Datasets:

c-ho

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train_metadata_prompt_tibkat_dataset

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3A1831635380.jsonld

['Subject index']

['This chapter lists the terms that have contributed to the book Handbook of Social Choice and Welfare , such as absolute Gini index, additivity, belief aggregation, and others. These terms have been mentioned along with the page numbers in which they have appeared in the bookfor the ease of the reader.']

['gnd:4022393-0', 'gnd:4079351-5', 'gnd:4143069-4', 'gnd:4166306-8', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831635380']

['Kollektiventscheidung', 'Wirtschaftstheorie', 'Arrow-Paradoxon', 'Abstimmung']

Document ### Title: ['Subject index'] ### Abstract: ['This chapter lists the terms that have contributed to the book Handbook of Social Choice and Welfare , such as absolute Gini index, additivity, belief aggregation, and others. These terms have been mentioned along with the page numbers in which they have appeared in the bookfor the ease of the reader.'] ### GND ID: ['gnd:4022393-0', 'gnd:4079351-5', 'gnd:4143069-4', 'gnd:4166306-8', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831635380'] ### GND class: ['Kollektiventscheidung', 'Wirtschaftstheorie', 'Arrow-Paradoxon', 'Abstimmung'] <|eot_id|>

3A1831635399.jsonld

['Author index']

['This chapter lists the names of the people who have contributed to the book Handbook of Social Choice and Welfare , such as Abdou, J., Abello, J.M., Basu, K., and others. Their names have been mentioned along with the page number in which their names appear in the bookfor the ease of the reader.']

['gnd:4022393-0', 'gnd:4079351-5', 'gnd:4143069-4', 'gnd:4166306-8', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831635399']

['Kollektiventscheidung', 'Wirtschaftstheorie', 'Arrow-Paradoxon', 'Abstimmung']

Document ### Title: ['Author index'] ### Abstract: ['This chapter lists the names of the people who have contributed to the book Handbook of Social Choice and Welfare , such as Abdou, J., Abello, J.M., Basu, K., and others. Their names have been mentioned along with the page number in which their names appear in the bookfor the ease of the reader.'] ### GND ID: ['gnd:4022393-0', 'gnd:4079351-5', 'gnd:4143069-4', 'gnd:4166306-8', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831635399'] ### GND class: ['Kollektiventscheidung', 'Wirtschaftstheorie', 'Arrow-Paradoxon', 'Abstimmung'] <|eot_id|>

3A1831635402.jsonld

['Chapter 12 Inequality, poverty and welfare']

['This chapter is concerned with issues arising from the construction of ethical measures of inequality and poverty. The recent literature on measurement of inequality and poverty emphasizes the close connection between social welfare functions and ethical indices of inequality and poverty. This chapter surveys the main issues in this literature. In particular, we discuss how indices of inequality can be constructed from social welfare functions, and vice versa. Other issues include the equivalence theorems which provide the analytical foundations of the approach which declares one distribution to be more equal than another only when all “sensible” measures agree on the ranking. The chapter also discusses the measurement of mobility. Finally, the chapter describes some of the parallel issues which arise in the measurement of poverty.']

['gnd:4022393-0', 'gnd:4079351-5', 'gnd:4143069-4', 'gnd:4166306-8', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831635402']

['Kollektiventscheidung', 'Wirtschaftstheorie', 'Arrow-Paradoxon', 'Abstimmung']

Document ### Title: ['Chapter 12 Inequality, poverty and welfare'] ### Abstract: ['This chapter is concerned with issues arising from the construction of ethical measures of inequality and poverty. The recent literature on measurement of inequality and poverty emphasizes the close connection between social welfare functions and ethical indices of inequality and poverty. This chapter surveys the main issues in this literature. In particular, we discuss how indices of inequality can be constructed from social welfare functions, and vice versa. Other issues include the equivalence theorems which provide the analytical foundations of the approach which declares one distribution to be more equal than another only when all “sensible” measures agree on the ranking. The chapter also discusses the measurement of mobility. Finally, the chapter describes some of the parallel issues which arise in the measurement of poverty.'] ### GND ID: ['gnd:4022393-0', 'gnd:4079351-5', 'gnd:4143069-4', 'gnd:4166306-8', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831635402'] ### GND class: ['Kollektiventscheidung', 'Wirtschaftstheorie', 'Arrow-Paradoxon', 'Abstimmung'] <|eot_id|>

3A1831635437.jsonld

['Chapter 9 Representative democracy as social choice']

['Social Choice traditionally employs the preferences of voters or agents as primitives. However, in most situations of constitutional decision-making the beliefs of the members of the electorate determine their secondary preferences or choices. Key choices in US political history, such as the ratification of the Constitution in 1787 and the election of Lincoln in 1860, were conditioned by changing beliefs as regards the truth of propositions about the political universe. Preference-based models of election tend to conclude that candidates, or parties, converge to a vote-maximizing policy position at the “electoral center”. Empirical work suggests that such a conclusion is invalid. This chapter argues, on the contrary, that parties or candidates adopt positions that optimize, in a Nash equilibrium sense, with respect to both their beliefs over electoral response, and their beliefs over appropriate policy choices. The analysis indicates that political choices will be different depending on whether plurality (“first past the post”) or proportionality is used as the method of electoral representation.']

['gnd:4022393-0', 'gnd:4079351-5', 'gnd:4143069-4', 'gnd:4166306-8', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831635437']

['Kollektiventscheidung', 'Wirtschaftstheorie', 'Arrow-Paradoxon', 'Abstimmung']

Document ### Title: ['Chapter 9 Representative democracy as social choice'] ### Abstract: ['Social Choice traditionally employs the preferences of voters or agents as primitives. However, in most situations of constitutional decision-making the beliefs of the members of the electorate determine their secondary preferences or choices. Key choices in US political history, such as the ratification of the Constitution in 1787 and the election of Lincoln in 1860, were conditioned by changing beliefs as regards the truth of propositions about the political universe. Preference-based models of election tend to conclude that candidates, or parties, converge to a vote-maximizing policy position at the “electoral center”. Empirical work suggests that such a conclusion is invalid. This chapter argues, on the contrary, that parties or candidates adopt positions that optimize, in a Nash equilibrium sense, with respect to both their beliefs over electoral response, and their beliefs over appropriate policy choices. The analysis indicates that political choices will be different depending on whether plurality (“first past the post”) or proportionality is used as the method of electoral representation.'] ### GND ID: ['gnd:4022393-0', 'gnd:4079351-5', 'gnd:4143069-4', 'gnd:4166306-8', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831635437'] ### GND class: ['Kollektiventscheidung', 'Wirtschaftstheorie', 'Arrow-Paradoxon', 'Abstimmung'] <|eot_id|>

3A1831635453.jsonld

['Chapter 7 Positional rules of collective decision-making']

["In this chapter, we seek to review some of the central concepts and results in the literature on positionalist voting rules, which goes back to Borda (1781) . After the introduction of the basic notation and definitions in earlier parts of the chapter, we explore in Section 3 the distinction between positionalist and non-positionalist social ranking rules and social decision rules. We define alternative notions of positionality and give several examples. Section 4 discusses the positionalist decision procedures in the context of the conditions figuring in Arrow's celebrated impossibility theorem and also in the context of the simple majority rule. In Section 5, we review the literature on the structure of the Borda ranking rule and the Borda decision rule. Some well-known axiomatic characterizations of the Borda ranking rule and the Borda decision rule are discussed here. In Section 6, we discuss some results on the structure of score-based ranking rules and score-based decision rules, which include, as special cases, the Borda ranking rule and the Borda decision rule, respectively. This section also contains a discussion of dominance-based scoring rules and social decision rules known as runoff systems. Section 7 concludes the chapter."]

['gnd:4022393-0', 'gnd:4079351-5', 'gnd:4143069-4', 'gnd:4166306-8', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831635453']

['Kollektiventscheidung', 'Wirtschaftstheorie', 'Arrow-Paradoxon', 'Abstimmung']

Document ### Title: ['Chapter 7 Positional rules of collective decision-making'] ### Abstract: ["In this chapter, we seek to review some of the central concepts and results in the literature on positionalist voting rules, which goes back to Borda (1781) . After the introduction of the basic notation and definitions in earlier parts of the chapter, we explore in Section 3 the distinction between positionalist and non-positionalist social ranking rules and social decision rules. We define alternative notions of positionality and give several examples. Section 4 discusses the positionalist decision procedures in the context of the conditions figuring in Arrow's celebrated impossibility theorem and also in the context of the simple majority rule. In Section 5, we review the literature on the structure of the Borda ranking rule and the Borda decision rule. Some well-known axiomatic characterizations of the Borda ranking rule and the Borda decision rule are discussed here. In Section 6, we discuss some results on the structure of score-based ranking rules and score-based decision rules, which include, as special cases, the Borda ranking rule and the Borda decision rule, respectively. This section also contains a discussion of dominance-based scoring rules and social decision rules known as runoff systems. Section 7 concludes the chapter."] ### GND ID: ['gnd:4022393-0', 'gnd:4079351-5', 'gnd:4143069-4', 'gnd:4166306-8', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831635453'] ### GND class: ['Kollektiventscheidung', 'Wirtschaftstheorie', 'Arrow-Paradoxon', 'Abstimmung'] <|eot_id|>

3A1831635518.jsonld

['Chapter 1 Impossibility theorems in the arrovian framework']

["Given a set of outcomes that affect the welfare of the members of a group, K.J. Arrow imposed the following five conditions on the ordering of the outcomes as a function of the preferences of the individual group members, and then proved that the conditions are logically inconsistent: • The social choice rule is defined for a large family of assignments of transitive orderings to individuals. • The social ordering itself is always transitive. • The social choice rule is not dictatorial. (An individual is a dictator if the social ordering ranks an outcome x strictly above another outcome y whenever that individual strictly prefers x to y .) • If everyone in the group strictly prefers outcome x to outcome y , then x should rank strictly above y in the social ordering. • The social ordering of any two outcomes depends only on the way that the individuals in the group order those same two outcomes. The chapter proves Arrow's theorem and investigates the possibility of uncovering a satisfactory social choice rule by relaxing the conditions while remaining within the Arrovian framework, which is identified by the following five characteristics: • The outcome set is unstructured. • The society is finite and fixed. • Only information about the ordering of the outcome set is used to convey information about individual welfare. • The output of the social choice process is an ordering of the outcome set. • Strategic play by individuals is not considered."]

['gnd:4022393-0', 'gnd:4079351-5', 'gnd:4143069-4', 'gnd:4166306-8', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831635518']

['Kollektiventscheidung', 'Wirtschaftstheorie', 'Arrow-Paradoxon', 'Abstimmung']

Document ### Title: ['Chapter 1 Impossibility theorems in the arrovian framework'] ### Abstract: ["Given a set of outcomes that affect the welfare of the members of a group, K.J. Arrow imposed the following five conditions on the ordering of the outcomes as a function of the preferences of the individual group members, and then proved that the conditions are logically inconsistent: • The social choice rule is defined for a large family of assignments of transitive orderings to individuals. • The social ordering itself is always transitive. • The social choice rule is not dictatorial. (An individual is a dictator if the social ordering ranks an outcome x strictly above another outcome y whenever that individual strictly prefers x to y .) • If everyone in the group strictly prefers outcome x to outcome y , then x should rank strictly above y in the social ordering. • The social ordering of any two outcomes depends only on the way that the individuals in the group order those same two outcomes. The chapter proves Arrow's theorem and investigates the possibility of uncovering a satisfactory social choice rule by relaxing the conditions while remaining within the Arrovian framework, which is identified by the following five characteristics: • The outcome set is unstructured. • The society is finite and fixed. • Only information about the ordering of the outcome set is used to convey information about individual welfare. • The output of the social choice process is an ordering of the outcome set. • Strategic play by individuals is not considered."] ### GND ID: ['gnd:4022393-0', 'gnd:4079351-5', 'gnd:4143069-4', 'gnd:4166306-8', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831635518'] ### GND class: ['Kollektiventscheidung', 'Wirtschaftstheorie', 'Arrow-Paradoxon', 'Abstimmung'] <|eot_id|>

3A1831635526.jsonld

['Introduction']

["Social choice theory is concerned with the evaluation of alternative methods of collective decision-making, as well as with the logical foundations of welfare economics. In turn, welfare economics is concerned with the critical scrutiny of the performance of actual and/or imaginary economic systems, as well as with the critique, design, and implementation of alternative economic policies. This being the case, the origin of social choice theory can be traced back all the way to antiquity. Indeed, as soon as multiple individuals are involved in making decisions for their common cause, one or other method of collective decision-making cannot but be invoked. As a reflection of this obvious fact, there are numerous examples in classic writings on the use and usefulness of alternative methods of collective decision-making. Without denying the importance of those pioneering contributions made by many precursors, it seems fair to say that Kenneth Arrow's Social Choice and Individual Values elevated social choice theory to a stage which is qualitatively different altogether."]

['gnd:4022393-0', 'gnd:4079351-5', 'gnd:4143069-4', 'gnd:4166306-8', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831635526']

['Kollektiventscheidung', 'Wirtschaftstheorie', 'Arrow-Paradoxon', 'Abstimmung']

Document ### Title: ['Introduction'] ### Abstract: ["Social choice theory is concerned with the evaluation of alternative methods of collective decision-making, as well as with the logical foundations of welfare economics. In turn, welfare economics is concerned with the critical scrutiny of the performance of actual and/or imaginary economic systems, as well as with the critique, design, and implementation of alternative economic policies. This being the case, the origin of social choice theory can be traced back all the way to antiquity. Indeed, as soon as multiple individuals are involved in making decisions for their common cause, one or other method of collective decision-making cannot but be invoked. As a reflection of this obvious fact, there are numerous examples in classic writings on the use and usefulness of alternative methods of collective decision-making. Without denying the importance of those pioneering contributions made by many precursors, it seems fair to say that Kenneth Arrow's Social Choice and Individual Values elevated social choice theory to a stage which is qualitatively different altogether."] ### GND ID: ['gnd:4022393-0', 'gnd:4079351-5', 'gnd:4143069-4', 'gnd:4166306-8', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831635526'] ### GND class: ['Kollektiventscheidung', 'Wirtschaftstheorie', 'Arrow-Paradoxon', 'Abstimmung'] <|eot_id|>

3A1831635534.jsonld

['Preface to the handbook']

['This chapter presents the book Handbook of Social Choice and Welfare in two volumes, essays on past and on-going work in social choice theory and welfare economics. The first volume consists of four parts. In Part 1 (Arrovian Impossibility Theorems), various aspects of Arrovian general impossibility theorems, illustrated by the simple majority cycle first identified by Condorcet, are expounded and evaluated. In Part 2 (Voting Schemes and Mechanisms), the operation and performance of voting schemes and cost-sharing mechanisms are examined axiomatically, and some aspects of the modem theory of incentives and mechanism design are expounded and surveyed. In Part 3 (Structure of Social Choice Rules), the positional rules of collective decision-making (the origin of which can be traced back to a seminal proposal by Borda), the game-theoretic aspects of voting in committees, and the implications of representative democracy in the theoretical arena of social choice theory are examined. In Part 4 (Welfare, Justice and Poverty), the possibility and implications of making use of interpersonal comparisons of welfare (with or without cardinal measurability) are expounded, and the status of utilitarianism as a theory of justice is critically examined.']

['gnd:4022393-0', 'gnd:4079351-5', 'gnd:4143069-4', 'gnd:4166306-8', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831635534']

['Kollektiventscheidung', 'Wirtschaftstheorie', 'Arrow-Paradoxon', 'Abstimmung']

Document ### Title: ['Preface to the handbook'] ### Abstract: ['This chapter presents the book Handbook of Social Choice and Welfare in two volumes, essays on past and on-going work in social choice theory and welfare economics. The first volume consists of four parts. In Part 1 (Arrovian Impossibility Theorems), various aspects of Arrovian general impossibility theorems, illustrated by the simple majority cycle first identified by Condorcet, are expounded and evaluated. In Part 2 (Voting Schemes and Mechanisms), the operation and performance of voting schemes and cost-sharing mechanisms are examined axiomatically, and some aspects of the modem theory of incentives and mechanism design are expounded and surveyed. In Part 3 (Structure of Social Choice Rules), the positional rules of collective decision-making (the origin of which can be traced back to a seminal proposal by Borda), the game-theoretic aspects of voting in committees, and the implications of representative democracy in the theoretical arena of social choice theory are examined. In Part 4 (Welfare, Justice and Poverty), the possibility and implications of making use of interpersonal comparisons of welfare (with or without cardinal measurability) are expounded, and the status of utilitarianism as a theory of justice is critically examined.'] ### GND ID: ['gnd:4022393-0', 'gnd:4079351-5', 'gnd:4143069-4', 'gnd:4166306-8', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831635534'] ### GND class: ['Kollektiventscheidung', 'Wirtschaftstheorie', 'Arrow-Paradoxon', 'Abstimmung'] <|eot_id|>

3A1831635607.jsonld

['Chapter 20 Fixed-income pricing']

['This chapter surveys the literature on fixed-income pricing models, including dynamic term-structure models, and interest-rate sensitive, derivative pricing models. Our overview of conceptual approaches highlights the tradeoffs that have emerged between the complexity of the probability model for the “risk factors≓, data availability, the pricing objective, and the tractability of the resulting pricing model. Initially, we examine term-structure models that price both bonds (default-free and defaultable) and fixed-income derivatives with payoffs in terms of prices or yields on these bonds. These include affine, quadratic-Gaussian, and various stochastic volatility models of the term structure. Then we turn to models designed to price fixed-income derivatives, taking the current yield curve as an input into the pricing framework. These include models based on forward rates and the LIBOR and Swaption Market models.']

['gnd:4269795-5', 'gnd:4508395-2', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831635607']

['Corporate Finance', 'Mikrostrukturtheorie (Kapitalmarkttheorie)']

Document ### Title: ['Chapter 20 Fixed-income pricing'] ### Abstract: ['This chapter surveys the literature on fixed-income pricing models, including dynamic term-structure models, and interest-rate sensitive, derivative pricing models. Our overview of conceptual approaches highlights the tradeoffs that have emerged between the complexity of the probability model for the “risk factors≓, data availability, the pricing objective, and the tractability of the resulting pricing model. Initially, we examine term-structure models that price both bonds (default-free and defaultable) and fixed-income derivatives with payoffs in terms of prices or yields on these bonds. These include affine, quadratic-Gaussian, and various stochastic volatility models of the term structure. Then we turn to models designed to price fixed-income derivatives, taking the current yield curve as an input into the pricing framework. These include models based on forward rates and the LIBOR and Swaption Market models.'] ### GND ID: ['gnd:4269795-5', 'gnd:4508395-2', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831635607'] ### GND class: ['Corporate Finance', 'Mikrostrukturtheorie (Kapitalmarkttheorie)'] <|eot_id|>

3A1831635615.jsonld

['Chapter 19 Derivatives']

['The area of derivatives is arguably the most fascinating area within financial economics during the past thirty years. This chapter reviews the evolution of derivatives contract markets and derivatives research over the past thirty years. The chapter has six complementary sections. The first contains a brief history of contract markets. The most important innovations occurred in the 1970s and 1980s, when contracts written on financial contracts were introduced. Concurrent with these important industry innovations was the development of modern-day option valuation theory, which is reviewed in the second and third sections. The key contribution is seminal theoretical framework of the Black-Scholes (1973) and Merton (1973) (“BSM≓) model. The key economic insight of their model is that a risk-free hedge can be formed between a derivatives contract and its underlying asset. This implies that contract valuation is possible under the assumption of risk-neutrality without loss of generality. The final three sections summarize the three main strands of empirical work in the derivatives area. In the first group are studies that focus on testing no-arbitrage pricing relations that link the prices of derivatives contracts with their underling asset and with each other. The second group contains studies that evaluate option empirical performance of option valuation models. The approaches used include investigating the in-sample properties of option values by examining pricing errors or patterns in implied volatilities, examining the performance of different option valuation models by simulating a trading strategy based on under- and over-pricing, and examining the informational content of the volatility implied by option prices. The final group focuses on the social costs and/or benefits that arise from derivatives trading. The main conclusion that can be drawn from the empirical work is that the BSM model is one of the most resilient in the history of financial economics.']

['gnd:4269795-5', 'gnd:4508395-2', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831635615']

['Corporate Finance', 'Mikrostrukturtheorie (Kapitalmarkttheorie)']

Document ### Title: ['Chapter 19 Derivatives'] ### Abstract: ['The area of derivatives is arguably the most fascinating area within financial economics during the past thirty years. This chapter reviews the evolution of derivatives contract markets and derivatives research over the past thirty years. The chapter has six complementary sections. The first contains a brief history of contract markets. The most important innovations occurred in the 1970s and 1980s, when contracts written on financial contracts were introduced. Concurrent with these important industry innovations was the development of modern-day option valuation theory, which is reviewed in the second and third sections. The key contribution is seminal theoretical framework of the Black-Scholes (1973) and Merton (1973) (“BSM≓) model. The key economic insight of their model is that a risk-free hedge can be formed between a derivatives contract and its underlying asset. This implies that contract valuation is possible under the assumption of risk-neutrality without loss of generality. The final three sections summarize the three main strands of empirical work in the derivatives area. In the first group are studies that focus on testing no-arbitrage pricing relations that link the prices of derivatives contracts with their underling asset and with each other. The second group contains studies that evaluate option empirical performance of option valuation models. The approaches used include investigating the in-sample properties of option values by examining pricing errors or patterns in implied volatilities, examining the performance of different option valuation models by simulating a trading strategy based on under- and over-pricing, and examining the informational content of the volatility implied by option prices. The final group focuses on the social costs and/or benefits that arise from derivatives trading. The main conclusion that can be drawn from the empirical work is that the BSM model is one of the most resilient in the history of financial economics.'] ### GND ID: ['gnd:4269795-5', 'gnd:4508395-2', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831635615'] ### GND class: ['Corporate Finance', 'Mikrostrukturtheorie (Kapitalmarkttheorie)'] <|eot_id|>

3A1831635623.jsonld

['Chapter 18 A survey of behavioral finance']

['Behavioral finance argues that some financial phenomena can plausibly be understood using models in which some agents are not fully rational. The field has two building blocks: limits to arbitrage , which argues that it can be difficult for rational traders to undo the dislocations caused by less rational traders; and psychology , which catalogues the kinds of deviations from full rationality we might expect to see. We discuss these two topics, and then present a number of behavioral finance applications: to the aggregate stock market, to the cross-section of average returns, to individual trading behavior, and to corporate finance. We close by assessing progress in the field and speculating about its future course.']

['gnd:4269795-5', 'gnd:4508395-2', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831635623']

['Corporate Finance', 'Mikrostrukturtheorie (Kapitalmarkttheorie)']

Document ### Title: ['Chapter 18 A survey of behavioral finance'] ### Abstract: ['Behavioral finance argues that some financial phenomena can plausibly be understood using models in which some agents are not fully rational. The field has two building blocks: limits to arbitrage , which argues that it can be difficult for rational traders to undo the dislocations caused by less rational traders; and psychology , which catalogues the kinds of deviations from full rationality we might expect to see. We discuss these two topics, and then present a number of behavioral finance applications: to the aggregate stock market, to the cross-section of average returns, to individual trading behavior, and to corporate finance. We close by assessing progress in the field and speculating about its future course.'] ### GND ID: ['gnd:4269795-5', 'gnd:4508395-2', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831635623'] ### GND class: ['Corporate Finance', 'Mikrostrukturtheorie (Kapitalmarkttheorie)'] <|eot_id|>

3A1831635631.jsonld

['Chapter 17 Microstructure and asset pricing']

['Market microstructure and asset pricing both consider the behavior and formation of prices in asset markets. Yet neither literature explicitly recognizes the importance and role of the factors so crucial to the other approach. This survey seeks to join the two literatures by surveying the work linking microstructure factors to asset price dynamics. In the short run, these dynamics involve issues such as the auto-correlation and cross-correlation structure of stocks, and our survey will examine the literature relating these correlation structures to microstructure factors such as non-synchronous trading and dealer behavior. In the longer run, issues such as liquidity and the relation of private information to asset price dynamics are important. We survey the theoretical work linking microstructure factors to long-run returns, and we consider why stock prices might be expected to reflect premia related to liquidity or informational asymmetries. We also survey the empirical literature testing these relationships. We then discuss what issues remain contentious, and we provide some guidance for future research. We hope to show in this survey that asset-pricing dynamics may be better understood by recognizing the role played by microstructure factors, and that microstructure research can be enhanced by a greater understanding of its linkages with fundamental economic variables.']

['gnd:4269795-5', 'gnd:4508395-2', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831635631']

['Corporate Finance', 'Mikrostrukturtheorie (Kapitalmarkttheorie)']

Document ### Title: ['Chapter 17 Microstructure and asset pricing'] ### Abstract: ['Market microstructure and asset pricing both consider the behavior and formation of prices in asset markets. Yet neither literature explicitly recognizes the importance and role of the factors so crucial to the other approach. This survey seeks to join the two literatures by surveying the work linking microstructure factors to asset price dynamics. In the short run, these dynamics involve issues such as the auto-correlation and cross-correlation structure of stocks, and our survey will examine the literature relating these correlation structures to microstructure factors such as non-synchronous trading and dealer behavior. In the longer run, issues such as liquidity and the relation of private information to asset price dynamics are important. We survey the theoretical work linking microstructure factors to long-run returns, and we consider why stock prices might be expected to reflect premia related to liquidity or informational asymmetries. We also survey the empirical literature testing these relationships. We then discuss what issues remain contentious, and we provide some guidance for future research. We hope to show in this survey that asset-pricing dynamics may be better understood by recognizing the role played by microstructure factors, and that microstructure research can be enhanced by a greater understanding of its linkages with fundamental economic variables.'] ### GND ID: ['gnd:4269795-5', 'gnd:4508395-2', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831635631'] ### GND class: ['Corporate Finance', 'Mikrostrukturtheorie (Kapitalmarkttheorie)'] <|eot_id|>

3A1831635658.jsonld

['Chapter 15 Anomalies and market efficiency']

['Anomalies are empirical results that seem to be inconsistent with maintained theories of asset-pricing behavior. They indicate either market inefficiency (profit opportunities) or inadequacies in the underlying asset-pricing model. After they are documented and analyzed in the academic literature, anomalies often seem to disappear, reverse, or attenuate. This raises the question of whether profit opportunities existed in the past, but have since been arbitraged away, or whether the anomalies were simply statistical aberrations that attracted the attention of academics and practitioners. One of the interesting findings from the empirical work in this chapter is that many of the well-known anomalies in the finance literature do not hold up in different sample periods. In particular, the size effect and the value effect seem to have disappeared after the papers that highlighted them were published. At about the same time, practitioners began investment vehicles that implemented the strategies implied by the academic papers. The weekend effect and the dividend yield effect also seem to have lost their predictive power after the papers that made them famous were published. In these cases, however, I am not aware of any practitioners who have tried to use these anomalies as a major basis of their investment strategy. The small-firm turn-of-the-year effect became weaker in the years after it was first documented in the academic literature, although there is some evidence that it still exists. Interestingly, however, it does not seem to exist in the portfolio returns of practitioners who focus on small-capitalization firms. Likewise, the evidence that stock market returns are predictable using variables such as dividend yields or inflation is much weaker in the periods after the papers that documented these findings were published. All of these findings raise the possibility that anomalies are more apparent than real. The notoriety associated with the findings of unusual evidence tempts authors to further investigate puzzling anomalies and later to try to explain them. But even if the anomalies existed in the sample period in which they were first identified, the activities of practitioners who implement strategies to take advantage of anomalous behavior can cause the anomalies to disappear (as research findings cause the market to become more efficient).']

['gnd:4269795-5', 'gnd:4508395-2', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831635658']

['Corporate Finance', 'Mikrostrukturtheorie (Kapitalmarkttheorie)']

Document ### Title: ['Chapter 15 Anomalies and market efficiency'] ### Abstract: ['Anomalies are empirical results that seem to be inconsistent with maintained theories of asset-pricing behavior. They indicate either market inefficiency (profit opportunities) or inadequacies in the underlying asset-pricing model. After they are documented and analyzed in the academic literature, anomalies often seem to disappear, reverse, or attenuate. This raises the question of whether profit opportunities existed in the past, but have since been arbitraged away, or whether the anomalies were simply statistical aberrations that attracted the attention of academics and practitioners. One of the interesting findings from the empirical work in this chapter is that many of the well-known anomalies in the finance literature do not hold up in different sample periods. In particular, the size effect and the value effect seem to have disappeared after the papers that highlighted them were published. At about the same time, practitioners began investment vehicles that implemented the strategies implied by the academic papers. The weekend effect and the dividend yield effect also seem to have lost their predictive power after the papers that made them famous were published. In these cases, however, I am not aware of any practitioners who have tried to use these anomalies as a major basis of their investment strategy. The small-firm turn-of-the-year effect became weaker in the years after it was first documented in the academic literature, although there is some evidence that it still exists. Interestingly, however, it does not seem to exist in the portfolio returns of practitioners who focus on small-capitalization firms. Likewise, the evidence that stock market returns are predictable using variables such as dividend yields or inflation is much weaker in the periods after the papers that documented these findings were published. All of these findings raise the possibility that anomalies are more apparent than real. The notoriety associated with the findings of unusual evidence tempts authors to further investigate puzzling anomalies and later to try to explain them. But even if the anomalies existed in the sample period in which they were first identified, the activities of practitioners who implement strategies to take advantage of anomalous behavior can cause the anomalies to disappear (as research findings cause the market to become more efficient).'] ### GND ID: ['gnd:4269795-5', 'gnd:4508395-2', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831635658'] ### GND class: ['Corporate Finance', 'Mikrostrukturtheorie (Kapitalmarkttheorie)'] <|eot_id|>

3A1831635674.jsonld

['Chapter 13 Consumption-based asset pricing']

['This chapter reviews the behavior of financial asset prices in relation to consumption. The chapter lists some important stylized facts that characterize U.S. data, and relates them to recent developments in equilibrium asset pricing theory. Data from other countries are examined to see which features of the U.S. experience apply more generally. The chapter argues that to make sense of asset market behavior one needs a model in which the market price of risk is high, time-varying, and correlated with the state of the economy. Models that have this feature, including models with habit-formation in utility, heterogeneous investors, and irrational expectations, are discussed. The main focus is on stock returns and short-term real interest rates, but bond returns are also considered.']

['gnd:4269795-5', 'gnd:4508395-2', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831635674']

['Corporate Finance', 'Mikrostrukturtheorie (Kapitalmarkttheorie)']

Document ### Title: ['Chapter 13 Consumption-based asset pricing'] ### Abstract: ['This chapter reviews the behavior of financial asset prices in relation to consumption. The chapter lists some important stylized facts that characterize U.S. data, and relates them to recent developments in equilibrium asset pricing theory. Data from other countries are examined to see which features of the U.S. experience apply more generally. The chapter argues that to make sense of asset market behavior one needs a model in which the market price of risk is high, time-varying, and correlated with the state of the economy. Models that have this feature, including models with habit-formation in utility, heterogeneous investors, and irrational expectations, are discussed. The main focus is on stock returns and short-term real interest rates, but bond returns are also considered.'] ### GND ID: ['gnd:4269795-5', 'gnd:4508395-2', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831635674'] ### GND class: ['Corporate Finance', 'Mikrostrukturtheorie (Kapitalmarkttheorie)'] <|eot_id|>

3A1831635682.jsonld

['Chapter 12 Tests of multifactor pricing models, volatility bounds and portfolio performance']

["Three concepts: stochastic discount factors, multi-beta pricing and mean-variance efficiency, are at the core of modern empirical asset pricing. This chapter reviews these paradigms and the relations among them, concentrating on conditional asset-pricing models where lagged variables serve as instruments for publicly available information. The different paradigms are associated with different empirical methods. We review the variance bounds of Hansen and Jagannathan (1991) , concentrating on extensions for conditioning information. Hansen's (1982) Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) is briefly reviewed as an organizing principle. Then, cross-sectional regression approaches as developed by Fama and MacBeth (1973) are reviewed and used to interpret empirical factors, such as those advocated by Fama and French (1993, 1996) . Finally, we review the multivariate regression approach, popularized in the finance literature by Gibbons (1982) and others. A regression approach, with a beta pricing formulation, and a GMM approach with a stochastic discount factor formulation, may be considered competing paradigms for empirical work in asset pricing. This discussion clarifies the relations between the various approaches. Finally, we bring the models and methods together, with a review of the recent conditional performance evaluation literature, concentrating on mutual funds and pension funds."]

['gnd:4269795-5', 'gnd:4508395-2', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831635682']

['Corporate Finance', 'Mikrostrukturtheorie (Kapitalmarkttheorie)']

Document ### Title: ['Chapter 12 Tests of multifactor pricing models, volatility bounds and portfolio performance'] ### Abstract: ["Three concepts: stochastic discount factors, multi-beta pricing and mean-variance efficiency, are at the core of modern empirical asset pricing. This chapter reviews these paradigms and the relations among them, concentrating on conditional asset-pricing models where lagged variables serve as instruments for publicly available information. The different paradigms are associated with different empirical methods. We review the variance bounds of Hansen and Jagannathan (1991) , concentrating on extensions for conditioning information. Hansen's (1982) Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) is briefly reviewed as an organizing principle. Then, cross-sectional regression approaches as developed by Fama and MacBeth (1973) are reviewed and used to interpret empirical factors, such as those advocated by Fama and French (1993, 1996) . Finally, we review the multivariate regression approach, popularized in the finance literature by Gibbons (1982) and others. A regression approach, with a beta pricing formulation, and a GMM approach with a stochastic discount factor formulation, may be considered competing paradigms for empirical work in asset pricing. This discussion clarifies the relations between the various approaches. Finally, we bring the models and methods together, with a review of the recent conditional performance evaluation literature, concentrating on mutual funds and pension funds."] ### GND ID: ['gnd:4269795-5', 'gnd:4508395-2', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831635682'] ### GND class: ['Corporate Finance', 'Mikrostrukturtheorie (Kapitalmarkttheorie)'] <|eot_id|>

3A1831635771.jsonld

['Chapter 8. Financial Intermediation']

['The savings/investment process in capitalist economies is organized around bank-like financial intermediaries (“banks”), making them a central institution of economic growth. These intermediaries borrow from consumer/savers and lend to companies that need resources for investment. In contrast, in capital markets investors contract directly with firms, creating marketable securities. The prices of these securities are observable, while financial intermediaries are opaque. Why are banks so pervasive? What are their roles? Are banks inherently unstable? Must the government regulate them? In this chapter we survey the last 15 years’ of theoretical and empirical research on these issues We begin with theories and evidence on the uniqueness of banks. Key issues include monitoring or evaluating borrowers, providing liquidity, combining lending and liquidity provision as a commitment mechanism, and the coexistence of banks and markets. We then examine interaction between banks and borrowers in more detail, focusing on the pros and cons of dynamic bank–borrower relationships, the relationship between loan structure and monitoring, and between banking sector structure and monitoring, “credit cycles” and capital constraints, and the role of “non-traditional” bank activities such as equity investment. We then turn to research on banking panics and the stability of the banking system, focusing on the incidence of banking panics internationally and historically, the causes of panics, the role of bank coalitions in forestalling panics, and whether banks are inherently flawed. This leads to questions concerning government regulation of banks. Here, we focus on possible moral hazard problems emanating from deposit insurance and on the roles of bank corporate governance and capital requirements. We conclude with a summary of our current understanding and directions for future research.']

['gnd:4269795-5', 'gnd:4508395-2', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831635771']

['Corporate Finance', 'Mikrostrukturtheorie (Kapitalmarkttheorie)']

Document ### Title: ['Chapter 8. Financial Intermediation'] ### Abstract: ['The savings/investment process in capitalist economies is organized around bank-like financial intermediaries (“banks”), making them a central institution of economic growth. These intermediaries borrow from consumer/savers and lend to companies that need resources for investment. In contrast, in capital markets investors contract directly with firms, creating marketable securities. The prices of these securities are observable, while financial intermediaries are opaque. Why are banks so pervasive? What are their roles? Are banks inherently unstable? Must the government regulate them? In this chapter we survey the last 15 years’ of theoretical and empirical research on these issues We begin with theories and evidence on the uniqueness of banks. Key issues include monitoring or evaluating borrowers, providing liquidity, combining lending and liquidity provision as a commitment mechanism, and the coexistence of banks and markets. We then examine interaction between banks and borrowers in more detail, focusing on the pros and cons of dynamic bank–borrower relationships, the relationship between loan structure and monitoring, and between banking sector structure and monitoring, “credit cycles” and capital constraints, and the role of “non-traditional” bank activities such as equity investment. We then turn to research on banking panics and the stability of the banking system, focusing on the incidence of banking panics internationally and historically, the causes of panics, the role of bank coalitions in forestalling panics, and whether banks are inherently flawed. This leads to questions concerning government regulation of banks. Here, we focus on possible moral hazard problems emanating from deposit insurance and on the roles of bank corporate governance and capital requirements. We conclude with a summary of our current understanding and directions for future research.'] ### GND ID: ['gnd:4269795-5', 'gnd:4508395-2', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831635771'] ### GND class: ['Corporate Finance', 'Mikrostrukturtheorie (Kapitalmarkttheorie)'] <|eot_id|>

3A1831635798.jsonld

['Chapter 6. Financial Innovation']

['Although financial innovation has been an important part of the financial landscape throughout modern economic history, it has received relatively little attention in academia. This essay surveys the existing literature on financial innovation from the disciplines of financial economics, history, law, and industrial organization. I begin by defining financial innovation and discussing problems with creating taxonomies of financial innovations. I then discuss the explanations given for the extensive amount of financial innovation we observe both today and in history, which include: (a) completing inherently incomplete markets; (b) addressing persistent agency concerns and information asymmetries; (c) minimizing transaction, search or marketing costs; (d) responding to tax and regulatory forces; (e) responding to changes in economic conditions, in particular new or newly perceived risks; and (f) capitalizing on technological developments. I review work that studies the identity of innovators, the process of diffusion of innovation, and private benefits of innovation. I illustrate these general trends with a description of a sequence of innovations that show that repeated experimentation and failure characterize the evolutionary process. As difficult as it may be to measure the private benefits to innovators, it has proven even more problematic to conclusively model or measure the social welfare benefits of financial innovation, although one can point to specific innovations that appear to enhance welfare.']

['gnd:4269795-5', 'gnd:4508395-2', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831635798']

['Corporate Finance', 'Mikrostrukturtheorie (Kapitalmarkttheorie)']

Document ### Title: ['Chapter 6. Financial Innovation'] ### Abstract: ['Although financial innovation has been an important part of the financial landscape throughout modern economic history, it has received relatively little attention in academia. This essay surveys the existing literature on financial innovation from the disciplines of financial economics, history, law, and industrial organization. I begin by defining financial innovation and discussing problems with creating taxonomies of financial innovations. I then discuss the explanations given for the extensive amount of financial innovation we observe both today and in history, which include: (a) completing inherently incomplete markets; (b) addressing persistent agency concerns and information asymmetries; (c) minimizing transaction, search or marketing costs; (d) responding to tax and regulatory forces; (e) responding to changes in economic conditions, in particular new or newly perceived risks; and (f) capitalizing on technological developments. I review work that studies the identity of innovators, the process of diffusion of innovation, and private benefits of innovation. I illustrate these general trends with a description of a sequence of innovations that show that repeated experimentation and failure characterize the evolutionary process. As difficult as it may be to measure the private benefits to innovators, it has proven even more problematic to conclusively model or measure the social welfare benefits of financial innovation, although one can point to specific innovations that appear to enhance welfare.'] ### GND ID: ['gnd:4269795-5', 'gnd:4508395-2', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831635798'] ### GND class: ['Corporate Finance', 'Mikrostrukturtheorie (Kapitalmarkttheorie)'] <|eot_id|>

3A1831635801.jsonld

['Chapter 5. Investment Banking and Securities Issuance']

['This chapter analyzes the securities issuance process, focusing on initial public offerings (IPOs) and seasoned equity offerings (SEOs). The IPO literature documents three empirical patterns: 1) short-run underpricing; 2) long-run underperformance (although this is contentious); and 3) extreme time-series fluctuations in volume and underpricing. While the chapter mainly focuses on evidence from the USA, evidence from other countries is generally consistent with the USA patterns. A large literature explaining the short-run underpricing of IPOs exists, with asymmetric information models predominating. The SEO literature documents 1) negative announcement effects; 2) the setting of offer prices at a discount from the market price; 3) long-run underperformance; and 4) large fluctuations in volume. In addition to long-run underperformance relative to other stocks, there is some evidence that issuers succeed at timing their equity offerings for periods when future market returns are low. When examining a large class of corporate financing activities, including equity offerings, convertible bond offerings, bond offerings, open market repurchases, stock- and cash-financed mergers and acquisitions, and dividend increases or decreases, several patterns emerge. In general, the announcement effects are negative for activities that provide cash to the firm, and positive for activities that pay cash out of the firm. Furthermore, the market generally underreacts, in that long-run abnormal returns are usually of the same sign as the announcement effect. In spite of the large expenditure of resources on analyst coverage, there is little academic work emphasizing the importance of the marketing of financial securities. Only recently have papers begun to focus on the corporate financing implications if firms face variations in the cost of external financing due to the mispricing of securities by the market.']

['gnd:4269795-5', 'gnd:4508395-2', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831635801']

['Corporate Finance', 'Mikrostrukturtheorie (Kapitalmarkttheorie)']

Document ### Title: ['Chapter 5. Investment Banking and Securities Issuance'] ### Abstract: ['This chapter analyzes the securities issuance process, focusing on initial public offerings (IPOs) and seasoned equity offerings (SEOs). The IPO literature documents three empirical patterns: 1) short-run underpricing; 2) long-run underperformance (although this is contentious); and 3) extreme time-series fluctuations in volume and underpricing. While the chapter mainly focuses on evidence from the USA, evidence from other countries is generally consistent with the USA patterns. A large literature explaining the short-run underpricing of IPOs exists, with asymmetric information models predominating. The SEO literature documents 1) negative announcement effects; 2) the setting of offer prices at a discount from the market price; 3) long-run underperformance; and 4) large fluctuations in volume. In addition to long-run underperformance relative to other stocks, there is some evidence that issuers succeed at timing their equity offerings for periods when future market returns are low. When examining a large class of corporate financing activities, including equity offerings, convertible bond offerings, bond offerings, open market repurchases, stock- and cash-financed mergers and acquisitions, and dividend increases or decreases, several patterns emerge. In general, the announcement effects are negative for activities that provide cash to the firm, and positive for activities that pay cash out of the firm. Furthermore, the market generally underreacts, in that long-run abnormal returns are usually of the same sign as the announcement effect. In spite of the large expenditure of resources on analyst coverage, there is little academic work emphasizing the importance of the marketing of financial securities. Only recently have papers begun to focus on the corporate financing implications if firms face variations in the cost of external financing due to the mispricing of securities by the market.'] ### GND ID: ['gnd:4269795-5', 'gnd:4508395-2', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831635801'] ### GND class: ['Corporate Finance', 'Mikrostrukturtheorie (Kapitalmarkttheorie)'] <|eot_id|>

3A183163581X.jsonld

['Chapter 4. Financing of Corporations']

['This review evaluates the four major theories of corporate financing: (1) the Modigliani–Miller theory of capital-structure irrelevance, in which firm values and real investment decisions are unaffected by financing; (2) the trade-off theory, in which firms balance the tax advantages of borrowing against the costs of financial distress; (3) agency theories, in which financing responds to managers’ personal incentives; and (4) the pecking-order theory, in which financing adapts to mitigate problems created by differences in information. These theories are conditional, not general. It is easy to find examples of each theory at work, but otherwise difficult to distinguish the theories empirically. Large, safe firms with mostly tangible assets tend to borrow more. Firms with high profitability and valuable growth opportunities tend to borrow less. Each of these tendencies is consistent with two or more of the major theories of financing. It may be possible to devise sharper tests by exporting the theories to developing economies, where agency and information problems are more severe. Further progress in understanding corporate financing decisions will require a deeper understanding of agency issues when value-maximizing operating and investment decisions cannot be observed or verified. But managers are not just temporary agents motivated by immediate pecuniary compensation or perquisites. Managers specialize their human capital to the firm. Some recent research suggests how financing can support the co-investment of human and financial capital.']

['gnd:4269795-5', 'gnd:4508395-2', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A183163581X']

['Corporate Finance', 'Mikrostrukturtheorie (Kapitalmarkttheorie)']

Document ### Title: ['Chapter 4. Financing of Corporations'] ### Abstract: ['This review evaluates the four major theories of corporate financing: (1) the Modigliani–Miller theory of capital-structure irrelevance, in which firm values and real investment decisions are unaffected by financing; (2) the trade-off theory, in which firms balance the tax advantages of borrowing against the costs of financial distress; (3) agency theories, in which financing responds to managers’ personal incentives; and (4) the pecking-order theory, in which financing adapts to mitigate problems created by differences in information. These theories are conditional, not general. It is easy to find examples of each theory at work, but otherwise difficult to distinguish the theories empirically. Large, safe firms with mostly tangible assets tend to borrow more. Firms with high profitability and valuable growth opportunities tend to borrow less. Each of these tendencies is consistent with two or more of the major theories of financing. It may be possible to devise sharper tests by exporting the theories to developing economies, where agency and information problems are more severe. Further progress in understanding corporate financing decisions will require a deeper understanding of agency issues when value-maximizing operating and investment decisions cannot be observed or verified. But managers are not just temporary agents motivated by immediate pecuniary compensation or perquisites. Managers specialize their human capital to the firm. Some recent research suggests how financing can support the co-investment of human and financial capital.'] ### GND ID: ['gnd:4269795-5', 'gnd:4508395-2', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A183163581X'] ### GND class: ['Corporate Finance', 'Mikrostrukturtheorie (Kapitalmarkttheorie)'] <|eot_id|>

3A1831635844.jsonld

['Chapter 1. Corporate Governance and Control']

['Corporate governance is concerned with the resolution of collective action problems among dispersed investors and the reconciliation of conflicts of interest between various corporate claimholders. In this survey we review the theoretical and empirical research on the main mechanisms of corporate control, discuss the main legal and regulatory institutions in different countries, and examine the comparative corporate governance literature. A fundamental dilemma of corporate governance emerges from this overview: regulation of large shareholder intervention may provide better protection to small shareholders; but such regulations may increase managerial discretion and scope for abuse.']

['gnd:4269795-5', 'gnd:4508395-2', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831635844']

['Corporate Finance', 'Mikrostrukturtheorie (Kapitalmarkttheorie)']

Document ### Title: ['Chapter 1. Corporate Governance and Control'] ### Abstract: ['Corporate governance is concerned with the resolution of collective action problems among dispersed investors and the reconciliation of conflicts of interest between various corporate claimholders. In this survey we review the theoretical and empirical research on the main mechanisms of corporate control, discuss the main legal and regulatory institutions in different countries, and examine the comparative corporate governance literature. A fundamental dilemma of corporate governance emerges from this overview: regulation of large shareholder intervention may provide better protection to small shareholders; but such regulations may increase managerial discretion and scope for abuse.'] ### GND ID: ['gnd:4269795-5', 'gnd:4508395-2', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831635844'] ### GND class: ['Corporate Finance', 'Mikrostrukturtheorie (Kapitalmarkttheorie)'] <|eot_id|>

3A183163595X.jsonld

['Chapter 9. Causal inference in environmental conservation: The role of institutions']

['The on-going degradation of global public goods such as biodiversity and climate regulation due to the loss of natural tropical ecosystems has generated demand for evidence on the effectiveness of alternative policy instruments for environmental conservation. Economists initially responded with ex post evaluations using quasi-experimental methods to identify average causal effects on outcomes such as deforestation. In this chapter, we demonstrate how careful attention to institutions enhances both the credibility and the policy relevance of these evaluations. Policy instruments such as protected areas, decentralization, and payments for ecosystem services are designed to change formal property rights institutions. Their causal effects are shaped by both formal and informal institutions, especially when they are applied to ecosystems that are also central to local livelihoods. Program evaluation should consider how these institutions define (1) assignment or selection of people and places, (2) specific treatments, through variation in institutional details that generate heterogeneous effects, (3) moderators that influence potential outcomes both with and without treatment, again generating heterogeneous effects, and (4) mechanisms, or the means by which instruments affect the ultimate outcomes.']

['gnd:4061638-1', 'gnd:4078523-3', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A183163595X']

['Umweltökonomie', 'Umweltpolitik']

Document ### Title: ['Chapter 9. Causal inference in environmental conservation: The role of institutions'] ### Abstract: ['The on-going degradation of global public goods such as biodiversity and climate regulation due to the loss of natural tropical ecosystems has generated demand for evidence on the effectiveness of alternative policy instruments for environmental conservation. Economists initially responded with ex post evaluations using quasi-experimental methods to identify average causal effects on outcomes such as deforestation. In this chapter, we demonstrate how careful attention to institutions enhances both the credibility and the policy relevance of these evaluations. Policy instruments such as protected areas, decentralization, and payments for ecosystem services are designed to change formal property rights institutions. Their causal effects are shaped by both formal and informal institutions, especially when they are applied to ecosystems that are also central to local livelihoods. Program evaluation should consider how these institutions define (1) assignment or selection of people and places, (2) specific treatments, through variation in institutional details that generate heterogeneous effects, (3) moderators that influence potential outcomes both with and without treatment, again generating heterogeneous effects, and (4) mechanisms, or the means by which instruments affect the ultimate outcomes.'] ### GND ID: ['gnd:4061638-1', 'gnd:4078523-3', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A183163595X'] ### GND class: ['Umweltökonomie', 'Umweltpolitik'] <|eot_id|>

3A1831635984.jsonld

['Chapter 6. Selection and design of environmental policy instruments']

['In this article, we provide an overview of a rather large topic: how economics can inform the selection and design of policy instruments to deal with environmental problems. We first identify (in Sections 1 – 2 ) underlying market failures that underscore the need for policy. Then, (in 3 ) we look at the menu of available policies. After that, we turn to the selection and design of appropriate policy instruments, with attention to the success or failure of policy instruments that have been tried in the past. In order to select instruments, we look to the root causes of the failures that motivate the use of instruments. Unfortunately, there is no single unified theory of policy selection. Instead, we present a series of results based on various special cases. This is complemented with a number of practical and political considerations related primarily to feasibility and the incidence of policy costs, which interact with distributional concerns. In Section 5 , we look at several specific examples to bring out the ideas and principles with more concrete, real-life details. Finally, the last section deals with policy making in the Anthropocene – the new period of history we are entering, when the human economy is the main driving force behind many crucial environmental parameters on Earth.']

['gnd:4061638-1', 'gnd:4078523-3', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831635984']

['Umweltökonomie', 'Umweltpolitik']

Document ### Title: ['Chapter 6. Selection and design of environmental policy instruments'] ### Abstract: ['In this article, we provide an overview of a rather large topic: how economics can inform the selection and design of policy instruments to deal with environmental problems. We first identify (in Sections 1 – 2 ) underlying market failures that underscore the need for policy. Then, (in 3 ) we look at the menu of available policies. After that, we turn to the selection and design of appropriate policy instruments, with attention to the success or failure of policy instruments that have been tried in the past. In order to select instruments, we look to the root causes of the failures that motivate the use of instruments. Unfortunately, there is no single unified theory of policy selection. Instead, we present a series of results based on various special cases. This is complemented with a number of practical and political considerations related primarily to feasibility and the incidence of policy costs, which interact with distributional concerns. In Section 5 , we look at several specific examples to bring out the ideas and principles with more concrete, real-life details. Finally, the last section deals with policy making in the Anthropocene – the new period of history we are entering, when the human economy is the main driving force behind many crucial environmental parameters on Earth.'] ### GND ID: ['gnd:4061638-1', 'gnd:4078523-3', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831635984'] ### GND class: ['Umweltökonomie', 'Umweltpolitik'] <|eot_id|>

3A1831635992.jsonld

['Chapter 7. Quasi-experimental methods in environmental economics: Opportunities and challenges']

['This paper examines the application of quasi-experimental methods in environmental economics. We begin with two observations: (i) standard quasi-experimental methods, first applied in other microeconomic fields, typically assume unit-level treatments that do not spill over across units; (ii) because public goods, such as environmental attributes, exhibit externalities, treatment of one unit often affects other units. To explore the implications of applying standard quasi-experimental methods to public good problems, we extend the potential outcomes framework to explicitly distinguish between unit-level source and the resulting group-level exposure of a public good. This new framework serves as a foundation for reviewing and interpreting key papers from the recent empirical literature. We formally demonstrate that two common quasi-experimental estimators of the marginal social benefit of a public good can be biased due to externality spillovers, even when the source of the public good itself is quasi-randomly assigned. We propose an unbiased estimator for the valuation of local public goods and discuss how it can be implemented in future studies. Finally, we consider how to preserve the advantages of the quasi-experimental approach when valuing global public goods, such as climate change mitigation, for which no control units are available.']

['gnd:4061638-1', 'gnd:4078523-3', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831635992']

['Umweltökonomie', 'Umweltpolitik']

Document ### Title: ['Chapter 7. Quasi-experimental methods in environmental economics: Opportunities and challenges'] ### Abstract: ['This paper examines the application of quasi-experimental methods in environmental economics. We begin with two observations: (i) standard quasi-experimental methods, first applied in other microeconomic fields, typically assume unit-level treatments that do not spill over across units; (ii) because public goods, such as environmental attributes, exhibit externalities, treatment of one unit often affects other units. To explore the implications of applying standard quasi-experimental methods to public good problems, we extend the potential outcomes framework to explicitly distinguish between unit-level source and the resulting group-level exposure of a public good. This new framework serves as a foundation for reviewing and interpreting key papers from the recent empirical literature. We formally demonstrate that two common quasi-experimental estimators of the marginal social benefit of a public good can be biased due to externality spillovers, even when the source of the public good itself is quasi-randomly assigned. We propose an unbiased estimator for the valuation of local public goods and discuss how it can be implemented in future studies. Finally, we consider how to preserve the advantages of the quasi-experimental approach when valuing global public goods, such as climate change mitigation, for which no control units are available.'] ### GND ID: ['gnd:4061638-1', 'gnd:4078523-3', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831635992'] ### GND class: ['Umweltökonomie', 'Umweltpolitik'] <|eot_id|>

3A1831636042.jsonld

['Chapter 1. Modeling coupled climate, ecosystems, and economic systems']

['Human economies and ecosystems form a coupled system coevolving in time and space, since human economies use ecosystems services and at the same time affect ecosystems through their production and consumption activities. The study of the interactions between human economies and ecosystems is fundamental for the efficient use of natural resources and the protection of the environment. This necessitates the development and use of models capable of tracing the main interactions, links and feedbacks. In developing this chapter, our objective was to focus on a segment of rapidly developing literature on coupled ecological/economic models with an emphasis on climate change. The advantage of this approach is that it introduces the reader to a very important current research topic, but it also allows, by using climate as the reference ecosystem, the exploration of new modeling approaches which are relevant and useful for the modeling of other types of coupled ecological/economic systems. These include modeling of deep structural uncertainty by using robust control methods, exploring modeling through cumulative carbon budgeting, studying spatial transport phenomena and spatial aspects in economic/ecological modeling.']

['gnd:4061638-1', 'gnd:4078523-3', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831636042']

['Umweltökonomie', 'Umweltpolitik']

Document ### Title: ['Chapter 1. Modeling coupled climate, ecosystems, and economic systems'] ### Abstract: ['Human economies and ecosystems form a coupled system coevolving in time and space, since human economies use ecosystems services and at the same time affect ecosystems through their production and consumption activities. The study of the interactions between human economies and ecosystems is fundamental for the efficient use of natural resources and the protection of the environment. This necessitates the development and use of models capable of tracing the main interactions, links and feedbacks. In developing this chapter, our objective was to focus on a segment of rapidly developing literature on coupled ecological/economic models with an emphasis on climate change. The advantage of this approach is that it introduces the reader to a very important current research topic, but it also allows, by using climate as the reference ecosystem, the exploration of new modeling approaches which are relevant and useful for the modeling of other types of coupled ecological/economic systems. These include modeling of deep structural uncertainty by using robust control methods, exploring modeling through cumulative carbon budgeting, studying spatial transport phenomena and spatial aspects in economic/ecological modeling.'] ### GND ID: ['gnd:4061638-1', 'gnd:4078523-3', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831636042'] ### GND class: ['Umweltökonomie', 'Umweltpolitik'] <|eot_id|>

3A1831636050.jsonld

['Subject Index']

['This chapter lists the terms that have contributed to the book Handbook of Environmental Economics, Volume 3 , such as abatement, abatement costs, adaptation, and others. These terms have been mentioned along with the page numbers in which they have appeared in the bookfor the ease of the reader.']

['gnd:4061638-1', 'gnd:4078523-3', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831636050']

['Umweltökonomie', 'Umweltpolitik']

Document ### Title: ['Subject Index'] ### Abstract: ['This chapter lists the terms that have contributed to the book Handbook of Environmental Economics, Volume 3 , such as abatement, abatement costs, adaptation, and others. These terms have been mentioned along with the page numbers in which they have appeared in the bookfor the ease of the reader.'] ### GND ID: ['gnd:4061638-1', 'gnd:4078523-3', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831636050'] ### GND class: ['Umweltökonomie', 'Umweltpolitik'] <|eot_id|>

3A1831636069.jsonld

['Author Index']

['This chapter lists the names of the people who have contributed to the book Handbook of Environmental Economics, Volume 3 , such as Abler, D., Atkinson, A.B., Aukrust, O., and others. Their names have been mentioned along with the page number in which their names appear in the bookfor the ease of the reader.']

['gnd:4061638-1', 'gnd:4078523-3', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831636069']

['Umweltökonomie', 'Umweltpolitik']

Document ### Title: ['Author Index'] ### Abstract: ['This chapter lists the names of the people who have contributed to the book Handbook of Environmental Economics, Volume 3 , such as Abler, D., Atkinson, A.B., Aukrust, O., and others. Their names have been mentioned along with the page number in which their names appear in the bookfor the ease of the reader.'] ### GND ID: ['gnd:4061638-1', 'gnd:4078523-3', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831636069'] ### GND class: ['Umweltökonomie', 'Umweltpolitik'] <|eot_id|>

3A1831636085.jsonld

['Dedication']

['This chapter is a dedication to Allen Kneese for this volume. Allen was an editor of the North Holland Handbook of Natural Resource and Energy Economics .']

['gnd:4061638-1', 'gnd:4078523-3', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831636085']

['Umweltökonomie', 'Umweltpolitik']

Document ### Title: ['Dedication'] ### Abstract: ['This chapter is a dedication to Allen Kneese for this volume. Allen was an editor of the North Holland Handbook of Natural Resource and Energy Economics .'] ### GND ID: ['gnd:4061638-1', 'gnd:4078523-3', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831636085'] ### GND class: ['Umweltökonomie', 'Umweltpolitik'] <|eot_id|>

3A1831636107.jsonld

['Introduction to the Series']

['The series Handbooks in Economics produces handbooks for various branches of economics, each of which is a definitive source, reference, and teaching supplement for the use by professional researchers and advanced graduate students. Each handbook provides self-contained surveys of the current state of a branch of economics in the form of chapters prepared by leading specialists on various aspects of this branch of economics. These surveys summarize not only received results but also newer developments, from current journal articles and discussion papers. Some original material is also included, but the main goal is to provide comprehensive and accessible surveys.']

['gnd:4061638-1', 'gnd:4078523-3', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831636107']

['Umweltökonomie', 'Umweltpolitik']

Document ### Title: ['Introduction to the Series'] ### Abstract: ['The series Handbooks in Economics produces handbooks for various branches of economics, each of which is a definitive source, reference, and teaching supplement for the use by professional researchers and advanced graduate students. Each handbook provides self-contained surveys of the current state of a branch of economics in the form of chapters prepared by leading specialists on various aspects of this branch of economics. These surveys summarize not only received results but also newer developments, from current journal articles and discussion papers. Some original material is also included, but the main goal is to provide comprehensive and accessible surveys.'] ### GND ID: ['gnd:4061638-1', 'gnd:4078523-3', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831636107'] ### GND class: ['Umweltökonomie', 'Umweltpolitik'] <|eot_id|>

3A183163614X.jsonld

['Chapter 27 International Trade, Foreign Investment, and the Environment']

['The 1990s produced a large literature on foreign trade and the environment, including both theoretical and empirical contributions. The paper surveys this literature. It starts by looking at the traditional Heckscher–Ohlin type models of international trade and then moves to noncompetitive models and the strategic use of environmental policy in open economies. A shorter section is devoted to public-choice approaches to environmental policy. Moreover, the paper deals with factor mobility and interjurisdictional competition, with intertemporal issues such as renewable resources and foreign indebtedness, with the empirical evidence, and with institutional issues related to the World Trade Organization and international environmental agreements. Basically three questions are addressed from different points of view: – Are trade liberalisation and increased factor mobility good or bad for the environment? – Are there larger incentives to relax environmental policies if economies are more open? – Do we have to expect a race towards the bottom in environmental regulation if trade and international factor movements are liberalised? The answers to all these questions are ambiguous. Since many of the recent contributions to the theoretical literature model second-best worlds, in which the environmental externality is only one of several distortions of the economy, the results depend crucially on the nature of the other distortions. This survey paper gives an overview of this literature and explains the contradictory results. On the empirical side, the results are inconclusive as well. The link between environmental policies on the one hand and international trade and factor movements on the other is much weaker than one might have expected given the intensity and controversy of the policy debate at the turn of the century. Based on the theoretical results and on the empirical evidence, the paper finally tries to identify promising areas of future research. In spite of much progress made in the last decade, much remains to be done.']

['gnd:4061638-1', 'gnd:4078523-3', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A183163614X']

['Umweltökonomie', 'Umweltpolitik']

Document ### Title: ['Chapter 27 International Trade, Foreign Investment, and the Environment'] ### Abstract: ['The 1990s produced a large literature on foreign trade and the environment, including both theoretical and empirical contributions. The paper surveys this literature. It starts by looking at the traditional Heckscher–Ohlin type models of international trade and then moves to noncompetitive models and the strategic use of environmental policy in open economies. A shorter section is devoted to public-choice approaches to environmental policy. Moreover, the paper deals with factor mobility and interjurisdictional competition, with intertemporal issues such as renewable resources and foreign indebtedness, with the empirical evidence, and with institutional issues related to the World Trade Organization and international environmental agreements. Basically three questions are addressed from different points of view: – Are trade liberalisation and increased factor mobility good or bad for the environment? – Are there larger incentives to relax environmental policies if economies are more open? – Do we have to expect a race towards the bottom in environmental regulation if trade and international factor movements are liberalised? The answers to all these questions are ambiguous. Since many of the recent contributions to the theoretical literature model second-best worlds, in which the environmental externality is only one of several distortions of the economy, the results depend crucially on the nature of the other distortions. This survey paper gives an overview of this literature and explains the contradictory results. On the empirical side, the results are inconclusive as well. The link between environmental policies on the one hand and international trade and factor movements on the other is much weaker than one might have expected given the intensity and controversy of the policy debate at the turn of the century. Based on the theoretical results and on the empirical evidence, the paper finally tries to identify promising areas of future research. In spite of much progress made in the last decade, much remains to be done.'] ### GND ID: ['gnd:4061638-1', 'gnd:4078523-3', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A183163614X'] ### GND class: ['Umweltökonomie', 'Umweltpolitik'] <|eot_id|>

3A1831636158.jsonld

['Chapter 26 Environmental implications of non-environmental policies']

['This chapter seeks to understand the linkages between non-environmental polices and the environment, with a particular focus on taxation and subsidies. In order to understand the quite complex literature on this subject, we draw on the theory of the second best and the theory of optimal taxation. The thrust of the chapter is that there are multiple objectives and interactions among the various policies employed to meet them. In retrospect, one can always ‘do better’ in, say, improving efficiency and environmental quality without worsening the income distribution. What is interesting is to understand what the environmental impacts of the non-environmental policies have been and what lessons one can learn about the formulation of similar policies in the future. That is the central purpose of the chapter. Section 2 examines subsidies in agriculture and transport, as well as policies relating to trade liberalization, privatization, and public infrastructure investment. Section 3 is devoted specifically to energy subsidies. It reviews the results of partial- and general-equilibrium studies on energy subsidies, including environmental impacts (in particular, carbon emissions). Section 4 presents a general-equilibrium model in which energy subsidies and other taxes in the economy are reduced in a revenue-neutral fashion. Two important general-equilibrium effects, the revenue-recycling effect and the tax-interaction effect, are introduced in this section. Sections 5 and 6 continue the discussion of revenue-neutral fiscal policy changes, focusing on the substitution of environmental taxes for other taxes, in particular taxes on labor. This is the “double dividend” debate. Section 5 presents the theory, while Section 6 presents empirical evidence for the European Union. The latter section focuses primarily on employment effects, not welfare effects (the “employment double dividend” vs. “gross welfare dividend”). Section 7 summarizes the main points of the chapter.']

['gnd:4061638-1', 'gnd:4078523-3', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831636158']

['Umweltökonomie', 'Umweltpolitik']

Document ### Title: ['Chapter 26 Environmental implications of non-environmental policies'] ### Abstract: ['This chapter seeks to understand the linkages between non-environmental polices and the environment, with a particular focus on taxation and subsidies. In order to understand the quite complex literature on this subject, we draw on the theory of the second best and the theory of optimal taxation. The thrust of the chapter is that there are multiple objectives and interactions among the various policies employed to meet them. In retrospect, one can always ‘do better’ in, say, improving efficiency and environmental quality without worsening the income distribution. What is interesting is to understand what the environmental impacts of the non-environmental policies have been and what lessons one can learn about the formulation of similar policies in the future. That is the central purpose of the chapter. Section 2 examines subsidies in agriculture and transport, as well as policies relating to trade liberalization, privatization, and public infrastructure investment. Section 3 is devoted specifically to energy subsidies. It reviews the results of partial- and general-equilibrium studies on energy subsidies, including environmental impacts (in particular, carbon emissions). Section 4 presents a general-equilibrium model in which energy subsidies and other taxes in the economy are reduced in a revenue-neutral fashion. Two important general-equilibrium effects, the revenue-recycling effect and the tax-interaction effect, are introduced in this section. Sections 5 and 6 continue the discussion of revenue-neutral fiscal policy changes, focusing on the substitution of environmental taxes for other taxes, in particular taxes on labor. This is the “double dividend” debate. Section 5 presents the theory, while Section 6 presents empirical evidence for the European Union. The latter section focuses primarily on employment effects, not welfare effects (the “employment double dividend” vs. “gross welfare dividend”). Section 7 summarizes the main points of the chapter.'] ### GND ID: ['gnd:4061638-1', 'gnd:4078523-3', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831636158'] ### GND class: ['Umweltökonomie', 'Umweltpolitik'] <|eot_id|>

3A1831636166.jsonld

['Chapter 25 Calculating the Costs of Environmental Regulation']

["Decisions concerning environmental protection hinge on estimates of economic burden. Over the past 30 years, economists have developed and applied various tools to measure this burden. In this chapter, we present a taxonomy of costs along with methods for measuring those costs. At the broadest level, we distinguish between partial and general equilibrium costs. Partial equilibrium costs represent the burden directly borne by the regulated entity (firms, households, government), including both pecuniary and nonpecuniary expenses, when prices are held constant. General equilibrium costs reflect the net burden once all good and factor markets have equilibrated. In addition to partial equilibrium costs, these general equilibrium costs include welfare losses or gains in markets with preexisting distortions, welfare losses or gains from rebalancing the government's budget constraint, and welfare gains from the added flexibility of meeting pollution constraints through reductions in the use of higher-priced, pollution-intensive products. In addition to both partial and general equilibrium costs, we also consider the distribution of costs across households, countries, sectors, subnational regions, and generations. Despite improvements in our understanding of cost measurement, we find considerable opportunity for further work and, especially, better application of existing methods."]

['gnd:4061638-1', 'gnd:4078523-3', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831636166']

['Umweltökonomie', 'Umweltpolitik']

Document ### Title: ['Chapter 25 Calculating the Costs of Environmental Regulation'] ### Abstract: ["Decisions concerning environmental protection hinge on estimates of economic burden. Over the past 30 years, economists have developed and applied various tools to measure this burden. In this chapter, we present a taxonomy of costs along with methods for measuring those costs. At the broadest level, we distinguish between partial and general equilibrium costs. Partial equilibrium costs represent the burden directly borne by the regulated entity (firms, households, government), including both pecuniary and nonpecuniary expenses, when prices are held constant. General equilibrium costs reflect the net burden once all good and factor markets have equilibrated. In addition to partial equilibrium costs, these general equilibrium costs include welfare losses or gains in markets with preexisting distortions, welfare losses or gains from rebalancing the government's budget constraint, and welfare gains from the added flexibility of meeting pollution constraints through reductions in the use of higher-priced, pollution-intensive products. In addition to both partial and general equilibrium costs, we also consider the distribution of costs across households, countries, sectors, subnational regions, and generations. Despite improvements in our understanding of cost measurement, we find considerable opportunity for further work and, especially, better application of existing methods."] ### GND ID: ['gnd:4061638-1', 'gnd:4078523-3', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831636166'] ### GND class: ['Umweltökonomie', 'Umweltpolitik'] <|eot_id|>

3A1831636174.jsonld

['Chapter 24 CGE Modeling of Environmental Policy and Resource Management']

['Computable general equilibrium (CGE) modeling is an attempt to use general equilibrium theory as a tool for analysis of resource allocation and income distribution issues in market economies. Since the beginning of the 1990s, CGE modeling has been widely used for analysis of environmental policy and natural resource management issues. The purpose of this chapter is to review this branch of CGE modeling. Most existing CGE models are static , but as faster computers and more efficient software have become available, an increasing number of environmental CGE models are dynamic . In addition to the static–dynamic dimension, it is useful to distinguish between single-country, multi-country and global models. Some environmental CGE models are primarily focused on the external effects of production and consumption, while others are designed to elucidate various issues related to the management of natural resources. However, most existing CGE models are focused on externalities, primarily emissions of greenhouse gases. Global “externality” CGE models have been used to estimate the social cost of complying with the Kyoto Protocol, while single-country models, among many other things, have been used for evaluation of the efficiency of emission taxes and other environmental policy instruments. CGE modeling currently is both a field for specialists and an almost standard part of the toolbox of economists concerned with policy-oriented research. A major reason for the widespread use of CGE modeling probably is that a CGE model is an ideal bridge between economic theory and applied policy research. The “bridge” perspective, however, suggests that CGE modeling is a way of using rather than testing economic theory. Yet carefully designed and estimated CGE models have a lot to say about real world economies.']

['gnd:4061638-1', 'gnd:4078523-3', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831636174']

['Umweltökonomie', 'Umweltpolitik']

Document ### Title: ['Chapter 24 CGE Modeling of Environmental Policy and Resource Management'] ### Abstract: ['Computable general equilibrium (CGE) modeling is an attempt to use general equilibrium theory as a tool for analysis of resource allocation and income distribution issues in market economies. Since the beginning of the 1990s, CGE modeling has been widely used for analysis of environmental policy and natural resource management issues. The purpose of this chapter is to review this branch of CGE modeling. Most existing CGE models are static , but as faster computers and more efficient software have become available, an increasing number of environmental CGE models are dynamic . In addition to the static–dynamic dimension, it is useful to distinguish between single-country, multi-country and global models. Some environmental CGE models are primarily focused on the external effects of production and consumption, while others are designed to elucidate various issues related to the management of natural resources. However, most existing CGE models are focused on externalities, primarily emissions of greenhouse gases. Global “externality” CGE models have been used to estimate the social cost of complying with the Kyoto Protocol, while single-country models, among many other things, have been used for evaluation of the efficiency of emission taxes and other environmental policy instruments. CGE modeling currently is both a field for specialists and an almost standard part of the toolbox of economists concerned with policy-oriented research. A major reason for the widespread use of CGE modeling probably is that a CGE model is an ideal bridge between economic theory and applied policy research. The “bridge” perspective, however, suggests that CGE modeling is a way of using rather than testing economic theory. Yet carefully designed and estimated CGE models have a lot to say about real world economies.'] ### GND ID: ['gnd:4061638-1', 'gnd:4078523-3', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831636174'] ### GND class: ['Umweltökonomie', 'Umweltpolitik'] <|eot_id|>

3A1831636182.jsonld

['Chapter 23 Economic growth and the environment']

['Environmental pollution is introduced both as a joint product and as a source of disutility in growth models. The purpose is to explore vital questions such as: is environmental protection compatible with economic growth; is it possible to have sustained growth in the long run without accumulation of pollution; what is the impact of environmental concerns on growth, and in particular, how are the levels, the paths or the growth rates of crucial variables such as capital, income, consumption or environmental pollution affected if we take into account the environment; what type of deviations do we observe between market outcomes and the social optimum; what are the policy implications of these deviations; what do data tell us about stylized facts relating environmental quality and economic development (the environmental Kuznets curve); and how can total factor productivity be decomposed into its sources once we account for the fact that an economy produces not only the desired output, but also undesirable output (environmental pollution)?']

['gnd:4061638-1', 'gnd:4078523-3', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831636182']

['Umweltökonomie', 'Umweltpolitik']

Document ### Title: ['Chapter 23 Economic growth and the environment'] ### Abstract: ['Environmental pollution is introduced both as a joint product and as a source of disutility in growth models. The purpose is to explore vital questions such as: is environmental protection compatible with economic growth; is it possible to have sustained growth in the long run without accumulation of pollution; what is the impact of environmental concerns on growth, and in particular, how are the levels, the paths or the growth rates of crucial variables such as capital, income, consumption or environmental pollution affected if we take into account the environment; what type of deviations do we observe between market outcomes and the social optimum; what are the policy implications of these deviations; what do data tell us about stylized facts relating environmental quality and economic development (the environmental Kuznets curve); and how can total factor productivity be decomposed into its sources once we account for the fact that an economy produces not only the desired output, but also undesirable output (environmental pollution)?'] ### GND ID: ['gnd:4061638-1', 'gnd:4078523-3', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831636182'] ### GND class: ['Umweltökonomie', 'Umweltpolitik'] <|eot_id|>

3A1831636204.jsonld

['Chapter 21 Intertemporal Welfare Economics and the Environment']

['I review the complex welfare economic issues that arise in environmental decision-making over very long periods, as in cases relating to climate change and biodiversity loss. I also consider the issues that arise in choosing a discount rate to apply to very long-run projects and indicate how such rates should be chosen.']

['gnd:4061638-1', 'gnd:4078523-3', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831636204']

['Umweltökonomie', 'Umweltpolitik']

Document ### Title: ['Chapter 21 Intertemporal Welfare Economics and the Environment'] ### Abstract: ['I review the complex welfare economic issues that arise in environmental decision-making over very long periods, as in cases relating to climate change and biodiversity loss. I also consider the issues that arise in choosing a discount rate to apply to very long-run projects and indicate how such rates should be chosen.'] ### GND ID: ['gnd:4061638-1', 'gnd:4078523-3', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831636204'] ### GND class: ['Umweltökonomie', 'Umweltpolitik'] <|eot_id|>

3A1831636336.jsonld

['Chapter 15 Recreation Demand Models']

["Travel cost recreation demand models stem from a simple, but penetrating, insight. Consumption of an outdoor recreation site's services requires the user to incur the costs of a trip to that site. Travel costs serve as implicit prices. These costs reflect both people's distances from recreation sites visited and their specific opportunity costs of time. Today, economic analyses of recreation choices are among the most advanced examples of microeconometric modeling of consumer behavior in economics. The primary focus of this chapter is on the methods used to describe individuals' recreation choices. We are interested in the economic assumptions made in descriptions of behavior and measures of the economic value of amenities. Before developing this summary, in Section 2 we discuss how outdoor recreation fits within consumers' overall expenditures. Section 3 describes how we might ideally like to estimate consumers' preferences for recreation resources and the compromises implied by the models currently being used. Econometric details are deferred until Section 5, after a discussion of the features of recreation data in Section 4. In Section 6 we turn to conceptual issues in welfare measurement. We close in Section 7 with a discussion of a few research opportunities that seem especially important for the future."]

['gnd:4006340-9', 'gnd:4061616-2', 'gnd:4061638-1', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831636336']

['Bewertung', 'Umwelt', 'Umweltökonomie']

Document ### Title: ['Chapter 15 Recreation Demand Models'] ### Abstract: ["Travel cost recreation demand models stem from a simple, but penetrating, insight. Consumption of an outdoor recreation site's services requires the user to incur the costs of a trip to that site. Travel costs serve as implicit prices. These costs reflect both people's distances from recreation sites visited and their specific opportunity costs of time. Today, economic analyses of recreation choices are among the most advanced examples of microeconometric modeling of consumer behavior in economics. The primary focus of this chapter is on the methods used to describe individuals' recreation choices. We are interested in the economic assumptions made in descriptions of behavior and measures of the economic value of amenities. Before developing this summary, in Section 2 we discuss how outdoor recreation fits within consumers' overall expenditures. Section 3 describes how we might ideally like to estimate consumers' preferences for recreation resources and the compromises implied by the models currently being used. Econometric details are deferred until Section 5, after a discussion of the features of recreation data in Section 4. In Section 6 we turn to conceptual issues in welfare measurement. We close in Section 7 with a discussion of a few research opportunities that seem especially important for the future."] ### GND ID: ['gnd:4006340-9', 'gnd:4061616-2', 'gnd:4061638-1', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831636336'] ### GND class: ['Bewertung', 'Umwelt', 'Umweltökonomie'] <|eot_id|>

3A1831636360.jsonld

['Chapter 12 Welfare Theory and Valuation']

["Public policies that lead to a reduction in the emissions of air and water pollutants or the protection of sensitive ecosystems presumably increase the well-being of many members of society. Applied welfare economists are accustomed to measuring the welfare effects of policies that invoke price changes. If it is granted that the public good attributes of most dimensions of environmental quality preclude the development of well functioning markets for these service flows, how are the monetary values of changes in environmental quality to be measured? The past twenty to thirty years have seen the rapid development of the economic theory and techniques for measuring the demands for nonmarketed goods, and in this chapter we attempt to sketch out the major results. We review the basic concept of economic welfare and derive measures of welfare change for both changes in prices of market goods and changes in quantities and qualities of nonmarket goods. We then describe the principal economic techniques for estimating the benefits of environmental quality improvements when these improvements either directly affect individuals' well-being or indirectly affect individuals through constraints they face. Perhaps the major class of measurement methods is based on the observation that changes in environmental quality may cause individuals to alter purchases of goods and services that are complements or substitutes for environmental quality in their preference orderings. These revealed preference methods are the primary focus of this chapter. A second major approach to obtaining estimates of the benefits and costs of environmental changes, stated preference methods, are addressed in detail in later chapters. Our treatment of welfare effects places special emphasis on the connection between the underlying economic theory and practical empirical models."]

['gnd:4006340-9', 'gnd:4061616-2', 'gnd:4061638-1', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831636360']

['Bewertung', 'Umwelt', 'Umweltökonomie']

Document ### Title: ['Chapter 12 Welfare Theory and Valuation'] ### Abstract: ["Public policies that lead to a reduction in the emissions of air and water pollutants or the protection of sensitive ecosystems presumably increase the well-being of many members of society. Applied welfare economists are accustomed to measuring the welfare effects of policies that invoke price changes. If it is granted that the public good attributes of most dimensions of environmental quality preclude the development of well functioning markets for these service flows, how are the monetary values of changes in environmental quality to be measured? The past twenty to thirty years have seen the rapid development of the economic theory and techniques for measuring the demands for nonmarketed goods, and in this chapter we attempt to sketch out the major results. We review the basic concept of economic welfare and derive measures of welfare change for both changes in prices of market goods and changes in quantities and qualities of nonmarket goods. We then describe the principal economic techniques for estimating the benefits of environmental quality improvements when these improvements either directly affect individuals' well-being or indirectly affect individuals through constraints they face. Perhaps the major class of measurement methods is based on the observation that changes in environmental quality may cause individuals to alter purchases of goods and services that are complements or substitutes for environmental quality in their preference orderings. These revealed preference methods are the primary focus of this chapter. A second major approach to obtaining estimates of the benefits and costs of environmental changes, stated preference methods, are addressed in detail in later chapters. Our treatment of welfare effects places special emphasis on the connection between the underlying economic theory and practical empirical models."] ### GND ID: ['gnd:4006340-9', 'gnd:4061616-2', 'gnd:4061638-1', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831636360'] ### GND class: ['Bewertung', 'Umwelt', 'Umweltökonomie'] <|eot_id|>

3A1831636433.jsonld

['Chapter 11. Technological change and the Environment']

['Environmental policy discussions increasingly focus on issues related to technological change. This is partly because the environmental consequences of social activity are frequently affected by the rate and direction of technological change, and partly because environmental policy interventions can themselves create constraints and incentives that have significant effects on the path of technological progress. This chapter summarizes current thinking on technological change in the broader economics literature, surveys the growing economic literature on the interaction between technology and the environment, and explores the normative implications of these analyses. We begin with a brief overview of the economics of technological change, and then examine theory and empirical evidence on invention, innovation, and diffusion and the related literature on the effects of environmental policy on the creation of new, environmentally friendly technology. We conclude with suggestions for further research on technological change and the environment.']

['gnd:4061619-8', 'gnd:4061638-1', 'gnd:4075236-7', 'gnd:4078523-3', 'gnd:4164199-1', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831636433']

['Umweltbelastung', 'Umweltökonomie', 'Natürliche Ressourcen', 'Umweltpolitik', 'Klimaänderung']

Document ### Title: ['Chapter 11. Technological change and the Environment'] ### Abstract: ['Environmental policy discussions increasingly focus on issues related to technological change. This is partly because the environmental consequences of social activity are frequently affected by the rate and direction of technological change, and partly because environmental policy interventions can themselves create constraints and incentives that have significant effects on the path of technological progress. This chapter summarizes current thinking on technological change in the broader economics literature, surveys the growing economic literature on the interaction between technology and the environment, and explores the normative implications of these analyses. We begin with a brief overview of the economics of technological change, and then examine theory and empirical evidence on invention, innovation, and diffusion and the related literature on the effects of environmental policy on the creation of new, environmentally friendly technology. We conclude with suggestions for further research on technological change and the environment.'] ### GND ID: ['gnd:4061619-8', 'gnd:4061638-1', 'gnd:4075236-7', 'gnd:4078523-3', 'gnd:4164199-1', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831636433'] ### GND class: ['Umweltbelastung', 'Umweltökonomie', 'Natürliche Ressourcen', 'Umweltpolitik', 'Klimaänderung'] <|eot_id|>

3A1831636468.jsonld

['Chapter 8. The Political Economy of Environmental Policy']

['This chapter provides a review and assessment of the extensive literature on the political determination of environmental regulation. A promising theoretical literature has emerged relatively recently that provides models of the political interaction of government with various interest groups in the setting of environmental standards and the choice of regulatory instruments. A large empirical literature supports such models, finding evidence of the influence of interest groups but also evidence that net social benefits are often an important determinant of environmental policy choices. A later section of the paper takes up the issue of environmental federalism and the large and growing theoretical literature that addresses the so-called competitive “race to the bottom” as various jurisdictions attempt to use environmental policy as an instrument of economic competition. The evidence on all this is sparse, although some recent work in the U.S. is unable to find any support for the race-to-the-bottom hypothesis. The paper concludes with a brief look at the evolution of environmental policy and finds that economics has come to play a growing role both in the setting of standards for environmental quality and in the design of regulatory measures. There seems to be a discernible trend toward more efficient decision-making for environmental protection.']

['gnd:4061619-8', 'gnd:4061638-1', 'gnd:4075236-7', 'gnd:4078523-3', 'gnd:4164199-1', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831636468']

['Umweltbelastung', 'Umweltökonomie', 'Natürliche Ressourcen', 'Umweltpolitik', 'Klimaänderung']

Document ### Title: ['Chapter 8. The Political Economy of Environmental Policy'] ### Abstract: ['This chapter provides a review and assessment of the extensive literature on the political determination of environmental regulation. A promising theoretical literature has emerged relatively recently that provides models of the political interaction of government with various interest groups in the setting of environmental standards and the choice of regulatory instruments. A large empirical literature supports such models, finding evidence of the influence of interest groups but also evidence that net social benefits are often an important determinant of environmental policy choices. A later section of the paper takes up the issue of environmental federalism and the large and growing theoretical literature that addresses the so-called competitive “race to the bottom” as various jurisdictions attempt to use environmental policy as an instrument of economic competition. The evidence on all this is sparse, although some recent work in the U.S. is unable to find any support for the race-to-the-bottom hypothesis. The paper concludes with a brief look at the evolution of environmental policy and finds that economics has come to play a growing role both in the setting of standards for environmental quality and in the design of regulatory measures. There seems to be a discernible trend toward more efficient decision-making for environmental protection.'] ### GND ID: ['gnd:4061619-8', 'gnd:4061638-1', 'gnd:4075236-7', 'gnd:4078523-3', 'gnd:4164199-1', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831636468'] ### GND class: ['Umweltbelastung', 'Umweltökonomie', 'Natürliche Ressourcen', 'Umweltpolitik', 'Klimaänderung'] <|eot_id|>

3A1831636476.jsonld

['Chapter 7. Mechanism Design for the Environment']

['We argue that when externalities such as pollution are nonexcludable, agents must be compelled to participate in a “mechanism” to ensure a Pareto-efficient outcome. We survey some of the main findings of the mechanism-design (implementation-theory) literature – such as the Nash implementation theorem, the Gibbard–Satterthwaite theorem, the Vickrey–Clarke–Groves mechanism, and the Arrow/d’Aspremont–Gerard–Varet mechanism – and consider their implications for the environment, in particular the reduction of aggregate emissions of pollution. We consider the cases of both complete and incomplete information.']

['gnd:4061619-8', 'gnd:4061638-1', 'gnd:4075236-7', 'gnd:4078523-3', 'gnd:4164199-1', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831636476']

['Umweltbelastung', 'Umweltökonomie', 'Natürliche Ressourcen', 'Umweltpolitik', 'Klimaänderung']

Document ### Title: ['Chapter 7. Mechanism Design for the Environment'] ### Abstract: ['We argue that when externalities such as pollution are nonexcludable, agents must be compelled to participate in a “mechanism” to ensure a Pareto-efficient outcome. We survey some of the main findings of the mechanism-design (implementation-theory) literature – such as the Nash implementation theorem, the Gibbard–Satterthwaite theorem, the Vickrey–Clarke–Groves mechanism, and the Arrow/d’Aspremont–Gerard–Varet mechanism – and consider their implications for the environment, in particular the reduction of aggregate emissions of pollution. We consider the cases of both complete and incomplete information.'] ### GND ID: ['gnd:4061619-8', 'gnd:4061638-1', 'gnd:4075236-7', 'gnd:4078523-3', 'gnd:4164199-1', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831636476'] ### GND class: ['Umweltbelastung', 'Umweltökonomie', 'Natürliche Ressourcen', 'Umweltpolitik', 'Klimaänderung'] <|eot_id|>

3A1831636492.jsonld

['Chapter 5. Population, Poverty, and the Natural Environment']

['This chapter studies the interface in poor countries of population growth, rural poverty, and deterioration of the local natural-resource base, a subject that has been much neglected by modern demographers and development economists. The motivations for procreation in rural communities of the poorest regions of the world are analyzed, and recent work on the relevance of gender relationships to such motivations is summarized. Four potentially significant social externalities associated with fertility behavior and use of the local natural-resource base are identified. Three are shown to be pronatalist in their effects, while the fourth is shown to be ambiguous, in that it can be either pro-or anti-natalist. It is shown that one of the externalities may even provide an invidious link between fertility decisions and the use of the local natural-resource base. The fourth type of externality is used to develop a theory of fertility transitions in the contemporary world. The theory views such transitions as disequilibrium phenomena.']

['gnd:4061619-8', 'gnd:4061638-1', 'gnd:4075236-7', 'gnd:4078523-3', 'gnd:4164199-1', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831636492']

['Umweltbelastung', 'Umweltökonomie', 'Natürliche Ressourcen', 'Umweltpolitik', 'Klimaänderung']

Document ### Title: ['Chapter 5. Population, Poverty, and the Natural Environment'] ### Abstract: ['This chapter studies the interface in poor countries of population growth, rural poverty, and deterioration of the local natural-resource base, a subject that has been much neglected by modern demographers and development economists. The motivations for procreation in rural communities of the poorest regions of the world are analyzed, and recent work on the relevance of gender relationships to such motivations is summarized. Four potentially significant social externalities associated with fertility behavior and use of the local natural-resource base are identified. Three are shown to be pronatalist in their effects, while the fourth is shown to be ambiguous, in that it can be either pro-or anti-natalist. It is shown that one of the externalities may even provide an invidious link between fertility decisions and the use of the local natural-resource base. The fourth type of externality is used to develop a theory of fertility transitions in the contemporary world. The theory views such transitions as disequilibrium phenomena.'] ### GND ID: ['gnd:4061619-8', 'gnd:4061638-1', 'gnd:4075236-7', 'gnd:4078523-3', 'gnd:4164199-1', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831636492'] ### GND class: ['Umweltbelastung', 'Umweltökonomie', 'Natürliche Ressourcen', 'Umweltpolitik', 'Klimaänderung'] <|eot_id|>

3A1831636522.jsonld

['Chapter 2. Ecosystem Dynamics']

['From ecosystems we derive food and fiber, fuel and pharmaceuticals. Ecosystems mediate local and regional climates, stabilize soils, purify water, and in general provide a nearly endless list of services essential to life as we know it. To understand how to manage these services it is essential to understand how ecological communities are organized and how to measure the biological diversity they contain. Ecological communities are comprised of many species, which are in turn made up of large numbers of individuals, each with their own separate ecological and evolutionary agendas. Not all species are equal as regards their role in maintaining the functioning of ecosystems or their resiliency in the face of stress. This chapter explains how ecosystems evolve and function as complex adaptive systems. It examines ecological systems at scales from the small to the large, from the individual to the collective to the community, from the leaf to the plant to the biosphere (including the global carbon cycle). It reviews theoretical and empirical models of ecosystem dynamics, which are highly nonlinear and contain the potential for qualitative and irreversible shifts. It considers applications to forests, fisheries, grasslands, and freshwater lakes.']

['gnd:4061619-8', 'gnd:4061638-1', 'gnd:4075236-7', 'gnd:4078523-3', 'gnd:4164199-1', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831636522']

['Umweltbelastung', 'Umweltökonomie', 'Natürliche Ressourcen', 'Umweltpolitik', 'Klimaänderung']

Document ### Title: ['Chapter 2. Ecosystem Dynamics'] ### Abstract: ['From ecosystems we derive food and fiber, fuel and pharmaceuticals. Ecosystems mediate local and regional climates, stabilize soils, purify water, and in general provide a nearly endless list of services essential to life as we know it. To understand how to manage these services it is essential to understand how ecological communities are organized and how to measure the biological diversity they contain. Ecological communities are comprised of many species, which are in turn made up of large numbers of individuals, each with their own separate ecological and evolutionary agendas. Not all species are equal as regards their role in maintaining the functioning of ecosystems or their resiliency in the face of stress. This chapter explains how ecosystems evolve and function as complex adaptive systems. It examines ecological systems at scales from the small to the large, from the individual to the collective to the community, from the leaf to the plant to the biosphere (including the global carbon cycle). It reviews theoretical and empirical models of ecosystem dynamics, which are highly nonlinear and contain the potential for qualitative and irreversible shifts. It considers applications to forests, fisheries, grasslands, and freshwater lakes.'] ### GND ID: ['gnd:4061619-8', 'gnd:4061638-1', 'gnd:4075236-7', 'gnd:4078523-3', 'gnd:4164199-1', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831636522'] ### GND class: ['Umweltbelastung', 'Umweltökonomie', 'Natürliche Ressourcen', 'Umweltpolitik', 'Klimaänderung'] <|eot_id|>

3A1831636530.jsonld

['Chapter 1. Geophysical and Geochemical Aspects of Environmental Degradation']

['The environmental system is characterized by an interplay of geophysical and geochemical processes that provide a setting for life. Now that human interventions are affecting the global system as a whole, it is important to distinguish between changes of natural origin and changes brought about by human activities. Major difficulties arise in doing this because of the nonlinear and chaotic nature of the interactions between the environmental and human systems. Following an initial review of basic earth science principles, this chapter focuses on five fundamental issues that are important in all quarters of the world. Two sections deal with purely atmospheric issues, air pollution near the earth’s surface and depletion of ozone in the stratosphere. These sections are followed by a closer look at water pollution and water management. A specific issue, acidification of freshwaters and soils, is next dealt with in more detail. The final issue addressed in the chapter, global climate change, requires an analysis of the total environmental system. All of these environmental issues have a bearing on how humankind might be able to secure sustainable development for the future, which is touched upon in the concluding section.']

['gnd:4061619-8', 'gnd:4061638-1', 'gnd:4075236-7', 'gnd:4078523-3', 'gnd:4164199-1', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831636530']

['Umweltbelastung', 'Umweltökonomie', 'Natürliche Ressourcen', 'Umweltpolitik', 'Klimaänderung']

Document ### Title: ['Chapter 1. Geophysical and Geochemical Aspects of Environmental Degradation'] ### Abstract: ['The environmental system is characterized by an interplay of geophysical and geochemical processes that provide a setting for life. Now that human interventions are affecting the global system as a whole, it is important to distinguish between changes of natural origin and changes brought about by human activities. Major difficulties arise in doing this because of the nonlinear and chaotic nature of the interactions between the environmental and human systems. Following an initial review of basic earth science principles, this chapter focuses on five fundamental issues that are important in all quarters of the world. Two sections deal with purely atmospheric issues, air pollution near the earth’s surface and depletion of ozone in the stratosphere. These sections are followed by a closer look at water pollution and water management. A specific issue, acidification of freshwaters and soils, is next dealt with in more detail. The final issue addressed in the chapter, global climate change, requires an analysis of the total environmental system. All of these environmental issues have a bearing on how humankind might be able to secure sustainable development for the future, which is touched upon in the concluding section.'] ### GND ID: ['gnd:4061619-8', 'gnd:4061638-1', 'gnd:4075236-7', 'gnd:4078523-3', 'gnd:4164199-1', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831636530'] ### GND class: ['Umweltbelastung', 'Umweltökonomie', 'Natürliche Ressourcen', 'Umweltpolitik', 'Klimaänderung'] <|eot_id|>

3A183163662X.jsonld

['Chapter 46 Urban transportation']

['We use applied microeconomics to examine several salient problems of urban transportation: traffic congestion, air pollution, the costs of motor vehicle accidents and the future of public transportation. Throughout this chapter, we focus on analytic methods and findings that bear on current policy issues, and on the factual basis for policy analysis. We find that the most promising approaches in each case are narrowly targeted to solving market failures, such as the existence of externalities, and that these approaches are unlikely to alter the overall dominance of automobiles in urban passenger transportation.']

['gnd:4076601-9', 'gnd:4121573-4', 'gnd:4182752-1', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A183163662X']

['Regionale Wirtschaftsentwicklung', 'Regionale Wirtschaftsstruktur', 'Stadtökonomie']

Document ### Title: ['Chapter 46 Urban transportation'] ### Abstract: ['We use applied microeconomics to examine several salient problems of urban transportation: traffic congestion, air pollution, the costs of motor vehicle accidents and the future of public transportation. Throughout this chapter, we focus on analytic methods and findings that bear on current policy issues, and on the factual basis for policy analysis. We find that the most promising approaches in each case are narrowly targeted to solving market failures, such as the existence of externalities, and that these approaches are unlikely to alter the overall dominance of automobiles in urban passenger transportation.'] ### GND ID: ['gnd:4076601-9', 'gnd:4121573-4', 'gnd:4182752-1', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A183163662X'] ### GND class: ['Regionale Wirtschaftsentwicklung', 'Regionale Wirtschaftsstruktur', 'Stadtökonomie'] <|eot_id|>

3A1831636638.jsonld

['Chapter 45 Poverty in developing countries']

['This chapter begins with the dimensions of the poverty problem in developing countries, and then deals with conceptual and measurement issues. It next discusses the nature, characteristics and correlates of rural and urban poverty. It looks into the issue of gender and poverty, then turns to the relationship between poverty and population growth. It also examines the crucial nexus between economic growth and poverty. Before concluding, the chapter discusses strategies and policies for poverty reduction.']

['gnd:4076601-9', 'gnd:4121573-4', 'gnd:4182752-1', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831636638']

['Regionale Wirtschaftsentwicklung', 'Regionale Wirtschaftsstruktur', 'Stadtökonomie']

Document ### Title: ['Chapter 45 Poverty in developing countries'] ### Abstract: ['This chapter begins with the dimensions of the poverty problem in developing countries, and then deals with conceptual and measurement issues. It next discusses the nature, characteristics and correlates of rural and urban poverty. It looks into the issue of gender and poverty, then turns to the relationship between poverty and population growth. It also examines the crucial nexus between economic growth and poverty. Before concluding, the chapter discusses strategies and policies for poverty reduction.'] ### GND ID: ['gnd:4076601-9', 'gnd:4121573-4', 'gnd:4182752-1', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831636638'] ### GND class: ['Regionale Wirtschaftsentwicklung', 'Regionale Wirtschaftsstruktur', 'Stadtökonomie'] <|eot_id|>

3A1831636654.jsonld

['Chapter 43 Urbanization in transforming economies']

["The past half-century has witnessed a dramatic change in the way in which people live. Fifty years ago, only a small proportion of the less developed world lived in cities, and world poverty was overwhelmingly rural. In 1950, less than one-fifth of the population of the “third world” was urban; in the next five years or so, a majority of developing countries' populations will be urban. This dramatic social change has captured the attention of development economists and, to a lesser degree, urban economists. This chapter examines what has been learned in a variety of areas. Section 1 discusses the stylized patterns of urbanization in the developing world, while Section 2 turns to models of third world city growth and their empirical estimates, discussing partial equilibrium models, general equilibrium models, economy-wide computable general equilibrium (CGE) models, demographic-economic perspectives, and household migration modeling. Section 3 considers the impact of government policies on urbanization. Particular attention is devoted to structural adjustment policies, urban biases in public expenditures, and issues unique to (ex)-socialist economies. Section 4 examines structural impediments to urban development, including labor and land markets, transportation issues, public finance and social infrastructure concerns, and urban spatial structure. The final section looks at the macroeconomic impacts of urbanization—on wage gaps and income distribution, demand patterns and economic efficiency. 1 1 This survey should be regarded as a complement to Lucas' (1997) survey of internal migration in developing countries for the Handbook of Population and Family Economics ."]

['gnd:4076601-9', 'gnd:4121573-4', 'gnd:4182752-1', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831636654']

['Regionale Wirtschaftsentwicklung', 'Regionale Wirtschaftsstruktur', 'Stadtökonomie']

Document ### Title: ['Chapter 43 Urbanization in transforming economies'] ### Abstract: ["The past half-century has witnessed a dramatic change in the way in which people live. Fifty years ago, only a small proportion of the less developed world lived in cities, and world poverty was overwhelmingly rural. In 1950, less than one-fifth of the population of the “third world” was urban; in the next five years or so, a majority of developing countries' populations will be urban. This dramatic social change has captured the attention of development economists and, to a lesser degree, urban economists. This chapter examines what has been learned in a variety of areas. Section 1 discusses the stylized patterns of urbanization in the developing world, while Section 2 turns to models of third world city growth and their empirical estimates, discussing partial equilibrium models, general equilibrium models, economy-wide computable general equilibrium (CGE) models, demographic-economic perspectives, and household migration modeling. Section 3 considers the impact of government policies on urbanization. Particular attention is devoted to structural adjustment policies, urban biases in public expenditures, and issues unique to (ex)-socialist economies. Section 4 examines structural impediments to urban development, including labor and land markets, transportation issues, public finance and social infrastructure concerns, and urban spatial structure. The final section looks at the macroeconomic impacts of urbanization—on wage gaps and income distribution, demand patterns and economic efficiency. 1 1 This survey should be regarded as a complement to Lucas' (1997) survey of internal migration in developing countries for the Handbook of Population and Family Economics ."] ### GND ID: ['gnd:4076601-9', 'gnd:4121573-4', 'gnd:4182752-1', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831636654'] ### GND class: ['Regionale Wirtschaftsentwicklung', 'Regionale Wirtschaftsstruktur', 'Stadtökonomie'] <|eot_id|>

3A1831636670.jsonld

['Chapter 41 Hedonic analysis of housing markets']

['This chapter examines the hedonic analysis of housing markets. These techniques have been widely applied in studies of the demand for housing attributes and environmental amenities. The chapter discusses the theoretical foundation of hedonic analysis, the use of hedonic estimates of demand for welfare analysis, the empirical difficulties that arise in such studies, and some of the methods for overcoming these difficulties.']

['gnd:4076601-9', 'gnd:4121573-4', 'gnd:4182752-1', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831636670']

['Regionale Wirtschaftsentwicklung', 'Regionale Wirtschaftsstruktur', 'Stadtökonomie']

Document ### Title: ['Chapter 41 Hedonic analysis of housing markets'] ### Abstract: ['This chapter examines the hedonic analysis of housing markets. These techniques have been widely applied in studies of the demand for housing attributes and environmental amenities. The chapter discusses the theoretical foundation of hedonic analysis, the use of hedonic estimates of demand for welfare analysis, the empirical difficulties that arise in such studies, and some of the methods for overcoming these difficulties.'] ### GND ID: ['gnd:4076601-9', 'gnd:4121573-4', 'gnd:4182752-1', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831636670'] ### GND class: ['Regionale Wirtschaftsentwicklung', 'Regionale Wirtschaftsstruktur', 'Stadtökonomie'] <|eot_id|>

3A1831636689.jsonld

['Chapter 40 Urban housing markets: Theory and policy']

['This chapter examines certain of the developments in the application of economic theory and in empirical and policy analysis with respect to housing markets in general and urban housing markets in particular. The majority of the material refers to US and UK experience with some English language contributions related to other, mainly European, countries. The main thrust of the chapter is to clarify how the particular attributes of housing, especially those of durability and locational specificity, have been introduced into microeconomic models of housing. On the demand side analysis concentrates on estimates of price and income elasticities and the results that arise from different mode specifications. On the supply side there is emphasis on the importance of distinguishing the factors determining new supply from those which affect investment in the existing stock. Overall housing market analysis is also divided into that which applies to the market as a whole and the very different issues, particularly with respect to market segmentation, which dominate urban models. Turning to housing policy the chapter clarifies the different approaches taken to analysis, measurement and evaluation of policy in Europe and America and examines in detail developments with respect to particular examples of policy concern, including market versus administrative allocation, housing and labour markets, the impact of local taxation and rent control.']

['gnd:4076601-9', 'gnd:4121573-4', 'gnd:4182752-1', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831636689']

['Regionale Wirtschaftsentwicklung', 'Regionale Wirtschaftsstruktur', 'Stadtökonomie']

Document ### Title: ['Chapter 40 Urban housing markets: Theory and policy'] ### Abstract: ['This chapter examines certain of the developments in the application of economic theory and in empirical and policy analysis with respect to housing markets in general and urban housing markets in particular. The majority of the material refers to US and UK experience with some English language contributions related to other, mainly European, countries. The main thrust of the chapter is to clarify how the particular attributes of housing, especially those of durability and locational specificity, have been introduced into microeconomic models of housing. On the demand side analysis concentrates on estimates of price and income elasticities and the results that arise from different mode specifications. On the supply side there is emphasis on the importance of distinguishing the factors determining new supply from those which affect investment in the existing stock. Overall housing market analysis is also divided into that which applies to the market as a whole and the very different issues, particularly with respect to market segmentation, which dominate urban models. Turning to housing policy the chapter clarifies the different approaches taken to analysis, measurement and evaluation of policy in Europe and America and examines in detail developments with respect to particular examples of policy concern, including market versus administrative allocation, housing and labour markets, the impact of local taxation and rent control.'] ### GND ID: ['gnd:4076601-9', 'gnd:4121573-4', 'gnd:4182752-1', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831636689'] ### GND class: ['Regionale Wirtschaftsentwicklung', 'Regionale Wirtschaftsstruktur', 'Stadtökonomie'] <|eot_id|>

3A1831636700.jsonld

['Chapter 38 Agglomeration economies and urban public infrastructure']

['This chapter reviews the theoretical and empirical literature on agglomeration economies and urban public infrastructure. Theory links the two concepts by positing that agglomeration economies exist when firms in an urban area share a public good as an input to production. One type of shareable input is the close proximity of businesses and labor, that generates positive externalities which in turn lower the production cost of one business as the output of other businesses increases. The externalities result from businesses sharing nonexcludable inputs, such as a common labor pool, technical expertise, general knowledge and personal contacts. Another perhaps more tangible type of shareable input is urban public infrastructure. Public capital stock, such as highways, water treatment facilities, and communication systems, directly affect the efficient operation of cities by facilitating business activities and improving worker productivity. The literature has devoted considerable attention to both topics, but not together. Studies of agglomeration economies in several countries find that manufacturing firms are more productive in large cities than in smaller ones. Studies of the effect of infrastructure on productivity show positive, but in some cases statistically insignificant, effects of public capital stock on productivity. Most of these studies are at the national and state levels. Only a handful of studies have focused on the metropolitan level, and even fewer have estimated agglomeration economies and infrastructure effects simultaneously. Results from studies that include both types of shared inputs suggest that both spatial proximity and physical infrastructure contribute positively to the productivity of firms in urban areas. More research is needed to explore the interrelationships between urban size and urban public infrastructure and to open the “black box” of agglomeration economies and estimate how the various other factors associated with urban size affect productivity.']

['gnd:4076601-9', 'gnd:4121573-4', 'gnd:4182752-1', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831636700']

['Regionale Wirtschaftsentwicklung', 'Regionale Wirtschaftsstruktur', 'Stadtökonomie']

Document ### Title: ['Chapter 38 Agglomeration economies and urban public infrastructure'] ### Abstract: ['This chapter reviews the theoretical and empirical literature on agglomeration economies and urban public infrastructure. Theory links the two concepts by positing that agglomeration economies exist when firms in an urban area share a public good as an input to production. One type of shareable input is the close proximity of businesses and labor, that generates positive externalities which in turn lower the production cost of one business as the output of other businesses increases. The externalities result from businesses sharing nonexcludable inputs, such as a common labor pool, technical expertise, general knowledge and personal contacts. Another perhaps more tangible type of shareable input is urban public infrastructure. Public capital stock, such as highways, water treatment facilities, and communication systems, directly affect the efficient operation of cities by facilitating business activities and improving worker productivity. The literature has devoted considerable attention to both topics, but not together. Studies of agglomeration economies in several countries find that manufacturing firms are more productive in large cities than in smaller ones. Studies of the effect of infrastructure on productivity show positive, but in some cases statistically insignificant, effects of public capital stock on productivity. Most of these studies are at the national and state levels. Only a handful of studies have focused on the metropolitan level, and even fewer have estimated agglomeration economies and infrastructure effects simultaneously. Results from studies that include both types of shared inputs suggest that both spatial proximity and physical infrastructure contribute positively to the productivity of firms in urban areas. More research is needed to explore the interrelationships between urban size and urban public infrastructure and to open the “black box” of agglomeration economies and estimate how the various other factors associated with urban size affect productivity.'] ### GND ID: ['gnd:4076601-9', 'gnd:4121573-4', 'gnd:4182752-1', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831636700'] ### GND class: ['Regionale Wirtschaftsentwicklung', 'Regionale Wirtschaftsstruktur', 'Stadtökonomie'] <|eot_id|>

3A1831636719.jsonld

['Chapter 37 Quality of life and environmental comparisons']

['Recent research into the urban quality of life (QOL) is reviewed and analyzed, with a special emphasis on the estimation of implicit prices of environmental attributes. New work has incorporated traditional concerns of urban theory into QOL analyses, as well as increased our understanding of specification bias problems in hedonic estimations. However, empirical research into the QOL finds itself at a crossroads, as the large city-specific error components in the underlying wage and housing expenditure hedonic specifications result in imprecise measurement of overall QOL values and rankings. Amassing higher quality databases to deal with this problem should be high on the agenda of those interested in this research program.']

['gnd:4076601-9', 'gnd:4121573-4', 'gnd:4182752-1', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831636719']

['Regionale Wirtschaftsentwicklung', 'Regionale Wirtschaftsstruktur', 'Stadtökonomie']

Document ### Title: ['Chapter 37 Quality of life and environmental comparisons'] ### Abstract: ['Recent research into the urban quality of life (QOL) is reviewed and analyzed, with a special emphasis on the estimation of implicit prices of environmental attributes. New work has incorporated traditional concerns of urban theory into QOL analyses, as well as increased our understanding of specification bias problems in hedonic estimations. However, empirical research into the QOL finds itself at a crossroads, as the large city-specific error components in the underlying wage and housing expenditure hedonic specifications result in imprecise measurement of overall QOL values and rankings. Amassing higher quality databases to deal with this problem should be high on the agenda of those interested in this research program.'] ### GND ID: ['gnd:4076601-9', 'gnd:4121573-4', 'gnd:4182752-1', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831636719'] ### GND class: ['Regionale Wirtschaftsentwicklung', 'Regionale Wirtschaftsstruktur', 'Stadtökonomie'] <|eot_id|>

3A1831636735.jsonld

['Chapter 35 Trends in sizes and structures of urban areas']

['This chapter reviews the literature dealing with systems of cities and the patterns of development within such systems. It starts with the longstanding question of the distribution of city sizes, both in relation to how this distribution can be described and, given the form that it takes, how that form can be explained. Such explanations frequently invoke various sorts of agglomeration economies and so some of the literature relating to these is included here. The chapter then surveys the literature that examines patterns of development within urban systems, and then work at a more disaggregated level on suburbanisation. The chapter concludes with a summary of research into recent patterns of urbanisation, including relative recentralisation.']

['gnd:4076601-9', 'gnd:4121573-4', 'gnd:4182752-1', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831636735']

['Regionale Wirtschaftsentwicklung', 'Regionale Wirtschaftsstruktur', 'Stadtökonomie']

Document ### Title: ['Chapter 35 Trends in sizes and structures of urban areas'] ### Abstract: ['This chapter reviews the literature dealing with systems of cities and the patterns of development within such systems. It starts with the longstanding question of the distribution of city sizes, both in relation to how this distribution can be described and, given the form that it takes, how that form can be explained. Such explanations frequently invoke various sorts of agglomeration economies and so some of the literature relating to these is included here. The chapter then surveys the literature that examines patterns of development within urban systems, and then work at a more disaggregated level on suburbanisation. The chapter concludes with a summary of research into recent patterns of urbanisation, including relative recentralisation.'] ### GND ID: ['gnd:4076601-9', 'gnd:4121573-4', 'gnd:4182752-1', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831636735'] ### GND class: ['Regionale Wirtschaftsentwicklung', 'Regionale Wirtschaftsstruktur', 'Stadtökonomie'] <|eot_id|>

3A1831637340.jsonld

['Chapter 16 Regional policies in developing countries']

['This chapter focuses on regional policies in developing countries. Diversity in the regional problems of developing countries and in the social and economic policies designed to alleviate these problems reflects not only different levels of development and the systems of government, but also geography, history and tradition, and societal goals. In any country, developed or developing, what constitutes a regional problem differs among social groups. In the developed industrial market economies, regional problems are rarely defined in terms of absolutes. Relative imbalances in the indicators of the social and economic conditions of different regions induce regional policy responses from the center. The chapter discusses the key themes that link thinking about regional development to the process of economic growth. It refers to the policy implications of these theories and discusses the relevance of the urban dimension in regional policy analysis. The chapter also discusses the four major aspects of regional development strategy: (1) experience with national and regional planning agencies; (2) the role of infrastructure; (3) policies to promote industrial development in lagging regions; and the roles of communications and human resource investments. It also draws some lessons from regional development experience in developing countries in the past two decades and some conclusions on the effectiveness of past policies and implications for the future.']

['gnd:4076601-9', 'gnd:4121573-4', 'gnd:4182752-1', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831637340']

['Regionale Wirtschaftsentwicklung', 'Regionale Wirtschaftsstruktur', 'Stadtökonomie']

Document ### Title: ['Chapter 16 Regional policies in developing countries'] ### Abstract: ['This chapter focuses on regional policies in developing countries. Diversity in the regional problems of developing countries and in the social and economic policies designed to alleviate these problems reflects not only different levels of development and the systems of government, but also geography, history and tradition, and societal goals. In any country, developed or developing, what constitutes a regional problem differs among social groups. In the developed industrial market economies, regional problems are rarely defined in terms of absolutes. Relative imbalances in the indicators of the social and economic conditions of different regions induce regional policy responses from the center. The chapter discusses the key themes that link thinking about regional development to the process of economic growth. It refers to the policy implications of these theories and discusses the relevance of the urban dimension in regional policy analysis. The chapter also discusses the four major aspects of regional development strategy: (1) experience with national and regional planning agencies; (2) the role of infrastructure; (3) policies to promote industrial development in lagging regions; and the roles of communications and human resource investments. It also draws some lessons from regional development experience in developing countries in the past two decades and some conclusions on the effectiveness of past policies and implications for the future.'] ### GND ID: ['gnd:4076601-9', 'gnd:4121573-4', 'gnd:4182752-1', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831637340'] ### GND class: ['Regionale Wirtschaftsentwicklung', 'Regionale Wirtschaftsstruktur', 'Stadtökonomie'] <|eot_id|>

3A1831637359.jsonld

['Chapter 15 Innovation and changes in regional structure']

['This chapter reviews the innovation and changes made in regional structure. Innovation or technological change is a principal source of change in the economic structure of regions and nations. Although innovation has been studied as a critical variable in the production and management of firms and nations, technology has remained for the most part a black box within economic research. The chapter reviews the theoretical and model-based research on innovation and regional structure and explains regional differences in productivity. Labor inputs are considerably more heterogeneous and variable than traditionally considered. The chapter surveys the wide range of empirical studies that have contributed to the knowledge of the effects of technology on regional structure and change. Some effects of technology on regional development are outlined in the chapter. The organization of multiregional firms and their use of technology as an explicit strategic variable adds further complication to conventional theoretical treatments of urban and regional change. This review of the available empirical evidence on these topics focuses primarily on experience in the USA and Western Europe. The chapter also presents some comparisons between firms and regions in the context of innovation.']

['gnd:4076601-9', 'gnd:4121573-4', 'gnd:4182752-1', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831637359']

['Regionale Wirtschaftsentwicklung', 'Regionale Wirtschaftsstruktur', 'Stadtökonomie']

Document ### Title: ['Chapter 15 Innovation and changes in regional structure'] ### Abstract: ['This chapter reviews the innovation and changes made in regional structure. Innovation or technological change is a principal source of change in the economic structure of regions and nations. Although innovation has been studied as a critical variable in the production and management of firms and nations, technology has remained for the most part a black box within economic research. The chapter reviews the theoretical and model-based research on innovation and regional structure and explains regional differences in productivity. Labor inputs are considerably more heterogeneous and variable than traditionally considered. The chapter surveys the wide range of empirical studies that have contributed to the knowledge of the effects of technology on regional structure and change. Some effects of technology on regional development are outlined in the chapter. The organization of multiregional firms and their use of technology as an explicit strategic variable adds further complication to conventional theoretical treatments of urban and regional change. This review of the available empirical evidence on these topics focuses primarily on experience in the USA and Western Europe. The chapter also presents some comparisons between firms and regions in the context of innovation.'] ### GND ID: ['gnd:4076601-9', 'gnd:4121573-4', 'gnd:4182752-1', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831637359'] ### GND class: ['Regionale Wirtschaftsentwicklung', 'Regionale Wirtschaftsstruktur', 'Stadtökonomie'] <|eot_id|>

3A1831637367.jsonld

['Chapter 14 Regional energy and environmental analysis']

['This chapter focuses on regional energy and environmental analysis. A basic feature of economic activity is the extraction of materials from the environment, their transformation during production and consumption, and their final restoration to the environment. The economics of environmental resources focuses on the types, forms, and quantities of materials returned, their destinations, and the laws, institutions and markets governing their return to the environment. Energy economics is concerned with similar issues pertaining to the removal and use of energy resources from the environment. The chapter discusses the meaning of energy and environmental resources and describes their special characteristics that are thought to make the regional implications of their production important. It also discusses the effects of energy markets and the importance of energy rents in the interregional distribution of income and elaborates the role of environmental rents in the interregional distribution. The analysis of the distributional effects of energy and environmental resources is an important example of how regional economics is a fruitful approach. The chapter also describes a number of available formal theoretical and empirical models for the analysis of regional effects of the production and use of energy and environmental resources.']

['gnd:4076601-9', 'gnd:4121573-4', 'gnd:4182752-1', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831637367']

['Regionale Wirtschaftsentwicklung', 'Regionale Wirtschaftsstruktur', 'Stadtökonomie']

Document ### Title: ['Chapter 14 Regional energy and environmental analysis'] ### Abstract: ['This chapter focuses on regional energy and environmental analysis. A basic feature of economic activity is the extraction of materials from the environment, their transformation during production and consumption, and their final restoration to the environment. The economics of environmental resources focuses on the types, forms, and quantities of materials returned, their destinations, and the laws, institutions and markets governing their return to the environment. Energy economics is concerned with similar issues pertaining to the removal and use of energy resources from the environment. The chapter discusses the meaning of energy and environmental resources and describes their special characteristics that are thought to make the regional implications of their production important. It also discusses the effects of energy markets and the importance of energy rents in the interregional distribution of income and elaborates the role of environmental rents in the interregional distribution. The analysis of the distributional effects of energy and environmental resources is an important example of how regional economics is a fruitful approach. The chapter also describes a number of available formal theoretical and empirical models for the analysis of regional effects of the production and use of energy and environmental resources.'] ### GND ID: ['gnd:4076601-9', 'gnd:4121573-4', 'gnd:4182752-1', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831637367'] ### GND class: ['Regionale Wirtschaftsentwicklung', 'Regionale Wirtschaftsstruktur', 'Stadtökonomie'] <|eot_id|>

3A1831637383.jsonld

['Chapter 12 Multiple objective decision analysis in regional economics']

['This chapter discusses the concept of multiple objective decision analysis in regional economics. Until the end of the 1960s, decision analysis was still dominated by simple optimization methods, such as single objective programming, cost-benefit analysis, and fixed target approaches. As a result, a systematic analysis of conflicts involved in economic decision problems with multiple goals and multiple actors did not receive sufficient attention. Later, a need was felt for appropriate analytical tools for analyzing conflicts among policy objectives. Multiple objective decision analysis aims at providing such a set of tools. In the past decade, multiple objective decision analysis has become one of the most powerful methodologies in the programming theory. It serves to enhance the quality of decision making by providing both a sound methodological platform for decision analysis and an operational framework for actual decision making. The chapter provides a presentation and discussion of the theoretical framework of multiple objective decision analysis and its use in regional economics. It also provides some basic concepts in multiple objective decision analysis and reviews its links to the choice theory.']

['gnd:4076601-9', 'gnd:4121573-4', 'gnd:4182752-1', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831637383']

['Regionale Wirtschaftsentwicklung', 'Regionale Wirtschaftsstruktur', 'Stadtökonomie']

Document ### Title: ['Chapter 12 Multiple objective decision analysis in regional economics'] ### Abstract: ['This chapter discusses the concept of multiple objective decision analysis in regional economics. Until the end of the 1960s, decision analysis was still dominated by simple optimization methods, such as single objective programming, cost-benefit analysis, and fixed target approaches. As a result, a systematic analysis of conflicts involved in economic decision problems with multiple goals and multiple actors did not receive sufficient attention. Later, a need was felt for appropriate analytical tools for analyzing conflicts among policy objectives. Multiple objective decision analysis aims at providing such a set of tools. In the past decade, multiple objective decision analysis has become one of the most powerful methodologies in the programming theory. It serves to enhance the quality of decision making by providing both a sound methodological platform for decision analysis and an operational framework for actual decision making. The chapter provides a presentation and discussion of the theoretical framework of multiple objective decision analysis and its use in regional economics. It also provides some basic concepts in multiple objective decision analysis and reviews its links to the choice theory.'] ### GND ID: ['gnd:4076601-9', 'gnd:4121573-4', 'gnd:4182752-1', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831637383'] ### GND class: ['Regionale Wirtschaftsentwicklung', 'Regionale Wirtschaftsstruktur', 'Stadtökonomie'] <|eot_id|>

3A1831637391.jsonld

['Chapter 11 Qualitative statistical models for regional economic analysis']

['This chapter discusses qualitative statistical models for regional economic analysis. Traditionally, the statistical modeling conducted in regional economic research has focused on the analysis of high-level, metric, or quantitative data measured at the ratio or interval scales. The tradition has its roots in natural science where high-quality data can be obtained under experimental conditions. The chapter reviews the state-of-the-art in qualitative statistical modeling. It focuses on (a) basic model types and their integration; (b) alternative estimation procedures; (c) model assessment and selection procedures; and (d) extended and hybrid forms of the basic models. It also discusses a range of empirical examples to illustrate the current use of qualitative data models in regional economic analysis. These examples focus upon regional variations in the rates of industrial innovation in the United Kingdom, regional quality-of-life and residential preferences in the Netherlands, and a regional industrial accessibility survey conducted in Northern Ireland. The chapter provides a review of several topics that are of central importance to the future potential of qualitative statistical models in regional economic analysis.']

['gnd:4076601-9', 'gnd:4121573-4', 'gnd:4182752-1', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831637391']

['Regionale Wirtschaftsentwicklung', 'Regionale Wirtschaftsstruktur', 'Stadtökonomie']

Document ### Title: ['Chapter 11 Qualitative statistical models for regional economic analysis'] ### Abstract: ['This chapter discusses qualitative statistical models for regional economic analysis. Traditionally, the statistical modeling conducted in regional economic research has focused on the analysis of high-level, metric, or quantitative data measured at the ratio or interval scales. The tradition has its roots in natural science where high-quality data can be obtained under experimental conditions. The chapter reviews the state-of-the-art in qualitative statistical modeling. It focuses on (a) basic model types and their integration; (b) alternative estimation procedures; (c) model assessment and selection procedures; and (d) extended and hybrid forms of the basic models. It also discusses a range of empirical examples to illustrate the current use of qualitative data models in regional economic analysis. These examples focus upon regional variations in the rates of industrial innovation in the United Kingdom, regional quality-of-life and residential preferences in the Netherlands, and a regional industrial accessibility survey conducted in Northern Ireland. The chapter provides a review of several topics that are of central importance to the future potential of qualitative statistical models in regional economic analysis.'] ### GND ID: ['gnd:4076601-9', 'gnd:4121573-4', 'gnd:4182752-1', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831637391'] ### GND class: ['Regionale Wirtschaftsentwicklung', 'Regionale Wirtschaftsstruktur', 'Stadtökonomie'] <|eot_id|>

3A1831637413.jsonld

['Chapter 9 Spatial interaction, transportation, and interregional commodity flow models']

['This chapter presents an overview of spatial interaction, transportation, and interregional commodity flow models. Spatial interaction and transportation models are used to facilitate the explanation and prediction of patterns of human and economic interaction over geographic space. Theoretical methods for studying these phenomena have been modified considerably during the past 30 years to provide operational assistance to transportation planners and, more recently, regional economists. The chapter explores the developments made in the ongoing evolution of models describing spatial interaction, transportation, and the flow of commodities among different regions. It also provides some brief historical excerpts from the formative years and examines various modern theories and formulations that have been proposed for modeling spatial interactions assuming that transportation costs are fixed. The chapter demonstrates the way a broad range of hypotheses may be reconciled within a single unifying framework. It presents alternative formulations for analyzing route choice on a transportation network where the costs are flow-dependent and deals with interregional commodity flow models in which the prices and service characteristics are, respectively, fixed and variable.']

['gnd:4076601-9', 'gnd:4121573-4', 'gnd:4182752-1', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831637413']

['Regionale Wirtschaftsentwicklung', 'Regionale Wirtschaftsstruktur', 'Stadtökonomie']

Document ### Title: ['Chapter 9 Spatial interaction, transportation, and interregional commodity flow models'] ### Abstract: ['This chapter presents an overview of spatial interaction, transportation, and interregional commodity flow models. Spatial interaction and transportation models are used to facilitate the explanation and prediction of patterns of human and economic interaction over geographic space. Theoretical methods for studying these phenomena have been modified considerably during the past 30 years to provide operational assistance to transportation planners and, more recently, regional economists. The chapter explores the developments made in the ongoing evolution of models describing spatial interaction, transportation, and the flow of commodities among different regions. It also provides some brief historical excerpts from the formative years and examines various modern theories and formulations that have been proposed for modeling spatial interactions assuming that transportation costs are fixed. The chapter demonstrates the way a broad range of hypotheses may be reconciled within a single unifying framework. It presents alternative formulations for analyzing route choice on a transportation network where the costs are flow-dependent and deals with interregional commodity flow models in which the prices and service characteristics are, respectively, fixed and variable.'] ### GND ID: ['gnd:4076601-9', 'gnd:4121573-4', 'gnd:4182752-1', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831637413'] ### GND class: ['Regionale Wirtschaftsentwicklung', 'Regionale Wirtschaftsstruktur', 'Stadtökonomie'] <|eot_id|>

3A1831637421.jsonld

['Chapter 8 Regional, interregional and multiregional input-output analysis']

['This chapter focuses on regional, interregional, and multiregional input-output analysis. Unlike many other branches of regional economics and regional science, the development of regional and interregional models occurred almost contemporaneously with the growth of interest in national-level inputoutput modeling. In the book, Studies in the structure of the American economy , there is a discussion on regional models, specifically on the theory of interregional models and on some of the empirical and conceptual problems associated with regional analysis. These developments are discussed in more detail in the chapter. It presents some linkages of inputoutput analysis with other standard modeling techniques, further reinforcing the notion that the inputoutput framework has a considerable degree of flexibility in its contribution to an understanding of the structure of an economy. The chapter explores in detail the inputoutput model and its characteristics and provides several extensions of inputoutput analysis.']

['gnd:4076601-9', 'gnd:4121573-4', 'gnd:4182752-1', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831637421']

['Regionale Wirtschaftsentwicklung', 'Regionale Wirtschaftsstruktur', 'Stadtökonomie']

Document ### Title: ['Chapter 8 Regional, interregional and multiregional input-output analysis'] ### Abstract: ['This chapter focuses on regional, interregional, and multiregional input-output analysis. Unlike many other branches of regional economics and regional science, the development of regional and interregional models occurred almost contemporaneously with the growth of interest in national-level inputoutput modeling. In the book, Studies in the structure of the American economy , there is a discussion on regional models, specifically on the theory of interregional models and on some of the empirical and conceptual problems associated with regional analysis. These developments are discussed in more detail in the chapter. It presents some linkages of inputoutput analysis with other standard modeling techniques, further reinforcing the notion that the inputoutput framework has a considerable degree of flexibility in its contribution to an understanding of the structure of an economy. The chapter explores in detail the inputoutput model and its characteristics and provides several extensions of inputoutput analysis.'] ### GND ID: ['gnd:4076601-9', 'gnd:4121573-4', 'gnd:4182752-1', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831637421'] ### GND class: ['Regionale Wirtschaftsentwicklung', 'Regionale Wirtschaftsstruktur', 'Stadtökonomie'] <|eot_id|>

3A1831637448.jsonld

['Chapter 6 Regional economic dynamics']

['This chapter presents an overview of regional economic dynamics. Static spatial analysis is formally concerned with four reasonably distinct bodies of instantaneous spatial phenomena with their determining strategic variables: (1) locations, or the spatial coordinates of localized economic activities; (2) interaction flows, or the intensity of spatial factor, goods, and information flows among points and/or regions; (3) increases or decreases in the availability of regional goods, factors, or income incident to changes in exogenous variables; and (4) spatial structures, including the areal or curvilinear patterns of economic activities, such as land use patterns, urban structure, transportation networks, and market or supply areas. Strategic variables mean the total of relevant variables that a specific theory or model includes. They divide into endogenous and exogenous variables or parameters. The chapter focuses on the theories and models that deal with changes through the time of phenomena in the same four categories, when such changes are the products of truly dynamic processes. It also presents the most influential work in the dynamics of locations, flows, changes, and structures and presents work in the location and transportation fields.']

['gnd:4076601-9', 'gnd:4121573-4', 'gnd:4182752-1', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831637448']

['Regionale Wirtschaftsentwicklung', 'Regionale Wirtschaftsstruktur', 'Stadtökonomie']

Document ### Title: ['Chapter 6 Regional economic dynamics'] ### Abstract: ['This chapter presents an overview of regional economic dynamics. Static spatial analysis is formally concerned with four reasonably distinct bodies of instantaneous spatial phenomena with their determining strategic variables: (1) locations, or the spatial coordinates of localized economic activities; (2) interaction flows, or the intensity of spatial factor, goods, and information flows among points and/or regions; (3) increases or decreases in the availability of regional goods, factors, or income incident to changes in exogenous variables; and (4) spatial structures, including the areal or curvilinear patterns of economic activities, such as land use patterns, urban structure, transportation networks, and market or supply areas. Strategic variables mean the total of relevant variables that a specific theory or model includes. They divide into endogenous and exogenous variables or parameters. The chapter focuses on the theories and models that deal with changes through the time of phenomena in the same four categories, when such changes are the products of truly dynamic processes. It also presents the most influential work in the dynamics of locations, flows, changes, and structures and presents work in the location and transportation fields.'] ### GND ID: ['gnd:4076601-9', 'gnd:4121573-4', 'gnd:4182752-1', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831637448'] ### GND class: ['Regionale Wirtschaftsentwicklung', 'Regionale Wirtschaftsstruktur', 'Stadtökonomie'] <|eot_id|>

3A1831637464.jsonld

['Chapter 4 Public facility location: A multiregional and multi-authority decision context']

['This chapter describes some public facility location (PFL) problems. PFL problems have been studied within several analytical traditionsfor example, the general location theory, the theories of public goods and public choice, and the operations research tradition. The chapter focuses on the study of PFL-problems that are related to different aspects of these traditions. The perspective in this study is not intra-urban but regional. This is emphasized by a concentration on location problems in the agendas of the following type: (i) location among municipalities in a region and (ii) location among regions in a national (or multiregional) perspective. Taking a region as a reference area, the chapter identifies the coordination problem of a regional authority and the simultaneous game-like competition among each municipality of the region. Municipality refers to a community with a local government. A similar two-level decision problem is also identified for settings with a national authority and independent regional authorities. The chapter presents various types of PFL-problems and deals with the aggregation of demand and supply from the subregional to the regional level.']

['gnd:4076601-9', 'gnd:4121573-4', 'gnd:4182752-1', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831637464']

['Regionale Wirtschaftsentwicklung', 'Regionale Wirtschaftsstruktur', 'Stadtökonomie']

Document ### Title: ['Chapter 4 Public facility location: A multiregional and multi-authority decision context'] ### Abstract: ['This chapter describes some public facility location (PFL) problems. PFL problems have been studied within several analytical traditionsfor example, the general location theory, the theories of public goods and public choice, and the operations research tradition. The chapter focuses on the study of PFL-problems that are related to different aspects of these traditions. The perspective in this study is not intra-urban but regional. This is emphasized by a concentration on location problems in the agendas of the following type: (i) location among municipalities in a region and (ii) location among regions in a national (or multiregional) perspective. Taking a region as a reference area, the chapter identifies the coordination problem of a regional authority and the simultaneous game-like competition among each municipality of the region. Municipality refers to a community with a local government. A similar two-level decision problem is also identified for settings with a national authority and independent regional authorities. The chapter presents various types of PFL-problems and deals with the aggregation of demand and supply from the subregional to the regional level.'] ### GND ID: ['gnd:4076601-9', 'gnd:4121573-4', 'gnd:4182752-1', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831637464'] ### GND class: ['Regionale Wirtschaftsentwicklung', 'Regionale Wirtschaftsstruktur', 'Stadtökonomie'] <|eot_id|>

3A1831637480.jsonld

['Chapter 2 The location of production activities']

['This chapter discusses the issue of location for production activities. In general, the availability of resources, the location of population as a source of labor and as potential markets, soil, climate, and technical conditions rule out many locations for any specific economic activity. What remains is a set of feasible locations among which an economic choice is to be made. The main problems facing the location theorists can be listed as spatial demand and supply; spatial pricing and output; locational choice; spatial resource (land) use; and spatial equilibrium of production. The chapter discusses the analysis of spatial monopoly. It describes the spatial structure of three different price policies: mill, uniform, and (spatial) discriminatory pricing. The chapter compares these price policies in the context of two firms competing to attract customers, termed as spatial duopoly. The strategic interdependence between these firms may generate serious difficulties regarding the existence of a (noncooperative) price equilibrium.. The chapter also deals with the concept of spatial oligopoly in a homogeneous space. It considers only the mill pricing and compares three solution concepts: Bertrand price equilibrium (competitive oligopoly), Losch price equilibrium (collusive oligopoly), and Cournot quantity equilibrium.']

['gnd:4076601-9', 'gnd:4121573-4', 'gnd:4182752-1', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831637480']

['Regionale Wirtschaftsentwicklung', 'Regionale Wirtschaftsstruktur', 'Stadtökonomie']

Document ### Title: ['Chapter 2 The location of production activities'] ### Abstract: ['This chapter discusses the issue of location for production activities. In general, the availability of resources, the location of population as a source of labor and as potential markets, soil, climate, and technical conditions rule out many locations for any specific economic activity. What remains is a set of feasible locations among which an economic choice is to be made. The main problems facing the location theorists can be listed as spatial demand and supply; spatial pricing and output; locational choice; spatial resource (land) use; and spatial equilibrium of production. The chapter discusses the analysis of spatial monopoly. It describes the spatial structure of three different price policies: mill, uniform, and (spatial) discriminatory pricing. The chapter compares these price policies in the context of two firms competing to attract customers, termed as spatial duopoly. The strategic interdependence between these firms may generate serious difficulties regarding the existence of a (noncooperative) price equilibrium.. The chapter also deals with the concept of spatial oligopoly in a homogeneous space. It considers only the mill pricing and compares three solution concepts: Bertrand price equilibrium (competitive oligopoly), Losch price equilibrium (collusive oligopoly), and Cournot quantity equilibrium.'] ### GND ID: ['gnd:4076601-9', 'gnd:4121573-4', 'gnd:4182752-1', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831637480'] ### GND class: ['Regionale Wirtschaftsentwicklung', 'Regionale Wirtschaftsstruktur', 'Stadtökonomie'] <|eot_id|>

3A1831637588.jsonld

['Chapter 74 Agriculture Renaissance : Making “Agriculture for Development” Work in the 21 st Century']

["Agriculture renaissance means the renewed understanding and recommitment to the fundamental role of agriculture in the development process. Operationally it implies different approaches at the country level based on the stage of development. For the least developed countries of the world, it could mean re-engaging agriculture's potential as a driver of overall economic development. While for the emerging economies, it could be small holder inclusion in agricultural commercialization and/or reducing rural-urban income gaps. Food sectors in developing countries are witnessing profound changes driven by: rapid income growth; urbanization; global inter-connectedness; technology access; and climate change. Country typologies, by stage of agricultural transformation, are used to discuss the implications of the changes and the public policy options for the way forward. JEL Codes: O13, Q1, Q10, Q18"]

['gnd:4000771-6', 'gnd:4034402-2', 'gnd:4073993-4', 'gnd:4079351-5', 'gnd:4704302-7', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831637588']

['Agrarpolitik', 'Landwirtschaft', 'Landwirtschaftliche Betriebslehre', 'Wirtschaftstheorie', 'Agrarökonomie']

Document ### Title: ['Chapter 74 Agriculture Renaissance : Making “Agriculture for Development” Work in the 21 st Century'] ### Abstract: ["Agriculture renaissance means the renewed understanding and recommitment to the fundamental role of agriculture in the development process. Operationally it implies different approaches at the country level based on the stage of development. For the least developed countries of the world, it could mean re-engaging agriculture's potential as a driver of overall economic development. While for the emerging economies, it could be small holder inclusion in agricultural commercialization and/or reducing rural-urban income gaps. Food sectors in developing countries are witnessing profound changes driven by: rapid income growth; urbanization; global inter-connectedness; technology access; and climate change. Country typologies, by stage of agricultural transformation, are used to discuss the implications of the changes and the public policy options for the way forward. JEL Codes: O13, Q1, Q10, Q18"] ### GND ID: ['gnd:4000771-6', 'gnd:4034402-2', 'gnd:4073993-4', 'gnd:4079351-5', 'gnd:4704302-7', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831637588'] ### GND class: ['Agrarpolitik', 'Landwirtschaft', 'Landwirtschaftliche Betriebslehre', 'Wirtschaftstheorie', 'Agrarökonomie'] <|eot_id|>

3A1831637596.jsonld

['Chapter 73 Agricultural Productivity and Economic Growth']

["In most poor countries, large majorities of the population live in rural areas and earn their livelihoods primarily from agriculture. Many rural people in the developing world are poor, and conversely, most of the world's poor people inhabit rural areas. Agriculture also accounts for a significant fraction of the economic activity in the developing world, with some 25% of value added in poor countries coming from this sector. The sheer size of the agricultural sector implies that changes affecting agriculture have large aggregate effects. Thus, it seems reasonable that agricultural productivity growth should have significant effects on macro variables, including economic growth. But these effects can be complicated. The large size of the agricultural sector does not necessarily imply that it must be a leading sector for economic growth. In fact, agriculture in most developing countries has very low productivity relative to the rest of the economy. Expanding a low-productivity sector might not be unambiguously good for growth. Moreover, there are issues of reverse causation. Economies that experience growth in aggregate output could be the beneficiaries of good institutions or good fortune that also helps the agricultural sector. Thus, even after 50 years of research on agricultural development, there is abundant evidence for correlations between agricultural productivity increases and economic growth but little definitive evidence for a causal connection. This chapter reviews theoretical arguments and empirical evidence for the hypothesis that agricultural productivity improvements lead to economic growth in developing countries. For countries with large interior populations and limited access to international markets, agricultural development is essential for economic growth. For other countries, the importance of agriculture-led growth will depend on the relative feasibility and cost of importing food."]

['gnd:4000771-6', 'gnd:4034402-2', 'gnd:4073993-4', 'gnd:4079351-5', 'gnd:4704302-7', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831637596']

['Agrarpolitik', 'Landwirtschaft', 'Landwirtschaftliche Betriebslehre', 'Wirtschaftstheorie', 'Agrarökonomie']

Document ### Title: ['Chapter 73 Agricultural Productivity and Economic Growth'] ### Abstract: ["In most poor countries, large majorities of the population live in rural areas and earn their livelihoods primarily from agriculture. Many rural people in the developing world are poor, and conversely, most of the world's poor people inhabit rural areas. Agriculture also accounts for a significant fraction of the economic activity in the developing world, with some 25% of value added in poor countries coming from this sector. The sheer size of the agricultural sector implies that changes affecting agriculture have large aggregate effects. Thus, it seems reasonable that agricultural productivity growth should have significant effects on macro variables, including economic growth. But these effects can be complicated. The large size of the agricultural sector does not necessarily imply that it must be a leading sector for economic growth. In fact, agriculture in most developing countries has very low productivity relative to the rest of the economy. Expanding a low-productivity sector might not be unambiguously good for growth. Moreover, there are issues of reverse causation. Economies that experience growth in aggregate output could be the beneficiaries of good institutions or good fortune that also helps the agricultural sector. Thus, even after 50 years of research on agricultural development, there is abundant evidence for correlations between agricultural productivity increases and economic growth but little definitive evidence for a causal connection. This chapter reviews theoretical arguments and empirical evidence for the hypothesis that agricultural productivity improvements lead to economic growth in developing countries. For countries with large interior populations and limited access to international markets, agricultural development is essential for economic growth. For other countries, the importance of agriculture-led growth will depend on the relative feasibility and cost of importing food."] ### GND ID: ['gnd:4000771-6', 'gnd:4034402-2', 'gnd:4073993-4', 'gnd:4079351-5', 'gnd:4704302-7', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831637596'] ### GND class: ['Agrarpolitik', 'Landwirtschaft', 'Landwirtschaftliche Betriebslehre', 'Wirtschaftstheorie', 'Agrarökonomie'] <|eot_id|>

3A183163760X.jsonld

['Chapter 72 Total Factor Productivity Growth in Agriculture : The Role of Technological Capital']

['In this chapter we compute measures of total factor productivity (TFP) growth for developing countries and then contrast TFP growth with technological capital indexes. In developing these indexes, we incorporate schooling capital to yield two new indexes: Invention-Innovation Capital and Technology Mastery. We find that TFP performance is strongly related to technological capital and that technological capital is required for TFP and cost reduction growth. Investments in technological capital require long-term (20- to 40-year) investments, which are typically made by governments and aid agencies and are the only viable escape route from mass poverty.']

['gnd:4000771-6', 'gnd:4034402-2', 'gnd:4073993-4', 'gnd:4079351-5', 'gnd:4704302-7', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A183163760X']

['Agrarpolitik', 'Landwirtschaft', 'Landwirtschaftliche Betriebslehre', 'Wirtschaftstheorie', 'Agrarökonomie']

Document ### Title: ['Chapter 72 Total Factor Productivity Growth in Agriculture : The Role of Technological Capital'] ### Abstract: ['In this chapter we compute measures of total factor productivity (TFP) growth for developing countries and then contrast TFP growth with technological capital indexes. In developing these indexes, we incorporate schooling capital to yield two new indexes: Invention-Innovation Capital and Technology Mastery. We find that TFP performance is strongly related to technological capital and that technological capital is required for TFP and cost reduction growth. Investments in technological capital require long-term (20- to 40-year) investments, which are typically made by governments and aid agencies and are the only viable escape route from mass poverty.'] ### GND ID: ['gnd:4000771-6', 'gnd:4034402-2', 'gnd:4073993-4', 'gnd:4079351-5', 'gnd:4704302-7', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A183163760X'] ### GND class: ['Agrarpolitik', 'Landwirtschaft', 'Landwirtschaftliche Betriebslehre', 'Wirtschaftstheorie', 'Agrarökonomie'] <|eot_id|>

3A1831637626.jsonld

['Chapter 70 The Changing Context and Prospects for Agricultural and Rural Development in Africa']

['Over the past decade, economic and agricultural growth in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) has resumed. The secular downward trend in agricultural prices ended in the early 1990s; growing incomes in Asia and Africa, combined with continued rapid population growth, are fueling food demand, which is expected to lead to a gradual upward trend in international real agricultural prices. For Africa the major agricultural growth opportunities will be in regional and domestic markets for food staples. To seize these opportunities, SSA will have to support economic growth via continued sound macroeconomic policies, further improvements in the investment climate, and investments in infrastructure and institutions. In the agricultural sector SSA will have to (1) remove the remaining agricultural taxation that still disadvantages African farmers relative to all other farmers in the world, (2) improve its services for small farmers, (3) significantly increase its investment in agricultural technology generation and dissemination at national and subregional levels, (4) empower local governments, communities, and farmer organizations for their own development via further administrative and fiscal decentralization and community-driven development, and (5) strengthen the already existing regional agricultural institutions for agricultural trade, biosafety, phytosanitary regulations, seed production, regulation and trade, and technology generation.']

['gnd:4000771-6', 'gnd:4034402-2', 'gnd:4073993-4', 'gnd:4079351-5', 'gnd:4704302-7', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831637626']

['Agrarpolitik', 'Landwirtschaft', 'Landwirtschaftliche Betriebslehre', 'Wirtschaftstheorie', 'Agrarökonomie']

Document ### Title: ['Chapter 70 The Changing Context and Prospects for Agricultural and Rural Development in Africa'] ### Abstract: ['Over the past decade, economic and agricultural growth in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) has resumed. The secular downward trend in agricultural prices ended in the early 1990s; growing incomes in Asia and Africa, combined with continued rapid population growth, are fueling food demand, which is expected to lead to a gradual upward trend in international real agricultural prices. For Africa the major agricultural growth opportunities will be in regional and domestic markets for food staples. To seize these opportunities, SSA will have to support economic growth via continued sound macroeconomic policies, further improvements in the investment climate, and investments in infrastructure and institutions. In the agricultural sector SSA will have to (1) remove the remaining agricultural taxation that still disadvantages African farmers relative to all other farmers in the world, (2) improve its services for small farmers, (3) significantly increase its investment in agricultural technology generation and dissemination at national and subregional levels, (4) empower local governments, communities, and farmer organizations for their own development via further administrative and fiscal decentralization and community-driven development, and (5) strengthen the already existing regional agricultural institutions for agricultural trade, biosafety, phytosanitary regulations, seed production, regulation and trade, and technology generation.'] ### GND ID: ['gnd:4000771-6', 'gnd:4034402-2', 'gnd:4073993-4', 'gnd:4079351-5', 'gnd:4704302-7', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831637626'] ### GND class: ['Agrarpolitik', 'Landwirtschaft', 'Landwirtschaftliche Betriebslehre', 'Wirtschaftstheorie', 'Agrarökonomie'] <|eot_id|>

3A1831637634.jsonld

['Chapter 69 Population Growth and Trends in Food Production and Consumption in the CWANA Region']

['Many of the financial and social challenges that face Central and West Asia and North Africa (CWANA) can be addressed through more efficient and sustainable use of arable land and water resources. In recent years improvements in land and water use have come from an agricultural sector that is moving from state to market control, but without greater changes the region will continue to be constrained by environmental degradation, institutional inefficiencies, and persistently high population growth rates. This chapter presents a trend analysis of major cropping groups for the period 19612002 and summarizes ways to address the key problems of food security, poverty reduction, and conservation of natural resources throughout the CWANA region. The International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA) and its partners are presented as a regional knowledge portal through which many of these initiatives can occur.']

['gnd:4000771-6', 'gnd:4034402-2', 'gnd:4073993-4', 'gnd:4079351-5', 'gnd:4704302-7', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831637634']

['Agrarpolitik', 'Landwirtschaft', 'Landwirtschaftliche Betriebslehre', 'Wirtschaftstheorie', 'Agrarökonomie']

Document ### Title: ['Chapter 69 Population Growth and Trends in Food Production and Consumption in the CWANA Region'] ### Abstract: ['Many of the financial and social challenges that face Central and West Asia and North Africa (CWANA) can be addressed through more efficient and sustainable use of arable land and water resources. In recent years improvements in land and water use have come from an agricultural sector that is moving from state to market control, but without greater changes the region will continue to be constrained by environmental degradation, institutional inefficiencies, and persistently high population growth rates. This chapter presents a trend analysis of major cropping groups for the period 19612002 and summarizes ways to address the key problems of food security, poverty reduction, and conservation of natural resources throughout the CWANA region. The International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA) and its partners are presented as a regional knowledge portal through which many of these initiatives can occur.'] ### GND ID: ['gnd:4000771-6', 'gnd:4034402-2', 'gnd:4073993-4', 'gnd:4079351-5', 'gnd:4704302-7', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831637634'] ### GND class: ['Agrarpolitik', 'Landwirtschaft', 'Landwirtschaftliche Betriebslehre', 'Wirtschaftstheorie', 'Agrarökonomie'] <|eot_id|>

3A1831637669.jsonld

['Chapter 66 Production, Productivity, and Public Investment in East Asian Agriculture']

['Since the 1950s, agricultural growth in East Asia (China, Mongolia, North Korea, South Korea, and Taiwan) has reduced rural poverty and created a strong base for economic development. To gain a better understanding of the nature of this growth, we examine the sources of change in agricultural production and total factor productivity (TFP) and decompose the measurements into reform-based time periods. We also review studies that link public investments to agricultural growth and poverty reduction. We find that formulating growth-inducing and poverty-reducing strategies requires policymakers to understand the relative returns of different types of investments. JEL classifications: Q12, Q14, Q18, O13, O47']

['gnd:4000771-6', 'gnd:4034402-2', 'gnd:4073993-4', 'gnd:4079351-5', 'gnd:4704302-7', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831637669']

['Agrarpolitik', 'Landwirtschaft', 'Landwirtschaftliche Betriebslehre', 'Wirtschaftstheorie', 'Agrarökonomie']

Document ### Title: ['Chapter 66 Production, Productivity, and Public Investment in East Asian Agriculture'] ### Abstract: ['Since the 1950s, agricultural growth in East Asia (China, Mongolia, North Korea, South Korea, and Taiwan) has reduced rural poverty and created a strong base for economic development. To gain a better understanding of the nature of this growth, we examine the sources of change in agricultural production and total factor productivity (TFP) and decompose the measurements into reform-based time periods. We also review studies that link public investments to agricultural growth and poverty reduction. We find that formulating growth-inducing and poverty-reducing strategies requires policymakers to understand the relative returns of different types of investments. JEL classifications: Q12, Q14, Q18, O13, O47'] ### GND ID: ['gnd:4000771-6', 'gnd:4034402-2', 'gnd:4073993-4', 'gnd:4079351-5', 'gnd:4704302-7', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831637669'] ### GND class: ['Agrarpolitik', 'Landwirtschaft', 'Landwirtschaftliche Betriebslehre', 'Wirtschaftstheorie', 'Agrarökonomie'] <|eot_id|>

3A1831637677.jsonld

['Chapter 65 Farm Size']

["What patterns can be discerned in the distribution of farm sizes across countries and over time? How does the behavior of individual economic agents interact with the natural environment and general economic development to affect farm size? How has concerted human intervention, understood as national and supranational policy actions, altered these outcomes? We find that operated farm size rises with economic development, especially in the 20 th century, with marked exceptions: large farms in Latin America and Southern Africa; small farms in parts of Northwest Europe; diminishing farm size in South Asia. Despite increased scale, in many advanced countries the family remains the main source of farm labor. Hired labor supervision costs tend to favor family farming as the equilibrium institution. Theory suggests that the family farm will typically become larger with economic development, but its efficiency advantage over the agroindustrial enterprise will decline. Sufficiently land-augmenting technical advances can upset the relationship between development and equilibrium scale, as in the Green Revolution. Concerted intervention can also cause departures from such equilibria. Colonial land grabs have led to inefficiently large farms, with market forces and land reform subsequently reducing average size after decolonization. Greater land rights have thereby raised the rural poor's income, status, and power, but farmland collectivizations, and much farm tenancy reform, have largely failed to achieve this goal. However, classic land reforms, and some decollectivizations, have proved more incentive-compatible and have distributed large land areas among many small family-managed units. Farm size is, in principle, also affected by net taxes on farm production (mostly negative in OECD, mostly positive in developing countries, though reduced), but such effects remain empirically elusive. Globalization and liberalizationeffects via relative prices asidehave induced institutional changes that are not neutral with respect to farm size. These include supermarkets increased role in the supply chain."]

['gnd:4000771-6', 'gnd:4034402-2', 'gnd:4073993-4', 'gnd:4079351-5', 'gnd:4704302-7', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831637677']

['Agrarpolitik', 'Landwirtschaft', 'Landwirtschaftliche Betriebslehre', 'Wirtschaftstheorie', 'Agrarökonomie']

Document ### Title: ['Chapter 65 Farm Size'] ### Abstract: ["What patterns can be discerned in the distribution of farm sizes across countries and over time? How does the behavior of individual economic agents interact with the natural environment and general economic development to affect farm size? How has concerted human intervention, understood as national and supranational policy actions, altered these outcomes? We find that operated farm size rises with economic development, especially in the 20 th century, with marked exceptions: large farms in Latin America and Southern Africa; small farms in parts of Northwest Europe; diminishing farm size in South Asia. Despite increased scale, in many advanced countries the family remains the main source of farm labor. Hired labor supervision costs tend to favor family farming as the equilibrium institution. Theory suggests that the family farm will typically become larger with economic development, but its efficiency advantage over the agroindustrial enterprise will decline. Sufficiently land-augmenting technical advances can upset the relationship between development and equilibrium scale, as in the Green Revolution. Concerted intervention can also cause departures from such equilibria. Colonial land grabs have led to inefficiently large farms, with market forces and land reform subsequently reducing average size after decolonization. Greater land rights have thereby raised the rural poor's income, status, and power, but farmland collectivizations, and much farm tenancy reform, have largely failed to achieve this goal. However, classic land reforms, and some decollectivizations, have proved more incentive-compatible and have distributed large land areas among many small family-managed units. Farm size is, in principle, also affected by net taxes on farm production (mostly negative in OECD, mostly positive in developing countries, though reduced), but such effects remain empirically elusive. Globalization and liberalizationeffects via relative prices asidehave induced institutional changes that are not neutral with respect to farm size. These include supermarkets increased role in the supply chain."] ### GND ID: ['gnd:4000771-6', 'gnd:4034402-2', 'gnd:4073993-4', 'gnd:4079351-5', 'gnd:4704302-7', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831637677'] ### GND class: ['Agrarpolitik', 'Landwirtschaft', 'Landwirtschaftliche Betriebslehre', 'Wirtschaftstheorie', 'Agrarökonomie'] <|eot_id|>

3A1831637685.jsonld

['Chapter 64 Plantations Agriculture']

["Large plantations producing tropical cash crops based on hired labor represent a sharp contrast with small family farms, popularly called peasants in developing economies. The family farm is an old institution that has existed since time immemorial, but the plantation is a new institution introduced by Western colonialism for extracting tropical cash crops for export to home countries. Large-scale operation of the plantation was necessary for internalizing gains from investment in infrastructure needed for opening vast tracts of unused lands. However, where the communities of indigenous smallholders had already been established, family farms proved to be equally or more efficient producers of tropical export crops using the family labor of low supervision costs, relative to plantations based on hired labor. This advantage of family farms rose as population density increased and rural infrastructure improved, whereas not only economic but also social drawbacks of the plantation system loomed. However, reforms aimed to break down plantations to the operation of smallholders by a government's coercive power could be disruptive and inefficient. A better approach might be to support the initiative of the private sector to reorganize the plantation system into a more decentralized system, such as the contract farming system in which an agribusiness enterprise manages the processing/marketing process and contracts with small growers on the assured supply of farm-produced raw materials. JFL classification : D23, O13, P42, N50, Q13"]

['gnd:4000771-6', 'gnd:4034402-2', 'gnd:4073993-4', 'gnd:4079351-5', 'gnd:4704302-7', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831637685']

['Agrarpolitik', 'Landwirtschaft', 'Landwirtschaftliche Betriebslehre', 'Wirtschaftstheorie', 'Agrarökonomie']

Document ### Title: ['Chapter 64 Plantations Agriculture'] ### Abstract: ["Large plantations producing tropical cash crops based on hired labor represent a sharp contrast with small family farms, popularly called peasants in developing economies. The family farm is an old institution that has existed since time immemorial, but the plantation is a new institution introduced by Western colonialism for extracting tropical cash crops for export to home countries. Large-scale operation of the plantation was necessary for internalizing gains from investment in infrastructure needed for opening vast tracts of unused lands. However, where the communities of indigenous smallholders had already been established, family farms proved to be equally or more efficient producers of tropical export crops using the family labor of low supervision costs, relative to plantations based on hired labor. This advantage of family farms rose as population density increased and rural infrastructure improved, whereas not only economic but also social drawbacks of the plantation system loomed. However, reforms aimed to break down plantations to the operation of smallholders by a government's coercive power could be disruptive and inefficient. A better approach might be to support the initiative of the private sector to reorganize the plantation system into a more decentralized system, such as the contract farming system in which an agribusiness enterprise manages the processing/marketing process and contracts with small growers on the assured supply of farm-produced raw materials. JFL classification : D23, O13, P42, N50, Q13"] ### GND ID: ['gnd:4000771-6', 'gnd:4034402-2', 'gnd:4073993-4', 'gnd:4079351-5', 'gnd:4704302-7', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831637685'] ### GND class: ['Agrarpolitik', 'Landwirtschaft', 'Landwirtschaftliche Betriebslehre', 'Wirtschaftstheorie', 'Agrarökonomie'] <|eot_id|>

3A1831637693.jsonld

['Chapter 63 Development Aid and Agriculture']

["This chapter is motivated by the question of whether development assistance directed at agriculture (agricultural aid) is effective. It argues that development assistance is continually changing as the ascendant visions of strong global leaders interact with theories of economic growth and evidence on the impact of past aid, and that agricultural aid has reflected similar continual changes in its composition and mode of delivery. The chapter briefly summarizes evidence on the contribution of aid to overall economic growth, then reviews the evidence of whether agricultural aid accelerates agricultural or economic development. It reviews evaluations of projects and sets of projects related to agricultural credit, integrated rural development, irrigation, research, extension, and higher education. However, except for the World Bank's Operations Evaluation Department (OED) work, most studies of agricultural aid fail to estimate economic rates of return or contributions to incomes of farmers or national economies. It is impossible to conclude, from the evaluation literature, whether agricultural aid accelerates economic development or not. The chapter shows that donors change the object of their assistance with great frequency. Economic growth takes time, and donors have not stayed committed to key activities for a sufficiently long time to achieve results. Aid to agriculture from nearly all donors fell precipitously beginning in the mid-1980s despite clear evidence that there was a continuing need for broad, long-term support for agriculture in sub-Sahara Africa. This review suggests that those with responsibility for allocating assistance across sectors do not understand the crucial importance of agriculture at the early stages of development, because the urge to fund new approaches dominates decisions rather than judgment of what is needed and what is likely to be effective. However, one may also understand the unwillingness of aid decision makers to place too much credence in the results of impact evaluation studies because there are few consistent results, whether on national economic growth or agricultural growth, and most studies stress the difficulty of attributing agricultural production growth to development assistance."]

['gnd:4000771-6', 'gnd:4034402-2', 'gnd:4073993-4', 'gnd:4079351-5', 'gnd:4704302-7', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831637693']

['Agrarpolitik', 'Landwirtschaft', 'Landwirtschaftliche Betriebslehre', 'Wirtschaftstheorie', 'Agrarökonomie']

Document ### Title: ['Chapter 63 Development Aid and Agriculture'] ### Abstract: ["This chapter is motivated by the question of whether development assistance directed at agriculture (agricultural aid) is effective. It argues that development assistance is continually changing as the ascendant visions of strong global leaders interact with theories of economic growth and evidence on the impact of past aid, and that agricultural aid has reflected similar continual changes in its composition and mode of delivery. The chapter briefly summarizes evidence on the contribution of aid to overall economic growth, then reviews the evidence of whether agricultural aid accelerates agricultural or economic development. It reviews evaluations of projects and sets of projects related to agricultural credit, integrated rural development, irrigation, research, extension, and higher education. However, except for the World Bank's Operations Evaluation Department (OED) work, most studies of agricultural aid fail to estimate economic rates of return or contributions to incomes of farmers or national economies. It is impossible to conclude, from the evaluation literature, whether agricultural aid accelerates economic development or not. The chapter shows that donors change the object of their assistance with great frequency. Economic growth takes time, and donors have not stayed committed to key activities for a sufficiently long time to achieve results. Aid to agriculture from nearly all donors fell precipitously beginning in the mid-1980s despite clear evidence that there was a continuing need for broad, long-term support for agriculture in sub-Sahara Africa. This review suggests that those with responsibility for allocating assistance across sectors do not understand the crucial importance of agriculture at the early stages of development, because the urge to fund new approaches dominates decisions rather than judgment of what is needed and what is likely to be effective. However, one may also understand the unwillingness of aid decision makers to place too much credence in the results of impact evaluation studies because there are few consistent results, whether on national economic growth or agricultural growth, and most studies stress the difficulty of attributing agricultural production growth to development assistance."] ### GND ID: ['gnd:4000771-6', 'gnd:4034402-2', 'gnd:4073993-4', 'gnd:4079351-5', 'gnd:4704302-7', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831637693'] ### GND class: ['Agrarpolitik', 'Landwirtschaft', 'Landwirtschaftliche Betriebslehre', 'Wirtschaftstheorie', 'Agrarökonomie'] <|eot_id|>

3A1831637707.jsonld

['Chapter 62 International Trade Policies Affecting Agricultural Incentives in Developing Countries']

["For decades, earnings from farming in many developing countries have been depressed by a pro-urban bias in own-country policies as well as by governments of richer countries favoring their farmers with import barriers and subsidies. Both sets of policies reduce national and global economic welfare and inhibit economic growth. In particular, they add to inequality and poverty in developing countries, since three quarters of the world's billion poorest people depend directly or indirectly on farming for their livelihood. During the past two decades, however, numerous developing-country governments have reduced their sectoral and trade policy distortions, while some high-income countries have also begun reforming their protectionist farm policies. This chapter surveys the changing extent of policy distortions to prices faced by developing-country farmers. After outlining the basic measurement theory, the chapter provides a brief history of policies of advanced and developing economies and then surveys empirical studies that document the changing extent of price distortions over the past half century. It reviews the economic effects of policy reforms since the early 1980s and of interventions remaining in the early part of the present century, according to global economywide modeling results. The chapter concludes by pointing to the scope and prospects for further pro-poor policy reform at home and abroad."]

['gnd:4000771-6', 'gnd:4034402-2', 'gnd:4073993-4', 'gnd:4079351-5', 'gnd:4704302-7', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831637707']

['Agrarpolitik', 'Landwirtschaft', 'Landwirtschaftliche Betriebslehre', 'Wirtschaftstheorie', 'Agrarökonomie']

Document ### Title: ['Chapter 62 International Trade Policies Affecting Agricultural Incentives in Developing Countries'] ### Abstract: ["For decades, earnings from farming in many developing countries have been depressed by a pro-urban bias in own-country policies as well as by governments of richer countries favoring their farmers with import barriers and subsidies. Both sets of policies reduce national and global economic welfare and inhibit economic growth. In particular, they add to inequality and poverty in developing countries, since three quarters of the world's billion poorest people depend directly or indirectly on farming for their livelihood. During the past two decades, however, numerous developing-country governments have reduced their sectoral and trade policy distortions, while some high-income countries have also begun reforming their protectionist farm policies. This chapter surveys the changing extent of policy distortions to prices faced by developing-country farmers. After outlining the basic measurement theory, the chapter provides a brief history of policies of advanced and developing economies and then surveys empirical studies that document the changing extent of price distortions over the past half century. It reviews the economic effects of policy reforms since the early 1980s and of interventions remaining in the early part of the present century, according to global economywide modeling results. The chapter concludes by pointing to the scope and prospects for further pro-poor policy reform at home and abroad."] ### GND ID: ['gnd:4000771-6', 'gnd:4034402-2', 'gnd:4073993-4', 'gnd:4079351-5', 'gnd:4704302-7', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831637707'] ### GND class: ['Agrarpolitik', 'Landwirtschaft', 'Landwirtschaftliche Betriebslehre', 'Wirtschaftstheorie', 'Agrarökonomie'] <|eot_id|>

3A1831637774.jsonld

['Chapter 60 Past Climate Change Impacts on Agriculture']

['This paper examines the likely impact on agriculture of the climate change which has already taken place between 1960 and 2000. Accumulating greenhouse gases have caused global temperatures to rise approximately 0.25 °C during this period and for precipitation patterns to shift. Using cross-sectional and crop simulation evidence, temperature, precipitation, and carbon dioxide response functions are used to calculate the impacts on agriculture. Temperature and precipitation changes together have caused estimated global impacts ranging from a loss of 0.05% to a gain of 0.9% of agricultural GDP. Including carbon fertilization effects, historic climate change is estimated to have caused a 2–4% increase in global production. Given the rapid increase in agricultural production over the last 40 years, the contribution of climate change to the overall growth of agriculture has been small, contributing between 2.6% and 5.4% of overall growth. This effect has been larger in mid to high latitude countries where climate change is estimated to have caused 4–7% of historic agricultural growth and smaller in low latitude countries where the climate change has contributed between 0.6% and 3% of the growth. Future climate changes which are expected to be much larger, may well have very different effects than past climate changes. Future changes may continue to be slightly beneficial to global agriculture up to about 2.5 °C, but they will eventually become harmful and cause reductions in global production.']

['gnd:4000771-6', 'gnd:4034402-2', 'gnd:4073993-4', 'gnd:4079351-5', 'gnd:4704302-7', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831637774']

['Agrarpolitik', 'Landwirtschaft', 'Landwirtschaftliche Betriebslehre', 'Wirtschaftstheorie', 'Agrarökonomie']

Document ### Title: ['Chapter 60 Past Climate Change Impacts on Agriculture'] ### Abstract: ['This paper examines the likely impact on agriculture of the climate change which has already taken place between 1960 and 2000. Accumulating greenhouse gases have caused global temperatures to rise approximately 0.25 °C during this period and for precipitation patterns to shift. Using cross-sectional and crop simulation evidence, temperature, precipitation, and carbon dioxide response functions are used to calculate the impacts on agriculture. Temperature and precipitation changes together have caused estimated global impacts ranging from a loss of 0.05% to a gain of 0.9% of agricultural GDP. Including carbon fertilization effects, historic climate change is estimated to have caused a 2–4% increase in global production. Given the rapid increase in agricultural production over the last 40 years, the contribution of climate change to the overall growth of agriculture has been small, contributing between 2.6% and 5.4% of overall growth. This effect has been larger in mid to high latitude countries where climate change is estimated to have caused 4–7% of historic agricultural growth and smaller in low latitude countries where the climate change has contributed between 0.6% and 3% of the growth. Future climate changes which are expected to be much larger, may well have very different effects than past climate changes. Future changes may continue to be slightly beneficial to global agriculture up to about 2.5 °C, but they will eventually become harmful and cause reductions in global production.'] ### GND ID: ['gnd:4000771-6', 'gnd:4034402-2', 'gnd:4073993-4', 'gnd:4079351-5', 'gnd:4704302-7', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831637774'] ### GND class: ['Agrarpolitik', 'Landwirtschaft', 'Landwirtschaftliche Betriebslehre', 'Wirtschaftstheorie', 'Agrarökonomie'] <|eot_id|>

3A1831637782.jsonld

['Chapter 59 Land Use: Forest, Agriculture, and Biodiversity Competition']

["Since at least the time of von Thünen's contributions to the subject, economists have been interested in explaining land use in the hinterlands. This interest has grown with increasing societal demands on remaining forested areas and concern for the nonmarket resources generated by such habitats. However, the situation is not nearly as dire as one might expect based on the more alarming pronouncements. Despite both economic and population growth, forest areas in much of the developed world have been increasing, not declining. Improvements in growing and processing technology, in combination with increased concern for forest resources, have enabled increases in productivity that have largely offset growth in demand. While the record has not been quite as good in the developing countries, productivity growth and a slowing in the rate of population increase are also reducing pressures on forests in poorer nations. While these trends are promising, concern remains with the decline in natural habitats, particularly in moist tropical forests, where biological diversity is most concentrated. Biologists and conservation advocates have advanced a number of arguments both that “biodiversity” is imperiled as forests are felled and that the values of the services generated by such systems justify their preservation. While often plausible, these arguments remain largely unproved. It seems unlikely that prospects for commercializing the products and services of forest ecosystems will prove sufficient to motivate their conservation on a large scale. Other instruments for conservation must, then, be employed if areas under intense pressure for conversion are to be preserved."]

['gnd:4000771-6', 'gnd:4034402-2', 'gnd:4073993-4', 'gnd:4079351-5', 'gnd:4704302-7', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831637782']

['Agrarpolitik', 'Landwirtschaft', 'Landwirtschaftliche Betriebslehre', 'Wirtschaftstheorie', 'Agrarökonomie']

Document ### Title: ['Chapter 59 Land Use: Forest, Agriculture, and Biodiversity Competition'] ### Abstract: ["Since at least the time of von Thünen's contributions to the subject, economists have been interested in explaining land use in the hinterlands. This interest has grown with increasing societal demands on remaining forested areas and concern for the nonmarket resources generated by such habitats. However, the situation is not nearly as dire as one might expect based on the more alarming pronouncements. Despite both economic and population growth, forest areas in much of the developed world have been increasing, not declining. Improvements in growing and processing technology, in combination with increased concern for forest resources, have enabled increases in productivity that have largely offset growth in demand. While the record has not been quite as good in the developing countries, productivity growth and a slowing in the rate of population increase are also reducing pressures on forests in poorer nations. While these trends are promising, concern remains with the decline in natural habitats, particularly in moist tropical forests, where biological diversity is most concentrated. Biologists and conservation advocates have advanced a number of arguments both that “biodiversity” is imperiled as forests are felled and that the values of the services generated by such systems justify their preservation. While often plausible, these arguments remain largely unproved. It seems unlikely that prospects for commercializing the products and services of forest ecosystems will prove sufficient to motivate their conservation on a large scale. Other instruments for conservation must, then, be employed if areas under intense pressure for conversion are to be preserved."] ### GND ID: ['gnd:4000771-6', 'gnd:4034402-2', 'gnd:4073993-4', 'gnd:4079351-5', 'gnd:4704302-7', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831637782'] ### GND class: ['Agrarpolitik', 'Landwirtschaft', 'Landwirtschaftliche Betriebslehre', 'Wirtschaftstheorie', 'Agrarökonomie'] <|eot_id|>

3A1831637790.jsonld

['Chapter 58 The Economics of Water, Irrigation, and Development']

['The post-World War II era has witnessed a drastic increase in irrigation activities that have contributed substantially to the massive growth in agricultural production that enables humanity to feed its doubling population. However, a distinction has to be made between the overall positive contribution of irrigation to agricultural productivity and economic welfare and the significant amount of misallocation and mismanagement of resources that have accompanied the expansion of irrigation. In many cases, water resources have been overdeveloped; there has been overspending on capital; and significant costs in terms of loss of ecosystems, extinction of fish species, and contamination of water sources. This chapter provides an economic perspective on the contribution of irrigation and water resources to past agricultural development and future water resource management. The efficiency of water use is affected by decisions made at many levels. The inefficiencies that can occur at different levels of water management are discussed in this chapter. The analysis first considers irrigation water use by an individual, and then moves to the importance of regional management. The importance of dynamic considerations about the future, and the role of interregional management are then covered. Together, these sections present an economic framework for designing water institutions and policies to improve water resource allocation and prevent some of the current inefficiency in water resource systems. The second part of the chapter provides an overview of the benefits and costs that have been realized through agricultural water and irrigation projects in developing countries. There is a paucity of ex-post integrated assessments of these projects, so the chapter puts the pieces together, combining data with conceptual arguments.']

['gnd:4000771-6', 'gnd:4034402-2', 'gnd:4073993-4', 'gnd:4079351-5', 'gnd:4704302-7', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831637790']

['Agrarpolitik', 'Landwirtschaft', 'Landwirtschaftliche Betriebslehre', 'Wirtschaftstheorie', 'Agrarökonomie']

Document ### Title: ['Chapter 58 The Economics of Water, Irrigation, and Development'] ### Abstract: ['The post-World War II era has witnessed a drastic increase in irrigation activities that have contributed substantially to the massive growth in agricultural production that enables humanity to feed its doubling population. However, a distinction has to be made between the overall positive contribution of irrigation to agricultural productivity and economic welfare and the significant amount of misallocation and mismanagement of resources that have accompanied the expansion of irrigation. In many cases, water resources have been overdeveloped; there has been overspending on capital; and significant costs in terms of loss of ecosystems, extinction of fish species, and contamination of water sources. This chapter provides an economic perspective on the contribution of irrigation and water resources to past agricultural development and future water resource management. The efficiency of water use is affected by decisions made at many levels. The inefficiencies that can occur at different levels of water management are discussed in this chapter. The analysis first considers irrigation water use by an individual, and then moves to the importance of regional management. The importance of dynamic considerations about the future, and the role of interregional management are then covered. Together, these sections present an economic framework for designing water institutions and policies to improve water resource allocation and prevent some of the current inefficiency in water resource systems. The second part of the chapter provides an overview of the benefits and costs that have been realized through agricultural water and irrigation projects in developing countries. There is a paucity of ex-post integrated assessments of these projects, so the chapter puts the pieces together, combining data with conceptual arguments.'] ### GND ID: ['gnd:4000771-6', 'gnd:4034402-2', 'gnd:4073993-4', 'gnd:4079351-5', 'gnd:4704302-7', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831637790'] ### GND class: ['Agrarpolitik', 'Landwirtschaft', 'Landwirtschaftliche Betriebslehre', 'Wirtschaftstheorie', 'Agrarökonomie'] <|eot_id|>

3A1831637804.jsonld

['Chapter 57 Soil Quality and Agricultural Development']

['This chapter evaluates soil quality and agricultural development. Estimates of soil erosion, in terms of losses to farm income range from a high of $25 billion per year to a low of $100 million per year. Crosson estimates that the $100 million figure is the most reliable. Crosson notes that this estimate is quite low (roughly a quarter of a percent per year) and argues that the Soil Conservation Service in the US invested heavily in programs to prevent soil erosion. Crosson also notes that soil erosion rates in Europe are even lower than soil erosion rates in the U.S. On a global scale, Crosson uses estimates made by Oldeman and associates at Wageningen University and concludes that global estimates of soil erosion are low (the average overall rate of erosion-based damage is 0.1% per year). A comparison of China and Indonesia, confirmed these estimates. In Sub-Saharan Africa where cropland area is still expanding rapidly, soil erosion rates are higher because of insecure property rights in land.']

['gnd:4000771-6', 'gnd:4034402-2', 'gnd:4073993-4', 'gnd:4079351-5', 'gnd:4704302-7', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831637804']

['Agrarpolitik', 'Landwirtschaft', 'Landwirtschaftliche Betriebslehre', 'Wirtschaftstheorie', 'Agrarökonomie']

Document ### Title: ['Chapter 57 Soil Quality and Agricultural Development'] ### Abstract: ['This chapter evaluates soil quality and agricultural development. Estimates of soil erosion, in terms of losses to farm income range from a high of $25 billion per year to a low of $100 million per year. Crosson estimates that the $100 million figure is the most reliable. Crosson notes that this estimate is quite low (roughly a quarter of a percent per year) and argues that the Soil Conservation Service in the US invested heavily in programs to prevent soil erosion. Crosson also notes that soil erosion rates in Europe are even lower than soil erosion rates in the U.S. On a global scale, Crosson uses estimates made by Oldeman and associates at Wageningen University and concludes that global estimates of soil erosion are low (the average overall rate of erosion-based damage is 0.1% per year). A comparison of China and Indonesia, confirmed these estimates. In Sub-Saharan Africa where cropland area is still expanding rapidly, soil erosion rates are higher because of insecure property rights in land.'] ### GND ID: ['gnd:4000771-6', 'gnd:4034402-2', 'gnd:4073993-4', 'gnd:4079351-5', 'gnd:4704302-7', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831637804'] ### GND class: ['Agrarpolitik', 'Landwirtschaft', 'Landwirtschaftliche Betriebslehre', 'Wirtschaftstheorie', 'Agrarökonomie'] <|eot_id|>

3A1831637812.jsonld

['Chapter 56 Rural Financial Markets in Developing Countries']

['This review examines portions of the vast literature on rural financial markets and household behavior in the face of risk and uncertainty and limited commitment. In addition to examining household strategies and bilateral contracting we place particular emphasis on studying the important role of financial intermediaries, competition and regulation in shaping the changing structure and organization of rural markets. Our goal is to provide a framework within which the evolution of financial intermediation in rural economies can be understood.']

['gnd:4000771-6', 'gnd:4034402-2', 'gnd:4073993-4', 'gnd:4079351-5', 'gnd:4704302-7', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831637812']

['Agrarpolitik', 'Landwirtschaft', 'Landwirtschaftliche Betriebslehre', 'Wirtschaftstheorie', 'Agrarökonomie']

Document ### Title: ['Chapter 56 Rural Financial Markets in Developing Countries'] ### Abstract: ['This review examines portions of the vast literature on rural financial markets and household behavior in the face of risk and uncertainty and limited commitment. In addition to examining household strategies and bilateral contracting we place particular emphasis on studying the important role of financial intermediaries, competition and regulation in shaping the changing structure and organization of rural markets. Our goal is to provide a framework within which the evolution of financial intermediation in rural economies can be understood.'] ### GND ID: ['gnd:4000771-6', 'gnd:4034402-2', 'gnd:4073993-4', 'gnd:4079351-5', 'gnd:4704302-7', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831637812'] ### GND class: ['Agrarpolitik', 'Landwirtschaft', 'Landwirtschaftliche Betriebslehre', 'Wirtschaftstheorie', 'Agrarökonomie'] <|eot_id|>

3A1831637820.jsonld

['Chapter 55 Transformation of Markets for Agricultural Output in Developing Countries Since 1950: How Has Thinking Changed?']

['This chapter traces the evolution of the agricultural economics literature on agrifood output markets over the past 50 years, emphasizing research approaches and policy issues. The analysis of agrifood systems encompasses the demand and supply side of output markets. The analysis in this chapter is set within the conceptual framework of how the agrifood economy develops during the agricultural and structural transformation. The related paths of development of policy and policy issues, and research themes and methods, are analyzed in parallel. The chapter examines the shift from broad and atomistic “commodity” markets to differentiated and more concentrated “product” markets over the half century. Spurred by massive retail sector foreign direct investment (FDI) to which was added competitive investments from domestic capital, a profound retail transformation has occurred in the past decade – the “supermarket revolution”. This revolution has been the leading edge of globalization of domestic agrifood systems, not, as the literature currently emphasizes, opening to international trade. The chapter ends with a focus on the challenge for researchers in the next several decades, especially the need for new research methodologies that are suitable for understanding the role and influence of a small number of large-scale, multi-national firms, and for analyzing the impacts of the consolidation of the downstream segments of the agrifood system – the food industry – on upstream segments of the domestic agrifood systems, on rural development, and on trade.']

['gnd:4000771-6', 'gnd:4034402-2', 'gnd:4073993-4', 'gnd:4079351-5', 'gnd:4704302-7', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831637820']

['Agrarpolitik', 'Landwirtschaft', 'Landwirtschaftliche Betriebslehre', 'Wirtschaftstheorie', 'Agrarökonomie']

Document ### Title: ['Chapter 55 Transformation of Markets for Agricultural Output in Developing Countries Since 1950: How Has Thinking Changed?'] ### Abstract: ['This chapter traces the evolution of the agricultural economics literature on agrifood output markets over the past 50 years, emphasizing research approaches and policy issues. The analysis of agrifood systems encompasses the demand and supply side of output markets. The analysis in this chapter is set within the conceptual framework of how the agrifood economy develops during the agricultural and structural transformation. The related paths of development of policy and policy issues, and research themes and methods, are analyzed in parallel. The chapter examines the shift from broad and atomistic “commodity” markets to differentiated and more concentrated “product” markets over the half century. Spurred by massive retail sector foreign direct investment (FDI) to which was added competitive investments from domestic capital, a profound retail transformation has occurred in the past decade – the “supermarket revolution”. This revolution has been the leading edge of globalization of domestic agrifood systems, not, as the literature currently emphasizes, opening to international trade. The chapter ends with a focus on the challenge for researchers in the next several decades, especially the need for new research methodologies that are suitable for understanding the role and influence of a small number of large-scale, multi-national firms, and for analyzing the impacts of the consolidation of the downstream segments of the agrifood system – the food industry – on upstream segments of the domestic agrifood systems, on rural development, and on trade.'] ### GND ID: ['gnd:4000771-6', 'gnd:4034402-2', 'gnd:4073993-4', 'gnd:4079351-5', 'gnd:4704302-7', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831637820'] ### GND class: ['Agrarpolitik', 'Landwirtschaft', 'Landwirtschaftliche Betriebslehre', 'Wirtschaftstheorie', 'Agrarökonomie'] <|eot_id|>

3A1831637863.jsonld

['Chapter 51 Efficiency and Equity Effects of Land Markets']

['It is widely believed that land markets, including both land sales and tenancy markets, are neither efficient nor conducive to social equity. It is often argued that tenants, particularly share tenants, do not have proper incentives to work and invest, partly because of the disincentive effects of output sharing and partly because of the tenure insecurity. It is also widely accepted that land sales transactions tend to exacerbate the social equity and rural poverty by facilitating the concentration of land ownership by hands of a few wealthy landlords. Based on these presumptions, land reform programs have been implemented in a number of developing countries. This article critically reviews these presumptions both theoretically and empirically. Firstly, we identify why land tenancy transaction is more common than land sales transactions and why share tenancy is more common than leasehold tenancy. Secondly, we critically review the theories of share tenancy, tenure security, and adjustment costs of farm size. Thirdly, we empirically review the efficiency and equity effects of land markets as well as the impacts of conventional land reform programs. It has become clear from the literature review that land reform polices have generally failed to improve land use efficiency and social equity. It is also found that tenancy contracts, including share tenancy, are generally efficient and conducive to social justice. In conclusion, we propose to encourage tenancy transactions, in general, and share tenancy, in particular.']

['gnd:4000771-6', 'gnd:4034402-2', 'gnd:4073993-4', 'gnd:4079351-5', 'gnd:4704302-7', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831637863']

['Agrarpolitik', 'Landwirtschaft', 'Landwirtschaftliche Betriebslehre', 'Wirtschaftstheorie', 'Agrarökonomie']

Document ### Title: ['Chapter 51 Efficiency and Equity Effects of Land Markets'] ### Abstract: ['It is widely believed that land markets, including both land sales and tenancy markets, are neither efficient nor conducive to social equity. It is often argued that tenants, particularly share tenants, do not have proper incentives to work and invest, partly because of the disincentive effects of output sharing and partly because of the tenure insecurity. It is also widely accepted that land sales transactions tend to exacerbate the social equity and rural poverty by facilitating the concentration of land ownership by hands of a few wealthy landlords. Based on these presumptions, land reform programs have been implemented in a number of developing countries. This article critically reviews these presumptions both theoretically and empirically. Firstly, we identify why land tenancy transaction is more common than land sales transactions and why share tenancy is more common than leasehold tenancy. Secondly, we critically review the theories of share tenancy, tenure security, and adjustment costs of farm size. Thirdly, we empirically review the efficiency and equity effects of land markets as well as the impacts of conventional land reform programs. It has become clear from the literature review that land reform polices have generally failed to improve land use efficiency and social equity. It is also found that tenancy contracts, including share tenancy, are generally efficient and conducive to social justice. In conclusion, we propose to encourage tenancy transactions, in general, and share tenancy, in particular.'] ### GND ID: ['gnd:4000771-6', 'gnd:4034402-2', 'gnd:4073993-4', 'gnd:4079351-5', 'gnd:4704302-7', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831637863'] ### GND class: ['Agrarpolitik', 'Landwirtschaft', 'Landwirtschaftliche Betriebslehre', 'Wirtschaftstheorie', 'Agrarökonomie'] <|eot_id|>

3A1831637898.jsonld

['Chapter 48 Agricultural Innovation: Investments and Incentives']

['Investments in R&amp;D and agricultural innovations have been fundamental to long-term economic growth worldwide. But global resource allocation has been uneven, with some developing countries closing in on developed-world scientific capacities, others regaining ground lost over the past decade or so, but, unfortunately, many others either stalled or slipping behind. Recently, substantial shifts in the scientific basis for much of biological research have created a new and promising set of opportunities for innovation in agricultural biotechnologies. Moreover, the institutional, regulatory and, especially, intellectual property regimes that affect agricultural R&amp;D are also undergoing rapid change, providing enhanced private incentives for applications of biotechnology in agriculture. But the nature of these developments is raising real concerns about the extent to which developing-country agriculture will be able to partake in the benefits offered by the advances in biotechnology. In this chapter we present an overview of the globally evolving structure of funding and performance of agricultural research. This establishes the special nature of agricultural research as a truly joint endeavor of North and South, and of the public and private sectors. We then sketch the economics of intellectual property protection – highlighting static and dynamic models and the effects of competition – and alternative incentives to innovate. A brief list of means that have been used or proposed for protecting intellectual property in agriculture is presented, followed by a discussion of the ongoing global evolution of the intellectual property environment and relevant institutions. Then we discuss instruments that are available for transacting intellectual property rights (IPRs), provide a quantitative view of trends in agricultural intellectual property protection worldwide, and end with a short conclusion.']

['gnd:4000771-6', 'gnd:4034402-2', 'gnd:4073993-4', 'gnd:4079351-5', 'gnd:4704302-7', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831637898']

['Agrarpolitik', 'Landwirtschaft', 'Landwirtschaftliche Betriebslehre', 'Wirtschaftstheorie', 'Agrarökonomie']

Document ### Title: ['Chapter 48 Agricultural Innovation: Investments and Incentives'] ### Abstract: ['Investments in R&amp;D and agricultural innovations have been fundamental to long-term economic growth worldwide. But global resource allocation has been uneven, with some developing countries closing in on developed-world scientific capacities, others regaining ground lost over the past decade or so, but, unfortunately, many others either stalled or slipping behind. Recently, substantial shifts in the scientific basis for much of biological research have created a new and promising set of opportunities for innovation in agricultural biotechnologies. Moreover, the institutional, regulatory and, especially, intellectual property regimes that affect agricultural R&amp;D are also undergoing rapid change, providing enhanced private incentives for applications of biotechnology in agriculture. But the nature of these developments is raising real concerns about the extent to which developing-country agriculture will be able to partake in the benefits offered by the advances in biotechnology. In this chapter we present an overview of the globally evolving structure of funding and performance of agricultural research. This establishes the special nature of agricultural research as a truly joint endeavor of North and South, and of the public and private sectors. We then sketch the economics of intellectual property protection – highlighting static and dynamic models and the effects of competition – and alternative incentives to innovate. A brief list of means that have been used or proposed for protecting intellectual property in agriculture is presented, followed by a discussion of the ongoing global evolution of the intellectual property environment and relevant institutions. Then we discuss instruments that are available for transacting intellectual property rights (IPRs), provide a quantitative view of trends in agricultural intellectual property protection worldwide, and end with a short conclusion.'] ### GND ID: ['gnd:4000771-6', 'gnd:4034402-2', 'gnd:4073993-4', 'gnd:4079351-5', 'gnd:4704302-7', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831637898'] ### GND class: ['Agrarpolitik', 'Landwirtschaft', 'Landwirtschaftliche Betriebslehre', 'Wirtschaftstheorie', 'Agrarökonomie'] <|eot_id|>

3A1831637901.jsonld

['Chapter 47 Livestock Productivity in Developing Countries: An Assessment']

['This chapter assesses livestock productivity in the developing world in the context of growing demand for livestock products and substantial changes in the structure of food demand, commercialization of production, and growing importance of international markets. Issues related to the roles of the various partners in livestock research are also considered and modalities to ensure more effective linkage between research and development agencies to improve technology transfer and impact are discussed. The chapter starts discussing the factors affecting livestock development and how these factors interact at different stages in the process of commercialization and development of the livestock sector. This serves as the conceptual framework to analyze trends in livestock demand; structural characteristics of livestock production in developing countries; global trends in productivity, and the evolution of research and development in developing regions. Past trends show that changes in global livestock production are explained by demand and supply changes associated to economic growth mainly in East and Southeast Asia while on the other hand productivity in Sub-Saharan Africa has remained stagnated for most of the past 40 years. National research systems in developing countries have focused mostly on research in ruminants, while research in poultry production has been dominated by the private sector. Despite these research priorities in developing countries, productivity differences in poultry and pig production between high income and some of the fast growing developing countries have been reducing in the past years, while large differences in productivity still persist in the case of milk and beef production with no evidence of developing countries catching-up with most productive countries. Major improvements in livestock productivity are possible and could contribute to economic growth in developing countries, but increased investment in livestock research and a framework for international action to support livestock research and development in developing countries are needed.']

['gnd:4000771-6', 'gnd:4034402-2', 'gnd:4073993-4', 'gnd:4079351-5', 'gnd:4704302-7', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831637901']

['Agrarpolitik', 'Landwirtschaft', 'Landwirtschaftliche Betriebslehre', 'Wirtschaftstheorie', 'Agrarökonomie']

Document ### Title: ['Chapter 47 Livestock Productivity in Developing Countries: An Assessment'] ### Abstract: ['This chapter assesses livestock productivity in the developing world in the context of growing demand for livestock products and substantial changes in the structure of food demand, commercialization of production, and growing importance of international markets. Issues related to the roles of the various partners in livestock research are also considered and modalities to ensure more effective linkage between research and development agencies to improve technology transfer and impact are discussed. The chapter starts discussing the factors affecting livestock development and how these factors interact at different stages in the process of commercialization and development of the livestock sector. This serves as the conceptual framework to analyze trends in livestock demand; structural characteristics of livestock production in developing countries; global trends in productivity, and the evolution of research and development in developing regions. Past trends show that changes in global livestock production are explained by demand and supply changes associated to economic growth mainly in East and Southeast Asia while on the other hand productivity in Sub-Saharan Africa has remained stagnated for most of the past 40 years. National research systems in developing countries have focused mostly on research in ruminants, while research in poultry production has been dominated by the private sector. Despite these research priorities in developing countries, productivity differences in poultry and pig production between high income and some of the fast growing developing countries have been reducing in the past years, while large differences in productivity still persist in the case of milk and beef production with no evidence of developing countries catching-up with most productive countries. Major improvements in livestock productivity are possible and could contribute to economic growth in developing countries, but increased investment in livestock research and a framework for international action to support livestock research and development in developing countries are needed.'] ### GND ID: ['gnd:4000771-6', 'gnd:4034402-2', 'gnd:4073993-4', 'gnd:4079351-5', 'gnd:4704302-7', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831637901'] ### GND class: ['Agrarpolitik', 'Landwirtschaft', 'Landwirtschaftliche Betriebslehre', 'Wirtschaftstheorie', 'Agrarökonomie'] <|eot_id|>

3A183163791X.jsonld

['Chapter 46 Contributions of National Agricultural Research Systems to Crop Productivity']

['This chapter describes the impact of national agricultural research systems on the unfolding of the Green Revolution in four regions: Asia, Latin America, the Middle East and North Africa, and Sub-Saharan Africa. Although international institutions contributed much of the research that led to the Green Revolution, national programs also proved important in the development and diffusion of modern varieties. This chapter documents the Green Revolutions that occurred in 11 food crops – wheat, rice, maize, barley, sorghum, millets, lentils, groundnuts, beans, cassava and potatoes. The chapter traces the overall role of national institutions and the growing importance of national agricultural research systems in the developing world. It also discusses the interaction of National Agricultural Research Systems and International Agricultural Research Centers, which have largely played complementary roles. Finally, it discusses the political economy of support for national agricultural research.']

['gnd:4000771-6', 'gnd:4034402-2', 'gnd:4073993-4', 'gnd:4079351-5', 'gnd:4704302-7', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A183163791X']

['Agrarpolitik', 'Landwirtschaft', 'Landwirtschaftliche Betriebslehre', 'Wirtschaftstheorie', 'Agrarökonomie']

Document ### Title: ['Chapter 46 Contributions of National Agricultural Research Systems to Crop Productivity'] ### Abstract: ['This chapter describes the impact of national agricultural research systems on the unfolding of the Green Revolution in four regions: Asia, Latin America, the Middle East and North Africa, and Sub-Saharan Africa. Although international institutions contributed much of the research that led to the Green Revolution, national programs also proved important in the development and diffusion of modern varieties. This chapter documents the Green Revolutions that occurred in 11 food crops – wheat, rice, maize, barley, sorghum, millets, lentils, groundnuts, beans, cassava and potatoes. The chapter traces the overall role of national institutions and the growing importance of national agricultural research systems in the developing world. It also discusses the interaction of National Agricultural Research Systems and International Agricultural Research Centers, which have largely played complementary roles. Finally, it discusses the political economy of support for national agricultural research.'] ### GND ID: ['gnd:4000771-6', 'gnd:4034402-2', 'gnd:4073993-4', 'gnd:4079351-5', 'gnd:4704302-7', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A183163791X'] ### GND class: ['Agrarpolitik', 'Landwirtschaft', 'Landwirtschaftliche Betriebslehre', 'Wirtschaftstheorie', 'Agrarökonomie'] <|eot_id|>

3A1831637944.jsonld

['Chapter 43 Agriculture and Human Capital in Economic Growth: Farmers, Schooling and Nutrition']

["This survey reviews the existing literature, identifying the contribution of agriculture, schooling, and nutrition to economic growth and development over time and across countries. Particular attention is paid to the roles of improvements in agricultural technology and of the human capital of farmers and farm people. Macroeconomic and microeconomic evidence related to the interactions between human capital, productivity and health are explored. Most of the world's growth in population, labor productivity and real income per capita have occurred over the past 250 years. We show that for most countries, development is a process of conversion from primarily agrarian economies to urban industrial and service economies. The evidence is that positive technology shocks to agriculture have played a key role in igniting a transition from traditional to modern agriculture and to long-term economic growth in almost all countries. Improvements in agricultural technologies improve labor productivity and create surplus agricultural labor that can provide workers for the growing urban areas. In some cases, improved nutrition helps raise labor productivity and allows individuals to work for longer hours, which makes human capital investments more attractive. The induced improvements in the skill level of a population have major implications for raising living standards, improving health standards, and altering time allocation decisions. In most currently poor and middle income countries, improved schooling has been more important than improved nutrition or caloric intake in explaining recent economic growth. Nevertheless, the poorest countries of the world continue to have a large share of their labor force in agriculture, and growth cannot occur until they experience their own agricultural transformation."]

['gnd:4000771-6', 'gnd:4034402-2', 'gnd:4073993-4', 'gnd:4079351-5', 'gnd:4704302-7', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831637944']

['Agrarpolitik', 'Landwirtschaft', 'Landwirtschaftliche Betriebslehre', 'Wirtschaftstheorie', 'Agrarökonomie']

Document ### Title: ['Chapter 43 Agriculture and Human Capital in Economic Growth: Farmers, Schooling and Nutrition'] ### Abstract: ["This survey reviews the existing literature, identifying the contribution of agriculture, schooling, and nutrition to economic growth and development over time and across countries. Particular attention is paid to the roles of improvements in agricultural technology and of the human capital of farmers and farm people. Macroeconomic and microeconomic evidence related to the interactions between human capital, productivity and health are explored. Most of the world's growth in population, labor productivity and real income per capita have occurred over the past 250 years. We show that for most countries, development is a process of conversion from primarily agrarian economies to urban industrial and service economies. The evidence is that positive technology shocks to agriculture have played a key role in igniting a transition from traditional to modern agriculture and to long-term economic growth in almost all countries. Improvements in agricultural technologies improve labor productivity and create surplus agricultural labor that can provide workers for the growing urban areas. In some cases, improved nutrition helps raise labor productivity and allows individuals to work for longer hours, which makes human capital investments more attractive. The induced improvements in the skill level of a population have major implications for raising living standards, improving health standards, and altering time allocation decisions. In most currently poor and middle income countries, improved schooling has been more important than improved nutrition or caloric intake in explaining recent economic growth. Nevertheless, the poorest countries of the world continue to have a large share of their labor force in agriculture, and growth cannot occur until they experience their own agricultural transformation."] ### GND ID: ['gnd:4000771-6', 'gnd:4034402-2', 'gnd:4073993-4', 'gnd:4079351-5', 'gnd:4704302-7', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831637944'] ### GND class: ['Agrarpolitik', 'Landwirtschaft', 'Landwirtschaftliche Betriebslehre', 'Wirtschaftstheorie', 'Agrarökonomie'] <|eot_id|>

3A1831637979.jsonld

['Chapter 42 Policy-related developments in agricultural economics: Synthesis of handbook volume 2']

['Extension of factual and analytical work to policy issues has been a feature of agricultural economics from its beginnings, but only in recent decades have these efforts become part of the scientific core of what agricultural economists do. At the same time, the range of policy analysis has expanded to cover environmental economics, issues in rural economic development, and the range of market imperfections and economic analysis of politics. This chapter reviews the accomplishments and remaining tasks to be undertaken, as discussed in Volume 2 of this Handbook .']

['gnd:4000771-6', 'gnd:4034402-2', 'gnd:4073993-4', 'gnd:4079351-5', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831637979']

['Agrarpolitik', 'Landwirtschaft', 'Landwirtschaftliche Betriebslehre', 'Wirtschaftstheorie']

Document ### Title: ['Chapter 42 Policy-related developments in agricultural economics: Synthesis of handbook volume 2'] ### Abstract: ['Extension of factual and analytical work to policy issues has been a feature of agricultural economics from its beginnings, but only in recent decades have these efforts become part of the scientific core of what agricultural economists do. At the same time, the range of policy analysis has expanded to cover environmental economics, issues in rural economic development, and the range of market imperfections and economic analysis of politics. This chapter reviews the accomplishments and remaining tasks to be undertaken, as discussed in Volume 2 of this Handbook .'] ### GND ID: ['gnd:4000771-6', 'gnd:4034402-2', 'gnd:4073993-4', 'gnd:4079351-5', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831637979'] ### GND class: ['Agrarpolitik', 'Landwirtschaft', 'Landwirtschaftliche Betriebslehre', 'Wirtschaftstheorie'] <|eot_id|>

3A1831638010.jsonld

['Chapter 38 International trade policy and negotiations']

['Trade policy has been one of the most important issues in agricultural economics for more than 200 years. Our focus here is on evaluating relatively recent contributions to the understanding of agricultural trade policy and trade agreements. We present some background concerning trade policies and agreements and then consider the economic analysis of these agreements and policies. We concentrate on recent trade agreements, especially the Uruguay Round Agreement of 1994, and on recent analyses of this agreement and other trade policies in agriculture. We conclude by discussing current issues facing trade negotiations.']

['gnd:4000771-6', 'gnd:4034402-2', 'gnd:4073993-4', 'gnd:4079351-5', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831638010']

['Agrarpolitik', 'Landwirtschaft', 'Landwirtschaftliche Betriebslehre', 'Wirtschaftstheorie']

Document ### Title: ['Chapter 38 International trade policy and negotiations'] ### Abstract: ['Trade policy has been one of the most important issues in agricultural economics for more than 200 years. Our focus here is on evaluating relatively recent contributions to the understanding of agricultural trade policy and trade agreements. We present some background concerning trade policies and agreements and then consider the economic analysis of these agreements and policies. We concentrate on recent trade agreements, especially the Uruguay Round Agreement of 1994, and on recent analyses of this agreement and other trade policies in agriculture. We conclude by discussing current issues facing trade negotiations.'] ### GND ID: ['gnd:4000771-6', 'gnd:4034402-2', 'gnd:4073993-4', 'gnd:4079351-5', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831638010'] ### GND class: ['Agrarpolitik', 'Landwirtschaft', 'Landwirtschaftliche Betriebslehre', 'Wirtschaftstheorie'] <|eot_id|>

3A1831638029.jsonld

['Chapter 37 A synthesis of agricultural trade economics']

['Government intervention in agricultural sectors in both developed and developing countries has resulted in huge distortions in international markets. We describe the types of policies used in the agricultural sector and summarize quantitative measures that suggest their importance. Agricultural trade economists have tried to measure these distortions, to explain their causes, and to recommend policy reform. The discipline has been primarily empirical, relying chiefly on econometric and synthetic models and to a lesser extent on historical analysis and case studies. A review of attempts to measure trade elasticities, exchange rate effects, and market power illustrates the empirical questions that agricultural trade economists have studied and their results. A summary of empirical political economy models shows how these have been used to explain the types and the levels of government intervention. We then use U.S. grain trade policy in the 1970s and 1980s to illustrate in more detail the kinds of policies that agricultural economists have studied, and their assessments of these policies. In a theoretical section we outline several important ideas that underpin the empirical work in the discipline: the theory of comparative advantage, the theory of the second best, and the Principle of Targeting. We review the theory of trade policy for a country large enough to alter its terms of trade, and assess its relevance to agricultural trade. We also discuss the extent to which uncertainty and missing insurance markets might justify trade policy. In a concluding section we comment on the contribution that agricultural economists have made to trade reform and the manner in which changes in markets are likely to cause a change in the focus of the discipline.']

['gnd:4000771-6', 'gnd:4034402-2', 'gnd:4073993-4', 'gnd:4079351-5', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831638029']

['Agrarpolitik', 'Landwirtschaft', 'Landwirtschaftliche Betriebslehre', 'Wirtschaftstheorie']

Document ### Title: ['Chapter 37 A synthesis of agricultural trade economics'] ### Abstract: ['Government intervention in agricultural sectors in both developed and developing countries has resulted in huge distortions in international markets. We describe the types of policies used in the agricultural sector and summarize quantitative measures that suggest their importance. Agricultural trade economists have tried to measure these distortions, to explain their causes, and to recommend policy reform. The discipline has been primarily empirical, relying chiefly on econometric and synthetic models and to a lesser extent on historical analysis and case studies. A review of attempts to measure trade elasticities, exchange rate effects, and market power illustrates the empirical questions that agricultural trade economists have studied and their results. A summary of empirical political economy models shows how these have been used to explain the types and the levels of government intervention. We then use U.S. grain trade policy in the 1970s and 1980s to illustrate in more detail the kinds of policies that agricultural economists have studied, and their assessments of these policies. In a theoretical section we outline several important ideas that underpin the empirical work in the discipline: the theory of comparative advantage, the theory of the second best, and the Principle of Targeting. We review the theory of trade policy for a country large enough to alter its terms of trade, and assess its relevance to agricultural trade. We also discuss the extent to which uncertainty and missing insurance markets might justify trade policy. In a concluding section we comment on the contribution that agricultural economists have made to trade reform and the manner in which changes in markets are likely to cause a change in the focus of the discipline.'] ### GND ID: ['gnd:4000771-6', 'gnd:4034402-2', 'gnd:4073993-4', 'gnd:4079351-5', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831638029'] ### GND class: ['Agrarpolitik', 'Landwirtschaft', 'Landwirtschaftliche Betriebslehre', 'Wirtschaftstheorie'] <|eot_id|>

3A1831638037.jsonld

['Chapter 36 Political economy of agricultural policy']

['Explanations are provided for why governments do as they do in agriculture. Alternative frameworks are assessed to explain government policy including collective action and politician-voter interaction models. Several key patterns of policies are analyzed including the “developmental paradox” where the tendency for support to agriculture increases with GDP and decreases with the proportion of the population in agriculture. The chapter also assesses why governments employ inefficient policy instruments in agriculture, why there appears to be a status quo bias, and why policy is biased against trade. Particular emphasis is given on the interaction between redistributive and growth-promoting policies.']

['gnd:4000771-6', 'gnd:4034402-2', 'gnd:4073993-4', 'gnd:4079351-5', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831638037']

['Agrarpolitik', 'Landwirtschaft', 'Landwirtschaftliche Betriebslehre', 'Wirtschaftstheorie']

Document ### Title: ['Chapter 36 Political economy of agricultural policy'] ### Abstract: ['Explanations are provided for why governments do as they do in agriculture. Alternative frameworks are assessed to explain government policy including collective action and politician-voter interaction models. Several key patterns of policies are analyzed including the “developmental paradox” where the tendency for support to agriculture increases with GDP and decreases with the proportion of the population in agriculture. The chapter also assesses why governments employ inefficient policy instruments in agriculture, why there appears to be a status quo bias, and why policy is biased against trade. Particular emphasis is given on the interaction between redistributive and growth-promoting policies.'] ### GND ID: ['gnd:4000771-6', 'gnd:4034402-2', 'gnd:4073993-4', 'gnd:4079351-5', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831638037'] ### GND class: ['Agrarpolitik', 'Landwirtschaft', 'Landwirtschaftliche Betriebslehre', 'Wirtschaftstheorie'] <|eot_id|>

3A1831638045.jsonld

['Chapter 35 Market failures and second-best analysis with a focus on nutrition, credit, and incomplete markets']

['This chapter studies second-best models of nutritional externalities, credit, and incomplete markets for risk, developing implications for welfare-improving government policy using primitive economic building blocks. Using a simple model of altruism wherein the rich obtain utility from the nourishment of the poor, the analysis describes efficiency properties of alternative food subsidy policies, with and without enforcement costs of targeting subsidies to the poor. In three models of imperfect information in credit markets, the chapter characterizes equilibrium financial contracts and policy remedies to inefficiencies. Finally, welfare properties of stereotypical agricultural policies are developed in a stochastic production economy with incomplete markets.']

['gnd:4000771-6', 'gnd:4034402-2', 'gnd:4073993-4', 'gnd:4079351-5', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831638045']

['Agrarpolitik', 'Landwirtschaft', 'Landwirtschaftliche Betriebslehre', 'Wirtschaftstheorie']

Document ### Title: ['Chapter 35 Market failures and second-best analysis with a focus on nutrition, credit, and incomplete markets'] ### Abstract: ['This chapter studies second-best models of nutritional externalities, credit, and incomplete markets for risk, developing implications for welfare-improving government policy using primitive economic building blocks. Using a simple model of altruism wherein the rich obtain utility from the nourishment of the poor, the analysis describes efficiency properties of alternative food subsidy policies, with and without enforcement costs of targeting subsidies to the poor. In three models of imperfect information in credit markets, the chapter characterizes equilibrium financial contracts and policy remedies to inefficiencies. Finally, welfare properties of stereotypical agricultural policies are developed in a stochastic production economy with incomplete markets.'] ### GND ID: ['gnd:4000771-6', 'gnd:4034402-2', 'gnd:4073993-4', 'gnd:4079351-5', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831638045'] ### GND class: ['Agrarpolitik', 'Landwirtschaft', 'Landwirtschaftliche Betriebslehre', 'Wirtschaftstheorie'] <|eot_id|>

3A1831638053.jsonld

['Chapter 34 Information, incentives, and the design of agricultural policies']

["This chapter surveys studies that have used the methods of mechanism design, optimal taxation, nonlinear pricing, and principal-agent analyses in the analysis of agricultural policy. The optimal design and reform of agricultural policy are studied under the presumption that agricultural producers are better informed about their technology or their actions than agricultural policy makers. The existence of these information asymmetries creates incentive problems that must be tackled in the design of an optimal agricultural policy. Two basic types of information asymmetries are studied, those associated with hidden knowledge and those with hidden action. Hidden knowledge occurs when the farmer has exact information about his technology, but the regulator does not. Hidden action occurs when only the farmer has exact information on the conditions, including the state of Nature and the farmer's actions, under which production takes place."]

['gnd:4000771-6', 'gnd:4034402-2', 'gnd:4073993-4', 'gnd:4079351-5', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831638053']

['Agrarpolitik', 'Landwirtschaft', 'Landwirtschaftliche Betriebslehre', 'Wirtschaftstheorie']

Document ### Title: ['Chapter 34 Information, incentives, and the design of agricultural policies'] ### Abstract: ["This chapter surveys studies that have used the methods of mechanism design, optimal taxation, nonlinear pricing, and principal-agent analyses in the analysis of agricultural policy. The optimal design and reform of agricultural policy are studied under the presumption that agricultural producers are better informed about their technology or their actions than agricultural policy makers. The existence of these information asymmetries creates incentive problems that must be tackled in the design of an optimal agricultural policy. Two basic types of information asymmetries are studied, those associated with hidden knowledge and those with hidden action. Hidden knowledge occurs when the farmer has exact information about his technology, but the regulator does not. Hidden action occurs when only the farmer has exact information on the conditions, including the state of Nature and the farmer's actions, under which production takes place."] ### GND ID: ['gnd:4000771-6', 'gnd:4034402-2', 'gnd:4073993-4', 'gnd:4079351-5', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831638053'] ### GND class: ['Agrarpolitik', 'Landwirtschaft', 'Landwirtschaftliche Betriebslehre', 'Wirtschaftstheorie'] <|eot_id|>

3A1831638169.jsonld

['Chapter 28 The macroeconomics of agriculture']

['The existence of linkages between the agricultural sector and the rest of the economy points to the specificity of that sector and justifies why we can conceive of a macroeconomics of agriculture . The primary sector is characterized by product homogeneity, a pre-condition for the absence of imperfect competition. Also, agricultural prices are subject to seasonal variations. Moreover, farming activities are often carried on by large fractions of the population and are very dispersed on the territory. Finally, production of commodities relies on an irreproducible factor of production — land — whose availability is finite and whose productivity cannot be individually infinitely increased. Given these features, we expect macroeconomic policy to affect the agricultural sector, and agricultural prices and markets to affect other sectors and the macroeconomy in a specific way (as opposed to the other sectors). In this essay, the transmission mechanisms and linkages — by which changes in one sector alter economic performance in other sectors — are described under the sub-headings of backward linkages — from agriculture to the rest of the economy — forward linkages — from the macroeconomy and the international economy to agriculture — and second-round feed-back interdependent linkages. Models and studies attempting to quantify the linkages are then discussed in terms of theoretical constructs, structural econometric models, computable general-equilibrium models, and time-series models.']

['gnd:4000771-6', 'gnd:4034402-2', 'gnd:4073993-4', 'gnd:4079351-5', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831638169']

['Agrarpolitik', 'Landwirtschaft', 'Landwirtschaftliche Betriebslehre', 'Wirtschaftstheorie']

Document ### Title: ['Chapter 28 The macroeconomics of agriculture'] ### Abstract: ['The existence of linkages between the agricultural sector and the rest of the economy points to the specificity of that sector and justifies why we can conceive of a macroeconomics of agriculture . The primary sector is characterized by product homogeneity, a pre-condition for the absence of imperfect competition. Also, agricultural prices are subject to seasonal variations. Moreover, farming activities are often carried on by large fractions of the population and are very dispersed on the territory. Finally, production of commodities relies on an irreproducible factor of production — land — whose availability is finite and whose productivity cannot be individually infinitely increased. Given these features, we expect macroeconomic policy to affect the agricultural sector, and agricultural prices and markets to affect other sectors and the macroeconomy in a specific way (as opposed to the other sectors). In this essay, the transmission mechanisms and linkages — by which changes in one sector alter economic performance in other sectors — are described under the sub-headings of backward linkages — from agriculture to the rest of the economy — forward linkages — from the macroeconomy and the international economy to agriculture — and second-round feed-back interdependent linkages. Models and studies attempting to quantify the linkages are then discussed in terms of theoretical constructs, structural econometric models, computable general-equilibrium models, and time-series models.'] ### GND ID: ['gnd:4000771-6', 'gnd:4034402-2', 'gnd:4073993-4', 'gnd:4079351-5', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831638169'] ### GND class: ['Agrarpolitik', 'Landwirtschaft', 'Landwirtschaftliche Betriebslehre', 'Wirtschaftstheorie'] <|eot_id|>

3A1831638193.jsonld

['Chapter 25 Agriculture and ecosystem services']

['A broad range of agriculture-environment interactions can be organized around the concept of agriculture as a producer and consumer of ecosystem services . Viewed as capital assets, ecosystems embody production technologies that are valuable, complex, and often poorly understood. The quantity and quality of services they deliver depend almost always on the joint actions of many dispersed resource users. Furthermore, ecosystems deliver multiple types of services, across widely varying spatial scales. Efficient delivery of alternative environmental “crops” such as carbon sequestration, water quality, and wildlife habitat requires distinctive institutional forms, and an intellectual integration of ecology into agricultural economics.']

['gnd:4000771-6', 'gnd:4034402-2', 'gnd:4073993-4', 'gnd:4079351-5', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831638193']

['Agrarpolitik', 'Landwirtschaft', 'Landwirtschaftliche Betriebslehre', 'Wirtschaftstheorie']

Document ### Title: ['Chapter 25 Agriculture and ecosystem services'] ### Abstract: ['A broad range of agriculture-environment interactions can be organized around the concept of agriculture as a producer and consumer of ecosystem services . Viewed as capital assets, ecosystems embody production technologies that are valuable, complex, and often poorly understood. The quantity and quality of services they deliver depend almost always on the joint actions of many dispersed resource users. Furthermore, ecosystems deliver multiple types of services, across widely varying spatial scales. Efficient delivery of alternative environmental “crops” such as carbon sequestration, water quality, and wildlife habitat requires distinctive institutional forms, and an intellectual integration of ecology into agricultural economics.'] ### GND ID: ['gnd:4000771-6', 'gnd:4034402-2', 'gnd:4073993-4', 'gnd:4079351-5', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831638193'] ### GND class: ['Agrarpolitik', 'Landwirtschaft', 'Landwirtschaftliche Betriebslehre', 'Wirtschaftstheorie'] <|eot_id|>

3A1831638282.jsonld

['Chapter 21 Production and Marketing']

['Important advancements in agricultural economics have combined the insights of the economic discipline and its analytical paradigm with the practical and scientific knowledge of agriculture. We discuss advancements made in the areas of production and marketing, the characteristics of agricultural economics that distinguish it from general economics, and close with a discussion of the future of agricultural economics.']

['gnd:4000771-6', 'gnd:4034402-2', 'gnd:4073993-4', 'gnd:4079351-5', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831638282']

['Agrarpolitik', 'Landwirtschaft', 'Landwirtschaftliche Betriebslehre', 'Wirtschaftstheorie']

Document ### Title: ['Chapter 21 Production and Marketing'] ### Abstract: ['Important advancements in agricultural economics have combined the insights of the economic discipline and its analytical paradigm with the practical and scientific knowledge of agriculture. We discuss advancements made in the areas of production and marketing, the characteristics of agricultural economics that distinguish it from general economics, and close with a discussion of the future of agricultural economics.'] ### GND ID: ['gnd:4000771-6', 'gnd:4034402-2', 'gnd:4073993-4', 'gnd:4079351-5', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831638282'] ### GND class: ['Agrarpolitik', 'Landwirtschaft', 'Landwirtschaftliche Betriebslehre', 'Wirtschaftstheorie'] <|eot_id|>

3A1831638290.jsonld

['Chapter 20 Marketing and distribution: Theory and statistical measurement']

['Agricultural marketing and distribution are broad areas that cover a wide assortment of pricing and market structure issues for agricultural commodities and processed food products. A synthesizing framework is developed in order to discuss the relevant Handbook chapters and an assortment of additional marketing topics. The first two sections of this chapter deal with traditional marketing topics: price forecasts, pricing models that emphasize form, spatial and intertemporal features of a market, and tests of pricing efficiency. A third section is devoted to the rapidly growing area of food-market industrialization, including various aspects of information, the changing role of the consumer, and contracting issues. The last section presents a series of discussions on political and institutional constraints in international commodity marketing such as state trading enterprises, export subsidy programs, case studies of trade disputes, and an analysis of the multinational enterprise.']

['gnd:4000771-6', 'gnd:4034402-2', 'gnd:4073993-4', 'gnd:4079351-5', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831638290']

['Agrarpolitik', 'Landwirtschaft', 'Landwirtschaftliche Betriebslehre', 'Wirtschaftstheorie']

Document ### Title: ['Chapter 20 Marketing and distribution: Theory and statistical measurement'] ### Abstract: ['Agricultural marketing and distribution are broad areas that cover a wide assortment of pricing and market structure issues for agricultural commodities and processed food products. A synthesizing framework is developed in order to discuss the relevant Handbook chapters and an assortment of additional marketing topics. The first two sections of this chapter deal with traditional marketing topics: price forecasts, pricing models that emphasize form, spatial and intertemporal features of a market, and tests of pricing efficiency. A third section is devoted to the rapidly growing area of food-market industrialization, including various aspects of information, the changing role of the consumer, and contracting issues. The last section presents a series of discussions on political and institutional constraints in international commodity marketing such as state trading enterprises, export subsidy programs, case studies of trade disputes, and an analysis of the multinational enterprise.'] ### GND ID: ['gnd:4000771-6', 'gnd:4034402-2', 'gnd:4073993-4', 'gnd:4079351-5', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831638290'] ### GND class: ['Agrarpolitik', 'Landwirtschaft', 'Landwirtschaftliche Betriebslehre', 'Wirtschaftstheorie'] <|eot_id|>

3A1831638304.jsonld

['Chapter 19 Economic analysis of food safety']

['This chapter addresses the analysis of markets for food products that are differentiated by safety characteristics. The first part of the paper surveys the broad array of issues that are involved in food safety and the regulations that have been devised to address them. The next sections of the paper consider the analysis of the demand and supply of safety-differentiated products and the implications of alternative information regimes for market equilibrium. The final section of the paper considers the measurement of benefits and costs of food safety regulations in the context of recent efforts at regulatory impact assessment.']

['gnd:4000771-6', 'gnd:4034402-2', 'gnd:4073993-4', 'gnd:4079351-5', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831638304']

['Agrarpolitik', 'Landwirtschaft', 'Landwirtschaftliche Betriebslehre', 'Wirtschaftstheorie']

Document ### Title: ['Chapter 19 Economic analysis of food safety'] ### Abstract: ['This chapter addresses the analysis of markets for food products that are differentiated by safety characteristics. The first part of the paper surveys the broad array of issues that are involved in food safety and the regulations that have been devised to address them. The next sections of the paper consider the analysis of the demand and supply of safety-differentiated products and the implications of alternative information regimes for market equilibrium. The final section of the paper considers the measurement of benefits and costs of food safety regulations in the context of recent efforts at regulatory impact assessment.'] ### GND ID: ['gnd:4000771-6', 'gnd:4034402-2', 'gnd:4073993-4', 'gnd:4079351-5', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831638304'] ### GND class: ['Agrarpolitik', 'Landwirtschaft', 'Landwirtschaftliche Betriebslehre', 'Wirtschaftstheorie'] <|eot_id|>

3A1831638312.jsonld

['Chapter 18 Duality for the household: Theory and applications']

['This chapter presents the theory of consumer choice as applied to household behavior. An internally consistent, self-contained framework is developed for the analysis of consumer preferences, household production, quality attributes, and produced nonmarket commodities in static and dynamic environments. Consumer expectations and naive and rational habit formation are considered in detail. The emphasis is on developing an internally consistent duality for consumer choice theory in each of these contexts. The chapter develops a general, logically consistent modeling framework for the applied economic analysis of consumption choices by the household.']

['gnd:4000771-6', 'gnd:4034402-2', 'gnd:4073993-4', 'gnd:4079351-5', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831638312']

['Agrarpolitik', 'Landwirtschaft', 'Landwirtschaftliche Betriebslehre', 'Wirtschaftstheorie']

Document ### Title: ['Chapter 18 Duality for the household: Theory and applications'] ### Abstract: ['This chapter presents the theory of consumer choice as applied to household behavior. An internally consistent, self-contained framework is developed for the analysis of consumer preferences, household production, quality attributes, and produced nonmarket commodities in static and dynamic environments. Consumer expectations and naive and rational habit formation are considered in detail. The emphasis is on developing an internally consistent duality for consumer choice theory in each of these contexts. The chapter develops a general, logically consistent modeling framework for the applied economic analysis of consumption choices by the household.'] ### GND ID: ['gnd:4000771-6', 'gnd:4034402-2', 'gnd:4073993-4', 'gnd:4079351-5', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831638312'] ### GND class: ['Agrarpolitik', 'Landwirtschaft', 'Landwirtschaftliche Betriebslehre', 'Wirtschaftstheorie'] <|eot_id|>

3A1831638320.jsonld

['Chapter 17 Spatial price analysis']

['Agricultural commodities are typically produced over an extensive spatial area and are costly to transport relative to their total value. These characteristics yield a complex set of spatial price linkages which are often studied to gain insights into the performance of markets. An extensive literature has addressed a wide range of issues relating to spatial price linkages. Issues relate to market conduct and performance, regional and international trade relationships, efficiency, and developing economy market performance. This chapter reviews issues related to economic and empirical models of spatial price linkages. The relative weaknesses and merits of each approach are identified.']

['gnd:4000771-6', 'gnd:4034402-2', 'gnd:4073993-4', 'gnd:4079351-5', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831638320']

['Agrarpolitik', 'Landwirtschaft', 'Landwirtschaftliche Betriebslehre', 'Wirtschaftstheorie']

Document ### Title: ['Chapter 17 Spatial price analysis'] ### Abstract: ['Agricultural commodities are typically produced over an extensive spatial area and are costly to transport relative to their total value. These characteristics yield a complex set of spatial price linkages which are often studied to gain insights into the performance of markets. An extensive literature has addressed a wide range of issues relating to spatial price linkages. Issues relate to market conduct and performance, regional and international trade relationships, efficiency, and developing economy market performance. This chapter reviews issues related to economic and empirical models of spatial price linkages. The relative weaknesses and merits of each approach are identified.'] ### GND ID: ['gnd:4000771-6', 'gnd:4034402-2', 'gnd:4073993-4', 'gnd:4079351-5', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831638320'] ### GND class: ['Agrarpolitik', 'Landwirtschaft', 'Landwirtschaftliche Betriebslehre', 'Wirtschaftstheorie'] <|eot_id|>

3A1831638355.jsonld

['Chapter 14 Storage and price stabilization']

['Commodity storage models, developed first within agricultural economics in the tradition of Gustafson (1958) , are valuable in helping us understand how prices of storable commodity markets behave, and how they respond to policy interventions. They show that the policy-relevant dynamic effects of storage-increasing policies are quite different from comparative statics, and generally less favorable to consumers. They help us understand the implications of price controls, price supports, buffer stocks, speculative attack, and “convenience yield,” and have great potential for assessing various econometric methodologies used for studying market efficiency and bias, and supply response. However, more attention should be paid to appropriate commodity market interventions in times of rapid productivity change, and in extremely depressed markets such as those of the 1930s, that influenced the course of agricultural policy in the United States over the next half-century.']

['gnd:4000771-6', 'gnd:4034402-2', 'gnd:4073993-4', 'gnd:4079351-5', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831638355']

['Agrarpolitik', 'Landwirtschaft', 'Landwirtschaftliche Betriebslehre', 'Wirtschaftstheorie']

Document ### Title: ['Chapter 14 Storage and price stabilization'] ### Abstract: ['Commodity storage models, developed first within agricultural economics in the tradition of Gustafson (1958) , are valuable in helping us understand how prices of storable commodity markets behave, and how they respond to policy interventions. They show that the policy-relevant dynamic effects of storage-increasing policies are quite different from comparative statics, and generally less favorable to consumers. They help us understand the implications of price controls, price supports, buffer stocks, speculative attack, and “convenience yield,” and have great potential for assessing various econometric methodologies used for studying market efficiency and bias, and supply response. However, more attention should be paid to appropriate commodity market interventions in times of rapid productivity change, and in extremely depressed markets such as those of the 1930s, that influenced the course of agricultural policy in the United States over the next half-century.'] ### GND ID: ['gnd:4000771-6', 'gnd:4034402-2', 'gnd:4073993-4', 'gnd:4079351-5', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831638355'] ### GND class: ['Agrarpolitik', 'Landwirtschaft', 'Landwirtschaftliche Betriebslehre', 'Wirtschaftstheorie'] <|eot_id|>

3A1831638460.jsonld

["Chapter 8 Women's roles in the agricultural household: Bargaining and human capital investments"]

["Three themes are related to women's economic roles in the agricultural household. First the unified family as coordinator of production and consumption over a life cycle. Second the role of separability of production and consumption decisions in the agricultural household that depends on the equivalence of hired and of family labor. Third Nashbargaining or Pareto efficient collective coordination in the family. Increases in women's human capital affects gender bargaining and is closely related to declines in child mortality, fertility, and population growth, and increases in child “quality” as proxied by child schooling and health status."]

['gnd:4000771-6', 'gnd:4034402-2', 'gnd:4073993-4', 'gnd:4079351-5', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831638460']

['Agrarpolitik', 'Landwirtschaft', 'Landwirtschaftliche Betriebslehre', 'Wirtschaftstheorie']

Document ### Title: ["Chapter 8 Women's roles in the agricultural household: Bargaining and human capital investments"] ### Abstract: ["Three themes are related to women's economic roles in the agricultural household. First the unified family as coordinator of production and consumption over a life cycle. Second the role of separability of production and consumption decisions in the agricultural household that depends on the equivalence of hired and of family labor. Third Nashbargaining or Pareto efficient collective coordination in the family. Increases in women's human capital affects gender bargaining and is closely related to declines in child mortality, fertility, and population growth, and increases in child “quality” as proxied by child schooling and health status."] ### GND ID: ['gnd:4000771-6', 'gnd:4034402-2', 'gnd:4073993-4', 'gnd:4079351-5', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831638460'] ### GND class: ['Agrarpolitik', 'Landwirtschaft', 'Landwirtschaftliche Betriebslehre', 'Wirtschaftstheorie'] <|eot_id|>

3A1831638487.jsonld

['Chapter 6 Land institutions and land markets']

["Assignment of land rights affects equity and efficiency, determining among other things households' ability to generate subsistence and income, their social and economic status, incentives to exert effort and make investments, and access to financial markets and consumption-smoothing mechanisms. The chapter discusses costs and benefits of the transition towards individualized land rights. It reviews how characteristics of the agricultural production process, credit access, portfolio risk, and transaction costs affect functioning of land sales and rental markets. Policy conclusions are drawn concerning the transition from communal to individualized land rights, award of formal titles, improved functioning of land sales and rental markets, and redistributive land reform."]

['gnd:4000771-6', 'gnd:4034402-2', 'gnd:4073993-4', 'gnd:4079351-5', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831638487']

['Agrarpolitik', 'Landwirtschaft', 'Landwirtschaftliche Betriebslehre', 'Wirtschaftstheorie']

Document ### Title: ['Chapter 6 Land institutions and land markets'] ### Abstract: ["Assignment of land rights affects equity and efficiency, determining among other things households' ability to generate subsistence and income, their social and economic status, incentives to exert effort and make investments, and access to financial markets and consumption-smoothing mechanisms. The chapter discusses costs and benefits of the transition towards individualized land rights. It reviews how characteristics of the agricultural production process, credit access, portfolio risk, and transaction costs affect functioning of land sales and rental markets. Policy conclusions are drawn concerning the transition from communal to individualized land rights, award of formal titles, improved functioning of land sales and rental markets, and redistributive land reform."] ### GND ID: ['gnd:4000771-6', 'gnd:4034402-2', 'gnd:4073993-4', 'gnd:4079351-5', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831638487'] ### GND class: ['Agrarpolitik', 'Landwirtschaft', 'Landwirtschaftliche Betriebslehre', 'Wirtschaftstheorie'] <|eot_id|>

3A1831638495.jsonld

['Chapter 5 Structural change in agricultural production: Economics, technology and policy']

['Over the last few decades, the structure of agricultural production around the world has been changing. An economic analysis of the factors influencing this evolution is presented. Special attention is given to the role of technology and resource mobility. Linkages with changes in market conditions are also evaluated.']

['gnd:4000771-6', 'gnd:4034402-2', 'gnd:4073993-4', 'gnd:4079351-5', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831638495']

['Agrarpolitik', 'Landwirtschaft', 'Landwirtschaftliche Betriebslehre', 'Wirtschaftstheorie']

Document ### Title: ['Chapter 5 Structural change in agricultural production: Economics, technology and policy'] ### Abstract: ['Over the last few decades, the structure of agricultural production around the world has been changing. An economic analysis of the factors influencing this evolution is presented. Special attention is given to the role of technology and resource mobility. Linkages with changes in market conditions are also evaluated.'] ### GND ID: ['gnd:4000771-6', 'gnd:4034402-2', 'gnd:4073993-4', 'gnd:4079351-5', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831638495'] ### GND class: ['Agrarpolitik', 'Landwirtschaft', 'Landwirtschaftliche Betriebslehre', 'Wirtschaftstheorie'] <|eot_id|>

3A1831638622.jsonld

['Chapter 15. Government Purchasing of Health Services']

['This chapter reviews the literature on payment schemes for government purchases of health services. It focuses on four themes: (1) the tension between obtaining appropriate quality of services and keeping the cost of those services at an acceptable level; (2) the role of cost sharing by the payer when there is asymmetric information between purchaser and supplier about costs or case-mix; (3) the importance of commitment in purchasing; and (4) the role of reputation in maintaining quality in long term relationships between purchasers and suppliers.']

['gnd:4130935-2', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831638622']

['Gesundheitsökonomie']

Document ### Title: ['Chapter 15. Government Purchasing of Health Services'] ### Abstract: ['This chapter reviews the literature on payment schemes for government purchases of health services. It focuses on four themes: (1) the tension between obtaining appropriate quality of services and keeping the cost of those services at an acceptable level; (2) the role of cost sharing by the payer when there is asymmetric information between purchaser and supplier about costs or case-mix; (3) the importance of commitment in purchasing; and (4) the role of reputation in maintaining quality in long term relationships between purchasers and suppliers.'] ### GND ID: ['gnd:4130935-2', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831638622'] ### GND class: ['Gesundheitsökonomie'] <|eot_id|>

3A1831638630.jsonld

['Chapter 14. Risk Adjustment in Competitive Health Plan Markets']

['In the 1990s many countries have chosen to use prospective payment arrangements for health plans (e.g., health insurers, sickness funds or HMOs) together with health plan competition, as a means of creating incentives to be cost conscious, while preserving quality, innovation and responsiveness to consumer preferences. Risk adjustment is an important mechanism for attenuating problems that threaten the effectiveness of this strategy for resource allocation in health care. Without adequate risk adjustment, competing health plans have incentives to avoid individuals with predictable losses and to select predictably profitable members. This selection and the resulting risk segmentation can have adverse effects in terms of access to care, quality of care and efficiency in the production of care. This chapter first provides a conceptual framework for thinking about risk adjustment. Second, it gives an overview of the progress developing risk adjustment models in recent years. Third, several forms of risk sharing are discussed, which can be used as a tool for reducing selection in case of imperfect risk adjustment. Fourth, an overview is given of the current practice of risk adjustment and risk sharing in 11 countries. Finally some directions for future research are discussed.']

['gnd:4130935-2', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831638630']

['Gesundheitsökonomie']

Document ### Title: ['Chapter 14. Risk Adjustment in Competitive Health Plan Markets'] ### Abstract: ['In the 1990s many countries have chosen to use prospective payment arrangements for health plans (e.g., health insurers, sickness funds or HMOs) together with health plan competition, as a means of creating incentives to be cost conscious, while preserving quality, innovation and responsiveness to consumer preferences. Risk adjustment is an important mechanism for attenuating problems that threaten the effectiveness of this strategy for resource allocation in health care. Without adequate risk adjustment, competing health plans have incentives to avoid individuals with predictable losses and to select predictably profitable members. This selection and the resulting risk segmentation can have adverse effects in terms of access to care, quality of care and efficiency in the production of care. This chapter first provides a conceptual framework for thinking about risk adjustment. Second, it gives an overview of the progress developing risk adjustment models in recent years. Third, several forms of risk sharing are discussed, which can be used as a tool for reducing selection in case of imperfect risk adjustment. Fourth, an overview is given of the current practice of risk adjustment and risk sharing in 11 countries. Finally some directions for future research are discussed.'] ### GND ID: ['gnd:4130935-2', 'https://www.tib.eu/de/suchen/id/TIBKAT%3A1831638630'] ### GND class: ['Gesundheitsökonomie'] <|eot_id|>