unfortunate murder that was crucial in completing Dexter's doomed journey. Harrison needed to know that his dad's dark deeds also extended to innocent people who might reveal his secret (like when Dexter was thinking of killing Molly) and 'Sins of the Father' presented just that: Dexter's legacy of blood and how it had inadvertently harmed Harrison for nearly two decades. This was a terrific way to cap off the series and course-correct the damage done by the previous finale."
Joshua Alston of The A.V. Club gave the episode an "A" grade and wrote, "'Sins Of The Father' is an excellent finale for New Blood, and for Dexter as a series. It's more than just a decent finale by the standards Dexter set for itself during its endless creative through. 'Father' is a very strong hour of television from a show that offers them up inconsistently and very rarely does so at the end of a season. And the episode works so well because it makes use of the entirety of Dexter, not just its mythology but the public perception of the show. 'Father' succeeds because it goes places no one expected this show to go based on its history."
Nick Harley of Den of Geek gave the episode a perfect 5 star out of 5 rating and wrote, "When I started at Den of Geek, my first two review assignments were Dexter and Breaking Bad. While the latter series never lost sight that the show was ostensibly following a villain, Dexter writers fell in love with their character and turned him into a hero. It was a misstep that led to some truly awful seasons of television. If nothing else, Dexter: New Blood rights that wrong and gives the character the ending he deserves." Mary Littlejohn of TV Fanatic gave the episode a 4 star out of 5 rating and wrote, "Overall, this was a well-crafted, solid season with an appropriate conclusion to a series and a character that many people hold very close to their hearts. Though the ending may be divisive, I found it satisfying and poetic, with fewer issues than the final three seasons of the original series. The lesson here seems to be that if you get too attached to an anti-hero, be prepared for some heartache."
In a negative review, Kelly McClure of Vulture gave the episode a 2 star out of 5 rating and wrote, "From front to back, fans of the original Dexter, and the actors portraying the show's core characters, would have been better off if New Blood had never been made. It was easier to deal with the disappointment of how the original series ended when we were able to maintain Dexter's memory as an untouchable apex predator. Our wounds from that finale had all but healed. But the New Blood showrunner had to pick the scab and let it seep to where there are no fond memories of Dexter to be had."
Accolades
TVLine named Michael C. Hall the "Performer of the Week" for the week of January 15, 2022, for his performance in the episode. The site wrote, "Were we happy to see the malicious killer finally taken down, or did we feel inclined to mourn the loss of one of Peak TV's most compelling and richest antiheroes? Perhaps it was a little of both. But thanks to Hall's terrific return, we won't soon forget Dexter's brazen blaze of glory. It's the ending that we — and he — truly deserved."
References
External links
"Sins of the Father" at Showtime
2022 American television episodes
Dexter: New Blood episodes
Patricide in fiction |
69389384 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skin%20of%20Her%20Teeth | Skin of Her Teeth | "Skin of Her Teeth" is the seventh episode of the American television miniseries Dexter: New Blood, a continuation of the series Dexter. The episode was written by co-executive producer Veronica West and executive story editor Kirsa Rein from a story by West, Rein and Alexandra Salerno and directed by Sanford Bookstaver. It originally aired on Showtime on December 19, 2021, being also available on its streaming service at midnight on the same day.
The series follows Dexter Morgan after having faking his death on the original series finale. Dexter now lives in the fictional small town of Iron Lake, New York, hiding his identity under the name of Jim Lindsay, a local shopkeeper and having suppressed his killing urges. He is now in a relationship with Angela Bishop, the town's chief of police, and is beloved and respected in the town. A local troublemaker and the arrival of a mysterious person cause friction in his new life, as the past comes back to haunt him. In the episode, Dexter helps Angela in inspecting Iris' corpse, hoping it would lead to Kurt's arrest. However, Kurt is a few steps ahead of them and attempts to avoid capture. Meanwhile, Harrison reveals an important secret to Dexter. The episode featured John Lithgow reprising his role as Arthur Mitchell in a cameo appearance.
According to Nielsen Media Research, the episode was seen by an estimated 0.713 million household viewers and gained a 0.15 ratings share among adults aged 18–49. The episode received positive reviews from critics. Critics praised the performances (particularly Hall and Brown), writing, tension and building momentum. John Lithgow's cameo appearance was also praised. Other critics commented on the episode's pace, with many deeming that it failed to move the story forward.
Plot
In the cave, Angela (Julia Jones) tells Dexter (Michael C. Hall) to inspect Iris' corpse, due to his knowledge as a forensic scientist in his previous life in Miami. Dexter deduces that Iris was shot in the back somewhere else and then was buried alive. He removes one of Iris' teeth, finding that she bit her attacker. He hands over the tooth to Angela in order to find a possible DNA match. Angela tells Dexter that she suspects Kurt (Clancy Brown) because he wanted to stop the search for Matt to prevent the police finding Iris' body in the cave.
Dexter's relationship with Harrison (Jack Alcott) continues deteriorating, as Harrison is looking to be more involved with Kurt. Debra (Jennifer Carpenter) suggests that Dexter just kill Kurt, but Dexter intends to let Angela build a case against him, so Harrison will finally see Kurt for who he is. He decides to help Angela by informing her of his encounter with Kurt and Molly (Jamie Chung) at the cabin and they drive there to inspect. However, Kurt has already removed all of the room's furniture, although Angela still has faith she will catch up with him. Nevertheless, Dexter considers that he will have to kill him if the police fails to find anything.
Dexter visits Kurt's diner, where he has a talk with him about their previous encounters. Suddenly, Angela and Logan (Alano Miller) arrive and arrest Kurt for Iris' murder, taking him to the station. Angela questions him, showing that they inspected his phone records and he never talked with Matt in the days after his reported disappearance. She also reveals they compared Iris' attacker's DNA with Kurt's, which proved to be a match. Meanwhile, Harrison helps one of Kurt's truckers with cargo. The trucker then gives Harrison a small envelope, telling him to hand it to Dexter. He gives it to him, which contains a titanium screw.
That night, Dexter makes a distraction so that all officers leave the station and confronts Kurt to tell him to stay away from him and Harrison. Kurt teases Dexter by saying that it wasn't snowing when Dexter picked him up from the tavern, it was ashes and tells him "titanium doesn't melt". After leaving, Dexter remembers that Matt had a titanium screw in his leg, concluding that he knows he killed Matt. The next day, Kurt decides to make a police statement, explaining that his abusive father used to brutally attack girls. He states that his father picked up Iris and that's the only thing he knows. But flashbacks reveal that it was a young Kurt who picked her up in his truck and that Iris was running away. Kurt decided to not bring her to his father and tried to go back but Iris resisted, biting his hand and exiting the truck. This prompted Kurt to shoot her in the back, killing her.
Due to the testimony and only a 67% DNA match, the charges against Kurt are dropped and he is released. Angela then talks with Molly at the bar, explaining that while she found closure with Iris, she doesn't feel better. Their conversation soon turns to Dexter, realizing that he couldn't have heard Molly's earlier meeting with Kurt and likely recorded it with his phone. After inspecting Kurt's office and overhearing a conversation confirming his release, Dexter concludes he must kill him. He stops Harrison from hurting some high schoolers with a straight razor and has a talk with him. Harrison states that he had nightmares but now realizes they were actually memories: he remembers the day Arthur Mitchell killed his mother. He recalls Arthur (John Lithgow) comforting him after killing Rita, telling him "daddy will be home soon". Thinking that Dexter left because he thought he would grow up with these tendencies, Harrison hitches a ride to an unknown destination. Dexter decides to follow, intending to tell him everything. However, he is suddenly attacked from behind by the trucker who gave Harrison the envelope.
Development
Production
In December 2021, it was announced that the seventh episode of the revived series would be titled "Skin of Her Teeth", and was directed by Sanford Bookstaver and written by co-executive producer Veronica West and executive story editor Kirsa Rein from a story by West, Rein and Alexandra Salerno.
Casting
In June 2021, it was reported that John Lithgow would reprise his role as Arthur Mitchell in a cameo appearance. He reportedly filmed his scenes in a single day. Clyde Phillips kept in touch with Lithgow after his appearance on the fourth season, and arranged a return for the actor. Due to scheduling commitments, Lithgow was only available for a limited time. Phillips intended for his appearance to be kept a secret, but reports were circulating when Lithgow revealed his appearance during an interview.
Reception
Viewers
In its original American broadcast, "Skin of Her Teeth" was seen by an estimated 0.713 million household viewers and gained a 0.15 ratings share among adults aged 18–49, according to Nielsen Media Research. This means that 0.15 percent of all households with televisions watched the episode. This was a 2% increase in viewership from the previous episode, which was watched by 0.695 million viewers with a 0.15 in the 18-49 demographics.
According to Showtime, the episode was watched by 2.34 million total viewers across all platforms.
Critical reviews
"Skin of Her Teeth" received positive reviews from critics. Matt Fowler of IGN gave the episode an "okay" 6 out of 10 and wrote in his verdict, "As a second (seasonal) act Dexter episode, 'Skin of Her Teeth' was sort of par for the course. Not bad, but also not quite offering up anything satisfying. Dexter and Angela know Kurt's a killer but that branch isn't bearing fruit just yet. Next week could be killer, since this week planted some decent seeds, but on the whole 'Skin of Her Teeth' was medium-well set up."
Joshua Alston of The A.V. Club gave the episode an "A" grade and wrote, "Between Angela and Molly's road trip to Manhattan and Dexter's foray into narcotics enforcement, New Bloods last two episodes were clearly designed to keep the show's gunpowder dry before a third-act crescendo. But who could have predicted the next installment would be as explosive as 'Skin Of Her Teeth?' Even more than the strong 'H Is For Hero', the seventh episode makes a strong case for New Bloods existence and instills confidence that this season might provide the ending Dexter deserves."
Kelly McClure of Vulture gave the episode a 3 star out of 5 rating and wrote, "If, on average, each episode of a TV show is only truly interesting for roughly 15 minutes out of the allotted 45, then what does that say about the show as a whole? In the case of New Blood, and definitely in the case of this most recent episode, it's starting to feel like we've spent a lot of the runtime waiting for something good to happen. And while it's undeniable at this point that the good stuff is few and far between, when it does roll around, the wow factor of it makes the episode feel worth it." Nick Harley of Den of Geek gave the episode a 3.5 star out of 5 rating and wrote, "'Skin of Her Teeth' has that classic 'Two Steps Forward, One Step Back' Dexter feeling, but still manages to give great showcases to Alcott and Julia Jones, who is finally able to get closure about the Iris situation. It was also fun to see some new Trinity Killer footage, but I imagine John Lithgow signed on for more than just a quick topless scene. There are worse ways for this show to burn runtime." Mary Littlejohn of TV Fanatic gave the episode a 4.5 star out of 5 rating and wrote, "A grim and troubling turn of events led to a killer walking free. On 'Skin of Her Teeth', Kurt Caldwell slithered out of prison and began toying with Dexter. It was a tense hour of power shifts and crushing reveals."
References
External links
"Skin of Her Teeth" at Showtime
2021 American television episodes
Dexter: New Blood episodes |
69389388 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Too%20Many%20Tuna%20Sandwiches | Too Many Tuna Sandwiches | "Too Many Tuna Sandwiches" is the sixth episode of the American television miniseries Dexter: New Blood, a continuation of the series Dexter. The episode was written by executive producer Scott Reynolds and consulting producer Warren Hsu Leonard and directed by executive producer Marcos Siega. It originally aired on Showtime on December 12, 2021, being also available on its streaming service at midnight on the same day.
The series follows Dexter Morgan after having faking his death on the original series finale. Dexter now lives in the fictional small town of Iron Lake, New York, hiding his identity under the name of Jim Lindsay, a local shopkeeper and having suppressed his killing urges. He is now in a relationship with Angela Bishop, the town's chief of police, and is beloved and respected in the town. A local troublemaker and the arrival of a mysterious person cause friction in his new life, as the past comes back to haunt him. In the episode, Dexter tries to investigate Kurt's connection with his son, as he appears to influence him to do things. He also has to deal with Angela, who has discovered his previous life as Dexter Morgan.
According to Nielsen Media Research, the episode was seen by an estimated 0.695 million household viewers and gained a 0.15 ratings share among adults aged 18–49. The episode received positive reviews from critics. Critics praised the therapy scenes between Dexter and Harrison, Angela's role and character development while criticism was aimed at Harrison's storyline and pace.
Plot
Harrison (Jack Alcott) starts doing chores around the cabin after having his talk with Kurt (Clancy Brown). He also asks Dexter (Michael C. Hall) to sign a job application for Kurt's diner. Dexter refuses, concerned about Kurt's connection with his son, angering Harrison. Harrison then tells him he didn't go to therapy, but actually met with Kurt.
While driving, Dexter is pulled over by Angela (Julia Jones), who shows him his obituary as Dexter Morgan. She forces him to drive to the station to explain everything. Dexter claims that Rita's and Debra's (Jennifer Carpenter) deaths impacted him and he couldn't live with that life in Miami, prompting him to attempt to kill himself by driving towards a hurricane. He claims surviving was a sign to start again, abandoning his old life and starting a new one. Angela calls him out on abandoning Harrison and failing to amend everything; she is also angry for finding that their relationship was built on a lie and breaks up with him. After Dexter leaves, Molly (Jamie Chung) enters her office, intending to question Kurt about his lies to find the truth. Angela warns her to stay away from him.
Dexter starts investigating who could've been the source of his past life. He finds Molly's podcast and listens to a session where she claims that the Bay Harbor Butcher (Dexter) wasn't James Doakes as some crimes were committed while he was on military service, deducing the killer remains at large. Dexter and Harrison attend therapy, where Harrison expresses frustration at his abandonment. Dexter is less cooperative in the therapy, giving vague hints about his life and even claiming his marriage to Rita "fell apart". The last part prompts Harrison to reveal that he knows his mother was killed and tells the therapist he feels abandoned at their very own session.
Seeking to know more about Angela's next move, Dexter meets with Logan (Alano Miller), claiming he wants advice on how to save his relationship. Logan admits he dated Molly, but has since broke up. He also states that Angela and Molly are working on something. This worries Dexter, who thinks they will go after him, unaware that they are actually investigating Kurt. At the same time, Harrison visits Audrey (Johnny Sequoyah) at her house. They both express frustration at their lives, which culminates in a kiss and having sex. The next morning, Angela finds them together in bed and angrily takes Harrison to Dexter.
Wanting to find out more about their investigation, Dexter plants his phone as a bug at the bar and records a meeting between Kurt and Molly. Kurt states he lied to the police to protect Matt from authorities and is willing to take her to interview him. Dexter follows them to the bunker and prevents Kurt from getting Molly inside it. He enters and finds that the door can't be opened from within and finds the camera in the room. Dexter drives Molly back to town, angering Kurt as he foiled his plan.
Angela and Teddy (David Magidoff) inspect a cave with a possible lead. They find a man-made hole and Angela enters. She finds many rocks and after moving them, finds a corpse. The corpse is that of Iris, her childhood friend who went missing. Dexter attends Harrison's wrestling match, noting Kurt is in attendance as a coach's aide. Harrison beats his opponent but even after winning, he breaks the opponent's arm. A stunned Dexter then gets into the arena to confront Kurt about motivating Harrison's actions. He attempts to talk with Harrison, wondering if Kurt told him to hurt the opponent. Dexter then receives a call from Angela, who got out of the cave. She says she doesn't need Jim, she needs Dexter Morgan.
Development
Production
In November 2021, it was announced that the sixth episode of the revived series would be titled "Too Many Tuna Sandwiches", and was directed by executive producer Marcos Siega and written by executive producer Scott Reynolds and consulting producer Warren Hsu Leonard. The episode marked Reynolds' first writing credit for the series since the season 8 episode, "Goodbye Miami", and was his 12th writing credit for the series.
Reception
Viewers
In its original American broadcast, "Too Many Tuna Sandwiches" was seen by an estimated 0.695 million household viewers and gained a 0.15 ratings share among adults aged 18–49, according to Nielsen Media Research. This means that 0.15 percent of all households with televisions watched the episode. This was a 26% increase in viewership from the previous episode, which was watched by 0.549 million viewers with a 0.11 in the 18-49 demographics.
Critical reviews
"Too Many Tuna Sandwiches" received positive reviews from critics. Matt Fowler of IGN gave the episode a "good" 7 out of 10 and wrote in his verdict, "Dexter: New Blood keeps delaying the important Dexter/Harrison truth bomb, for reasons that are still unclear, but fortunately 'Too Many Tuna Sandwiches' had other things going for it, regarding Kurt and his years of killing, to craft a capable and clever episode. A ton of secrets are spilling all over the place -- from Dexter's old life to Kurt's penchant for remote cabin murders -- and hopefully that means an even bigger reveal is on the way."
Joshua Alston of The A.V. Club gave the episode a "C+" grade and wrote, "The uneasy triangulation between Harrison and his two dads is the most interesting thing happening in New Blood, which continues to venture off into wan subplots that have yet to pay off. Harrison is becoming more violent and unpredictable by the episode, and Dexter's hands-off approach to psychopath parenting isn't quite doing the trick."
Kelly McClure of Vulture gave the episode a 3 star out of 5 rating and wrote, "If you were to attempt to pick a general theme for last week's episode, it would probably land somewhere within the vicinity of 'the simplest solution is often the solution.' This week's is more along the lines of 'nature vs. nurture.' If you're not familiar, the basic concept of nature vs. nurture is whether or not a person's behavior is molded by the events of their life and the actions of those around them, or more so from genetics and inherited traits. In episode six, 'Too Many Tuna Sandwiches,' this comes up in a family therapy session with Dexter/Jim and Harrison. When watching how they go about their unique blend of Morgan problem solving throughout the course of a day, it's genuinely hard to determine which of the two, nature vs. nurture, has the biggest responsibility for them both being huge psychos." Nick Harley of Den of Geek gave the episode a 3.5 star out of 5 rating and wrote, "Typically, when prestige dramas focus on their teenage characters, things go awry, but there are so many interesting wrinkles to Dexter facing the same conundrums that Harry had to face raising him. Prior to New Blood airing, I wondered if the series would be able to justify its existence beyond just being IP extension for ratings sake. On that therapy couch and in the hallway after Harrison's wrestling match, New Blood justified itself to me." Mary Littlejohn of TV Fanatic gave the episode a perfect 5 star out of 5 rating and wrote, "The beauty of this episode was that no time felt wasted, but there was plenty of room for every character to shine with some fun, heartfelt, and terrifying scenes. It's amazing what can fit in an hour."
References
External links
"Too Many Tuna Sandwiches" at Showtime
2021 American television episodes
Dexter: New Blood episodes |
69389391 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%20Is%20for%20Hero | H Is for Hero | "H Is for Hero" is the fourth episode of the American television miniseries Dexter: New Blood, a continuation of the series Dexter and the 100th overall episode of the series. The episode was written by supervising producer Tony Saltzman and directed by Sanford Bookstaver. It originally aired on Showtime on November 28, 2021, being also available on its streaming service at midnight on the same day.
The series follows Dexter Morgan after having faking his death on the original series finale. Dexter now lives in the fictional small town of Iron Lake, New York, hiding his identity under the name of Jim Lindsay, a local shopkeeper and having suppressed his killing urges. He is now in a relationship with Angela Bishop, the town's chief of police, and is beloved and respected in the town. A local troublemaker and the arrival of a mysterious person cause friction in his new life, as the past comes back to haunt him. In the episode, Dexter starts questioning Kurt's intentions when he claims to have seen his son recently. Also, Harrison avoids a potential school shooting but Dexter is suspicious of his story, wondering if his son was involved in starting the attack.
According to Nielsen Media Research, the episode was seen by an estimated 0.460 million household viewers and gained a 0.06 ratings share among adults aged 18–49. The episode received very positive reviews from critics. Critics praised the writing, Jack Alcott's acting, character development and answering questions over some storylines.
Plot
Dexter (Michael C. Hall) talks with Debra (Jennifer Carpenter), questioning why Kurt (Clancy Brown) lied about Matt's state. Debra theorizes that Kurt wants the case closed so he can find the killer himself. Angela (Julia Jones) interrogates Kurt, who claims Matt is alive in New York.
At school, Harrison (Jack Alcott) listens to an episode of Molly Park's (Jamie Chung) podcast, "Merry Fucking Kill", where she talks about Arthur Mitchell/Trinity Killer. Harrison becomes unsettled when she talks about his mother, Rita, and how he killed her while he was left there in the blood. Dexter is later called to the school due to an emergency: Harrison has been stabbed and Ethan (Christian Dell'Edera) was the perpetrator. Harrison tells the police that Ethan approached him to help him in a future school shooting to kill Ethan's bullies. When Harrison tried to get him some help, Ethan stabbed him in the stomach, forcing Harrison to almost fatally cut Ethan's leg. Dexter then talks with Debra, saying that the wounds don't match up with his story.
Dexter returns to the crime scene, where he proves his theory by imagining Debra stabbing him and then stabbing himself. The blood coincides with the stabs, but Dexter now deduces Harrison attacked Ethan first and then stabbed himself to know what it feels like, noting that it matches the "Code of Harry". Kurt later visits Dexter and Harrison at their house, where he gives Harrison a drone for his actions. While talking to him, Dexter lets it slip that he knows about Matt's boat incident. Dexter is also told by Angela that they won't file charges against Harrison, even though Ethan claims he never attacked him. Angela also decides to collaborate with Molly, who used her podcast to get information on many of the missing people that the town failed to find.
Kurt is later approached by a girl named Chloe (Skyler Wright) at his diner, who asks for money. Kurt already lent her money and won't give her more, although he offers her a job at the diner, which she refuses. He later helps her by giving her shelter at the bunker where Lily stayed, revealing that he is the person behind her kidnapping and murder. At school, the police give a talk to the students that were on Ethan's "kill list", where the students applaud Harrison for his actions. Harrison uses the opportunity to call out Ethan's bullies, saying they drove him to become the person he is. During this, Dexter inspects Harrison's room, eventually discovering a straight razor hidden in a flashlight. A stunned Debra then mentions that Trinity also used a straight razor to murder his victims. A distraught Dexter comes to the belief that his son now has his own "Dark Passenger".
Production
Development
In November 2021, it was announced that the fourth episode of the revived series would be titled "H Is for Hero", and was directed by Sanford Bookstaver and written by supervising producer Tony Saltzman.
Writing
On Harrison's possible "Dark Passenger", Michael C. Hall said, "I think that possibility is a part of the fun and the richness of that relationship. There are opposing things that are happening simultaneously for Dexter when it comes to Harrison and the dark passenger. On one hand, it's Dexter's deepest fear that his son has the dark passenger, and on the other hand it's his deepest wish, which makes parenting tricky." Showrunner Clyde Phillips added that Harrison's role was to make Dexter's "life upside down" and that they wanted to explore Harrison's possible inherited trauma with this new storyline. He further added, "We don't know if it's a dark passenger, but there is a darkness in Harrison that will emerge. I'll just leave it at that." Actor Jack Alcott described Harrison in the episode, saying "Harrison is such an absolute hurricane of emotions and states of mind. There is a piece of Harrison that wants to hurt people. But then there is the very human, self-awareness and empathy that his father doesn't really quite have."
Reception
Viewers
In its original American broadcast, "H Is for Hero" was seen by an estimated 0.460 million household viewers and gained a 0.06 ratings share among adults aged 18–49, according to Nielsen Media Research. This means that 0.06 percent of all households with televisions watched the episode. This was a 41% increase in viewership from the previous episode, which was watched by 0.325 million viewers with a 0.09 in the 18-49 demographics.
Critical reviews
"H Is for Hero" received very positive reviews from critics. Matt Fowler of IGN gave the episode a "great" 8 out of 10 and wrote in his verdict, "'H is for Hero' transformed Harrison into a much more interesting, and potentially dangerous, addition to Dexter's life. It raised a lot of questions and presented us with a potential endgame for the series that not only feels like an awesome 'full circle' arc, but also one that makes for a great companion for the first four seasons."
Joshua Alston of The A.V. Club gave the episode an "A-" grade and wrote, "The reintroduction of Harrison puts New Blood in a position the Dexter franchise hasn't been in since the first season. It's perfectly set up to explore the central theme of whether a monster, with proper care and feeding, can be assimilated into society and at what cost. By leaning into those ideas, 'H Is For Hero' instantly becomes more interesting and more poignant than the episodes leading up to it. The episode's central mystery grows out of what initially looked to be New Bloods goofiest storyline."
Kelly McClure of Vulture gave the episode a 4 star out of 5 rating and wrote, "For a show that started out a shit show and is turning into something that's actually fun to watch... anything can happen from here." Nick Harley of Den of Geek gave the episode a 4 star out of 5 rating and wrote, "This is a lean, but highly effective episode, with a clear theme, interesting developments, and old rhythms presented in new ways. A confrontation between Dexter and Harrison feels imminent, but I'm also intrigued by how characters like Molly and Edward Olsen will fit in the grand scheme of things. If every episode is as tight and focused as this, then there may be life in Dexter: New Blood yet." Mary Littlejohn of TV Fanatic gave the episode a 4.5 star out of 5 rating and wrote, "In so many ways, 'classic' Dexter was on our screens again. Even though he hasn't killed in a while, you get the sense that this new connection to his son might sate his hunger."
References
External links
"H Is for Hero" at Showtime
2021 American television episodes
Dexter: New Blood episodes |
69389396 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runaway%20%28Dexter%3A%20New%20Blood%29 | Runaway (Dexter: New Blood) | "Runaway" is the fifth episode of the American television miniseries Dexter: New Blood, a continuation of the series Dexter. The episode was written by co-executive producer Veronica West and directed by executive producer Marcos Siega. It originally aired on Showtime on December 5, 2021, being also available on its streaming service at midnight on the same day.
The series follows Dexter Morgan after having faking his death on the original series finale. Dexter now lives in the fictional small town of Iron Lake, New York, hiding his identity under the name of Jim Lindsay, a local shopkeeper and having suppressed his killing urges. He is now in a relationship with Angela Bishop, the town's chief of police, and is beloved and respected in the town. A local troublemaker and the arrival of a mysterious person cause friction in his new life, as the past comes back to haunt him. In the episode, Dexter must face a new dilemma with Harrison's newly discovered personality, while Harrison himself starts to act rebellious, with some consequences. Meanwhile, Angela and Molly travel to New York City for a conference as well as to investigate Matt Caldwell's possible sighting. The episode featured the return of David Zayas as Angel Batista, who played the character in the original series' run.
According to Nielsen Media Research, the episode was seen by an estimated 0.549 million household viewers and gained a 0.11 ratings share among adults aged 18–49. The episode received mixed-to-positive reviews from critics. Critics praised Angela's storyline, its ending and some welcomed Angel Batista's return in the episode, but cricized the writing, particularly Dexter's and Harrison's storylines.
Plot
Dexter (Michael C. Hall) is still stunned at finding the straight razor, telling Debra (Jennifer Carpenter) that he needs to help Harrison (Jack Alcott) in this difficult time. Meanwhile, Kurt (Clancy Brown) leads Chloe (Skyler Wright) to the bunker, telling her she can stay for as long as she wants.
When Dexter questions Harrison about the razor, he claims he uses it for defense. Angry at his father's lack of trust on him, Harrison storms off. Outside, Zach (Oscar Wahlberg) and his friends invite Harrison to a party, which he accepts. The partygoers were all part of Ethan's "kill list" and Harrison is the guest of honor. Harrison consumes ecstasy and oxycodone laced with fentanyl, and makes a minor slice on a girl's foot. He then shares with Audrey (Johnny Sequoyah) about his father, saying that he is lying about his name before passing out. Audrey is forced to call authorities and Sergeant Logan (Alano Miller) helps him regain consciousness and he is taken to the hospital. Logan informs Dexter about the incident and that the drugs were sourced from a dealer named Miles (Dakota Lustick). After Harrison is released, Dexter tells him he will go to therapy and he will limit his time out of the house.
Angela (Julia Jones) is informed that Matt has been staying at a luxury hotel in New York City after tracking his credit cards. She decides to go to New York to talk to him, as well as to attend a Missing Persons conference. She also allows Molly (Jamie Chung) to accompany her, as she needs material for her podcast. At the New York hotel, they are informed that Matt checked out of the hotel the day before their arrival. As they await security footage, they attend the conference, which is headlined by Angel Batista (David Zayas), who is now Captain of Homicide of the Miami Metro Police Department. She talks with Angel after the conference, where he briefly talks about the Bay Harbor Butcher and Trinity Killer, mentioning Debra's name but stating she died, along with her brother, Dexter, although he does not say his name. He also mentions that her brother had a son named Harrison.
Dexter retrieves medicines and equipment from a local veterinarian, planning to kill Miles. He arrives at the bar he frequents, acting as an interested customer. Outside, Dexter injects Miles but before he can fully inject him with ketamine, Logan arrives. Dexter then starts brutally attacking Miles until Logan restrains him. Miles is arrested but Dexter is also brought to the station for paperwork. Dexter witnesses Logan intimidate Miles with threats to charge him with homicide, and he confesses that he works for a man named Jasper Hodge (Kellan Rhude), who makes the pills. Dexter overhears the conversation and infiltrates Jasper's house to sedate him before the police will arrive in a few days with a warrant.
At the bunker, Chloe immediately sees the camera turning on and realizes her state. However, she provokes Kurt by undressing herself in front of the camera and refusing to go outside when he orders her. This forces Kurt to go into her room, where she uses a shard of glass to slice his face through his ski mask. He takes her outside, telling her to run but she refuses. When she approaches him, he kills her by shooting her in the eye, upsetting him. Meanwhile, Dexter prepares to kill Jasper in his home, having arranged his table, when he notices that Logan is outside. Dexter then removes all of his equipment and forces Jasper to snort pure fentanyl powder, which he had been using to manufacture adulterated fake Roxicodone, or "Blues". When authorities enter the house, Dexter and his equipment are gone and Jasper in found dead from an overdose in his chair.
Kurt picks up Harrison, who was planning on leaving town, and takes him to the diner. After some talk, he gives him a job at the diner. Harrison returns to the cabin, lying to Dexter about attending therapy. Angela and Molly are shown security footage of Matt checking out of the hotel, confirming that the person is not Matt and that Kurt lied to them. When she returns home, she talks with Audrey, who recalls Harrison's statement that his father wasn't Jim Lindsay. This prompts Angela to investigate based on her talk with Angel, finding something that shocks her. She then prints out its content, which is revealed to be an obituary for Dexter.
Production
Development
In November 2021, it was announced that the fifth episode of the revived series would be titled "Runaway", and was directed by executive producer Marcos Siega and written by co-executive producer Veronica West.
Casting
The episode featured the return of David Zayas as Angel Batista, who played the character as part of the main cast for Dexters whole run. Prior to the series' premiere, showrunner Clyde Phillips explained that there would be some familiar faces returning to the series. Hall also teased in September 2021 that a surprise guest from the series would return. When Phillips contacted Zayas to appear in a small part, he immediately accepted. He further added, "There were a lot of emotions that went into it, but overall I was extremely happy that I was asked to be a part of this reboot, even if it's in a small capacity."
Reception
Viewers
In its original American broadcast, "Runaway" was seen by an estimated 0.549 million household viewers and gained a 0.11 ratings share among adults aged 18–49, according to Nielsen Media Research. This means that 0.11 percent of all households with televisions watched the episode. This was a 19% increase in viewership from the previous episode, which was watched by 0.460 million viewers with a 0.06 in the 18-49 demographics.
Critical reviews
"Runaway" received mixed-to-positive reviews from critics. Matt Fowler of IGN gave the episode an "okay" 6 out of 10 and wrote in his verdict, "Because Harrison wasn't ready to bond over violent tendencies, this week everything sort of went into hover mode. Dexter all of a sudden decided that his relapse wasn't a one time slip and shifted back into his Butcher skin, and that turn felt a bit wasteful. Also, the reveal of the Sniper Killer identity felt flat too since it had been so clumsily foreshadowed. But there were some good moments this week, and promising seeds planted, that all seem to spell doom for good ol' Dex. And even though no one really wants Dexter back in Miami, Miami came to Dexter and it was a delight to briefly see Batista."
Joshua Alston of The A.V. Club gave the episode a "C-" grade and wrote, "The end result is that Angela is now armed with the knowledge that Jim Lindsay isn't who he claims to be, which is confirmed for her after Audrey mentions Harrison's intoxicated confession. And that's a fine place for New Blood to be in as it enters its back half. But man alive, getting to that point requires accepting a Jenga tower of goofy contrivances that harkens back to Dexters very worst storytelling impulses. 'Runaway' suggests there may not be any new blood running through this franchise after all."
Kelly McClure of Vulture gave the episode a 4 star out of 5 rating and wrote, "We are now officially halfway through Dexter: New Blood, and Dexter Morgan/Jim Lindsay's small-town hideout of Iron Lake, New York, is about to get dangerously smaller." Nick Harley of Den of Geek gave the episode a 4 star out of 5 rating and wrote, "It will be interesting to see how revelation plays out, and whether the show can come up with a plausible way for Dexter to wiggle out of this one. Still, 'Runaway' is a stuffed hour of television that moves the story forward in a big way. I'm excited to see if Dexter: New Blood can keep the momentum up." Mary Littlejohn of TV Fanatic gave the episode a 4 star out of 5 rating and wrote, "So much happened on this episode! Now that Angela and Audrey are on to 'Jim', the fun will come in how they, along with Molly, unearth the information about this mysterious man and his troubled son."
References
External links
"Runaway" at Showtime
2021 American television episodes
Dexter: New Blood episodes |
69389402 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiquola%20Mill%20Massacre | Chiquola Mill Massacre | The Chiquola Mill Massacre, also known locally as Bloody Thursday, was the violent dispersal of a picket line of striking workers outside the Chiquola textile mill in Honea Path, South Carolina. The strike was part of the textile workers' strike of 1934, which mobilized workers up and down the East Coast of the United States in response to the worsening labor conditions during the Great Depression.
Violence broke out when Dan Beacham, the mayor and magistrate in Honea Path as well as the superintendent of the mill, ordered an armed posse of strikebreakers to fire into the crowd. As the crowd fled, six strikers were shot in the back and killed, one mortally wounded, and thirty others suffered less than mortal wounds.
Beacham obstructed court proceedings against himself and the other strikebreakers, and ordered some of the strikers arrested. Dozens of unionized workers were fired or evicted from their company homes, and after the defeat of the larger strike on September 23, the unionization effort in Honea Path largely came to an end. Until the 1994 publication of "The Uprising of '34" and the subsequent journalistic work of Dan Beacham's grandson, Frank Beacham, the events of the massacre were largely undiscussed in Honea Path. Today, the event is memorialized by a stone marker in nearby Dogwood Park.
Background
The Chiquola Mill was opened by James David Hammett in 1903, originally for the production of coarse cotton sheeting. It was only one of hundreds of textile mills that began to pop up throughout the American South during this time. Honea Path was a tiny, isolated town of less than seven hundred people before the mill. But over the next decade, the population was swelled by mill hands drawn from the ranks of upstate South Carolina's small farmers, who had been pressured off their farms by tightened credit. By the early 1930s, Honea Path was home to around 2,700 people, mostly employed in the mill or related industries.
Conditions in the Chiquola were very poor, especially during the 1920s and into the Great Depression. All mill workers rented their homes from the company, making them vulnerable to eviction for workplace infractions. The mill employed child labor, some of which was unpaid because the children were only "learning" to work in the mill. The economic decline in the mill industry that followed the First World War led to an increase in so-called "stretch-outs": increased production quotas with no accompanying increase in pay. Although labor unions were largely absent, wildcat strikes became increasingly common towards the end of the decade. In 1929, 79,027 workers participated in eighty-one separate strikes across South Carolina. Without union organization, these strikes proved difficult to maintain or coordinate, and most were over quickly.
The election of Franklin Delano Roosevelt to the American presidency in 1932 caused a sea change in Southern mills. Unlike previous administrations, Roosevelt openly encouraged workers to join unions. Workers in Honea Path "felt like Franklin Roosevelt was going to lead us out of the dark days". The United Textile Workers (UTW) grew from 15,000 in February 1932 to 270,000 in 1934, largely by rapid expansion into the Southern United States. The National Industrial Recovery Act of 1933 created the National Recovery Administration (NRA) to write industry standards that would address some of the worst abuses. However, NRA's Textile Industry Committee became dominated by men such as Thomas Marchant, a cotton magnate, and George Sloan, the spokesman for the industry trade group. The resultant Code of Fair Competition for the Cotton Textile Industry had some benefits for the workers, such as guaranteeing the right to join a union. However, the $12 a week minimum wage was not enough to compensate for the reduction in the maximum hours a worker could work. It amounted to an institutionalization of the stretch-out and a 25% reduction in weekly wages.
The 1934 strike
Union leaders were reluctant, but the UTW's new Southern members began pushing for a strike when it became clear that the NRA code was not going to produce the hoped for improvements in working conditions. Representatives to the union convention voted on August 14 to authorize a strike for the following month. The union demanded recognition from Southern mill owners, a minimum wage of $20 a week, and a reinstatement of workers fired for union activity.
Over 400,000 workers up and down the East Coast went on strike. The South was especially militant: in South Carolina, striking workers organized "flying squadrons" to travel across the state and convince workers at other mills to stop work. Governor Ibra Blackwood mobilized the National Guard and State Highway Patrol against the strikers, although he denied Dan Beacham's request for support in Honea Path. Instead, Beacham asked chief of police George Paige to deputize and arm 126 anti-union townspeople.
The strike in Honea Path began on Labor Day. Before the union men arrived, the strikebreakers took up places all around the mill. Some were placed inside the windows and given sticks in addition to rifles. Others manned the roof, where they had set up a machine gun from the First World War. Chief Paige and several patrolmen stood in front of the building with guns.
On the morning of September 6, 100 to 150 workers from nearby Belton joined with 200 workers from Honea Path to picket the Chiquola Mill. They marched around the building, carrying American flags and singing We Shall Not Be Moved and Solidarity Forever. Around lunchtime, a group of non-union workers attempted to enter the mill but were blocked by the picket line. The strikebreakers inside the mill threw sticks down to the non-union workers. According to testimony from Chief Paige, this caused the workers to begin to scuffle with the strikebreakers. At this point, Dan Beacham gave the order to fire, and intense firing began from the mill (although the machine gun jammed). The strikers immediately began to flee, but the firing continued. Coroner J.R. McCoy later found that all seven workers killed had been shot in the back by the strikebreakers. One, Claude Cannon, had to be shot five times (including when he was already on his hands and knees) before he finally succumbed to the bullets.
Aftermath
Honea Path's churches, who were subsidized by the mill owners, refused to allow a funeral for the slain workers to be held on their grounds. Instead, on September 9 the UTW organized a funeral on an open field outside town. Perhaps 10,000 people attended, addressed by George L. Googe from the AFL and John Peel from the UTW.
At the inquest summoned by the coroner, eleven strikebreakers were charged with murder, but as the local magistrate Beacham ensured they were acquitted. When two eyewitnesses testified that he had given the order to fire, Beacham had them arrested and charged with perjury. Dozens more were fired and evicted for participating in the strike or voicing support for the union.
The shootings did not defeat the strike in Honea Path or South Carolina more generally. But larger issues doomed the workers' struggle. The main economic crisis that was affecting the textile industry was overproduction, making a strike ineffective in the short term. A longer strike might have been successful, but the rapid growth of the UTW meant that the union had not accumulated the strike funds it would need to provision such a large number of striking workers for any length of time. The national leadership was unable to keep its promise to feed workers during the strike, and many in the South went hungry. The strike finally came to an end of September 23 after a direct appeal from President Roosevelt. The UTW had none of their demands met, which greatly demoralized workers in Honea Path.
Legacy
Local elites stoked fears of retaliation to prevent open discussion of events. They also spread a rumor that the strikers themselves had fired the first shot, a rumor that was still in circulation well into the 1990s. Mill superintendents continued to dominate to mayorship and unionization in Honea Path stalled.
In 1994, George Stoney led the production of a documentary on the 1934 textile workers' strike called the "Uprising of '34". The film prominently features the Chiquola Mill Massacre. Public screenings of the film spurred conversations in Honea Path that led to the dedication of a small stone marker for the fallen workers was erected in nearby Dogwood Park. The documentary also prompted Frank Beacham, grandson of Dan Beacham, to begin an investigation of the events. In the decades since, however, no commemorations of the event have been organized.
Notes
References
Bibliography
1934 in South Carolina
September 1934 events
1934 mass shootings in the United States
1934 crimes in the United States
Abbeville County, South Carolina
1934 labor disputes and strikes
UNITE HERE
Textile and clothing labor disputes in the United States
Labor disputes in South Carolina |
69390827 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022%20Challenge%20Cup | 2022 Challenge Cup | The 2022 Challenge Cup, known for sponsorship reasons as the 2022 Betfred Challenge Cup, will be the 121st edition of the Challenge Cup, the main rugby league knockout cup tournament in British rugby league run by the Rugby Football League (RFL). It will start on 15 January 2022 and culminate with the final at Tottenham Hotspur Stadium on 28 May.
Background
The competition will start on 15 January and conclude with the final on 28 May. Traditionally the Challenge Cup final is held at Wembley Stadium in London. Due to scheduling conflicts between Wembley and the RFL due to a BBC request to play the final earlier in the year in May, it was announced that the 2022 Challenge Cup Final would be held at Tottenham Hotspur Stadium in London. The RFL stated that the final would return to Wembley in 2023. The RFL 1895 Cup would also be played alongside the Challenge Cup.
All professional RFL member clubs are invited to participate as well as a number of invited amateur teams including teams representing the British Armed forces and police forces. This year it was announced that the Super League's Toulouse Olympique, who are not members of the RFL but are invited to take part in the Challenge Cup, had declined their invitation and would not participate. Newly formed Cornwall R.L.F.C. who will play in RFL League 1 also decided not to enter the competition.
A new television deal with the BBC came into effect this year, with coverage of more matches of later rounds as well as providing digital coverage of earlier rounds. The Sportsman will continue its involvement in streaming games that started in 2021 and the RFL will stream some matches on its own streaming service, Our League. Premier Sports will also broadcast a number of cup game as part of the broadcast deal signed with the RFL in October 2021.
First round
The draw for the first round was made at the Tottenham Hotspur Stadium, and ties were played over the weekend of 14–16 January 2022.
Second round
The draw for the second round was made at the same time at the first. Ties were played over the weekend of 29–30 January 2022. This round sees sides from the League 1 enter.
Third round
The draw for the third round was made on 1 February. Ties were played over the weekend of 12–13 February 2022.
Fourth round
The draw for the fourth round was made at the same time at the third. Ties are played over the weekend of 26–28 February 2022. This round sees sides from the Championship enter.
Fifth round
The draw for the fifth round was made on 28 February at the conclusion of the tie between Leigh and Widnes. Ties are to be played over the weekend of 12–13 March 2022.
Broadcast matches
Notes
References
Challenge Cup
Challenge Cup
Challenge Cup |
69391462 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandit%20K.%20Santanam | Pandit K. Santanam | Pandit K. Santanam (25 August 1885 – 30 August 1949) born in an Iyengar family in Kumbakonam, Madras Presidency was a barrister, politician, businessman and a freedom fighter. He was a close associate of Lala Lajpat Rai and co-founded the Lakshmi Insurance Company which later found its way into the Life Insurance Corporation. He played a key role in the telling the story of Jallianwala Bagh massacre to the nation—something that the government-appointed Hunter Commission had buried.
He was married to Krishna, daughter of Arya Samaj leader Pandit Atamram Vedi.
Early life
Santanam was orphaned early in his childhood. After completing his schooling in Kumbakonam, he graduated from Presidency College, Madras in 1904 with Honours in Economics, with a gold medal in Economics. In 1906, he went to England for higher education at the King's College, Cambridge and made an unsuccessful attempt at the Indian Civil Service (ICS) examination. He was offered a colonial post in the Audit Department which he declined. He soon moved into legal studies and was in 1910 called to the Bar from the Inner Temple. On his return to India in 1911, he chose Lahore as the center of his activities and legal practice.
Career
After his return to Madras from England in 1911, he refused to perform expiation for crossing the sea. His anti-caste attitude did not go well with his family and society at large. Upon Lala Lajpat Rai's suggestion, he chose Lahore as the place to build his career.
He entered politics under the inspiring guidance of Lala Lajpat Rai joined the Congress and held various important offices in the party. In 1920, he threw himself in the non-cooperation movement abandoning his legal profession.
A corps of distinguished patriots of Lahore who plunged into the non-cooperation movement of 1921 found their political inspiration frustrated with its withdrawal. This group headed by Santanam thought it necessary to find new channels for expression of their creative energy, closely aligned to the service of the people. Lala Lajpat Rai, suggested the formation of a life insurance institution which was eminently suited for rendering social service. Lakshmi Insurance Company was formed with Santanam as the managing director, Lala Lajpat Rai as its chairman and Motilal Nehru as its Director.
After the Jallianwala Bagh massacre, Martial law was declared across Punjab. As the defence counsel in the case of Lala Harkishen Lal and others, he broke the police cordon which had been thrown around Punjab, and visited Simla to try for an impartial bench to handle the case. Hiding under the birth of a railway compartment occupied by an Englishman, Santanam reached Shimla, the summer capital of the Raj. Though his request for an impartial bench was rejected, he managed to inform Sir C. Sankaran Nair, a member of the Viceroy's Council, of the atrocities being committed under guise of martial law. For leaking the news from Punjab to the rest of the nation, Santanam came under strict police surveillance on his return to Lahore.
Santanam was later named the secretary to the Commission appointed by the Punjab Subcommittee of the Indian National Congress to report on the Punjab disturbances. The report was a model of meticulous documentation and its historic publication chronicled what was later termed by Gandhi to be the "last nail in the coffin of the British Empire."
He served as the general secretary of the Punjab Provincial Congress Committee (1921–22) and president of the Batala, PCC (April 1922). His activities, however, were not confined to the political sphere alone. He was elected Municipal Commissioner of Lahore for the period 1921 to 1923.
Santanam was a proponent of Indian insurance, and was the founder Secretary of the Indian Life Offices Association in 1928-29 and was, thereafter, its president. Between 1944 and 1948, he was a member of the Insurance Advisory Committees. At Lahore, Panditji was a popular figure in the insurance world and was the President of the local insurance society for a number of years.
Heartbroken from the partition, he did yeomen service for the cause of the evacuated offices and their personnel during that time. He formed an association of the displaced insurers, organised relief, moved the authorities to afford facilities for removing the records and properties from Pakistan and actively helped the offices in their resettlement. He was a member of the Advisory Committee to the Ministry of Relief and Rehabilitation, but he never recovered from the trauma of partition.
Death
He passed away at his residence in Delhi on August 30, 1949, at the age of 64.
References
1885 births
1949 deaths
People from Lahore
Indian National Congress politicians from Punjab, India
Prisoners and detainees of British India
Swadeshi activists
Indian independence activists from Punjab, India
Indian nationalists
Indian political writers
Writers from Punjab, India
19th-century Indian writers
India House
Jain Indian independence activists |
69391559 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devil%27s%20Reign | Devil's Reign | Devil's Reign is an American comic book event written by Chip Zdarsky with art by Marco Checchetto, published from 2021 to 2022 by Marvel Comics.
Premise
The story details Mayor Wilson Fisk planning to stop the superhero activities in New York City which even involves a variation of his Thunderbolts group.
Plot
Mayor Wilson Fisk discovers physical evidence proving that he once knew Daredevil's true identity, noticing gaps in his own memory after the fact. Outraged, Mayor Fisk confronts Daredevil who taunts him. Consequentially, Mayor Fisk outlaws vigilantism in the city. When interviewed on Mayor Fisk's new laws, Tony Stark states that superheroes have saved the world many times and considers this a move from a "gangster mayor in the election year". Storm states in an interview that Krakoa has no interest in human laws and that all mutants should have diplomatic immunity while advising Mayor Fisk to let them be. To enforce his new law, Mayor Fisk sets up the Thunderbolts units overseen by Commissioner Kyle of the NYPD. Moon Knight is the first to be apprehended by the Thunderbolts members Agony, Electro II, Rhino, and U.S. Agent. After rescuing people from the fire, Captain America and Miles Morales are confronted by a Thunderbolts unit as they are rescued by Spider-Man, Daredevil, and Elektra in her Daredevil attire. They escape into the sewers as Daredevil mentions how he used Purple Man's children to make the world forget his true identity. Captain America tells Daredevil not to blame himself for Mayor Fisk's actions. At the Baxter Building, Homeland Security arrives with the NYPD claiming to Reed Richards and Susan Storm of their suspicions that the Baxter Building is harboring weapons of mass destruction. Before Reed and Susan can retaliate, Doctor Octopus appears and places power dampener collars on them. He and Mayor Fisk persuaded the government that Reed worked for the work to look the other way and states that they now must come with them as a Thunderbolts unit shows up. Susan manages to get a Code X7 out to Human Torch, Thing, Franklin Richards, and Valeria Richards causing them to evacuate and get to Alicia Masters and the kids with her. Luke Cage, Jessica Jones, and their child Danielle Cage hear about the arrests. As they witness the crashes and rescue the trapped people, Shocker arrives demanding their surrender after he defeated Darkhawk. After subduing Shocker which is filmed by spectators, Luke Cage speaks out against Mayor Fisk. Mayor Fisk appoints Byron "Butch" Pharris as New York's new Kingpin as Butch speaks to his partner Mike Murdock. After packing their necessities, Luke Cage, Jessica Jones, and Danielle Cage are picked up by Tony Stark as he is planning to run for mayor. Doctor Octopus contacts Mayor Fisk about the inventions that he found in Reed Richards' lab. Mayor Fisk receives a trapped Purple Man as Mayor Fisk starts to talk to him where he mentions that Purple Man's children want him dead. After opening Purple Man's containment, Mayor Fisk strangles him to submission. It is also shown that Mayor Fisk is planning to run for President of the United States.
At the Rand Corporation, Danny Rand informs Luke Cage on the phone that he is not Iron Fist anymore. The call is interrupted when Crossbones appears with the Thunderbolts units. As Danny fights with the Thunderbolts unit, Luke suggests that they go rescue him as Tony Stark states that they should meet up with Captain America first. At Mayor Wilson Fisk's home, he is approached by Elektra in her Daredevil attire. He has a brief talk with her before she flees. At the decommissioned Avengers Mansion, Luke Cage, Jessica Jones, Tony Stark, Daredevil, Miles Morales, and Steve Rogers arrive where Tony and Luke have some kids that filmed their arrival delete the footage as they are witnessed by one of the Purple Children. At the Daily Bugle, Spider-Man finds Taskmaster and Whiplash holding Robbie Robertson and the rest of the staff hostage as Taskmaster states that the person who hired him has an incomplete file on Spider-Man as Taskmaster fights Spider-Man. At the Myrmidon, Reed Richards and Susan Storm are trying to get through to their lawyer as Susan states that she saw Iron Fist getting processed. Susan saves Reed from getting stabbed as the guards break up the fight. In the sub-basement of City Hall, Mayor Fisk meets with Doctor Octopus as they reference the time when Doctor Doom used Purple Man to control the world as it shows Purple Man's body in a diamond-shaped container. Doctor Octopus' invention would help coerce the people of New York. Mayor Fisk states that he'll handle the rest. With the special Neuro Blockers to keep him safe from the Purple Man's influence, Doctor Octopus states that his part of the job is done. Elektra is in the forest as Kraven the Hunter pursues her. In the sub-basement of Avengers Mansion, Tony starts to make plans to go against Mayor Fisk like running against him in the mayoral election. Luke states that he should be the better candidate to run against Mayor Fisk which everyone else agrees on. Spider-Man continues his fight with Taskmaster as Whiplash is goaded into attacking him. Despite being weakened by Whiplash, Spider-Man tries to ask Taskmaster if they can take it outside as Taskmaster places a power dampener collar on him and throws him out the window. Spider-Man uses his webbing to slow his descent to the ground as the Thunderbolts unit moves in on him. Meanwhile, Doctor Octopus makes use of Reed Richards' inter-dimensional gate where he brings over version of himself like Hulk from Earth-8816 who has two sets of arms growing from his back, a version of Ghost Rider from Earth-1666 with chain-tentacles coming out of his back, and a version of Wolverine from Earth-9712 with immensely sharp blades on the tentacles coming out of his back. Doctor Octopus then considers his plans "Superior".
Ben Reilly is being interrogated by Commissioner Kyle who tortures him until Human Torch and Thing come to his rescue. Luke Cage hold a rally to announce his mayoral campaign in the presence of Jessica Jones and Foggy Nelson. At the Myrmidon, Susan Storm is talking with Kristen McDuffie who mentions that the Myrmidon is adding an assault charge to her and Reed Richards. She states to Kristen that they have to put a stop to this before there is another Superhuman Registration Act. A guard tells Kristen that her time is up as she secretly slips a device to Susan. In Doctor Octopus' lab, Purple Man quotes to Mayor Wilson Fisk about his plans to use his powers to brainwash the voters to re-elect him. As Purple Man notes to Mayor Fisk that this is about Daredevil, both of them come to the conclusion that the Purple Children made everyone forget Daredevil's true identity. Doctor Octopus is contacted by Mayor Fisk about the Purple Children as Doctor Octopus states that he is occupied at Reed Richards' laboratory, but can work on modifying Purple Man's confinement when they have been found. After the call, Doctor Octopus tells Hulk of Earth-8816, Ghost Rider of Earth-1666, and Wolverine of Earth-9712 that they will see some action soon. At the decommissioned Avengers Mansion, Captain America notes that Captain Marvel and Thor are off-world as Miles Morales states that they can't break the legal system and Daredevil talks about Luke Cage's campaign. As Jessica figures out that Mayor Fisk is using Purple Man, Daredevil states that they have to take action immediately. As the Thunderbolts unit hunts for the Purple Children, they take shelter with an old lady. Later that night, the superheroes arrive at City Hall where they are attacked by Doctor Octopus' Superior Four as Mayor Fisk watches from the window. Captain America discovers that Iron Man is actually Chameleon in disguise who Doctor Octopus was going to use to take part in the mayoral election on his behalf. As Doctor Octopus summons his Octo-Bots, Foggy Nelson is attacked in his office by Mayor Fisk's men.
Two weeks later, Doctor Octopus has released thousands of his Octobots in order to enforce Mayor Wilson Fisk's zero-tolerance policy, effectively wiping out all crime in the city. He and Wolverine of Earth-9712 visit Mayor Fisk as Doctor Octopus informs him that Butch Pharris has been arrested for his criminal activities. Daredevil visits Foggy in the hospital, encountering his brother Mike Murdock (who was posing as Matt) who informs him that Butch has been arrested and that he wants to help take down Mayor Fisk. He also encounters Kirsten McDuffie who asks how Foggy is doing. Mayor Fisk instructs U.S. Agent, Agony, Electro II, Rhino, Taskmaster, and Whiplash into bringing the children to him as Mary arrives wanting to help Mayor Fisk. Meanwhile, Susan Storm uses the device to remove her collar, meeting with Reed Richards and breaking out of the Myrmidon with Moon Knight, Danny Rand, and Tony Stark. Fisk uses his status to have Butch released and they argue with Butch subsequently spitting in Fisk's face and leaving. The Champions members Ms. Marvel, Miles Morales, Nova, Ironheart, and Viv Vision battle Rhino. They are apprehended by the Octobots, but Rhino gives them all Thunderbolt badges, warding away the Octobots. He explains that he is not here to fight. He states that Mayor Fisk wants the Thunderbolts to track down a group of children and that he wanted to tell a hero of this. Miles returns to the Avengers' hideout, informing them that Mayor Fisk may be after the Purple Children. This angers Jessica Jones as the remaining Avengers conclude that Mayor Fisk intends to use the Purple Children to control the entire city. After another talk with Mary, Mayor Fisk inadvertently discovers that his cane has the ability to restore people's memories. Upon going to the roof, he uses it on himself enabling him to remember Daredevil's true identity.
Subplots
Daredevil: Woman Without Fear
After her visit to Mayor Wilson Fisk, Elektra in her Daredevil attire meets up with Matt Murdock where he learns about her visit. After making out with Matt while recalling her training with Stick, meeting Aka of the Hand, and training with the Hand where she finished off one Hand ninja with one of her sais, Elektra has coffee with someone as she sees Aka in the streets. Upon making it to the forest, Elektra in her Daredevil attire encounters Aka as jumps off a cliff. Back on the road, Elektra swerves off the road due to a deer appearing on the road. After recovering, Elektra finds a dart in one of the tires, puts on her mask, and goes hunting for what appears to be Aka only to avoid a trap. She finds the culprit responsible in the form of Kraven the Hunter who is looking for a challenge.
Kraven the Hunter mentions that he is looking for a challenge and wants to take on Elektra who holds the title of "World's Deadliest Assassin". As Elektra states to Kraven the Hunter that he is being used, Kraven the Hunter states that he knows that she took her file from Mayor Wilson Fisk and it will benefit them both. Kraven the Hunter mentions how Mayor Fisk told him about how Elektra betrayed Daredevil once and was associated with the Hand. After Kraven the Hunter intercepts one of Elektra's attacks, the police arrive responding to the car accident. Kraven the Hunter flees to obtain something golden to keep up his insurance policy while Elektra subdues the police and makes off in their police car. After a flashback with Aka, Elektra finds that Kraven the Hunter got to Goldy as she is attacked by the Thunderbolts unit. After fighting them off, Elektra catches up to Kraven the Hunter and Goldy as Aka is shown watching from the rooftops. When the Thunderbolts unit catches up, Kraven the Hunter quotes to Elektra that Mayor Fisk also gave him the law.
Devil's Reign: Superior Four
Doctor Octopus has formed the Superior Four with his Multiverse counterparts in the form of Hulk of Earth-8816 (whose real identity is Otto Banner), Ghost Rider of Earth-1666 (whose real identity is Otto Blaze), and Wolverine of Earth-9712 (whose real identity is Otto Howlett). He mentions that he has gone through an evolution after his tenure as Superior Spider-Man and that he plans to span the Multiverse and establish a Council of Ocks from every version of Doctor Octopus he can find. The other three Ottos claim that the result can cause a paradox as Doctor Octopus claims that they are a fixed variant like the ones for Spider-Man, Iron Man, and Doctor Strange. Doctor Octopus takes his Superior Four to Earth-5069 where they encounter Iron Scab who demands that they leave his universe. The Superior Four do away with Iron Scab. Doctor Octopus' tentacles failing to work causes the Superior Four to flee Earth-5069. Back on Earth-616, Otto Blaze claims to Doctor Octopus that magic was responsible with Doctor Octopus forgetting his deal with Mephisto. As Doctor Octopus continues his research in order to find a better solution, Otto Banner, Otto Blaze, and Otto Howlett talk about how their fates will intertwine with the other Ottos. Doctor Octopus and Otto Banner state that they should get some insight on their Multiverse counterparts. Doctor Octopus then states that out of the 3,409 variants of himself, there is one out of all realities that knows how to defeat the Superior Four. Arriving on Earth-2902, the Superior Four arrive in it's forested city area and cause a disturbance to draw out Doctor Octopus' variant in this reality. They encounter a variant of Otto in recolored Spider-Man-like attire named TJ. He operates as Spider-Ock and is familiar with Earth-616 and the history of each of his variants. They beat him badly as Spider-Ock states that they had tormented pasts while his father died. Doctor Octopus uses a synthetic blood-parasite from Earth-5069 on Spider-Ock to claim his knowledge enough to disintegrate him. Doctor Octopus tells the rest of the Superior Four that they got a several thousand to go. On Earth-7214, Doctor Octopus leads the Superior Four in attacking it's Atlantis where they encounter Supreme Octopus.
There are views of different versions of Otto Octavius who were died. One died of an accident that Norman Osborn covered up. One was beheaded by a laser from President MODOK. One was addicted to gamma radiation where his brain failed at puberty. One got lost in the forest and was found eaten by a wolf. This was viewed by Supreme Octopus who is tasked with keeping his counterparts in line. At the Baxter Building, Doctor Octopus gazes into the different parts of the Multiverse when he is contacted by Supreme Octopus to cease and desist. Hulk of Earth-8816 interrupts Doctor Octopus as he, Ghost Rider of Earth-1666, and Wolverine of Earth-9712 argue with him about the paradox that Doctor Octopus caused. The portal suddenly sucks the Superior Four to Earth-7212 where some type of mass-extinction event occurred due to sulfur being in the air. A tsunami then occurs as the Superior Four are caught in it. Ghost Rider of Earth-1666 claims that the Multiverse is seeking atonement for the Superior Four's meddling. Doctor Octopus is then teleported to the Savage Land on Earth-8969 where he is ensnared by Supreme Octopus who considers himself superior to Doctor Octopus where he mentioned that he liquefied Shuma-Gorath, made Dormammu grovel, and burned Knull to ashes. The rest of the Superior Four are brought to Earth-8969 where neither of them want to follow Supreme Octopus. Despite what the Superior do, they are unable to beat Supreme Octopus. Hulk of Earth-8816, Ghost Rider of Earth-1666, and Wolverine of Earth-9712 turn against Doctor Octopus and help Supreme Octopus to rip off Doctor Octopus' tentacles. Doctor Octopus is then locked up with a skeleton and carnivorous plants in Supreme Octopus' mobile base called the Supreme Sanctorum.
Spider-Woman
After Lindsay McRabe was hurt, Spider-Woman fights a Thunderbolts unit and Thunderbolts members Coachwhip and Puff Adder. Despite having a broken arm, Spider-Woman fights them off to get Lindsay to safety. Later, a Thunderbolts unit member visits Lindsay McRabe's hospital room in order to get the details on who attacked her. This turns out to be Jessica Drew in disguise as she tells the doctors to take care of her. Spider-Woman then interrogates the captive Thunderbolts unit operative whose outfit she borrowed. He claims that Lindsay was like that when they found her as Spider-Woman prepares to use her broken arm to attack. At Gracie Mansion, Mayor Wilson Fisk is given a status update before Spider-Woman arrives. Both of them engage each other in a fight. He states that someone else has been dealing with her. In a flashback to Ravencroft, Mayor Fisk visits a cell to find out about Spider-Man. As the Thunderbolts unit arrives, Spider-Woman figures out who Mayor Fisk is talking about as Spider-Woman claims that she's supposed to be dead. Mayor Fisk states that Norman Osborn kept his "trophy" where Mayor Fisk provided a storage place. Spider-Woman then flees the area. The captive Thunderbolts unit member then breaks free from the ropes and is revealed to be a thought-to-be-dead Veranke. In the form of Spider-Woman, Veranke visits Linda Carter wanting to see her "child" Gerry.
Gerry figures out that the Jessica Drew at the door isn't her real mother as Linda Carter also asks about the cast that she is supposed to be wearing. Spider-Woman catches up to Veranke as a Thunderbolts unit truck escapes with Gerry. Spider-Woman instructs Linda to help Lindsay. As Veranke still has the same powers as Spider-Woman, she has become out of practice due to how long she was locked up by Norman Osborn after using her death as a cover-up. When Spider-Woman catches up to the Thunderbolts unit truck, Iron Man shows up to help only for Spider-Woman to see that it is Veranke in disguise. After Gerry escaped, Spider-Woman encounters the real Carol Danvers and Spider-Man with Gerry identifying the imposter Danverse. Spider-Woman uses a point blank venom blast in Veranke's face as she advises Carol to lock her up somewhere on the garbage scow. At the hospital, Jessica apologizes to Lindsay about what happened. Somewhere across the street, a sniper named Mr. O'Nay informs Octavia Vermis that he has Spider-Woman in his sight. Vermis instructs Mr. O'Nay not to attack Jessica after having found out about her fight with Veranke. She wants to give Spider-Woman a break before she can attack with her group called the Anti-Arachnine that also consists of Aeturnum, Rose Roché, and the Los Espadas Gemelas De Toledo.
Devil's Reign: Villains for Hire
At a MET Gala, the Humanity Liberation Front attacks in retaliation for what is happening with the world. Just then, Thunderbolts members Agony, Electro II, Rhino, Taskmaster, and Whiplash arrive where they defeat the Humanity Liberation Front. Later at the police department, the Thunderbolts members get impatient waiting for their next assignment. They get into a fight with each other until Mayor Wilson Fisk arrives to break it up. He sends them to find the person responsible for the attack on the gala where the suspect is hiding some where in Gowanus. The Thunderbolts raid a warehouse where some of it's members are hiding and badly defeat them as he claims that the law has gone soft back when J. Jonah Jameson was the Mayor of New York City. Afterwards, the Thunderbolts are in Mayor Fisk's office as U.S. Agent shows up stating that he reporting for duty.
Mayor Wilson Fisk sends the Thunderbolts out of his office as U.S. Agent informs him that he wants to be part of the Thunderbolts to keep it's members in line while claiming "I don't walk the line. I don't cross the line. I am the line". When the Thunderbolts attack jewelry store robbers in animal masks, some of them are killed or badly beaten up until U.S. Agent arrives stating that he is now in charge of them as he beats up Electro II, Rhino, Taskmaster, and Whiplash to serve as his only warning to them. Then he confronts Agony who is suspicious of him. While in the alley, U.S. Agent is revealed to be secretly working with the FBI to find anything incriminating on Mayor Fisk. At Mayor Fisk's rally, U.S. Agent and the Thunderbolts deal with a mind-controlled crowd. As Agony advises Mayor Fisk to leave before the crowd attacks him, Mayor Fisk notices that the crowd has changed. The culprit is one of the Purple Children as Electro II gets mind-controlled. As a lot of people are shocked, Rhino subdues Electro II as anyone not mind-controlled films the incident.
Devil's Reign: X-Men
In the past, Kingpin has killed some men in the shower as he instructs James Wesley to send Elektra as the person he wants dead is out for Emma Frost. At a nightclub, Emma Frost mind-controls her way to Mr. Loufex to speak about their mutual friend Kingpin. In the present at Seneca Park, U.S. Agent and the Thunderbolts units are outside the New York hideout of the X-Men as Rogue contacts all points about who's at their door as U.S. Agent demands the X-men's surrender. As Emma Frost goes to the United Nations building, U.S. Agent is met with resistance from Polaris. Mayor Fisk is informed of the situation with the X-Men and their diplomatic immunity. Cyclops in his Captain Krakoa attire, Jean Grey, Rogue, Synch, and Wolverine prepare to head to give up the Seneca Gardens and face the music. Captain Krakoa, Jean Grey, and Rogue state to U.S. Agent that they aren't going to fight them in front of the cameras. Just then, Thunderbolts members Agony, Electro II, Rhino, and Taskmaster arrive as backup for U.S. Agent where Electro II shocks Polaris when U.S. Agent asks which way his shield went. As Rogue asks Rhino what Gambit would think of him working for Mayor Fisk, Jean Grey stops Polaris from retaliating against Electro II as Taskmaster offends Wolverine by calling her a pretender. Jean Grey then speaks to U.S. Agent who wants to report the X-Men's "illegal structure" to the Parks Department. Just then, Emma Frost shows up with an order from the U.N. to not violate a structure from Krakoa. Wesley informs Mayor Fisk on what U.S. Agent informed him as he tells Wesley to send a message to the Thunderbolts to leave the X-Men to him. U.S. Agent withdraws the Thunderbolts from Seneca Park. Mayor Fisk has Wesley summon the chief of detectives about a murder of a young woman where they can implicate a "rich and powerful woman of privilege".
Devil's Reign: Winter Soldier
Mayor Wilson Fisk is informed by James Wesley that Gracie Mansion is secured and Typhoid Mary is away. He has been having sleepless nights since the new law has passed. Winter Soldier infiltrates Gracie Mansion to steal some files when he is confronted by Mayor Fisk. As Mayor Fisk goes on the attack, Winter Soldier works to dodge his attacks while holding his file. As Gracie Mansion is partially-collapsed, James Wesley returns with the NYPD and finds Mayor Fisk near the rubble stating that he had a wonderful dream. After burning some files, a wounded Winter Soldier makes his way to an alley with his own file. Now that he has a purpose, Winter Soldier vows that whoever wrote this file won't survive the year and states that he'll "sleep when they're dead".
Moon Knight
In light of Moon Knight getting arrested by the Thunderbolts, Dr. Badr meets with the Moonlight Mission where he substitutes as "Doctor Moon". He and Mr. Flint find that several people were slain by crossbows which leads them to suspect that Stained Glass Scarlet is responsible. While it was claimed that Stained Glass Scarlet was dead and that someone might've inherited her legacy. Reaching the church in the South Bronx where Stained Glass Scarlet was supposedly killed, Doctor Moon encounters Stained Glass Scarlet who claims that she is reborn as she goes on the attack. After a brief fight, Doctor Moon manages to get away. Back at the Midnight Mission, Dr. Badr informs Reese about these recent events. At Ravencroft, it is discovered that a patient is not in their cell as a guard tells his co-worker that the inmate is an ex-Hydra assassin/terrorist with a four digit count and nearly turned Taipei into glass before his' defeat. Knowing the description of the inmate, the guard initiates a red alert that states that Rutherford Winner is on the loose.
Issues involved
Main series
Tie-in issues
Reception
References
Comics set in New York City |
69391750 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore%20Duncan%20Perera | Theodore Duncan Perera | Theodore Duncan Perera, CMG (born 28 May 1895) was a Ceylonese civil servant who served as the Secretary of the Treasury from December 1950 to March 1951 and Deputy High Commissioner for Ceylon in the United Kingdom.
Graduated with a LLB from the University of London, Perera joined the Ceylon Civil Service in August 1919. Following his cadetship in Kurunagala and Jaffna, he served the early part of his career as a police magistrate in several locations of the island. Perera served as the Assistant Controller of Stamps and Assistant Colonial Secretary in the 1920's and in 1931 he was appointed as the Secretary to the first Minister of Agriculture and Lands, D. S. Senanayake. He became the first Cabinet Secretary in 1947, while concurrently serving as the Deputy Secretary to the Treasury and was appointed a Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George (CMG) in the 1948 Birthday Honours. He served as the Secretary of the Treasury from December 1950 to March 1951. In May 1953, he was appointed Deputy High Commissioner for Ceylon in the United Kingdom, serving till 1956 and on occasions served as the acting High Commissioner.
References
1895 births
Date of death missing
Permanent secretaries of Sri Lanka
Ceylonese Companions of the Order of St Michael and St George
Sinhalese civil servants
Sinhalese judges
Magistrates of Sri Lanka
Sri Lankan diplomats
Alumni of the University of London
People of British Ceylon |
69392153 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chota%20Gamahria | Chota Gamahria | Chota Gamahria (also spelled Gamharia or Gamaria) is a census town in the Adityapur CD block in the Seraikela Sadar subdivision of the Seraikela Kharsawan district in the Indian state of Jharkhand.
Geography
Location
Chota Gamaria is located at .
Jamshedpur Urban Agglomeration
With its recognition as an industrial town as early as the 1911 census, Jamshedpur was set on the road of steady population growth, as large number of emigrants flocked in for work opportunities. While in the earlier decades the central nucleus grew, in the later decades towns around Jamshedpur grew rapidly. In 2011, Jamshedpur Urban Agglomeration included 13 urban centres, with a total population of 1.3 million people. However, in more recent years, Jamshedpur UA “has lacked the growth and development observed around other similar industrial towns in western and southern India.”
Note: The map alongside presents the Jamshedpur Urban Agglomeration. All places marked in the map are linked in the larger full screen map.
Civic administration
There is a police station at Gamharia.
Demographics
According to the 2011 Census of India, Chota Gamahria had a total population of 7,505, of which 4,033 (54%) were males and 3,472 (46%) were females. Population in the age range 0-6 years was 970. The total number of literate persons in Chota Gamahria was 5,782 (88.48% of the population over 6 years).
(*For language details see Adityapur block#Language and religion)
Jamshedpur Urban Agglomeration includes: Jamshedpur (Industrial Town), Jamshedpur (NAC), Tata Nagar Railway Colony (OG), Mango (NAC), Jugsalai (M), Bagbera (CT), Chhota Gobindpur (CT), Haludbani (CT), Sarjamda (CT), Gadhra (CT), Ghorabandha (CT), Purihasa (CT), Adityapur (M Corp.), Chota Gamahria (CT) and Kapali (CT).
Infrastructure
According to the District Census Handbook 2011, Seraikela Kharsawan, Chota Gamahria covered an area of . It has an annual rainfall of . Among the civic amenities, it had of roads with both closed and open drains. The protected water supply involved tube well/ bore well, hand pump, overhead tank. It had 1,588 domestic electric connections. Among the medical facilities, it had 5 hospitals, 1 dispensary, 1 health centre, 1 family welfare centre, 1 maternity and child welfare centre, 1 maternity home, 1 nursing home, 1 charitable hospital/ nursing home, 1 veterinary hospital, 4 medicine shops. Among the educational facilities it had 4 primary schools, 1 middle school, 1 secondary school, other educational facilities at Jamshedpur away. It had 1 polytechnic. Among social, cultural and recreational facilities, it had 1 cinema theatre, 1 auditorium/ community hall, 1 public library, 1 reading room. Three important commodities it produced were bell metal utensils, gold jewellery, mask making. It had the branch offices of 6 nationalised banks, 1 private commercial bank, 1 co-operative bank, 1 agricultural credit society.
Transport
There is a station at Gamharia on the Tatanagar-Bilaspur section of the Howrah-Nagpur-Mumbai line.
Education
Arka Jain University, is a private university at Mohanpur, Gamharia, established in 2011. It offers 25 courses across 10 streams.
MSME Tool Room (Indo Danish Tool Room), Jamshedpur Main Centre, located at Gamharia, offers diploma, certificate and skill development programmes.
XITE (Xavier Institute of Tribal Education) College was established at Gamharia by the Jamshedpur Jesuit Society in 2003 initially as a coaching centre, “but in 2007 it began to offer degree programmes BBA (Bachelor of Business Administration) and subsequently B.Com (Bachelor of Commerce Honors) and other programmes.” XITE College is one of the units of Xavier Colleges. It has a 34.5 acre campus with hostels, sports facilities etc. “The College provides additional facilities such as training in CAT, XAT, GMAT, Banking, Railway, Tally, and other competitive examinations to its students”.
Government High School at Chota Gamahria is a Hindi-medium coeducational institution established in 1960. It has facilities for teaching in classes IX and XII. The school has a playground.
References
Cities and towns in Seraikela Kharsawan district |
69392620 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugenio%20Chiesa | Eugenio Chiesa | Eugenio Chiesa (18 November 1863 - 22 June 1930) was an Italian accountant who found a job with a toy factory. He worked his way up through the ranks and, when the opportunity arose, acquired the business and became very rich. By that time he had also entered politics. As a young man he had been greatly influenced by the writings of Mazzini: he remained a committed Risorgimento-republican throughout his life. His long political career was also marked by several high-profile anti-corruption campaigns. Between 1904 and 1926 he served as a member of the Chamber of Deputies (the lower house of the kingdom's bicameral parliament). After 1922 he emerged as an uncompromising opponent of Fascism. In June 1924 he was among the first members of parliament openly to accuse Mussolini in connection with the (presumed) murder of Matteotti a couple of weeks earlier. Eugenio Chiesa ended his life in exile.
Biography
Provenance and early years
Eugenio Chiesa was born and grew up in Milan, concluding his education with an accountancy qualification, following which he took a job in the manufacturing sector. Early on joined the Parravicini Toy Making company, though it is unclear whether or not this was his first employer following qualification.
At an early age he displayed his republican convictions by becoming a member of the "Società democratica della gioventù" (loosely, "Young Democrats") and embarking on a parallel career as a journalist, notably in an exceptionally polemical article which he contributed in March 1883 to the only edition that was ever published of "Il Quarantotto" ("The '48") in which he attacked what he termed "government moderation". A month earlier, on 6 February 1883, his name had appeared under another similarly passionate article in "La Nuova Italia", another short-lived political journal dedicated to preserving the political legacy of Giuseppe Mazzini.
Republican Party of Italy
The period was one in which attempts were underway to firm up a new organisational structure for the republican movement. Chiesa was part of a new generation that created the foundations for a political party which valued the Mazzinian heritage and opposed the dead hand of conservatism and political moderation, while at the same time harnessing and containing the burgeoning of socialism among the "popular classes". In a letter of December 1892 addressed to Napoleone Colajanni, Chiesa writes of "our new Milanese organisation", which will be the theme of a congress to be held in Bologna in 1893 and of an initiative promised for October 1894 by the "Consociazione repubblicana romagnola" (loosely, "Republican Convocation of Romagna"). Thus was born the Italian Republican Party, formally inaugurated at Bologna on 21 April 1895. Chiesa emerged as an early and effective advocate for what has survived to become the most long-lasting of Italy's various political parties.
During the second half of the 1890s the new party took such an intransigent approach to the conservative Rudinì governments that after food riots developed into something more serious in 1898, the Republicans found themselves caught up in the ferocious backlash, along with Socialist and Catholic government opponents. Chiesa fled to Lugano in Switzerland, accompanied by his two-year-old daughter, while his wife, Lucia, stayed at this stage, in Milan to look after the family business. Chiesa remained in Lugano for several months, during which time his supposedly inflammatory contributions to the journal "L'Italia nuova" earned him an "ammonito ufficialmente" ("official warning") - dated 4 August 1898 - from the Swiss parliament. The family were subsequently reunited in Paris.
At around the turn of the century the political heat had reduced and Chiesa felt able to return with his family to their home in Milan. He now faced trial in respect of an allegedly inflammatory article he had published in the magazine "Ribelle", but with the able advocacy of Giuseppe Marcora, his distinguished defence attorney, he secured an acquittal, which in turn opened the way for a cautious return to engagement in mainstream politics. In October 1899 he was among the promoters of Crepuscolo, a short-lived revival of a weekly political magazine that had ceased publication in 1859. In its new incarnation the publication was targeted at republicans in the Lombardy region, and a platform in which Chiesa presented a political programme, agreed with other leading figures in the Lombard republican community such as Arcangelo Ghisleri, Luigi De Andreis and Giovanni Battista Pirolini, in anticipation of forthcoming regional elections. Early in 1900 Eugenio Chiesa was duly elected to membership of the Milan city council. At the party congress, held that year in Florence during the first three days in November, he co-produced and presented a report dealing mainly with party organisational issues. He also served, between November 1900 and October 1902, as "political secretary" to the party, returning to undertake the role briefly between May and June 1908, by which time the role of "political secretary" was shared out between more than one man.
In August 1900 Chiesa found himself in disagreement with the party's Milanese leadership and, in particular, with Giovanni Bovio (1837-1903), the respected University Professor of Philosophy and Jurisprudence widely acknowledged as the man who founded the Republican Party of Italy. Both men were committed republicans: disagreement nevertheless arose in the aftermath of the assassination by an anarchist, on 29 July 1900 at Monza, of King Umberto. Chiesa did not share Bovio's principled intransigence over whether senior Republican Party leaders should participate in the late king's funerary honours. Chiesa nevertheless quickly became one of the leading members of the party leadership, appointed to membership the Party Central Committee ahead of the Ancona party congress in November 1901.
During the early years of the twentieth century Chiesa came out in opposition to a sizable minority of party colleagues pushing for a closer working relationship - possibly even some form of alliance - with the Socialist Party (which despite continuing electoral progress was itself undergoing its own internal disputes about how far to compromise ideology for political pragmatism). Chiesa was robust in his insistence that he could never accept "collectivist solutions" agreed in alliance with the socialists, who would almost certainly, in terms of election results, generally emerge as the numerically weightier member of any partnership. In an electoral college vote held in March 1902 Chiesa gave his support to the anarchist Pietro Calcagno, who was imprisoned on the island of Ventotene at the time, rather than to the high-profile socialist candidate Filippo Turati.
In 1902 the party congress was held at Pisa. Chiesa spoke out in the subject of military budgets, arguing that republicans must oppose military spending because [under the monarchical system operating in Italy] the entire social-political system rested on military power and on the related economic questions, which imposed an essentially conservative and paternalistic interpretation of the relationship between production and labour, between employers and employees, and between social classes. The theme was one which he would continue to elaborate in the future. He was also contributing to the Milan-based newspaper "Italia del popolo" during this period, providing a seies of essays under the heading "Osservazioni" ("Observations"), which were later gathered into a single volume and in 1904 published as "Osservazioni per L'Italia del popolo".
Parliament
In the General Election of November 1904 Chiesa secured election to the 508 seat Chamber of Deputies. He represented the electoral district of Massa-Carrara, defeating Cherubino Binelli, the traditionalist-liberal candidate put forward what has come to be known as the "Historical Right" quasi-party in a contest dominated locally by the high level of abstentions orchestrated by anarchist activists. (The region's marble quarries were already famous as hotbeds of political anarchism.) He frequently became a regular participant in debates, noted for the lucidity and incisiveness of his contributions. In June 1907 he was prominent among parliamentarians condemning the series of scandals unfolding on the Genoa stock exchange. At almost exactly the same time he reaffirmed Republican Party opposition to military spending in parliamentary debates. In October 1907 he added his name to those of a number of Socialist and Radical deputies on a telegramme addressed to "Prime Minister" Giolitti in which the signatories condemned the conduct of "Carabinieri" (police) who had shot at striking workers. In July 1908 he again hit the headlines when he teamed up with Claudio Treves to head up negotiations to settle a trade dispute at the Fabriano paper mill. Perhaps of greater significance in retrospect than at the time was Chiesa's application to the government in October 1909, requesting that a protest be lodged with the Austrian government over the expulsion from Trento (at that time part of the Austro-Hungarian empire) of a socialist agitator from Forlì (in Italy) called Benito Mussolini. In June 1911 he delivered long speech in parliament in which he denounced the monopolistic regime under which the life insurance system was organised in Italy.
It was also in 1909 that he submitted a parliamentary question, which the government chose not to answer, concerning reported links between the young widowed industrial heiress (and alleged spy) Baroness Eleonora Siemens Füssli, and General Fecia di Cossato. His presumptiousness earned him no fewer than five challenges to duels, according to Guelfo Civinini, writing in the Corriere della Sera.
Chiesa was among those deeply opposed to the military intervention identified in Italian sources as The Libyan War of 1911–12. During February 1912, as the unilateral Decree for African Annexation was under discussion, he spoke out fiercely against the repressive measures undertaken on behalf of the Italian government by the nation's colonial administrators in Libya. He then submitted a parliamentary question on 23 February 1912 asking the government if it really had been necessary to conduct an expensive was against the Ottoman empire in Libya.
On the domestic front at this time he was a prominent advocate in parliament for employee rights in the private sector.
In April 1912 Chiesa surprised commentators and created significant controversy with his outspoken expressions of support for the Piombino steel workers who had suffered a significant defeat in an industrial dispute with the powerful "Stabilimento siderurgico di Piombino" ("Piombino Steel Trust").
In February 1913 Chiesa participated prominently in a major street demonstration at Iesi against the government's renewal of the unpopular "Triple alliance" with Germany Austria, whereby the participants agreed to intervene militarily in support of any alliance member in the event of foreign invasion. The alliance had long been unpopular among Italians especially among republicans, liberals and socialists, since across much of what became the Kingdom of Italy in 1861 folk memories lingered on for generations of Austria's role as a frequently repressive colonial power. Then in June 1913 he questioned the Minister of Justice as to whether any rule existed blocking freemasons from appointment as magistrates, and followed through with more detailed enquiries. Many of the leading republicans in Italy were freemasons at this time, and Chiesa was celebrated - or, among opponents, notorious - for the energy he devoted to supporting the interests of fellow-masons. A committed believer in the separation of church and state, he also intervened in parliament to protest about the way in which religious education was being delivered in "certain Milan elementary schools". Later that year, when the Milanese "Camera del lavoro" (loosely, "trades union confederation") called a general strike, Chiesa invited "Prime Minister" Giolitti to intervene personally, as mediator between the bosses and the workers' representatives, and invoking the services of the city prefect. As a true republican, Chiesa had an ingrained sympathy for the emerging trades union movement, which he intellectualized as the "revolutionary syndicalism" of the Sorelian matrix. Always exceptionally active politically, both inside and outside parliament, he battled tirelessly for freedom of thought and expression, and for corresponding modernisation and updates to legislation.
For the 1913 General Election the Republican Party secured an increase in votes, but electoral reforms agreed in 1912 had more than tripled the number of eligible voters, so that the Republicans' proportion of the overall votes, and the number of seats they secured in the Chamber of Deputies (still unchanged in size at 508 seats), were both much reduced. Chiesa took the precaution of putting his name forward for selection by the party and election by the voters in no fewer than six electoral districts, however, and was included in the ballot paper for Milan constituency No. 1, which would have involved representing part of the city in which he lived. He progressed to the run-off second ballot, but was ultimately defeated by Giuseppe De Capitani D'Arzago of the Liberal Party. But the voters of Massa-Carrara remained loyal, and he returned to the Chamber of Deputies representing, as before, Italy's marble capital. During the aftermath of what came to be termed the Massacre of Ancona - in which three young demonstrators were shot dead - after an "antimilitarism" demonstration got badly out of hand, Chiesa was characteristically robust and uncompromising in his very public criticism. He was one of the parliamentarians who blamed the government directly for what had happened, and he attended the funerals of the three victims. The tragedies in Ancona were part of a nationwide week of protests. After the so-called "Red Week" was over, Eugenio Chiesa worked to try and repair the broken relations between the government and the many political activists of the extreme-left.
War
When the First World War erupted beyond the Alps during the later summer of 1914, it was far from clear whether or not Italy would become militarily involved. The nationalist fervour which powered the British and German interventions was less widespread in Italy, and there was no obvious consensus on whether any military intervention should be undertaken alongside Italy's "Triple alliance" allies - a development favoured by many conservatives - or alongside the French, whose military role in securing Italian unification in 1859 was not forgotten by risorgimento-republicans. France was widely seen as a standard-bearer for political liberalism and progress towards democracy. Germany and Austria were not. Abandoning his long-standing hostility to "expensive wars", Chiesa lined up alongside most of the leading members of the Republican Party in demanding that Italy should intervene in the war on the side of the French and against the "central powers" of Germany and Austria. Beyond the public gaze he even worked discretely but energetically to create some kind of "Casus belli". The government procrastinated, insisting that discussion over which side to back was at best premature, because Italy was totally unprepared for fighting any war. Meanwhile, Austrian intelligence picked up on Chiesa's activism in attempting to steer the government towards military engagement against the "central powers". His name is included in a memorandum addressed by the Austrian ambassador in Rome to the Italian Foreign Ministry, denouncing those who had set up a secret committee working to involve Italy in the war against Austria, which would risk revolution and damage monarchy. Moreover, and probably more controversially, in a Republican Party meeting held early in August 1914 Chiesa openly declared that if the monarch broke the government's self-imposed neutrality ordinance (in order to enter the war on the Austrian side), it would signal that the time had come for Italy to adopt a republican government. On 22 August he presented a parliamentary motion in support of entering the war against Austria. On 2 September he rejected an invitation from the German social democratic politician Albert Südekum to a "behind the scenes" meeting to discuss the possibility of an agreement between the Italian and German governments that might be "honorable" for Italy. Indeed, a few days later he backed an initiative launched by some of the most impatient of the francophile interventionists, which involved launching negotiations with the French government to send a detachment of Italian volunteers to fight in Dalmatia. Chiesa himself traveled to Lyon and then to Bordeaux in order to promote the idea: it turned out, however, that the French government was not prepared to accept an initiative that clearly did not have the support of the Italian government.
During the ten months between the outbreak of war in the rest of Europe and Italy's own military intervention against Austria, Chiesa's actions were very much in line with the Risorgimento traditions. Those traditions were embodied in the writings and actions of the two great heroes of the nineteenth century unification narrative, Giuseppe Mazzini and Giuseppe Garibaldi. Among his own contemporaries he was also much influenced by his fellow deputy, Salvatore Barzilai from Trieste, who was a long-standing advocate for Italian irredentism.
By the end of 1914 the Italian government was coming under intensive pressure from Berlin, Paris, Vienna and London to enter the war. Behind the scenes a promises bidding war was in progress. It is impossible to know if Chiesa was aware of all this in any detail, but he evidently believed that the government was making preparations to intervene militarily on the side of the French and British and their Russian allies. During this time Chiesa addressed parliament to signal his backing for "Prime Minister" Salandra's adoption of what was becoming known, possibly with a nod and a wink, as "active neutrality". During the early part of May 1915, directly before Italy entered the war on the side of the Franco-Russian-English entente, Chiesa was to be found taking part in the street demonstrations organised by Milanese left-wing interventionists. Italy's declaration of war took place on 23 May 1915: Chiesa immediately asked to be conscripted into the army and sent to the front line. Over the next three and a half years he took a lead among the deputies in pushing the government to do everything necessary to support the country's military effort. In June 1915 he called on the chamber to suspend an important budget discussion in order that members might be updated about the war.
A year later, returning from a term serving on the frontline, Chiesa shared his opinion that Italy would face catastrophe unless Marshall Cadorna was replaced as Army Chief of Staff. A few months before the disastrous Battle of Caporetto, during October/November 1917, Chiesa was still expressing intense criticism of the conduct of the war. That same year he was appointed a "General Commissioner for Military Supplies". Since he was already a member of parliament), the original proposal had been to make this a ministerial appointment, but this would have required him to swear an oath of loyalty to the king, which was a committed risorgimento republican he was disinclined to do. He therefore turned down any offer of a ministerial appointment. In his new posting he was mandated to organise a consignment of equipment for the army air corps: he ventured to question some of the details. After the war was over he was characteristically inclusive in sharing his conclusions from 1917, which appear in a pamphlet he wrote entitled "L'Aeronautica di guerra nella gestione del Commissariato generale". During November 1917, in the aftermath of Caporetto, Army Chief of Staff Luigi Cadorna was replaced. That same month "the honorable Eugenio Chiesa" was appointed "Commissario Generale per l’Aeronautica", in the context of a broader reconfiguration which marked the start of a distancing of what became the Italian Air Force from under the direct command of the army. Chiesa was now responsible for co-ordinating and presiding over industrial mobilisation in respect of aircraft production.
Post-war challenges
In the immediate aftermath of the war a commission of enquiry was created to look into various controversial aspects of the conduct of the war. In respect of Chiesa's time in charge of aeronautical procurement between November 1917 and December 1918, their report accepted that his work and decisions had been undertaken correctly, both politically and administratively. The period was one of intense activity for Chiesa, both internationally and on the home front.
During the winter of 1918-1919 he was a member of the Italian delegation at the Versailles Peace Conference called to create a lasting postwar settlement. His own area of responsibility included the negotiation of war reparations. Chiesa had been on friendly terms with Georges Clemenceau for many years. The two men were natural soulmates politically, sharing commitments to Republicanism and to Laïcité. The war had dramatically revived Clemenceau's political career. Having become politically disconnected after resigning as prime minister in 1909, he had returned to the top job in November 1917, and quickly a dominating presence at the Versailles Peace Conference. In February 1919 he took his fellow delegate Salvatore Barzilai for a lengthy meeting with the French leader at which the two of them were able, in Chiesa's case, to revive an ancient friendship, and in both their cases to invite their French fellow republican radical to back the Italian position as conference negotiations progressed. As the negotiations progressed, a certain mutual understanding between the French and Italian delegations did indeed become apparent, based on shared values and objectives, but also, perhaps, on old friendships Nevertheless, the extravagant secret undertakings from the English that may have been decisive in securing Italian participation in the war in May 1915 were only partially fulfilled at the Peace Conference. In respect of Fiume the nature of the undertakings provided to the Italians in 1915 remained unclear, but the cityfolk were left to believe that the territory would indeed become part of Italy. In September 1919 Chiesa traveled to Fiume to demonstrate his support for Gabriele D'Annunzio's attempt to free the territory for annexation to Italy, in defiance of eventual Peace Conference decisions. He undertook to inform parliament in Rome of the widespread exasperation across Fiume, and later that month was voluble in doing so. It soon became apparent that larger forces were at work, however.
With regard to his parliamentary constituency, Chiesa contributed effectively to the funding, planning and construction of the "Marina di Carrara" port facilities at Massa di Carrara, and to the extensive economic developments in the area that followed on from the port development.
Fascism and exile
During the years directly following the First World War politics in western Europe, whether on the streets or at government level, continued to be impacted by the toxic nationalist currents that had had characerised the first part of the century. Before 1922, however, fascist violence was for the most part restricted to the streets. In the eyes of commentarors familiar with subsequent developments, Chiesa was one of a number of established politicians who adopted an attitude of "culpable indulgence" towards fascism. The attitude earned a strong reproach from the young radical intellectual Piero Gobetti (who would die young in 1926 following a severe beating by fascist thugs). There were nevertheless many within the Italian political establishment, Eugenio Chiesa among them, who believed or persuaded themselves that Italian Fascism could be "constitutionalised". After 1922 that was not so easy, however. In parliament Chiesa now voted against the government. In his speeches and writings he became a fierce opponent of fascism. He tried to make common cause with socialist parliamentarians, but as the socialist historian Gaetano Salvemini observes, there were too many contraducations in the way: "...the republicans were few in number, and dominated by old parliamentary twisters like ... Chiesa". In May 1923, as a member of the Electoral Reform Commission, Chiesa voted against the so-called Acerbo Project, a parliamentary device intended to ensure a permanent majority for the Fascist Party in the Chamber of Deputies (parliament). In June 1924, following the killing of Matteotti, Eugenio Chiesa was among the first unreservedly to impute responsibility for the atrocity to the Head of Government.
In 1925 Chiesa published his book "La mano nel sacco", a volume of articles he had already published individually in "La Voce Repubblicana" between September 1924 and March 1925, described by Gobetti as "a courageous well documented book, denouncing those whom he had previously mistaken for innivators". One of the more eye-catching disclosures in the book was Chiesa's report that a senior group of his fellow freemasons, led by Grand master Domizio Torrigiani, had collected three and a half million lire (then equivalent, at the official rate and contemporary values, to approximately 40,000 British Pounds) for Mussolini as a way of supporting the "March on Rome", which took place less than a week after the money was handed over.
During 1926, having established his credentials as an incorrigible antifascist, Eugenio Chiesa was forced into exile. In Italy his home was ransacked by fascist paramilitaries. That year he was one of several opposition parliamentarians to have his membership of the Chamber of Deputies declared forfeit. His business assets were liquidated.
He escaped through Switzerland, settling briefly, like a number of other Italian political exiles including his fellow former parliamentarian Cipriano Facchinetti, at Annemasse, by the Franco-Swiss border south of Geneva. From there he relocated to Sèvres, on the edge of Paris. His final move was to Giverny, a small riverside municipality in the countryside, known to art lovers as the former home, between 1883 and 1926, of Claude Monet. In France Chiesa was free to pursue his political interests and sustain a network of contacts with other Italian exiles. He was also more deeply engaged than ever in the politics of Italian free masonry, which had come under intensifying persecution in Italy since 1923, despite the enthusiasm with which many leading Italian Free masons had initially backed the Mussolini take-over. Money was a problem, since the Italian government had succeeded in stripping him of virtually all his wealth and possessions. He was able to find enough basic accountancy work in and around Giverny to support himself and his daughter, however. (His wife had died suddenly in 1919.)
During the middle 1920s the Italian Republican Party collapsed as its leaders were either arrested or managed to escape abroad. In 1926 it was formally banned. It was reconstituted after a fashion in 1927 as the Paris-based Concentrazione Antifascista Italiana. Chiesa was called upon to take part in the leadership of the new organisation, but there is little indication of his having been much involved in it, though he had been active in calling for its creation.
Eugenio Chiesa died at Giverny on 22 June 1930. The funeral celebration was held in Paris, attended, according to reports, by all the many Italian antifascist refugees and free masons in the city. His ashes were interred in the Père Lachaise Cemetery. Not quite twenty years later, however, on 30 April 1950, they were transferred to Milan, his home city.
Free masonry
During the nineteenth century freemasonry had been suppressed in Italy: the story of the events leading up to Italian unification is closely entwined with the story of Freemasonry in Italy as a focus of underground political opposition to the domination of the Italian peninsular by one - or by some criteria two - of Europe's "great powers". Giuseppe Garibaldi himself was an active and enthusiastic mason. Giuseppe Mazzini also engaged with freemasonry, although the extent of his personal involvement is less than clear. Eugenio Chiesa was initiated into the Propaganda Massonica (as "P2" was generally known at the time) lodge of the Grand Orient of Italy at Rome on 30 May 1913. Most of the leaders of the Italian Republican Party were masons during this period, and it is likely that Chiesa participated fully in the movement's activities from the outset, though it is only in respect of his final four years, during the period of his exile in France when, under somewhat unusual and unhappy circumstances, he briefly became "Grand Master" for the exiled Italian order, that his masonic involvement becomes frequently referenced in sources.
During his French exile, during 1929 Chiesa was elected "Grand Master" ("Maestro venerabile") Italia n. 450 of the Grand Lodge of France, at Paris. He was then one of those who on 12 January 1930 went on reconstitute, at the "Taverna Gruber", now in Parisian exile, the Grand Orient of Italy. Chiesa was elected "Grand Master", serving for slightly more than six months till his death on 22 June 1930. According to at least one source, he renounced the actual position, while continuing to fulfill all the appropriate tasks and responsibilities, as "adjunct" to his predecessor Domizio Torrigiani. Torrigiani was still very much alive, despite being in poor health and detained by the Fascists after 1927, initially in a Rome prison and then, under close police supervision, on a succession of appropriately isolated islands. Even during the first half of 1930, Chiesa remained mentally vigorous, increasingly taking an interest in socialist and anarchist ideas.
Recognition
1964 marked the 34th anniversary of Eurgenio Chiesa's birth. It was also the year following the centenary of his birth. On 22 June 1964 the marble workers of Carrara placed a large memorial to his memory in the centre of the Piazzale del Porto in Carrara.
Notes
References
20th-century Italian politicians
Italian Republican Party politicians
Deputies of Legislature XXII of the Kingdom of Italy
Deputies of Legislature XXIII of the Kingdom of Italy
Deputies of Legislature XXIV of the Kingdom of Italy
Deputies of Legislature XXV of the Kingdom of Italy
Deputies of Legislature XXVI of the Kingdom of Italy
Deputies of Legislature XXVII of the Kingdom of Italy
Italian anti-fascists
Italian Freemasons
Masonic Grand Masters
Burials at Père Lachaise Cemetery
Burials at the Cimitero Monumentale di Milano
1863 births
1930 deaths
People from Milan |
69392964 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trial%20and%20Error%20%28novel%29 | Trial and Error (novel) | Trial and Error is a 1937 mystery detective novel by the British writer Anthony Berkeley. It was a loose sequel to the 1929 novel The Piccadilly Murder, featuring two of the characters from the earlier work the unprepossessing but shrewd Ambrose Chitterwick and Chief Inspector Moresby of Scotland Yard. Berkeley was a prominent author of the Golden Age of Detective Fiction, known for his inverted detective stories.
Synopsis
The mild-mannered Lawrence Todhunter finds out he hasn't long to live, due to a heart condition. He decides to do the world a last service by killing a truly evil person, knowing he will not have to face the consequences. However his plan goes wrong when the police arrest a completely innocent man for the murder. Despite his best efforts, Todhunter cannot convinces the authorities he is the guilty party and enlists Ambrose Chitterwick to try and prove the matter.
Television adaptation
In 1958 it was adapted into a six-part television series Leave It to Todhunter. Produced by the BBC it featured Mervyn Johns as Todhunter, Kynaston Reeves as Chitterwick and Ballard Berkeley as Moresby.
References
Bibliography
Baskin, Ellen . Serials on British Television, 1950-1994. Scolar Press, 1996.
Herbert, Rosemary. Whodunit?: A Who's Who in Crime & Mystery Writing. Oxford University Press, 2003.
Miskimmin, Esme. 100 British Crime Writers. Springer Nature, 2020.
Reilly, John M. Twentieth Century Crime & Mystery Writers. Springer, 2015.
Turnbull, Malcolm J. Elusion Aforethought: The Life and Writing of Anthony Berkeley Cox. Popular Press, 1996.
White, Terry. Justice Denoted: The Legal Thriller in American, British, and Continental Courtroom Literature. Praeger, 2003.
1937 British novels
Novels by Anthony Berkeley
British crime novels
British mystery novels
British detective novels
Hodder & Stoughton books
Novels set in London
British novels adapted into television shows |
69393124 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randy%20Greenawalt | Randy Greenawalt | Randall Greenawalt (February 24, 1949 – January 23, 1997) was an American serial killer. Originally sentenced to life imprisonment for two murders committed in 1974, Greenawalt later became notorious for escaping together with fellow murderer Gary Tison and his three sons from prison, embarking on a two-week killing spree through Arizona and Colorado that left six people dead in 1978. He was promptly sentenced to death and thereafter executed in 1997, with his case serving as the basis for the Supreme Court decision Tison v. Arizona.
First murders and imprisonment
In early January 1974, Greenawalt went on a trip down to Miami, Florida, where he planned to exchange his car with a couple from Denver, Colorado. On January 12, the body of 42-year-old Henry A. Weber, a Global Van Lines truck driver who had been shot in the head, was found at a highway rest area in Mississippi County, Arkansas. Initially, nobody could be connected to the crime until four days later, when police officers in Tempe, Arizona detained brothers Randy and James Greenawalt, 25 and 23, respectively, for the January 15 murder of 33-year-old Stanley Edward Sandage at a rest area near Flagstaff. Like Weber, Sandage was a truck driver working for Whitfield Tank Lines who was found shot to death in his tank truck in an apparent robbery, as $42 had been stolen from his wallet.
The Greenawalts were arrested for trying to purchase stereo equipment using Sandage's MasterCharge card, and upon inspecting their vehicle, they found a .32-caliber pistol that was positively identified as the murder weapon, and a .243-caliber rifle that might have been the second murder weapon. A third man, 33-year-old George Sanders, an apparent acquaintance of the brothers, was also arrested for federal firearms violations and credit card fraud in relation to the case. Due to the similarity of the two cases, a sheriff from Arkansas was dispatched to question Randy in the earlier killing, but decided to wait until the case in Arizona went first. In a bid to avoid the death penalty, the elder Greenawalt pleaded guilty to the murder and was sentenced to life imprisonment, in exchange for testifying against his brother, who had pleaded innocent on all charges. During the trial, it was made apparent that in the Sandage murder, Randy had pre-emptively painted an "X" on the window of the truck before proceeding to open fire and kill his victim. Thanks to his testimony, James was also convicted and sentenced to life imprisonment, which he was to spend at the Florence State Prison. In the meantime, Randy was extradited to face charges in Arkansas, but despite his willing confession to both this and another murder committed in Colorado, the case fell through and he was returned to serve his sentence in Arizona.
Escape and killing spree
During his time in prison, Greenawalt was considered a model inmate and granted a cushy job as an office clerk. Another inmate who was placed in the trustee unit with him was 43-year-old Gary Gene Tison, serving a life term for stabbing a prison guard, who had a history of escape attempts from the facility. On July 30, 1978, Tison's three sons (Donald, Ricky and Raymond), who regularly visited their father in prison, entered the prison, ostensibly for another one of their visits. While Ricky was talking to his father, his brothers pulled out a sawn-off shotgun concealed in a cardboard box they had been carrying and ordered the guards to go into the booth. Greenawalt, who had been working in the booth, then cut the alarm and phone lines, and was provided with a pistol. After locking the remaining guards, visitors and prisoners into a supply closet, all five men escaped in the Tisons' 1969 Ford Galaxie, with their planned final destination being a small ranch across the border in Sáric, Mexico, where Gary allegedly had connections with a drug smuggling network.
On the way towards Yuma, the gang had changed their car with a black Lincoln Continental and drove on dirt roads to avoid roadblocks. On the next day, the gang were near Quartzsite when their car blew a tire and they were left stranded by the roadside. The Tisons and Greenawalt then established a campsite in the area, when they were noticed by 24-year-old Marine Sgt. John Lyons, who was driving along the highway with his 23-year-old wife Donnelda, 22-month-old son Christopher and 15-year-old niece Teresa-Jo Tyson. Lyons stopped and offered to help them out, but he and his family members were then threatened at gunpoint into the Continental and driven out in the desert. There, both Gary and Greenawalt proceeded to shoot the Lyonses to death, while Tyson was left to bleed out, dying while attempting to crawl away from the car. The Lyonses' corpses were discovered on August 6, while Tyson's was found five days after.
In the meantime, the gang had stolen the family's orange Mazda and headed to Wenden, where they had spray-painted it in silver color. After this, they headed towards Flagstaff, where they established a campsite on the outskirts of town. Greenawalt and Donald then went to visit a female pen pal of Greenawalt's, who bought them a truck and ammunition, while the other three rested. Shortly after, Gary arranged for a plane to fly them out of the United States in Clovis, New Mexico, but authorities had caught wind of their scheme and set up an ambush. However, upon arriving at the airport, the gang realized and instead headed towards southwestern Colorado. Along their way, they came across Texas newlyweds James and Marlene Judge, 26 and 23, respectively, who were on their way to Denver to watch a football match. The gang killed them near Pagosa Springs, stole their van and then buried their bodies, which were not found until months after their disappearance.
Arrest, trial and sentence
After stealing the Judges' van, the gang headed to Casa Grande, Arizona, where they stayed with a relative of Gary's. After resting for a day, they continued their trip towards Mexico, unaware that by then, the police had set up roadblocks along every intersection of the roads. Along the way, the gang attempted to break into a gas station near Gila Bend, but were unsuccessful in doing so. On August 11, the van approached their first roadblock in rural Pinal County. The gang opened fire on the approaching officer, barely missing him, before they drove right through the blockade.
About six miles ahead, they faced another roadblock, but this time, the deputies opened fire on the van. Donald Tison, who was driving, was fatally hit in the head, causing the vehicle to careen off the road. After it halted, the remaining four fled towards the desert, with the deputies chasing after them. A helicopter was dispatched to illuminate the area, revealing that Greenawalt and the two living Tison brothers had been hiding in a ditch. While all three were armed, they surrendered peacefully to the authorities. Gary Tison remained on the run for 11 days, until his body was discovered by chemical worker Ray Thomas under a mesquite tree near his workplace. He had died of exposure, about a mile and a half from where the van had crashed.
Following their capture, Greenawalt and the Tison brothers were first arraigned on charges of prison escape and assault, for which they were speedily convicted in December 1978. Soon after, Greenawalt was charged with four counts of capital murder, three counts of kidnapping, two counts of armed robbery and one count of auto theft, while Ricky and Raymond, who claimed that they took no part in the killings, pleaded guilty to one count of murder as part of a plea bargain to testify against their accomplice. However, once they refused to do so, the judge declared a mistrial and reversed the verdict, allowing the brothers to be charged anew. On February 16, 1979, Greenawalt was convicted on all charges, showing no emotion when his verdict was read out. On March 26, he was officially sentenced to death for the four murders, as well as being given concurrent life terms for his other convictions. Justice Douglas Keddie later stated that he had no reason to be lenient with the convict, as he found no mitigating circumstances in the case and determined the killings to be cruel and unnecessary. The murder charges in Colorado were dropped following the Arizona convictions, but the case was officially closed.
Execution
After spending two decades on Arizona's death row with unsuccessful attempts to have his sentence commuted, Greenawalt was executed via lethal injection at the Florence State Prison on January 23, 1997. His last meal consisted of two cheeseburgers, French fries, coffee and milk from the prison cafeteria, and his final statement was the following: "I have prayed for you many times and the Lord is using you well. Don’t worry about me. I’ll be fine.”
Ricky and Raymond Tison, who had also been sentenced to death for their roles in the murders, later had their sentences commuted to life imprisonment, after the Arizona Supreme Court determined that they were not active participants in the shootings.
See also
General:
Capital punishment in the United States
List of people executed in Arizona
List of people executed by lethal injection
List of serial killers in the United States
Supreme Court case:
Tison v. Arizona
External links
FindAGrave
State v. Greenawalt (1981)
Greenawalt v. Ricketts et al (1986)
In media and culture
The events around the Tison Gang have been dramatized in two separate films: the 1983 made-for-television film A Killer in the Family, and 2017's Last Rampage.
Bibliography
References
1949 births
1997 deaths
20th-century American criminals
American male criminals
Male serial killers
American serial killers
American murderers of children
American escapees
American people convicted of murder
People convicted of murder by Arkansas
People convicted of murder by Arizona
American prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment
Prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment by Arkansas
Prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment by Arizona
20th-century executions by Arizona
Executed American serial killers
People executed by Arizona by lethal injection
People executed for murder
Executed people from Missouri
Criminals from Missouri
People from Hannibal, Missouri |
69393941 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suwat%20Jangyodsuk | Suwat Jangyodsuk | Suwat Jangyodsuk (born 20 December 1961) is a Thai police who has been serving as Commissioner-General of the Royal Thai Police since 2020.
Early life and education
Suwat Jangyodsuk born on 20 December 1961 in Khlong Khuean District, Chachoengsao Province, central Thailand. He studied in a science-mathematics program from Saint Louis School, Chachoengsao for lower secondary education. He then pursued at Triam Udom Suksa School for the first year of senior high school and the Armed Forces Academies Preparatory School (AFAPS) for the last two years of senior high school. He graduated from AFAPS in Class 20, same class with current King Vajiralongkorn man, Apirat Kongsompong.
Career
Suwat began his career at the Royal Thai Police as a deputy chief investigator at Hua Mak police station in Bangkok from 1983 to 1987. His very early investigation dealt with a car robbery gang in Bangkok. He was transferred to become a personal secretary of former police chief Sant Sarutanond.
He worked at the investigation section of the Metropolitan Police Division 1 for almost five years then he was promoted to the chief police investigator at Samut Prakan police station. Several years later, in 2013, he became a deputy chief of the Metropolitan Police Bureau in an intelligence section.
In 2020, The National Police Policy Board, headed by Prime Minister Prayut Chan-o-cha, agreed unanimously to promote Suwat to Commissioner-General at the Royal Thai Police.
References
1961 births
Living people
Suwat Jangyodsuk
Suwat Jangyodsuk
Suwat Jangyodsuk |
69394431 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Health%20Protection%20%28Coronavirus%2C%20Wearing%20of%20Face%20Coverings%29%20%28England%29%20Regulations%202021 | The Health Protection (Coronavirus, Wearing of Face Coverings) (England) Regulations 2021 | The Health Protection (Coronavirus, Wearing of Face Coverings) (England) Regulations 2021 (SI 2021/1340) is a statutory instrument (SI) made by the Secretary of State for Health and Social Care in response to the Omicron variant during the COVID-19 pandemic. Subject to some exceptions, it required members of the public in England to wear a face covering on public transport and in most indoor shops between 30 November 2021 and 26 January 2022. The regulations were similar to previous face covering regulations that had been revoked in July 2021.
Legal basis
The regulations were introduced by way of a Statutory Instrument made by the Secretary of State for Health and Social Care using emergency powers available under the Public Health (Control of Disease) Act 1984. The regulations themselves state the legal basis for using such powers, namely "the serious and imminent threat to public health which is posed by the incidence and spread of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in England"; the restrictions are said to be "proportionate to what they seek to achieve, which is a public health response to the threat."
The regulations were made and laid before parliament on 29 November 2021, and came into force the next day. The Secretary of State used section 45R of the Public Health (Control of Disease) Act 1984 to enact the regulations without prior parliamentary consideration, subject to retrospective approval by resolution of each House of Parliament within twenty-eight days.
Geographical scope
The regulations applied in England only (the rules were different in Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland).
Face coverings
Any type of face covering was considered acceptable under the regulations, provided that it covered the wearer's nose and mouth; there was no requirement to wear a 'mask'.
Requirement to wear a face covering in a relevant place
Subject to some exceptions, nobody was allowed – unless they had "reasonable excuse" – to enter or remain in a "relevant place" without wearing a face covering. The definition of "relevant place" changed over time, as follows:
Exceptions
The "relevant place" requirements did not apply to children under 11, to workers who were unlikely to come into close contact with the public, or to police or emergency responders.
From 10 December 2021, exemptions were also provided for elite sportspeople, coaches, referees, professional dancers, choreographers and performers, but only while undertaking their respective activities. Also exempted were couples being married.
Requirement to wear a face covering on public transport
Subject to some exceptions, nobody was allowed – unless they had a "reasonable excuse" – to board or to be on board a public transport vehicle without wearing a face covering.
Exceptions
The public transport requirements did not apply to children under 11, to public transport workers, or to police or emergency responders. There was also no requirement to wear a face covering where the public transport vehicle had no roof or where the person was in a private cabin or berth. No covering was needed for passengers who were being transported within their own private vehicle.
From 10 December 2021, an exemption was also provided for performers on public transport performing in the course of their employment or in the course of providing their service.
Reasonable excuse
The regulations provided a list of excuses for not wearing a face covering which were considered to be "reasonable", while not excluding other possibilities:
person unable to comply due to a disability, or where it would cause severe distress
to facilitate lip reading
to avoid the risk of harm or to receive medical treatment
person avoiding injury or escaping a risk of harm has no covering with them
where reasonably necessary to eat, drink or take medication
where instructed to do so by an official
where requested in a pharmacy.
From 10 December 2021, a further excuse was added: where it was reasonably necessary to sing as part of a choir, or during a service, rehearsal or performance.
Signage
Those responsible for premises and for public transport services were required to inform customers, for example by displaying a notice, that face coverings had to be worn unless an exception applied or the customer has reasonable excuse.
No prevention
Businesses were not permitted to prevent or seek to prevent the wearing of face coverings on their premises. Doing so without reasonable excuse was an offence.
Offences and enforcement
It was a criminal offence to contravene the regulations, and offenders could be prosecuted or issued with fixed penalty notices of up to £6400. Both police officers and some other officials had the power to deny access to a "relevant place" and to public transport to anyone not wearing a face covering.
Expiry
The regulations were originally set to expire at the end of 20 December 2021, later extended to the end of 26 January 2022. On 19 January, the prime minister Boris Johnson told the House of Commons that they would not be further extended and would expire as scheduled on 26 January, which they duly did.
Guidelines and external topics
Official Government guidelines published on the day that the regulations came into force set out situations in which face coverings were said to be 'required', but used different terminology. For example the guidance specified mandatory face coverings in premises providing personal care and beauty treatments, estate agents, auction houses, premises providing veterinary services, and takeaways without space for consumption of food or drink on premises.
See also
The Health Protection (Coronavirus, Wearing of Face Coverings on Public Transport) (England) Regulations 2020
The Health Protection (Coronavirus, Wearing of Face Coverings in a Relevant Place) (England) Regulations 2020
References
Bibliography
Statutory Instruments of the United Kingdom
2021 in England
COVID-19 pandemic in England
Public health in the United Kingdom
2021 in British law
Health law in the United Kingdom
Law associated with the COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom |
69395060 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In%20the%20Frame%20%28novel%29 | In the Frame (novel) | In the Frame was Dick Francis' fourteenth novel, published by Michael Joseph in 1976. Its US release was by Harper and Row in 1977.
Plot
Horse artist Charles Todd arrives on a visit to his cousin Donald just as the police are investigating the murder of Donald's wife in the course of a burglary, during which all the artworks in his home were stolen as well as a valuable stock of wine. Charles stays to look after Donald, who is traumatised into inaction and besides is being treated as a suspect by the police.
At a race meeting later he runs into the rich and flamboyant widow Maisie Matthews who asks Charles to come and paint the ruin of her mansion, which was recently burned to the ground. When he goes to inspect the site, he disturbs a man called Greene who claims he is inspecting the site for the insurance company. Charles' suspicions are raised when he learns that Greene was a sham and that Maisie had recently bought a horse painting by Alfred Munnings during a visit to Australia. By coincidence Donald had also bought a Munnings in an Australian gallery while on a wine-buying trip for his business. Charles begins to wonder whether the paintings were forgeries which a gang steals back or, in Maisie's case, attempts to destroy (when they cannot find it) by burning down her house.
With expense money provided by Maisie, Charles’ goes to stay in Sydney with a former art school friend, Jik Cassavetes, and his recent wife Sarah. The shop where Maisie bought her painting was only on a short lease and is now closed. However, there is a Melbourne branch of the company so Charles, Jik and Sarah go to the city for the annual races and to follow up leads. There they encounter other members of what looks increasingly like a highly organised criminal enterprise. They therefore burgle the shop and come away with evidence that the gang are engaged in an international operation.
Knowing by now that the gang is ruthless and violent, and that they have been tipped off whom to seek, Charles and his friends catch a flight to Alice Springs, where the art firm has another branch. There Charles encounters the expert forger Harley Renbo, but before he can do much more he is seized by two thugs and thrown from a second floor balcony. Surviving this, he flies with his friends to New Zealand in order to warn another collector whose name appears in the stolen files to be vigilant. He has also contacted the English police and asked them to follow up the leads with which he has provided them. Barely escaping yet another attempt on his life, Charles flies back to Australia with his friends, while the gang and their leader are arrested. Back in England, he ties up loose ends.
Development
Dick Francis constructed his plots to a recognisable formula. His protagonist has an interest in horse racing, meets injury with a phlegmatic acceptance of pain and is loyal to relations and friends. In this case Charles investigates the burglary out of compassion, to relieve the pressure on his traumatised cousin. Often, a talkative elder woman is featured in the novels; here it is Maisie, who plays more than a comical role, providing the initial clue and the finance to cover Charles' expenses.
Though Francis' wife Mary always refused to be credited as co-authoring his novels, it became known that her share in them was often crucial. In the case of In the Frame she took up painting and so was able to provide all the technical detail for Charles and Jik's artistic work.
The novel was broadly adapted for a TV movie in 1989. However, the detection is credited there to David Cleveland, the Jockey Club investigator of Slay Ride, and the action takes place in Germany, not Australia.
References
See also
Book audio online, read by Tony Britton]
1976 British novels
Novels by Dick Francis
British crime novels
Michael Joseph books |
69395760 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apetor | Apetor | Tor Eckhoff (22 November 1964 – 27 November 2021), also known as Apetor (), was a Norwegian adventurer and YouTuber known primarily for his videos where he drank vodka while performing daring activites on frozen waters, like ice skating, swimming in ice holes and diving, something that would eventually end up taking his life; he died on 27 November 2021 after he fell through the ice of a lake west of Kongsberg, Norway while recording a video. At the time of his death, he lived in Sandefjord where he worked in a paint factory run by the chemicals company Jotun.
His YouTube career, spanning over a decade, lasted from 2006 until his death in 2021, though his channel first started gaining popularity in 2011. His videos, in which he remained mostly silent, save the occasional noise, were popular worldwide, especially in Poland. The ones he recorded during the winter were his most well-known, though also being controversial in nature due to their perceived danger, due to his near-naked alcohol consumption in below-freezing temperatures, but some also characterised them as artistic for their presentation and content. Despite his success, he did not make a living out of his videos, creating them primarily for his own enjoyment.
Personal life
Tor Eckhoff was born in Kristiansund, Norway on 22 November 1964, and moved to Sandefjord at the age of 6. He studied history, philosophy, and nordic literature at the University of Bergen, graduating in 1993 with a cand.mag. According to his about page on YouTube, he worked at a paint factory in Sandefjord, which was run by the chemicals company Jotun. This would remain his long-term place of employment from 2008 until his death in 2021. He had one child with his long-time partner, Tove Skjerven, who he lived with for 30 years.
Eckhoff was highly interested in evolutionary biology, having a great fascination with the close genetic relationship between humans and apes. He had an affinity for the outdoors, often going camping during the summer, along with mountain climbing, especially around Jotunheimen. He was fond of the Volvo 240 and 142 series of cars, owning a 1968 model of the latter. Despite the frequent appearance of winter swimming in his videos, he rarely did it in his spare time. On a similar note, he did not drink alcohol often outside his videos.
In June 2013, Eckhoff reported that he had been robbed of his recording and camping equipment after he left them at a quay to moor his boat. He suspected two men piloting a large motorboat of the theft, noting that their boat had run full throttle into the port when he was gone. He reported the incident to the police, though he did not notice the brand of the boat. A few days later, he wrote on Facebook that his belongings had been returned, and that they had been taken unintentionally by someone from Kongsberg.
In November 2018, Eckhoff uploaded a video to YouTube revealing that he had been diagnosed with colorectal cancer earlier that year in March—which he clarifies was not due to lifestyle choices, but from chronic inflammatory bowel disease—undergoing surgery later in June. After the surgery, he had to use a colostomy bag. He was focused on enjoying the small things in life through his videos, a feeling reinforced by his survival from cancer.
YouTube career
Eckhoff joined YouTube on 10 October 2006 and posted his first video a day later. The moniker he used online, Apetor, consisting of the word ape and his given name Tor, stemmed from his aforementioned interest in the close relationship between humans and apes. He used his channel to document his trips, sharing footage of wildlife and scenic views, both domestically and abroad. At first, his videos were filmed with a compact camera, before upgrading to a higher quality video camera in 2009, when he also started editing his videos in an effort to get more views. He mostly recorded without anyone else present, including his more dangerous videos. The software he used to edit his videos was the free Apple-developed application iMovie.
His first breakthrough video, uploaded in 2011, was "On Thin Sea Ice 2", acquiring over a million views in the span of a week. It featured him ice skating, drinking vodka, diving through sea ice, and making seal-like noises with his mouth. For parts of it he had other people present acting as helpers, but was completely alone when he went under the ice. He had not done extreme sport or winter swimming before the video, but following the strong positive reactions to the video, he was encouraged to upload more videos like it, and established the business Apetor Film in March 2011 to facilitate the "production of film, video, and television programmes." The follow-up, "On Thin Sea Ice 3", featured him supposedly swimming to a ferry to buy alcohol in the middle of winter. In the fourth "On Thin Ice" video, he continued by cutting a hole in the ice with a chainsaw before dunking his head in it and diving into it, in addition to cutting out an ice doughnut and wearing it around his neck. He would end up uploading a total of thirteen videos in the "On Thin Ice" series, many of which gaining millions of views, with "On Thin Ice 4", for instance, earning 351,000 views in a single day after appearing on the front page of Reddit in 2013, at that point having reached 4 million views in under three years.
The most popular video on his channel was "The First Snow 4", acquiring over 94 million views before his death. Part of the annual "First Snow" videos started in 2014, it featured him submerging himself in a frozen bathtub while drinking vodka. In a similar video, "A day in November", uploaded in 2014 after a year long break, he also got into an icy bath, earning 610,000 views in 5 days. Another popular series on his channel was the Christmas videos, where he performed various stunts of similar calibre to his "On Thin Ice" series, like skating across ice using a chainsaw. His vodka of choice, Vikingfjord, made frequent appearances on his channel, though he claimed that he had no connection to the brand, and that he had never been in touch with the company that produces it.
He collaborated with of the Norwegian state-sponsored entertainment YouTube channel in late 2019, when they went swimming together in winter conditions. In a 2021 interview, Fredriksen attributed much of Eckhoff's international success to him not speaking often in his content beside making strange noises, and to what Fredriksen deemed to be the absurdist humour present in his videos. Despite this success, Eckhoff remained humble, and did not make a living off his videos, earning a few hundred dollars a month in 2015. He expressed that he only made videos for fun, and that he had not been trying to impart any messages with them. His video production was, by his own words, a continuation of his interest in photography, which he developed in the 80s.
Reception
Eckhoff's videos were popular internationally, notably in Eastern European countries like Poland and Russia, but also in the United States; in 2016, Eckhoff recounted the story of how two Polish fans arrived at his home in the rural village of Kodal, where they bathed in a bathtub featured on his channel after enquiring about it. He posited that his popularity in Poland in particular was due to their cultural tendencies of vodka-drinking and winter swimming. As of November 2021, his videos have been viewed over 390 million times, and his channel has over 1.2 million subscribers, which, along with him being the first Norwegian YouTuber over 50 years old to get a million subscribers, makes him one of the most popular YouTubers in Norway.
Clips of his videos have appeared on major television channels in Norway and internationally, e.g. after the news section of the Norwegian channel TV 2, on the American network G4, and on the American news network CBS, all in 2011, in addition to an appearance on the Australian breakfast show programme Sunrise in 2016. On a 2012 episode of the Norwegian entertainment programme , he talked about several TV stations getting into contact with him, notably the British TV show Rude Tube, alongside several other unspecified American, French and Japanese ones.
Eckhoff has remarked on the ability of his content to affect the global perception of Norway: "[H]ere the tourism industry is, working to bring tourists here, and then I arrive tearing the whole thing down. It's become sort of like "polar bears in the streets" because of it all. Do they really believe every Norwegian does this kind of stuff?" Others have corroborated these thoughts, like Kåre Gåsholt of Sandefjords Blad, referring to him as the likely biggest private disseminator of nature in Norway. Tourism in Sandefjord, the town he lives in, experienced a surge due to his channel, seen for example in 2018, when a group of 16 tourists arrived from Szczecin, Poland to swim in the waters, with Eckhoff showing up to greet them. Many of the tourists also made recurrent visits to the town.
The unique content featured in Eckhoff's videos has been labelled artistic, with of noting his ability to "strike a nerve that crosses borders" with his videos. He continued that Eckhoff's humour will "live long across the entire world". Writing on his silent, yet humorous demeanor, Rafał Krause of compared him to Mr. Bean, adding further that his dynamic editing, with frequent changes of perspective, was akin to avant-garde cinema. On that note, his video "On Thin Sea Ice 2" was featured at the 37th annual Banff Mountain Film Festival in 2013 under the tagline "Slide away with simple pleasures: skating, bathing, and a little vodka!" Out of the 380 films entered, it was one of 28 to be screened at the festival, which took place in 285 locations in 30 countries globally, for example at the Arlington Theatre in California, and the Queenstown Memorial Centre in Queenstown, New Zealand.
Danger
For all their popularity, his stunts have not been without criticism, with some comparing them to Russian roulette. Analysts on Discovery Channel, for example, surmised his alcohol intake mixed with extreme cold to be deadly, concluding that the reason he was able to resist the cold as well as he could was due to being intoxicated, after noting the diminishing amount of alcohol left in the bottle between video takes. Eckhoff refuted their comments, stating that they were "inventing facts" about the circumstances. He explained that he had only drunk a few sips, adding that the decreasing alcohol level was due to him filming on separate days with different bottles.
In February 2021 after the production of a video at lake Eikern, Eckhoff described being scolded by someone after clambering out due to its associated risk. Although frequently acquiring scrapes and cuts in the video process, he disagreed with the sentiments that the stunts he performed were dangerous, saying "Many regard falling through ice as life-threatening, but if you know what you're doing and have ice claws, then it's usually fine." He further adds with a smile: "I shouldn't be cocky, I could very well die out here someday." On previous occasions he had mentioned rehearsing falling through ice adequately enough to justify his activities. This was in light of a near-fatal ice-skating accident he experienced in 2007, when he fell through the ice at lake Goksjø at night, after which he became determined to practice "going into the water, and getting back out again."
Other ventures
In May 2020, the video service Memmo, an online platform offering personalised video messages from celebrites akin to Cameo, launched its Norwegian branch, with Eckhoff being one of the many taking part. By December, he had created and sent 263 videos to buyers, with a large part being birthday and Christmas greetings, for a piece, though he specified that he only made around for each video due to the platform paying 75%, and because he had to pay income tax on it. He described the videos as harder to make than they seem, stating that they often took many takes to perfect, having to memorise the short ones so he could look into the camera instead of reading off the screen.
In an August 2021 video uploaded to his YouTube channel, Eckhoff revealed that he would partake in the 2022 Harald Zwart film Lange flate ballær 3, the sequel to and Lange Flate Ballær 2, with him playing a villain. Later the same month, he was pictured by press at a shooting of the film in Fredrikstad. The following month, he uploaded a teaser for the film to his channel.
Death
On 26 November 2021, Eckhoff fell through the ice at , a lake west of Kongsberg, Norway, while recording a video for his YouTube channel. After a witness reported hearing him calling for help, he was rescued by divers who performed cardiopulmonary resuscitation, before he was flown to Ullevål University Hospital by air ambulance. He died on 27 November at the hospital despite resuscitation attempts. The police reported that a hole had been cut into the ice of the lake, that he was alone at the scene of the accident, and that foul play was not suspected. His identity as the victim of the drowning was not disclosed until the 28th, when police reported on his death in a press release, with his family aware that his death was to be made public. At the time of his death, his channel had 1.2 million subscribers.
His last video, entitled "I am Not Dead, I am 57 Today", was uploaded on 22 November 2021, five days before his death. He had been uploading similar videos since 2017, celebrating his birthday every year. In the comment section of the video, he received an outpouring of support after his death, including comments from the aforementioned 4ETG, and from notable individuals like musicians Alan Walker and PelleK. Similar sentiments of grief were expressed in the comments of his other videos for several days after his death, in addition to various other social media platforms, including Facebook, Reddit, and the Polish Wykop, where internet users conveyed how their holidays would be sad in his absence. Candles were also lit in his memory by fans outside the Norwegian embassy in Poland.
His funeral was held at in Sandefjord on 7 December at 10:00.
Notes
References
1964 births
2021 deaths
Accidental deaths in Norway
Deaths by drowning
Filmed accidental deaths
Norwegian YouTubers
People from Kristiansund
People from Sandefjord
University of Bergen alumni |
69397812 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing%20of%20Gracie%20Spinks | Killing of Gracie Spinks | Gracie Spinks was a lifeguard and model from Old Whittington who is suspected of being murdered by a former colleague.
Background
She was a swimming instructor and lifeguard but had been working as a warehouse operative at the time of her death. She was a keen horse rider and kept a horse called Paddy at Blue Lodge Farm in Duckmanton.
In February 2021 she had reported a former colleague, Michael Sellers, to police for stalking. He had been her supervisor at a warehouse where she once worked.
Discovery
She was last seen alive by her mother at 7:30am when she left home to tend to her horse. She was found unconscious in the field after 8am and a man was seen running away. Initially it was thought she had been kicked by her horse, but paramedics realised she had been attacked and called police. She was declared dead at 8:50am.
Sellars was found dead at 11am.
Inquests
Separate inquests were held into the two deaths.
Derbyshire police referred itself to the Independent Office for Police Conduct.
A postmortem discovered she had died from a stab wound that severed an artery and her spine. There was no evidence she was sexually assaulted.
It is believed that Michael Sellars stabbed her.
Police conduct
Disciplinary notices were served on five police officers.
Two were served with notices over their handling of her allegations of stalking against Michael Sellers. A sergeant and two constables were served with misconduct orders over the steps they took after discovering a bag of weapons in May 2021 near the site where Gracie was eventually stabbed.
Her family has campaigned for "Gracie's law", which would increase funding for investigating stalking cases. Her parents said she was failed by police.
References
Stalking
Crime in Derbyshire
Harassment
Violence against women in England
Deaths by stabbing in England |
69397825 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kopali | Kopali | Kopali (also spelled as Kapali) is a census town in the Chandil CD block in the Chandil subdivision of the Seraikela Kharsawan district in the Indian state of Jharkhand.
Geography
Location
Kapali is located at .
Jamshedpur Urban Agglomeration
With its recognition as an industrial town as early as the 1911 census, Jamshedpur was set on the road of steady population growth, as large number of emigrants flocked in for work opportunities. While in the earlier decades the central nucleus grew, in the later decades towns around Jamshedpur grew rapidly. In 2011, Jamshedpur Urban Agglomeration included 13 urban centres, with a total population of 1.3 million people. However, in more recent years, Jamshedpur UA “has lacked the growth and development observed around other similar industrial towns in western and southern India.”
Note: The map alongside presents the Jamshedpur Urban Agglomeration. All places marked in the map are linked in the larger full screen map.
Civic administration
There is a police outpost at Kapali.
Demographics
According to the 2011 Census of India, Kopali had a total population of 43,256, of which 22,337 (52%) were males and 20,919 (48%) were females. Population in the age range 0-6 years was 7,603. The total number of literate persons in Kopali was 21,815 (72.40% of the population over 6 years).
(*For language details see Chandil block#Language and religion)
Jamshedpur Urban Agglomeration includes: Jamshedpur (Industrial Town), Jamshedpur (NAC), Tata Nagar Railway Colony (OG), Mango (NAC), Jugsalai (M), Bagbera (CT), Chhota Gobindpur (CT), Haludbani (CT), Sarjamda (CT), Gadhra (CT), Ghorabandha (CT), Purihasa (CT), Adityapur (M Corp.), Chota Gamahria (CT) and Kapali (CT).
Infrastructure
According to the District Census Handbook 2011, Seraikela Kharsawan, Kopali covered an area of . It has an annual rainfall of . Among the civic amenities, it had of roads with both closed and open drains, the protected water supply involved hand pump, tube well/ borewell, overhead tank. It had 6,351 domestic electric connections, 15 road lighting points. Among the medical facilities, it had 2 hospitals, 4 dispensaries, 4 health centres, 10 family welfare centres, 4 maternity and child welfare centres, 10 maternity homes, 2 nursing homes, 2 charitable hospital/ nursing homes, 10 veterinary hospitals, 5 medicine shops. Among the educational facilities it had 8 primary schools, 7 middle schools, 2 secondary schools, 1 senior secondary school, the nearest general degree college at Jamshedpur, away. It had 9 non-formal education centres (Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan). Among social, cultural and recreational facilities, it had 1 orphanage home, 2 auditorium/ community halls. Two important commodities it produced were ready-made clothes, furniture. It had the branch offices of 1 nationalised bank, 4 non-agricultural credit societies.
Education
Merry English School at Kapali is an English-medium coeducational institution established in 2001. It has facilities for teaching from class I to class XII.
References
Cities and towns in Seraikela Kharsawan district |
69398975 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special%20Delivery%20%282022%20film%29 | Special Delivery (2022 film) | Special Delivery () is a 2022 South Korean crime action film, written and directed by Park Dae-min for M Pictures. Starring Park So-dam, Song Sae-byeok and Kim Eui-sung, the film revolves around a delivery driver (Park So-dam) with a 100% success rate, things start happening when she is involved in an unexpected incident after a young child (Jung Hyeon-jun) boards into her car. It was theatrical released on January 12, 2022.
The film was officially invited in Harbour section at the 51st International Film Festival Rotterdam held from January 26 to February 6, 2022. On box office, currently it is at 4th place among all the Korean films released in the year 2022, with gross of US$3.46 million and 439,177 admissions.
Cast
Park So-dam as Eun-ha, a delivery driver
Song Sae-byeok as Kyung-pil, a man chasing after Eun-ha.
Kim Eui-sung as Baek Sa-jang, president Baekgang Industries, a special delivery company
Jung Hyeon-jun as Seo-won, special cargo
Yeon Woo-jin as Doo-shik, a special client, father of 'Seo-won'
Yeom Hye-ran as Mi-Young, pursuer of Eun-ha from the National Intelligence Service
Han Hyun-min as Asif, express vehicle repair expert
Oh-ryung
Heo Dong-won
Jun Suk-Ho
Production
Production began on May 29, 2019 with Park So-dam, Song Sae-byeok, Kim Eui-sung and Jung Hyeon-jun confirmed as cast. Park Dae-min was confirmed as director of the crime action film. Park So-dam and Jung Hyeon-jun are working together after 2019 film Parasite. Yeon Woo-jin, Yeom Hye-ran and Han Hyun-min joined the cast in supporting roles. Principal photography began on May 29, 2019 for this chase film. Script reading photos were revealed on June 4.
Music
Original soundtrack of the film was released on January 5, 2022. This is third venture of music director Hwang Sang-joon, for director Park Dae-min after Private Eye (2009) and Seondal: The Man Who Sells the River (2016). The music has been appreciated by the audience who watched the preview.
Original soundtrack
Release
The film was scheduled for theatrical release on January 5, 2022, but the date was pushed to a week later to January 12. The film is officially invited in the Harbour section at the 51st International Film Festival Rotterdam, which was held from January 26 to February 6, 2022, and in the competition section at the 24th Udine Far East Film Festival to be held from April 22 to April 30, 2022. Additionally it is pre-sold to 47 countries around the world. After its release on January 12 in South Korea, it will release in Hong Kong, Singapore and Mongolia on 13 and 14 January, and in Indonesia and Taiwan on the 19 and 28 January respectively.
Home media
The film was made available for streaming on IPTV (Olleh TV, B TV, LG U+ TV), Home Choice, TVING, Naver TV, WAVVE, Google Play, KT skylife, Cinefox and KakaoPage from February 4, 2022.
Reception
Box office
The film was released on 995 screens on January 12, 2021. As per Korean Film Council (Kofic) integrated computer network, the film with 233,462 admissions ranked no. 2 on the Korean box office on opening weekend.
it is at 4th place among all the Korean films released in the year 2022, with gross of US$3.46 million and 439,177 admissions.
Weekly admissions (Based on the Integrated Computer Network for Cinema Admission Tickets)
Critical response
Baek Seung-chan of Kyunghyang Newspaper appreciated the performances of Park So-dam and Song Sae-byeok. Comparing the film with the American films Baby Driver (2017) and Drive (2011), Baek stated that the film is fun, and "the scene design that takes advantage of the cultural characteristics of Korea is interesting". However he was critical of the way, the film treated children. Concluding he wrote, "Special Delivery easily utilizes the plight of the socially disadvantaged and children as a combination suitable for genre films."
References
External links
Special Delivery on KOFIC (in Korean)
2022 films
Korean-language films
South Korean films
Films postponed due to the COVID-19 pandemic
South Korean chase films
South Korean crime action films
Films about the National Intelligence Service (South Korea)
Films about police corruption
Films set in Busan
Films set in Gyeonggi Province
Films set in Seoul
Next Entertainment World films |
69399165 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010s%20in%20African%20political%20history | 2010s in African political history | The political history of Africa in the 2010s covers political events in the continent between 2010 and 2019.
History by country
Algeria
The 2010–2012 Algerian protests were a series of protests taking place throughout Algeria, lasting from 28 December 2010 to early 2012. The protests had been inspired by similar protests across the Middle East and North Africa. Causes cited by the protesters included unemployment, the lack of housing, food-price inflation, corruption, restrictions on freedom of speech and poor living conditions.
The 2019–2021 Algerian protests, also called Revolution of Smiles, began on 16 February 2019, six days after Abdelaziz Bouteflika announced his candidacy for a fifth presidential term in a signed statement. The protests were peaceful and led the military to insist on Bouteflika's immediate resignation, which took place on 2 April 2019. By early May, a significant number of power-brokers close to the deposed administration, including the former president's younger brother Saïd, had been arrested.
The 2019 Algerian presidential election was held in Algeria on 12 December 2019. After Bouteflika resigned on 2 April,Abdelkader Bensalah was elected acting president by parliament a week later. On 10 April the election was rescheduled for 4 July. On 2 June the Constitutional Council postponed the elections again, citing a lack of candidates. In a strong protest on 1 November, Algerian protestors rejected the 12 December election and called for a radical change in the system to take place first. The Forces of the Democratic Alternative (FDA) alliance and the Justice and Development Front also called for boycotting the 12 December election, and the FDA called for creating a constituent assembly.
Angola
On 21 January 2010 the National Assembly of Angola approved a new constitution to replace the interim constitution that had been in effect since independence in 1975. The Assembly approved this constitution in its entirety, by a 186–0 vote. Two assembly members abstained. The vote in the national assembly was boycotted by the opposition (UNITA) party, which claimed that the constitutional process had been flawed and undermined democracy.
Burkina Faso
On 15 February 2011, soldiers mutinied in the capital Ouagadougou over unpaid housing allowances; President Blaise Compaoré briefly fled the capital and sought safety in his hometown of Ziniaré. By Sunday 17 April, the mutiny had spread to the town of Pô in southern Burkina Faso; there were also protests over a court's decision to sentence several officers to prison sentences.The mutiny followed popular protests over rising prices in several cities across Burkina Faso, and protests starting 22 February over the death of a student in police custody in February, as well as the shooting of several other protesters. Five student protesters were reportedly killed in February.
The 2014 Burkinabé uprising was a series of demonstrations and riots in Burkina Faso in October 2014 that quickly spread to multiple cities. They began in response to attempts at changing the constitution to allow President Blaise Compaoré to run again and extend his 27 years in office. Pressure for political change came from civil society and in particular from the country's youth. Following a tumultuous day on 30 October, which included the involvement of former Defence Minister Kouamé Lougué and the burning of the National Assembly and other government buildings as well as the ruling Congress for Democracy and Progress party's headquarters, Compaoré dissolved the government and declared a state of emergency before eventually fleeing to Côte d'Ivoire with the support of President Alassane Ouattara.
The 2015 Burkinabé coup d'état was launched on 16 September 2015 in Burkina Faso, when members of the Regiment of Presidential Security (RSP) – a controversial autonomous military unit, formed under President Blaise Compaoré – detained the country's government. Among those detained were the transitional President Michel Kafando, Prime Minister Yacouba Isaac Zida (who was also the former deputy commander of the RSP), and numerous members of the cabinet. This transitional government was formed in the wake of the 2014 uprising. However, the junta failed to consolidate its authority across the country, and faced protests as well as intense pressure from regional leaders, and eventually from the regular army, to restore the transitional government. Ultimately, after the regular army entered Ouagadougou to confront the RSP, Kafando was restored as president on 23 September 2015.
The 2016 Burkinabé coup d'état attempt was an attempt to overthrow the government of Burkina Faso on 8 October 2016. At least 30 ex-members of the elite presidential guard (known as the RSP) planned an attack on three locations: the presidential residence, an Army barracks, and a prison in Ouagadougou, the capital of Burkina Faso. Two people were killed and at least ten other people have been arrested in connection with the attempt.
Burundi
Presidential elections were held in Burundi on June 28, 2010. As a result of withdrawals and alleged fraud and intimidation, incumbent President Pierre Nkurunziza was the only candidate. In early March 2010, the run-up to the election was described as "explosive" due to a combination of demobilized former combatants and violence between youth activists in the ruling CNDD-FDD and opposition FRODEBU. On June 1, 2010, five opposition candidates, including Agathon Rwasa, who was considered the strongest contender, withdrew from the elections, alleging that the government intended to rig it. Parliamentary elections were held in Burundi on July 23, 2010. The opposition parties boycotted the election after also boycotting the presidential election.
On April 25, 2015, the incumbent President of Burundi, Pierre Nkurunziza, announced he would run for a third term in the 2015 presidential election. The announcement sparked protests by those opposed to Nkurunziza seeking a third term in office. Widespread demonstrations in the then-capital, Bujumbura, lasted for over three weeks. As a result of the protests, the government also shut down the country's Internet and telephone network, closed all of the country's universities, and publicly referred to the protesters as "terrorists". Tens of thousands of people fled the country, hundreds of people were arrested, and several protesters and police were killed.
On May 13, 2015, a coup d'état was attempted, led by Major General Godefroid Niyombare, while President Nkurunziza was in Tanzania attending an emergency conference about the situation in the country. By the next day the coup collapsed and government forces reasserted control. At least 240 people were killed over the next few months, and on December 11, 87 people were killed in attacks on state targets. Violence continued through 2017.
Cameroon
The 2016–17 Cameroonian protests began on October 6, 2016 as a sit-down strike initiated by the Cameroon Anglophone Civil Society Consortium (CACSC), an organization consisting of lawyer and teacher trade unions from the Anglophone regions of Cameroon. The strike was led by Barrister Agbor Balla, Fontem Neba, and Tassang Wilfred. Within two weeks, more than 100 activists had reportedly been arrested. Six were reported dead. Unconfirmed videos released over social media depicted a variety of violent scenes, including demonstrators "parading the dead body of an activist, barricades set ablaze, [and] police brutally beating protesters and firing tear gas against the crowds".
In September 2017, separatists in the Anglophone territories of Northwest Region and Southwest Region (collectively known as Southern Cameroons) declared the independence of Ambazonia and began fighting against the Government of Cameroon. Starting as a low-scale insurgency, the conflict spread to most parts of the Anglophone regions within a year. By the summer of 2019, the government controlled the major cities and parts of the countryside, while the separatists held parts of the countryside and regularly appeared in the major cities. The war has killed approximately 3,000 people and forced more than half a million people to flee their homes. Although 2019 saw the first known instance of dialogue between Cameroon and the separatists, as well as a state-organized national dialogue and the granting of a special status to the Anglophone regions, the war continued to intensify in late 2019. Internal divisions among the separatists since the 2019 Ambazonian leadership crisis has complicated the situation.
Central African Republic
In the Central African Republic Bush War (2004–2007), the government of President François Bozizé fought with rebels until a peace agreement in 2007. The Central African Republic Civil War arose when a new coalition of varied rebel groups, known as Séléka, accused the government of failing to abide by the peace agreements and captured many towns at the end of 2012. The capital was seized by the rebels in March 2013, Bozizé fled the country, and the rebel leader Michel Djotodia declared himself president. Renewed fighting began between Séléka and militias called anti-balaka. In September 2013, President Djotodia disbanded the Séléka coalition, which had lost its unity after taking power, and in January 2014, Djotodia resigned. He was replaced by Catherine Samba-Panza, but the conflict continued. In July 2014, ex-Séléka factions and anti-balaka representatives signed a ceasefire agreement in Brazzaville. By the end of 2014, the country was de facto partitioned with the anti-Balaka controlling the south and west, from which most Muslims had evacuated, and ex-Seleka groups controlling the north and east.
By 2015, there was little government control outside of the capital, Bangui. The dissolution of Seleka led to ex-Seleka fighters forming new militia that often fight each other. The rebel leader Noureddine Adam declared the autonomous Republic of Logone on December 14, 2015. In February 2016, after a peaceful election, the former Prime Minister Faustin-Archange Touadéra was elected president. In Western CAR, another rebel group, with no known links to Seleka or Antibalaka, called Return, Reclamation, Rehabilitation (3R) formed in 2015 reportedly by self-proclaimed general Sidiki Abass, claiming to be protecting Muslim Fulani people from an Antibalaka militia led by Abbas Rafal. By 2017, more than 14 armed groups vied for territory, notably four factions formed by ex-Séléka leaders who control about 60% of the country's territory. With the de facto partition of the country between ex-Séléka militias in the north and east and Antibalaka militias in the south and west, hostilities between both sides decreased but sporadic fighting continued.
Côte d'Ivoire
Presidential elections were held in Ivory Coast in 2010. The first round was held on October 31, and a second round, in which President Laurent Gbagbo faced opposition leader Alassane Ouattara, was held on November 28, 2010. After northern candidate Alassane Ouattara was declared the victor of the 2010 Ivorian presidential election by the country's Independent Electoral Commission (CEI), the President of the Constitutional Council – an ally of Gbagbo – declared the results to be invalid and that Gbagbo was the winner. Both Gbagbo and Ouattara claimed victory and took the presidential oath of office.
After the disputed election, sporadic outbreaks of violence took place, particularly in Abidjan, where supporters of Ouattara clashed repeatedly with government forces and militias. Gbagbo's forces were said to be responsible for a campaign of assassinations, beatings and abductions directed against Ouattara's supporters. The Second Ivorian Civil War broke out in March 2011 when the crisis in Ivory Coast escalated into full-scale military conflict as Ouattara's forces seized control of most of the country with the help of the UN, with Gbagbo entrenched in Abidjan, the country's largest city. Overall casualties of the war were estimated around 3000.
The UN and French forces took military action, with the stated objective to protect their forces and civilians. Gbagbo was arrested April 11, 2011 by pro-Ouattara forces, who were supported by French troops. Gbagbo was then extradited to The Hague in November 2011, where he was charged with four counts of crimes against humanity in the International Criminal Court in connection with the post-election violence.
Presidential elections were held in Ivory Coast on October 25, 2015. President Alassane Ouattara stood again to seek a second term. Opposition party Ivorian Popular Front (FPI) called for a boycott of the elections in protest against the trial of former President Laurent Gbagbo by the International Criminal Court. But others felt the party needed to remain engaged in the electoral process. The vote was relatively peaceful, compared to the unrest that marred previous elections, although voter turnout was down to 54.6%. Outtara avoided a second round vote and won a second term in office after garnering 83.7%, in a landslide victory over his nearest rival Affi N'Guessan on 9.3%.
Democratic Republic of the Congo
The 2011 Democratic Republic of the Congo coup d'état attempt was a failed coup attempt against President Joseph Kabila on February 27, 2011. General elections were held in Democratic Republic of the Congo on November 28, 2011. The government passed laws to abolish the second round of the presidential election, which was strongly criticized by the opposition.
In April 2012, former National Congress for the Defence of the People (CNDP) soldiers mutinied against the DRC government and the peacekeeping contingent of the MONUSCO. Mutineers formed a rebel group called the March 23 Movement (M23), allegedly sponsored by the government of the neighbouring states of Rwanda and Uganda. On November 20, 2012, M23 rebels took control of Goma, a North Kivu provincial capital with a population of one million people. By the end of November that year, the conflict had forced more than 140,000 people to flee their homes. On November 7, 2013, following significant defeats to a UN-backed government offensive, M23 troops crossed into Uganda and surrendered.
On January 17, 2015, the Congolese National Assembly (the country's lower house) voted to revise the electoral law in the country's constitution. The new law that would allow Kabila, to remain in power until a national census could be conducted. Elections had been planned for 2016 and a census would be a massive undertaking that would likely take several years for the developing country. On January 19, 2015, protests led by students at the University of Kinshasa broke out in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. By January 21, clashes between police and protesters had claimed at least 42 lives.
On December 20, 2016 Kabila, announced that he would not leave office despite the end of his constitutional term. Protests subsequently broke out across the country. The protests were met with the government's blocking of social media, and violence from security forces which left dozens dead. On December 23 an agreement was proposed between the main opposition group and the Kabila led-government under which the latter agreed not to alter the constitution and to leave office before the end of 2017.
General elections were held in the Democratic Republic of the Congo on December 30, 2018, to determine a successor to President Kabila, Félix Tshisekedi (UDPS) won with 38.6% of the vote, defeating another opposition candidate, Martin Fayulu, and Emmanuel Ramazani Shadary, backed by the ruling party PPRD. Fayulu alleged that the vote was rigged against him in a deal made by Tshisekedi and outgoing President Kabila, challenging the result in the DRC's Constitutional Court. Different election observers, including those from the country's Roman Catholic Church, also cast doubt on the official result. Parties supporting President Kabila won the majority of seats in the National Assembly. Félix Tshisekedi was sworn in as the 5th President of the Democratic Republic of the Congo on January 24, 2019.
Egypt
The Egyptian parliamentary elections of 2010 first voting round was held in Egypt on November 28, 2010 and the second round was held on December 5, 2010. Human rights groups said this was the "most fraudulent poll ever" in Egypt's history. It is considered to have been a factor in the Egyptian Revolution that started on January 25, 2011 and spread across Egypt. Millions of protesters from a range of socio-economic and religious backgrounds demanded the overthrow of Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak. Violent clashes between security forces and protesters resulted in at least 846 people killed and over 6,000 injured. Protesters retaliated by burning over 90 police stations across the country.
On February 11, 2011, Vice President Omar Suleiman announced that Mubarak resigned as president, turning power over to the Supreme Council of the Armed Forces (SCAF). The military junta, headed by Mohamed Hussein Tantawi, announced on February 13 that the constitution was suspended and the military would govern until elections could be held. The previous cabinet, including Prime Minister Ahmed Shafik, would serve as a caretaker government until a new one was formed.
A presidential election was held in two rounds, the first on May 23 and 24, 2012 and the second on June 16 and 17. Following the second round, with a voter turnout of 52%, on June 24, 2012, Egypt's election commission announced that Muslim Brotherhood candidate Mohamed Morsi had won Egypt's presidential elections by a narrow margin over Shafik. A further constitutional referendum was held in two rounds on December 15 and 22, 2012. Unofficial results reported on December 23, 2012 found that 32.9% of the electorate voted and that the constitution was approved with 63.8% of the vote in favor over the two rounds of polling. During the campaign, supporters of the draft constitution argued that the constitution would provide stability. Most opponents argued that the constitution was too favorable to the Muslim Brotherhood, and did not grant sufficient minority rights. However, some extreme Salafists also opposed the constitution, arguing that it should have been based more closely on Sharia law.
On November 22, 2012, millions of protesters began protesting against Morsi, after his government announced a temporary constitutional declaration that in effect granted the president unlimited powers. Morsi deemed the decree necessary to protect the elected constituent assembly from a planned dissolution by judges appointed during the Mubarak era. The demonstrations were organized by Egyptian opposition organizations and individuals, mainly liberals, leftists, secularists and Christians. The demonstrations resulted in violent clashes between Morsi-supporters and the anti-Morsi protesters, with dozens of deaths and hundreds of injuries.
The 2013 Egyptian coup d'état took place on July 3, 2013. Egyptian army chief General Abdel Fattah al-Sisi led a coalition to remove Morsi from power and suspended the Egyptian constitution of 2012 after the military's ultimatum for the government to "resolve its differences" with protesters during widespread national protests. The military arrested Morsi and Muslim Brotherhood leaders, and declared Chief Justice of the Supreme Constitutional Court Adly Mansour as the interim president of Egypt. Ensuing protests in favour of Morsi were violently suppressed culminating with the dispersal and massacre of pro-Morsi sit-ins on August 14, 2013, amid ongoing unrest; journalists, and several hundred protestors were killed by police and military force.
On March 26, 2014, in response to calls from supporters to run for presidency, Sisi retired from his military career, announcing that he would run as a candidate in the 2014 presidential election. The election, held between May 26 and 28, featured one opponent, Hamdeen Sabahi, saw 47% participation by eligible voters, and resulted in Sisi winning in a landslide victory with 97% of the vote. Sisi was sworn into office as President of Egypt on June 8, 2014. In the undemocratic 2018 presidential election, Sisi faced only nominal opposition (a pro-government supporter, Moussa Mostafa Moussa) after the military arrest of Sami Anan and his enforced disappearance afterwards, threats made to Ahmed Shafik with old corruption charges and an alleged sex tape, and the withdrawal of Khaled Ali and Mohamed Anwar El-Sadat due to the overwhelming obstacles and violations made by the elections committee.
Eritrea
The 2010 Eritrean–Ethiopian border skirmish was fought as part of the Eritrean–Ethiopian border conflict between soldiers of the Eritrean and the Ethiopian armies at the border town of Zalambesa after Eritea claimed that Ethiopian forces crossed the border. The Ethiopian Government claimed Eritrea was trying to cover up an internal crisis by implicating Ethiopia.
The 2013 Eritrean Army mutiny was mounted on January 21, 2013, when around 100-200 soldiers of the Eritrean Army in the capital city, Asmara seized the headquarters of the state broadcaster, EriTV, and allegedly broadcast a message demanding reforms and the release of political prisoners. Opposition sources claimed it had been an abortive coup attempt.
After the Battle of Tsorona in 2016, Ethiopia stated in 2018 that it would cede Badme to Eritrea. This led to the Eritrea–Ethiopia summit on July 9, 2018, where an agreement was signed which demarcated the border and agreed a resumption of diplomatic relations.
Ethiopia
The 2014–2016 Oromo protests were a series of protests and resistance first sparked on 25 April 2014. In the three days leading up to 8 August 2016, Reuters reported that at least 90 protesters had been shot and killed by Ethiopian security forces, marking the most violent crackdown against protesters in sub-Saharan Africa since at least 75 people were killed during protests in Oromia Region in November and December 2015. According to Human Rights Watch, at least 500 people are estimated to have been killed as of October 2016.
A state of emergency was declared on Sunday, 9 October 2016 by Ethiopian Prime Minister Hailemariam Desalegn. The state of emergency authorized the military to enforce security nationwide. It also imposed restrictions on freedom of speech and access to information. Media reported the state of emergency’s duration was announced for six months. It followed the protests by the Oromo and Amhara ethic groups against the government controlled by people in the Tigrayan ethnic group, a smaller ethnic minority. It was the first time in approximately 25 years that a state of emergency had been declared in Ethiopia. In March 2017, Ethiopia’s parliament voted to extend the state of emergency for another four months.
Since taking office in April 2018, Abiy Ahmed's government presided over the release of thousands of political prisoners from Ethiopian jails and the rapid opening of the country's political landscape. However, According to the NGOs Human Rights Watch, Committee to Protect Journalists and Amnesty International, Abiy's government had since mid-2019 been arresting Ethiopian journalists and closing media outlets.
In November 2019, the EPRDF dissolved, and Prime Minister and EPDRF chairman Abiy Ahmed merged most of the constituent parties of the coalition (except the TPLF) into a new party called the Prosperity Party. The party was officially founded on 1 December. However, following the dissolution of the ethnic federalist, dominant party political coalition, there was an increase in tensions within the country, with newly resurgent regional and ethnically based factions.
On 22 June 2019, factions of the security forces of the region attempted a coup d'état against the Amhara regional government, during which the President of the Amhara Region, Ambachew Mekonnen, was assassinated. A bodyguard siding with the nationalist factions assassinated General Se'are Mekonnen – the Chief of the General Staff of the Ethiopian National Defense Force – as well as his aide, Major General Gizae Aberra. The Prime Minister's Office accused Brigadier General Asaminew Tsige, head of the Amhara region security forces, of leading the plot, and Tsige was shot dead by police near Bahir Dar on 24 June.
Starting in June 2019, fighting in the Metekel Zone of the Benishangul-Gumuz Region in Ethiopia has reportedly involved militias from the Gumuz people. Gumuz are alleged to have formed militias such as Buadin and the Gumuz Liberation Front that have staged attacks. According to Amnesty International, the 22–23 December 2020 attacks were by Gumuz against Amhara, Oromo and Shinasha, who the Gumuz nationalists viewed as "settlers".
Guinea
In early 2013, protests against the government by those in the opposition who feared a rigged election left over 50 people dead. The opposition demanded that Waymark, a South African firm contracted to revise voter lists, be replaced because of allegedly inflated voter lists. It also said expatriate Guineans should be allowed to vote. On May 29, President Alpha Conde announced a judicial investigation into protests the prior week that killed at least 12 people. He also replaced Interior Minister Mouramany Cisse with Guinean Ambassador to Senegal Madifing Diane. Ethnic clashes continued in July leading to over 50 deaths. In September, a police officer was killed and 49 people injured in clashes in the capital Conakry.
Legislative elections were held on September 28, 2013 after numerous delays and postponements. President Alpha Condé's party, the Rally of the Guinean People (RPG) emerged as the largest party in the National Assembly with 53 of the 114 seats. Parties allied with the RDG won seven seats and opposition parties won the remaining 53 seats. Opposition leaders denounced the official results as fraudulent.
Guinea-Bissau
Military unrest occurred in Guinea-Bissau on 1 April 2010. Prime Minister Carlos Gomes Junior was placed under house arrest by soldiers, who also detained Army Chief of Staff Zamora Induta. Supporters of Gomes and his party, PAIGC, reacted to the move of the military by demonstrating in the capital, Bissau; Antonio Indjai, the Deputy Chief of Staff, then warned that he would have Gomes killed if the protests continued.
The situation was less tense by 2 April The government held a meeting and condemned the soldiers' treatment of Gomes. Subsequently, the soldiers took Gomes to meet with President Sanha; after the meeting, Gomes declared that he would not resign. He appeared to downplay the situation, describing it as an "incident" and saying that "institutions will return to their normal functions."
A delegation headed by presidential adviser Mario Cabral visited Induta, who remained in detention at a barracks, on 3 April. According to Cabral, Induta was "being treated well and is fine". Prime Minister Gomes left Guinea-Bissau in late April 2010 and went to Portugal, where he remained for several months; his extended stay in Portugal was officially explained as being related to his health. He eventually returned to Bissau on 16 June. Gomes met with Indjai, who subsequently said that he and Gomes could cooperate and "everything has now been smoothed out."
Libya
The First Libyan Civil War was ignited by protests in Benghazi beginning on Tuesday, 15 February 2011, which led to clashes with security forces that fired on the crowd. The protests escalated into a rebellion that spread across the country, with the forces opposing Gaddafi establishing an interim governing body, the National Transitional Council. The United Nations Security Council passed an initial resolution on 26 February, freezing the assets of Gaddafi and his inner circle and restricting their travel, and referred the matter to the International Criminal Court for investigation.
In early March, Gaddafi's forces rallied, pushed eastwards and re-took several coastal cities before reaching Benghazi. A further UN resolution authorised member states to establish and enforce a no-fly zone over Libya, and to use "all necessary measures" to prevent attacks on civilians, which turned into a bombing campaign by the forces of NATO against military installations and civilian infrastructure of Libya. The Gaddafi government then announced a ceasefire, but fighting and bombing continued. Throughout the conflict, rebels rejected government offers of a ceasefire and efforts by the African Union to end the fighting because the plans set forth did not include the removal of Gaddafi.
In August, rebel forces launched an offensive on the government-held coast of Libya, backed by a wide-reaching NATO bombing campaign, taking back territory lost months before and ultimately capturing the capital city of Tripoli, while Gaddafi evaded capture and loyalists engaged in a rearguard campaign. On 16 September 2011, the National Transitional Council was recognised by the United Nations as the legal representative of Libya, replacing the Gaddafi government. Muammar Gaddafi evaded capture until 20 October 2011, when he was captured and killed in Sirte. The National Transitional Council "declared the liberation of Libya" and the official end of the war on 23 October 2011.
Elections were held in July 2012 to a General National Congress (GNC), which took power a month later, charged with organising a constituent assembly for authoring Libya's new constitution. The NTC was formally dissolved, and in November 2012 Ali Zeidan was sworn in as Prime Minister. In March 2014, Zeidan was ousted by the GNC, amid escalating conflict in the country. On 4 August 2014, the GNC was replaced by a newly elected House of Representatives (CoD), but on 25 August 2014, some members of the former GNC reconvened unilaterally and said they had elected Omar al-Hasi as Prime Minister, effectively leaving the country with two rival governments: the one proclaimed by the CoD in Tobruk and the one proclaimed by the claimant GNC in Tripoli.
The General National Congress, based in western Libya and backed by various militias with some support from Qatar and Turkey, initially accepted the results of the 2014 election, but rejected them after the Supreme Constitutional Court nullified an amendment regarding the roadmap for Libya's transition and HoR elections. The House of Representatives (or Council of Deputies) was in control of eastern and central Libya and had the loyalty of the Libyan National Army (LNA), and was supported by airstrikes by Egypt and the UAE.
Madagascar
A constitutional referendum was held in Madagascar on 17 November 2010, in which voters approved a proposal for the state's fourth Constitution. The Malagasy people were asked to answer "Yes" or "No" to the proposed new constitution, which was considered to help consolidate Andry Rajoelina's grip on power. Rajoelina heads the governing Highest Transitional Authority (HAT), an interim junta established following the military-backed coup d'état against then President Marc Ravalomanana in March 2009. Madagascar's three main political parties: Tiako i Madagasikara, AREMA, and AVI, each headed by a former president, called for a boycott of the election.
On election day, reports indicated that 21 military officers had taken control of the country. The coup attempt leaders were ex-Defense Minister Noel Rakotonandrasanana and Colonel Charles Andrianasoaviana, the head of the Special Intervention Force. They said all government institutions had been suspended and a military council would govern. The following day, the army chief, General Andre Ndriarijoana, met the rebellious soldiers, however no conclusive statement was made. Three days after the coup, security forces attacked the base, and, following a brief firefight, the rebel soldiers surrendered.
On September 17, 2011, a "Roadmap for Ending the Crisis in Madagascar," was signed by opposition leaders that was backed by the Southern African Development Community, or SADC. This resolution aimed at creating a stable government once more, and ending the political crisis that endured in Madagascar. The HAT repeatedly rescheduled the general election, which was held on 20 December 2013, following a first round of presidential elections on 25 October. The presidential elections in December were a runoff between Jean Louis Robinson and Hery Rajaonarimampianina, the top two candidates to emerge from the first round of voting in October. The official results of the second round were announced on 7 January 2014 with Rajaonarimampianina proclaimed the victor with nearly 54% of the vote. This election ended the HAT and restored a regular constitutional government in Madagascar.
Mali
On January 16, 2012, several insurgent groups began fighting a campaign against the Malian government for independence or greater autonomy for northern Mali, an area of northern Mali they called Azawad. The National Movement for the Liberation of Azawad (MNLA), an organization fighting to make this area of Mali an independent homeland for the Tuareg people, had taken control of the region by April 2012. The MNLA were initially backed by the Islamist group Ansar Dine. After the Malian military was driven from northern Mali, Ansar Dine and a number of smaller Islamist groups began imposing strict Sharia law, and the Tuareg group broke away from them. French Armed Forces and members of the African Union helped the government regain control of the area, and a peace agreement was signed in February 2015.
Mozambique
The RENAMO insurgency was a guerrilla campaign by militants of the RENAMO party in Mozambique. The insurgency is widely considered to be an aftershock of the Mozambican Civil War; it resulted in renewed tensions between RENAMO and Mozambique's ruling FRELIMO coalition over charges of state corruption and the disputed results of 2014 general elections. A ceasefire was announced between the government and the rebels in September 2014. However, renewed tensions sparked violence in mid-2015. A peace agreement was signed on August 6, 2019.
Niger
A coup d'état occurred in Niger on 18 February 2010. Soldiers attacked the presidential palace in Niamey under weapons fire at midday and captured President Mamadou Tandja, who was chairing a government meeting at the time. Later in the day, the rebels announced on television the formation of the Supreme Council for the Restoration of Democracy (CSRD), headed by chef d'escadron Salou Djibo. The coup followed a year-long political crisis in Niger related to President Tandja's efforts to extend his mandate when his second term was originally scheduled to end.
During the two days following the coup, thousands of people demonstrated in the streets to support the military government and its stated intention of installing democracy. Indeed, the junta scheduled a referendum later that year to ask the public whether the junta should hand over power within the year, which passed successfully. As stipulated by the referendum, the junta scheduled free and fair elections for 2011, in which former opposition leader Mahamadou Issoufou was elected president, and returned control of the government.
Nigeria
Republic of the Congo
Somalia
South Sudan
The South Sudanese Civil War broke out in 2013 after a disputed elected and an alleged coup d'état attempt. An estimated 300,000 people have been killed in the fighting, and over 4 million have been displaced. One hundred thousand people face starvation, and nearly 5 million face severe food shortages; the government declared a famine in 2017. Several fruitless efforts to agree to a settlement were made in 2014. Fighting continued until a compromise peace agreement was signed in 2015, but fighting broke out again in 2016. The African Union deployed a 12,000 member peace force including soldiers from Ethiopia, Kenya, Rwanda, Sudan, and Uganda, over the objections of President Salva Kiir. However, fighting continued through 2017.
Sudan
The War in Darfur, (Sudan) began in 2003, resulting in hundreds of thousands of deaths, genocide, and ethnic cleansing. An International Criminal Court investigation resulted in two warrants against President Omar al-Bashir and his eventual arrest. The Doha Agreement was signed in 2011, but little real progress was made a year later. The war continued through 2016, including with allegations that the government had used mustard gas.
Tunisia
A period of civil resistance characterized by riots and unrest took place throughout the nation following the self-immolation of Mohamed Bouazizi on 17 December 2011 and fueled by high unemployment, corruption, political repression and poor living conditions forcing President Zine El Abidine Ben Ali to flee the country ending his 23-year rule over Tunisia. This was followed by the suspension then dissolution of the former ruling RCD party and the resignation of Prime Minister Mohamed Ghannouchi amid further public pressure.
Following the revolution, an election for a constituent assembly which had 217 seats was held on 23 October 2011 that saw the Ennahda Movement led by Rashid al-Ghannushi win a plurality in the election (41% of the seats) closely followed by the Congress for the Republic (CPR) led by Moncef Marzouki (13.4% of the seats) who was later elected as President of Tunisia by the Constituent Assembly. The Ennahda Movement had long been banned by former President Ben Ali. Following the revolution, it described itself to be a "moderate Islamist" party by advocating democracy and political pluralism while its critics viewed it as a threat to secularism.
A political crisis evolved in Tunisia following the assassination of leftist leader Mohamed Brahmi in late July 2013, during which the country's mainly secular opposition organized several protests against the ruling Troika alliance that was dominated by Rashid al-Ghannushi's Islamist Ennahda Movement. Other factors included the assassination of Mohamed Brahmi on 25 July, the government's failure to deal with the rise of hardline Salafist groups including Ansar al-Sharia which is widely believed to be behind the assassinations, as well as many other attacks on security personnel and state institutions.
See also
2020s in African political history
References
2010s in Africa |
69399201 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chowka%2C%20Seraikela%20Kharsawan | Chowka, Seraikela Kharsawan | Chowka (also spelled as Chauka) is a village in the Chandil CD block in the Chandil subdivision of the Seraikela Kharsawan district in the Indian state of Jharkhand.
Geography
Location
Chauka is located at .
Area overview
The area shown in the map has been described as “part of the southern fringe of the Chotanagpur plateau and is a hilly upland tract”. 75.7% of the population lives in the rural areas and 24.3% lives in the urban areas.
Note: The map alongside presents some of the notable locations in the district. All places marked in the map are linked in the larger full screen map.
Civic administration
There is a police station at Chowka.
Demographics
According to the 2011 Census of India, Chauka had a total population of 1,492, of which 780 (52%) were males and 712 (48%) were females. Population in the age range 0-6 years was 200. The total number of literate persons in Chauka was 1046 (80.96% of the population over 6 years).
(*For language details see Chandil block#Language and religion)
Education
Government High School Chowka is a Hindi-medium coeducational institution established in 1958. It has facilities for teaching in classes IX and X.
References
Villages in Seraikela Kharsawan district |
69399233 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010s%20in%20Middle%20Eastern%20political%20history | 2010s in Middle Eastern political history | The political history of Africa during the 2010s covers political events on the continent from 2010 to 2019.
History by country
Bahrain
The 2011 Bahraini uprising were a series of demonstrations, amounting to a sustained campaign of non-violent civil disobedience and some violent resistance aimed at achieving greater political freedom and equality for the 70% Shia population. and inspired by the unrest of the 2011 Arab Spring and 2011–12 Iranian protests and escalated to daily clashes after the Bahraini government repressed the revolt with the support of the Gulf Cooperation Council and Peninsula Shield Force. This expanded to a call to end the monarchy of Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa following a deadly night raid on 17 February 2011 against protesters at the Pearl Roundabout in the capital Manama, known locally as Bloody Thursday. Protesters in Manama camped for days at the Pearl Roundabout, which became the centre of the protests. After a month, the government of Bahrain requested troops and police aid from the Gulf Cooperation Council. On 14 March, 1,000 troops from Saudi Arabia and 500 troops from UAE entered Bahrain and crushed the uprising. A day later, King Hamad declared martial law and a three-month state of emergency. Pearl Roundabout was cleared of protesters and the iconic statue at its center was demolished.
Occasional demonstrations have continued since. After the state of emergency was lifted on 1 June 2011, the opposition party, Al Wefaq National Islamic Society, organized several weekly protests usually attended by tens of thousands. On 9 March 2012, over 100,000 attended and another on 31 August attracted tens of thousands. Daily smaller-scale protests and clashes continued, mostly outside Manama's business districts. By April 2012, more than 80 had died. The police response was described as a "brutal" crackdown on "peaceful and unarmed" protesters, including doctors and bloggers. The police carried out midnight house raids in Shia neighbourhoods, beatings at checkpoints and denial of medical care in a campaign of intimidation. More than 2,929 people have been arrested, and at least five died due to torture in police custody. In early July 2013, Bahraini activists called for major rallies on 14 August under the title Bahrain Tamarod.
Iran
The 2011–2012 protests in Iran were a series of demonstrations in Iran which began on 14 February 2011, called "The Day of Rage". The protests followed the 2009–2010 Iranian election protests and were influenced by other concurrent protests in the region. The 2016 Cyrus the Great Revolt were pro-monarchy Iranian protest that took place at the Tomb of Cyrus the Great on Cyrus the Great Day. The protest was Iran's largest after the 2009 protests.
Public protests took place in several cities in Iran beginning on 28 December 2017 and continuing into 2018. The first protest took place in Mashhad, Iran's second-largest city by population, initially focused on the economic policies of the country's government; as protests spread throughout the country, their scope expanded to include political opposition to the theocratic regime of Iran and its longtime Supreme Leader, Ali Khamenei.
The 2019 Iranian protests were a series of civil protests occurring in multiple cities across Iran, initially from the 200% increase in fuel prices but later extended to an outcry against the current government in Iran and Supreme Leader Ali Khamenei. The Iranian government employed lethal tactics in order to shut down the protests including a nationwide internet shutdown, shooting protesters dead from rooftops, helicopters, and at close range with machine gun fire. Although there is currently no conclusive casualty count current estimates suspect the government killed well over 1,000 Iranian citizens. This series of protests have been categorized as the most violent and severe since the rise of Iran's Islamic Republic in 1979.
Iraq
The withdrawal of the United States troops from Iraq was mostly completed by December 2011, bringing an end to the Iraq War. The Iraqi insurgency was an insurgency that began in late 2011 after the end of the Iraq War and the withdrawal of U.S. troops from Iraq, resulting in violent conflict with the central government, as well as low-level sectarian violence among Iraq's religious groups. The insurgency was a direct continuation of events following the U.S.-led invasion of Iraq. Sunni militant groups stepped up attacks targeting the country's majority Shia population to undermine confidence in the Shia-led government and its efforts to protect people without coalition assistance.
The 2012–2013 Iraqi protests started on 21 December 2012 following a raid on the home of Sunni Finance Minister Rafi al-Issawi and the arrest of 10 of his bodyguards. Beginning in Fallujah, the protests afterwards spread throughout Sunni Arab parts of Iraq. The protests centered on the issue of the alleged sectarianism of Prime Minister Nouri al-Maliki. Pro-Maliki protests also took place throughout central and southern Iraq, where there is a Shia Arab majority. In April 2013, sectarian violence escalated after the 2013 Hawija clashes. The protests continued throughout 2013, and in December Maliki used security forces to forcefully close down the main protest camp in Ramadi, killing hundreds of civilian protesters in the process. Sunni groups, such as the Army of the Men of the Naqshbandi Order, took up arms in response, and joined forces with the General Military Council for Iraqi Revolutionaries (GMCIR), a militant group made up of former Ba'athists, to conduct a military campaign against the Iraqi government. The Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) would later grow out of this civil conflict, escalating into a full-scale war.
The 2019 Iraqi protests, also nicknamed the Tishreen Revolution and 2019 Iraqi Intifada, are an ongoing series of protests that consisted of demonstrations, marches, sit-ins and civil disobedience. They started on 1October 2019, a date which was set by civil activists on social media, spreading over the central and southern provinces of Iraq, to protest 16 years of corruption, unemployment and inefficient public services, before they escalated into calls to overthrow the administration and to stop Iranian intervention in Iraq. The Iraqi government has been accused of using bullets, snipers, hot water and tear gas against protesters. Prime Minister Adil Abdul-Mahdi announced on November 29 that he would resign. According to the BBC, they call for the end of the political system which has existed since the US-led invasion ousted Saddam Hussein and has been marked by sectarian divides. It is the largest unrest since the Saddam Hussein government concluded.
The UN Envoy for Iraq, Jeanine Hennis-Plasschaert, called for renewed efforts to restore civil balance and protections for free speech.
Israel
Benjamin Netanyahu remained in the office of the Prime Minister throughout the decade, becoming the longest holder of the office. Under his watch, the Jewish settlement movement has grown and gained influence, with at least 2,000 new homes built on the Palestinian territories each year, leading to a declining possibility for a two-state solution in the Arab–Israeli conflict. In 2014, there was a war in Gaza over Hamas rocket firings into Israeli cities, with a final death toll of 2,100 Palestinians and 73 Israeli citizens. The 2018–19 Gaza border protests demanded a right of return for those displaced from their homes during Israel's founding. Israeli security forces responded by firing at the protesters, killing 60 in a single day.
In foreign policy, Israel continued the proxy conflict against Iran, with Israeli involvement in the Syrian Civil War and 2019 Israeli airstrikes in Iraq.
In 2019, the country entered a political crisis following two hung parliaments and corruption charges against Netanyehu. Both the April and September 2019 elections failed to produce a majority in the Knesset for either Netanyehu, or his challenger, Benny Gantz, a former general. In November, Netanyehu became the first sitting Israeli leader to be criminally prosecuted, with charges of bribery, fraud and breach of trust spanning several cases.
Saudi Arabia
On January 2, 2016, the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia carried out a mass execution of 47 imprisoned civilians convicted for terrorism in 12 provinces in the country. Forty-three were beheaded and four were executed by firing squads. Among the 47 people killed was Shia Sheikh Nimr al-Nimr. The execution was the largest carried out in the kingdom since 1980. His execution was condemned by religious and political figures and human rights groups as the largest carried out in the kingdom since 1980.
The 2017–19 Saudi Arabian purge was the mass arrest of a number of prominent Saudi Arabian princes, government ministers, and business people in Saudi Arabia on 4 November 2017 and the following few weeks after the creation of an anti-corruption committee led by Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman. As many as 500 people were rounded up in the sweep. The arrests resulted in the final sidelining of the faction of the King Abdullah and Mohammed bin Salman's complete consolidation of control of all three branches of the security forces, making him the most powerful man in Saudi Arabia since his grandfather, the first King, Ibn Saud.
An assassination campaign against critics of the monarchy was allegedly carried out in parallel to the overt arrests of the purge, by the Tiger Squad, which was formed in 2017 and , consisted of 50 secret service and military personnel. The group members were recruited from different branches of the Saudi forces, directing several areas of expertise. The Tiger Squad allegedly assassinates dissidents using varying methods, such as planned car and aircraft accidents, house fires, and poisoning at hospitals under the pretenses of regular health checkups. The five-member squad were also the part of the 15-member death squad who assassinated Jamal Khashoggi.
The 2018–2019 Saudi crackdown on feminists consisted of waves of arrests of women's rights activists in Saudi Arabia involved in the women to drive movement and the Saudi anti male-guardianship campaign and of their supporters during 2018 and 2019. The crackdown was described in June 2018 by a United Nations special rapporteur as taking place "on a wide scale across" Saudi Arabia; the special rapporteur called for the "urgent release" of the detainees. Six of the women arrestees were tortured, some in the presence of Crown Prince advisor Saud al-Qahtani.
On 23 April 2019, the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia carried out a mass execution of 37 imprisoned civilians who had been convicted, 21 on the basis of confessions allegedly obtained under coercion and torture, for terrorism-related allegations in six provinces in the country. Fourteen of the people executed had been convicted in relation to their participation in the 2011–12 protests in Qatif, mostly on the basis of torture-induced confessions.
Syria
The 2019 Turkish offensive into north-eastern Syria is a cross-border military operation conducted by the Turkish Armed Forces (TAF) and the Syrian National Army (SNA) against the Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF) and later the Syrian Arab Army (SAA) in northeastern Syria.
On October 6, 2019, the Trump administration ordered American troops to withdraw from northeastern Syria, where the United States had been supporting its Kurdish allies. The military operation began on October 9, 2019 when the Turkish Air Force launched airstrikes on border towns. The conflict resulted in the displacement of over 300,000 people and has caused the death of more than 70 civilians in Syria and 20 civilians in Turkey.
According to the Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, the operation is intended to expel the SDF—viewed as a terrorist organization by Turkey due to its ties with the Kurdistan Workers Party (PKK), but considered an ally against ISIL by the United States and its allies—from the border region as well as to create a 30 km-deep (20 mi) "safe zone" in Northern Syria where some of the 3.6 million Syrian refugees in Turkey would resettle. As the proposed settlement zone is heavily Kurdish demographically, this intention has been criticized as an attempt to force drastic demographic change, a criticism denied by Turkey by saying that it only intended to "correct" the demographics that Turkish officials stated were changed by the SDF.
The Syrian government initially criticized the Kurdish forces for the Turkish offensive, for their separatism and not reconciling with the government, while at the same time also condemning the foreign invasion in Syrian territory. However, a few days later, the SDF reached an agreement with the Syrian government, in which it would allow the Syrian Army to enter the SDF-held towns of Manbij and Kobanî in an attempt to defend the towns from the Turkish offensive. Shortly thereafter, Syrian state broadcaster SANA announced that Syrian Army troops had started to deploy to the country's north. Turkey and the SNA launched an offensive to capture Manbij on the same day.
On October 22, 2019, Russian President Vladimir Putin and Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan reached a deal to extend the ceasefire by 150 additional hours for SDF to move 30 kilometers away from the border area as well as from Tal Rifaat and Manbij. The terms of the deal also included joint Russian–Turkish patrols 10 kilometers into Syria from the border except in the city of Qamishli. The new ceasefire started at 12 pm local time on October 23.
Although the main combat phase did end, post ceasefire operations are still ongoing. As announced by Russia's Ministry of Defense on October 15, Russian forces have started to patrol the region along the line of contact between Turkish and Syrian forces, indicating that Russia is filling the security vacuum from the sudden US withdrawal. Alexander Lavrentiev, Russia's special envoy on Syria, warned that the Turkish offensive into Syria is unacceptable and stated that Russia is seeking to prevent conflict between Turkish and Syrian troops.
The Turkish operation received mixed responses by the international community. Including condemnations as well as support for the operation for the settlement of refugees in Northern Syria. While originally acknowledging Turkey's "right to defend itself", on October 15, Russia hardened its position against the operation and deployed troops. Ten European nations and Canada imposed an arms embargo on Turkey, while the U.S. imposed sanctions on Turkish ministries and senior government officials in response to the offensive in Syria. Likewise, Trump's sudden pullout of US forces in Syria was also criticized by journalists as a "serious betrayal to the Kurds" as well as a "catastrophic blow to US credibility as an ally and Washington's standing on the world stage". On November 19, the Defense Department inspector general released a report finding that the American withdrawal and subsequent Turkish incursion allowed ISIL to "reconstitute capabilities and resources within Syria and strengthen its ability to plan attacks abroad".
Turkey
The Ergenekon trials were a series of high-profile trials which took place in Turkey in which 275 people, including military officers, journalists and opposition lawmakers, all alleged members of Ergenekon, a suspected secularist clandestine organization, were accused of plotting against the Turkish government. The trials resulted in lengthy prison sentences for the majority of the accused. In the event, those sentences were overturned shortly after. As of 2015 most of the people accused of such crimes has been acquitted, forensic experts concluded the documents for supposed plots were fake and some of the executors of trials proved to be linked to the Gülen Movement and were charged with plotting against the Turkish Army.
The 2011–2012 Kurdish protests in Turkey were protests in Turkey, led by the Peace and Democracy Party (BDP), against restrictions of Kurdish rights by of the country's Kurdish minority's rights. In the 2011 Hakkari attack on the night of October 19, 2011, over 100 Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK) fighters killed 26 Turkish soldiers in Hakkâri Province. It was allegedly the deadliest PKK attack on Turkish security forces since the Çewlik massacre in 1993. On August 17, 2011, the Turkish Armed Forces launched multiple raids against Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK) camps based in Iraq, striking 132 targets. In the Roboski massacre on December 28, 2011, near the Iraq-Turkey border, the Turkish Air Force bombed a group of Kurdish civilians who had been involved in smuggling gasoline and cigarettes, killing 34.
In 2016, a coup attempt was launched against Erdogan, which failed. The attempt was carried out by a faction within the Turkish Armed Forces that organized themselves as the Peace at Home Council whose members have never been identified. They attempted to seize control of several places in Ankara, Istanbul, Marmaris and elsewhere, such as the Asian side entrance of the Bosphorus Bridge, but failed to do so after forces loyal to the state defeated them. The Council cited an erosion of secularism, elimination of democratic rule, disregard for human rights, and Turkey's loss of credibility in the international arena as reasons for the coup. The government said the coup leaders were linked to the Gülen movement, which is designated as a terrorist organization by the Republic of Turkey and led by Fethullah Gülen, a Turkish businessman and scholar who lives in Pennsylvania.
During the coup attempt, over 300 people were killed and more than 2,100 were injured. Many government buildings, including the Turkish Parliament and the Presidential Palace, were bombed from the air. Mass arrests followed, with at least 40,000 detained, including at least 10,000 soldiers and, for reasons that remain unclear, 2,745 judges. 15,000 education staff were also suspended and the licenses of 21,000 teachers working at private institutions were revoked after the government stated they were loyal to Gülen. More than 77,000 people have been arrested and over 160,000 fired from their jobs, on reports of connections to Gülen.
Erdogan has been criticized for undermining Turkish democracy, and for neo-Ottomanism.
Yemen
The Saudi-led intervention in Yemen, is an intervention launched by Saudi Arabia in 2015, leading a coalition of nine countries from West Asia and Africa, in response to calls from the internationally recognized pro-Saudi president of Yemen Abdrabbuh Mansur Hadi for military support after he was ousted by the Houthi movement due to economic and political grievances, and fled to Saudi Arabia.
Code-named Operation Decisive Storm, the intervention is said to be in compliance with Article 2(4) of the UN Charter by the international community; but this has been contested by some academics. The intervention initially consisted of a bombing campaign on Houthi rebels and later saw a naval blockade and the deployment of ground forces into Yemen. The Saudi-led coalition has attacked the positions of the Houthi militia, and loyalists of the former President of Yemen, Ali Abdullah Saleh, allegedly supported by Iran (see Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict).
Fighter jets and ground forces from Egypt, Morocco, Jordan, Sudan, the United Arab Emirates, Kuwait, Qatar, Bahrain, and Academi (formerly Blackwater) took part in the operation. Djibouti, Eritrea, and Somalia made their airspace, territorial waters, and military bases available to the coalition. The United States provided intelligence and logistical support, including aerial refueling and search-and-rescue for downed coalition pilots. It also accelerated the sale of weapons to coalition states and continued strikes against AQAP. The US and Britain have deployed their military personnel in the command and control centre responsible for Saudi-led air strikes on Yemen, having access to lists of targets.
The war has received widespread criticism and had a dramatic worsening effect on Yemen's humanitarian situation, that reached the level of a "humanitarian disaster" or "humanitarian catastrophe".
In 2019, the conflict's status was described as a "military stalemate for years".
In April 2019, Trump vetoed a bipartisan bill which would have ended US support for the Saudi-led military intervention. With 53 votes instead of the 67 needed, the United States Senate failed to override the veto. The legal arguments and policies of the Obama administration were cited as justification for the veto. The US Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense Michael Mulroy stated that US support was limited to side-by-side coaching to mitigate civilian casualties and if the measure had passed it would do nothing to help the people of Yemen and may only increase civilian deaths. Mulroy supported the United Nation's peace talks and he pushed the international community to come together and chart a comprehensive way ahead for Yemen. Writing in The Nation, Mohamad Bazzi argued that Mulroy's defence of US support as necessary to limit civilian casualties was false, and that "Saudi leaders and their allies have ignored American entreaties to minimize civilian casualties since the war's early days".
See also
2010s in political history
References
Middle East
Middle Eastern political history
2010s political history |
69400875 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brynjulf%20Ottar | Brynjulf Ottar | Brynjulf Ottar (1918–1988) was a Norwegian atmospheric chemist who served as the first director of the Norwegian Institute for Air Research. In the 1970s, his pioneering work on the long-range transport of air pollution helped to alert the world to the problem of acid rain; later, he was one of the first scientists to describe the mechanism of global distillation (the "grasshopper effect"), by which pollutants travel from mid-latitude parts of Earth to the Arctic.
Early life
Ottar studied chemistry at the University of Oslo (UiO) under Odd Hassel during World War II. While there, he helped to found XU, the underground resistance organization opposing the German occupation of Norway, which drew many of its members from UiO's community of science students. After the war ended, Ottar completed a doctorate in chemistry and, in 1951, began working for the Norwegian Defence Research Establishment (FFI), where he became Superintendent of the Division of Chemistry. Later, he joined the Norwegian Institute for Air Research (NILU) and became its first director in 1969.
Scientific research
At NILU, Ottar focused on what became known as transboundary (long-range) air pollution and the mechanisms by which it carried harmful chemicals thousands of kilometers – across entire countries and continents.
During the mid-20th century, disasters such as the Great London Smog of 1952 had highlighted the problem of air pollution, but it was still considered to be essentially a local issue: few realized that pollution could travel, and do damage, over long distances, or that one country's pollution could harm another. Ironically, short-term solutions to local pollution problems often caused wider, long-term issues: the UK's Clean Air Act 1956 "solved" London's smogs through measures such as tall chimneys, which dissipated pollution over a wider area and longer range.
Norwegian scientists had observed the gradual acidification of the country's fresh waters through much of the 20th century, but it was only with the publication of pioneering work on acid rain by Svante Odén, in the late 1960s, that the causes became apparent. Ottar observed that thousands of lakes in Norway had become acidified and biologically impoverished due to industrial and power plant pollution from countries such as Britain, France, Germany, and Luxembourg.
In 1970, he was appointed director of the OECD-sponsored Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution Project and championed cooperative international efforts to monitor the problem of acid rain, despite resistance from the countries concerned and the stark political divisions of the Cold War era. Ottar noted that "Norway, Sweden, and Finland are geographically in a particularly exposed situation, and receive considerably larger [pollution] contributions from other countries than from their own sources". In 1974, for example, Norway was estimated to have received 30,000 tonnes of sulphur pollution from within its own borders but 60,000 tonnes from the UK and Ireland; by contrast, the UK and Ireland received zero sulphur pollution from Norway. The project eventually concluded that "Sulphur compounds do travel long distances in the atmosphere and the air quality in any European country is measurably affected by emissions from other European countries".
In 1977, following the conclusion of the project, Ottar wrote a paper titled "International Agreement Needed to Reduce Long-Range Transport of Air Pollutants in Europe"; two years later, 51 countries signed the UN Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution (LRTAP). Ultimately, however, Ottar's efforts were thwarted by resistance from countries such as Britain that were causing much of the pollution. As Dr Rachel Emma Rothschild notes, in a detailed account of his work: "Ottar was given the opportunity to organize a study of unprecedented scale on acid rain, but had little recourse to set the agenda, police the countries withholding financial contributions, or rectify their poor participation... As a result, knowledge about the transport of air pollution was substantially increased—though, as Ottar lamented, in the end the research was not enough to prompt international action on the environmental threat of acid rain."
In the early 1980s, Ottar became one of the first scientists to describe the mechanism by which harmful chemicals produced at mid-latitudes can be transported, via the atmosphere, to the Arctic – a phenomenon called global distillation.
Selected publications
References
1918 births
1988 deaths
University of Oslo alumni
Norwegian physical chemists |
69402005 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County%20Buildings%2C%20Lerwick | County Buildings, Lerwick | County Buildings is a municipal structure in King Erik Street, Lerwick, Shetland, Scotland. The structure, which is used as a judicial complex, is a Category B listed building.
History
The first judicial facility in Lerwick was a medieval tolbooth in Commercial Street which was completed in the 17th century. After becoming dilapidated, it was demolished and replaced by a new tolbooth, which was built by the local masons, Robert and James Forbes, and completed in around 1770. The new tolbooth was used as a prison as well as a sheriff courthouse: however, in 1836, the prison inspector reported on the poor conditions in which prisoners were held and, by the mid-19th century, the justices were also seeking better facilities.
A site for the new building was identified in King Erik Street: it was designed by David Rhind in the Scottish baronial style, built by D. Outerson in ashlar stone, and completed in 1875. The design involved an asymmetrical main frontage with four bays facing onto King Erik Street with the central two bays slightly projected forward; the second bay on the left featured a doorway with a hood mould containing a date stone. On the ground floor, the first and third bays had two-light sash windows while the fourth bay had a single-light sash window. On the first floor, the bays, which were all surmounted by stepped gables, featured single-light sash windows. Internally, the main south-facing block contained office accommodation for the sheriff clerk, while additional blocks behind contained the sheriff court, a prison and the local police station.
The Local Government (Scotland) Act 1889 established a uniform system of county councils in Scotland. Zetland County Council, which was created in 1890, established its headquarters in the complex which subsequently became known as the County Buildings. A United States Congressional delegation visited County Buildings to inquire into the impact of North Sea oil on local development in July 1974. The complex reverted to being used largely for judicial purposes, accommodating the offices of the procurator fiscal, as well as the courthouse and the police station, after Zetland County Council was abolished in 1975.
The building featured extensively in the television series Shetland, which was first broadcast in March 2013, as the place of work of the main character, Detective Inspector Jimmy Pérez.
The local registrar's office moved from County Buildings to Lerwick Town Hall in February 2015.
See also
List of listed buildings in Lerwick
References
Government buildings completed in 1875
County halls in Scotland
Category B listed buildings in Shetland
Lerwick |
69402055 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Same%20Sky%20Books | Same Sky Books | Same Sky (; ) is a quarterly journal published by Same Sky Books (; ) since 2003. It focuses on political activism and criticism of politics and society of Thailand.
The publishing house was accused of Lèse-majesté leading to its website being inaccessible in 2008. The Ministry of Information and Communication Technology declined involvement. The ministry, however, stated that the site had been under a close watch due to "violent" contents that were in contrary to the national atmosphere filled with mourn of Galyani Vadhana's recent death.
Censorship
In 2006, the journal's "Monarchy and Thai Society" edition (or commonly known as the "Coke cover") was banned and seized following an order from then police general Kowit Wattana. This was due to its content being "contrary to public order or good morals of Thai citizens." The authority never stated which article in specific violated the law.
The publishing house appealed to the court claiming its freedom of speech being protected under the constitution. It later defied the order by publishing other 6,000 copies. Editor and owner Thanapol Eawsakul was accused of Lèse-majesté by a police station on 1 April 2006. Thanapol told Prachatai that the police did not provide any information on which specific part of the issue was problematic.
The publishing house was visited and some copies were seized by police officers in October 2020 following the widespread protests.
References
External links
Official site
Works about Thai politics
Academic journals published in Thailand
Publishing companies of Thailand |
69403015 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marc%20Parent | Marc Parent | Marc Parent may refer to:
Marc Parent (executive)
Marc Parent (police)
See also
Mark Parent |
69403155 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford%20High%20School%20shooting | Oxford High School shooting | On November 30, 2021, a mass shooting occurred at Oxford High School in the Detroit exurb of Oxford Township, Michigan, United States. Four students were killed and seven people were injured, including a teacher. Authorities arrested and charged 15-year-old sophomore Ethan Crumbley as an adult for 24 crimes, including murder and terrorism.
Crumbley's parents, Jennifer and James Crumbley, were charged on December 3 with involuntary manslaughter for failing to secure the handgun used in the shooting. After failing to appear for their arraignment, the parents were the subjects of a manhunt by the U.S. Marshals; they were caught and arrested in Detroit on December 4. Lawsuits were filed against the school district, Oxford Community Schools, starting on December 9; they allege negligence by school officials towards warning signs exhibited by Crumbley leading up to the shooting.
Background
Oxford High School used the active shooter drill known as ALICE (Alert, Lockdown, Inform, Counter, and Evacuate), which uses proactive strategies to evade a gunman, such as using noise as a distraction and creating distance. The teachers were also trained to use a barrier at the base of the door called Nightlock, which was installed on every door of the school in 2017 per Michigan law.
According to students and parents, rumors regarding threats of a mass shooting occurring at the school were circulating before the incident occurred, prompting some students to stay home on the day of the shooting. Earlier that month, in response to an act of vandalism that included a severed deer head being thrown off the school roof and into the courtyard, school administrators published a note to parents, saying they had been investigating the rumors but found no threat. Oakland County Sheriff Michael Bouchard said his office was not aware of any credible threats prior to the shooting.
Shooting
Surveillance footage reportedly showed suspect Ethan Crumbley entering a bathroom with a backpack and then exiting it about a minute later without the backpack but with a semiautomatic handgun. Immediately afterwards, prosecutors and school officials said Crumbley started firing in the hallway at students during passing time, when hundreds of students were transitioning from one class to another. When they started fleeing, he "methodically and deliberately" walked down the hallway and shot into classrooms and at students who were unable to escape until he went to another bathroom. Due to the quick response by students and staff to the gunshots, Crumbley was allegedly unable to enter any of the classrooms.
According to students, a voice over the intercom alerted them to an active shooter, and their teachers started locking and barricading doors and covering windows, convincing them it was not a drill. Others recounted hearing some loud banging noises, before realizing the noises were gunshots and quickly locking the door. One student who hid in a bathroom stall recalled hearing the sound of a gun cocking outside the bathroom. Once the school was secured, he opened the bathroom door to find several bodies lying on the floor.
At 12:51 p.m., police began receiving the first of around one hundred 9-1-1 calls about the shooting and responded to the school. Within two to three minutes of the arrival of first responders, Crumbley was arrested unharmed by a deputy assigned as a school resource officer and a second deputy who had responded to the scene. He allegedly still had seven rounds of ammunition loaded into his gun and two 15-round magazines when he was stopped by the deputies. At a news conference, Oakland County Undersheriff Michael McCabe said the gunman gave up without any problems. The entire shooting lasted about five minutes and occurred in the southern end of the school building.
After the shooting occurred, the school went into lockdown. Some students were evacuated to a nearby Meijer store, and one woman helped children to shelter in her house. Authorities conducted three sweeps of the school in search of victims and evidence. At least one student posted a video to social media of people hiding in a classroom during the lockdown, where a person out in the hallway claimed to be law enforcement. Those in the classroom mistakenly believed they were speaking to the gunman, and they subsequently fled the classroom via the windows and were led to safety by a deputy. Due to confusion from the video, Sheriff Bouchard clarified during a press conference that the gunman had never knocked on a door based on surveillance footage and the person was likely a detective trying to calm the students.
Victims
Three students—Madisyn Baldwin, age 17; Tate Myre, age 16; and Hana St. Juliana, age 14—were killed at the scene, and eight other people were injured, including a teacher. Myre was reportedly shot while attempting to stop the gunman; he died in a police vehicle en route to the hospital. On December 1, a fourth student, 17-year-old Justin Shilling, died in the hospital from his injuries. This incident was the deadliest school shooting in the United States since the Santa Fe High School shooting in 2018.
, three of the injured were in critical condition, with one of them on a ventilator; one was in serious condition; three were in stable condition; and the injured teacher was discharged after being treated for a graze wound to the shoulder. The last of the injured was discharged on January 17, 2022, more than a month after the shooting.
Investigation
The school was processed by authorities, with video footage from security cameras in the school building being the investigators' primary focus. Officials told reporters that the cameras showed some of the actual shooting, and that Crumbley had a clear intent to kill other students, saying he fired through barricaded doors and aimed for the heads and chests of victims at close range.
A search warrant was also executed at Crumbley's home, where a cell phone, a journal, several long guns, and other items were seized as part of the investigation around the shooting and Crumbley's prior social media posts. The cell phone contained two videos of Crumbley, both of which were filmed the night before the shooting, and in which he purportedly talked about shooting and killing students at the school the next day. The journal also reportedly detailed "his desire to shoot up the school". According to Sheriff Bouchard, investigators had spoken with Crumbley's parents during the search of their home, but not after.
School response
Following public scrutiny of the school's handling of reports about Crumbley's behavior, the superintendent of Oxford Community Schools, the school district that includes Oxford High School, announced that a third-party investigation of the incident would be conducted. He also said he would recommend a review of the district's "entire system" to school board members. The office of Michigan Attorney General Dana Nessel offered to conduct the investigation, but the district declined the offer. Instead, the district will use an outside firm for the investigation. Later, during an interview with WXYZ-TV, Nessel criticized the district's decision to hire a third party to conduct an investigation, saying she did not believe it was appropriate. She also expressed her doubts that the results of the investigation would be made public.
On December 6, prosecutor Karen McDonald said Oxford High School officials had legal grounds to search Crumbley's backpack and locker when concerns were raised about his behavior on the day of the shooting, but they never did so for unclear reasons. She also said that charges against school officials were not being ruled out. On December 8, Nessel announced her office's intent to review the actions taken by the school leading up to the shooting, despite the district turning down her offer to do so, saying, "I really do think it's incumbent upon the Michigan Department of Attorney General and the top law enforcement official in the state to conduct a further review."
Accused
The alleged shooter was identified as 15-year-old sophomore student Ethan Crumbley. He was in class on the day of the shooting. Crumbley was placed under suicide watch after being taken to the county's juvenile detention facility. He has maintained his right to silence, and his family has hired an attorney.
A former neighbor told the Detroit Free Press that, in 2014 and 2015, Crumbley's parents Jennifer and James often left their son home alone and without a phone while frequenting bars in downtown Lake Orion. The neighbor became so concerned that she filed an anonymous complaint via phone to the state's child protective services agency, but she did not know if any action was taken. According to prosecutors, Crumbley's only friend moved away at the end of October 2021, and the family dog died, causing him to become depressed. As early as March 2021, he started sending his mother "disturbing texts about his state of mind", which included claims about "demons" and "ghosts" inside the home. He also reportedly videotaped himself torturing animals, made Molotov cocktails, and drew a sketch of himself committing a school shooting, which he also joked about with a friend via text message. At one point, Crumbley allegedly kept a baby bird's head in a jar, which he later placed in a school bathroom. His parents allegedly never sought therapy for him after any of those incidents.
A 9mm SIG Sauer SP 2022 semi-automatic handgun and at least two 15-round magazines were recovered from Crumbley, while a third magazine was found at the school. Bouchard said James Crumbley had purchased the gun under his name from a local shop on Black Friday, four days prior to the shooting. McDonald later said that Ethan Crumbley was with his father at the time of the purchase, and that he posted about it on social media later that day. McDonald also said that Jennifer Crumbley referred to the gun as Ethan's "new Christmas present" in a social media post. Based on recovered shell casings found in the school, authorities believe at least 30 shots were fired. It was unclear how the gunman took possession of the gun or how it was taken into the school building. In Michigan, minors cannot legally possess guns with limited exceptions, such as when hunting with an adult.
Behavior prior to the shooting
Police said there was no indication that Crumbley had faced any disciplinary issues prior to the shooting, but Crumbley was reported to have met with school officials the day prior to the shooting, and again early on the day of the shooting, to discuss his behavior. Prosecutor Karen McDonald later provided a timeline regarding the meetings. The first meeting occurred after a teacher spotted Crumbley using his phone to search for ammunition and reported him. During the discussion, Crumbley told them that he and his mother Jennifer had recently traveled to a shooting range and that "shooting sports are a family hobby." School officials left a voicemail and email for Jennifer Crumbley; she did not respond, but she later texted her son, saying, "LOL I'm not mad at you. You have to learn not to get caught." The second meeting occurred after another teacher found a violent drawing on Crumbley's desk, described by McDonald in a press conference as:
The teacher took a photo of the drawing, which was on a math worksheet, and reported Crumbley. He was taken to a guidance counselor's office, where school staff called Crumbley's parents over. While waiting for them, school counselors did not observe any behavior from Crumbley that indicated he might harm others, according to the superintendent of Oxford Community Schools, which includes Oxford High School. Upon their arrival, Crumbley's parents were shown the drawing – which Crumbley had scribbled over by that point in an attempt to conceal its contents – and instructed to seek counseling for their son within 48 hours, otherwise the school would call child protective services. They "resisted the idea" of Crumbley leaving the school at the time and did not inform school officials that they had recently purchased a gun for him. He was returned to class because he had no prior disciplinary issues. According to McDonald, Crumbley had the weapon he used somewhere on the school grounds at the time of that meeting.
After the second meeting, Crumbley allegedly committed the shooting at 12:50 p.m. Prosecutors further alleged that, at 1:22 – seven minutes after the first news reports came in of a shooting at the school – Jennifer Crumbley texted her son, saying, "Ethan don't do it." At 1:37, James Crumbley called 9-1-1 to report a SIG Sauer SP 2022 handgun as missing, and also said Ethan "could be the gunman at Oxford High".
According to the Oxford Community Schools superintendent, no discipline was warranted at the time of the meetings with Crumbley and his parents. Sheriff Bouchard said concerns about Crumbley's behavior were not shared with his office.
Legal proceedings
Against Ethan Crumbley
Crumbley was arraigned by a magistrate on homicide and attempted homicide charges shortly after he was arrested, to allow for continued custody, but he was not immediately charged as an adult. On December 1, he was charged with terrorism causing death, first-degree murder, assault with intent to murder, and possession of a firearm during the commission of a felony, with the possibility of more charges being added as the investigation continues. According to the Associated Press, this appeared to be the first time in U.S. history where a terrorism charge was filed in relation to a gunfire incident on school grounds. The terrorism charge is provided under Michigan law for "an act that is intended to intimidate or coerce a civilian population", in this case, the Oxford High School community.
Crumbley was charged as an adult, and the judge, Nancy T. Carniak, entered a plea of not guilty on his behalf. He was ordered to be held without bond and relocated to the Oakland County Jail, and Carniak scheduled a probable cause conference for December 13 and a preliminary examination for December 20. Crumbley was appointed an attorney by the court after his parents hired lawyers for themselves, but did not do so for their son.
At Crumbley's probable cause conference on December 13, Carniak postponed the upcoming preliminary examination to January 7, 2022, to allow prosecutors to review evidence. Crumbley's appointed guardian ad litem asked that he be moved back to the juvenile detention center the Children's Village as Crumbley could "hear other adults, which violates the [Michigan] statute for minors being held in adult facilities"; the request was denied by Carniak. Assistant prosecutor Marc Keast said he would contact Oakland County Jail regarding Crumbley's proximity to adults. On January 7, 2022, Crumbley waived the probable cause hearing and was bound over for trial.
On January 12, 2022, a plea of not guilty was entered on Crumbley's behalf during his arraignment. On January 26, 2022, Crumbley announced he would plead insanity via a court filing made by his lawyers. He also requested an evaluation of his criminal responsibility, which is standard procedure; Crumbley will be evaluated by a doctor from the Center for Forensic Psychiatry.
Against Crumbley's parents
Announcement of charges
After announcing the charges against Ethan Crumbley, prosecutor Karen McDonald told reporters that her office was also considering criminal charges against Crumbley's parents Jennifer and James in connection to the shooting. She said responsible gun ownership was crucial to stop tragedies and those who are not responsible should be held accountable. On December 3, McDonald held a press conference in which she announced that both parents were being charged with four counts of involuntary manslaughter for their failure to secure the gun Crumbley used in the shooting. It is a rare instance of parents being charged in relation to a school shooting.
Search on December 3–4
After charges were announced against Crumbley's parents Jennifer and James, an alert was issued hours later by state authorities, as the Crumbleys had left the area. Both were supposed to appear with their attorney to turn themselves in but had failed to do so. The Oakland County Sheriff's Office said the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), the U.S. Marshals Service, and the Oakland County Fugitive Apprehension Team were searching for the parents; the FBI said they were not involved at the time.
Shortly after, the Crumbleys' attorneys told the Detroit Free Press that their clients did not flee but rather left town for their own safety and would return to be arraigned. However, both parents missed their 4:00 p.m. arraignment and remained at large. Undersheriff McCabe told CNN that the attorneys had not talked with the parents after attempting to reach them by phone and text without success. CNN reported that Jennifer and James had withdrawn $4,000 from an ATM in Rochester Hills on December 3, and that they had turned off their cell phones. Late on December 3, the U.S. Marshals released wanted posters for Jennifer and James and also announced rewards of up to $10,000 for information leading to their arrests.
At around 11:05 p.m. on December 3, police received a tip from a business owner who found the Crumbleys' vehicle in his parking lot in Detroit, about from Oxford. The man also said he saw Jennifer Crumbley, who fled upon being spotted. Police responded to the scene about twenty minutes later and established a perimeter in the area. At around 2:00 a.m. on December 4, police took the couple into custody after finding them in a first-floor room at a nearby commercial building. In a press conference on December 4, the Oakland County Sheriff reported that a person had assisted the parents in entering the building, that additional charges may be filed against them in relation to them fleeing, and that there would also be charges brought against the person that helped them. He also said that the Crumbleys were unarmed and very distressed during the arrests, and that there was no indication they planned to surrender.
The person believed to have assisted the Crumbleys identified himself, through his attorney, as an Oakland County resident who operated a business inside the building. He claimed to not have been aware that the couple was wanted by authorities at the time he allowed them to stay in his workspace. However, he declined to elaborate on the nature of his association with them. He was questioned by authorities, who said he is being cooperative. Police conducted a search on his home in Troy and seized several digital devices.
Pre-trial proceedings
Jennifer and James Crumbley were arraigned on the morning of December 4, where they pleaded not guilty to the charges, and a bail of $500,000 each was set for them. Federal prosecutors are investigating whether federal laws were violated when James Crumbley purchased a handgun for his son. The Crumbleys were held, on $500,000 bonds, at Oakland County Jail, where their son is currently imprisoned. As a result, all three were put in isolation and monitored under suicide watch; they are not allowed to interact for an indefinite amount of time.
During the Crumbleys' probable cause conference on December 14, a judge postponed their preliminary examination to February 8, 2022, while setting a bond hearing for January 7 of that year. During the bond hearing, the judge sided with the prosecutors and declined to lower the Crumbleys' bond, saying they were a flight risk and the charges were too serious to warrant a lowering.
Against the school district
On December 9, multiple survivors of the shooting filed two $100 million lawsuits against Oxford Community Schools and its employees. At least one lawsuit alleges that school officials failed to stop the shooting and ignored several warning signs, such as threats posted to social media that had been brought to the school's attention. On December 10, a lawyer representing two of the survivors requested a judge to order school officials to restore and preserve social media pages and other evidence that she claimed was willfully destroyed by the district following the shooting; the judge granted the request.
Oxford Community Schools filed a motion to dismiss the original lawsuit on December 14, claiming that the attorney filed it without conducting due diligence required by the rules of professional responsibility and that it was done in an effort to "be on the news". The complaint filed by the district's attorneys claimed that a former dean of students was included; due to the other attorney not removing him, the man had received death threats and suffered from significant emotional stress. It argued that the man should be removed from the suit and that the attorney be given significant sanctions.
On January 8, 2022, survivors of the shooting filed an updated $100 million lawsuit that added eleven new counts against the named school officials. The updated lawsuit included the principal and other administrators, accusing them of "gross negligence" and alleging that their actions "caused serious and permanent physical and emotional trauma." According to the lawsuit, school officials were aware of disturbing posts made by Crumbley on social media, as well as his tendencies toward animal cruelty, but they still allowed him to continue attending the school and directed teachers and counselors to discourage reports of Crumbley's behavior.
On January 19, 2022, the superintendent of Oxford Community Schools wrote a statement disputing the accusations made against the district in the lawsuits. He said that school officials did not discover or were not reported to ammunition being displayed by Crumbley; that they were not aware of Crumbley's social media presence; that all tips made in November 2021 were forwarded to and investigated by law enforcement; and that a different student, not Crumbley, was responsible for leaving a jar with a baby bird's head inside a school bathroom. He also said that Crumbley had met with a counselor and the dean of students prior to the shooting, but not with other school administrators and a "restorative practices coordinator". Additionally, he claimed that the Oxford High School principal and assistant principals ran towards the sound of gunfire to administer aid to the injured and look for the gunman. On January 24, 2022, the district asked a federal judge to suspend the lawsuit until the trials of Crumbley and his parents were done, saying it could interfere with the prosecution.
Aftermath
Many students were traumatized and distressed by the shooting, and they were affected by the loss of their classmates or had seen bodies on the ground. The Michigan Department of Health and Human Services supplied help and support to the students and their families. More than $3.2 million in resources had been approved by the Oakland County Board of Commissioners in response to the shooting since November 30.
Oxford Community Schools closed down its schools for the rest of the week. The district's reopening plan included a "soft opening" that included a law enforcement presence and trained clinicians being on standby for support. Oxford High School remained closed until January 24, 2022; prior to that, students had been attending classes in other buildings. Prior to January 2022, the district's superintendent announced that all middle and high school students would be required to wear clear backpacks, while all elementary school students were required to keep their backpacks in lockers or cubbies all day.
Memorials and fundraisers
Three prayer services were held on the night of November 30, attended by hundreds. A memorial was created outside the school with stuffed animals and flowers left behind. A candlelight vigil was held at Michigan State University on December 7 to honor the victims of the shooting.
An online petition was started to rename the school's stadium after Tate Myre, one of the victims killed in the shooting. A memorial patch to commemorate the victims and the shooting was created for the Michigan Wolverines football team that was first worn on December 4, during the Big Ten Championship Game. The Detroit Lions and Minnesota Vikings also created T-shirts and hats and wore a helmet patch to commemorate the victims for their Week 13 game on December 5, while player Jalen Elliott wore an altered version of his No. 42 jersey, which bore Myre's name. Myre was also given an honorary five-star rating by sports recruitment site 247Sports.com. He also received an honorary offer from Michigan State University.
A GoFundMe was created by a family member of victim Madisyn Baldwin to help pay for funeral costs. Baldwin's family created a hashtag with her name to identify acts of kindness and support as a way to honor her.
Additional fundraisers for the victims and their families were seen on online crowdfunding pages, by local businesses, and by selling items such as T-shirts, to help cover medical, funeral, and other costs. Others used the phrase OxfordStrong to sell fundraising items or as a hashtag on social media. The phrase was also used to identify a drop box location set-up by the township for cards and letters of support.
The organization March for Our Lives held an event in Oxford on December 12 and shared experiences with the students of Oxford High.
Copycat threats and arrests
Copycat threats against numerous Metro Detroit schools were made the following day on December 1, leading many other area districts to cancel classes for at least one day; according to Sheriff Bouchard, at least 60 schools were affected by the closures. By December 3, at least 519 schools in 70 different districts in Michigan and six other states had closed their schools down in the wake of additional threats. Bouchard also vowed to investigate, and Oakland County Prosecutor McDonald said they will press criminal charges against anyone who threatens violence at schools in the county.
Schools around the country faced threats through social media on December 17, with some closing as a precaution. Others increased security and police presence on campuses, even after investigating the threats and finding that they lacked credibility, with some threats coming from other states. Multiple police stations and school districts issued statements about the threats and actions that would be taken against individuals who make them. An additional statement was issued by TikTok, where a large majority of threats were allegedly identified as being made; the company removed many of the threatening videos posted and was working with law enforcement.
Responses
President Joe Biden and U.S. Representative Elissa Slotkin, whose district includes Oxford High School, expressed their condolences over the shooting. Governor Gretchen Whitmer said in a statement that she was devastated for the students, staff, and families of the school, calling gun violence a "public health crisis". Whitmer also ordered all flags in Michigan to fly at half-staff. Democratic politicians in the Michigan Legislature vowed to pursue new gun control legislation and revive stalled bills relating to gun control.
Families of victims in the Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting expressed their solidarity with the families of the Oxford shooting. Survivors and families of victims in the Stoneman Douglas High School shooting expressed outrage over the Oxford shooting and expressed their desire to continue fighting for change.
All four professional Detroit sports teams (Lions, Pistons, Tigers, and Red Wings) expressed their condolences to the community.
Notes
References
2021 in Michigan
2021 mass shootings in the United States
2020s crimes in Michigan
Deaths by firearm in Michigan
Filmed killings
High school killings in the United States
High school shootings in the United States
Mass shootings in Michigan
Mass shootings in the United States
November 2021 crimes in the United States
Oakland County, Michigan |
69404111 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franti%C5%A1ek%20Mertl | František Mertl | František Mertl (born 16 March 1930 in Třebíč), who has used the artistic name Francois Mertl dit Franta in France since the 1960s, is a Czech painter and sculptor who emigrated to France in 1958 to join his wife. He lives in Vence, in the Nice area.
Biography
Youth in Czechoslovakia
František Mertl came from Třebíč, but during the war he lived with his mother and brother in Brtnice in Vysočina. His father, Miloš Mertl, traded in Czech crystal. He was deeply educated and spoke several languages. At the age of seventeen he enlisted in the First World War and later fought in the Czechoslovak legions. At the outbreak of the Second World War he was stationed in Turkey and from Istanbul went straight to southern France where a Czech unit was being formed. He fought on the northern front and after the French surrender he was transported to England. He fought as a tanker at Dunkirk and then went all over Europe. During the war, his mother was often interrogated by the Gestapo and threatened with deportation to Terezín. After František father's return, the family moved to Olomouc.
František Mertl attended school in Brtnice during the war, where his talent as a draughtsman was noticed by his drawing teacher Alois Toufar and influenced his future direction. However, at his father's request, František and his brother began their studies at the Slavic Gymnasium in Olomouc, and only after two years were they able to go to secondary art school in Brno. Even before passing the entrance exams to the Higher School of Art Industry in Brno, he took evening drawing classes based on a model, at the Faculty of Education. After graduation, František Mertl decided between studying architecture or painting. In 1952 he was admitted to the Academy of Fine Arts in Prague to the studio of Prof. Miloslav Holý. During his studies, Mertl's friends included Jan Koblasa, Bedřich Dlouhý, Karel Nepraš, Theodor Pištěk, Milan Ressel and Rudolf Komorous - the circle of the future Šmidra group. Together with them, he participated in the Malmuzherciada recessionist exhibition in December 1954.
In 1956 the school received an offer through the Ministry of Education to study at the Accademia Belle Arti in Perugia. Thanks to the financial guarantee of a former business partner of Mertl's father, who lived in Italy, František Mertl was the only student who managed to obtain a visa and travel privately without the Ministry of the Interior noticing in time. In Italy, he had the opportunity to study the works of Italian masters and contemporary art, as well as to experience Italian neorealism in film. There he met Jacqueline Sussan, a French student of Italian language and art history. He returned to Prague only out of a sense of responsibility towards his mother and Prof. Holý, who had vouched for him and would have been threatened with punishment by the StB. Upon his return, he discovered that the StB had also been following him in Italy and years later learned that they had planted an agent who posed as an Italian but was from Russia. This was followed by a ban on any further travel abroad.
Jacqueline came from an ancient Jewish family living in Algiers since the 15th century. She visited František Mertl twice in Prague, was arrested several times, and throughout her stay the couple was followed by the StB. On her second return, she was abducted, stripped and interrogated by the StB at Ruzyně airport, and only when she began to cry for help was she rescued by Air France pilots. The StB was bothered by her Jewish origin and considered her a spy. Before her flight, she was told that she would not receive another visa to Czechoslovakia.
Life in France
František Mertl was forbidden to travel after his return from Italy, but in 1958 he managed to join a trip of Academy students to the East Germany. During a stopover in Berlin, he mingled with a group of workers at the Brandenburg Gate and crossed with them to the British sector in West Berlin. He spent two months in refugee camps, but eventually escaped, crossed the border into France on foot and travelled by train to Nice, where Jacqueline lived. When he checked in at the office, he chanced upon a Frenchman who had fought with his father at Dunkirk. Together with a guarantee from Jacqueline's parents, this helped to obtain new documents. In Czechoslovakia, the state authorities took revenge on the family - the father lost his job and the StB tried to force him to cooperate by indiscriminate pressure; his brother's studies at university were interrupted. František Mertl married in France in 1959 and with his wife Jacqueline has a son Pierre (* 1960) and a daughter Catherine (* 1961). Jacqueline's family shared a similarly dramatic fate to that of František Mertl - her parents and brother were expelled from their home in 1962, along with other Frenchmen, after the end of the Algerian War of Independence. So the whole family built a new house in Vence, which included a painting studio.
František Mertl was granted French citizenship, while his Czech citizenship was revoked. When his father died and his mother fell ill, he looked for ways to visit her. The Czechoslovak authorities did not recognize his French citizenship until 17 years after his emigration and after he had paid a large sum for his studies, and granted him a visa in 1974. Throughout his stay, his family was followed and harassed by the StB, who subsequently interrogated the friends he met.
František Mertl first exhibited independently in Paris in 1960 and the following year in Nice, London and Versailles. Since his first exhibitions in France, he has signed his paintings only with his first name Franta. He represented France at the Biennale de Paris (1963, 1965). In the 1960s, the director of the National Gallery, Jiří Kotalík, visited him and purchased a painting, drawings and a sculpture for his collection. In the late 1960s he was offered a solo exhibition at the Musée d'art moderne de la Ville de Paris by the director Pierre Gaudibert, but the director was dismissed in 1972 shortly before the planned exhibition and the show was cancelled. It took place two years later at the Musée Galliera.
In 1977, he was invited to participate in the exhibition "Mythologies Quotidiennes (Everyday Mythologies)" organized by Gérald Gassiot-Talabot and J.L. Pradel at the Musée National d'Art Moderne in Paris. In the 1980s, Franta taught painting at the École supérieure d'Art de Grenoble and for several years ran summer painting courses in Vence. The Fondation Maeght built studios in Saint-Paul-de-Vence and Franta met many artists there - Antoni Tàpies, Joan Miró, Eduardo Chillida, Paul Rebeyrolle, etc. His neighbours were Marc Chagall, Arman and Graham Greene, with whom he became friends. Graham Greene introduced him to the work of Francis Bacon. He had known Jiří Kolář since the time of his studies in Prague and kept in contact with him throughout the time Jiří Kolář lived in France. Jan Koblasa, a fellow student living in Germany, also visited him regularly in Vence.
In 1983 he had a retrospective exhibition at the Centre national d'art contemporain in Nice. In the 1980s, he and his wife frequently visited the countries of North Africa and the Sahara, and later made some sixteen trips to the Central African region, where he found new inspiration for his work. With an all-terrain vehicle and a tent, he travelled through Mali, Kenya, Niger, Burkina Faso, Senegal, Gambia and Chad. After visiting the slave island of Goree, he decided to travel to the USA to meet African Americans. Since his first visit to New York, he has returned there frequently and has mapped the black neighborhoods of the Bronx, Haarlem and Brooklyn in detail, from where he has taken many drawings. Since 1985, Franta has had six solo exhibitions in New York, most notably two parallel exhibitions in 1989 at the Bronx Museum of the Arts and the Terry Dintenfass Gallery on 57th Street in Manhattan. At that time he always rented a studio in New York and socialized with the art community there, which included Robert Rauschenberg, Louise Bourgeois, Roy Lichtenstein, etc. Thomas Messer, director of the Guggenheim Museum, Charlotta Kotik, curator of Contemporary Art at The Brooklyn Museum, Richard Oldenburg, director of Museum of Modern Art, and critics Dore Ashton and Robert Pincus-Witten followed his work with interest.
František Mertl has been a competitive cyclist since his youth and aspired to be nominated for the Peace Race. However, at the age of 16 he suffered an injury while racing and only returned to cycling in France. Here he struck up a friendship with French champion Jean Fréchaut and together with him founded a cycling club in Vence. The two trained together and Franta's son raced for the club.
In 2014, Franta donated 40 of his paintings and drawings to his hometown of Třebíč, which set up a permanent exhibition of his work in the former National House - the Franta Gallery. Since 2016, the exhibition has included his most important sculpture, The Eighth Day (1993), which the town purchased.
Awards
2014 Honorary citizenship of Třebíč, opening of the permanent exhibition Franta - František Mertl
2016 graduation from the Université Nice Sophia Antipolis
2017 Artis Bohemiae Amicis award, presented by Minister of Culture
Work
Franta is one of the leading representatives of the European post-war wave of New Figuration, which responded to a deep crisis of human values and feelings of alienation. It represents a radical break from realistic representation and interprets the artist's inner reflection in confrontation with the social and existential catastrophes of modern times. He became one of the few Czech artists who have stood out on the world art scene and his importance in France can be ranked alongside names such as Alphonse Mucha, František Kupka, Josef Šíma and Jiří Kolář.
Paintings and drawings
Prof. Holý's students at the Academy devoted much time to drawing figures and portraits from a model, and were also given the task of modelling a portrait in clay. František Mertl also deepened his thorough knowledge of human anatomy through his friendship with medics who arranged for him to participate in autopsies. During his studies in Italy, he became directly acquainted with the works of the old masters and modern art, and was also influenced by the cinematic wave of Italian neorealism.
After arriving in France, he painted mostly physical and expressive human figures, and the subjects of his paintings often had a social charge (The Fishermen, 1960). All of his early works from around 1962 were acquired by a private gallery, which entered into a three-year contract with Franta. He was later able to buy some of them back at auction. A transition to a different painting style is represented by the strongly expressive painting Total Striptease (1965). Franta does not shy away from depicting extreme existential distress and drastically naturalistic renderings of mutilated or dead bodies (Shelter, 1966).
The painter was strongly influenced by his direct participation in the birth of both of his children, and he returned to the subject repeatedly. His painting became spontaneous to the point of gesture, as if he were trying to capture a fleeting intense sensation. The enclosed volume of the figure opens up into space through illusionistic painting, and the human body is transformed into a symbolic and dynamic metaphor (Motherhood, 1967, Father and Child, 1968, Birth, 1978). The human figure is also the subject of Franta's large-scale lavished Chinese ink drawings. The torsos of human bodies are set in an impersonal, presumably hospital setting, and are a masterful example of modelling volume with light and shadow (The Cage, 1977, Awakening, 1982).
The subjects of Franta's paintings have a deeply human appeal, even as they reflect a world full of evil and civilizational violence and indifference to human fate. The central motif is the human victim as a naked figure, often reduced to mere matter. As oppressive metaphysical symbols, fragments of bodies are moved on a kind of conveyor belt (Ascension, 1969) or wedged in the middle of a crashed car (Full Line, 1970). Drastic images, reminiscent of medieval paintings of death row convicts entangled in a wheel, show the soft mass of the human body trapped amidst real or only hinted at impersonal, cold and aggressive technical or military props (Brothers Enemy, 1973, Chain, 1976, Escalator, 1977). In 1974, the French critic Pierre Gaudibert wrote of Franta's paintings: "Franta pursues one of the two most important practices of mid-20th-century art: an organic anonymity that is the antithesis of the tradition of the portrait of human individuality. The defeat of man here cries out in endless suffering, without recourse, without redemption, without justification..."
As a metaphor of physical and moral evil, comprehensible to all those who are memorials or witnesses of the not too distant history of genocides, concentration camps, mass graves or the explosion of the atomic bomb, the triptych Testimony (8 x 2.5 m, 1993-1994), originally intended for the Lidice Memorial, was created during six months of intensive work. The painting was subsequently exhibited in Litoměřice at an exhibition marking the fiftieth anniversary of the liberation of the Terezín concentration camp and in several places in France. In Japan, where it is considered an allegory of Hiroshima, it was purchased for a collection in Nagoya, and installed in a newly built separate space next to the painting by Anselm Kiefer.
The breakthrough in Franta's painting was marked by direct experience of his sojourns in equatorial Africa. In a culturally distant environment outside his own civilization, he found an intense experience of the beauty of the body and being in its most immediate physical existence. He began to draw the human figure and its details anew. The style of painting is subordinated to a brisk, almost reportorial depiction of the figures, and the medium of expression is the sketched drawing and the free brushstroke. He increasingly replaced oil paint with acrylic, which allows for a faster process.
For a long time, the naked human figure became his subject, often depicted in large-scale black and white drawings in ink wash painting (Adam and Eve, 1982). Beauty here is not an object of observation but a matter of everyday life, the black colour of the skin sometimes appearing white in the reflection of sunlight. At other times, the naked bodies are the same colour as their surroundings and appear to emerge from the ground (Maasai, 1985). A symbol of resilience in the harsh conditions of the arid land is the cycle of burnt yet vibrant African palm trees that Franta painted from 1988 to the 1990s. They exude an undying determination to survive, an elemental energy and strength with which they must constantly defy the harsh conditions of life. African nature sometimes bursts with colour against the background of the figures (Paradise, 1985), at other times it is bleakly desolate (Drought, 1986). The recordings from Africa include paintings of domestic animals (Steppe, 1989-1990), their unpathetic deaths (Prey, 1990) and an impressive black and white still life with an animal skull and skeleton (Still Life, 1988).
Franta's paintings of African-Americans in New York have a very different character. They depict seemingly the same human types as in Africa, but the setting is dramatically different - the battered human heads with averted glances in the subway (In the Subway, 1991), street violence (Harlem II - Pushed Against the Wall, 1989), the bleakness of life on the street (Without shelter, 1990, Homeless, 1991), junkyards and landfills (Junkyard, 1992, Warehouse 58, 1993).
A consumer society littered with its own garbage (Large Still Life, 1974) and the devastation of the environment by scrapyards and landfills became an urgent subject for artists of Franta's generation. There are obvious parallels between Theodor Pištěk's installation (Cabinet with Remains, 1993) and Franta's cycle Urban Landscapes (Landfill, 2004), or with the painting cycle by Brno-based Miroslav Štolfa, entitled New Nature.
From New York, Mertl also took away a horrifying experience of human inattention and unwillingness to help when he witnessed a dog attacking a man who had climbed over a fence onto a private building plot (Fury, 1995, Too Late, 1998). Jiří Sozanský is closest to his preoccupation with the abused human body in terms of subject matter among Czech artists, and Vladimir Veličković among foreign artists. Franta has remained sensitive to the horrors of the present, whether it be the Srebrenica massacre (A tribute to Srebrenica, 2002) or the 9/11 tragedy in New York. The depth of incomprehensible human hatred, which cannot even be commented on, is symbolized by the abandoned microphones in the background of the painting (September 11, 2001).
In a series of paintings from 2006, the subject is the African desert, which is encroached upon by civilization with its garbage, but due to its vastness remains untouched by nature (Untamed Land, 2006)
Ink drawings
Sculptures
The fascination with the naked human figure that František Mertl brought back from Africa was also at the beginning of his sculptural work. He worked on similar themes and his expressive torsos are more intimate studies of seated or standing black figures (Massai, 1985, Seated Woman, 1988). Mertl's largest sculpture to date is The Eighth Day (1989). This expressive sculpture of a one-armed man with an upraised arm is a symbol of the vulnerability of man, but also emphasises the strength of his soul and his indomitability even in the most difficult moments. The sculpture is also a memorial to Franta's late friend Michel and has become a symbol of the Audabiac civic association, which awards it in a scaled-down form every year as the Rays of Humanity Award. Many studies have been made on the statue, which the artist wanted to use to achieve the strongest possible effect in the final version of his work.
Prints
František Mertl works mainly with lithography. He cooperates with Pierre Chave's workshop in Vence, where Marc Chagall, Max Ernst and Jean Dubuffet also printed their prints. His lithographic illustrations are in the books by Katy Remi - La grand peste (1997), Robert Butheau - M... quotidien (1989) and Gilbert Casula - Sirventes (2006).
Representation in collections (selection)
National Gallery in Prague
Museum Kampa - Jan and Meda Mládek Foundation, Prague
Musée d'Art Moderne de la Ville de Paris (ARC), Paris
Centre National d'Art Contemporain (Centre Pompidou), Paris
Bibliothèque nationale de France, Paris
Cité des sciences et de l'industrie, Paris
Fonds Nationale d'Art Contemporaine (FNAC), Paris
Fonds Régional d'Art Contemporain (FRAC), Strasbourg
Fonds Régional d'Art Contemporain (FRAC), Marseille
Fonds Régional d'Art Contemporain (FRAC), Reims
Musée d'art contemporain de Lyon (MAC Lyon), Lyon
Fondation Maeght (Fondation Marguerite et Aimé Maeght), Saint-Paul-de-Vence
Fondation Vincent van Gogh Arles, Arles
Grenoble, Collection de la Ville, Grenoble
The Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum, New York
Bronx Museum of the Arts, New York
Brooklyn Museum, New York
Hasegawa Collection, Tokyo
Fondazione Pagani, Legnano
Foundation Colas, Boulogne-Billancourt
Foundation Veranneman, Kruishoutem
Gallery of Contemporary Art - Bunkier Sztuki, Krakow
Gallery of the Central Bohemian Region (GASK), Kutná Hora
Gallery of Fine Arts Slovenj Gradec, Slovenj Gradec
Haggerty Museum of Art, Milwaukee
Israel Museum, Jerusalem
Musée Cantini, Marseille
Musée d'Art Contemporain, Dunkerque
Musée de la Castre, Cannes
Musée de la Ville, Menton
Musée de la Ville, Toulon
Musée de peinture et de sculpture, Grenoble
Musée Départemental d'Art Ancien et Contemporain, Épinal
Musée des Arts Graphiques, Roquerbrune-Cap-Martin
Musée des Beaux-Arts Jules Chéret, Nice
Musée municipal, Besançon
Musée Picasso, Antibes
Museo d'Arte Moderno, Castelanza
Museum Bochum, Bochum
Museum Kunstpalast (Kunstmuseum Düsseldorf), Düsseldorf
Brno City Museum
Regional Gallery of the Highlands in Jihlava
Terezín Memorial
Lidice Gallery, Lidice
West Moravian Museum, Trebic
Sarajevo, Collection of the City, Sarajevo
Muzej na sovremena umetnost / The Museum of Contemporary Art, Skopje
Museum of Contemporary Art of Belgrade MoCAB, Belgrade
Exhibitions in the Czech Republic
1995 Czech Museum of Fine Arts in Prague, in the Cross Corridor Karolina, Prague
1997 FRANTA: Selected works 1980 - 1996. Gallery Malovaný dům, Třebíč
2009 FRANTA - František Mertl. Egon Schiele Art Center Český Krumlov
2009 FRANTA, Brno City Museum at Špilberk
2012 FRANTA (paintings - sculptures), Museum Kampa, Prague
2012 FRANTA - selection of works (paintings), Nová síň Gallery, Prague
2015 FRANTA - selection of works, Gallery of Fine Arts in Ostrava
2017 Franta - from private collections, Museum of Vysočina Třebíč
Exhibitions abroad
More than 120 solo exhibitions in Europe, USA, Japan. In group exhibitions he was represented alongside artists such as Pablo Picasso, Marc Chagall, Max Ernst, Joan Miró, Antoni Tàpies, Henri Matisse, etc.
References
Sources
Monographs
FRANTA in the collections of Czech private collectors, Třebíč: Museum of Vysočina Třebíč 2017, ISBN 978-80-86894-41-6
Duňa Panenková (ed.), Franta, publisher Gallery Jaroslav Kořán, Prague 2009, ISBN 978-80-86990-72-9
Jean Luc Chalumeau, Franta, (130 colour reproductions), Somogy éditions d'art, Paris 2007, ISBN 9782757200940
Evelyne Artaud et al., Franta, (146 reproductions), Cercle d'Art, Paris, Düsseldorf 2000, ISBN 9782702205907
Bernard Noël, introduction by Thomas Messer, Franta. Peintures et travaux sur papier / Paintings and works on paper, (109 reproductions), Mage Publisher Inc., Washington DC 1987, ISBN 9780934211031
Franta, travaux sur papier et peintures, interview with Michéle Demoulin, (36 reproductions) ed. Limage/Alin Avila, Cahier 4, 1981
Franta, Parcours 1968-1979, (24 colour reproductions), Theimer 1979
Diploma theses
Jitka Fischerová, Painter Franta (František Mertl) and his classmates from the Academy of Fine Arts in Prague: a comparison of works, Bachelor thesis, UHV, FF MUNI Brno 2017On line
Céline Berge, L'Expérience de l'exil travers l'oeuvre picturale de Franta, University of Toulouse II-Le Mirail 2004
Encyclopaedic publications (selection)
L'art depuis 1945, Bruxelles 1972
La Grande Histoire de la peinture moderne, Tendance d'ajourd'hui, Skira 1982
Bénamou Genéviève, Sensibilités Contemporaines, 70 artistes d'origine tchèque et slovaque hors Tchécoslovaquie, éd. G.B., 1985
Grand Larousse universal, supplément, Paris, ed. Larousse 1992
Parent Francis, Entendre l'écrit, Paris, E.C. édition 2000
Delarge, Jean-Pierre, Dictionnaire des arts plastiques modernes et contemporains, éd. Gründ 2003
Figuration contemporaine / Les corps, Edition AZART 2006
External links
František Mertl in the abART information system
FRANTA (Czechoslovakian, born 1930) on Artnet
Invaluable: Frantisek Mertl, alias Franta
Exposition FRANTA - Třebíč
documentary, Czech Television Brno: Franta - everywhere, elsewhere, directed by K. Fuksa, 2004
At the Swimming Pool Club with František Mertl, Czech TV, 2009
Le peintre Franta présente ses interrogations sur la condition humaine, Radio Prague International, 2012
interview with František Mertl and Jacqueline Mertl (My French wife was a spy for the Czech police, says painter Franta), iDNES.cz, 2014
Czech painters
Czech sculptors
20th-century French painters
French sculptors
1930 births
Living people
People from Třebíč
21st-century French painters |
69404559 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lonny%20Calicchio | Lonny Calicchio | Lawrence Robert "Lonny" Calicchio (born October 24, 1972) is a former American football placekicker and punter who played one season in the National Football League (NFL) for the Philadelphia Eagles. He played college football for Northwest Mississippi and Ole Miss, going undrafted in . He also had stints with the Washington Redskins, Dallas Cowboys, Buffalo Bills, Carolina Panthers, and Indianapolis Colts, but did not play.
Early life and education
Lonny Calicchio was born on October 24, 1972, in Plantation, Florida. He attended South Plantation High School, helping the team reach the sectional playoffs as a junior. His high school long was 55 yards, and he also kicked a 65-yarder in practice. Due to low grades, Calicchio was not able to attend a major university to start his college career.
Instead, he played his first year in the NJCAA for Northwest Mississippi Community College. He helped his team make a national championship as a sophomore, and was twice named All-American with Northwest Mississippi. After leading the nation in scoring during 1992, he was named to the NJCAA All-American first team. He finished his junior college career 101-for-119 on extra points, and 15-for-24 on field goals.
He signed with Maryland in following the 1992 season, but did not academically qualify to play. He sat out for the '93 season, working as a security guard at a Plantation, Florida, motel. "It was pretty boring," he said. "That's what made me decide I needed to get back to school and definitely play football." He transferred to Ole Miss in 1994, and was able to play.
He was named the team's starting punter and also handled kickoff duties. In a practice game at Vaught–Hemingway Stadium, Calicchio made a 70-yard punt. Teammate Stacy Wilson said, "I love to watch him kick. He's amazing to me. He's going to fill a big gap for us on special teams. There's going to be some times now when we're playing on the other peoples' end of the field."
After posting a "disturbing" 35-yard average per punt in week three against Vanderbilt, where one of his kicks went just 12 yards, Calicchio returned with a 48.1 average versus Georgia. His performance at Georgia included a 57-yard punt, the longest made by a member of Ole Miss since 1992. "At Georgia, I was kind of feeding off of what happened at Vanderbilt," he said in an interview after the game. "I made a promise to myself and the defense that I wouldn't let them down again." His head coach, Joe Lee Dunn, said, "I've always felt he’s a great punter. He's got the job as long as doesn't have any more 12-yarders."
After a blocked kick and several other errors near the end of the season, Calicchio lost his punting job to Walter Grant with two games remaining. He finished the year with a 38.7 yard average on 53 kicks. Grant, a senior, left after the year, and he regained his starting position. When Tommy Tuberville replaced Joe Lee Dunn as head coach, he decided that Calicchio's style of punting "had to go". After changing from a three-step approach to what Tuberville called a "two-step and jab", his kicks improved to a 40.3 average to start the season. Against Auburn, he set a career-long with a 79-yard kick. He was named "player of the game", after a 20–17 win over Tulane.
Professional career
After graduating, Calicchio went unselected in the 1996 NFL Draft. He was subsequently signed by the Washington Redskins, but lost the position battle with Matt Turk and was released in training camp.
He was signed by the Dallas Cowboys in early . In preseason week one, a loss versus the Oakland Raiders, Calicchio made a 15 yard punt, and, with fellow punter Toby Gowin, posted just a 29-yard average per punt. Though he rebounded the next week with 52-yard and 55-yard kicks, he eventually was released in favor of Gowin.
On September 23, 1997, Calicchio was signed by the Philadelphia Eagles to the practice squad. To make room, the Eagles cut Justin Armour. He was reportedly signed due to the Eagles kicking teams being described as "one of the worst in the league", with opponents starting drives on average from their own 38-yard line (compared to the league average 25). Coach Ray Rhodes said before a game against the Minnesota Vikings, "He is kicking the ball pretty decent. We will look at him a few more days. I need to see more consistency." He was promoted to the active roster against the Vikings, and kicked off to start the game, with the ball landing at the 3-yard line. "His kicks had height, but they didn't go the distance," wrote Gary Miles of The Philadelphia Inquirer. The Eagles released Calicchio on October 1, after he had played in just one game. His roster spot was filled by Justin Armour, who had been released to make room for Calicchio one week earlier.
He returned to the Eagles in late October and was named kickoff specialist for their game against the Arizona Cardinals. An article in The Philadelphia Inquirer said, "It took him five weeks, dozens of practice kicks and a victory this week in a three-way kickoff contest, but Lonny Calicchio will finally get another chance to save the Eagles' kickoff team." His kicks again were short, with none reaching the endzone besides one that was called back, and the Eagles lost 21–31. He was subsequently released along with Justin Armour.
In , he briefly spent time with the Buffalo Bills and was later signed by the Carolina Panthers, only to be released on August 25.
On April 21, 1999, Calicchio was signed by the Indianapolis Colts. In a preseason game versus the Cincinnati Bengals, he "all but whiffed" on a kickoff and injured himself during the play, leading to his release with an injury settlement shortly afterwards. After being out of football for three years, he was given a tryout with the Minnesota Vikings in , but did not sign. He subsequently retired.
Later life
Calicchio later became a police officer in Miramar, Florida. He was inducted into the Northwest Mississippi Community College Athletics Hall of Fame in 2010.
References
1972 births
Living people
Players of American football from Florida
People from Plantation, Florida
American football placekickers
American football punters
Northwest Mississippi Rangers football players
Ole Miss Rebels football players
Washington Redskins players
Dallas Cowboys players
Philadelphia Eagles players
Buffalo Bills players
Carolina Panthers players
Indianapolis Colts players
Sportspeople from Broward County, Florida |
69406527 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diversity%20in%20swimming | Diversity in swimming | The racial composition of swimming and other aquatic sports has long been influenced by the history of segregation and violence at pools as well as the building patterns of public and private pools in America.
Beginning of Pools in America
Pools as Bath Houses
When swimming first became popular in America, pools were segregated by gender and class, not race. At the end of the 19th century and early 20th century, municipal pools were built in the north mainly for poor, urban, working class Americans and used as bathing sites. Large groups of working class men and women flocked into their gender assigned public pools and rid themselves of the dirt and grime acquired over the course of their day, while wealthier middle and upper class citizens used their own private baths to clean. This picture changed as a result of the redefinition of the germ theory of disease in the late 1890s. This change concluded that disease was not linked to dirtiness but rather linked to small microbes transferred by physical contact between people and the touching of shared objects or spaces. Pools, as the bathing site for many working class Americans, were now recognized as a public health danger so cities built bath house facilities instead of pools.
Transforming the Purpose of Pools
After this revelation of the germ theory of disease, the influence and popularity of pools was not completely diminished but rather transformed. Pools became an arena for exercise, leisure, and sport - not cleanliness. In West Chicago Park, the Chicago Douglass Park Pool was built for the purpose of sport with a longer length suited for race competition, areas for spectators, and springboards. Initially, the facilities brought together a diverse group of pool goers with people of all races from nearby middle and lower class neighborhoods attending. However, soon the park board began charging an entry fee to cut down on the costs of the park, but also rid it of the boisterous lower class boys that always seemed to cause problems. It was entry fees and intentionally choosing wealthier areas to be the host of pools that sidelined many lower class Americans, both Black and white, from using the nice public pools.
Gender Segregation
From the 1890s to the 1920s, many pools were gender segregated due to the visual and physical intimacy created by the pool deck atmosphere. Swimming suits for both men and women involved minimal clothing and coverage, thus making the pool deck area visually intimate. In addition, the social and interactive aspects of swimming also made way for more physical contact, both intentional and accidental, between fellow swimmers. The issue of men and women swimming together eventually became the grounds by which many pools were segregated.
Racial segregation of pools in America
Transition to Racial Segregation
Intimacy of Pools
In the 1920s during the first pool building boom in the United States, pools began to be gender integrated in an attempt to promote family, community, and the pool as a prominent area for socialization. As gender integration was implemented, racial segregation was simultaneously adopted due to the physical and visual intimacy of swimming attire and pool decks. Pools physically intimacy, stemming from the sharing of the same water, made way for racist assumptions determining that Black Americans were dirtier and thus had more diseases that white people could contract from swimming together. Also, because of the minimal coverage of swimsuits and close proximity of pool goers, the racist belief that Black men were “sexually aggressive” led to racial segregation of pools because white men didn't want Black men and white women to interact. The white community feared that integrated pools would allow Black men to “visually consume”, touch, assault, and rape white women. The threat of sexual violence on white women was the grounds by which pools were segregated.
The Great Migration
The Great Migration changed the matter of cleanliness in pools from a class issue from the 1890s to the 1910s to a race issue from the 1920s to the 1930s due to the development of city slums of Black Americas.
The Great Migration was the movement of millions of Black Americans from the rural south to north, west, and midwest cities from the mid 1910s to the 1930s. A key impact of the Great Migration is the development of redlining and race restrictive housing covenants in the north to concentrate Black Americans in specific neighborhoods. Black communities dealt with restrictive housing covenants and higher rent prices which left many Black Americans with minimal options for housing. As a result, Black families were forced to subdivide their apartments and cram in extra tenants to make the inflated monthly rent payments, which left little money or time for regular maintenance of their homes. Black neighborhoods quickly became run down and overcrowded at the hands of this cycle. From a white Americans' perspective, Black migrants replaced the poor, white, European immigrants that previously inhabited the slums: the noticeably dilapidated working class neighborhoods were now solely identified as Black communities. The worry of disease transmission in bathhouses and recreational pools was now linked to Black Americans. Pools were also unlikely to be built in or near these overcrowded black neighborhoods and entry and membership fees for other pools would have been unaffordable to Black Americans. The Great Migration shifted the societal view on cleanliness to an issue of the Black community and created deteriorated Black neighborhoods with little access to aquatic facilities.
Enforcement of Segregation
De Jure Segregation
Local governments officially segregated pools in their cities and deployed police officers to enforce these laws.
De Facto Segregation
For pools that were not legally segregated, white swimmers intimidated and inflicted violence, such as drownings and beatings, on Black swimmers to enforce the divisions.
New Deal & swimming
Following the initial pool boom from 1920 to 1929, public pool construction slowed as the Great Depression began. Under part of Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal which aimed to resolve massive unemployment by funding in public works projects from roads and schools to swimming pools. The building and repair and renovation of pools also gave jobs to millions of unemployed Americans under the New Deal agency known as the Civil Works Administration (CWA) which later became the Works Progress Administration (WPA). In the United States, the WPA workers built 805 new swimming pools and 848 wading pools while repairing or improving 339 existing pools. The pools built and improved were described to be "examples of state-of-the-art engineering" with "massive filtration systems, heating units, and even underwater lighting" and also able to adapt to off-season recreation uses like tennis, handball, and volleyball. Pools were built in even the smallest towns and cities uniting the communities in recreation and companionship and serving as a reminder of the government's assistance during the crisis of the Great Depression.
Desegregation of pools
Legal End of Segregation
Although some cities and public pools already had begun the process of desegregation, in 1954, due to the Brown v. Board of Education decision that declared the separate but equal doctrine unconstitutional, segregation in the public sphere became illegal. Thus the division of public pools on the basis of race also became illegal because the designation of public pools based on race was inherenty unequal. Later, the Civil Rights Act of 1964 further made the segregation of public facilities illegal by prohibiting discrimination on the basis of race and color.
White Flight
Despite this judicial decision and government legislation, because many pools were unofficially segregated through violence and intimidation by white swimmers, the issue of access for the Black community in many ways persisted. Desegregation often brought intense racial conflict at pools so sometimes Blacks were not admitted on the grounds that their use would cause “disorder” among pool goers. In addition, instead of participating in integrated swimming, whites fled in mass numbers to the newly developed suburbs home to their private home pools and extensive aquatic facilities provided by their expensive, member-only country clubs. For example, the average number of daily white swimmers at a pool in Druid Park, Baltimore plummeted from 775 swimmers in 1955 to just six swimmers in 1956 post desegregation. This retreat marked a new private pool building boom that took place during the 1950s and 1960s which was almost exclusively accessible to whites. The boom included the construction of thousands of house pools and private swim clubs in suburban America. During the mass construction of private pools, the Federal Housing Administration openly discouraged the building of public pools, which were most accessible to Black and lower class Americans, but encouraged private pools, which were solely available to wealthy whites living in the suburbs.
Closure of Public Pools in American Cities
Private club memberships and home pools were exclusively available to wealthy, mainly white, Americans and their departure of the cities left the state of public pools uncertain. Without white Americans flocking to the pools for exercise and on hot summer days, there was no longer an urgent need for public pools. Cities closed and defunded pools altogether leaving almost no pools for the millions of Blacks concentrated in American cities.
Palmer v. Thompson
The Supreme Court case Palmer v. Thompson addressed the issue of shutting down public pools - the only pools accessible to the poor- post desegregation. The case involved the city of Jackson, Mississippi closing four public pools and transferring the fifth to the YMCA, which was only available to whites. In 1971, the court ruled that the city government could choose to not operate their desegregated facilities if the decision appeared neutral at face value and they are spreading “equal damage” on each person in the area. However, in reality the damage was not equal: the city closed all of the public pools that were affordable to lower income residents whom were laregly composed of Black Americans.
Instances of Violence
Highland Park Pool (Pittsburg, PA)
On opening day of the pool park in 1931, that included two gender integrated pools, a sun deck, and a sandy beach area that overall could hold 10,000 people, prospective Black swimmers were asked to present a “health certificate” indicating the individual was disease free, while white swimmers entered without problem. When some Black swimmers were finally able to get into the park area, violence ensued: a group of Black swimmers who endured verbal intimidation to enter the pool were pelted by rocks, dunked, and punched by white swimmers, while police stationed on deck did nothing except charge the Black swimmers with inciting a riot. In 1935, a Girl Scout troop composed of Black youth organized a day to go to Highland Park Pool with the assistance of the mayor of Pittsburg. The girls were dunked and splashed by a mob of white youth as stationed police officers turned a blind eye.
Paulson Pool (Pittsburg, PA)
In July 1935, at the gender-segregated Paulson Pool, nine year old Frank Reynolds was punched and kicked in the dressing room by a gang of white kids then later held underwater by the same group. When Reynolds’ mother filed a police report, inspector Kellie of the local police station, scolded her saying “Why can’t you people use the Washington Boulevard pool (the pool designated for Black swimmers also known as the “Jim Crow Pool”) … I don’t approve of colored and white people swimming together”.
Fairgrounds Pool Park (St. Louis, MO)
The Fairgrounds Pool Park, originally built in 1919, reopened on June 21, 1949 for the first day of racially integrated swimming. Black swimmers lined up to enter the pool while being berated by loud boos from white youth outside of the fence surrounding the area. Inside the pool park, a Black man and white youth were stabbed and ten plus others were injured during the ongoing violence that took place over the course of the entire day. Some intimidated Black swimmers who retreated from the pool were followed and beaten up in a nearby street, while those that stayed faced attacks by whites in the pool.
When the pool closed to youths at 5pm, a white mob that had been growing the entire day roamed the park with bats and clubs attacking every Black person in sight. This event became known as the Fairground Park riot: an event of such violence that the city of St. Louis resorted to segregation to maintain the peace.
The NAACP fought the decision to re-segregate the pool and filed a lawsuit that eventually ended segregation at Fairgrounds pool park the very next summer. That summer, the number of swimmers plummeted from 313,000 to 10,000 swimmers and just six years later in 1956 the pool was closed completely.
Swimming at Historically Black Colleges and Universities
Howard University
As far back as the 1920s, African American swim coach Clarence Pendleton made significant efforts to have the Howard University swim team nationally recognized and award the team the ability to compete with other swim teams. By 1933 he was no longer coaching the team but returned to Howard to give a talk about swimming. In the 1950s, while recreational facilities were still segregated in Washington, D.C., Pendleton worked as a superintendent for the "colored" facilities. Despite continued employment in aquatics and recreational jobs, Pendlton Sr. and his wife struggled financially due to segretation. Pendleton Sr. instilled a strong work ethic in his son, Clarence M. Pendleton Jr., who also coached the Howard Swim team. Pendleton, Jr., who was also known as Penny, was quoted as saying his father was a strict diciplinarian who highly valued eduation and frequently told his son, "If you don't think, you stink." In 1965, Pendleton, Jr. traveled to Egypt to coach and mentor Egyptian athletes. In the 1980s, Pendleton's son controversially served as chair of the United States Commission on Civil Rights under President Ronald Reagan.
Howard University is the only HBCU Division 1 team in the United States. As a team that is composed of almost all black swimmers, they are actively fighting the stereotype that black people are less capable swimmers. This assumption along with the fact that minority Americans are twice as likely to drown than white Americans have prompted the Howard team to fight this problem. Occasionally, the team, Sigma Gamma Rho sorority, and Olympians Maritza McClendon and Cullen Jones have worked together to provide free swim clinics to kids in the DC community.
Sandra Ann Arrington
In 1966 a woman named Sandra Ann Arrington from Columbus, Ohio joined coach Clarence Pendleton, Jr.'s team roster at Howard University as the only woman on the swim team. She was promised the opportunity to tryout for the team when she enrolled at Howard. While at Howard she competed in numerous swimming events and majored in physical education. As a result of her accomplishments in the pool, Arrington was featured in both Jet and Ebony Magazines. In December 1966 she won first place in a diving competition against Millersville State College. The press coverage highlighting her accomplishments frequently mentioned her gender. For example, the Howard University Hilltop newspaper referred to her in print as a "lady diver."
In 1967 Arrington defeated the men she competed against in a diving competition in the Central Intercollegiate Athletic Association (CIAA).
Spelman College
In 1961 a swim club for women at Spelman College was established.
Civil rights activism in po0ls
In 1959 there was a wade in located in Miami's Crandon Park sponsored by Congress of Racial Equality (CORE).
1964 Monson Motor Lodge Protests in St. Augustine, FL: During a "wade in" at a motel pool, motel president, poured acid into the pool with protestors in it. The water in the pool diluted the amount of acid poured in so it did not cause damage but the image became well known in the media.
Activists
Simone Manuel
Brenda Villa
Lia Neal
Ashleigh Johnson
Cullen Jones
Sabir Muhammad
Max Irving
Ebony Rosemond
Schuyler Bailar
Maritza McClendon
In the media
In May 1969, Fred Rogers or Mr. Rogers, host of the popular children’s show Mister Rogers’ Neighborhood, aired a scene that was directed at the issue of black and white Americans swimming together. In the scene, Mr.Rogers invites black actor Francois Clemmons, who was recurring character Officer Clemmons on the show, to put his feet in a small pool on a hot summer day. The two men then chat by the pool and at the end of the scene Mr. Rogers shares his towel with Officer Clemmons. The scene was interpreted by watchers as a critique of the separation of blacks and whites at pools and a display of how both races can peacefully share the water together. When the scene aired in 1969, segregation was unconstitutional in the United States yet Black Americans still were not treated as equal citizens and did not share pools with fellow White Americans.
References
Swimming
Racism
Aquatics |
69406550 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaisinghpur%2C%20Uttar%20Pradesh | Jaisinghpur, Uttar Pradesh | Jaisinghpur is a village and tehsil headquarters in Sultanpur district, Uttar Pradesh, India. As of 2011, it has a population of 2,211 people, in 353 households. It has 4 primary schools and one hospital. It hosts a haat on Tuesdays and Saturdays mostly dealing in tat patti. It serves as the headquarters of a nyaya panchayat which also includes 23 other villages. It is also the seat of a community development block, which was inaugurated in 1953.
History
At the turn of the 20th century, Jaisinghpur was described as a poor village, with narrow, twisting streets. It formed part of the taluqdari estate of the Raja of Hasanpur, serving as a tehsil within the estate. It had a small bazar, where a small sugar refining industry took place, but at that time the sugar refiners were struggling because of competition from beet sugar. Jaisinghpur also had a police station and an upper primary school which was not attended by many students. It was connected by a minor rail line to Sultanpur in one direction and Dostpur in the other. As of 1901, Jaisinghpur had a population of 909.
The 1951 census recorded Jaisinghpur (as "Jaisinghpur Kalan") as comprising 2 hamlets, with a total population of 892 people (482 male and 410 female), in 192 households and 180 physical houses. The area of the village was given as 178 acres. 55 residents were literate, all male. The village was listed as belonging to the pargana of Baraunsa and the thana of Jaisinghpur.
The 1961 census recorded Jaisinghpur (as "Jaisinghpur Kalan") as comprising 2 hamlets, with a total population of 1,001 people (524 male and 477 female), in 238 households and 215 physical houses.. The area of the village was given as 183 acres and it had a medical practitioner, maternity and child welfare centre, and post office at that point. Its police force consisted of 2 sub-inspectors, 1 head constable, and 14 constables.Average attendance of the twice-weekly haat was about 150 people.
The 1981 census recorded Jaisinghpur as having a population of 1,360 people, in 252 households, and having an area of 72.04 hectares. The main staple foods were listed as wheat and rice.
The 1991 census recorded Jaisinghpur as having a total population of 1,610 people (838 male and 772 female), in 235 households and 234 physical houses. The area of the village was listed as 72.04 hectares. Members of the 0-6 age group numbered 290, or 18% of the total; this group was 46% male (132) and 54% female (158). Members of scheduled castes numbered 374, or 23% of the village's total population, while no members of scheduled tribes were recorded. The literacy rate of the village was 41.5% (289 men and 259 women, counting only people age 7 and up). 362 people were classified as main workers (359 men and 3 women), while 0 people were classified as marginal workers; the remaining 1,248 residents were non-workers. The breakdown of main workers by employment category was as follows: 139 cultivators (i.e. people who owned or leased their own land); 105 agricultural labourers (i.e. people who worked someone else's land in return for payment); 0 workers in livestock, forestry, fishing, hunting, plantations, orchards, etc.; 0 in mining and quarrying; 34 household industry workers; 1 worker employed in other manufacturing, processing, service, and repair roles; 0 construction workers; 21 employed in trade and commerce; 1 employed in transport, storage, and communications; and 61 in other services.
Villages
Jaisinghpur CD block has the following 177 villages:
References
Villages in Sultanpur district |
69408225 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagwai%20boat%20disaster | Bagwai boat disaster | On 30 November 2021, a severely overloaded boat carrying more than 50 people, mostly children aged between 8 and 15, capsized on the Watari Dam in Kano State, Nigeria. At least 29 are confirmed dead and 13 more are missing.
Background
Boat accidents are common in Nigeria due to overloading, bad weather, poor maintenance and lack of regulations to protect the safety of passengers. In May, about 100 people were killed when a boat sank on the Niger River on the boundary of Kebbi and Niger States.
Accident
The vessel was carrying Islamic school pupils from Badau village to the town of Bagwai on the other side of the river for a religious ceremony. According to Saminu Abdullahi, the spokesperson for Kano State's fire service, the boat was meant to carry 12 people, however, more than 50 people were on the ferry at the time of the accident.
Seven passengers were rescued and were sent to the hospital while 13 more remain missing. Rescue operations involved the police, fire services, volunteers and members of the Nigerian Security and Civil Defence Corps.
Reactions
President Muhammadu Buhari described the accident as a sad and painful event, and the Commissioner for Information in Kano, Muhammad Garba announced a committee to investigate the incident and prevent other incident like it. The committee had been ordered by Kano State Governor Abdullahi Umar Ganduje who expressed shock after hearing news of the capsizing, calling the incident "a state tragedy," and thanked rescuers, saying "[w]e salute the courage and the patriotic posture of the rescue teams."
References
Boat accident
21st century in Kano State
November 2021 events in Nigeria
2021 boat disaster
Maritime incidents in 2021 |
69408322 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas%20N.%20Burnette | Thomas N. Burnette | Thomas Nelson Burnette Jr. (October 23, 1944 – April 1, 2019) was a retired lieutenant general in the United States Army. He served as deputy commander in chief of U.S. Joint Forces Command from 1999 to 2000 and deputy chief of staff for operations and plans of the United States Army from 1997 to 1999.
Early life and education
Born in Georgia, Burnette enlisted in the Army in June 1962. After a year in the United States Military Academy Preparatory School, he entered West Point in July 1964 and graduated in 1968, commissioning as a second lieutenant of infantry. He later earned a master's degree in operations research from the Georgia Institute of Technology. Burnette is also a graduate of the United States Army Command and General Staff College and the Industrial College of the Armed Forces.
Military career
In his early career, Burnette served with the 82nd Airborne Division in Vietnam, first as an enlistee and then platoon leader with 2nd Battalion. His command and staff positions were under the 82nd Airborne Division, 10th Mountain Division and the office of the Deputy Chief of Staff for Operations and Plans.
As a brigadier general, Burnette served as commander of the 2nd Brigade, 10th Mountain Division. He then became executive officer to the Secretary of the Army before being assigned as assistant division commander of the 82nd Airborne Division.
As a major general, Burnette commanded the 10th Mountain Division from July 1995 to July 1997. Future division commander Franklin L. Hagenbeck served as Burnette's chief of staff.
Burnette's was confirmed for promotion to lieutenant general on June 27, 1997, with date of rank effective November 1, 1997. He was assigned as the deputy chief of staff for operations and plans of the Army Staff from 1997 until 1999, before assuming his final assignment as deputy commander in chief of the United States Joint Forces Command from 1999 to 2000. At his retirement ceremony, Burnette was awarded the Defense Distinguished Service Medal. He officially retired on January 1, 2001.
Later life and death
From 2001 to 2012, Burnette served as a senior mentor to a number of U.S. Army-affiliated corporations. He died in an apparent murder-suicide at his home on April 1, 2019 in Savannah, Georgia, where he and his wife Susan were found dead by Chatham County police. His body was cremated upon completion of the investigation.
Personal life
Burnette was introduced to Susan Elizabeth Hall (February 14, 1947 – April 1, 2019) in 1967 by his brother Ronald in Atlanta, and they married in 1968. They have two children.
References
1944 births
2019 deaths
2019 suicides
Military personnel from Savannah, Georgia
United States Military Academy alumni
Georgia Tech alumni
United States Army Command and General Staff College alumni
Dwight D. Eisenhower School for National Security and Resource Strategy alumni
United States Army personnel of the Vietnam War
Recipients of the Defense Distinguished Service Medal
Recipients of the Distinguished Service Medal (US Army)
Recipients of the Legion of Merit
Recipients of the Meritorious Service Medal (United States)
Recipients of the Air Medal
20th-century American military personnel
United States Army generals
Murder–suicides in Georgia (U.S. state)
Suicides by firearm in Georgia (U.S. state)
American murderers
Uxoricides |
69408430 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wade%20Harper | Wade Harper | Wade Harper (born 1963/1964) is an American politician, the former mayor of Antioch, California. He is the first African American to be elected as mayor.
Biography
Harper was born and raised in Oakland, California, the youngest of three children. His mother was a single mom who remarried a Vietnam veteran who gave him a disciplined upbringing. In 1988, Harper accepted a position as a police dispatcher in Emeryville, California later rising to the rank of sergeant and then in 2005, as a police officer in Tracy, California. rising to the rank of lieutenant. He graduated with a B.A. in pastoral studies from Patten University and an M.B.A. from John F. Kennedy University. In 2001, he moved to Antioch. In 2009, he was appointed to the Antioch Unified School District’s Board of Trustees. In 2010, he won a 4-year term on the City Council, the second African-American to serve on the council after Reggie Moore, who was elected in 2006 reflecting Antioch's growing Black population which had increased from 10% in 2000 to 17% in 2010. In 2012, running on a zero tolerance platform, he won election as mayor succeeding James Davis. He was the first African-African mayor of Antioch in its 162 year history As the mayorship, unlike the City Council, was a full-time position, he also retired from his job as a police lieutenant in Tracy. In January 2015, an unsuccessful recall effort was launched against him due to concerns over the still high levels of violent and property crime. In the November 8, 2016 general election, he was narrowly defeated for re-election by a margin of 67 votes by Sean Wright.
Personal life
Harper is an anointed preacher. He is married to Lisa Harper; they have two children.
Wade Harper is a published authored. He published his first book in 2018, “Anointed for Leadership: Lessons from Law Enforcement and Pastoral Ministry.” He published his second book in 2021 entitled, “Keep Antioch Beautiful.”
In November of 2020 Wade accepting a position as CEO of a non-profit, Glad Tidings Community Development Corporation in Hayward, CA.
References
1960s births
Living people
African-American mayors in California
21st-century African-American people |
69408701 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bukola%20Samuel-Wemimo | Bukola Samuel-Wemimo | Bukola Samuel-Wemimo (nee Coker) is a media personality and Nigerian journalist. She is a news anchor at Channels TV. Before moving to Channels TV, she was the host of a political TV Show Fireworks, at TVC News.
Education
Samuel-Wemimo attended St Mary’s Private School, Lagos for her primary education, had her secondary education at Abeokuta Girls Grammar School, Ogun State and her tertiary education at Lagos State University where she earned a Bachelor of Arts degree in History and International Studies.
Career
Samuel-Wemimo started her broadcasting career as an undergraduate at Lagos Television in 2001 and moved to TVC News in 2006. At TVC News, she doubled as a reporter and TV presenter, hosting a Fireworks and Journalist Hangout. In 2021, Samuel-Wemimo joined Channels TV as a news anchor. On December 30, 2020, she was detained by operatives of the Department of State Services.
Award
In 2017, Samuel-Wemimo won City People Awards For Excellence as TV Presenter of the year. In 2019, She was nominated as Television Programme Presenter of the Year at the 27th edition of the Nigeria Media Merit Award but lost the position to Seun Okinbaloye of Channels TV.She got a Commendation Award for her report on Depression and Suicide at 14th Wole Soyinka Award for Investigative Reporting and went ahead to win the 15th Wole Soyinka award for Investigative reporting Television Category in 2020 for her report on sexual abuse and how police cog the wheels of justice. In 2021, she was one of the 21 female journalists selected for training on identifying and reporting sexual and gender-based violence issues (SGBV) by The Wole Soyinka Centre for Investigative Journalism (WSCIJ).
References
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Nigerian women journalists
Lagos State University alumni
Television personalities from Lagos |
69408774 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zvi%20Koretz | Zvi Koretz | Zvi Hirsch Koretz (June 2, 1884 – June 3, 1945), also written as Tzevi or Sevi Koretz, was an Ashkenazi Jew who served as the Chief Rabbi of Saloniki's Jewish community from 1933 to 1945. His role as president of the Judenrat during World War II has been called into controversy, with many accusing him of being a Nazi collaborator.
Biography
Koretz was born June 2, 1884 in Rzeszów, Galicia, Austria-Hungary. He would study in the Higher Institute for Jewish Studies in Berlin, where he received a doctorate in philosophy and Semitic languages, writing his thesis on "The Description of Hell in the Quran and its Prototypes in Jewish Literature." Following this he would receive semicha at the Berlin Rabbinical Seminary. In 1927 he would marry a woman named Gita, a fellow native of Galicia, in Hamburg.
In 1933 Koretz, an Ashkenazi Jew who followed a 'liberal tradition,' was made Chief Rabbi of Salonika, a Sephardic community that mostly spoke Ladino. His office was given, on the condition that he would be able to learn Ladino and Greek within three months, and after doing so he would begin to make a name for himself by working with the government on their behalf. His politicking would make him an ally to several prominent members of the military, government, and the King, among whom he would often make public declarations of support.
Despite his connections outside of the community, Koretz had many detractors due to him not practicing Orthodox Judaism and living lavishly. His first actions in office would make this apparent as his first priority had been to secure the community funds and establish a large salary for himself. His lack of familiarity with Sephardic traditions would result in much of the responsibilities normally held by the spiritual office being delegated to local rabbis. Because of these strained relations he would bring several Ladino newspapers to civil court in 1934 for defamation, rather than the Beth Din, for attacks against his taking a large personal salary and desecrating the Sabbath. His choice to forgo the Beth Din, would raise questions of whether the institution needed reform. While his predecessor focused the office on resolving matters of halacha for the community, his first communal acts would update census information for the government; this would go into effect in 1934 and would be the basis for neighborhood lists that would be handed over to the Nazis by Koretz.
He would receive letters of reassurance from General Metaxas that the Jewish people would continue to be welcomed in Greece during the 1930s and would successfully petition funding for two new Jewish schools in Salonika. In March of 1937, Koretz was able to negotiate an additional 500,000 drachmas for the local Jewish schools, however in June the community adopted measures to dismiss educators due to the threat of bankruptcy.
Despite the personal criticisms and ongoing financial struggles of the community, he was chosen to continue serving as the Chief Rabbi in 1938 at the directive of General Metaxas.
World War II
World War II saw Greece thrust into the conflict as they were invaded in 1940. During this period Koretz would write an appeal to the American Jewish Congress, relating to the international community and protesting how the Axis forces bombed civilian targets, such as the local Hagia Sophia Cathedral, in air raids, as well as heavily affecting the poor Jews of the city. During the war he would also be called on by the Archbishop of Athens to assist in the memorial service for several Jewish military men who were killed during the conflict, notably among them being Col. Mordechai Frizis. Koretz would be honored as the first Jewish member of the Parnassos Literary Society following the memorial service.
After Greece was conquered, Koretz was to be charged by the Nazis for anti-German propaganda. He was arrested in Athens on April 15, 1941 and deported to Vienna where he was held in a gestapo prison for nine months. He was released the following January and would return to Salonika, where he continued to serve as Chief Rabbi of the community before being imprisoned again for coming into conflict with, then Judenrat president, Shabbetai Saltiel, despite the president previously approving him to continue serving the community.
Koretz would be released in 1942 at the insistence of local industrialists to take part in the negotiations to replace Jewish slave laborers with paid Greek workers. He was able to negotiate a deal where the Jews would be released from the camps in exchange for over 2 billion drachmas in ransom, an amount the Nazis considered the Jews liable for due to their participation in the Greco-Italian War. By liquidating the community's property, the cemetery in particular, they were able to successfully raise funds and free Jews who had been taken to do labor. That being said, because the Nazis had raised the demanded value and wealthier members of the community refused to provide the money the full demands were not met.
Koretz would use this new freedom to guide the community once more, issuing halachic guidance on how they might celebrate Passover, in the April of 1942, despite the ongoing famine the community was facing.
On December 11, 1942 Koretz was named Judenrat president, replacing Saltiel, he was the only remaining Jewish community leader who spoke German beside the former President, and would negotiate with the SS officers Dieter Wisliceny and Alois Brunner over how the deportations of Jewish people were to be done. He would also act against members of the Greek resistance, threatening to expose members who attempted to recruit young Jews.
In the face of growing pressure from the Nazis, Koretz met with Prime Minister Rallis when the Greek official visited the city on April 11, 1943. Minister Rallis remained evasive on the issue of deportations despite the rabbi breaking down in tears before him and asking him to intervene on the Jewish citizens' behalf. Rallis would claim that the deportations were out of his control.
In August of 1943, Koretz, the other members of the Judenrat, and the Jewish police were deported to Bergen-Belsen.
Koretz would be liberated from the Nazis by the Red Army when the soviets captured a train that was stranded in Tröbitz while transporting Jews from Bergen-Belsen to Theresienstadt, this train would become known as The Lost Transport. He would die later, in June, from typhus, which he had contracted in the concentration camp, in Trebitz. He was buried in the Tröbitz cemetery alongside other victims of The Lost Transport. He would be survived by his wife and son, Arieh.
Legacy
Koretz's role in the deportation and death of Salonika's Jewish community has been one of contentious debate. At least 94% of Salonika's Jewish population died in during the Holocaust, a figure that many have claimed was caused by the rabbi's actions during the deportations. These accusations would be primarily driven by survivors who accused him of being a collaborator due to his pushing the community to comply with the Nazi occupiers.
Some scholars have labeled Koretz as a collaborator and persecutor for having helped facilitate the deportations, handing over lists of Jews, and working to get the community to comply with the deportations. He would also tell the community that the deportations only meant that they would be relocating to Poland, where the Jews would be settled with a new life and work. Others however have labeled him an unintentional collaborator; labeling the outcome a tragedy of weak leadership.
References
1884 births
1945 deaths
People from Rzeszów
Polish Ashkenazi Jews
Chief rabbis of cities
The Holocaust in Thessaloniki
Jewish collaborators with Nazi Germany
Bergen-Belsen concentration camp survivors
Deaths from typhus
Polish Jews who died in the Holocaust |
69409138 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan%20Staniewicz | Jan Staniewicz | Jan Ludwik Sylwester Staniewicz, alias Stanisław Pisarski (27 December 1823 in Lyduvėnai or Bazilionai – 21 February 1904 in Kamienskoye) was a participant of the January Uprising in Lithuania, head of the Šiauliai district. Earlier an officer of the French Foreign Legion and the Russian army,
Biography
First years in exile
Eldest son of and Kunegunda Billewiczówna, grandson of . Jan's father, Ezechiel, emigrated to France after the November Uprising. Kunegunda took her underage sons from their native Samogitia to France, fearing repressions on the part of the Russian authorities (among other things, that they would be forcibly conscripted by the Russian authorities into a military school, the so-called Cantonists). They settled in Nancy, where Jan initially attended school. Later on, he would also study in Brussels, and finally - probably due to lack of funds - enlist in the Foreign Legion. As a soldier of the 1st Foreign Regiment, he served until 1848 in French Algeria, where he became a non-commissioned officer, rising to the ranks of corporal and later sergeant.
Participation in the Greater Poland Uprising
On 16 May 1848 he left Algeria, reached Poznań and took part - together with his brothers Paweł (b. 1825) and Ignacy (b. 1835) - in the Greater Poland uprising. He took part in the battles of Książ on 29 April 1848 and the following day at Miłosław.
In the Russian army
According to Stanisław Łaniec, only after the surrender of the uprising did Staniewicz leave for France, where he enlisted in the regular French army and did not return to Lithuania until 1852 when he was sent to the Russian army as a punishment. According to Janusz Wojtasik, he left for Lithuania in 1848, and in 1851 was sent to the Caucasian Corps as a punishment for serving in a foreign army.
While serving in the he distinguished himself in the battles against Imam Shamil's forces, receiving a decoration, and in 1855 was promoted to the rank of ensign and dismissed. He returned to Samogitia and settled in , on the estate of Eligiusz Kownacki, marshal of the Šiauliai District. He remained under police surveillance for two more years. Kownacki gave him the Kownaty estate, where he settled and set up a distillery. In 1861 he married Maria Kontowtówna.
Participation in the January Uprising
He was re-involved in the work of the uprising by the priest Antanas Mackevičius, and Bolesław Dłuski in organisational work. After the uprising broke out, he organised a detachment of about 100 people in the estate of (4 km south of Papilė) and was appointed head of the Šiauliai District. On April 11 he fought a battle on the road from Šiauliai to Biliūniškės with a 600-strong Russian detachment that had come to break up his group. On April 28 he fought another battle at the Biliūniškės manor house. Beaten by the Russians on 21 May near Tryškiai, he broke through to the south and joined his now 400-man detachment with the parties of Father Antanas Mackevičius, Ignacy Laskowski and Paulin Bohdanowicz.
On June 2 the group was attacked near Užventis by a Russian unit, the attack was successfully repulsed. Staniewicz fought in the group until June 6 and the battle of Tytuvėnai. He then broke off and headed towards the sea to secure the landing of Colonel Teofil Łapiński, who was carrying arms for the insurgents. Łapiński's expedition was unsuccessful. Staniewicz took over a large part of Bolesław Dłuski's unit near Pajūris, who himself went abroad. Staniewicz then headed south, where he encountered a 630-man Russian unit near Modroga on 12 July. His 170-man detachment was unable to resist the enemy and was beaten.
He then proceeded to Tauragė and began partisan fighting in the districts of Raseiniai and Šiauliai. The detachment grew to 300 partisans. The detachment hid in the forests near Lyduvėnai and then Lidomin, all the time avoiding a clash with the enemy. Staniewicz divided the grouping into five independent detachments, acting in coordination. In early October, the leaders of the units still operating in Samogitia decided to give the Russians a battle. On 19 October, the battle of Daniliškės took place, in which 25 insurgents were killed, including Paweł Staniewicz, Jan's brother. He fought until November. He then went into exile.
Emigration and the last years of his life
The Russians confiscated Kownaty and sent Staniewicz's wife to Tsivilsk (Kazan Governorate). Later she was sent to Nizhny Novgorod and after a few years was allowed to settle in Warsaw.
Staniewicz in France wrote down his Pamiętnik z r. 1863 [...] dowódcy oddziału w powiecie szawelskim (), which was burnt down in Warsaw during the Second World War. After returning from France, he settled in Kraków, where his wife had fled from Russia. After his wife's death in 1871, he lived in Kraków for many more years. In 1896 he returned to Samogitia and lived with Ludwik Gużewski, the husband of his only daughter Helena, in Kamienskoje. After his death on 21 February 1904 he was buried in the cemetery in Upyna. His grandson was , a major in the Polish army.
References
Sources
1823 births
1904 deaths
January Uprising participants |
69409646 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain%20Dew%20goat%20commercials | Mountain Dew goat commercials | The Mountain Dew goat commercials were a series of three television commercials for the soft drink Mountain Dew, which is produced by PepsiCo. The commercials aired in 2013 and featured Tyler, the Creator, who voiced a goat named Felicia. The commercials were pulled after receiving backlash from critics, including social commentator Boyce Watkins, who stated that the commercials played to racial stereotypes regarding African Americans and trivialized violence against women.
The ads
The ad campaign consisted of three commercials starring Felicia the Goat, an English-speaking goat voiced by American rapper Tyler, the Creator. In the first commercial, Felicia assaults a waitress at a restaurant after being told that the restaurant is out of Mountain Dew. In the second commercial, Felicia flees from a police officer who suspects the goat of a "DewUI" (a play on words of both DUI and Mountain Dew's slogan "Do the Dew"). In the third commercial, Felicia is part of a police lineup with five African-American men (including one played by Left Brain, a member of Tyler's musical collective Odd Future). The waitress from the first commercial, who is shown bruised, is trying to select from the lineup while Felicia makes threatening comments to the waitress (including "better not snitch on a player" and "snitches get stitches"). The commercial ends with the waitress shrieking and fleeing from the police station.
Response
The final commercial, which was directed by Tyler under his pseudonym of Wolf Haley, premiered in April 2013. On May 1, social commentator and political analyst Boyce Watkins wrote a post for YourBlackWorld.net titled "Mountain Dew Releases Arguably the Most Racist Commercial in History" wherein he criticized the commercial and accused Mountain Dew of engaging in "corporate racism" with its use of stereotypes of African Americans in the commercial. Additional criticism came from the commercials' trivialization of violence against women, with an article in The Wall Street Journal pointing to a threat Felicia made to the waitress ("I'ma get out of here and I'ma do you up.") as being a threat of sexual assault used as a play on words for Mountain Dew's slogan. Following the publishing of this post, PepsiCo released a statement to MTV News saying that they were pulling the commercials: "We apologize for this video and take full responsibility. We have removed it from all Mountain Dew channels and Tyler is removing it from his channels as well." In another statement, PepsiCo said, "We understand how this video could be perceived by some as offensive, and we apologize to those who were offended." In contrast, journalist LZ Granderson wrote an opinion piece for CNN defending the commercial as "frat-boy humor" and compares the jokes made in them to those in absurdist comedy shows such as Chappelle's Show. Shortly after the ads were pulled, Tyler's manager Christian Clancy released a statement offering his apologies to people who were offended by the commercials and defending Tyler, stating that while the ads were intentionally boundary-pushing, it was not their intent to be racist.
On May 2, Billboard interviewed both Tyler and Clancy about the controversy, with Tyler defending the commercials and arguing that they were not racist. Additionally, in a Twitter post, Tyler offered to speak to Watkins about the commercials, with Watkins later stating that, while Tyler was probably well-intentioned with the advertisements, he stood by his previous criticisms of them. Clancy also deferred several questions to Mountain Dew, including an unreleased fourth commercial and how the business deal between Mountain Dew and Tyler began.
Tyler, the Creator, who voiced the goat, uses @feliciathegoat as his Instagram handle, referencing the commercials.
See also
2013 in American television
Live for Now (Pepsi)
References
Further reading
External links
2010s television commercials
2013 controversies in the United States
2013 in American television
2013 works
African-American-related controversies
American television commercials
Goats in art
Mountain Dew
PepsiCo advertising campaigns
Political controversies in the United States
Race-related controversies in advertising and marketing
Tyler, the Creator |
69410497 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul%20Ezra%20Rhoades | Paul Ezra Rhoades | Paul Ezra Rhoades (January 18, 1957 – November 18, 2011) was an American spree killer and suspected serial killer convicted of three murders committed in Idaho during a three-week crime spree in 1987. He is the prime suspect in at least four additional killings in Utah and Wyoming dating back to 1984, however, he was never conclusively linked to these murders. He was executed for two of his confirmed murders in 2011, becoming the first person to be executed in Idaho in over seventeen years.
Early life
Paul Ezra Rhoades was born on January 18, 1957, in Idaho Falls, Idaho, the first of four children born to Augustus and Teresa Rhoades. His early life proved turbulent, as Rhoades was struck with polio since the age of 4, for which he constantly had to be hospitalized, and at home, his parents constantly argued. At the age of 10, he began drinking and soon dropped out of high school, after which he started using various drugs. Because of this, Rhoades developed an addiction to methamphetamines which would persist up until his arrest. To provide for his family, he took on various odd jobs both in Idaho and the surrounding states, specializing in sheetrocking. At the same time, however, he started breaking into various homes and stole any valuables he could find.
Murders
On the morning of March 1, 1987, the body of 21-year-old Stacy Dawn Baldwin, a Red Mini Barn clerk who was working the night shift, was found in an archery range about five miles northwest of Blackfoot. She had been shot three times, and it was quickly determined that her killing was likely linked to a robbery gone wrong that occurred the night before.
Soon after, on the morning of March 17, 20-year-old Nolan Haddon, a clerk working at a convenience store in Blackfoot, was found critically injured in the establishment's walk-in freezer. Haddon was quickly rushed to the Eastern Idaho Regional Medical Center for treatment, but succumbed to his injuries only hours later.
Four days later, the body of 34-year-old Susan Michelbacher, a special ed teacher, was found in a remote lava field west of Idaho Falls. She had been abducted from the parking lot of a supermarket two days prior while out to cash a $1,000 check at a bank, before being shot nine times and then raped, quite possibly after she was already deceased.
Arrest and trials
On March 27, 1987, an arrest warrant for grand larceny was put out for Rhoades, who was promptly arrested in Wells, Nevada. While he was detained at the Nevada Highway Patrol Office, his items, including a handgun, were confiscated and handed over to authorities in Idaho. Shortly after, the handgun's bullets were proven to be an exact match to the ones used in the recent slayings in Blackfoot and Idaho Falls. As a result, Rhoades was first charged with Michelbacher's murder, in addition to first-degree kidnapping, robbery, rape, desecration of a corpse and five counts of firearm violations. It was decided that the two other murder charges would be tried in separate trials.
On January 18, 1988, Rhoades' first trial began, after his attorneys' bid for an insanity defense was rejected by the Idaho Supreme Court. Among the possible choices for jurors was then-Governor Cecil Andrus, who was later excused from the panel due to his familiarity with the case due to signing the extradition documents from Nevada. Among the prosecution's witnesses was Nevada detective Victor Rodriguez, who claimed that he and five other officers had heard the defendant admit to Michelbacher's murder while in their custody, but had failed to file the statement in a report due to "an oversight". This claim was later contested by defense attorney John Radin, as Rodriguez later claimed that this had never occurred while being questioned by him. By January 26, the defense team had rested their case, with the proceedings being delayed for two hours as court officials had to wait for Rhoades' suit to be returned from a dry cleaning store. On the following day, after less than five hours of deliberations, the jury returned a verdict of guilty on all counts against Rhoades, with his sentencing phase set for March 16.
In the meantime, Rhoades was sent off to stand trial for the murder of Baldwin, which was held on March 3. His attorneys contended that the circumstantial evidence of the prosecution was flimsy, and that his client's alibi of babysitting his sister's two children at the supposed time of the crime could be easily corroborated by his family members. In addition, they also claimed that a man's watch found in Rhoades' possession, which was claimed to have been stolen from Baldwin, was actually bought by Teresa Rhoades as a Christmas gift for her son. While the prosecution team did admit that the evidence was largely circumstantial, they pointed out that it overwhelmingly pointed towards Rhoades: most notably, a distinct shoe imprint that was an identical match to the defendant's unusually large foot, as well as the bullets from his handgun. On March 12, Rhoades was again found guilty on all counts by jury verdict, and his sentencing date regulated for May 9 of that year. His final trial for the murder of Haddon was subsequently set for April 25.
On March 24, Rhoades was sentenced to death for Michelbacher's murder and to life imprisonment for all the remaining charges. After the sentence was read out, he grabbed the chair he had been sitting in and threw it at the prosecutor, but it was caught by Sheriff Rodriguez before anyone could be hurt. Rhoades was subsequently escorted out of the court room by deputies, while his sister hurled verbal abuses at the prosecutor. Once the Haddon trial approached, Rhoades' lawyers filed a motion to have Justice Larry Boyle to be disqualified from presiding over this trial, citing the fact that he had sentenced him to death in the Michelbacher trial. That motion was denied, and Boyle was allowed to proceed as the main judge. In a bid to avoid another prolonged trial, Rhoades pleaded guilty to all charges, while still retaining his right to appeal his convictions. As a result of the plea, he was subsequently sentenced to two life terms, but still claimed that he was innocent of this crime.
In the beginning of the sentencing phase for the Baldwin charges, Rhoades' attorneys filed a motion for a retrial by request of his family members, which was initially denied by Justice James Herndon. On the following day, however, he overruled that decision and announced that he would reconsider, as he considered the defendant's complaint about not being present for the arguments phase in the original ruling. This was eventually denied, and Rhoades was promptly sentenced to death for this murder as well, in addition to a life term plus 45 years for the other charges relating to Baldwin's death.
Possible additional murders
While awaiting trial for Haddon's murder, Rhoades was interviewed by Utah police for a possible connection to at least three murders in their jurisdiction that matched his modus operandi. The killings, which occurred in Salt Lake City and Layton, were the following:
Christine Gallegos (18): shot to death at a parking lot in suburban Salt Lake City on May 15, 1985.
Carla Maxwell (20): clerk who was shot five times while working at a 7-Eleven store in Layton on April 25, 1986.
Lisa Strong (25): shot on a street corner in Salt Lake City on May 12, 1986, while apparently running away from her assailant.
According to the task force established to investigate these murders, all of which had been linked via the copper-jacketed, hollow pointed bullets used, they had received information that placed Rhoades in the area at the time of the killings. In addition, they had located another handgun which linked him to numerous burglaries and thefts committed at the Wasatch Front. Around the same time, he was proposed as a possible suspect in the June 21, 1984 murder of 25-year-old Lisa Ehlers, who was found shot to death at a roadside in the Jackson Hole valley, near Bondurant, Wyoming. The main investigator for the task force, Jim Bell, later revealed in an interview with the Jackson Hole Guide that he was able to place Rhoades in the area at the time after conducting an interview with him. However, despite appeals for information to the public, no evidence connecting Rhoades to the killings ever surfaced, and he was never charged.
Execution
For the remainder of his life, Rhoades and his legal team filed appeal after appeal in an attempt to have his sentence commuted, citing reasons such as various legal technicalities, his abusive childhood and the supposed cruelty of capital punishment as mitigating factors. All of these appeals were rejected, and he was subsequently executed via lethal injection at the Idaho Maximum Security Institution in Kuna on November 18, 2011.
As his final statement, Rhoades addressed his mother and executioners, stating that he forgave them, before confessing that he indeed had committed the Michelbacher killing, apologizing to her husband. However, he continued to deny responsibility in the Baldwin and Haddon murders, telling the family members that '[they] still have to keep looking', and apologizing that he could not help them. At the time of his execution, he was the second inmate to be executed in the state following Gregg v. Georgia after Keith Wells, who had been executed 17 years earlier. His last meal consisted of hot dogs, sauerkraut, mustard, ketchup, onions, relish, baked beans, veggie sticks, ranch dressing, fruit with gelatin and strawberry ice cream cups. It was the same meal that was offered to all other Idaho Maximum Security inmates that night.
See also
Capital punishment in Idaho
List of people executed in Idaho
List of people executed in the United States in 2011
List of people executed by lethal injection
List of serial killers in the United States
External links
FindAGrave
References
1957 births
2011 deaths
20th-century American criminals
American male criminals
American spree killers
Suspected serial killers
Necrophiles
American people convicted of murder
People convicted of murder by Idaho
American people convicted of rape
American people convicted of kidnapping
American people convicted of robbery
American prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment
Prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment by Idaho
21st-century executions of American people
People executed by Idaho by lethal injection
Executed American people
People executed for murder
Executed people from Idaho
Criminals from Idaho
People from Idaho Falls, Idaho |
69415231 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingeborg%20Beugel | Ingeborg Beugel | Ingeborg Beugel (born 1960) is a Dutch freelance correspondent. She was based in Greece, but left the country in November 2021.
Early life
Beugel was born in 1960 to an educated family with left-wing political inclinations. She spent her early childhood in the Hague, but the family moved to Brussels, Belgium at the age of 11 as her father, a stockbroker, had taken up a job there. She then moved to Amsterdam at the age of 18 to study history. In her final year of university, Beugel went to Athens to interview a Greek minister for NRC Handelsblad. During this time, she fell in love with an official from the ministry and ended up moving to Greece before her graduation. They then married and had two children.
Career
Following her relocation to Greece, Beugel started working as a freelance journalist. She resided on the island of Hydra "for almost 40 years". In 1994, reporting for Elsevier, she travelled with a Greek humanitarian aid convoy during the Bosnian War. This convoy, which was sent for the Bosnian Serbs, passed through areas where Bosnian Muslims had been targeted by the Serb forces in their acts of ethnic cleansing. Beugel reported being "physically prevented" from speaking to Muslims by the Greek authorities in charge of the convoy.
She worked as a documentary producer for the Dutch public broadcaster IKON. She produced the film Geloof, seks en wanhoof about love and sexuality in an increasingly multicultural Netherlands. In 2014, she made the documentary film Uitgebloe(i)d? about menopause, aimed at "breaking the taboo" around the issue, inspired by her own experiences.
She also reported for KRO.
Incidents in 2021
In June 2021, Beugel was arrested on the charge of "facilitating the illegal stay of a foreigner in Greece". This was based on the fact that she had hosted an Afghan asylum seeker in her house in Hydra, whilst he was in the process of appealing the rejection of his request for asylum. Beugel had previously reported on this individual's story and said that it was "not a secret" that he had been residing with her. After being charged, she was released. She said that her arrest was in line with other complaints of harassments of journalists by Greek police.
In November 2021, at the joint press conference of Greek Prime Minister Kyriakos Mitsotakis with the Dutch PM Mark Rutte, Beugel asked Mitsotakis when he would "stop lying" about pushbacks in Greece. Mitsotakis responded angrily, as he considered the question to be insulting. He stated that Greece deserved praise for saving lives at sea and told Beugel to blame "those who have been instrumentalising migration systematically". Their exchange of words went viral in Greece and the next days, Beugel faced online harassment, received death threats and had details of her personal life reported in the media. She also reported that a man threw a stone at her that hit her in the face, and called her a "Turkish spy". After taking advice from the Dutch Embassy in Athens, she left the country. Beugel's treatment was condemned by The Coalition For Women In Journalism. Pavol Szalai, the head of the European Union and Balkans desk of Reporters Without Borders, stated that Beugel had been the target of "a well-orchestrated discreditation campaign on social networks and in pro-government media, but also a physical attack that forced her to plan leaving the country" and considered this to be a part of a trend of journalists working on migration being targeted in Greece, pointing out the recent surveillance of Stavros Malichudis.
References
1960 births
Living people
20th-century Dutch journalists
21st-century Dutch journalists
Dutch documentary filmmakers
Dutch expatriates in Greece |
69415245 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avadi%20Municipal%20Corporation | Avadi Municipal Corporation | Avadi City Municipal Corporation is the civic body governing city of Avadi in Chennai, Indian state of Tamil Nadu. Municipal Corporation mechanism in India was introduced during British Rule with formation of municipal corporation in Madras (Chennai) in 1688, later followed by municipal corporations in Bombay (Mumbai) and Calcutta (Kolkata) by 1762. Avadi Municipal Corporation is headed by Mayor of city and governed by Commissioner. It is one of the three municipal corporations within the Chennai Metropolitan Area, the other two being the Greater Chennai Corporation and Tambaram Corporation.
History and Administration
Avadi Municipal Corporation in Tiruvallur district was formed in year 2019 and is 15th municipal corporation in Tamilnadu. Avadi Municipal Corporation has 48 wards with a population of 6.1 lakhs spread in 65 sq km. The place is driven industrially with location of many key industries.
Avadi Municipal Corporation a Commissioner Mayor, a Council, a Standing Committee, a Wards Committee for facilitating various works.
Currently the Municipal Commissioner is K Sivakumar.
Factors driving Avadi Municipal Corporation
Avadi Municipal Corporation is driven by following factors:
Population Growth.
Increase in annual Income.
Improvement of Roads.
Providing drinking water.
Improving landscape.
Improving employment opportunities.
Improving relations between police and public.
Waste Management.
Arranging facilities during natural calamities.
Establishing industrial units.
Providing sewage connection.
Avadi Municipal Corporation Developments
Avadi Municipal Corporation as part of beautification process installed fountains in various junctions.
Avadi Municipal Corporation had floated tenders to get piped water facilities to its residents.
Related Articles
List of Municipal Corporations in India.
References
External links
Official Website
Government of Chennai
Municipal corporations in Tamil Nadu |
69415426 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%20Question%20of%20Proof | A Question of Proof | A Question of Proof is a 1935 detective novel by Cecil Day-Lewis, written under the pen name of Nicholas Blake. It is the first in a series of novels featuring the private detective Nigel Strangeways. Day-Lewis chose to write under an assumed name as he feared writing in the popular detective genre would harm his growing reputation as a serious-minded poet. Consequently, the publishers Collins advertised the book as being written by a "well-known writer" using a pen name. It was a commercial success selling around 200,000 copies in Britain and launching Day-Lewis, who quickly did become widely identified as the author, as one of the leading writers of the Golden Age of Detective Fiction.
Synopsis
At Sudeley Hall preparatory school on sports day the body of Algernon Wyvern-Wemys, nephew of the headmaster and widely loathed throughout the school, is found dead in a haystack. When the police's suspicions fall on teacher Michael Evans who has been having an affair with the headmaster's wife, he asks his old friend from Oxford Nigel Strangeways to investigate the real culprit. He has his suspicions, but requires the necessary proof until a second murder is committed during a cricket match.
References
Bibliography
Reilly, John M. Twentieth Century Crime & Mystery Writers. Springer, 2015.
Stanford, Peter. C Day-Lewis: A Life. A&C Black, 2007.
1935 British novels
Novels by Cecil Day-Lewis
British crime novels
British mystery novels
Collins Crime Club books
Novels set in England
British detective novels
Debut novels |
69415465 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaya%20Palat | Kaya Palat | Kaya Palat is a 1983 Bollywood Sci-Fi thriller film directed by Satyen Bose. The film stars Suresh Chatwal , Anoop Kumar , Tun Tun , and Rajendra Nath . The rights to this film are owned by Children Film's Society Of India .
Plot
A brilliant post graduate scientist, Dr. Aravind Rai who is trying to invent a formula to make humans faster, Fellow scientist Kalicharan is jealous of him. Accidentally Dr. Rai made a dose which let him a child back. After that a police inspector too was young with him.
Cast
Rajendra Nath as Kalicharan
Jankidas as Professor
Anoop Kumar as Police Inspector
Suresh Chatwal as Scientist Aravind Rai
Shyam
Birbal
Praveen Paul
Kalpana
Meenakshi Anand
Ashok Kumar
Mastar Vikas Khanna as Young Aravind
Asha sharma
Master Ravi Valecha
Music
References
External links
1983 films
Indian films
1980s science fiction thriller films
Indian science fiction thriller films |
69415822 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murder%20of%20Marie%20Lilienberg%20and%20Maria%20Wahlen | Murder of Marie Lilienberg and Maria Wahlen | Marie Lilienberg (October 17, 1959 – July, 1983) and Maria Wahlen (November 6, 1957 – July, 1983) were a pair of Swedish tourists who were murdered by an unknown assailant while hitchhiking from Northern California to Los Angeles during July 1983. The case attracted significant media attention in the United States in the summer of 1983, before going cold for several years. It gained renewed interest in September 1991, following an anonymous phone call to the Swedish consulate in San Diego, which implicated a Canadian man named Loren in the murders. The anonymous phone call led to the case being featured in an April 1992 episode of Unsolved Mysteries. Loren and the anonymous caller were later identified by police, with the former never being charged for the murders. It is suspected that Loren may have been convicted serial killer Loren Herzog, although this has not been officially confirmed.
Case information
Lilienberg and Wahlen first met each other during January 1983, while working as maids at a skiing resort in Vail, Colorado. Lilienberg was studying in Sweden to be a gymnastics teacher and Wahlen was a pre-school teacher in the country. Lillienberg arrived in the United States during the fall of 1982, having previously visited the country twice before, while it was Wahlen's first time in the country. The duo later visited Hawaii together when the skiing season ended, before deciding to spend the summer together exploring the coast of California. They planned to hitchhike for the Californian trip, as they were running low on money.
They were last seen on July 22, 1983 in Redwood City, leaving the house of an acquaintance they had met in Colorado.. They were going to hitchhike to Los Angeles, where they would catch a flight to New York, which was scheduled to depart in two days. From New York they would have caught another flight back to Sweden. Wahlen kept a detailed diary of her journeys, which stopped being updated on July 22, 1983.
On the day they were scheduled to depart for New York, several items belonging to the women were found behind a business near a freeway in the Los Angeles area. Among the items found were Wahlen's diary, as well as two undeveloped rolls of film. Police later developed the photos in order see if they contained clues related to the disappearance.
Their parents, Ove Lilienberg and Lars Wahlen, had kept in regular contact with them via phone calls up until July 16, 1983. The fathers travelled to California at the beginning of August 1983 to find their daughters, making several pleas to the media.
Two heavily decomposed bodies were found by deer hunters on August 18 at Los Padres National Forest near Monterey. Dental records from Sweden confirmed that the bodies were Lilienberg and Wahlen. The women were both naked, having been sexually assaulted and stabbed to death. One of their arms had been torn off, presumably because of wildlife such as coyotes.
The story was picked up by the American media during August 1983, with many noting that the women came from a more trusting society where hitchhiking was not viewed as dangerous.
On September 26th, 1991 an anonymous phone caller rang the Swedish consulate in San Diego with information regarding the murders. The caller claimed he knew a Canadian man named Loren who would drive through San Diego every year, on his way to Mexico. He stated Loren hated women, and that Loren had once told him he came across two Swedish women in 1983 who tried to con him. Loren and the anonymous caller were later identified by police, but no one was ever charged for the murders, with the case continuing to remain unsolved.
Loren was described in the call as having red hair. The description of Loren's appearance conflicts with that of Loren Herzog, who many believe may be a possible suspect in the case. Herzog also had no known connections to Canada.
Ove Lilienberg died in 2020.
Unsolved Mysteries segment
The Unsolved Mysteries segment originally aired on April 8, 1992, and was the first American publicity the case had received since the discovery of the bodies. It featured an interview with trucker Mark Hanson, who remembered once giving the duo a ride from San Diego to Compton.
In later syndicated airings, an update was added to the case, detailing how police had identified Loren and the anonymous caller. The update suggested that there was further evidence implicating Loren in the murders. When Unsolved Mysteries was released to streaming services in the late 2010s, the update was removed, and all references to Loren's name were edited out.
References
1983 in California
1983 murders in the United States
Deaths by person in the United States |
69416226 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009%20Afghanistan%E2%80%93Iran%20clash | 2009 Afghanistan–Iran clash | On 23 April 2009, a clash erupted between the border guards of Afghanistan and Iran in Nimroz province near the Afghanistan–Iran border. One Iranian border guard was killed in the clash and another border guard was captured by the Afghan border police. According to General Saifullah Hakim, head of Afghanistan's border police in Nimroz, the cause of the clash was the incursion by the Iranian border guards into the Tang district of Nimroz province. Iran's Press TV also confirmed that a clash took place between the border guards of two countries and one Iranian soldier was killed while another was captured in the clash.
The two countries had also previously clashed in 2007 and 2008 and later on in 2021.
Background
Afghanistan and Iran share a long and porous border which the smugglers use to traffic drugs into Iran. Many Afghan also illegally cross the border to enter Iran. The activity of smugglers along the Afghanistan–Iran border are a source of bilateral tensions between the two countries. Border clashes between the border guards of the two countries are common in the area.
Clash
General Saifullah Hakim, head of Afghanistan's border police in Nimroz, told Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty that the Iranian border guards had ignored the warnings issued by the Afghan forces after they illegally crossed the border into Afghanistan and entered the Tang district of Nimroz. In the resulting shoot-out with Afghan border police in Tang district, one Iranian border guard was killed while another was captured. General Hakim says that this has been acknowledged by the Iranian officials and the detained soldier along with the body of the deceased soldier will be returned to Iran. Iran's Press TV also reported the death one Iranian soldier and the capture of the other by the Afghan border police.
Previous clashes
On 8 March 2007, one Afghan and one Iranian border guard were killed in an armed clash along the Afghanistan–Iran border. The clash also left one border guard injured on both sides.
On 20 April 2008, an armed clash between the border guards of two countries left one Afghan civilian dead and two Iranian officers wounded.
See also
2021 Afghanistan–Iran clashes
References
2009 in Afghanistan
2009 in Iran
Afghanistan conflict (1978–present)
Battles in 2009
Conflicts in 2009
Afghanistan–Iran relations
Afghanistan–Iran border
Nimruz Province
21st century in Nimruz Province |
69417887 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Box%20%28Swedish%20TV%20series%29 | The Box (Swedish TV series) | The Box is a Swedish supernatural psychological thriller television series created by Adi Hasak for the Nordic Entertainment Group and first released on 28 November 2021 on Viaplay.
Premise
Detective Sharon Pici apears to have mental issues. However, unknown to those around her, her actions are driven by supernatural forces.
Cast and characters
Main
Anna Friel as Sharon Pici: a Kansas City detective, titular "queen of the box".
Peter Stormare as Jedidiah Brag: a police lieutenant and Pici's boss.
Alexander Karim as Thomas Lovell: a detective, Pici's partner.
Helen Behan as Tory Snow: a police department psychologist who is treating Pici.
Olivia Grant as Sylvian Rosen: a prosecutor and also Pici's wife.
Shaq B. Grant as Joseph Anderson: a police officer.
Letitia Hector as Jenny Block: a trainee detective.
Recurring
Nina Yndis as Adina Ilic: suspected of murdering her husband.
Gerard Monaco as Joey Cox: another suspect.
Julia Szczygiel as Charlene:
Bjarne Graflund as an Off Duty Cop:
Fredrik Malm as an Off Duty Cop:
Dennis Duolee as Teddy Lewis:
Nina Yndis as Zoe Popescu: Adina Ilic's sister.
Silas Strand as Jonah: Pici and Rosen's son.
John Guerrasio as Hiram Saperstein:
Rennie Mirro as Fake Hiram Saperstein:
Rasmus Wurm as The Magician:
Episodes
Background and production
The Box is an English language series created and written by Adi Hasak. An announcement about The Box was made at the 2020 MIPCOM, with production due to start in Sweden in February 2021. It was developed by the Nordic Entertainment Group who gave a straight to series order to be produced by Nice Drama, an NENT Studios company, that is now part of Viaplay Studios. Production was also undertaken by Adi TV Studios. Production started in March 2021.
Release
The Box was released on the Viaplay streaming service in Poland, the Baltics and Nordic countries on 28 November 2021. It will be available in the Netherlands and the UK in 2022 when Viaplay is launched in those countries. For all other countries MGM has global distribution rights.
Reception
As of 17 January 2022 Rotten Tomatoes had insufficient reviews to calculate a tomatometer rating.
References
External links
2021 Swedish television series debuts
2020s Swedish television series
English-language television shows
2020s supernatural television series
Psychological thriller television series
Television shows set in Kansas |
69417974 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International%20Jewish%20conspiracy | International Jewish conspiracy | Belief in an international Jewish conspiracy or world Jewish conspiracy has been described as "the most widespread and durable conspiracy theory of the twentieth century" and "one of the most widespread and long-running conspiracy theories". The conspiracy theory's content is extremely flexible, a factor which helps explain its wide distribution and long duration. It was popularized in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century especially by the antisemitic forgery The Protocols of the Elders of Zion. Among the beliefs that posit an international Jewish conspiracy are Jewish Bolshevism, Judeo-Masonic conspiracy theory, and Holocaust denial. The Nazi leadership's belief in an international Jewish conspiracy that it blamed for starting World War II and controlling the Allied powers was key to their decision to launch the Final Solution.
History
Belief in an international Jewish conspiracy for world domination can be traced back to the thirteenth century, but increased in the second half of the nineteenth century under the influence of writers such as Hermann Goedsche, a Prussian agent provocateur promoting a new ideological antisemitism. The invention of the newspaper invited the new accusation that Jews controlled the press. Goedsche's novel Biarritz was plagiarized in the antisemitic forgery The Protocols of the Elders of Zion published at the turn of the twentieth century. The Protocols appeared in print in the Russian Empire as early as 1903, published as a series of articles in Znamya, a Black Hundreds newspaper. The forgeries were possibly creations of the Okhrana secret police. The Protocols popularized the belief in an international Jewish conspiracy such that this belief became essential to modern antisemitism. According to Armin Pfahl-Traughber, the Protocols are "the most significant document for propagating the myth of a Jewish world conspiracy".
Belief in this conspiracy increased following the Russian Revolution, spread at first by frustrated Tsarist exiles. A popular British conspiracy theorist Nesta Webster recycled the older Illuminati conspiracy theories with a new emphasis on the role of Jews to explain the revolution. In the second half of the twentieth century, as overt antisemitism became increasingly unacceptable, many conspiracists found detours to avoid explicitly referencing Jews while retaining conspiracy theories descended from the Protocols and earlier beliefs of a Jewish world conspiracy.
The Judeo-Masonic conspiracy theory asserts that Freemasons are the agents of an international Jewish conspiracy.
Holocaust denial presupposes the existence of a massive Jewish conspiracy that (according to Holocaust deniers) perpetrated the biggest hoax in history in order to scam money out of Germany and found the state of Israel. This conspiracy may be present either implicitly or explicitly in Holocaust denying works.
By country
Germany
In his first recorded political speech in 1919, Adolf Hitler claimed that there was an international Jewish conspiracy plotting to weaken the Aryan race and Germany.
In documenting the appearance of fascism from the end of WWI to end of WWII, the historian Michael Kellogg noted that adherents of the "sinister world-wide Jewish" conspiracy theory included monarchist emigres who formed the Aufbau Vereinigung, a conspiratorial anti-Semitic group that sought to re-establish a Tsar in Russia while perpetrating right-wing terrorism in Germany. The Aufbau cooperated with, and included as members, early German Nazis such as Max Erwin von Scheubner-Richter. The group, with its emphasis on claiming a Protocols-like myth, would influence the ideologies of Hitler and Alfred Rosenberg, mainly from 1918 to 1923, when Scheubner-Richter died during the Beer Hall Putsch.
The leaders of Nazi Germany believed that World War II was a conflict pitting Germany against a massive conspiracy secretly engineered by Jews and fronted by the Allies. According to this conspiracy theory, Franklin Roosevelt, Winston Churchill, and Joseph Stalin were merely puppets for the Jews. Nazi propaganda repeatedly accused "International Jewry" of starting and extending the war and plotting the extermination of Germany. Hitler and other Nazi leaders repeatedly stated that they would "exterminate" Jews before the Jews had a chance to enact this alleged plot. Nazi propagandists drew on earlier Jewish conspiracy tropes and updated The Protocols of the Elders of Zion with prominent individuals from Europe and North America. According to historian Jeffrey Herf, it was the Nazis' conspiratorial beliefs about Jews, rather than older antisemitic beliefs, that caused them to resort to extreme anti-Jewish violence. "The desire for a Final Solution to the Jewish question was inseparable from the Nazis’ view of the Jews as an internationally organized political power that was playing a decisive role in the events of World War II."
According to historian Jeffrey Herf, the Nazis used the purported international Jewish conspiracy to answer "such seemingly difficult questions as, Why did Britain fight on in 1940 rather than negotiate? Why was it likely that the Soviet regime would collapse like a house of cards following the German invasion of June 1941? Why did Franklin Roosevelt oppose Hitler? Why did the anti-Hitler coalition remain intact as the Red Army continued to push toward Central Europe after spring 1943?" Nazi belief in a powerful, international Jewish conspiracy pulling the strings of world affairs was not dispelled by the ease with which the German Jewish community was expropriated and forced into exile.
Malaysia
Former Malaysian prime minister Mahathir Mohamad has repeatedly asserted that Jews control the world by proxy.
Turkey
In 2007, the bestselling book in Turkey was Musa'nın çocukları Tayyip ve Emine by Ergün Poyraz. Poyraz claims that there is an international Jewish conspiracy pulling the strings behind the world, including installing Recep Tayyip Erdogan as prime minister of Turkey.
United States
In "The International Jew: The World's Foremost Problem", American industrialist Henry Ford largely recycled the Protocols and did more than any other American to promote them. During the First Red Scare, United States Congress investigated the veracity of the Protocols. The Protocols of the Elders of Zion were well received by some conservative evangelicals in the 1920s and 1930s. However, even those evangelicals who believed that there was an international Jewish conspiracy against Christianity did not consider themselves anti-Jewish and hoped that Jews would convert to Christianity. By the end of the 1930s, the belief in an international Jewish conspiracy came to be discredited in conservative evangelical circles as it was seen as inconsistent with world events, especially the rise of Nazi Germany. In 2020, pro-Trump campaigner Mary Ann Mendoza was removed from the schedule of the Republican National Convention after she retweeted a thread asserting a Jewish conspiracy to take over the world. In 2021, it was reported that almost half of QAnon followers believed that there is a Jewish plot to take over the world.
See also
Zionist occupation government
New World Order (conspiracy theory)
References
Sources
Conspiracy theories involving Jews |
69418748 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann%20Carl%20Hagen | Hermann Carl Hagen | Hermann Carl Hagen (born Hermann Levy; February 19, 1886May 28, 1942) was a German banker, bank archivist, and economist who was murdered during the Holocaust at the Sachsenhausen concentration camp.
Personal life
Hermann Levy was born on February 19, 1886 in Berlin to a Jewish family. His father was the banker Carl Levy and his mother was Katharina Philippi. Hermann had three siblings: Margarethe, Louis, and Clara. Carl Levy hailed from a Cologne banking family that had founded Wiener Levy & Co in 1880, alongside Richard Wiener. Hermann's uncle Louis took the name "Hermann" from his non-Jewish wife Anna Emma Hagen in 1893, and subsequently other members of the Levy family followed suit. Hermann Levy was allowed to change his name to Hermann Hagen by a police order on June 16, 1905, following his marriage to Hedwig Elise Caroline Staadt, a German Christian. In 1921, Wiener Levy and Co was renamed to Hagen & Co.
In 1894, when Hermann was 8 years old, the Levy family moved from Rauchstrasse to Derfflingerstrasse. Following the family move, Hermann grew up on Derfflingerstrasse in an affluent quarter of Berlin. Hermann passed his Abitur at the Französisches Gymnasium Berlin (Royal French Gymnasium) in 1905. He continued his studies in philosophy, law, and economics until 1910 at various universities in Munich, Freiburg, Berlin and Heidelberg, but never graduated. Hermann spent a year with the 1st Guard Uhlan Regiment in Potsdam at his father's insistence. His mother Katharina died of cancer in 1907.
Hermann's siblings and children survived the Holocaust. His children Helga and Günther fled to the United States, while Hertha fled to London. His daughter Gerda (also known as Greta) was married Alexander Catsch who worked at the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute in Buch; they were forced to go to the Soviet Union with other scientists for 5 years following World War II. His son Karl-Heinz was imprisoned for several months on accusations of "decomposing military strength", later becoming editor-in-chief for multiple publications including BZ, Berliner Morgenpost, Bild-Zeitung, "Quick", and "Revue".
His youngest son, Hans Oliva-Hagen, was a journalist, writer, and screenwriter who used the pseudonyms "Hans Oliva" and "John Ryder". Hans was subjecting to Nazi human experiments while imprisoned at Moabit. His granddaughter through his son Hans is the singer Nina Hagen. Nina's daughter Cosma Shiva Hagen is an actress.
Murder
Hagen was arrested on several occasions by the Nazis. Because he was declared to be mentally confused, he was spared being taken to an extermination camp and was sent to Waldhaus insane asylum instead. He escaped from the asylum and hid in Berlin until he was arrested by the Gestapo.
On May 18, 1942, Herbert Baum's resistance group carried out an arson attack on an anti-Soviet propaganda exhibition. This was two days after the ultimately fatal assassination attempt on Reinhard Heydrich. As an act of revenge, the Nazis arbitrarily arrested 500 Jews living in Berlin. Half of these Jews were murdered at Sachsenhausen concentration camp on the same day of May 28, including Hermann Hagen. He was 56 years old. His wife Hedwig was also murdered at Sachsenhausen. The Nazi acts of revenge for these events culminated on June 10 of that year with the destruction of the village of Lidice in the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia.
Commemoration
A stolperstein honoring Hermann Hagen has been installed at Waitzstraße 27, Berlin-Charlottenburg. The memorial is a small copper plaque inscribed with identifying information. The plaque is built into the street on front of homes that were previously inhabited by primarily Jewish residents who were murdered in the Holocaust.
References
External links
The Tragic Fate Of Hermann Hagen
1886 births
1942 deaths
Französisches Gymnasium Berlin alumni
German archivists
German Ashkenazi Jews
German bankers
German Jews who died in the Holocaust
German people who died in Nazi concentration camps
German resistance members
Hagen family
Jewish bankers
Jewish economists
Jews in the German resistance
People from Berlin
People who died in Sachsenhausen concentration camp |
69419166 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tula%20prison%20break | Tula prison break | On 1 December 2021, a gang of armed men broke into a prison in Tula de Allende, Hidalgo state, Mexico.
Incident
At around 4am on 1 December 2021, gangsters arrived at the building, they proceeded to car-ram and then blow up a pair of vehicles, catching the prison guards' attention. Gunshots were fired by the criminals.
Just as local security forces began to react, two more cars exploded, allowing the gang to successfully storm the jail.
Aftermath
Nine inmates were freed, including José Artemio Maldonado Mejía, more well known as "El Michoacano", a local drug lord and head of a Mexican drug cartel, the Pueblos Unidos. The next day, Mexican police managed to recapture three inmates and 8 criminals involved in the prison raid.
Two law enforcement officers, one a policeman and the second a guard, were injured in the attack.
The government of Hidalgo has launched an investigation aiming to track the criminals down. The program is still ongoing.
Car bombs are a rare occurrence in Mexico; the most notable example of their usage occurring in 2010.
References
2021 crimes in Mexico
21st century in Hidalgo (state)
Attacks on buildings and structures in 2021
Attacks on buildings and structures in Mexico
Car and truck bombings in North America
Crime in Hidalgo (state)
December 2021 crimes
December 2021 events in Mexico
Explosions in Mexico
Improvised explosive device bombings in 2021
Mexican drug war
Organized crime events in Mexico
Prison escapes
Violent non-state actor incidents in Mexico
Prison uprisings in Mexico |
69420555 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hussein%20Kuli%20Khan%20Nawab | Hussein Kuli Khan Nawab | Hussein Kuli Khan Nawab () (1864 - after 1920), also known as Sadr es-Saltaneh, was a Persian foreign minister and ambassador. He was the seventh son of Mirza Aqa Khan Nuri, Prime Minister from 1851 to 1857 under Naser al-Din Shah Qajar.
In 1886 he was Consul General in Bombay and then became Envoy to Washington.
Between 1910 and 1911, Hussein Kuli Khan Nawab was Persian foreign minister. On October 16, 1910, the British government delivered an ultimatum to the Persian government to secure the Persian Gulf trade routes within three months, or else a 1,000- to 1,200-man police force under British-Indian leadership would intervene there, financed by a ten percent increase in import duties in Persian ports and Fars Province. He responded on this threat to restrict the Persian sovereignty by politely pointing out that despite the alleged insecurity of trade routes, the volume of imports into Persia had increased by ten percent in the previous year. The operation led to the creation of the Persian Gendarmerie.
As a strong supporter of the Persian Constitutional Revolution Hussein Kuli Khan Nawab is praised by Morgan Shuster, treasurer-general of Persia at the time.
As of 1915, Hussein Kuli Khan Nawab was envoy to Frederick Augustus III of Saxony.
References
1864 births
Foreign ministers of Iran
Ambassadors of Iran to the United States
Ambassadors of Iran to Germany
People of Qajar Iran
Year of death missing
19th-century Iranian people
20th-century Iranian people |
69421134 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louie%20French | Louie French | Louie Thomas French (born 1988) is a British politician who has served as the Member of Parliament (MP) for Old Bexley and Sidcup since 2021. A member of the Conservative Party, he has been a councillor on Bexley London Borough Council since 2014.
Early life and career
French was born in Greenwich, London, and grew up in Welling and Sidcup.
He was elected as a Conservative councillor for the Falconwood and Welling ward in the 2014 Bexley Borough Council election and was re-elected in 2018. Alongside his role as councillor, he was also a senior research analyst and later lead portfolio manager for sustainable portfolios and services for the financial planning and investment firm Tilney.
Parliamentary career
French was selected as the Conservative candidate for the 2021 Old Bexley and Sidcup by-election on 30 October 2021. The by-election was called after the death of the incumbent Conservative MP James Brokenshire of lung cancer on 7 October 2021. The constituency is considered a safe Conservative seat and has been represented by a member of the party since its creation in 1983. He was elected with a majority of 4,478 (20.6%), reduced from 18,952 (41.0%) in the 2019 election. The turnout was low at 33.5%. French had previously contested the Eltham seat in the 2019 general election, where he finished second to the incumbent Labour MP Clive Efford. After his election, he pledged to focus on increasing the number of police officers, investment in schools and hospitals, and protecting green spaces in the constituency. French had also pledged to quit his job as a lead portfolio manager for Tilney if he was elected as MP and reported doing so in his first week. French made his maiden speech on 18 January 2022.
References
1980s births
Conservative Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies
Conservative Party (UK) councillors
Councillors in the London Borough of Bexley
Living people
UK MPs 2019–present |
69421253 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prostitution%20in%20early%2020th-century%20Argentina | Prostitution in early 20th-century Argentina | The early 20th century marked a large period of immigration for Argentina. Prostitution became legalized in 1875. Moreover, due to the Great Depression, another large wave of European immigrants came to Buenos Aires looking for better job opportunities. However, there were cases about women who were tricked into coming to Argentina with the promise of a husband and better life, which turned out to be a pimp for brothels called bordellos.
From 1875 to 1936, the “reglamentarismo” laws allowed for legal prostitution that was regulated by the state, where women who sold sexual favours to more than one man had to have biweekly medical examinations and live alone or work in licensed houses. This article primarily focuses on the social and economic situation happening in Argentina (mostly in Buenos Aires) and the concept of “white slavery” in Buenos Aires and why it grew in popularity. Additionally, due to the large emergence of Jewish immigration among the mentioned European immigration, there are more specific relations to prostitution, including the so-called Zwi Migdal.
Historical background
The challenging economic conditions in Europe in the early 20th century triggered a sharp increase in immigration. Many people immigrated to Latin America, particularly to Argentina. In the late 1800s and early 19th century, Argentina saw a rise in economic prosperity. While many women in Europe had work, their jobs were mostly low paying and did not lead to much social mobility, so the idea of moving to another country searching for better and wider opportunities was favourably seen, especially moving to a country that was doing well.
At that time, following the French model, prostitution was legal in Argentina, which included its regulation. Reglamentarismo (regulation laws) laws enacted in 1888 included the Dispensario de Salubridad (or Prostitutes' Registry), and Sifilicomio (the venereal disease hospital), in order to regulate prostitutes and their health, based on European models of the time. However, the Prostitutes' Registry did not include men; these laws only applied to women working in the sex industry. The registry included all women who sold sexual favours to more than one man, and they had to work in a brothel. These laws were later removed, making prostitution illegal after a military coup in 1932.
Additionally, the increase in male immigration to Buenos Aires in the 1880s created a very unbalanced sex ratio, which later led to an increase in pimps coercing women to come to Buenos Aires. In 1927, the League of Nations reported that 75% of the women working in brothels were immigrants. The combination, on the one hand, of the economic hope from immigrants–as well as the legality in comparison to many other countries–led to a rise in people coming to the country, and many of the women coming were working in bordellos. On the other hand, many women, both Argentine and European, were choosing prostitution as a means for more individual freedom over their work.
While there weren't any red light districts, there were certain areas where one would be most likely to see brothels and streetwalkers; things such as pink or white translucent curtains, rather than traditional lace curtains was one way that individuals could contextually identify where the sex workers lived and worked.
"White slavery"
With the increase in immigration, particularly European immigration, came the issue of sex trafficking. In the case of Argentina, a large number of the women that were brought to Buenos Aires were promised a better life and a husband was then actually placed to work in bordellos. In reality, the instances of this trafficking were not as large of an issue as it was made out to be, mainly because 75% of the women working in brothels were immigrants, but the idea of “white slavery,” the international traffic of women and children, became widely accepted as truth in Europe, and Argentina was seen as a country that struggled with this issue. White slavery was not used in contrast to African chattel slavery, but rather was a term used to talk about coerced prostitution or sex trafficking. “White slavery” was used when Europeans discussed Argentina as a way to distance themselves from the country, and as a way to get public interest in terms of making legislation against prostitution.
Fear of white slavery was so huge in Europe that they actually brought it to the attention of the League of Nations, a global fora for political and economic discussion. However, many of these discussions were excuses for people who wanted to close their borders, particularly to Argentina, because they had a very large immigrant population in their workforce, especially from said outraged countries. Looking back through the details of white slavery and the instances of women being trafficked or tricked into prostitution by pimps in Argentina, there is very little data to show it was a huge problem, but it still sparked a moral panic.
Jewish immigration in Buenos Aires
Many of the immigrants that were arriving in Argentina were of Eastern European descent, and a large number of them were actually Jewish. In many Eastern European countries, Ashkenazi Jews were heavily excluded from labor, primarily in farming. Many of them were escaping situations of religious persecution, as well as looking for work in a country that at the time, was succeeding economically. This led to them immigrating to Argentina in large numbers.
In the late 1920s, Buenos Aires had an entire neighborhood where the majority of the population were Jewish immigrants. One part of those suburbs held what was called the Varsovia Society, which was made up mostly of brothel owners, pimps, and traffickers. The Varsovia Society was an organization for burial rites for those that were excluded from traditional rites owing to their association with sex work.
Owing to fear of being associated with this group, other Jewish people living in Buenos Aires created code words to separate themselves from the group and avoid harmful stereotypes on Jews. For example, when Raquel Liberman went to the police in 1928 claiming that her husband had forced her back into prostitution and was protected by the Varsovia Society, she had a large backing. The Varsovia Society was later renamed the Zwi Migdal, after one of the founders. Unfortunately, this led to a negative view of Jewish immigrants that continues to be a problem in Argentina today.
The main association with Jews, particularly from those coming from Poland, was precisely the relationship between Jewish women that were trafficked into sex work in Buenos Aires. Associations between the Varsovia Society and sex work as the prime leaders in the Argentine underworld led to an increase in anti-semitic attitudes, which spread to the rest of the world as well.
Government and legal repercussions
In 1904, Alberto Palacios was the first socialist elected to the National Chamber of Deputies, and his outrage against white slavery led to sponsoring a campaign that punished pimps. However, it was not until 1913 when Palacios introduced a different version of his bill against pimps that it was considered. This version included a new definition of white slavery, one that included both male and female minors, and would punish the pimps with a jail sentence, and deportation if convicted more than once as a foreign born person.
During this time of turmoil regarding “white slavery,” the only political party interested in the issue was in fact the Socialist Party. With many doctors at the forefront, their goals were to eliminate the spread of diseases, especially venereal disease, or sexually transmitted diseases. To that end, the biggest thing for them was that by legalizing prostitution, that meant that there was space for forced sex labor and therefore venereal disease.
The Sifilicomio laws mentioned above related to health regulation of sex workers was only ever applied to female prostitutes, despite public knowledge of male prostitutes working on the streets and in homes throughout the city. Laws varied from year to year, due to changes in society's outlooks. For example, brothels had tightened legislation on health checks in 1904, but they were later loosened in 1908.
References
Prostitution in Argentina
History of Argentina
History of prostitution
Wikipedia Student Program |
69421318 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Male%20prostitution%20in%20Bangladesh | Male prostitution in Bangladesh | Male prostitution in Bangladesh is not recognized in any official capacity within the country’s laws and penal code. Despite this, many Bangladeshi men engage in the practice of selling sex. In most instances, male sex workers have sexual encounters with male clients. As Bangladesh is a majority Muslim and socially conservative country, homosexuality is typically discouraged and considered taboo. These negative attitudes towards homosexuality often force male sex workers to be extremely covert. Stigma surrounding male sex work and homosexuality also means that boys who are sex trafficked in Bangladesh are hard to identify and protect under Bangladeshi laws, male sex work is limited to less policed venues (such as the internet), and health outreach to the male sex worker population is extremely difficult.
Laws and penal code
Selling sex in a private setting is legal in Bangladesh. Buying sex is also legal. However, buying sex and soliciting in public is illegal.
Penal code sections relevant to sex work:
Section 366A — Procuring a minor girl (under the age of eighteen) to go from any place or to do any act in which that girl may be forced or seduced to illicit intercourse with another person is punishable with imprisonment (max ten years) and liable to a fine.
Section 373 — Obtaining possession of any person under the age of eighteen with the intent of using such person for the purpose of prostitution or illicit intercourse is punishable with imprisonment (max ten years) and liable to a fine.
Explanation I: Any prostitute or any person keeping or managing a brothel, who obtains possession of a female under the age of eighteen years shall be presumed to have obtained possession of such female with the intent to use her for prostitution.
Many of the protective laws regarding sex trafficking and sex work use gendered language, specifically mentioning females/girls and not males or nonbinary individuals. While more inclusive language exists in legislation such as The Prevention and Suppression of Human Trafficking Act (2012) the legal implications for male sex workers and/or male sex trafficking victims within these protective laws are still unclear.
Section 377 — Whoever voluntarily has carnal intercourse against the order of nature with any man, woman or animal, shall be punished with imprisonment for life, or with imprisonment of max ten years, and shall also be liable to a fine.
The scope of Section 377 includes any kind of penetration. This means that all homosexual acts are punishable by up to life imprisonment. The same goes for heterosexual acts not relevant to natural reproduction, such as anal penetration and fellatio.
While homosexual acts are criminal in Bangladesh, there is a certain level of tolerance for non-heterosexual relationships as long as they remain private. Bangladeshi men and women are expected to maintain heteronormative relationships in public.
Terminology
A good portion of Bangladeshi male sex workers consider themselves kothis. The term kothi refers to a feminized man who enjoy sex as if he were women. Kothis predominate the male commercial sex industry in Bangladesh, while a majority of commercial sex clients are considered pantis. A panti is a term used for gender conforming men who prefer penetrating other men during sex (typically kothis). The term giraya is also used for male sex workers, but focuses on men who behave and appear traditionally masculine, as opposed to more feminine kothis.
The use of English terminology such as “gay” and “homosexual” is uncommon in Bangladesh.
Popular attitudes about male sex work
See also: LGBT rights in Bangladesh and LGBT in Islam
Traditionally masculine roles are strongly emphasized in Bangladeshi culture. This includes heterosexual relationships, meaning that most men end up marrying women, regardless of their sexual orientation. Because homosexuality is considered immoral and illegal, many male sex workers who have sex with men (commonly referred to as “MSMs” in research) tend to keep female wives and sexual partners in order to maintain the status quo.
This emphasis on marriage unions between men and women stems from Bangladesh’s Islamic culture. In Islam, marriage is considered the only legitimate way to achieve sexual satisfaction, especially for the purposes of starting a family. Sexual relations outside of a marriage and/or with the opposite sex are considered serious sins. Kothis tend to have the hardest time conforming to Bangladesh’s culture of heterosexual marriage, as they are the most socially and sexually divergent from heterosexual men.
The intense stigma around homosexuality in Bangladesh often leads to violence and abuse against male sex workers. Many male sex workers report instances of gender-based violence (harassment, blackmail, mistreatment by police), physical violence (beating, torture), sexual violence (rape, refusal to wear a condom), and verbal abuse (name-calling, verbal insults).
Many Bangladeshi male sex workers cite social marginalization as the reason they cannot secure jobs outside of sex work. Because many of these workers identify as homosexual and/or have more feminine personalities, they do not fit into the typical male archetype and are often turned away by employers. This reinforces their alienated status within Bangladeshi society.
There is not much research on male sex workers who entertain female clients.
Links to child sex trafficking
It is not uncommon for underage boys to be sex trafficked within Bangladesh. Male children are usually trafficked within the country or sold outside of the country. Within Bangladesh, many young boys start selling sex after being sexually assaulted. Because of the country’s gender norms, boys can have trouble understanding and communicating experiences of sexual assault (either due to lack of knowledge or embarrassment). After having sex at a young age, boys of usually low socioeconomic standing begin to exchange sex for money. Boys trafficked outside of Bangladesh are typically sent to the U.A.E. or Qatar to work as camel jockeys, where it is not uncommon for them to be sexually exploited by older men. Bangladeshi boys are also trafficked to nearby countries like India and Pakistan.
Heteronormative regulation surrounding sex trafficking tends to exclude boys. This might be due to the fact that, in Bangladesh, males are seen as perpetrators of sexual coercion and trafficking, not victims.
Using the internet
Because men are typically not welcomed into brothels or more visible places for sex work, the internet has become a popular venue for male sex work. This is especially true for young, gay men seeking financial rewards from older men. As the use of cyberspace continues to increase in Bangladesh, it has become clear how closely the country’s economy is intertwined with sexuality. Because unemployment is high among young, homosexual men, many of them turn to online forums to exchange sex for money and other resources.
These online forums allow for safer sex work practices. Male buyers and sellers are able to control where and when they meet, and this allows for trust to be established before taking the relationship further.
Health concerns
Male sex workers often face social, legal, and economic barriers that prevent them from receiving medical care and learning safe sex practices. Many Bangladeshi male sex workers are unable to seek information about sexually transmitted diseases, such as HIV or syphilis. As homosexuality is a criminal offense in Bangladesh, health outreach programs face similar obstacles when trying to educate male sex workers about the importance of safe sex. Condom use among Bangladeshi male sex workers is very low. As a result, male sex workers remain at high risk for contracting sexually transmitted diseases, particularly syphilis. HIV has a low prevalence among male sex workers, but the low frequency of condom use leaves high potential for a future HIV epidemic.
Another major health concern is drug use. Methamphetamine is commonly taken (termed Yaba by Bangladeshi male sex workers). The majority of male sex workers take Yaba to help increase revenue: Yaba allows them to see more clients by lessening pain during anal sex, helping them stay awake for longer periods of time, and ultimately curbing much of the psychological and emotional pressure that comes with being a sex worker. Male sex workers take Yaba to alleviate both the physical and mental pains they endure, making their work life smoother and more profitable.
References
Bangladeshi law
Bangladeshi society
Sex industry |
69421578 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laquincy%20Rideau | Laquincy Rideau | Laquincy Rideau (born March 28, 1996) is an American professional basketball player for KK Šentjur of the Premier A Slovenian Basketball League. He played college basketball for the Gardner–Webb Runnin' Bulldogs and South Florida Bulls.
Early life and high school career
Rideau began his high school career at Palm Beach Lakes Community High School. Prior to his senior season, he transferred to Blanche Ely High School. Rideau had three triple-doubles on an undefeated Class 7A championship team. He averaged 16.2 points, 6.8 assists, 5.3 rebounds and 4.9 steals per game, garnering Class 7A all-state first team honors. Rideau was lightly recruited, committed to playing college basketball for Gardner–Webb over Saint Peter's.
College career
Rideau averaged 5.8 points, 2.5 assists, and 2 steals per game as a freshman. As a sophomore, Rideau averaged 14.2 points, 5.7 rebounds, 5.2 assists, and 3 steals per game. He was named to the Second Team All-Big South. Following his sophomore season, Rideau transferred to South Florida, choosing the Bulls over Rutgers, Iona, Providence, and Florida Gulf Coast. He sat out the 2017–18 season as a redshirt per NCAA rules, but injured his foot shortly after signing with South Florida, which kept him from practicing until January 2018. On January 12, 2019, Rideau posted a triple double of 18 points, 10 assists, and 10 steals in an 82–80 overtime loss to Temple. On April 2, he scored a career-high 35 points along with eight assists and four steals in the second game of the College Basketball Invitational against DePaul. Rideau averaged 13.4 points, 5.4 assists and 2.9 steals per game as a junior, earning AAC Defensive Player of the Year honors. Following the season, he declared for the 2019 NBA draft, but ultimately withdrew to return to South Florida. As a senior, Rideau averaged 12.6 points, 4.4 rebounds and 2.5 steals per game.
Professional career
After going undrafted in the 2020 NBA draft, Rideau joined Résidence Walferdange of the Total League. He averaged 20.1 points, 7.3 rebounds, 5 assists, and 3.1 steals per game. On December 2, 2021, Rideau signed with KK Šentjur of the Premier A Slovenian Basketball League.
Career statistics
College
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| 2015–16
| style="text-align:left;"| Gardner–Webb
| 33 || 1 || 15.8 || .437 || .300 || .457 || 2.2 || 2.5 || 2.0 || .1 || 5.8
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| 2016–17
| style="text-align:left;"| Gardner–Webb
| 33 || 30 || 28.8 || .470 || .390 || .579 || 5.7 || 5.2 || 3.0 || .3 || 14.2
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| 2017–18
| style="text-align:left;"| South Florida
| style="text-align:center;" colspan="11"| Redshirt
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| 2018–19
| style="text-align:left;"| South Florida
| 35 || 34 || 32.1 || .409 || .338 || .549 || 3.7 || 5.4 || 2.9 || .1 || 13.4
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| 2019–20
| style="text-align:left;"| South Florida
| 31 || 31 || 32.5 || .374 || .295 || .562 || 4.4 || 4.2 || 2.5 || .2 || 12.6
|- class="sortbottom"
| style="text-align:center;" colspan="2"| Career
| 132 || 96 || 27.3 || .418 || .328 || .549 || 4.0 || 4.3 || 2.6 || .2 || 11.5
Personal life
Rideau has four siblings. His father, Greg Rideau, pitched in the Cleveland Indians organization and is a police officer. His mother is a middle school culinary-arts teacher.
See also
List of NCAA Division I men's basketball career steals leaders
References
External links
South Florida Bulls bio
Gardner–Webb Runnin' Bulldogs bio
1996 births
Living people
American men's basketball players
American expatriate basketball people in Luxembourg
Basketball players from Florida
Sportspeople from West Palm Beach, Florida
Blanche Ely High School alumni
Gardner–Webb Runnin' Bulldogs men's basketball players
South Florida Bulls men's basketball players
Point guards |
69421615 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam%20and%20magic | Islam and magic | In Islamic culture and Muslim communities throughout the world, magic is "widespread and pervasive". Magic or sorcery (which seeks to alter the course of events usually by calling on a supernatural force) and divination (attempts "to predict future events or gain information about things unseen"), or occultism, encompass a wide range of practices. These include protection from black magic, the evil eye, demons -- particularly jinn), which are thought to bring "illness, poverty, and everyday misfortunes"; or alternately practices seeking to bring "good fortune, health, increased status, honor, and power". Techniques include evocation, casting lots, astrology, the production of amulets and other magical equipment,
Magic have been called a "vital element of everyday life and practice" in both the contemporary and historical Islamic world, the topics generating a "staggering" amount of "literature;
but also declared to be "evil" in any and all of their forms, denying its practitioners entrance into heaven, and earning them a "divinely sanctioned" punishment of death. At least some of this dispute may be explained by differing definitions—whether natural, or sympathetic magic—which "makes use of the hidden properties (in Arabic: khawass) of natural substances"—is included as forbidden magic.
As of 2005, this division was on display in bookstalls in market places across the Muslim Middle East and North Africa, where "handbooks for practitioners of the occult" were found alongside "books full of warnings and condemnations" of the handbooks' contents.
Over the centuries, magic has "become intricately interwoven with religious elements and practices" in Islamic culture -- despite the efforts of orthodox Islamic scholars to stamp it (magic) out -- so that the line between what is forbidden and what is allowed has become "blurred".
Terminology
Sihr
The word usually translated as "magic" in the Quran is siḥr. According to Adam Silverstein, the "Arabic word for 'magic' is siḥr, ... in the Qur'an Siḥr means ... 'black magic,' but in modern Arabic the same word is used for 'entertaining magic'". The Hans Wehr Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic defines siḥr as "bewitchment, beguilement, enchantment, fascination"; and the plural form (ashar) as "sorcery, witchcraft, magic".
Toufic Fahd in the Brill Encyclopedia of Islam usually uses "magic as the translation of sihr", but "occasionally uses sorcery or witchcraft". Fahd himself first defines sihr as that which leads its subject to "believe that what he sees is real when it is not", but also includes "everything that is known as 'white' or 'natural magic'".
In his examination of what about sihr is haram and what isn't in contemporary Islamic society, Remke Kruk defines the practice of sihr as magic or sorcery, and translates material objects called sihr as "charms". Emilie Savage-Smith gives a very broad definition including "anything wondrous, including elegant and subtle poetry, ... sleight-of-hand tricks, ... the healing properties of plants, ... invocations to God for assistance, ... invocations to jinn or demons or the spirits of the planets, and on occasion even to the divinatory art of astrology."
Other terms
Toufic Fahd gives a number of definitions of related terms in Encyclopedia.com. Magic/sihr is part of
Ulūm al-ghayb, "the occult sciences" of Islam, "include divination, astrology, oneiromancy", ... prophecy, magic (siḥr). Fahd further divides Siḥr in three sections:
Black magic (ʿilm al-siḥr),
Theurgy (ʿilm al-khawāṣṣ wa-al-ṭalāsim) (theurgy is the practice of rituals, performed with the intention of invoking the action or evoking the presence of one or more deities, especially with the goal of achieving henosis—uniting with the divine—and perfecting oneself); and
white or natural magic (ʿilm al-ḥiyal wa-al-shaʾwadhah).
Sebastian Günther and Dorothee Pielow list
ʿUlum al-ghariba ("occult sciences") or ʿUlum al-hafiya ("secret sciences") as referring to occultism in Islam.
Branches of magic
Some of "the more commonly used branches" of the art of magic listed by Dastghaib Shirazi and/or schools of the occult listed by the Ottoman-Turkic theologian Tasköprüzade
ʿIlm akham an nugum: Astrology
ʿIlm as-Simiya - combines "will-power with particular physical and material forces for manipulating the natural order", and includes "eye-enchantment". Magic based on imagination, such as enchantments and magic of letters.
ʿIlm al-Limiya or "the knowledge of subjugation of the spirits"—uses the psyche to bring "higher and stronger spirits" (such as "the spirits of the stars", and jinn) under the control of the magician.
ʿIlm al-Himiya or talisman—combines "the powers of the higher spiritual world" with the base elements of nature to "produce awe-inspiring effect".
ʿIlm ar-Rimiya or ash-Sha'badhah—such as "sleight of hand, jugglery", creates the illusion of super-natural effects.
ʿIlm al-firasa -- Predicting the character of a person by his outer appearance.
ʿIlm ta'bir ar-ru'ya -- Interpreting dreams
ʿIlm at-tillasmat -- Talisman
Supplementary fields of magic are
ʿIlm al-Kimiya or alchemy—the transmuting (i.e. the attempt to transmute) base metals into gold or silver.
ʿIlm al-Khafiyah or the hidden knowledge—discovers the names of "the angels or the satans" to be used to invoke those beings.
Still others (all forbidden) are
ʿIlm Shoabada—is the creating of an illusion (such as by moving a burning ball in circles so that it appears to be a circle of fire); "All the fuqaha [Islamic jurists] are unanimous that Shobada is ... is a type of magic", and "Harām" (forbidden).
ʿIlm Taskhirāt -- "the method of controlling Angels, Jinns, souls or various wild animals"; is "also Harām and considered a form of sorcery".
ʿIlm Qayafa—the art of determining the lineage of an individual by use of magic.
Divination
Divination (i.e. "prediction of future events or gaining information about things unseen" by way of an occultic, standardized process or ritual), has been called "a branch of magic" by "Muslim encyclopedists, such as al-Afkānī, Tāshköprüzade, and Ḥājjī Khalīfah", according to Fahd.
Shia cleric Sayyid Abdul Husayn Dastghaib Shirazi of Al-Islam.com and historian Emilie Savage-Smith calls divination in Islam Kaḥanat—Dastghaib Shirazi specifying that it is where the one predicting uses knowledge obtained from "some groups of Jinns". ("All the jurists are unanimous in their opinion that Kahanat or soothsaying is Harām", according to Dastghaib Shirazi, and all those who go to "a sorcerer, a soothsayer or a liar and testifies to what he says" become infidels, according to the Holy Imam A.S. This is because "Allah the Almighty does not wish people to have knowledge of the future".)
Toufic Fahd describes the difference between divination and magic as blurred. Both share a "practical and nontheoretical character"; use "supernatural means to predict natural elements", and share the technique of obtaining knowledge from "demonic inspiration"; but in "Islamic magical literature", the two "run parallel without mingling".
Other definitions
Witchcraft—Sources on Islam and magic differ in their use of the term "witchcraft". It is sometimes seems to be used in place of "magic" (Pew Research Center survey on Muslim beliefs), other times as a synonym for it (IslamQA), sometimes excluded from use (Toufic Fahd), sometimes avoided in favor of "sorcery" because it (witchcraft) "evokes the wrong associations" (Remke Kruk)—i.e. because it is "a late medieval Christian heresy", or because unlike sorcery it is "a psychic act" that uses no spells, rites or medicines. G. Hussein Rassool includes witchcraft as a subset of a "wider" definition of magic: "Witchcraft refers to toxic actions that are carried out by persons presumed to have access to the supernatural world."
Beings, afflictions, and tools often involved in magic are
Jinn—supernatural creatures in Islam who may be good or evil but who are mentioned frequently in magical works throughout the Islamic world (often mentioned together with devils, i.e. shayāṭīn, and held responsible for misfortune, possession and diseases), to be summoned and bound to a sorcerer.
Rūḥanīyah—spiritual beings. Sarʿ - possession by jinn or other spiritsMasruʿ - possessed, also sometimes as 'showing signs of possession'Tilsam, hirz - the "most common Arabic terms" employed for amulets
Ruqyah—Kruk defines it as an incantation made up of 41 "Quranic verses, formulas and short chapters". Mission Islam gives a broader definition "the recitation of Qur'an, seeking of refuge, remembrance and supplications that are used as a means of treating sicknesses and other problems" including two types: good, Ar-Ruqyah Ash Shar'eeyah; and bad, Ar Ruqyah Ash Shirkiyah https://www.missionislam.com/health/ruqiyahrecitation.html
Not forbidden is Karamat—the ability "to perform extraordinary acts" (aka miracles) which is given by God only to those with great "piety and abstinence".
Origins and scriptural basis
Pre-Islamic influence
Scholars of the history of religion have linked several magical practises in Islam with pre-Islamic Turkish and East African customs. Most notable of these customs is the Zār. Other pre-Islamic cultures and practises that had influence on early Islamic belief were Jewish, Sabians of the city of Harran, Aramaic, Iraqi practises; the danger and prevention of the evil eye, the astrology and the "special occult properties of plant, animal, and mineral substances" of late antiquity,
Quran
Sixty six Quranic verses reportedly relate to the subject of magic, but the verse dealing with magic in the most detail is Q.2:102.
They ˹instead˺ followed the magic promoted by the devils during the reign of Solomon. Never did Solomon disbelieve, rather the devils disbelieved. They taught magic to the people, along with what had been revealed to the two angels, Hârût and Mârût, in Babylon. The two angels never taught anyone without saying, “We are only a test ˹for you˺, so do not abandon ˹your˺ faith.” Yet people learned ˹magic˺ that caused a rift ˹even˺ between husband and wife; although their magic could not harm anyone except by Allah’s Will. They learned what harmed them and did not benefit them—although they already knew that whoever buys into magic would have no share in the Hereafter. Miserable indeed was the price for which they sold their souls, if only they knew!Q.2:102 and many other verses describe magic in a negative light. It practices are secrets that the humans "ought not to have known"; devils/fallen angels teach it; it's practitioners will end up in hell; other verses condemn it as a pagan practice.
But the description in Q.2:102 of magic as revealed by supernatural creatures (Fallen angels (Hārūt and Mārūt) suggests it is, (in the words of Toufic Fahd), a "fragment of a celestial knowledge ...". Based on the verse, Irmeli Perho describes magic as "part of God’s creation, like good deeds and bad deeds; like belief and unbelief". Since the magicians "evil actions will only take place if God allows it", magic is accommodated in the Islamic doctrine of "an omnipotent God".
In Verse Q.10:2 Muhammad is falsely accused of being a magician by his opponents ('Yet the disbelievers said, “Indeed, this ˹man˺ is clearly a magician!”').
Not all verses make negative references to supernatural powers or those that use them. Surah al-Isra suggests that the Quran itself bestows barakah (magical blessings) upon hearers and heals them. In An-Naml (Surah 27), Solomon is described as having the power to speak with animals and jinn, and command birds and devils, (which according to Islam, he only possesses with God's permission).Tafsir Ibn Kathir for surah 21, verse 19 Surah Al-Falaq (Surah 113) is used as a prayer to God to ward off black magic, and according to hadith-literature, was revealed to Muhammad to protect him against Jann, the ancestors of the jinn.
Muhammad, sira and hadith
In a examination of hadith on magic and witchcraft, Irmeli Perho writes that "magic is seen as a power distinct from God, whereas in the Qurʾān magic is a power that is ultimately subject to God’s will".
A sahih hadith from Jamiʽ al-Tirmidhi has Muhammad condemning users of magic to death -- "The punishment of the Sahir [one who practices magic] is a strike of the sword."
Witchcraft or black magic is mentioned in sira (biography of the Islamic Prophet Muhammad) and hadith (reports about what Muhammad said and did), where Muhammad becomes ill because of an evil doer who uses a magic charm which is hidden "in a well" (in some versions of the story "hair left on the Prophet's comb" and "some other objects" are the charm, in another version "a string with a number of knots upon it"); the Prophet suffered from the magic but prays and receives a dream or a visit from Gabriel to tell him what to do, in the end he is cured through God's power.
One scholar, (Irmeli Perho), notes that all versions of the hadith (and all hadith dealing with witchcraft) signify Islamic belief in the power of magic to harm even so great a man as the Prophet of Islam, but the many different variants of the hadith include different solutions to the curse of the charm—in some God's power against the charm is so great Muhammad does not bother to take the magic object(s) out of the well; in others he is asked if he took them out, if he burned them, if he made a counter spell against the charm. In many hadith he answers “God, He is powerful and great, has already cured me", but in one version that statement is absent and Muhammad is only cured after the charm (a knot) is taken and disassembled—these variients representing (to Irmeli Perho) how Muslims don't all believe magic has the same level of power. In the hadith where Muhammad says "God has already cured me", God’s power is described as "sufficient to counter the power of magic" and only an outsider/enemy is involved in magic, whereas in the latter hadith "human action" was required to counter the magic. Believers in human action against harmful witchcraft will indicate support for use of "protective spells" and counter spells.
Religious permissibility
The legitimacy of practising magic is disputed among scholars; it being judged variously as a superstition to be dismissed, as allowed if the magic is "good" (with different criteria used for what is "good"), or forbidden as sinful.
Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya (1292-1350), a disciple of Ibn Taimiyya, who became the major source for Wahhabism, entirely disregards magic, including exorcisms, as superstition. During the end of the Ottoman Empire, Muslims started to disregard occult practises as superstition
According to Remke Kruk, the traditional "scholarly definition" of magic distinguishes between natural, or sympathetic magic—which "makes use of the hidden properties (in Arabic: khawass) of natural substances"; and "demoniac magic"—which "involves the help of spirits, usually malevolent spirits (demons)". The first allow the second forbidden.
Ibn al-Nadim (c.932-c.992) argues that good supernatural powers are received from God after purifying the soul, while sorcerers please devils and sacrifices to demons, committing acts of disobedience.
Al-Razi (1149 or 1150–1209) and Ibn Sina (c. 980–1037), describe magic as merely a tool with the outcome of an act of magic determining whether it is legitimate or not.
Whether or not sorcery/magic is accessed by acts of piety or disobedience is often seen as an indicator whether sorcery/magic is licit or illicit, according to Moiz Ansari. Magic where the mind is directed "toward an object other than God" is forbidden, but utilizing "demons and jinn" to perform magic is not necessarily sinful (according to Toufic Fahd). Fahd quotes Ḥājjī Khalīfah in "summarizing the views of the Muslim theologians": 'The obedience of demons and jinn to humans is not something unimaginable, either from the standpoint of reason or from the standpoint of accepted practice.'
Tabasi (d.1089) offered a wide range of rituals to perform sorcery, but also agreed that only magic in accordance with sharia is permissible. According to Tobias Nünlist, rather than condemning magic and occultism as whole, Muslim writers on othe subject usually distinguished between licit and illicit occult practises. According to Henrik Bogdan, Gordan Djurdjevic, contrary to Western esotericism and occultism, there is no clear conflict between orthodox and occultism in Islam.
Ibn Khaldun (1332–1406) brands sorcery, talismans, and prestidigitation as forbidden and illegal.
Al-Ghazali, although admitting the reality of magic, regards learning any sort of magic as forbidden.
Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab (1703–1792), founder of Wahhabism, considered sorcery (defined as the performance of black magic, divination, or astrology) as one of the few sins where killing was a "divinely sanctioned punishment". 20th century scholar Muhammad Nasiruddin al-Albani stated that those who have "the conviction that sorcery has effect of its own accord, and not because of God's decision and will", will not enter paradise.
Complicating matters is that practices widely considered non-forbidden are sometimes used under the term "sorcery" (siḥr) and sometimes excluded. The influential scholar Fakhr al-Din al-Razi (c.1150–1209) "includes under sorcery the use (isti'ana, seeking help) of the hidden properties (khawass) of foodstuffs, medicines and unguents"; but traditional medicines are both widely practiced in the Islamic world and "never subject to religious censorship". Wahid 'Abd al-Salam (or Ibn al-Salam ) Bali, a popular Wahhabi-trained author of several books on the dangers of jinn and magic, uses "sorcery" (siḥr) to mean "demonic, not on sympathetic magic". Khawass often refers to "God's holy names and of various Qur'anic texts" and belief that these have a powerful supernatural effect is "very much a part of Islamic daily practice", nonetheless some (Qasim Mahmud al-Mahmud), have denounced "these religious texts also as demonic" and Islamically "unacceptable". (Qasim Mahmud al-Mahmud accused a Islamic healer of the forbidden practice getting help from a jinn after the healer maintained that all fragments of text of the Quran have a 'spirit servant', and if a Muslim reads the appropriate "text a fixed number of times according to the abjad, they "will immediately obtain what" they desire.)
Practices/Treatments
The categories of practices and treatments mentioned below sometimes overlap, and sometimes are historical and may no longer be either commonly practiced or practiced at all.
Magic
"Most" magic in the early Islamic world was "protective in nature", asking for God's beneficence in general and His intervention specifically against the supernatural powers of the evil eye, shayatin (devils) and jinn, both mentioned in the Quran. Incantations, spells, evocation, theurgy all involve contacting some spirit/supernatural being/deity and employing them for some purpose.
Incantations and spells
According to Toufic Fahd in encyclopedia.com, "incantations and spells" are "meant to compel the jinn and the demons to accomplish a desired end, by pronouncing the formula `Azamtu ʿalaykum ('I command you')". Nothing about the practice of commanding jinn is found in the Qurʾān or ḥadīth, but Fahd quotes scholar Ḥājjī Khalīfah (1609–1657) defending the practice:
This thing is possible and lawful, according to reason and the law; whoever denies it is not highly regarded, because he winds up failing to acknowledge the omnipotence of God: to subjugate the spirits, to humble them before him, and to make them subordinate to men, is one of the miracles of [God's] creation.
This practice is lawful in Islam according to Fahd, provided its practitioner does not act "in a manner that is wicked and harmful to others", and does not direct their "mind toward an object other than God".
According to some (Ibn Khaldūn and the Pseudo-Majrīṭī) magical ability is not acquired, but must be something in the magician's "nature", specifically they must have a disposition called al-tibaʿ al-tamm, "the perfect nature"; "the person who possesses it attains 'knowledge of the secrets of creation, of natural causes, and of the mode of being of things'".
Evocation of spirits
"Evocation" involves ordering "the spirits of the dead, the demons, and the planets" to carry out the wishes of the magician, (whereas with "incantations and spells" it is jinn and demons who are compelled to obey the magician, according to Toufic Fahd in encyclopedia.com).
"To evoke the spirit of a planet" (Fahd writes), a ritual must be performed where the magician is dressed in the right color ("red-gray for Saturn, white-gray for Jupiter, the yellow-green-red of red-gold for Mars, red-gold for Venus, a mixture of all colors for Mercury, and green-white for the Moon"), perfumed with the "scent" of the planet, has consumed the right "essence and flavor" of the planet, mounted an "image of whatever it is one plans to ask of the spirit invoked", and then waited for the right moment in the zodiac.
Theurgy
The difference between magic and theurgy (ʿilm al-khawāṣṣ wa-al-ṭalāsim) is (according to Ibn Khaldūn), that
the sorcerer does not need any aid, while those who work with talismans seek the aid of the spiritualities of the stars, the secrets of numbers, the particular qualities of existing things, and the positions of the sphere that exercise an influence upon the world of the elements, as the astrologers maintain. The philosophers, therefore, say that sorcery is a union of spirit with spirit, while the talisman is a union of spirit with body.
Talisman
According to Ḥājjī Khalīfah, the art of talismanry (al-Himiya) is intended
to combine the active celestial forces with the passive earthly forces at moments favorable to the desired action and influence, with the help of vapors [able] to strengthen and attract the spirit of the talisman, with the intent of producing unusual manifestations in the world of generation and decay. In comparison with magic, this science is more accessible, for both its principles and its causes are known. Its usefulness is obvious, but mastery comes only after a great deal of effort.
According to Savage-Smith, the amulets and talismanic objects (there being no difference between them) used by early Muslims "chiefly took the form of pious invocations to God, through Quranic quotations and prayers", and were used "to ward off the evil eye and misfortune", and to gain good fortune, increase fertility, "potency or attractiveness". Early talismanic objects "reflect pre-Islamic magical symbolism" and contain symbols such as a "long horned stag", oryx, scorpion, lion or dog, stars, "a frame of pseudo-writing"; and magic squares.
White or Natural Magic
According to Ḥājjī Khalīfah, natural magic (al-shaʾwadhah) "involves imaginary phenomena ... aerial illusions, atmospheric vapors, playing with fire, tricks with bottles, cups, and glasses, illusions with eggs, fruits produced out of season, wax figures, animal taming, discovery of hidden objects, preparation of magic ink, and so on", often concocted from mixtures of "natural essences, ointments, liquified materials, or even special words with suggestive powers". Savage-Smith describes "confidence tricks, sleight-of-hand trick" using "lamps, candles, vapours, bottles, cups and glasses, eggs," etc., as "magic as trickery and conjuring" practiced by disreputable individuals in medieval Islamic times.
Black magic and love sorcery
According to Remke Kruk, while traditional handbooks of magic, such as ones "circulated under the name 'al-Buni'
and their later offshoots", including a work referred to as the 'Diyarbi book', - are full of information on how "khawass, hidden properties, of various Qur'an chapters and verses and of God's holy names" can be put to work in invocations, but "all these books contain instructions" on harming other people. They contain information "not only about how to banish, but also about how to destroy and kill enemies and how to drive people", such as married or unmarried couples, "apart (tafriq)" invoking angels and/or jinn.For translations of relevant passages from al-Buni's Usul, see Pielow, Quellen, pp. 125-9; for an example of 'destroying the wrongdoer', see Ibn al-Hajj - al-Maghribi al-Tilimsani, Shumus al-anwar, 2 parts in one volume (Beirut: Dar al-Jil, n.d.) II, p. 162. quoted from Kruk, "Harry Potter in the Gulf", BJMES, May 2005, p.51, note 11 These practices are condemned by orthodox Muslims.
Wonderworking and marvels
Savage-Smith writes that "by the thirteenth century" in the Islamic world "there were manuals of sorcery giving spells for flying, for becoming invisible, for walking on water, for giving someone a dog's head", and other "amazing things".
Evil eye (prevention against)
The evil eye, ( al-ʿayn, also ,), where misfortune befalls someone after another person has looked at them, usually with feelings of jealousy—is recognized by Ibn Sīnā and Ibn Khaldūn, mentioned in verse Al-Falaq 113:5: “And from the evil of the envier when he envies.” and a number of hadith.
Ibn Sīnā explains the evil eye as "an admiring tendency of the soul that exercises [the evil eye], by this property, a weakening influence on the object of its admiration" [the victim of the evil eye] According to Islam Question and Answer fatwa site, (according to Muhammad) the second greatest cause of death among Muslims is the evil eye: 'Most of those who die among my ummah (Muslim community) die because of the will and decree of Allaah, and then because of the evil eye.'
For Ibn Khaldūn, the effect is
natural and innate. It cannot be left alone. It does not depend on the free choice of its possessor. It is not acquired by him. [It is] an influence exercised by the soul of the person who has the evil eye. A thing or situation appears pleasing to the eye of a person, and he likes it very much. This [circumstance] creates in him envy and the desire to take it away from its owner. Therefore he prefers to destroy him.
To protect against the evil eye, the fatwa sites Islamweb and IslamQA recommend reading specific verses of the Qur'an, duʿāʾ supplications and getting the person who gave you the evil eye to "wash his face, hands, elbows, knees, the end of his feet, and the inside of his lower garment in a vessel" and then pour that water over the victim of the evil eye. IslamQA gives specific duʿāʾ to recite for protection from evil eye, and Islamweb gives verses of the Quran.
Exorcism
According to Dawn Perlmutter, writing in 2013, "an entire industry of professional exorcists" has arisen in "the Middle East and among Western Muslims", performing Qur'anic healing, posting on YouTube and advertising on Facebook and Twitter. In Islamic literature there are detailed treatises that include "entire exorcism rites and purification rituals for the destruction of amulets and other magical items" to neutralize black magic.
Divination
In the early and classical Islamic world divination (gaining information about future events or things unseen by occult methods) encompassed a range of techniques, "grouped roughly" into those "largely intuitive" (for example, water diviners observed the behaviour of animals, such as the hoopoe, to discover "the presence of underground water") and those employing "numerical or mechanical methods". interpreting the will of God by examining "the conformation of animal parts"; the patterns appearing on the
"surface of water, oil, or ink, (hydromancy); dream interpretation (oneiromancy); "Few details remain of the specific methods" used in these intuitive techniques. Predicting changes in weather patterns "based on the visibility of important star-groups", was the subject of a tract by al-Kindi c. 801–873 CE) and another tract "is still in circulation today, at least in Iraq".
In modern times in the Middle East, "fortunetelling", according to Dawn Perlmutter,
focuses more on spiritual protection and family counseling than prediction and prophecy. In addition to reading cards, dice, palms, and coffee grounds, activities include selling amulets to ward off evil spirits and providing advice for marital problems. In Afghanistan, fortunetellers operate out of small shops or outside of mosques and shrines across the country but are rarely consulted to portend the future; most often their clients are women or the elderly seeking guidance for problems affecting their families. In Iran and Pakistan this fortunetelling is also widespread.
Physiognomy
Divining using "specific parts of the human body" (physiognomy), such as twitching eyelids or other involuntary movements, "the shape and appearance of the hands, joints, and nails" (`ilm al-kaff) and chiromancy or palmistry (employing lines on the hands - ʿilm al-asārīr), "were, and still are popular" in the Muslim world. Physiognomy does not try to align "physical characteristics with character traits" but to use them to read the future. Twitching eyelids, for example, would not indicate a nervous personality but might foretell "the success or failure of an enterprise".
Astrology
In Islamic history, Astrology (ʿilm al-nujūm, "the science of the stars"), was "by far" the most popular of the "numerous practices attempting to foretell future events or discern hidden things", according to Savage-Smith. It has several sub categories:
the relatively simple "non-horoscopic astrology" that involves "the prediction of events based upon the rising or setting of certain star groups";
"judicial astrology" involving "calculating the positions of planets and the mathematical production of horoscopes"
to determine the fate of individuals, countries, or dynasties,
of "auspicious and inauspicious days"; and
to answer specific questions -- the location of lost objects, buried treasure, or "the diagnosis and prognosis of disease".
Sortilege
Sortilege, or practice of casting lots and interpreting the results produced by chance (qurʿa), was used both to predict the future, and "as a means of determining a course of action or deciding between courses of action". While casting lots was "considered legitimate" in Islam, according to Savage-Smith, two practices involving chance are prohibited by the Quran: istiqsam -- a pre-Islamic "use of rods to settle disputes or give simple omens"; maysir ("the game of the left-handed"), "involving arrows and the slaughtering of animals".
Letter number interpretation
Using the "numerical values of letters" to form a word (ʿilm al-ḥurūf) has been used as divination. Treatises on divination maintained that "the victor and vanquished" of some battle or event could be determined by "calculating the numerical value of the names of the contenders, dividing each by nine, and finding the remainders on the chart". More complicated techniques involved combining the letters of one of the 99 names of God "with those of the name of the desired object" (jafr). An "even more" complicated form involved creating an "intricate circular chart ... concentric circles, letters of the alphabet, elements of astrology, and poetry" and calculating "the degree of the ecliptic on the eastern horizon".
Approved treatments
Magic or traditional healing without any dispute and approved by orthodox scholars includes
Miracles
Miracles belong to licit magic and are considered gifts of God. According to Ibn Khaldūn,
The difference between miracles and magic is this: a miracle is a divine power that arouses in the soul [the ability] to exercise influence. The [worker of miracles] is supported in his activity by the spirit of God. The sorcerer, on the other hand, does his work by himself and with the help of his own psychic power, and, under certain conditions, with the support of devils. The difference between the two concerns the idea, reality, and essence of the matter.
According to contemporary Shia cleric Sayyid Abdul Husayn Dastghaib Shirazi, the ability "to perform extraordinary acts" (miracles) or Karamat happens because of the great "piety and abstinence" of the miracle worker and is not sinful (according to Dastghaib Shirazi), provided there can be no question that the performer of the miracle
"is invoking God",
is "the most righteous and knowledgeable person of his time",
and does not claim to be a prophet.
Quranic treatment
"Quranic treatment" is made up of practices based "exclusively" on "reciting Qur'anic texts, and defining exactly what this implies".
Elements of the 'Qur'anic treatment include "talking about the patient's troubles", recitation of ruqyah—i.e specific Quranic verses (and dua) (see notes below) and prolonging the treatment "if no progress is observed". Though based on revealed scripture and religious belief, parts of the treatment also have "obvious psychotherapeutic value"—recitation of scripture the patient believes to be divine, emphasis on the patient talking about their problems, "repetition of simple rituals within a well-defined time schedule over a certain period of time"—and as of 2005, was "highly fashionable" even among the Muslim elite in places like Cairo.
In Muslim society
According to a Pew Research Center survey conducted in 2011-2012 of Muslims around the world, a majority of Muslims surveyed in the Middle East North Africa, Turkey, South Asia, and Southeast Asia believe in Jinn—However, less than 20% of those surveyed thought that making offerings to jinn was an "acceptable part of Islamic tradition". Belief in talismans, witchcraft and spiritual healers, was not as widespread, ranging from one half to a quarter of Muslims in these regions. More religious Muslims are more likely to believe in jinn, talismans and other supernatural entities.
Popular practices v. religious orthodoxy
Scholar Remke Kruk found books on magic and sorcery "extremely well represented" in "street stalls and bookshops" in the Muslim world from Marrakesh to Cairo to Yemen circa 2005. Practical handbooks on the subject were common, but with the "orthodox" Islamic revival, "religious pamphlets condemning various practices" also became popular, starting around 1990. G. Hussein Rassool states that
Throughout the Muslim world, there are sorcerers, fortune tellers and traditional healers; many are in violation of interpretations of the Shari’ah (Islamic law). This leads the magicians or healers that use magic or witchcraft into the realm of major Shirk which refers to the association of a partner with Allah, the summoning other than God and relying on others beside Allah.
Kruk writes that "over the centuries" the Islamic scholars of "official Islam" have worked to forbid magical practices, but despite their efforts magic practices have "become intricately interwoven with religious elements and practices" in Islamic culture. Consequently, the line between forbidden and allowed "is so blurred that neither the practitioner nor the client" are often aware of when they are crossing that line.
On the one hand, practices approved by strict Islamic conservatives (called "orthodox" by Kruk) and revivalists to counteract magic include things like the use of water "over which the Quran has been recited" or to which have been added "salt, rose essence, oil of black caraway, or the leaves of the lote tree". On the other, in traditionally practised "magic and sorcery" now under attack from those strict conservatives, recitation of the 99 names of God and verses of the Quran play "a major part".
The practice of many Islamic healers who claim to talk to jinn for the purpose of curing and preventing the evil eye and exorcism of possession by jinn, is believed to be the extremely serious sin of shirk (mentioned above) by more strict/conservative/orthodox Muslims. Kruk points out how fine the differences between approved and disapproved practices can be—it is acceptable to get in touch with jinn "in exorcisms" to threaten them, but it is shirk to ask their help in a healing; dissolving Quranic texts written on paper in water is forbidden, but "writing in bowls with ink that is washed off by the water poured into the bowl", is recommended by the well known conservative, Wahabbi-oriented cleric Wahid 'Abd al-Salam Bali.
Kruk worries that the rise of stricter forms of Islam has led to an attack on healing "practices that used to be well integrated into Islamic life".
Cases and punishments
According to Ahmed Ferky Ibrahim, (professor of Islamic law at McGill University), while "capital punishment for magic is rooted in Islamic history", it was seldom applied historically. "'When you read 16th- through 19th-century Ottoman court records, for instance, you realize there was no inquisition of magicians, no witch hunts, as was the case in Christian Europe ...The frequent persecution of magicians is indeed a recent phenomenon'".
As of 2013, "stricter laws, arrests, and executions have resulted in efforts to deter magical practices" in "Afghanistan, Gaza, Bahrain, and Saudi Arabia". Sorcery is also a crime in Nigeria.
Saudi Arabia
In Saudi Arabia (prior to the reign of Muhammad bin Salman), Harry Potter books were "forbidden" and men and women have been beheaded on charges of sorcery.
In 2009, a special "Anti-Witchcraft Unit" was "created and formalized", not only to investigate and pursue alleged witches, but to "neutralize their cursed paraphernalia, and disarm their spells". In that year, in just one region (Makkah) alone, "at least 118 people were charged with 'practicing magic' or 'using the book of Allah in a derogatory manner'". By 2011, the Anti-Witchcraft Unit had established nine witchcraft-fighting bureaus in cities across the Saudi, and processed "at least 586 cases of magical crime".
In 2007, an Egyptian pharmacist, Mustafa Ibrahim, was beheaded in Riyadh after being convicted on charges of "practicing magic and sorcery" as well as other charges.
In 2008, police went to the trouble of luring a well-known Lebanese television psychic, Ali Hussain Sibat, into a sting operation while he was in Saudi on hajj (pilgrimage to Mecca). He was sentenced to death but had his sentenced reduced to 15 years in prison "after outcry from international human rights organizations". In September 2011 a Sudanese man was beheaded, having been caught in another sting operation "set in motion by the religious police".
Human rights workers allege that accused in Saudi Arabia are often foreign domestic workers from Africa and Southeast Asia who often are simply practicing folk medicine from their country or who are charged with witchcraft by their employers in retaliation for taking those employers to court for refusal to pay wages. (The power of the Committee for the Prevention of Vice and Promotion of Virtue that oversees the anti-witchcraft unit has been sharply curtailed under the reign of crown prince Muhammad bin Salman.)
Iran
In Iran in 2011, 25 advisers and aides of the then President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad and his chief of staff Esfandiar Rahim Mashaei were arrested on charges of practising sorcery and black magic.
According to "the top sorcerer among Iran's ruling elite" (top "according to associates clients and government officials"), Ahmadinejad met with him "at least twice" (Ahmadinejad denies the charges), and was just one among "dozens" of high Iranian government officials" who consult him on "matters of national security". The "top" sorcerer (claims to) regularly contact Jinn who "work for Israel's intelligence agency, the Mossad, and for the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency", and has had 'a long battle to infiltrate the Israeli jinn and find out what they know.'" The sorcerer also claimed that not only did jinn work for the US and Israel, but that some were being used by him "to infiltrate" the intelligence agencies of Israeli and U.S.
Gaza
In Gaza, exorcism is not illegal but treated with considerable suspicion by the Islamist ruling Hamas party, which claimed to have "exposed thirty cases of fraud" in one year, 2010.
Dubai
The BBC relates the story of a charismatic Mali-born confidence artist (Foutanga Babani Sissoko) who convinced the bank manager at Dubai Islamic Bank (Mohammed Ayoub) that he, Sissoko, using black magic, "could take a sum of money and double it" ("... he saw lights and smoke. He heard the voices of spirits. Then there was silence"). Between 1995 and 1998 Ayoub made 183 transfers into bank accounts of Sissoko—eventually totaling 890 million dirhams or $242 million -- "expected it to come back in double the amount." However, after a time the Bank's auditors "began to notice that something was wrong" and Sissoko (who had left Dubai for the U.S. and then Mali) stopped answering Ayoub's calls. Eventually the Dubai government covered the banks loses and Ayoub was convicted of fraud and sentenced to three years in prison. Rumour had it "he was also forced to undergo an exorcism, to cure him of his belief in black magic."
Pakistan
In Pakistan it is common to slaughter an animal to ward off evil and bad luck, it is especially efficacious is sacrificing a black goat. In December 2016, after 48 people died in the crash of a propeller-driven Pakistan International Airlines plane, a group of airline staff were seen slaughtering a black goat on the tarmac of Islamabad’s airport.
This practice is not restricted to the lower echelon of Pakistani society. When he was President of Pakistan, Asif Ali Zardari had a black goat sacrificed at his house every day to ward off black magic and the evil eye. (61% of Pakistani Muslim surveyed believe in the evil eye according to a 2012 Pew report.) Zardari was also known to seek the advice of a spiritual healer on when and where it was auspicious to travel.
ISIS
In Syria in January 2015 ISIS beheaded a male street performer ("known for entertaining locals with ... magic tricks like making coins and cell phones disappear") in a public square. (Although Adam Silverstein suggests this may be less strict enforcement than ISIS's confusion over the definition of sihr).
Methods of counteracting sorcery approved by scholars
As a "good representative" of the kind of literature attacking the practice of magic, Kruk cites a popular, widely available book (al-Sarim al-Battar fi tasaddi li-l-sahara al-ashrar), on "how to deal with sorcery and its evil effects", written from an orthodox and strict Wahhabi viewpoint, by Saudi shaykh Wahid 'Abd al-Salam (or Ibn al-Salam ) Bali.
The book calls for
treating sihr al-junan (madness-sorcery), sihr al-khumul (apathy-sorcery), various sexual afflictions, by incantations to drive out the jinn that is occupying the victim's brain or other parts of his body; or
treating inability to have intercourse with your wife by urinating on the heated blade of a sharp axe.
treating a stomach ache by drinking water "over which Qur'anic passages have been recited".
describing sihr al-nazif (sorcery which allegedly causes vaginal bleeding outside menstruation and may go on for months) as being brought about by 'a trampling of the devil on one of the veins in the womb'. It's treatment is drinking water over which a "Qur'anic incantation has been recited", and taking baths in the water "for three days".
treating the evil eye (which is not caused by jinn) with "ritual bathing" and "pious incantations".
"foremost" among the ruqa (spells and incantations) allowed to be recited into the ear of the afflicted by Islamic healers is the ruqya; an incantation made up of 41 "Quranic verses, formulas and short chapters".
The conservative Saudi fatwa website Islam Question and Answer gives similar advice for treating 'someone who has been affected by sihr" -- a large number of verses from the Quran to recite for the Quran "has a great effect in removing (the effects of) sihr", as well as duʿāʾ; a recommendation of reciting the verses "into water", or adding "seven green lote leaves" to water, which in either case the sihr victim should then "drink some and wash with the rest".
Shia cleric Sayyid Abdul Husayn Dastghaib Shirazi, who states on his webpage on Al-Islam that "a Muslim who indulges in magic and does not repent is punished by death", goes on to affirm that "many" Islamic jurists are of the opinion that "countering one magic spell by another is permitted", and gives examples of how
‘ʿAlī ibn Abī Ṭālib (the first Shia Imam and fourth Rashidun caliph) told a victim of witchcraft to carry a prayer of invocation/supplication written "on the skin of deer" and always keep it with him;
how Abbas the Safawid compelled a Christian to convert to Islam using tasbih (prayer beads) "made of dust from Imam Husain (a.s.)’s grave", (both sounding very much like magic charms).
See also
Witchcraft
Magic
Spirit possession and exorcism in Islam
Islam and astrology
Superstitions in Muslim societies
References
Notes
Citations
Sources and bibliography
Fahd, T., "Siḥr", in: Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition'', Edited by: P. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel, W.P. Heinrichs. Consulted online on 2 December 2021 First published online: 2012. First print edition: , 1960-2007
Witchcraft
Magic
Sociology of religion
Religious controversies
Islamic law |
69421816 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor%20Proctor%27s%20Fart%20Powder | Doctor Proctor's Fart Powder | Doctor Proctor's Fart Powder is a series of children's novels by Norwegian author Jo Nesbø, illustrated by Mike Lowery. The first book in the series was his first children's book, a contrast from the adult crime novels that Nesbø is known for. It was originally published in 2007 in Norway and 2010 worldwide.
Background
Author Jo Nesbø's daughter wanted him to write her a story about a little girl, a boy who was shorter than her, a mad scientist and a dinosaur. Nesbø changed the dinosaur into an anaconda and added the plot about a farting powder, since he'd always wanted to write a children's book about farting.
Premise
The first book in the series is about an eccentric professor in Oslo, Norway who is waiting for his big break. He is soon befriended by Nilly, a quirky boy who is his new neighbor and his friend Lisa. Most people don't care much for Doctor Proctor's inventions, but Nilly and Lisa become obsessed with his latest invention, a powder which makes the user fart odorless farts. Doctor Proctor builds upon this invention and creates the "Fartonaut Powder," a powder that makes the user fart so powerfully they blast off into space. Doctor Proctor and the kids team up to deal with threats later in the series such as thieves, evil dictators, and aliens, often using the powder and some of Doctor Proctor's other inventions to their advantage.
Characters
Nilly: A short redheaded boy who has just moved to town. He has a pet snake and is a lover of exotic animals. He owns a book on them called "Animals You Wish Didn't Exist." He also loves cancan dancing.
Lisa Pedersen: A mild-mannered girl who is Nilly's best friend and neighbor. Her father is a commandant at the Akershus Fortress.
Doctor Victor Proctor: An eccentric scientist who bonds with Nilly and Lisa. He frequently eats Jell-O with them.
Truls and Trym Thrane: The school bullies.
Mr. Thrane: Truls and Trym's dad, who owns a large hummer, and is the villain of the first book. He threatens to get revenge on Nilly and Doctor Proctor after they give the Fartonaut Powder to his sons. He is called Mr. Trane in the first book.
Mrs. Strobe: The teacher at Nilly and Lisa's school, who is loudmouthed and often misspells words. She is, however, befriended in the third book.
Juliette Margarine: Doctor Proctor's love interest, who he left back in Paris. She becomes a recurring character starting in book 2.
Krystal: Nilly's mother, who is selfish and obnoxious. In book 5 her first name is revealed. She also struggles with constipation. It is never mentioned where her husband is.
Eva: Nilly's older sister.
Mr. Madsen: The music teacher at Nilly and Lisa's school.
Fu Manchu and Handlebar: Two police officers, who are named after their mustaches. Their real names are Rolf and Gunnar, respectively.
Raspa: An eccentric, skinny woman who owns a clock shop. She is introduced in book 2.
The King of Norway: The King of Norway, who is often spoiled and childlike. He becomes a recurring character in books 3 and 5.
Stanislaw Hansen: A man with supernatural abilities who had been Santa Claus for hundreds of years, but has recently retired. He used to be good friends with Doctor Proctor, and Nilly and Lisa meet him in book 5.
Sequels
Doctor Proctor's Fart Powder spawned 4 sequels and a box set. The second book in the series, "Bubble in The Bathtub," was published in 2008 in Norway and 2011 worldwide. It is about a bathtub that allows the users to travel through time, which Nilly and Lisa have to use to find Dr. Proctor when he mysteriously doesn't return from his trip to Paris. The third book, "Who Cut The Cheese?" (also known as "The End of The World. Maybe.") was published in 2010 in Norway and 2012 worldwide, and is about an invasion of serpentine aliens known as Moon Chameleons. The fourth book, "The Magic Fruit" (also known as "The Great Gold Robbery") was published in 2012 in Norway and 2013 worldwide, and is about how the main characters must stop a criminal in England. The fifth book, "Silent (but Deadly) Night" (also known as "Can Doctor Proctor Save Christmas?") was published in 2017 in Norway and 2018 worldwide, and is about how the characters must save Christmas after Mr. Thrane sells the rights to the holiday to the King of Norway. On October 16, 2018, a box set of all of the preceding books was released.
Chronology
Reception
The series received generally positive reviews. One critic described the books as Roald Dahl-esque, and said that they can help to increase a child's creativity and imagination while doing so in a hilarious way. Another described Nesbø's humor as zany, yet also farcical and matter-of-fact. James Patterson also praised the original book, saying that "this terrific book will make you laugh, and cherish your friends, and value fair play." SLJ said that "(the book) will have no trouble enticing fans of Captain Underpants and the Wimpy Kid."
Awards
Doctor Proctor’s Fart Powder was shortlisted for Ark’s Children’s Book Award (Arks barnebokpris) for ‘Best Children’s Book’ 2007 and was selected for The Richard and Judy Children’s Book Club in 2011.
Film Adaptations
In March 2014, the first book in the series had a live-action film adaptation directed by Arild Fröhlich. It is only available in Norwegian, although an unofficial English dub was made in October 2014. The film received mostly poor reviews. However it was given some positive reviews, with one critic stating that "(it's) a wonderful and subversive kids movie where parents are good-hearted but wholly absent and the children have to rely on their own wit and ingenuity to bail themselves from sticky situations. The film recalls the best made-for-kids movies of the 80’s and I do not believe it’s a happy accident that the absent minded Doctor Proctor bears a striking resemblance to Back To The Future’s Doc Brown. It’s the type of production that would be animated if it were an American film, yet it works so wonderfully as a live action movie." A sequel, Doktor Proktors Tidsbadekar (Bubble in The Bathtub), was released in 2015.
References
Jo Nesbø
Children's novels
Norwegian books
Books about Norway
Comedy books
2007 novels
2010 novels
Fiction books
Series of children's books |
69422044 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kancheepuram%20Municipal%20Corporation | Kancheepuram Municipal Corporation | Kancheepuram Municipal Corporation is the civic body governing city of Kancheepuram in Indian state of Tamilnadu. Municipal Corporation mechanism in India was introduced during British Rule with formation of municipal corporation in Madras (Chennai) in 1688, later followed by municipal corporations in Bombay (Mumbai) and Calcutta (Kolkata) by 1762. Kancheepuram Municipal Corporation is headed by Mayor of city and governed by Commissioner.
History and Administration
Kancheepuram Municipal Corporation in district was formed in year 2019 and is one of 21 municipal corporations in Tamilnadu. The place is driven spiritually through many important spiritual places linked to several ancient Vaishnavite and Saivite temples with continuous inflow of visitors.
Kancheepuram Municipal Corporation a Commissioner Mayor, a Council, a Standing Committee, a Wards Committee for facilitating various works.
Currently the Municipal Commissioner is P. Narayanan I.A.S
Factors driving Kancheepuram Municipal Corporation
Kancheepuram Municipal Corporation is driven by following factors:
Population Growth.
Increase in annual Income.
Improvement of Roads.
Providing drinking water.
Improving landscape.
Improving employment opportunities.
Improving relations between police and public.
Waste Management.
Arranging facilities during natural calamities.
Establishing industrial units.
Providing sewage connection.
Municipal Elections
After formation of Kancheepuram Municipal Corporation. Civic body not yet conducted election. Urban Local body election expected to conduct in 2022.
Related Articles
List of Municipal Corporations in India.
References
External links
https://www.tnurbantree.tn.gov.in/kancheepuram/
Municipal corporations in Tamil Nadu
Kanchipuram |
69422287 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kumbakonam%20Municipal%20Corporation | Kumbakonam Municipal Corporation | Kumbakonam Municipal Corporation isis the civic body governing city of Kumbakonam in Indian state of Tamilnadu. Municipal Corporation mechanism in India was introduced during British Rule with formation of municipal corporation in Madras (Chennai) in 1688, later followed by municipal corporations in Bombay (Mumbai) and Calcutta (Kolkata) by 1762. Kumbakonam Municipal Corporation is headed by Mayor of city and governed by Commissioner.
History and Administration
Kumbakonam Municipal Corporation in Thanjavur district was formed in year 2021 and is one of the 21 municipal corporations in Tamilnadu. Kumbakonam Municipal Corporation will include Darasuram town panchayat and 13 panchayats adjacent to the place. The place is driven spiritually through many important temples.
Kumbakonam Municipal Corporation a Commissioner, Mayor, a Council, a Standing Committee, a Wards Committee for facilitating various works.
Factors driving Kumbakonam Municipal Corporation
Kumbakonam Municipal Corporation is driven by following factors:
Population Growth.
Increase in annual Income.
Improvement of Roads.
Providing drinking water.
Improving landscape.
Improving employment opportunities.
Improving relations between police and public.
Waste Management.
Arranging facilities during natural calamities.
Establishing industrial units.
Providing sewage connection.
Clean Sanitation.
Kumbakonam Municipal Corporation Local Body Polls
Kumbakonam Municipal Corporation will get a mayor and municipal council through local body polls.
Related Articles
List of Municipal Corporations in India.
References
External links
official website
Municipal corporations in Tamil Nadu
Kumbakonam |
69423006 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nirbandhamer%20Jora%20Khun | Nirbandhamer Jora Khun | Nirbandhamer Jora Khun (Double Murder in Nirbandham) is a Bengali mystery thriller film directed by Sayantan Ghosal. The film was released on 25 October 2020 under the banner of Zee Telefilms.
Plot
The plot revolves a mysterious double murder case in a house named Nirbandham. Actress Riyanka's husband and her father in law were killed there. Lady police officer Shibani investigates the case.
Cast
Tanushree Chakraborty as Shibani Gupta
Falaque Rashid Roy as Riyanka
Indrasish Roy as Sajib Sen
Joy Badlani as Bajoria
Souman Bose as Inspector Ajit Roy
References
2020 films
Indian films
2020 crime thriller films
Bengali-language films
2020s Bengali-language films
Films postponed due to the COVID-19 pandemic
Film productions suspended due to the COVID-19 pandemic
Indian thriller films
External links |
69423300 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan%20Catalino%20Dom%C3%ADnguez | Juan Catalino Domínguez | Juan Catalino Domínguez (May 4, 1910 – April 18, 1948) was an Argentine serial killer who, in-between several prison escapes from 1944 to 1948, killed eight people before being gunned down by police in a gunfight.
Background
Juan Catalino Domínguez was born in the small town of Rauch on May 4, 1910. Little is known of his early life, but by 1933, he began to commit thefts in the rural areas of Ayacucho and Coronel Vidal. From 1940 to 1943, he was incarcerated for an altercation that occurred in Mar del Plata, where he had worked as a chauffeur.
By 1944, Catalino worked as caretaker of a luxiourous residence in La Loma de Stella Maris neighborhood of Mar del Plata, living there with his 18-year-old wife Isabel (née Criado) and their little daughter, Marta. In spite of their financial situation, he allowed a friend of his, Rafael Luchetti, to live together with them. One day, however, he found his wife having sex with their guest. Upon this discovery, Luchetti drew a revolver on Catalino, who in turn tried to defend himself by punching him, only to be shot in the leg. While he was writhing in pain, Luchetti took Isabel and Marta in a car and drove off. The badly wounded Catalino was soon found and taken to a nearby hospital, where he spent some time recovering from his wounds.
First murders
After his release from hospital, Catalino was hellbent on capturing and killing Luchetti, going so far as to stalk his mother's house in Dolores, assuming that at one point he would come and visit her. There, he lived in a small shed on the outskirts of the city and made a living by doing odd jobs for a man named Jaime Casanova, while frequenting the home of two neighbors - widow Gregoria Rosas and her common-law husband, Narciso Peñalba.
One night, Catalino came across the couple and fiercely demanded that they tell him where Luchetti was, thinking that his wife and daughter were still with him. When neither of them gave a satisfactory answer, the enraged man pulled out a knife and started viciously stabbing and kicking both of them. Still dazed by his own rage, Catalino dragged the corpses to a nearby haystack, where he hid them and promptly left.
Capture and escapes
Once the murders were discovered, police diligently searched for the perpetrator until they found Catalino hiding in a hotel in Mendoza. Offering no resistance, he was quickly arrested by two guards and scheduled for transportation to La Plata. While passing through the town of Pergamino, Catalino feigned sickness and was allowed to get out the car and take off his handcuffs to relieve himself. After he went into the cornfield by the roadside, Catalino took off his coat and left it hanging on some plants in view of the guards, who patiently waited for his return.
On April 20, 1945, Catalino was located in Mar del Plata, on a farm on 1526 Rodríguez Peña Street, as he had learned that his daughter was living in the city. He was surprised by police - who had been waiting for him for months - and opened fire on them with his gun, but was hit in the left leg by commissioner García. Catalino attempted to flee, but fractured his femur in the process, and was recaptured. He was again sent to the hospital and kept under surveillance, but one night, he asked the guard to remove the handcuffs so he could go the bathroom. Once again, he managed to escape by climbing out of the bathroom window to the roof and then jumped out into the garden. From there, he went into the streets, where he stole a bicycle and sped away into the stormy night, in spite of having a gangrenous infection on his wound.
Azul murders
While police searched for him in Rio Negro and the Neuquén Province, Catalino returned to Dolores, where Luchetti, Isabel and Marta were currently residing. As he was about to take his revenge, Luchetti and Isabel fled, leaving Marta behind. Pursued by the local and federal police, Catalino and his daughter travelled frequently around the countryside to work odd jobs, with him using various aliases to lay low.
Eventually, he found himself in a rural area of Azul, and using the alias Donato Aguirre, he left his daughter at the owners' boarding house, exclaiming that he was unable to take care of her by himself. On June 28, 1947, Catalino was found loitering in a field near a ranch in Cuartel IX by a ranch hand named Braulio Leguizamón, whom he proceeded to shoot three times. After climbing up a hill with the man's body in tow, Catalino hid it among a pile of bags and old rags. In the meantime, alerted by the landlords, the police located and questioned his daughter, quickly establishing her true identity. As a result, she was immediately taken away and placed in an orphanage, the Hogar del Buen Pastor.
On July 8, Catalino, who had found employment as a ranch hand in Chillar, learned that his true identity had been discovered by his employer Guillermo Alberti. Shortly after, he went to the kitchen where, without saying a word, he shot to death both Alberti and another ranch hand, Victoriano Serrano. After he hid Alberti's body under some metal sheets, Catalino tied Serrano's body to a horse and traveled to a pit, where he then dumped it.
Sheltered by the darkness of the icy roads in a small cabin, he prowled around town at night searching for his daughter. However, while loitering around the Instituto de Varones, Catalino was spotted by a police commissioner, causing to immediately ride out of town. For the next several days, he wandered in the vicinity, but the strict surveillance prevented him going back in. As a result, Catalino was forced to leave Azul for good.
Final murders
Now calling himself Pedro Montenegro or Aguirre, Catalino committed a series of robberies and thefts in Tandil, Rauch, Dolores, El Tordillo, General Juan Madariaga and the surrounding area, before returning to Mar del Plata and settling in the La Juanita neighborhood. He then moved to Colonia Barragán, near Estación Cobo, where he stayed with his neighbor Bienvenido Basualdo, a farmer and renowned cow herder.
On March 7, 1948, in the rural area of El Trio, on the northern environs of General Pueyrredón Partido, Catalino found himself on the farm of the Mehatz family, for whom he had worked previously as a gardener. Taking advantage of their absence due to it being election day, he and a 17-year-old accomplice named Orlando Nelson Rosas (or Alberto Gómez), an escapee from a juvenile detention facility, decided to rob the place.
Unexpectedly, the Mehatzes returned to the farm because some of them had forgotten their voting papers. The first to enter the house was Martín (a senior employee in Mar del Plata's Casino Central), whom Catalino shot three times. His sons, 22-year-old Martín Mayo and 19-year-old Marcelo, tried to flee, but the former was shot in the back, causing him to fall on the ground, before Catalino unloaded the rest of his revolver's chamber into him. With no bullets left, Catalino took out a knife and slit Marcelo's throat, but as he was taking too long to die, Rosas gave him a mace with which he crushed his head.
The pair then loaded the bodies into the family car and traveled to General Juan Madariaga, dumping the bodies on the field of farmer Ángel Casales. They then tried to hide the car by "burying" it in the forest, but they simply covered it with firewood and branches, then left.
Exposure and death
After the murders, Catalino went to work in La Eudocia, taking on farm work for Juan Carlos Pétersen. However, while reading the news about the Mehatz family murders one morning, Mrs. Pétersen realized that the farm hand was indeed Catalino and informed police. Before they could arrest him, however, he had already fled.
In early April 1948, commissioner Pedro Cavanva received a complaint from a man named Pedro Jaureguiberry, saying that he had been robbed by a man who was riding "a sulky with red wheels". Determined to catch the criminal, Cavanva, together with Corporal José M. Diuberti and watchman Raymundo Manrique, went to the La Espadaña field of General Juan Madariaga in the early morning hours of April 18.
There, they questioned the man in charge of the post, Enrique Merlo, who claimed that there was nobody else in his house. However, the commissioner noticed that a sulky with the characteristics described by Jaureguiberry was parked at the back of the farm, prompting him and his men to start searching the property. Suddenly, an unknown man appeared, took cover, pulled out a revolver and opened fired on them. Almost immediately, the officers fired at him with their Winchesters, hitting him with four fatal shots and killing him instantly. The man was then quickly identified as Juan Catalino Domínguez, who was apparently sleeping on the farm before being startled by the officers' arrival.
Not long after his death, Rosas was caught in a nearby ranch and imprisoned for his participation in the crimes. He continued committing crimes until he himself was killed sometime during the 1960s. Catalino's daughter, Marta, was transferred to La Plata and later to an institute in Ingeniero Maschwitz, where she remained until adulthood.
See also
List of serial killers by country
References
1910 deaths
1948 deaths
20th-century criminals
Male criminals
Male serial killers
Argentine serial killers
Argentine escapees
Escapees from Argentine detention
Deaths by firearm in Argentina
People shot dead by law enforcement officers
People from Buenos Aires Province |
69423884 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariano%20Zuf%C3%ADa%20Urrizalqui | Mariano Zufía Urrizalqui | Mariano Zufía Urrizalqui (1920-2005), , was a Spanish politician and a Navarrese public official. In 1966-1973 he served in the Pamplonese city council, in two separate strings as a deputy mayor. In 1974-1979 he was member of the Navarrese advisory body Consejo Foral, while in 1979-1983 he held a seat in the regional Parlamento Foral. In 1982-1992 he was president of Cámara de Comptos, the Navarrese institution responsible for tax collection and the self-government-controlled public sector finances. He ran for the Cortes in 1971, 1977 and 1979, but failed. Politically he supported the Carlist cause, until the 1960s within its mainstream Traditionalist current, and afterwards as member of the progressist carlohuguista faction. In 1977-1979 he headed Euskadiko Karlista Alderdia, the vasco-navarrese branch of Partido Carlista; in 1979-1983 he was the nationwide leader of PC.
Family and youth
First representatives of the Zufía family were noted in the Navarrese town of Larraga in the late 17th century; in the late 18th century a carpenter Miguel Zufía rose to the status of a locally known artist. Close to nothing is known about Mariano’s great-grandfather José Miguel Zufía Guerendiáin. His son and Mariano’s grandfather Mariano Brígido Zufía García left Larraga and moved to Pamplona either in the late 1880s or early 1890s; sources refer to his “modest” social standing. His son and Mariano’s father, Lázaro Zufía Saenz (1892-1958) was born already in the Navarrese capital; he had to earn a living at the young age and became a railway man, rising to “jefe de estación” in Andoain, Leiza and Pamplona-Empalme. At unspecified time he married a Pamplonese girl from the family of similar status, Matilde Urrizalqui Campos. The couple lived at various locations in Gipuzkoa and Navarre following the professional lot of Lázaro; Matilde used to run a buffet for train passengers. They had 4 children; out of these, 2 died in infancy.
Mariano frequented schools in Pamplona and Andoain; in the early 1930s he entered a preparatory college for Seminario Mayor in Saturrarán. Following 2 years he resigned religious career and entered Instituto of Pamplona; the civil war broke out when Zufía was in midst of bachillerato course. He volunteered to requeté, but following 2 months on the frontline in Sierra de Guadarrama he fell ill and was treated in a hospital in Burgos. When released he resumed education and completed another grade, until in January 1937 he volunteered to requeté again. Followed few months he returned home and completed the bachillerato. In late 1938 he applied to aviation school but was rejected due to poor eyesight. Instead, as 18-year-old, he was drafted. Zufía applied to the alferéz provisional school in Pamplona, where he remained assigned until after the war. Following few months of service in Valencia in late 1939 he resigned from the army and took courses in commerce. In 1942 he was employed at junior position in the Pamplona branch of Banco de Bilbao.
In 1947 Zufía married Rosalia Sanz Gurbindo (died 2011); none of the sources consulted provides information either on her or on her family. Until 1948 they lived in Pamplona, then following Zufía’s professional bank assignments in Tudela (1948-1951), Estella (1951-1953) and again in Tudela (1953-1959), where Zufía became director of the local Banco de Bilbao office. In 1959 they returned to Pamplona as Zufía was appointed deputy-manager of the BdB branch in the Navarrese capital. The couple had 7 children, born between 1948 and 1963; Mariano, José Javier, Carlos, Mertxe, Rosa, Pablo and Enrique Zufía Sanz. None of them became a widely known public figure. Rosa Zufía Sanz is locally recognized in Gipuzkoa as a journalist related to the Basque broadcaster ETB and director of its culture section, EITB Kultura-Transit, while Carlos Zufía Sanz as co-director of a Navarrese media think-tank CIES occasionally takes part in related conferences or other events.
Early public engagements (prior to 1960)
Both Zufía’s parents came from Carlist families and were Carlists themselves. His father was member of Traditionalist trade unions and under the pen-name “Rozala Afizu” he contributed to Traditionalist dailies, El Pensamiento Navarro and La Constancia. Already in his early teens the young Mariano engaged in the movement; he joined Muthiko Alaiak, the folk group animated by the iconic Pamplonese Carlist Ignacio Baleztena, he played football in the amateur team formed by boys from the local Carlist círculo, entered Agrupación Escolar Tradicionalista and took part in school strikes of 1935-1936, staged as protests against what was perceived as anti-religious educational policy of the Republic. A later hagiographic biography underlines Zufía’s Catholic conviction as the key motive behind his political choice, and suggests that it outweighed some socialist leaning, took after his maternal uncle. In the mid-1930s Zufía enlisted to requeté and as an adolescent boy trained with wooden rifle in the hills surrounding Pamplona. He actually served in requeté combat units during two short strings, in the summer of 1936 and in the spring of 1937.
Zufía refused to accept the unification into Falange Española Tradicionalista; at the time he was in personal entourage of José María Zaldivar Arenzana, the fiercely anti-falangist AET jefe. He judged that Franco had cynically used the Carlists. When released from a new period of military service, spent in the Canary Islands as at the time Spain feared Allied invasion on the archipelago, in 1944 he was taking part in anti-Francoist rallies, staged in Pamplona. Following one of them he got detained; on charges of raising “gritos subversivos” the administration ordered his 6-month forced settlement in Zaragoza. Upon his return to the Navarrese capital he immediately resumed opposition activities; they climaxed in a grand Carlist rally of December 1945, which ended up in a melee and the city turned into battleground between the Carlists and the security forces. Zufía was again detained and spent 2 weeks behind bars; as charges of possession of firearms have not been proven, he was eventually released.
Upon getting married in 1947 Zufía focused on his growing family and on professional career, especially that in 1948-1959 he lived in provincial Navarrese cities. At the time his Carlist activity boiled down to cultivating private links and to frequenting the annual Montejurra ascents. Works on Carlism of the 1950s do not mention him as a protagonist of the Navarrese movement and he is missing in both historiographic works and in private accounts. He rather engaged in lay Catholic organizations; Zufía started to attend “cursillos de cristiandad”, which enhanced his Catholic outlook and also re-formatted it along more social lines. In the late 1950s he started to give lectures himself, e.g. on pre-marital preparatory courses organized by parishes, and joined Acción Católica de Medios Sociales Independientes. As he later commented, these initiatives produced his intellectual maturity and directed him towards “una sociedad más justa, libre e igualitaria”.
Rise to officialdom (1960-1971)
In 1960 Zufía for the first time aspired to public post; he headed a list of Carlist candidates, who from the so-called tercio familiar pool and on a hardly veiled anti-Francoist ticket ran for the Pamplona town hall. He emerged successful, only to find that his mandate has been annulled by the electoral office. He did not meet the requirement of 2-year-residence in the district; the later biography presents this episode as a minor technicality used by the administration to prevent opposition candidates from entering the ayuntamiento. During the next campaign of 1963 Zufía did not stand, but he co-ordinated the provincial Carlist campaign; it resulted in 3 party candidates having been elected. He welcomed what looked like revitalization of Carlism, promoted by prince Carlos Hugo and his entourage; in 1964 Zufía and his wife travelled to Rome to attend the wedding ceremony of the prince. In Navarre he was already emerging as a recognized Carlist personality.
During the local elections of 1966 Zufía stood as the candidate of Hermandad Obrera de Acción Católica. He and two other HOAC contenders were elected. Zufía was nominated one of deputy mayors and elected as president of Comisión de Hacienda. In 1967-1969 he served in Comisión Permanente of the ayuntamiento. He soon earned his name as the person who engaged in numerous community-oriented initiatives and became known as member of “grupo social”. Some of his initiatives, marked by the anti-regime flavor, triggered reaction; the 1968 conference on human rights was suspended by administration. The same year Zufía refused to sign a manifesto which condemned the ETA bombing attempt during Vuelta a España; he explained he could not have signed a document which endorsed the regime. In return he was dismissed as teniente de alcalde, which in turn triggered some minor public protests. In 1969 he was fined 25,000 ptas for irregularities related to organisation of the massive Montejurra rally. In the early 1970s he was reinstated as deputy mayor when nominayed the 5th teniente de alcalde, and he again entered Comisión Permanente of the ayuntamiento.
In the late 1960s the progressist faction of Carlos Hugo marginalized the Traditionalists and took control over the Carlist structures nationwide. None of the sources consulted lists Zufía as a protagonist in this confrontation. On the one hand, he cultivated Traditionalist features when engaged in religious initiatives, be it as member of Consejo Pastoral or Junta Diocesana Económica; he even drafted new economic scheme for local parishes, the plan well received by the archbishop. On the other hand, his social endeavors in the ayuntamiento – e.g. support for so-called Plan Sur, a massive development project targeting southern outskirts of Pamplona and opposed by the establishment - were perfectly in line with the progressist line, advanced by Carlos Hugo. As member of the Navarrese regional party executive Zufía supported expulsion from Carlist structures of the Baleztena brothers and later admitted having been fully supportive of the radical left-wing turn, engineered by the carlohuguistas.
Rise to Partido Carlista command (1971-1976)
Since the late 1960s Zufía, deputy director of the Pamplona Banco de Bilbao branch and member of the city council, was a recognized and well-positioned figure in Navarre; as such he started frequenting meetings of the carlohuguista command group, organized across the border in Arbonne. His party activity became increasingly hectic; he took part in executive sittings, delivered lectures at various courses or attended semi-legal assemblies. Following reformatting of Carlist structures into Partido Carlista, in 1970 or 1971 he entered so-called Gabinete Ideológico, a doctrinal council of the organization; Zufía formed part of a 3-member Comisión Delegada for socio-economic studies. In late 1971 two Carlist members of the outgoing Cortes, José Zubiaur and Auxilio Goñi, refused to sign an in-blanco resignation, required by Carlos Hugo as a condition of their endorsement in the forthcoming elections. Zufía tried to persuade Zubiaur to accept the scheme, but failed. Eventually Zubiaur and Goñi secured recommendations needed for Zufía to stand in the elections. His campaign focused on peace, social justice, Navarre and family, but he failed.
In 1971 Zufía was nominated to the newly created Partido Carlista supreme body Junta de Gobierno, and especially to its permanent Secretaría General; in 1972 he entered one more structure, Consejo de Dirección. Increasingly often he used to co-sign key party documents, represented the party in Navarrese strike committees, as a bank professional he helped to manage funds, and interfaced with other clandestine organizations like Federación Obrera Socialista. In 1973 he refused to sign a town hall declaration which condemned the ETA attempt against Carrero Blanco; formal investigation has been launched against him, but it produced no repressive measures.
In 1973 and for reasons which are not clear Zufía did not seek prolongation of his term in the city council; as a result, it expired in 1974. However, the same year he stood in elections to Consejo Foral, a peculiar provincial Navarrese advisory body with rather limited powers; he was comfortably elected. During final years of Francoism Zufía and his sons were heavily engaged in numerous semi-clandestine activities, e.g. since 1974 in his house he hosted the editorial board of a bulletin titled Denok batean and provided residence to its chief editor. In establishment circles he was viewed as a dangerous subversive; in spite of earlier arrangements he was not promoted to director of the Banco de Bilbao Pamplonese branch. His relations with the bank were already loose; in the early 1970s he was on unpaid leave, which enabled him to take a job restructuring financial structures of the Pamplona diocese. Eventually, in late 1975 he arranged for premature retirement from the bank and despite poor conditions offered, he did retire the following year.
In the party executive (1976-1979)
In late 1975 Carlos Hugo asked Zufía to move to Madrid to manage nationwide politics of Partido Carlista on the daily basis. He agreed and in early 1976 he represented PC in co-ordination committee of Plataforma de Convergencía Democrática. Once Plataforma merged with Junta Democrática into so-called Platajunta Zufía assumed the same role in the new alliance. His hectic activity a few times triggered interventions of the police and his sons were detained a number of times; he also represented radical left-wing opposition on various congresses abroad. Like most of PC leaders he advanced a so-called rupturista strategy; Zufía called for a radical, revolutionary change of political regime instead of gradual transformation into democracy. In late 1976 he declared that “we live under dictatorial regime”, and that “essentially, this government proceeds on the authoritarian path”.
Following more than a year in Madrid Zufía returned to Pamplona in 1977; within the federative structure of Partido Carlista he assumed jefatura of its vasco-navarrese branch, Euskadiko Karlista Alderdia; he also held the seat in Consejo Federal del Partido Carlista. His efforts focused on formal registration of the party so that it could take part in forthcoming general elections. In April he and some 100 PC militants stormed the Consejo Foral building, declared occupation of the premises, displayed Basque and Carlist flags and demanded legalization of PC. Some Consejo members demanded his expulsion from the body, but eventually the motion came to nothing. In May 1977 he delivered one of his rare addresses at a mass rally, namely to the crowd of party followers gathered – instead of the suspended Montejurra ascent – in Javier. As a PC representative he held talks with ETA, reportedly to ensure peaceful electoral campaign. At times he appeared at rallies beyond Navarre, e.g. in Catalonia.
PC has not been registered prior to elections and it campaigned as “Agrupación Electoral Montejurra”; Zufía headed the list of PC candidates to the lower chamber in Navarre, but with 8,451 votes it failed. In late 1977 he co-organized Carlos Hugo’s re-entry into Spain and was among protagonists of the party congress, as PC got eventually legalized. As member of Consejo Foral throughout 1978 he remained heavily engaged in works on Navarrese foral regime – with some of his radical proposals adopted – and in labors on draft of the Basque autonomous statute. As member of “ponencia redactora del Estatuto de Autonomía” Zufía claimed that Navarre “belongs to the Basque Country” and opted for a common Basque-Navarrese unit, but given limited support in the region he started to backtrack. In the general elections of early 1979 Zufía stood in Navarre as a PC candidate for the senate; with 18,303 votes gathered he failed. However, a month later he ran for the newly established Navarrese Parlamento Foral. Running in the Estella district Zufía collected 12,165 votes; with 4,8% of the total, his result proved sufficient for election. His Consejo Foral ticket expired in 1979 as under the new regional regime the body ceased to exist.
Party leader (1979-1983)
Following disastrous electoral result of 1979 most PC high executives, including its president Carlos Hugo and the secretary general José María Zavala, resigned. It seemed that the prince, disillusioned and embittered by defeat, was pondering upon dissolution of the party, the option incomprehensible to old militants like Zufía. Shortly afterwards Carlos Hugo left the party and withdrew from Spanish politics altogether. However, the Partido Carlista congress of November 1979 was dominated by these willing to go on. Zufía – who stood out among mostly 30- and 40-year-olds, former requeté, man of proven party record, longtime Navarrese official, member of Parlamento Foral and a local known personality - was elected the new secretario general. He had no counter-candidate and was voted unanimously. As the position of party president has been abolished, Zufía effectively became the leader of Partido Carlista; at the same time he vacated the position of EKA secretary general. He declared that Carlos Hugo abandoned the party due to personal reasons and with the intention to confuse.
Most information on Zufía’s public activity in the early 1980s is related to his mandate in the Navarrese parliament. He continued to focus on social problems and advocated setup of Cámara Económico-Social, animated emergence of a regional secular Navarrese university and confronted the Right. Particular controversy was triggered by his support for Herri Batasuna motion that the Franco-awarded laurel be removed from the Navarrese flag; Traditionalist groupings denied him the name of a Carlist and wondered “si le queda una sola gota de sangre de su antiguo y verdadero Carlismo, de Dios, Patria, Fueros, Rey”, effectively lambasting him as a traitor. In 1981 the regional parliament thanks to votes of PSOE deputies and against votes of the Right elected him as the first president of Cámara de Comptos, a historical Navarrese body re-established to deal with local tax collection and management of public sector expenses; he assumed the duty in early 1982.
Within Partido Carlista Zufía's task was to combat defeatism in the party ranks. However, he failed to stop disintegration of the electoral social base. During electoral campaign of 1982 Zufía initially headed the PC list for the Senate, but it was eventually withdrawn and the party did not take part in elections. During the local Navarrese elections of 1983 the party garnered 2,55% of the votes compared to 4,79% collected in 1979. Zufía led the Carlist list and failed; hence, his term of the Parlamento Foral member came to the end and Partido Carlista lost its only representative in self-governmental Navarrese structures. He acknowledged defeat and in 1983 resigned as secretario general. In 1984 the new rules adopted by the Navarrese parliament specified that president of Cámara de Comptos must not be member of any political party. Forced to make choices, Zufía opted for the administrative career and in 1985 he resigned his membership in Partido Carlista. The same year thanks to PSOE votes he was re-elected as president of the Cámara.
Last years (after 1985)
In the late 1980s Zufía served his second term as president of Cámara de Comptos. His biography hails him as an impartial public servant bent on combating corruption, who advocated and in fact enforced transparency in the public sector. His term expired in 1991. He was entitled to re-election, but Zufía decided not to stand; he claimed that 10 years in office was long enough and that to ensure sanity in public administration, he should provide an example and resign. PSOE failed to persuade him to change his mind and Zufía ceased as president in 1992. On retirement he engaged in charity; his focus was mostly on Junta de la Fundación Tutelar Navarra, an organization serving the incapacitated; in 1993 he was elected its president.
Zufía still considered himself a Carlist. In the mid-1980s he declared that the party “could not simply disappear” and concluded that “all of this could not just be given up”. In the mid-1980s he supported Partido Carlista entry into a Communist-dominated Izquierda Unida, but following another disastrous general elections he concluded that PC had been cynically manipulated by the likes of Santiago Carillo. In the 1990s he changed his opinion about the party and summarized that Carlism “tiene un aspecto fuertemente sentimental” but it was is no longer valid as a political platform. He claimed that for him Carlism remained sort of a general guideline, marked by socialism, self-management, and devolution. He remained proud of his past in the Carlist ranks and noted that though defeated as a rupturista strategy in the 1970s, at least carlohuguista progressism reclaimed Carlism from the ultra-reactionaries. He denied the Carlist name to Traditionalist orthodoxes, “personas que sigan con esa ideologia tradicionalista y integrista”. It is not clear what position he assumed in the 1990s when faced with a conflict between the Borbon-Parmas and the PC command, by some considered sectarian fanatic ayatollahs. He was increasingly irritated by policy adopted by the Right and by what he viewed as reactionary sector of the Church. Zufía perished due to “enfermedad pulmonar”; at the moment he had 6 grandchildren.
Today Mariano Zufía is remembered mostly as the Navarrese public official, especially the one who helped to build the regional fiscal and public spendings machinery. In 2007 Fundación para la Formación e Investigación en Auditoría del Sector Público FIASEP, an independent institution promoting transparency in public finances, set up Premio Mariano Zufía; on irregular basis it is awarded since 2009. On some websites related to Partido Carlista he is recorded as the former party leader and a distinguished personality, especially that until today he remains the only PC representative who has ever been elected to either a regional or the national parliament. In historiographic works addressing either Carlism or the Spanish transición he appears marginally as a person who presided over disintegration of Partido Carlista into a third-rate political force.
See also
Carlist Party
Carlist Party of Euskal Herria
Socialismo autogestionario
Footnotes
Further reading
María del Mar Larraza Micheltorena, El ayuntamiento pamplonés en el tardofranquismo, [in:] La Transició de la dictadure franquista a la democrácia, Barcelona 2005, ISBN 8460973972, pp. 68-79
Juan Carlos López López, Biografía Mariano Zufía, s.l. 2009
Zuriné Sainz Pascual, El despertar de una conciencia ciudadana a través del urbanismo: el Ayuntamiento de Pamplona 1966-1976, [in:] Geronimo de Uztarriz 23/24 (2008), pp. 123-174
External links
Zufia at Camara de Comptos website
Zufia at Aunamendi Eusko Entziklopedia website
Por Dios y por España; contemporary Carlist propaganda
Basque Carlist politicians
Carlists
Municipal councillors in Navarre
People from Pamplona
Politicians from Navarre
Spanish army officers
Spanish bankers
Spanish business executives
Spanish monarchists
Spanish politicians
Spanish Roman Catholics
Spanish socialists |
69424109 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sivakasi%20Municipal%20corporation | Sivakasi Municipal corporation | Sivakasi Municipal corporation is the civic body governing city of Sivakasi in Indian state of Tamilnadu. Municipal Corporation mechanism in India was introduced during British Rule with formation of municipal corporation in Madras (Chennai) in 1688, later followed by municipal corporations in Bombay (Mumbai) and Calcutta (Kolkata) by 1762. Sivakasi Municipal Corporation is headed by Mayor of city and governed by Commissioner.
History and Administration
Sivakasi Municipal Corporation in Virudhunagar district was formed in year 2021 and is one of the 21 municipal corporations in Tamilnadu. The place is known majorly for manufacturing fire crackers.
Sivakasi Municipal Corporation a Commissioner Mayor, a Council, a Standing Committee, a Wards Committee for facilitating various works.
Currently the Municipal Commissioner is .
Factors driving Sivakasi Municipal Corporation
Sivakasi Municipal Corporation is driven by following factors:
Population Growth.
Increase in annual Income.
Improvement of Roads.
Providing drinking water.
Improving landscape.
Improving employment opportunities.
Improving relations between police and public.
Waste Management.
Arranging facilities during natural calamities.
Establishing industrial units.
Providing sewage connection.
Sivakasi Municipal Corporation Local Body Polls
Sivakasi Municipal Corporation will get a mayor and municipal council through local body polls.
Related Articles
List of Municipal Corporations in India.
References
External links
official website
Municipal corporations in Tamil Nadu
Virudhunagar district |
69426125 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis%20Van%20Wie | Francis Van Wie | Francis Harrison Van Wie (Born 1886 - Died 1973) was a streetcar conductor for the Market Street Railway and its successor, the Municipal Railway in San Francisco, who was famed for romancing and marrying as many as twelve women without divorce by the time he was arrested in 1945 for bigamy. Local press coverage of his arrest and trial gave him colorful, alliterative nicknames, including the Ding Dong Daddy of the D-car Line, the Trolley Toreador, and the Car Barn Casanova.
Marriages and career
Van Wie stated his first marriage was in 1904 or 1905 to Elizabeth Kexel in Wisconsin. He had one daughter, Mabel Josephine, with Kexel and was told in 1912 that he could not have any more children, so he encouraged his next wives to adopt. His second marriage was to Clara Heise in 1913. From an early age, Van Wie said that he had a poor memory because of chronic headaches. In 1915, Heise had him arrested in Chicago for non-support of his son; after discovering he had not divorced Kexel, the two wives jointly had him arrested for bigamy that July. That year, Van Wie also was arrested in Kenosha, Wisconsin for telling the state legislature that a chiropractor had cured his amnesia, according to a telegram from his son; the senior Van Wie claimed he had forgotten about his first wife and child because of his faulty memory. Later, Van Wie said that Kexel had abandoned him after six or seven years of marriage: "She said she was going to get a divorce and I assumed she had." He said that he served in the Army from 1917 to 1918, when he received a medical discharge.
Van Wie also claimed to have worked as a lion tamer and house painter. Reportedly, he had been discovered asleep and unharmed one morning in the cage of a lion named "Old Mary" during his 14-year career with the Ringling Brothers Circus. At the time, he was married to his fifth wife, Mabel Joyce, since 1922, and together they had a mindreading act for the circus. Mabel was described as a beautiful redhead who worked as an artist's model and sideshow performer, but Van Wie claimed she "wasn't particularly pretty and we just drifted apart." He came to California in 1932 with Mabel and worked shoveling coal. Although initial reporting said Mabel was his third wife, two additional wives were discovered between Clara and Mabel during his 1945 bigamy trial. In 1939, he was arrested for abandoning Mabel after seventeen years of marriage. Van Wie would later recount that "after my fifth wife [Mabel] ... I just seem to have gone haywire. I can not explain anything right now."
In 1941, Van Wie began working for the Market Street Railway. Aged 58 when he was arrested in 1945 for bigamy, Van Wie was too old to be drafted to fight in World War II and was working the rear platform of San Francisco streetcars, where he could socialize with passengers away from the front platform, which had a prominent sign warning people not to talk to the motorman. After meeting Sadie Levin, they were married on February 28, 1941; in March 1942 she told him he was pregnant and when he showed up to meet her on May 8, he was wearing an army uniform, claimed to have been busy in Hawaii investigating the attack on Pearl Harbor, said he was sterile, and accused her of having an affair. As a conductor, the pace of his marriages quickened; he married Juliana Voloshin in 1942, Myrtle Martha Wheeler in 1943, and three additional wives in 1944, all without stopping to divorce his prior wives; one of the 1944 wives said he told her he had been lonely since a previous wife he had married in 1940, Ruth La Crosse, had died in an auto accident, bringing his count to eight wives in total.
Bigamy trial
On January 23, 1945, the police announced they were looking for Van Wie, who the press dubbed the "Carline Casanova", for three bigamy warrants and possible impersonation of authority, as one of his wives reported he was away from home so much "because he was an FBI man." Van Wie had disappeared from his job a week earlier on January 16. His bigamy was discovered after Voloshin (then thought to be his fifth wife) filed a suit for divorce; she then learned that he had married two times in 1944 alone.
Van Wie was arrested by police for bigamy on January 25, 1945 in Los Angeles, acting on a tip from an alert guard who "wondered how a little guy like that could marry so many women"; at the time, he was charged with having nine wives, although records indicated he had been married as many as twelve times since 1913, having divorced one wife, annulled another marriage, and survived the death of a third. Around this time, Stanton Delaplane of the San Francisco Chronicle gave him his most enduring nickname, calling Van Wie the "Ding Dong Daddy of the D-car Line", after the song "I'm a Ding Dong Daddy from Dumas" popularized by Louis Armstrong. Although Delaplane credited him with serving the D Geary-Van Ness line, that appellation had been chosen for its alliteration. Later research indicated that Van Wie probably worked the 22-Fillmore line. Delaplane won a 1946 National Headliner Award for his coverage of Van Wie.
When he was arrested, Van Wie stated in his defense that he had been seeking "a happy home and contentment" and contemporary press coverage was favorable with reporters seemingly bemused by his seeming romantic success. Van Wie said he couldn't "imagine any of [my wives] being that mad at me" and added that he was married so often simply because he was unfailingly polite and "the [conductor's] hat that did it. It represented the authority that went with the job and the steady weekly paycheck that went with it." However, several wives reported that his ardor cooled quickly after a few weeks of marriage—Van Wie would become abusive and jealous, then abandon their homes; one wife stated flatly that "Frank's a card in the parlor, a gentleman on the street, and a beast in the home." Voloshin, who he married in 1941 or 1942 was credited with tipping off several successor wives they were not his one and only and described his inexplicable charm: "There was something about him that made you do things you didn't want to do, but I never want to see him again." Both Voloshin and Van Wie claimed the other was physically abusive to them.
The prosecution at the initial hearing was handled by then-San Francisco District Attorney (and future Governor of California) Pat Brown; Van Wie pleaded he was innocent at his initial hearing on January 29 before Judge Leo Cunningham, who reduced his bail to from . By that time, his marriage count had grown to twelve. After listening to the hearing, his eleventh and twelfth wives (who he had married in April and December 1944) filed for annulment. Van Wie was represented by defense attorney James Toner; another prominent local attorney, Jake Ehrlich, was also present to represent the "Ding Dong Daddy defense fund", provided by wealthy donors who were amused by his story. The defense fund paid for his bail and his stay in Room 707 of the Padre Hotel, where he resided while awaiting his court date. On February 1 Van Wie said he would change his plea to guilty and ask for probation; Judge Cunningham instead held him over for trial on three counts of bigamy, increasing his bail to cash or bond, remarking that since it was unlikely he could afford that amount, "it would be wise, perhaps, if he spent some days in jail, for some serious thinking."
The jury was seated for his trial on March 19 and Van Wie made a double plea of not guilty and not guilty by reason of insanity, but the jury found him guilty after ten minutes of deliberation on March 22, 1945; after a separate trial, the same jury found him sane on April 3 after deliberating for 55 minutes. During his insanity trial, he testified that his latest (twelfth or thirteenth) wife, Evelyn Brown, was the "only real love of [his] life" and his defense relied on several incidents of head trauma due to a mule kick, an axe blow, and a fall from a smokestack. However, the three psychiatrists that testified were summarized as concluding he was "slightly on the psychopathic side but not insane." Evelyn sent him an Easter card during the second trial, which made him "very happy"; although she had forgiven him, she said she would never go back to him. He was fined and sentenced to 30 years imprisonment by Judge Herbert Kaufman on April 5, who ordered the three ten-year sentences to be served consecutively.
Van Wie served two years at San Quentin State Prison before he was paroled and released on April 12, 1947, after good behavior and a plea for leniency from Judge Kaufman. Upon his release, he asked his defense attorney, James Toner, to check if all his prior marriages had been concluded.
After release
In September 1949, he was married again (for the fourteenth time) to Mrs. Mary Aba by Judge Kaufman, who previously had asked that Van Wie abstain from marriage for five years as a condition of his release. At the time, Van Wie said "this is the real thing and this is going to be the last one for me", but a month later, Aba complained to Judge Kaufman that Van Wie was simultaneously too amorous and stingy; by February 1950, she told the Judge that she planned to file for divorce: "Our love nest is over and I'm moving out."
In August 1952, Van Wie again made headlines for suspecting that he had again committed bigamy with his recent fifteenth marriage upon learning his divorce with Aba had never completed; his current wife, Amelia Pritchard, had locked him out of their apartment upon learning of his infamous past. He was arrested a week later for bigamy while appearing in the show "My True Love Life", staged at the El Rey burlesque theater in Oakland. It turned out that Amelia was actually his sixteenth wife: the real fifteenth wife, Martha Moyle of Long Beach, learned from the prior week's news story that he had married Amelia in Las Vegas without divorcing Moyle first. When he was arrested, Van Wie blurted "All I can say—" onstage before his attorney escorted him to waiting police officers, and he was forced to stand trial again. Van Wie's marriages continued to gather press coverage in later years, including in 1953, when he simultaneously annulled his fourteenth (Aba) and sixteenth (Pritchard) marriages. Authorities arrested Van Wie in April 1959 for violating his probation after discovering he had married his eighteenth wife in August 1958; at the time, he was being pursued for abandoning his seventeenth wife.
After that, Van Wie's marital status was not publicized and he died in 1973.
Legacy
In 1997, the Cherry Poppin' Daddies released their album Zoot Suit Riot with the song "Ding Dong Daddy of the D-car Line" inspired by Van Wie.
References
External links
[Marrying Mary Aba in 1949]
(2017)
People from San Francisco
American people convicted of bigamy
1886 births
1973 deaths |
69427777 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red%20Quigley | Red Quigley | Gerald A. Quigley (December 18, 1895 – September 21, 1966) was an American football quarterback who played one season in the American Professional Football Association (APFA) and one in the New York Pro Football League (NYPFL) for the Rochester Jeffersons. He did not play college football.
Quigley was born on December 18, 1895, in Rochester, New York. He was the son of Rochester's chief of police. He attended Cathedral High School in Rochester, starring in baseball, football, track, and basketball. After graduating, Quigley declined scholarship offers from eight different universities and played semi-professional sports with the "Saturday Evening Post Posts" in basketball, and the Crimsons and the Kodak Park team in baseball.
He was drafted to serve in World War I in 1917, and was a member of the United States Navy. While there, he played on "Cupid Black's naval eleven", where "one had to have class to make the team of husky pigskin maulers which Black had together".
After returning, Quigley played professional football with the Rochester Jeffersons of the New York Pro Football League (NYPFL) in 1919, being their starting quarterback and leading them to the league championship.
He returned to the Jeffersons for the 1920 season, while they were a member of the newly-formed American Professional Football Association (APFA). The Buffalo Courier called him "one of the most spectacular broken field runners that ever stepped on a field in this state." During the 1920 season, he appeared in nine out of eleven total games, starting one. The Jeffersons ended the year with a 6–3–2 record, seventh in league standings.
He left the Jeffersons in 1921, playing for the independent Rochester Scalpers. He was a member of the Regal Athletic Club football team in 1922.
In 1924, he played for a semi-professional baseball team called the "Old Timers".
Quigley later worked at the Rochester Recreation Bureau for 29 years, and was a recreation leader at Danforth Center for ten years before retiring in 1966. He also was an assistant high school football coach in the late 1940s. He died on September 21, 1966, at the age of 70.
The Democrat and Chronicle called Quigley, "one of Rochester's most celebrated former athletes."
References
1895 births
1966 deaths
Players of American football from New York (state)
Sportspeople from Rochester, New York
American football quarterbacks
Rochester Jeffersons players |
69427837 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lynching%20of%20Priyantha%20Kumara | Lynching of Priyantha Kumara | Priyantha Kumara Diyawadana was a 49 year old Sri Lankan man who was lynched by a mob on 3 December 2021 in Sialkot, Punjab, Pakistan over allegations of blasphemy. Supporters of the radical Sunni Islamist party Tehreek-e-Labbaik Pakistan (TLP) were believed to be responsible for the killing of Kumara, while the TLP officially distanced itself from the incident.
Kumara, who was a Buddhist by faith and had lived and worked in Pakistan for eleven years, was beaten, killed and later set on fire by a mob in Sialkot. He had been accused of blasphemy for removing a poster featuring religious content. It was later revealed that Kumara had removed the poster due to pending renovation work in the building, and was wrongly accused of blasphemy by workers of the factory. Several videos started to circulate on social media where hundreds of men can be seen gathered at the site, chanting slogans of the TLP.
Biography
Diyawadanage Don Nandasiri Priyantha Kumara was a resident of Ganemulla, Gampaha District, Sri Lanka. He was the youngest of six siblings. He graduated from the University of Peradeniya in 2002 as a production engineer and had been working in Pakistan since 2010. He had worked for the Rajco Sporting Goods Manufacturing Company in Sialkot since 2012, progressing from an engineering role to a manager role. At the time of his murder, he was the General Superintendent (General Manager) at the Rajco Industries garment factory in Sialkot. He was married to Nilushi Dissanayaka and the father of two sons, aged 14 and 9 years (as of 2021). Two of his brothers were also working in Pakistan at the time, as employees of a textile factory in Faisalabad, Punjab.
Incident
Background
The Government of Pakistan had earlier banned Tehreek-e-Labbaik Pakistan, declaring it a militant organization after several run-ins with the state but later decided to lift the ban after signing an agreement with the organisation in November 2021 amid violent protests.
Mob and murder
According to Rao Sardar Ali Khan, Inspector General of Police of the Punjab Police, a mob of 800 men gathered at the Rajco factory at 10:00 on 3 December 2021 after it was reported that Kumara had torn a poster inscribed with Islamic verses and that constituted blasphemy. The mob searched for Kumara, finding him on the roof of the factory. They had dragged him while beating him severely, he was dead by 11:28 and his body was set on fire by the mob on the Wazirabad Road.
Investigation and arrests
Farhan Idrees was identified as the main culprit who was one of the masterminds involved in the incident and over 100 individuals were arrested by the police. It was revealed that all of them who were arrested had link with TLP. Kumara's body was flown through Sri Lankan Airlines and arrived in Sri Lanka on 6 December 2021.
A postmortem carried out by the Pakistani authorities indicated skull and jaw fractures as the cause of death. All his vital organs had been affected, while torture marks were visible all over his body. His spinal cord was broken in three locations. All his bones were broken other than in one foot. 99 per cent of his body was burned.
Reactions
Prime Minister of Pakistan Imran Khan expressed his disbelief and anger in a tweet saying “The horrific vigilante attack on a factory in Sialkot and the burning alive of a Sri Lankan manager is a day of shame for Pakistan. I am overseeing the investigations and let there be no mistakes, all those responsible will be punished with the full severity of the law. Arrests are being made”. The incident was met with shock in Pakistan, with condemnations pouring in from political representatives, civil society groups and religious leaders.
Pakistan's Defence Minister Pervez Khattak, while reacting to the incident, provoked controversy when he said "murders take place when young people get emotional". Later, he issued a clarification stating he "vehemently condemned" the incident and that his earlier remarks were in response to a question whether the lynching was a consequence of the government allowing too much leeway to the TLP in the country as a result of a "deal".
On 4 December, both the Government of Sri Lanka and the opposition party condemned the incident and urged immediate action to punish the perpetrators. The Parliament of Sri Lanka urged the authorities in Pakistan to ensure the rights of the Sri Lankan expat workers in Pakistan be safeguarded. On 6 December, Kumara's remains were repatriated with state honours from Lahore to Colombo via a Sri Lankan Airlines flight.
Sri Lankan High Commissioner to Pakistan, Vice Admiral Mohan Wijewickrama assured that the incident will have no effect on relations between Sri Lanka and Pakistan, noting the close social, defence, and commerce ties between the two countries.
Following an appeal for compensation by Kumara's widow, Sri Lanka's Cabinet of Ministers approved a grant of Rs 2.5 million (US$12,322) to the family of Kumara to be paid from the Employees' Welfare Fund of the Bureau of Foreign Employment considering his contribution as a migrant worker.
In Islamabad, a condolence event was held at the Prime Minister's Office to honour Kumara. While addressing the occasion, Imran Khan announced a civil award for Malik Adnan, a colleague who tried to save Kumara's life from the mob, and reiterated that "as long as I am alive, I will not allow incidents like the Sialkot lynching to happen again". The business community of Sialkot raised USD $100,000 for Kumara's family, and also announced that his widow would continue to receive his monthly salary.
See also
List of blasphemy cases in Pakistan
Reference
2021 in international relations
2021 in Punjab, Pakistan
2021 in Sri Lanka
2021 murders in Pakistan
2020s crimes in Punjab, Pakistan
December 2021 crimes in Asia
Deaths by person in Pakistan
Filmed killings in Asia
History of Sialkot
Lynching deaths in Pakistan
Murder in Punjab, Pakistan
Pakistan–Sri Lanka relations
Religiously motivated violence in Pakistan
Tehreek-e-Labbaik Pakistan
Torture in Pakistan |
69428186 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Housmans | Housmans | Housmans is one of the longest-running radical bookshops in the UK. Housmans was founded by a collective of pacifists in 1945 and has been based in Kings Cross, London since 1959. Various grassroots organisations have operated from its address including the Gay Liberation Front, the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament, and London Greenpeace. Housmans shares its building with its sister organisation Peace News.
The bookshop
Housmans' not-for-profit shop specialises in books on feminism, anarchism, anti-racism, anti-fascism, LGBTQIA+ politics, socialism, and nonviolence. It also stocks radical and socially engaged fiction, children's books, graphic novels, magazines, zines, and poetry
Alongside new and second-hand books, Housmans stocks cards, calendars, White Poppies, and merchandise from Lesbians and Gays Support the Miners (including the 'Pits and Perverts' t-shirt). An online store was launched in March 2010.
Housmans is managed by a trust and is a National Living Wage employer.
Reading groups
Current book groups include Housmans' Feminist Sci-Fi Book Club, Housmans' Queer Book Club, the Fuse Book Club, and Self-care as an act of warfare: a Black women's reading group.
Peace Diary
Housmans launched its first Peace Diary in 1953. The diaries are published annually and include an international peace directory listing more than 1,400 organisations around the world.
Live events
Regular live events are hosted at Housmans including panels, book readings, and musical performances. These are streamed on Housmans' YouTube channel and include appearances from Naomi Klein, Emma Dabiri, and John Sinclair. Guests from the performing arts include Maxine Peake and Christopher Eccleston.
Founders and pacifist origins
Housmans' origins began in the 1930s with key players in the British peace movement connected to the pacifist organisation Peace Pledge Union and one of its projects: the pacifist magazine Peace News.
Temporary bookshops affiliated with the Peace Pledge Union existed as early as 1936 with one at 36 Ludgate Hill, London. By 1946 a bookshop was operating within the Peace Pledge Union headquarters at Dick Shepherd House, 6 Endsleigh Street in Bloomsbury, London, but its business lacked a shop window.
A plan for a permanent bookshop was envisioned by a key sponsor of the Peace Pledge Union, the pacifist author and playwright Laurence Housman. After World War II, Housman proposed a shop that would promote "ideas of peace, [...] human rights and a more equitable economy by which future wars, and all their inherent suffering, might be avoided."
The name of Housmans was given to the bookshop in Laurence Housman's honour and its cofounders include staff and sponsors of the Peace Pledge Union and Peace News. Directors appointed to the original company limited guarantee include the pacifist writer Vera Brittain, London bookseller Llewelyn Kiek, and literary critic Hugh I'Anson Fausset. Further cofounders include Peace Pledge Union staffers John Barclay and Trefor Rendall Davies, and the business manager of Peace News, Harry Mister. Mister would go on to work as Housman's business manager until 1976.
History of the premises and business
Early days at Shaftesbury Avenue
The original Housmans bookshop was located at 124 Shaftesbury Avenue, London and opened for business on 26 October 1945. The building had been repaired after bomb damage.
Attendees of the shop's opening ceremony included Laurence Housman, the anarchist author Herbert Read, editor of The New Statesman Kingsley Martin, the campaigner Irene Barclay, Howard Whitten, Patrick Figgis, Doris Figgis, Trefor Rendall Davies, Llewelyn Kiek, Hugh I’Anson Fausset, Harry Mister, Eileen Ager, Geoffrey Gilbert, Henry Rutland, Duncan Christie and John Barclay.
Endsleigh cards
In 1948, business manager Harry Mister launched Endsleigh Cards, named after the original street location of the Peace Pledge Union offices. Endsleigh Cards was a trading brand of Peace News and its greeting cards were stocked in Housmans.
Loss of premises
In 1948, an increase in lease renewal costs prompted the Peace Pledge Union to close the physical shop and pass ownership of its trading name to the Peace News company. Housmans continued to trade as a mail-order bookselling business and lacked physical premises until 1958.
Relocation to Kings Cross
In 1958, a freehold building at 5 Caledonian Road, Kings Cross was acquired after a £5,000 gift from Reverend Tom Willis (the equivalent today of £120,000) and further donations from other Peace News supporters. Peace News moved into the 100-year-old building's upper floors whilst Housmans resumed business on the lower floor.
The renovated premises were opened by bookshop manager Dora Dawtry on 21 November 1959. In attendance were Vera Brittain, editor of Peace News Hugh Brock, British pacifist Myrtle Solomon, George Plume, Peace Pledge Union chairman Stuart Morris, Roy Fry of Pacifist Youth Action Group, Peace News trustee Ian Dixon, pacifist and suffragist Sybil Morrison, Harry Mister, Sue Mister, Val Mister, and Ivy Mister. Also in attendance was Reverend Tom Willis.
In 1961, Peace News and the Peace Pledge Union separated and Housmans remained associated with Peace News. The Peace News office continues to be located at Housmans and operates as a sister organisation.
Nuclear disarmament and the peace symbol
From the late 1950s and early 1960s, Housmans stocked material from organisations advocating nuclear disarmament including the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament and the Committee of 100.
In 1958, artist and designer Gerald Holtom, presented early designs of the nuclear disarmament symbol within the Peace News office at Housmans' address. According to peace campaigner Michael Randle, Housmans business manager Harry Mister saw the peace symbol on Peace News leaflets and said: "What on earth were you, Pat (Arrowsmith) and Hugh (Brock) thinking about when you adopted that symbol? It doesn’t mean a thing and it will never catch on!" Peace News says that, "to his credit, for the rest of his life Harry was never to be seen without a badge bearing the symbol on his lapel."
The Direct Action Committee Against Nuclear War (formerly known as the Committee for Direct Action Against Nuclear War) were based in a small office in the building.
Bombings
1974 London pillar box bombings
At 5:50pm on November 25, 1974, an IRA bomb exploded in a pillar box outside Housmans as part of the London pillar box bombings. No injuries were sustained and the shop windows remained intact, but the explosion destroyed the Campaign Against Arms Trade first newsletter, which had been posted ten minutes prior to the incident. Peace News reported that the attack was one of several warning bombs that followed an announcement from then Home Secretary Roy Jenkins of emergency powers under Section 8 of the Prevention of Terrorism (Temporary Provisions) Act 1974.
1978 letter bomb
On July 4, 1978, the Peace News offices received a letter bomb. Housmans worker, Stewart Porte, was hospitalised for burns sustained to his face, hands, and chest. The letter bomb was alleged to have been from the neo-Nazi organisation Column 88. Similar attacks were made on the Socialist Workers Party and Anti-Nazi League offices in the months prior to the attack on Housmans.
Housmans’ address had received a threatening letter three months before the explosion. The letter read: "Watch out you're next" and its use of fascist symbols and the figure "88" led to further suspicions that Column 88 were responsible for the letter bomb. Housmans had alerted the police of this threat, but the police did not investigate until after the letter bomb had exploded at the bookshop.
1970s and 1980s gay liberation
Housmans has a long affiliation with the gay liberation movement whilst its cofounder, Laurence Housman, was openly homosexual. In the 1970s and 1980s Housmans was one of a few bookshops in the UK that permitted gay and lesbian literature on its shelves.
Gay Liberation Front and Switchboard
The Gay Liberation Front's offices were located at 5 Caledonian Road in the 1970s. Graffiti from this era was discovered in Housmans' basement in 2020. Messages include: “Run your own Life”, "Homosexuals Unite”, and “Gay is good so don’t be scared to tell anybody”.
From 1974, The London Lesbian and Gay Switchboard was based on the premises for nearly 20 years. Switchboard volunteers on the premises included Mark Ashton and Mike Jackson, co-founders of the Lesbians and Gays Support the Miners, and Switchboard's director Diana James, the first transgender person to join Switchboard. In her interview with the 5 Cally Road research project Diana James recalled a feminist protest outside Housmans against the bookshop's decision to stock On Our Backs, the first women-run erotica magazine and the first magazine to feature lesbian erotica for a lesbian audience in the United States.
Customs raid on 'indecent' literature
The majority of Housman's gay literature had to be shipped in from the United States. In May 1984, a missing order from Giovanni's Room, a gay bookshop based in Philadelphia was confiscated by HM Customs and Excise who deemed the LGBT books indecent under the 1876 Customs Consolidation Act. The Act permitted courts to judge homosexual material as obscene or indecent, despite the decriminalisation of the 1967 Sexual Offences Act. The large-scale raid effected other radical and LGBT booksellers, including Gay's the Word and seized works included titles by Christopher Isherwood, Tennessee Williams, and Jean Genet. Housmans did not take legal action, but joined a campaign of resistance launched by the Federation of Radical Booksellers to resist the raids and prosecution of booksellers.
Resisted demolishment and Peacemeal Wholefoods
In the 1980s, a partial demolishment of Caledonian Road was proposed, but the trustees of Housmans refused to sell the building to developers.
In 1985, trustees of Peace News established a retail store named Peacemeal Wholefoods opposite Housmans. Its founders and staff included Housmans' employees, Nigel Kemp and Alexander Donaldson, who would go on to found Judd Books together in 1992.
1990s and 2010s
In the 1990s, the 'McLibel' defence campaign was based in Housmans when members of London Greenpeace were sued by McDonalds for libel in 1990.
In 2016, Housmans expanded its premises with a basement area dubbed 'The Vaults'. Thee space was partly funded by an online crowdfunding campaign and a launch party was held December 3 of the same year. The Vaults include an expanded selection of fiction, graphic novels, poetry, art and art theory, children's books and more. Newly expanded sections in the original upstairs area of Housmans include titles on anti-racism, health and disability politics, and Irish history. This expansion coincided with the shop's 70th anniversary.
In 2019, the English all-female DIY punk/riot grrrl band Dream Nails released a live album Take Up Space - a recording of an acoustic performance at Housmans.
Present day
5 Cally Road research project
5 Cally Road: 60 Years of Books and Activism is an oral history project exploring and celebrating the history of the building. From 2020 to 2021 a team of volunteers (aged 18–25) researched and archived the history of Housmans' premises. Volunteers recorded oral history interviews and recorded archive material whilst producing fictional queer monologues, original songs, poems, and verbatim radio plays.
A 5 Cally Road volunteer told Peace News, "We wanted to relate the building’s history to the present day and demonstrate that the ideas and struggles we’ve documented are still thriving and making waves."
Interviewees included, Goeff Hardy who spoke to researchers in 2021. His father was involved in the Committee of 100 and Hardy was involved in anarchist groups and the Gay Liberation Front. In his interview he said:"Housmans wasn't only a bookshop in a building. Housmans was part of a whole liberation, anarcho-pacifist socialist movement. It was the centre of activism for many people. It's amazing it's survived. The project was managed by Rosa Schling and was organised by the oral history NGO On The Record. The project was supported by The National Lottery Heritage Fund.
Reverberations sound-installation
From July to September 2021, the British artist Wajid Yaseen used Housmans to stage an immersive sound installation. It combined oral history interviews recorded during the 5 Cally Road project with sound design and music by the anarcho-punk band Crass. Reverberations was composed by Christina Radukic, Connie Hatt, Keir Chauhan, Laura Toms, Naoise Murphy, Tania Aubeelack, and Will Hecker.
Groups in residence
Various grassroots organisations have shared the premises or a postal address with Housmans and Peace News. They include (but are not restricted to):
The London region for the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament
The Gay Liberation Front
The London Lesbian and Gay Switchboard, for nearly 20 years
London Greenpeace
Campaign Against Climate Change
Committee for Direct Action Against Nuclear War
British Withdrawal from Northern Ireland Campaign, mailing address in the 1970s
Radical Research Services
Finsbury Park Typesetters, sister company to Peace News
Nudist Challenge, radical protest movement
The ABC defence campaign in the ABC trial, 1970s
Wildcat, monthly anarchist newspaper from 1974 to 1975, not to be confused with the communist Wildcat newsletter of the 1980s and 1990s
Network for Peace
No Sweat, holds monthly organising meetings on the first Thursday of every month
ForcesWatch, a UK organisation dedicated to investigating militarisation, military ethics and human rights concerns.
Oromo Relief Association, has supported Oromo refugees and asylum seekers since 1982
Pax Christi
Kings Cross Railway Lands Group, an umbrella group of community organisations addressing strategic planning issues, formed in 1987
Prometheus Theatre Company, in the 1980s
The 'McLibel' defence campaign, in the 1990s
War Resisters International, since 1994
Greece Solidarity Campaign
Kurdistan Secular Centre UK, 2016 to 2018
Left Book Club Ltd, 2014 to 2018
Another Europe is Possible, from 2016
Bi Pride UK, since 2018
The Federation of Iraqi Refugees, since 2021
Peace Brigades International
Arrests and surveillance
1974 arrest of Pat Arrowsmith
On September 7, 1974, peace campaigner and co-founder of Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament, Pat Arrowsmith, was arrested in the Peace News office. Arrowsmith had escaped from Askham Grange open prison where she was serving an 18-month sentence for offences against the Incitement to Disaffection Act 1934 after distributing leaflets at a British army base urging soldiers to refuse to serve in Northern Ireland.
After absconding from prison, Arrowsmith spoke at an anti-fascist demonstration in Hyde Park and befriended lesbian and gay attendees. In an interview with the 5 Cally Road research project, Nettie Pollard (a member of the Gay Liberation Front), recalled Arrowsmith saying to LGBT protestors, "Well, why don't we go to Housmans?" Upon arrival, the group contacted The Press Association to say, "there's a fugitive at Housmans, 5 Caledonian Road." Their photographs appeared on the front page of The Sunday Telegraph. When arresting officers appeared at the scene, Arrowsmith refused to walk downstairs and was carried down three flights of stairs.
On September 10, 1974, two days after Arrowsmith arrest, police raided 5 Caledonian Road, the Peace News offices, and the homes of several peace activists. The raids were in response to the British Withdrawal from Northern Ireland Campaign (BWNIC) and their 'Information for Discontented Soldiers' leafletting campaign which had led to Arrowsmith's arrest. 5 Caledonian Road was the mailing address for the campaign.
Undercover surveillance
Housmans is one of many radical bookshops that have been a target of police surveillance and the attendance of officers who purchase material to monitor left-wing groups and individuals.
In the 2017, the Campaign Opposing Police Surveillance unveiled a plaque above Housmans as part of the grassroots Plaques Project. The project marked the known locations where campaigners and activists were spied on by officers from the Special Demonstration Squad and other undercover units. The plaque above Housmans reads, "Peace, Environmental and Animal Rights Campaigns meeting here were spied on by undercover police officers from the Special Demonstration Squad (established 1968), and other units"
Police spy Bob Lambert
Police officer Bob Lambert was head of the Special Demonstration Squad and posed as a left-wing animal rights activist named Bob Robison from 1983 to 1988. Lambert fathered a child with an activist, who was unaware of his true identity, during his deployment and regularly visited Housmans whilst undercover.
In 2013, it was reported that Lambert had co-authored the 'McLibel leaflet' while undercover with London Greenpeace which resulted in a ten-year defamation lawsuit from the McDonald's Corporation. Both London Greenpeace and the 'McLibel' defence campaign were based at 5 Caledonian Road.
Ian Kerr's blacklist
In 2009, private investigator Ian Kerr pleaded guilty to running an unlawful blacklisting service on building workers. Kerr visited Housmans and other radical bookshops to report on individuals and amassed thousands of files on trade unionists and political activists for his work at the Consulting Association. Kerr's blacklist was financed by more than 40 major firms in the construction industry. An investigation by The Guardian suggests that Kerr's investigations began in the 1970s for the Economic League, a right-wing organisation established in 1919. The Economic League had 45,000 files on people considered "extreme left-wing" and received payment from more than 2,000 companies to screen potential employees for trade unionists and "troublemakers."
Alliance of Radical Booksellers
In 2011, Housmans cofounded the Alliance of Radical Booksellers. The Alliance created two awards:
Bread and Roses Award
The Bread and Roses Award for Radical Publishing was first awarded in 2012 and recognises the best radical books published each year.
Little Rebels Award
The Little Rebels Children's Book Award is a prize for radical fiction aimed at children aged 0–12 and was first awarded in 2013.
Donated collections
Book collections have been donated to Housmans from the estates of authors and activists including Doreen Massey, Mike Marqusse, and the educator Byron Criddle. Donations from living authors include Tariq Ali.
Professor Stuart Hall
In May 2016, Housmans sold the private library of cultural theorist Professor Stuart Hall. 3,000 books were donated to Housmans by Hall's widow Catherine Hall.
Dawn Foster
In October 2021, the private library of British journalist, Dawn Foster was donated by her next of kin. Each book was stamped with the imprint ‘DAWN FOSTER FOREVER – From the library of Dawn Foster 1986-2021" and all titles were priced at £1, £3 and £5. The sale began October 16, 2021 and included fiction and political titles.
Recent awards
Winner of Best Independent Bookshop in London at the British Book Awards 2016
Shortlisted for Independent Bookshop of the Year, British Book Industry Awards, 2016
Shortlisted for Independent Bookshop of the Year, British Book Awards, 2020
Housmans' director Cristina Ríos Harper awarded Bookshop Heroes Class of 2021
External links
Housmans - official website
Housmans’ YouTube - official channel
Housmans’ Twitter - official profile
Housmans’ Facebook - official page
Housmans' Instagram - official page
5 Cally Road - official archive project
References
Bookstores established in the 20th century
1945 establishments in the United Kingdom
Bookshops in London |
69428637 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans%20Oliva-Hagen | Hans Oliva-Hagen | Hans Oliva-Hagen (born April 14, 1922 in Berlin - Nikolassee ; † 1992 ) was a journalist, writer, and screenwriter in the German Democratic Republic who wrote under the pseudonyms Hans Oliva and John Ryder. His most important works include his collaboration on the scripts for the DEFA film Carbide and Sorrel (1963) and the five-part GDR television film Conscience in Riot (1961). An anti-fascist militant and Holocaust survivor of Jewish heritage, Oliva-Hagen was active in the German resistance to Nazism.
Life
Hans Hagen was born in Berlin, the son of the German-Jewish economist, banker, bank archivist, and anti-fascist activist Hermann Carl Hagen. His mother, Hedwig Elise Caroline Staadt, was a German Christian. He attended boarding school in Switzerland, which he had to leave after completing elementary school. His brother Karl-Heinz Hagen worked as editor-in-chief for a number of German publications.
In 1937, he travelled to Spain and volunteered with the International Brigades, which fought on the side of the Republican government of Spain against the fascists under General Franco, but was turned down because of his young age. He then moved to France, where he worked in Marseille, among other places. He was employed as a dock worker. From 1940 on he lived in Berlin and was active in the resistance against the Nazis. In 1941 he was arrested by the police during an illegal leaflet campaign and imprisoned in the Moabit prison, where he was subjected to Nazi human experimentation. He was captured and tortured while trying to escape from the Dahlem Manor, where he was employed as a prison harvest worker. In 1945 the Soviet Red Army stormed and liberated Moabit Prison.
Hans Hagen's father Hermann was murdered in the special campaign against Jews on May 27th and 28th of 1942, an act of revenge by the Nazis after the assassination attempt on Reinhard Heydrich. Along with 500 other German Jews selected arbitrarily, Hagen was abducted from Berlin and taken to the Sachsenhausen concentration camp where he was murdered on May 29, 1942. His mother Hedwig was also murdered at Sachsenhausen.
Following the end of World War II, Hans Oliva-Hagen lived in East Berlin when it was administered by the Soviet Union, and joined the Socialist Unity Party of Germany. He was later expelled from the party due to criticism, initially working in radio and press administration. He worked as a freelance journalist and author from 1952.
On May 4, 1954, he married the actress Eva-Maria Hagen in Berlin. The marriage ended in divorce in 1959. Their daughter Catharina "Nina" Hagen, born on March 11, 1955, stayed with her mother after the divorce. Nina became a singer and actress. Nina's daughter Cosma Shiva Hagen also became an actress.
Filmography
1955: Das Stacheltier – Episode 41: Das Haushaltswunder (Idea)
1958: Im Sonderauftrag (Script with Heinz Thiel)
1961: Gewissen in Aufruhr, TV novel in 5 parts (Script with Günter Reisch and Hans-Joachim Kasprzik)
1962: Die letzte Chance (Script)
1963: Carbide and Sorrel (Script with Frank Beyer)
1963: Drei Kriege. 1. Tauroggen, DDR-Fernsehfilm (Script with Roland Gräf and Norbert Büchner)
1963: Der andere neben dir (Script with Ulrich Thein and Hartwig Strobel)
1964: Drei Kriege. 2. Hinter den Fronten, DDR-Fernsehfilm (Script with Roland Gräf und Norbert Büchner)
1965: Drei Kriege. 3. In Berlin, DDR-Fernsehfilm (Script with Roland Gräf and Norbert Büchner)
1966: Trick 17b, DDR-Fernsehfilm (Dramaturgy)
1966: Asse (Script with Karl Gass)
Bibliography
1953: Asphalt, Tempo, Silberpfeile (Narrative, with Erich Rackwitz), Berlin, Verlag Neues Leben
1954: Auf die Plätze – fertig – los! (Narrative), Berlin, Verlag Neues Leben
1957: Die Sowjetunion von A–Z (with Erich Rackwitz)
1958: Bei unseren Soldaten. Aus dem Leben der Nationalen Volksarmee (with J. C. Schwarz), Berlin, Verlag des Ministeriums für Nationale Verteidigung
Awards
1961 National Prize of the German Democratic Republic - 1st class for Art and Culture (part of a collective for the screenplay of Gewissen in Aufruhr)
References
External links
Hans Oliva-Hagen entry in the Catalog of the German National Library
1922 births
1992 deaths
East German journalists
German expatriates in Switzerland
German people of Jewish descent
German screenwriters
German male screenwriters
German torture victims
Hagen family
Holocaust survivors
Jewish socialists
People from Berlin
Recipients of the National Prize of East Germany
Socialist Unity Party of Germany members |
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