text
stringlengths 14
6.38M
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dict |
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class LazyArray # borrowed partially from StrokeDB
include Enumerable
attr_reader :head, :tail
def first(*args)
if lazy_possible?(@head, *args)
@head.first(*args)
else
lazy_load
@array.first(*args)
end
end
def last(*args)
if lazy_possible?(@tail, *args)
@tail.last(*args)
else
lazy_load
@array.last(*args)
end
end
def at(index)
if index >= 0 && lazy_possible?(@head, index + 1)
@head.at(index)
elsif index < 0 && lazy_possible?(@tail, index.abs)
@tail.at(index)
else
lazy_load
@array.at(index)
end
end
def fetch(*args, &block)
index = args.first
if index >= 0 && lazy_possible?(@head, index + 1)
@head.fetch(*args, &block)
elsif index < 0 && lazy_possible?(@tail, index.abs)
@tail.fetch(*args, &block)
else
lazy_load
@array.fetch(*args, &block)
end
end
def values_at(*args)
accumulator = []
lazy_possible = args.all? do |arg|
index, length = extract_slice_arguments(arg)
if index >= 0 && lazy_possible?(@head, index + length)
accumulator.concat(head.values_at(*arg))
elsif index < 0 && lazy_possible?(@tail, index.abs)
accumulator.concat(tail.values_at(*arg))
end
end
if lazy_possible
accumulator
else
lazy_load
@array.values_at(*args)
end
end
def index(entry)
(lazy_possible?(@head) && @head.index(entry)) || begin
lazy_load
@array.index(entry)
end
end
def include?(entry)
(lazy_possible?(@tail) && @tail.include?(entry)) ||
(lazy_possible?(@head) && @head.include?(entry)) || begin
lazy_load
@array.include?(entry)
end
end
def empty?
(@tail.nil? || @tail.empty?) &&
(@head.nil? || @head.empty?) && begin
lazy_load
@array.empty?
end
end
def any?(&block)
(lazy_possible?(@tail) && @tail.any?(&block)) ||
(lazy_possible?(@head) && @head.any?(&block)) || begin
lazy_load
@array.any?(&block)
end
end
def [](*args)
index, length = extract_slice_arguments(*args)
if length == 1 && args.size == 1 && args.first.kind_of?(Integer)
return at(index)
end
if index >= 0 && lazy_possible?(@head, index + length)
@head[*args]
elsif index < 0 && lazy_possible?(@tail, index.abs - 1 + length)
@tail[*args]
else
lazy_load
@array[*args]
end
end
alias slice []
def slice!(*args)
index, length = extract_slice_arguments(*args)
if index >= 0 && lazy_possible?(@head, index + length)
@head.slice!(*args)
elsif index < 0 && lazy_possible?(@tail, index.abs - 1 + length)
@tail.slice!(*args)
else
lazy_load
@array.slice!(*args)
end
end
def []=(*args)
index, length = extract_slice_arguments(*args[0..-2])
if index >= 0 && lazy_possible?(@head, index + length)
@head.[]=(*args)
elsif index < 0 && lazy_possible?(@tail, index.abs - 1 + length)
@tail.[]=(*args)
else
lazy_load
@array.[]=(*args)
end
end
alias splice []=
def reverse
dup.reverse!
end
def reverse!
# reverse without kicking if possible
if loaded?
@array = @array.reverse
else
@head, @tail = @tail.reverse, @head.reverse
proc = @load_with_proc
@load_with_proc = lambda do |v|
proc.call(v)
v.instance_variable_get(:@array).reverse!
end
end
self
end
def <<(entry)
if loaded?
lazy_load
@array << entry
else
@tail << entry
end
self
end
def concat(other)
if loaded?
lazy_load
@array.concat(other)
else
@tail.concat(other)
end
self
end
def push(*entries)
if loaded?
lazy_load
@array.push(*entries)
else
@tail.push(*entries)
end
self
end
def unshift(*entries)
if loaded?
lazy_load
@array.unshift(*entries)
else
@head.unshift(*entries)
end
self
end
def insert(index, *entries)
if index >= 0 && lazy_possible?(@head, index)
@head.insert(index, *entries)
elsif index < 0 && lazy_possible?(@tail, index.abs - 1)
@tail.insert(index, *entries)
else
lazy_load
@array.insert(index, *entries)
end
self
end
def pop(*args)
if lazy_possible?(@tail, *args)
@tail.pop(*args)
else
lazy_load
@array.pop(*args)
end
end
def shift(*args)
if lazy_possible?(@head, *args)
@head.shift(*args)
else
lazy_load
@array.shift(*args)
end
end
def delete_at(index)
if index >= 0 && lazy_possible?(@head, index + 1)
@head.delete_at(index)
elsif index < 0 && lazy_possible?(@tail, index.abs)
@tail.delete_at(index)
else
lazy_load
@array.delete_at(index)
end
end
def delete_if(&block)
if loaded?
lazy_load
@array.delete_if(&block)
else
@reapers << block
@head.delete_if(&block)
@tail.delete_if(&block)
end
self
end
def replace(other)
mark_loaded
@array.replace(other)
self
end
def clear
mark_loaded
@array.clear
self
end
def to_a
lazy_load
@array.to_a
end
alias to_ary to_a
def load_with(&block)
@load_with_proc = block
self
end
def loaded?
@loaded == true
end
def kind_of?(klass)
super || @array.kind_of?(klass)
end
alias is_a? kind_of?
def respond_to?(method, include_private = false)
super || @array.respond_to?(method)
end
def freeze
if loaded?
@array.freeze
else
@head.freeze
@tail.freeze
end
@frozen = true
self
end
def frozen?
@frozen == true
end
def ==(other)
if equal?(other)
return true
end
unless other.respond_to?(:to_ary)
return false
end
# if necessary, convert to something that can be compared
other = other.to_ary unless other.respond_to?(:[])
cmp?(other, :==)
end
def eql?(other)
if equal?(other)
return true
end
unless other.class.equal?(self.class)
return false
end
cmp?(other, :eql?)
end
def lazy_possible?(list, need_length = 1)
!loaded? && need_length <= list.size
end
private
def initialize
@frozen = false
@loaded = false
@load_with_proc = lambda { |v| v }
@head = []
@tail = []
@array = []
@reapers = []
end
def initialize_copy(original)
@head = @head.try_dup
@tail = @tail.try_dup
@array = @array.try_dup
end
def lazy_load
return if loaded?
mark_loaded
@load_with_proc[self]
@array.unshift(*@head)
@array.concat(@tail)
@head = @tail = nil
@reapers.each { |r| @array.delete_if(&r) } if @reapers
@array.freeze if frozen?
end
def mark_loaded
@loaded = true
end
##
# Extract arguments for #slice an #slice! and return index and length
#
# @param [Integer, Array(Integer), Range] *args the index,
# index and length, or range indicating first and last position
#
# @return [Integer] the index
# @return [Integer,NilClass] the length, if any
#
# @api private
def extract_slice_arguments(*args)
first_arg, second_arg = args
if args.size == 2 && first_arg.kind_of?(Integer) && second_arg.kind_of?(Integer)
return first_arg, second_arg
elsif args.size == 1
if first_arg.kind_of?(Integer)
return first_arg, 1
elsif first_arg.kind_of?(Range)
index = first_arg.first
length = first_arg.last - index
length += 1 unless first_arg.exclude_end?
return index, length
end
end
raise ArgumentError, "arguments may be 1 or 2 Integers, or 1 Range object, was: #{args.inspect}", caller(1)
end
def each
lazy_load
if block_given?
@array.each { |entry| yield entry }
self
else
@array.each
end
end
# delegate any not-explicitly-handled methods to @array, if possible.
# this is handy for handling methods mixed-into Array like group_by
def method_missing(method, *args, &block)
if @array.respond_to?(method)
lazy_load
results = @array.send(method, *args, &block)
results.equal?(@array) ? self : results
else
super
end
end
def cmp?(other, operator)
unless loaded?
# compare the head against the beginning of other. start at index
# 0 and incrementally compare each entry. if other is a LazyArray
# this has a lesser likelyhood of triggering a lazy load
0.upto(@head.size - 1) do |i|
return false unless @head[i].__send__(operator, other[i])
end
# compare the tail against the end of other. start at index
# -1 and decrementally compare each entry. if other is a LazyArray
# this has a lesser likelyhood of triggering a lazy load
-1.downto(@tail.size * -1) do |i|
return false unless @tail[i].__send__(operator, other[i])
end
lazy_load
end
@array.send(operator, other.to_ary)
end
end
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} |
Computer-generated hologram marked by correlated photon imaging
Wen Chen
Department of Electronic and Information Engineering
The computer-generated hologram (CGH) has been studied for many applications. In this paper, CGH is watermarked by correlated photon imaging. An input image is encoded into two cascaded phase-only masks by using the CGH principle. Subsequently, two different marks are independently encoded into one-dimensional (1D) intensity points by using correlated photon imaging (or ghost imaging), and the recorded 1D intensity points are embedded into the extracted phase masks for optical watermarking. During the decoding, the input is recovered by using two watermarked phase masks. To verify copyright of the recovered input image, information embedded in two phase-only masks is retrieved and used to decode the hidden marks. The decoded marks do not visually render clear information due to only a few measurements and, instead, are authenticated. It is illustrated that the quality of the recovered input image is high, and a different imaging approach can be applied in the CGH system for optical watermarking. The proposed approach provides a promising strategy for optical information security.
https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.57.001196
10.1364/AO.57.001196
Chen, W. (2018). Computer-generated hologram marked by correlated photon imaging. Applied Optics, 57(5), 1196-1201. https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.57.001196
Chen, Wen. / Computer-generated hologram marked by correlated photon imaging. In: Applied Optics. 2018 ; Vol. 57, No. 5. pp. 1196-1201.
@article{e1395f2f1e774a69a51d394df79f340b,
title = "Computer-generated hologram marked by correlated photon imaging",
abstract = "The computer-generated hologram (CGH) has been studied for many applications. In this paper, CGH is watermarked by correlated photon imaging. An input image is encoded into two cascaded phase-only masks by using the CGH principle. Subsequently, two different marks are independently encoded into one-dimensional (1D) intensity points by using correlated photon imaging (or ghost imaging), and the recorded 1D intensity points are embedded into the extracted phase masks for optical watermarking. During the decoding, the input is recovered by using two watermarked phase masks. To verify copyright of the recovered input image, information embedded in two phase-only masks is retrieved and used to decode the hidden marks. The decoded marks do not visually render clear information due to only a few measurements and, instead, are authenticated. It is illustrated that the quality of the recovered input image is high, and a different imaging approach can be applied in the CGH system for optical watermarking. The proposed approach provides a promising strategy for optical information security.",
author = "Wen Chen",
doi = "10.1364/AO.57.001196",
journal = "Applied Optics",
publisher = "The Optical Society",
Chen, W 2018, 'Computer-generated hologram marked by correlated photon imaging', Applied Optics, vol. 57, no. 5, pp. 1196-1201. https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.57.001196
Computer-generated hologram marked by correlated photon imaging. / Chen, Wen.
In: Applied Optics, Vol. 57, No. 5, 10.02.2018, p. 1196-1201.
T1 - Computer-generated hologram marked by correlated photon imaging
AU - Chen, Wen
N2 - The computer-generated hologram (CGH) has been studied for many applications. In this paper, CGH is watermarked by correlated photon imaging. An input image is encoded into two cascaded phase-only masks by using the CGH principle. Subsequently, two different marks are independently encoded into one-dimensional (1D) intensity points by using correlated photon imaging (or ghost imaging), and the recorded 1D intensity points are embedded into the extracted phase masks for optical watermarking. During the decoding, the input is recovered by using two watermarked phase masks. To verify copyright of the recovered input image, information embedded in two phase-only masks is retrieved and used to decode the hidden marks. The decoded marks do not visually render clear information due to only a few measurements and, instead, are authenticated. It is illustrated that the quality of the recovered input image is high, and a different imaging approach can be applied in the CGH system for optical watermarking. The proposed approach provides a promising strategy for optical information security.
AB - The computer-generated hologram (CGH) has been studied for many applications. In this paper, CGH is watermarked by correlated photon imaging. An input image is encoded into two cascaded phase-only masks by using the CGH principle. Subsequently, two different marks are independently encoded into one-dimensional (1D) intensity points by using correlated photon imaging (or ghost imaging), and the recorded 1D intensity points are embedded into the extracted phase masks for optical watermarking. During the decoding, the input is recovered by using two watermarked phase masks. To verify copyright of the recovered input image, information embedded in two phase-only masks is retrieved and used to decode the hidden marks. The decoded marks do not visually render clear information due to only a few measurements and, instead, are authenticated. It is illustrated that the quality of the recovered input image is high, and a different imaging approach can be applied in the CGH system for optical watermarking. The proposed approach provides a promising strategy for optical information security.
U2 - 10.1364/AO.57.001196
DO - 10.1364/AO.57.001196
JO - Applied Optics
JF - Applied Optics
Chen W. Computer-generated hologram marked by correlated photon imaging. Applied Optics. 2018 Feb 10;57(5):1196-1201. https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.57.001196 | {
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This is a list of Collegiate Sprint Football League champions. Founded in 1934, the league was originally known as "The Eastern 150-pound Football League" (150s). In 1967, the name of the league was changed to "The Eastern Lightweight Football League" (ELFL), and then again into its current form, "The Collegiate Sprint Football League" (CSFL), in 1998.
Before 2022, the CSFL was the sole governing body for college-level sprint football. It was joined in the 2022 season by the Midwest Sprint Football League, initially featuring six schools in the Midwest and Upper South.
League champions
Source 1946-2020:
Collegiate Sprint Football League (1998–present)
2022: Navy
2021: Navy
2020: Army (default/de facto)
2019: Army
2018: Navy
2017: Army
2016: Penn
2015: Army
2014: Navy
2013: Army
2012: Army
2011: Navy
2010: Penn/Army
2009: Navy
2008: Navy
2007: Navy
2006: Cornell
2005: Navy
2004: Navy
2003: Army
2002: Navy
2001: Navy
2000: Penn
1999: Army
1998: Army/Penn
The Eastern Lightweight Football League (1967-1997)
1997: Navy
1996: Army/Navy/Penn
1995: Navy
1994: Army
1993: Army/Princeton
1992: Navy
1991: Army/Princeton
1990: Army
1989: Army/Princeton
1988: Army
1987: Army/Navy
1986: Army/Cornell/Navy
1985: Navy
1984: Army/Cornell/Navy
1983: Army
1982: Cornell
1981: Army/Navy
1980: Army
1979: Army/Navy
1978: Cornell
1977: Navy
1976: Army
1975: Cornell/Princeton
1974: Army
1973: Army
1972: Army
1971: Army/Navy
1970: Army
1969: Navy
1968: Army
1967: Navy
The Eastern 150-pound Football League (1934-1966)
1966: Army
1965: Navy
1964: Army
1963: Navy
1962: Army
1961: Navy
1960: Army
1959: Navy
1958: Army
1957: Army
1956: Navy
1955: Navy
1954: Princeton
1953: Navy
1952: Navy
1951: Navy
1950: Navy
1949: Villanova
1948: Navy
1947: Navy
1946: Navy
1943-1945 : No League Play
1942: Princeton
1941: Princeton
1940: Penn/Yale
1939: Princeton
1938: Princeton
1937: Princeton/Yale
1936: Yale
1935: Rutgers
1934: Rutgers
References
Sprint football
Sprint Football League champions | {
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} |
W3Stats
Most Popular Domains
by Domain Zone
Page Speed and Usability
Most Popular Hosts
Hosts by Country
NCAA.COM NCAA.com – The Official Website of NCAA Championships
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Mobile speed measurement score of ncaa.com (33/100) is better than the results of 8.51% of other sites and shows that the landing page performance on mobile devices is poor and can be improved.
Weekly Rank Report
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Jan-16-2020 5,382 692
ncaa.com Rank History
Alexa can identify the popularity of a website as well as its competitors. It is important for website owners and bloggers to know their Alexa ranking because it shows how many visitors have viewed their web page. It gives them a clear idea of how popular their website is on the internet and the ranking of their competitors.
ncaa.com whois
WHOIS is a query and response protocol that is widely used for querying databases that store the registered users or assignees of an Internet resource, such as a domain name, an IP address block, or an autonomous system, but is also used for a wider range of other information.
Domain Name: NCAA.COM
Registry Domain ID: 3533119_DOMAIN_COM-VRSN
Registrar WHOIS Server: whois.networksolutions.com
Registrar URL: http://networksolutions.com
Registrar: Network Solutions, LLC.
Registrar IANA ID: 2
Registrar Abuse Contact Email: abuse@web.com
Name Server: A1-17.AKAM.NET
Name Server: A12-64.AKAM.NET
ncaa.com server information
ncaa.com desktop page speed rank
Desktop Speed Bad
ncaa.com Desktop Speed Test Quick Summary
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Ping is a networking utility tool to test if a particular host is reachable. It is a diagnostic that checks reachability of a host on an Internet Protocol (IP) network. In a computer network, a ping test is a way of sending messages from one host to another. Aside from checking if the host is connected to a network, ping also gives indicators of the reliability and general speed of the connection.
ncaa.com TRACEROUTE
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Copyright © 2016-2017 W3 Stats. All rights reserved. | {
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaCommonCrawl"
} |
Ammonium adipate is a compound with formula (NH4)2(C4H8(COO)2). It is the ammonium salt of adipic acid. It is used as a food additive and has the E number E359.
Adipates
Ammonium compounds
Food additives | {
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaWikipedia"
} |
Q: Show that if $A^3=0$ but $A^2\ne0$, then $A^2v=0$ has a nontrivial solution
Question. Let $A$ be a $3\times 3$ matrix. If $A^3=0$ and $A^2 \neq 0$, prove that $A^2v=0$ for some $v\in\mathbb{R}^3\setminus0$.
To generalize the solution I'm defining $A$ as:
\begin{pmatrix}
a_1 & a_2 & a_3\\
a_4 & a_5 & a_6\\
a_7 & a_8 & a_9
\end{pmatrix}
and have calculated $A^2$ to be:
\begin{pmatrix}
a_1^2+a_2a_4+a_3a_7 & a_1 a_2+a_2 a_5+a_3 a_8 & a_1 a_3+a_2 a_6+a_3 a_9\\
a_4 a_1+a_5 a_4+a_6 a_7 & a_4 a_2+a_5^2+a_6 a_8 & a_4 a_3+a_5 a_6+a_6 a_9\\
a_7 a_1+a_8 a_4+a_9 a_7 & a_7 a_2+a_8 a_5+a_9 a_8 & a_7 a_3+a_8 a_6+a_9^2
\end{pmatrix}
Just the thought of having to calculate $A^3$ gives me a headache...
I've read something about diagnolization, but I couldn't apply it here.
I assume there must be some characteristic of a matrix $A$ for which $A^3=0$ I couldn't think about.
A: $$\det A^3 = 0 \Rightarrow \det A = 0 \Rightarrow \det A^2 = 0$$
Because $A^2$ is not invertible it has to have nontrivial kernel. Therefore there is $v$ that $A^2 v = 0$
You don't really need to know that $A^2 \neq 0$.
A: $$A^2 \begin{bmatrix} a_1 & a_2 & a_3 \\ a_4 & a_5 & a_6 \\ a_7 & a_8 & a_9 \end{bmatrix} = \begin{bmatrix} 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 \\ \end{bmatrix}$$
Therefore
$$A^2 \begin{bmatrix} a_1 \\ a_4 \\ a_7 \end{bmatrix} = \begin{bmatrix} 0 \\ 0 \\ 0 \\ \end{bmatrix}$$
At least one of the columns of $A$ isn't zero if $A^2$ isn't zero.
A: The question is about the rank of the matrix. The assumption $A^3=0$ tells you that $A^3$ has rank zero, in particular its determinant is zero.
Now, by Binet's theorem, $\det A^3= \det A \det A^2=(\det A)^3$, and the first term being zero tessl you that both $A$ and $A^2$ have not maximal rank (null determinant). Now, having a null determinant is a necessari and sufficient condition for the existence of a nonzero $v$ such that $A^2 v=0$ (notice that if $v$ can be zero you can always choose one).
A: $A^{3}=0$ hence for any $v\in\mathbb{R}^{3}$ $A^{3}v=0$ thus $A^{2}(Av)=0$.
That is: Any vector of the form $Av$ is a solution $x$ for $A^{2}x=0$.
Since $A\neq0$ then there is some $x\in\mathbb{R}^{3}$ s.t $Ax\neq0$.
This gives a non trivial solution to $A^{2}x=0$ (hence also shows it is
not of full rank)
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package groundcrew
/*
* File Generated by enaml generator
* !!! Please do not edit this file !!!
*/
type GroundcrewJob struct {
/*AdditionalResourceTypes - Descr: Additional resource types that will be merged into resource_types. The
same format is used.
Default: []
*/
AdditionalResourceTypes interface{} `yaml:"additional_resource_types,omitempty"`
/*Tsa - Descr: Private key to use when authenticating with the TSA.
If not specified, a deployment-scoped default is used.
Default:
*/
Tsa *Tsa `yaml:"tsa,omitempty"`
/*HttpProxyUrl - Descr: Proxy to use for outgoing http requests from containers.
Default: <nil>
*/
HttpProxyUrl interface{} `yaml:"http_proxy_url,omitempty"`
/*Platform - Descr: Platform to advertise for each worker.
Default: linux
*/
Platform interface{} `yaml:"platform,omitempty"`
/*Tags - Descr: An array of tags to advertise for each worker.
Default: []
*/
Tags interface{} `yaml:"tags,omitempty"`
/*Baggageclaim - Descr: Baggageclaim server connection address to forward through SSH to the TSA.
If not specified, the Baggageclaim server address is registered directly.
Default: <nil>
*/
Baggageclaim *Baggageclaim `yaml:"baggageclaim,omitempty"`
/*Yeller - Descr: API key to output errors from Concourse to Yeller.
Default:
*/
Yeller *Yeller `yaml:"yeller,omitempty"`
/*Garden - Descr: Garden server connection address to advertise directly to the TSA.
If not specified, either the `garden` link is used, or
the instance's address is advertised if the link is not
found.
Default: <nil>
*/
Garden *Garden `yaml:"garden,omitempty"`
/*HttpsProxyUrl - Descr: Proxy to use for outgoing https requests from containers.
Default: <nil>
*/
HttpsProxyUrl interface{} `yaml:"https_proxy_url,omitempty"`
/*NoProxy - Descr: A list domains and IPs with optional port for which the proxy should be bypassed, e.g. [localhost, 127.0.0.1, example.com, domain.com:8080]
Default: []
*/
NoProxy interface{} `yaml:"no_proxy,omitempty"`
/*ResourceTypes - Descr: Resource types supported by the workers, in `[{type: string, image: string}]` form.
Default: [map[type:archive image:/var/vcap/packages/archive_resource] map[type:cf image:/var/vcap/packages/cf_resource] map[type:docker-image image:/var/vcap/packages/docker_image_resource] map[type:git image:/var/vcap/packages/git_resource] map[type:s3 image:/var/vcap/packages/s3_resource] map[type:semver image:/var/vcap/packages/semver_resource] map[type:time image:/var/vcap/packages/time_resource] map[image:/var/vcap/packages/tracker_resource type:tracker] map[type:pool image:/var/vcap/packages/pool_resource] map[type:vagrant-cloud image:/var/vcap/packages/vagrant_cloud_resource] map[type:github-release image:/var/vcap/packages/github_release_resource] map[image:/var/vcap/packages/bosh_io_release_resource type:bosh-io-release] map[type:bosh-io-stemcell image:/var/vcap/packages/bosh_io_stemcell_resource] map[type:bosh-deployment image:/var/vcap/packages/bosh_deployment_resource]]
*/
ResourceTypes interface{} `yaml:"resource_types,omitempty"`
} | {
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Mark Gregory Warner
Mark Gregory Warner, 66, passed away on Tuesday, August 10, 2021 at his home in Bluefield, WV surrounded by family. He had fought a year-long battle with lung cancer. He was born on August 28, 1954 in Key West, FL to William and Margery (Farr) Warner. Mark grew up in Key West and Wauchula, FL, where he graduated from Hardee High School. Mark had a long career in advertising and marketing. He spent many years being an on-camera talent. His most recognized character was that of "The Dealman," which he performed in commercials across the country. Mark was a member of Sacred Heart Catholic church and also a Knight in the Knights of Columbus. He has worked tirelessly on community service work with United Way, Kiwanis Key Club, and Bluefield Union Mission. He was preceded in death by his parents, William and Margery Warner, and his brother William Warner, Jr. Mark is survived by his spouse of 23 years Helen (Zyskowski) Warner of Bluefield, WV; daughter Kelly (Kevin) McGarry of Cary, NC; daughter Meredith (Kendell) Ali of Oviedo, FL; daughter Elizabeth Warner of Bluefield, WV; daughter Eva Warner of Bluefield, WV; sister Leslie Reel of Tampa, FL; and his grandchildren Isabella and Alexander Ali, and Wyatt McGarry. He also leaves behind brothers and sisters-in-law, as well as nieces, nephews, and numerous family members across the country. A viewing will be held at Mercer Funeral Home on Sunday, August 15th from 5:00 – 8:00 pm. A Funeral Mass will be held at Sacred Heart Catholic Church on Monday, August 16th at 11:00 a.m. In lieu of flowers, the family requests donations be made to a college fund for the benefit of his children. Donations can be sent to: George Smith, 521 Albemarle St., Bluefield, WV 24701.
Mark Gregory Warner, 66, passed away on Tuesday, August 10, 2021 at his home in Bluefield, WV surrounded by family. He had fought a year-long battle with lung cancer. He was born on August 28, 1954 in Key West, FL to William and Margery (Farr)... View Obituary & Service Information
The family of Mark Gregory Warner created this Life Tributes page to make it easy to share your memories.
Mark Gregory Warner, 66, passed away on Tuesday, August 10, 2021...
Send flowers to the Warner family. | {
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This entry was posted on Tuesday, September 27th, 2016 at 5:23 pm and is filed under general. You can follow any responses to this entry through the RSS 2.0 feed. Both comments and pings are currently closed. | {
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As we citizens has civic to vote, should voting be compulsory? We can argue to make voting compulsory in order to increase turn-out. We can also argue that making voting compulsory will be a violation of citizens' liberty. Other argument against making voting compulsory is that it will corrupt the notion of civic duty, which is supposed to be voluntary.
What about the argument that voting is actually inconsistent with reasoning, because even if one care about the outcome of an election, if you consider the actual probability that your vote will make a difference and you discount the value of your preferred outcome by the chance that your vote will actually make the difference? The answer to this will be that voting is not about making the difference but an expression of significance. On a game theory, you vote because you think if you don't vote, enough people also not voting might mean your vote is significant, so you vote in the possibility that it might be significant. Should this be universalised?
On vote trading, the moment we began to monetize rights, you are away from what is considered a democratic system. The presupposition about democracy is that we are all equal, which means that, if I have no money, I can still vote. And, if I have lots of money I can buy lots of votes, then we are not talking about democracy any longer. Objectively, if we contend that our vote is not an assets but our right, we can object to that by saying I should be free with it. An answer to this will be that there's freedom in a democracy, there are rights attached to one's being –one's vote is attached to one's person. Hence, voting is as rights, as duty.
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New Kids on the Block is my favourite band of 90s. NKOTB had so many hits! The ones I remember are 'Tonight', 'Baby, I Believe In You' and, of course their hit 'Step By Step'. These are real masterpieces, not fake like today! And it is sooo good they have a tour in 2019! And I'm going to visit New Kids on the Block concert this year. The concert dates is here: newkidsontheblocktour2019. Check it out and maybe we can even visit one of the concerts together! | {
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A standardized extract of the plant Caralluma fimbriata (Slimaluma?) is widely used in the management of obesity but its mode of action is not yet clarified. This study investigated the ability of Caralluma fimbriata extract (CFE) to modify pre-adipocyte cell division and thus the development of hyper-plastic obesity. Mouse 3T3-L1 pre-adipocyte cell line samples were treated with different concentrations of an extract of CFE standardized against its pregnane glycoside content. Plain medium formed the negative control and hydroxyurea was the positive control. The cells were counted at 12-hour intervals, and their viability tested using the MTT assay. The treated cells were subjected to direct and indirect immunofluorescent assays for cyclin D1. CFE inhibited 3T3-L1 cell growth in a dose and duration-dependent manner, with results comparable to those produced by hydroxyurea. The viability of CFE-treated cells was reduced. Direct and indirect immunofluorescent assays demonstrated that CFE inhibits import of cyclin D1into the nucleus. CFE appears to inhibit pre-adipocyte cell division by interfering with a mechanism preceding the import of cyclin D1-CDk4/6 complex into the nucleus during the early G1 phase of the cell cycle, suggesting that CFE has the potential to inhibit hyperplastic obesity.
Caralluma Fimbriata, Cell Cycle, Cyclin D1, Hyper-Plastic Obesity, Slimaluma?
S. Kamalakkannan, R. Rajendran, R. Venkatesh, P. Clayton and M. Akbarsha, "Effect of Caralluma Fimbriata Extract on 3T3-L1 Pre-Adipocyte Cell Division," Food and Nutrition Sciences, Vol. 2 No. 4, 2011, pp. 329-336. doi: 10.4236/fns.2011.24047.
Council of Scientific & Industrial Research, "Wealth of India: A Dictionary of Indian Raw Materials and Industrial Products," Council of Scientific & Industrial Research, Delhi, 1985.
J. C. Loudon, "Loudon's Hortus Britannicus. A Catalogue of All the Plants, Indigenous, Cultivated in, or Introduced to Britain," Brown and Green, London, 1830.
C. Zhang, et al., "Effect of Emodin on Proliferation and Differentiation of 3T3-L1 Preadipocyte and FAS Activity," Chinese Medical Journal, Vol. 115, No. 7, July 2002, pp. 1035-1038.
D. L. Satory and S. B. Smith, "Conjugated Linoleic Acid Inhibits Proliferation but Stimulates Lipid Filling of Murine 3T3-L1 Preadipocytes," Journal of Nutrition, Vol. 129, No. 1, January 1999, pp. 92-97.
D. E. Phelps and Y. Xiong, "Regulation of Cyclin-De- pendent Kinase 4 during Adipogenesis Involves Switching of Cyclin D Subunits and Concurrent Binding of p18INK4c and p27Kip1," Cell Growth & Differentiation, Vol. 9, No. 8, August 1998, pp. 595-610.
M. A. Ciemerych, et al., "Development of Mice Expressing a Single D-Type Cyclin," Genes & Development, Vol. 16, No. 24, December 2002, pp. 3277-3289.
M. Hitomi and D. W. Stacey, "Cellular Ras and Cyclin D1 are Required during Different Cell Cycle Periods in Cycling NIH 3T3 Cells," Molecular and Cellular Biology, Vol. 19, No. 7, July 1999, pp. 4623-4632.
D. C. Chung, "Cyclin D1 in Human Neuroendocrine: Tumorigenesis," Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, Vol. 1014, 2004, pp. 209-217.
S. Pelengaris and M. Khan, "DNA Replication and the Cell Cycle," In: S. Pelengaris and M. Khan, Eds., The Molecular Biology of Cancer, Blackwell Publishing Ltd., Oxford, 2006. | {
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An archive of discussions on content featured in year 2009 issues of the Hub magazine.
An archive of discussions on content featured in year 2008 issues of the Hub magazine.
An archive of discussions on content featured in year 2006 issues of the Hub magazine.
An archive of discussions on content featured in year 2005 issues of the Hub magazine. | {
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Evidence-Based Treatment for Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorder in State Medicaid Programs: Issue Brief
Evidence-Based Treatment for S...
Evidence-Based Practices for Medicaid Beneficiaries with Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorder - Executive Summary Evidence-Based Treatment for Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorder in State Medicaid Programs: Issue Brief Developing Quality Measures for Medicaid Beneficiaries with Schizophrenia: Final Report Key Implementation Considerations for Executing Evidence-Based Programs: Project Overview Federal Financing of Supported Employment and Customized Employment for People with Mental Illnesses: Final Report
As the largest payer of mental health services in the United States, Medicaid programs have an opportunity to promote high-quality care for serious and persistent mental illnesses (SPMI) through the use of reimbursement strategies and policies that encourage the delivery of evidence-based practices (EBPs). These EBPs, which include pharmacologic, psychosocial, and physical health services, help beneficiaries with SPMI avoid costly institutional care, maintain employment, and engage in the community. However, few studies have examined the extent to which Medicaid beneficiaries with SPMI receive EPBs, and most of those studies have focused on Medicaid beneficiaries in a single state or smaller geographic area. [15 PDF pages]
"sbpdIB.pdf" (pdf, 482.87Kb)
Mental Health/Psychiatric ServicesMental Disability/IllnessPublicationsWhat's NewDisability, Aging and Long-Term Care ResearchHealth Services, FormalMental Health and Cognitive Impairment
Original report: Evidence-Based Treatment for Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorder in State Medicaid Programs: Issue Brief | {
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Tamrac 5231 T31 is camera bag to carry a digital SLR with 3.5″lens attached or a digital camcorder with accessories. The bag features A secure zippered top with quick-release buckle protects cameras and camcorders with A zippered front pocket has a special fitted pocket inside for extra memory cards or batteries completed with An adjustable shoulder strap and a belt loop for hands-free carrying convenience provide convenient carrying options. The Tamrac 5231 T31 has Internal Dimensions: 6 w x 3½ d x 6 h (15 x 9 x 15cm), External Dimensions: 8 w x 6 d x 7¾ h (20 x 15 x 20cm), and weight 12 oz. (340 g).
This foam-padded bag holds and protects a digital SLR with a 3½" lens attached. A secure zippered top with quick-release buckle protects cameras and camcorders. A zippered front pocket has a special fitted pocket inside for extra memory cards or batteries. An adjustable shoulder strap and a belt loop for hands-free carrying convenience provide convenient carrying options.
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Testimony: Robert Greenstein Executive D...
Testimony: Robert Greenstein Executive Director, Center on Budget and Policy Priorities, on the Need to Implement a Balanced Approach to Addressing the Long-Term Budget Deficits
Before the Committee on Ways and Means, Subcommittee on Select Revenue Measures
| By Robert Greenstein
I appreciate the invitation to appear before you today. I am Robert Greenstein, executive director of the Center on Budget and Policy Priorities, a nonprofit policy institute that conducts research and analysis on fiscal policy matters and an array of federal and state programs and policies.
My testimony today makes three major points:
While current budget deficits are not themselves a problem — large deficits are needed in a deep economic downturn such as this one — our current fiscal path is simply unsustainable over the longer term. Federal deficits and debt will rise to unprecedented and dangerous levels if current policies remain unchanged.
Digging ourselves out of this predicament will require action on both sides of the budget — spending and revenues. We will not be able either to finance the kind of government that Americans want with revenues near their historical level of 18 to 19 percent of gross domestic product (GDP) or to leave current programs unchanged.
Congress should try to get deficits down to about 3 percent of GDP by mid-decade. Deficits at that level would keep the debt from rising as a share of the economy and thus would go a long way toward reassuring our creditors and putting the budget on a more sustainable path. Congress will face some crucial decisions in the months ahead that will have a large bearing on its ability to attain this goal.
Current Budget Policies Are Unsustainable
We project that if current policies are continued without change, the federal debt will soar from 62 percent of the gross domestic product (GDP) today to about 300 percent of GDP in 2050. (See Figure 1.) That would be almost three times the existing record (which was set when the debt reached 110 percent of GDP at the end of World War II) and would eventually threaten significant harm to the economy. Under this scenario, the annual budget deficit would exceed 20 percent of GDP by 2050.[1] (See Figure 2 and Appendix Table 1.)
Deficits and debt are projected to grow this much because expenditures — largely driven by rising health care costs — will grow much faster than revenues between now and 2050. [2] Under current policies, we project that program expenditures (i.e., outlays for everything other than interest payments on the national debt) will increase from 19.2 percent of GDP in 2008 to 24.5 percent in 2050. We project that revenues will be at 18.2 percent of GDP in 2050, which is a bit below their average of 18.4 percent of GDP over the 30 years through 2008. (I would note that the federal budget was balanced only four times in those 30 years, and in all four of those years, revenues stood at 20 percent to 21 percent of GDP.)
One way of expressing the long-run budget challenge in a nutshell is by focusing on the "fiscal gap"— defined here as the average amount of program reductions or revenue increases that would be needed every year over the next four decades to stabilize the debt at its 2010 level as a share of the economy. That gap equals 4.9 percent of projected GDP. To eliminate the gap would require a 28 percent increase in tax revenues or a 22 percent reduction in program (non-interest) expenditures over the entire 40-year period from now to 2050 (or, more realistically, a combination of tax increases and spending cuts).
The two main sources of rising federal expenditures over the long run are rising per-person costs throughout the U.S. health care system (both public and private) and the aging of the population. Together, these factors will drive up spending for the "big three" domestic programs — Medicare, Medicaid, and Social Security. Growth in those programs accounts for all of the increase in non-interest spending as a share of GDP over the next 40 years and beyond.
Although demographic changes — the aging of our population — account for part of this increase, rising health care costs per person are by far the biggest single factor over the long term. For the past 30 years, costs per person throughout the health care system — in both government programs and private-sector health care — have been growing approximately two percentage points faster per year than per-capita GDP. Our baseline projections assume that this pattern will continue through 2050. Over time, the fiscal consequences of this rate of growth in health costs are huge. [3]
Last year's economic-recovery legislation is not responsible for the long-term fiscal problem; the recovery measures have added little to the long-term problem because they are temporary rather than ongoing.[4] Likewise, additional expenditures to support economic recovery of the magnitude that Congress is now considering would have only a tiny effect on the long-term picture.
Nor are federal spending programs other than the "big three" responsible for the long-term imbalance. Total spending for all federal programs other than Medicare, Medicaid, and Social Security is projected to shrink as a share of the economy in coming decades. These programs will consume a smaller share of the nation's resources in 2050 than they do today. In particular, aggregate spending for entitlement programs other than the "big three" (such as federal civilian and military pensions, food stamps, supplemental security income, veterans' benefits, family support payments, unemployment compensation, and the earned income tax credit) is expected to edge down as a share of GDP. These programs thus are not a cause of the long-term fiscal problem, and statements that we face a general "entitlement crisis" are incorrect.
In contrast, the 2001 and 2003 tax cuts are heavily implicated in our long-run fiscal problem. If policymakers were to allow these measures to expire on schedule at the end of 2010 — or to fully offset the cost of extending whatever portion of those tax cuts they chose to extend — that alone would shrink the fiscal gap by almost two-fifths, from 4.9 percent of GDP to 3.0 percent. Moreover, the cost of retaining and making permanent the tax cuts for people with incomes over $250,000 would be nearly as large over the next 75 years as the entire 75-year Social Security shortfall. [5] Let me hasten to add, however, that even if all of the 2001 and 2003 tax cuts were either allowed to expire or paid for, the budget would still be on an unsustainable long-term path.
Congress Needs to Tackle Both Spending and Revenues
The bottom line is that as the economy recovers, policymakers should begin to implement a balanced approach to addressing our long-term fiscal imbalance through a combination of sustained reforms of the U.S. health care system, reductions in federal expenditures, and increases in federal tax revenues.
The single most critical step is to slow the rate of growth in health-care spending. The health-care legislation that the House passed last weekend takes important first steps in that direction even as it expands coverage to an estimated 94 percent of those who reside legally in the United States. CBO judges that, in its second decade, the legislation (i.e., the combination of the Senate health bill and the new reconciliation bill) would reduce the deficit by about one-half percent of GDP — a significant amount. Over time, as we learn more about how to make health care delivery more efficient and to restrain health care cost growth without sacrificing health care quality, much more will need to be done.
Yet even if further major reforms are adopted, it is likely to prove impossible to hold health care expenditures to their current share of the economy. Older people have substantially higher health care costs than younger people do, and the population is aging. This means that expenditures for Medicare, Medicaid, and private-sector health care will necessarily rise even if the rate of growth in the cost of health care services is contained. In addition, although the U.S. health care system contains major inefficiencies that raise its costs, the rate of growth in those costs is largely fueled by advances in medical care and technology — and Americans almost certainly will want to take advantage of the medical breakthroughs that will occur in the decades ahead even if that progress carries a significant price tag. The historical record is clear that as people — and countries — grow more affluent, they tend to spend more of their incomes on health care in order to secure longer lives and better health that improves their quality of life.
Most experts consequently believe that although it will be possible — indeed will be absolutely essential — to reduce the rate of growth of per-capita health care costs to well below two percentage points per year faster than per-capita GDP, it is likely to prove impossible to slow growth so much that per-capita health care costs rise no faster than per-capita GDP. A society that both is older and has available to it the fruits of coming advances in medical technology will devote a bigger fraction of GDP to health care than we do today.
The Social Security challenge, by contrast, is manageable in size and straightforward to address through incremental, rather than fundamental, reforms. Social Security expenditures will grow substantially over the next two decades with the aging of the baby boomer population, but will then level off as demographic trends stabilize. Social Security costs are projected to be about one-fifth larger in 2050 than they are today, rising from 4.8 percent of GDP now to 6 percent of GDP in the mid-2030s and then subsiding slightly. Various government and non-governmental entities have laid out options for closing Social Security's financing gap with revenue increases, benefit reductions, or more likely, some blend of both. [6]
In contrast, Medicare and Medicaid expenditures are projected to double as a share of GDP between now and 2035, and to continue rising inexorably even after that — not because of cost drivers peculiar to those programs but because of projected growth in health care costs systemwide. For more than 30 years the increase in costs per beneficiary in Medicare and Medicaid has mirrored the growth in costs per beneficiary in private-sector health care.
This means that the answer to the question of whether we can achieve fiscal sustainability wholly on the spending side is almost certainly "no." That cannot be done without shredding the social safety net and eviscerating critical services and investments. Indeed, a recent analysis by a National Academy of Sciences (NAS) panel presented four paths to budget sustainability. We do not concur with the panel's definition of sustainability; it aspires to a debt-to-GDP ratio of 60 percent (which implies deficits of about 2.3 percent of GDP), whereas we think that a 70 percent debt-to-GDP ratio (with deficits around 3 percent of GDP) is sustainable and much more realistic.[7] Nevertheless, the policies that the NAS panel outlined as part of the only one of its four illustrated paths that entails no revenue increases are striking. These policies include all of the following:
Reducing the growth in costs per beneficiary in Medicare and Medicaid, beginning in 2012, all the way down to the rate of GDP growth. The panel noted this would entail going well beyond all of the measures that we know how to take to make health care more efficient. It thus would require cutting deeply into the basic health services that the programs provide to the elderly, the disabled, and the poor;
Raising the Social Security retirement age and reducing the benefit formula for 70 percent of future retirees and trimming cost-of-living adjustments;
Cutting all other spending — including defense, veterans, education, basic research, infrastructure, and assistance for people who are poor or vulnerable such as the frail elderly and people with severe disabilities — by 20 percent.
By enacting all of these policies, legislators could — in the NAS panel's estimate — keep revenues at their historical levels of between 18 and 19 percent of GDP. But enactment of all of these policies is unimaginable. It is not something Americans would accept. It would turn ours into a coarse society in which people who are not affluent are essentially "hung out to dry." Moreover, it likely would impair U.S. productivity growth over time as educational systems, infrastructure, and basic research suffered.
This leads to a basic conclusion that most experts have reached — namely, that higher taxes also must be on the table. As a result, unlike the last major round of tax reform in 1986, coming tax-reform efforts cannot be revenue-neutral. They must make a major contribution to long-term deficit reduction.
As they did in 1986, lawmakers will need to take a hard look at tax expenditures, or what Alan Greenspan and other analysts have termed "tax entitlements."[8] The Joint Committee on Taxation (JCT) prepares annual estimates of tax expenditures costs, and by summing the JCT estimates over the years (an admittedly rough practice[9]) the Congressional Research Service found that tax expenditures rose from less than 6 percent of GDP in 1974 to nearly 10 percent in 1987. Under the Tax Reform Act of 1986, tax expenditures initially fell back to 5.4 percent of GDP, but have since crept back up to 7.6 percent of GDP in 2007. In many budget areas (such as housing), the cost of tax expenditures dwarfs the budget outlays devoted to the same purpose. [10]
Moreover, many tax expenditures provide subsidies to individuals or corporations and, as the term "tax expenditure" implies, are essentially government spending delivered through the tax code. Policymakers and pundits often talk of "taxes" and "spending" as though they were quite distinct categories of the budget. In fact, with the spread of tax expenditures — the cost of which now exceeds $1 trillion a year, roughly equal to Medicare and Social Security combined — the distinction between "taxes" and "spending" has become increasingly suspect and often obscures more than it illuminates. Tax expenditures are distinct from "spending programs" in one very problematic way, however — they generally receive significantly less scrutiny.
Adding to these concerns, most individual tax expenditures take the form of deductions or exclusions rather than credits. This means that they provide the largest subsidies to people in the highest tax brackets, despite the fact that those are the people who generally need the subsidies the least and for whom the effectiveness of a subsidy in inducing the desired taxpayer behavior consequently often is the weakest.
Consider, for example, the situation in which a teacher and a banker both seek to purchase a home and take out a mortgage. Through itemized deductions, the government will defray 15 percent of the teacher's mortgage interest costs and 35 percent of the banker's. Yet the size of the deduction is, if anything, more likely to affect the teacher's than the banker's ability to buy a home. This is why many tax policy experts from across the political spectrum believe the current deduction structure is economically inefficient (as well as complex). Indeed, President George W. Bush's Tax Reform Panel proposed turning the mortgage interest deduction into a uniform 15 percent tax credit.
Initial Steps Related to Tax Expenditures
To begin to address these inefficiencies in the tax code and to make progress on the nation's fiscal problems, the President has proposed to limit the value of the deductions that individual taxpayers take to 28 percent (See Table 1). For the same-size mortgage, the banker referred to above would get a mortgage interest deduction worth about double the value of the deduction that the teacher could claim.
I support the President's proposal but recognize that it goes beyond what the political system will bear, at least at this time. But I recommend that Congress adopt an approach this year of holding deductions to their current 35 percent top rate. Given the inefficient design of deductions and the nation's alarming fiscal outlook, the value of deductions should not be increased to 39.6 percent for those in the top tax bracket when the top rate returns to 39.6 percent.
For more fundamental tax reform in this area in the years ahead, I urge policymakers to study an important paper co-authored in 2006 by Fred Goldberg, former IRS commissioner and Treasury Assistant Secretary under President George H.W. Bush, OMB Director Peter Orszag, and NYU tax law professor Lily Batchelder.[11] Their paper finds that in some crucial tax policy areas — such as providing incentives for retirement saving, college attendance, and the like — the current deduction structure is upside-down. The current structure loses massive amounts of revenue by over-subsidizing affluent individuals to take actions that, for the most part, they would have taken anyway, while providing too little financial incentive to change behavior among those who live paycheck to paycheck and for whom behavior-oriented tax incentives can have a larger effect. They recommend converting various deductions into flat-percentage refundable tax credits, in the interest of economic growth and efficiency, as well as of tax equity. As noted, some of the recommendations of President George W. Bush's tax reform panel charted a similar course.
Obama FY2011 Budget Proposed Cuts in Tax Expenditures
Proposed Policy
10-year revenue raised (billions)
Limit the rate on itemized deductions to 28%
Reinstate the limit on itemized deductions (Pease) for taxpayers with income over $250,000 (married) or $200,000 (single)
Reform the US international tax system
Set 20% rate on capital gains and dividends for taxpayers with income over $250,000 (married) or $200,000 (single)
Repeal LIFO accounting methods
Eliminate tax breaks for oil and gas companies
Tax carried interest as ordinary income
Source: Obama FY2011 Budget
Inefficiency also is rampant on the corporate side of the tax code. The U.S. corporate income tax has a high marginal rate but raises only modest amounts of revenue because the effective corporate tax rate — the percentage of profits actually paid in taxes — is much lower. As the Bush Treasury Department put it in a study on competitiveness in 2007: "the contrast between [the] high statutory CIT rate and low average corporate tax rate implies a relatively narrow corporate tax base, due to accelerated depreciation allowances, corporate tax preferences, and tax-planning incentives…" [12]
Because the corporate tax base is so narrow, there is room to reduce corporate preferences sufficiently to both reduce the top corporate marginal rate and help curtail unsustainable budget deficits. Claims that no more can be collected in overall corporate tax revenues without impairing competitiveness are not sound. While the marginal rates that U.S. corporations face are out of line with the marginal rates in most other western industrialized nations, the average effective tax rates that U.S. corporations face are not. Appropriate corporate tax reforms can improve economic efficiency and competitiveness and raise revenues at the same time.
Given how dramatically U.S. multinationals have shifted their profits abroad, international tax issues should be a central component of tax reform. As Rosanne Altshuler from the Tax Policy Center and Martin Sullivan of Tax Notes have noted, in just about a decade the share of drug company profits taken abroad has increased from one-third to four-fifths.[13]
Congress Should Take Concrete Steps Soon
Over the coming decade, policymakers should aim to get the deficit down to about 3 percent of GDP and then to hold deficits at that level (or below). This will require actions much larger than the biggest deficit-reduction efforts of the past — the Tax Equity and Fiscal Responsibility Act of 1982, the reconciliation acts that followed the "budget summits" between the Administration and congressional leaders in 1987 and 1990, and the reconciliation act of 1993.
The largest of those actions trimmed deficits by about 2 percent of GDP. Over the 2013-2020 period, we will need savings about one-and-a-half to two times as large. Accomplishing this at the same time that the baby boom generation — the huge cohort born between 1946 and 1964 — begins to retire in large numbers, and without the "peace dividend" that permitted reductions in defense spending in the 1990s, will be a daunting task.
These actions will likely need to be taken over in several steps over a number of years. But Congress faces some key immediate tests in the months ahead. If Congress fails these tests, the mid- and long-term deficit and debt problems will be substantially worse, and the ultimate threat to the economy even more serious.
Specifically, Congress needs, at a minimum, to allow the tax cuts for high-income households to expire on schedule and to hold the line on the 2009 estate-tax parameters. Both of these are steps President Obama has proposed.
If Congress extends the high-income tax cuts rather than allowing them to expire, this will add $826 billion to the debt over the coming decade (including the increased interest payments that will have to be made), and add even more to deficits and debt in the decades after that because of the compounding effects.[14] Tens of billions of dollars in further deficits and debt will be run up if the estate tax is weakened further, for example by raising the estate-tax exemption to $5 million (effectively $10 million per couple) and reducing the top estate tax rate to 35 percent. Such changes would benefit the estates of only the wealthiest one-quarter of 1 percent of Americans who die; the estates of the other 99.75 percent are already exempt under the 2009 estate-tax parameters. These changes would shrink the average effective tax rate on the relatively few estates subject to the tax, which stands at 18.9 percent under the 2009 parameters, to 14.3 percent. [15] Changes in the estate tax such as these would represent a windfall for the biggest estates; estates worth over $20 million would receive additional tax cuts that average $3.8 million per estate if the exemption is raised to $5 million and the estate tax rate cut to 35 percent. Such measures are difficult to fathom at a time when the nation faces crushing long-term deficits.
In considering these matters, lawmakers also should take note of the fact that incomes have surged in recent decades for households at the top of the income scale while stagnating for ordinary Americans. High-income households benefited from very large tax cuts at the same time that they were capturing the lion's share of the increases in income that economic growth was generating.
During the most recent economic expansion (from the end of 2001 to the end of 2007), two-thirds of all of the gains in pre-tax income in the nation went to the 1 percent of Americans with the highest incomes. These households received massive tax cuts at the same time. [16] Internal Revenue Service data show that between 1995 and 2007, the percentage of income that households with incomes over $1 million paid in federal income taxes fell by nearly one-third, from 31.4 percent of income to 22.1. The effective income tax rate of the 400 Americans with the highest incomes — those with adjusted gross incomes of at least $139 million in 2007 — fell even more. This group paid an average of 29.9 percent of its income in federal income taxes in 1995, but paid 16.6 percent in 2007. [17] Their effective tax rate was cut nearly in half.
Given this context, returning to the top marginal rates that prevailed during the Clinton years — when high-income people thrived and the economy boomed — seems an eminently sensible first step in the face of the massive deficit and debt challenges we face.
The context regarding the estate tax is similar. Between 2001 and 2009, the amount of an estate's value that is exempt from the tax rose from $675,000 to $3.5 million per person, and the number of estates paying any tax shrunk from 1 in 50 to 1 in 500. Under the 2009 rules, a wealthy couple with two children can leave each of their children $3.5 million tax free (on top of giving $26,000 tax free to each child each year while the couple is still alive). This $3.5 million alone is more than a middle-class family making $70,000 a year earns during a lifetime, and the middle-class family pays taxes on that income every year. Simply making the 2009 estate-tax parameters permanent will itself cost $305 billion over the next ten years. [18]
Balanced Approach to Deficit Reduction is Needed
As policymakers begin to grapple with the need for substantial mid-term and long-term deficit reduction, everything should be on the table. Both measures related to program expenditures and measures related to taxes will have to be part of the solution.
I would note that some measures can simultaneously restrain expenditures and enhance revenues. Most experts believe that the CPI slightly overstates inflation. To address this overstatement, the Bureau of Labor Statistics has developed an alternative CPI. On average, the alternative measure, referred to as the chained CPI, rises about three-tenths of a percentage point more slowly per year than the traditional CPI. Congress could adopt use of the chained CPI on both the expenditure and revenue sides of the budget.[19]
Such a step would likely be attacked by some as cutting Social Security benefits or raising taxes, but such attacks would be unwarranted. The intention of the Social Security Act and the Internal Revenue Code is to adjust for inflation, not to overadjust. This reform would meet those intentions.
This change would produce small savings initially. But the savings would grow over time and become significantly larger in the years when the fiscal problems we face will be very serious.
Finally, it should be recognized that while the largest savings ultimately will need to come from slowing the growth in health care costs and hence in the costs of Medicare and Medicaid, there are practical limits to the amount of additional deficit reduction that can be achieved in the health care programs — and in Social Security as well — over the coming decade. Changes that affect these programs' beneficiaries will need to be phased in gradually in order to give people time to adjust. As an example, the increase in the Social Security retirement age enacted in 1983 did not start to take effect until 2000 and will not be fully phased in until 2022; this timetable has been crucial to public acceptance of the rise in the retirement age and to the lack of efforts to stop it from going into effect. Second, the current health reform legislation includes most of the measures that mainstream experts have identified as steps we know how to take now to slow the growth in health care costs. It will take time for the important demonstration and research projects contained in the health reform bill to yield information on how to achieve the substantial additional savings we will need without sacrificing health care quality.
These realities mean that further substantial revenue increases — as well as savings in low-priority programs — will have to be on the table if we are to have any chance of shaving deficits to 3 percent of GDP over the coming decade. Health care and Social Security should be able to yield a larger share of the needed savings over the long term than they can provide over the coming decade.
This heightens the importance of policymakers not being swayed by the dubious arguments that letting the upper-income tax cuts expire (and preserving the 2009 estate-tax rules) would derail the economic recovery. In fact, any resulting drop in consumption by upper-income people would be modest, as research shows that a large share of the tax cuts that go to people at the top of the income scale are saved rather than quickly spent. This is why the Congressional Budget Office, in a recent report evaluating the impact of about a dozen options for boosting the economy and creating jobs over the next two years, rated extending the high-income tax cuts dead last.[20]
The economy would better be served by allowing these tax cuts to expire on schedule and using the proceeds for a short initial period to finance temporary policies that CBO and other experts have found would be more effective in boosting the economy and creating or preserving jobs. For example, additional funds to support state and local governments are badly needed to forestall unprecedented state and local budget cuts in the next year or two that would place a strong drag on the economy and could jeopardize the recovery. A continuation of extended unemployment benefits and other targeted, carefully designed measures for a temporary period also would boost aggregate demand and thereby help to preserve or create jobs. Shifting resources from high-income tax cuts to such measures would strengthen the economy and create jobs in the short run. Once the economy has recovered, however, all of the proceeds from letting the high-income tax cuts expire should go for deficit reduction.
APPENDIX TABLE 1:
Budget Projections Show Deficits and Debt Growing Rapidly
As a Share of GDP Through 2050
Other Program Outlays
Total Program Outlays
Interest payments on the debt
Surplus (+) or Deficits (-)
Debt Held by the Public (End of Year)
Source: CBPP calculations based on CBO data.
[1] These estimates assume extension of the 2001 and 2003 tax cuts, extension of other expiring tax provisions (except for the explicitly temporary provisions of last year's recovery act), continuation of relief from the Alternative Minimum Tax (AMT), cancellation of the deep cuts scheduled under current law in fees paid by Medicare to physicians, and gradually diminishing funding for operations in Iraq and Afghanistan as we wind down our operations there. For more information, see Kathy Ruffing, Kris Cox, and James Horney, "The Right Target: Stabilize the Federal Debt," Center on Budget and Policy Priorities, January 12, 2010. These projections were done before CBO's latest round of revisions, but they would not change materially if updated.
[2] Automatic stabilizers — safety net programs whose outlays rise during recessions — along with temporary expenditures needed to stabilize the financial system and provide additional stimulus to the economy caused program expenditures to surge to 24.9 percent of GDP in 2009. Expenditures are projected to remain elevated for several years while the economy recovers and then to decline for awhile before starting a steady rise as health care costs continue growing faster than the economy and the population ages.
[3] Rising costs throughout the health care system exacerbate the long-term budget problem in two ways. As is well known, they increase federal spending directly by raising the cost per beneficiary of providing health care through Medicare and Medicaid. Less well understood is that rising health costs worsen deficits even further by eroding the tax base. Because of tax preferences for employer-sponsored health coverage and certain other health care spending, when health care costs grow faster than the economy, the share of income that is exempt from taxation increases and the revenue base shrinks.
[4] See the box on page 6 of "The Right Target," cited in footnote 1.
[5] Kathy A. Ruffing and Paul N. Van de Water, "What the 2009 Trustees' Report Shows About Social Security," Center on Budget and Policy Priorities, May 18, 2009, p. 4.
[6] See the Center for Retirement Research, The Social Security Fix-It Book (revised 2009 edition, online at www.bc.rrc.edu); National Academy of Social Insurance, Fixing Social Security: Adequate Benefits, Adequate Financing (October 2009, online at www.nasi.org); and the solvency options estimated by the Social Security Administration's Office of the Chief Actuary at http://www.ssa.gov/OACT/solvency/provisions/index.html.
[7] In fact, the NAS panel based its budget projections on CBO's March 2009 baseline. Because the budget outlook worsened as the year went on, the NAS paths almost certainly would no longer suffice to reach the panel's 60 percent target.
[8] The Congressional Budget and Impoundment Control Act of 1974 officially defined tax expenditures as "those revenue losses attributable to provisions of the Federal tax laws which allow a special exclusion, exemption, or deduction from gross income or which provide a special credit, a preferential rate of tax, or a deferral of tax liability."
[9] See Leonard E. Burman, Christopher Geissler, and Eric J. Toder, "How Big Are Total Individual Income Tax Expenditures, and Who Benefits from Them?" American Economic Review, papers and proceedings, vol. 98, no. 2 (May 2008),.
[10] Thomas L. Hungerford, "Tax Expenditures: Trends and Critiques," Congressional Research Service, September 13, 2006; Thomas L. Hungerford, "Tax Expenditures and the Federal Budget," Congressional Research Service, February 27, 2009.
[11] Lily L. Batchelder, Fred T. Goldberg, Jr., and Peter R. Orszag, "Reforming Tax Incentives into Uniform Refundable Tax Credits," Brookings Institution Policy Brief #156, August 2006.
[12] US Department of the Treasury, "Treasury Conference on Business Taxation and Global Competitiveness: Background Paper," July 23, 2007.
[13] Martin A. Sullivan, "Economic Analysis: Drug Company Profits Shift Out of United States," Tax Notes, March 8, 2010; Rosanne Altshuler, "Where are the profits, and why?" TaxVox Blog, March 18, 2010, available at http://taxvox.taxpolicycenter.org/blog/_archives/2010/3/18/4483532.html
[14] CBPP calculations of savings over 2011-2020 based on OMB estimates from February 2010 ( http://www.whitehouse.gov/omb/budget/fy2011/assets/tables.pdf). President Obama's proposals to allow high-income tax cuts to expire include allowing the top two marginal tax rates to revert to 36 and 39.6 percent, the proposed reinstatement of Pease and PEP, and a 20 percent tax rate on capital gains and dividends for the specified income group.
[15] Estimates are for estates in 2011. See Tax Policy Center "Estate Tax Projections and Distribution Tables," http://www.taxpolicycenter.org/numbers/displayatab.cfm?template=simulation&SimID=322&relTTN=T09-0398.
[16] See Avi Feller and Chad Stone, "Top 1 Percent of Americans Reaped Two-Thirds of Income Gains in Last Economic Expansion," September 9, 2009.
[17] See Avi Feller and Chuck Marr, "Tax Rate for Richest 400 Taxpayers Plummeted in Recent Decades, Even As Their Pre-Tax Incomes Skyrocketed," February 23, 2010.
[18] CBPP calculation based on CBO's March 2010 reestimate of the President's budget; includes $52 billion in interest costs from increased borrowing.
[19] See Congressional Budget Office, "Using a Different Measure of Inflation for Indexing Federal Programs and the Tax Code (February 24, 2010) and Center on Budget and Policy Priorities, "Case for a Social Security Cost-of-Living Adjustment in 2010 is Weak" (October 15, 2009).
[20] Congressional Budget Office, "Policies for Increasing Economic Growth and Employment in 2010 and 2011" (January 2010) and related testimony by CBO Director Douglas Elmendorf before the Joint Economic Committee (February 23, 2010).
Budget Outlook, Personal Taxes, Business Taxes, Federal Tax, Federal Budget
PDF of this testimony (12pp.)
Robert Greenstein
Greenstein: Bipartisan Agreement Provides Urgently Needed Relief
Greenstein: New Relief Proposal Well Designed, Urgently Needed
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Students should understand that they could also be liable under the DDO, and schools should also explain this liability to their students.
Students should not harass or vilify any other students or staff members in school. Generally, a school is not liable under the DDO for acts committed by its students. However, if a school has knowledge of discriminatory acts committed by its students against another student with a disability, but it fails to take any action to punish the discriminator(s) or to protect the disabled student, the school may be liable for discrimination under the DDO. For example, the school may be liable for disability discrimination under the following circumstances:
A school often disciplines its students who bully other students in school whenever such bullying acts come to its attention. A student walks with crutches because she had polio. Her classmates have teased her several times when she walks. Sometimes her crutches were even taken away by her classmates. She reported the incidents to the school each time but the school did not take any action either to discipline the harassers or to prevent similar harassing acts from recurring. In that case, the school may also be liable for the discriminatory acts of the harassers.
Going back to the subject question, if the school did nothing to help their son or to punish the harassers, that school would be liable.
For the purpose of teaching students not to harass or vilify persons with disabilities or to avoid possible legal liability, the Equal Opportunities Commission has published the Code of Practice on Education . Every school must take all reasonably practicable steps to avoid acts of harassment or vilification from occurring.
Last revision date:
Book traversal links for 6. Their son has been teased by his classmates because of his disability. Is the school liable for acts of harassment and vilification committed by a student against another student with a disability?
SELECT SUBTOPIC
Introduction to the existing anti-discrimination ordinances in Hong Kong
1. What are the major anti-discrimination ordinances in Hong Kong?
2. What are the functions and duties of the Equal Opportunities Commission (EOC)?
1. Can an employer refuse to employ me because of my gender/sex? Under what circumstances can an employer use "genuine occupational qualification" as an excuse for sex discrimination?
2. Further to question 1, do employers have to prove the existence of genuine occupational qualification (GOQ) as an exception for sex discrimination if they are being sued or if complaints have been made against them? What would happen if only part of th
3. How would a person's age co-relate to sex discrimination? Is it unlawful if different age requirements are applied to males and females when they apply for jobs or obtain goods/services?
4. What is sexual harassment? Under the Sex Discrimination Ordinance, is sexual harassment prohibited in all environments?
5. What can you do if you are sexually harassed?
6. If an incident involving sexual harassment happened in an office or another part of the workplace, to what extent may the employer be held responsible or liable?
7. What is marital status discrimination?
8. Can an employer refuse to employ a job applicant because she is pregnant?
9. Can an educational establishment or a service provider refuse to provide services or facilities to me because of my sex, pregnancy or marital status?
10. What if I receive even worse treatment after I have lodged a complaint? If my friend is being discriminated against because he acts as a witness for me, can my friend also lodge a complaint?
1. What is the general meaning of discrimination, harassment and vilification in relation to a person's disability?
2. Under what circumstances can an employer refuse to employ or dismiss a person with a disability? Suppose I have a serious leg injury, does it mean that I have no chance to take up a job?
3. If an employee has an infectious disease or AIDS, can the employer dismiss that person?
4. What if I receive even worse treatment after I have lodged a complaint? If my friend is being discriminated against because he/she acts as a witness for me, can my friend also lodge a complaint?
5. If my relative or friend is a disabled person and is being discriminated against by others, can I represent him/her to lodge a complaint with the Equal Opportunities Commission?
6. If I'm looking for a job, can an employer require me to provide medical information/records?
7. If a physically disabled person can handle a particular job with some special facilities/aids, is the employer required to make the relevant adjustments/alterations at the workplace, or could the employer just refuse to employ (or dismiss) that person?
8. I am a physically disabled person and I always have difficulty in taking a taxi. Should the taxi driver help me on every occasion? What if the driver refuses to offer taxi services to me?
9. I am a wheelchair user. Do I have equal opportunities in respect of access to public buildings and social facilities?
10. Toilets for people with disabilities are sometimes used as store rooms. Is this unlawful under the Disability Discrimination Ordinance?
Mentally Handicapped
11. My child is mentally handicapped and I have applied for a place for him at a mainstream kindergarten. The kindergarten eventually rejected me. Has the kindergarten contravened the Disability Discrimination Ordinance? If my child is admitted, does the
12. If my colleagues openly tease a mentally handicapped colleague about his/her mental handicap and he/she is unhappy about it, is this discrimination?
13. I want to rent a flat. The landlord and I have already agreed to all the terms and conditions. However, after learning that I am going to live with a relative who is mentally handicapped, the landlord refused to rent the flat to me. Has the landlord c
Mental Illness/Ex-mental Illness
14. Can an employer refuse to employ me, give me less favourable employment terms, or dismiss me on the basis of my mental illness?
15. Can a person or company refuse to provide goods, services or facilities to me due to my mental illness?
Hearing or Visual Impairment
16. Can a person with a hearing impairment use a hearing aid when attending a recruitment interview?
17. Can an employer refuse to employ me on the basis of my visual impairment because the workplace is considered to be of high risk?
Chronic (persistent) illness
18. Am I protected under the Disability Discrimination Ordinance if I have a chronic illness? What are some examples of chronic illness?
19. Can an employer dismiss me on the basis of my chronic illness or because I need to have regular medical treatment?
20. Am I protected under the Disability Discrimination Ordinance if I am infected with HIV/AIDS? If I turn up for help at any hospital or clinic, can it refuse to treat me?
21. If I am looking for a job, can the employer require me to take an HIV test?
Family Status Discrimination
1. An employer knows that dismissing a pregnant employee may be unlawful, so he intends to dismiss that employee after she has given birth to her child. Would that employer still be liable under the law?
2. Can an educational establishment (e.g. an evening school or university) or a service provider refuse to provide me with services or facilities because I need to take care of my family members?
3. What can I do if I feel I am being discriminated against?
1. Is there any grace period under the Race Discrimination Ordinance ("RDO")? If so, when does it end? To which group of people does it apply?
2. Does the RDO cover all employers in Hong Kong?
3. Do employers of foreign helpers who select their helpers on the basis of race violate the RDO?
4. What is Race?
5. Is RDO applicable to discrimination on the ground of religion?
6. What is racial discrimination?
7. What is discrimination by way of victimization?
8. What is racial harassment?
9. What is racial vilification?
10. Can an employer refuse to offer me a job interview or position in his/her organisation because I am a Filipino and cannot read Chinese ?
Scenario-based examples
1. If I want to lodge a complaint with the Equal Opportunities Commission, what information do I need to provide? How can I lodge a complaint?
2. Is there any time limit for lodging a complaint?
3. Can a group of persons lodge a single complaint? Must I (as an aggrieved person) lodge a complaint with the EOC myself?
4. How does the EOC handle a complaint? Under what circumstances will the EOC discontinue the investigation of a complaint?
5. How does the EOC conciliate a case? Can the aggrieved person request conciliation?
6. What if the conciliation is not successful? If I cannot afford legal costs, can I get legal assistance from outside sources?
7. Can I bring my case to court directly without going to the EOC? What possible compensation or remedial action can I obtain through legal action?
Case illustration
1. Ms. A works as a sales-coordinator in a food company. A new male colleague reported for duty last week with the job title of "administration officer". Ms. A knows that they are both doing administrative work, but with different job titles. The thing sh
2. Ms. A's boss asked her to have sex with him when they were on a business trip in China. Is she protected under the SDO if sexual harassment takes place outside Hong Kong?
3. A security guard near their home openly teases their son about his disabled leg. Is this unlawful under the Disability Discrimination Ordinance?
4. Mr. B has been diagnosed with a respiratory illness and he needs to see a doctor regularly. His boss has since commented on his sick leave record, and the inconvenience caused to other colleagues during his absence. Just a month ago, he was hospitalize
5. Their son wants to participate in an extra curricular activity organized by a school club. However, the club believes that he may not be able to perform the activity due to his leg disability. Can the club refuse to allow him to participate in the acti
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The Middle Park Stakes was founded by William Blenkiron, and it is named after his stud at Eltham. It was established in 1866, and was initially titled the Middle Park Plate. It was originally open to horses of either gender.
The race was formerly staged during Newmarket's Cambridgeshire Meeting in late September or early October. It was restricted to colts in 1987. It became part of a new fixture called Future Champions Day in 2011.
The Middle Park Stakes was added to the Breeders' Cup Challenge series in 2012. The winner now earns an automatic invitation to compete in the Breeders' Cup Juvenile Sprint.
The leading horses from the Middle Park Stakes sometimes go on to compete in the following season's 2,000 Guineas. The first to win both was Prince Charlie (1871–72), and the most recent was Rodrigo de Triano (1991–92). | {
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<?php
namespace CodeSpanish\Bundle\MyMoviesBundle\Entity;
use Doctrine\ORM\Mapping as ORM;
/**
* File
*
* @ORM\Table(name="file", indexes={@ORM\Index(name="fk_file_mediatype_idx", columns={"mediatype_id"})})
* @ORM\Entity
*/
class File
{
/**
* @var integer
*
* @ORM\Column(name="id", type="integer", nullable=false)
* @ORM\Id
* @ORM\GeneratedValue(strategy="IDENTITY")
*/
private $id;
/**
* @var string
*
* @ORM\Column(name="title", type="string", length=45, nullable=true)
*/
private $title;
/**
* @var string
*
* @ORM\Column(name="sourceUrl", type="string", length=45, nullable=true)
*/
private $sourceurl;
/**
* @var string
*
* @ORM\Column(name="localUrl", type="string", length=45, nullable=true)
*/
private $localurl;
/**
* @var \Mediatype
*
* @ORM\ManyToOne(targetEntity="Mediatype")
* @ORM\JoinColumns({
* @ORM\JoinColumn(name="mediatype_id", referencedColumnName="id")
* })
*/
private $mediatype;
/**
* @var \Doctrine\Common\Collections\Collection
*
* @ORM\ManyToMany(targetEntity="Movie", mappedBy="file")
*/
private $movie;
/**
* Constructor
*/
public function __construct()
{
$this->movie = new \Doctrine\Common\Collections\ArrayCollection();
}
/**
* Get id
*
* @return integer
*/
public function getId()
{
return $this->id;
}
/**
* Set title
*
* @param string $title
* @return File
*/
public function setTitle($title)
{
$this->title = $title;
return $this;
}
/**
* Get title
*
* @return string
*/
public function getTitle()
{
return $this->title;
}
/**
* Set sourceurl
*
* @param string $sourceurl
* @return File
*/
public function setSourceurl($sourceurl)
{
$this->sourceurl = $sourceurl;
return $this;
}
/**
* Get sourceurl
*
* @return string
*/
public function getSourceurl()
{
return $this->sourceurl;
}
/**
* Set localurl
*
* @param string $localurl
* @return File
*/
public function setLocalurl($localurl)
{
$this->localurl = $localurl;
return $this;
}
/**
* Get localurl
*
* @return string
*/
public function getLocalurl()
{
return $this->localurl;
}
/**
* Set mediatype
*
* @param \CodeSpanish\Bundle\MyMoviesBundle\Entity\Mediatype $mediatype
* @return File
*/
public function setMediatype(\CodeSpanish\Bundle\MyMoviesBundle\Entity\Mediatype $mediatype = null)
{
$this->mediatype = $mediatype;
return $this;
}
/**
* Get mediatype
*
* @return \CodeSpanish\Bundle\MyMoviesBundle\Entity\Mediatype
*/
public function getMediatype()
{
return $this->mediatype;
}
/**
* Add movie
*
* @param \CodeSpanish\Bundle\MyMoviesBundle\Entity\Movie $movie
* @return File
*/
public function addMovie(\CodeSpanish\Bundle\MyMoviesBundle\Entity\Movie $movie)
{
$this->movie[] = $movie;
return $this;
}
/**
* Remove movie
*
* @param \CodeSpanish\Bundle\MyMoviesBundle\Entity\Movie $movie
*/
public function removeMovie(\CodeSpanish\Bundle\MyMoviesBundle\Entity\Movie $movie)
{
$this->movie->removeElement($movie);
}
/**
* Get movie
*
* @return \Doctrine\Common\Collections\Collection
*/
public function getMovie()
{
return $this->movie;
}
}
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