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1481065 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hexathelidae | Hexathelidae | Hexathelidae is a family of mygalomorph spiders. It is one of a number of families and genera of spiders known as tunnelweb or funnel-web spiders. In 2018, the family was substantially reduced in size by genera being moved to three separate families: Atracidae, Macrothelidae and Porrhothelidae.
Description
These spiders are medium to large in size, with body lengths ranging from . The body is typically three times longer than it is wide. They are darkly colored, ranging from black to brown, with a glossy carapace covering the front part of the body. Like the related diplurid spiders, the hexathelids have generally long spinnerets.
Their moderately long posterior spinnerets and other features make the Hexathelidae appear similar to the Dipluridae, and were considered a subfamily of the latter until 1980.
Like other Mygalomorphae (also called the Orthognatha, an infraorder of spiders which includes the true tarantulas), these spiders have fangs which point straight down and do not cross each other (see also Araneomorphae). They have ample venom glands that lie entirely within their chelicerae. Their chelicerae and fangs are large and powerful.
Taxonomy
A molecular phylogenetic study in 2018 showed that Hexathelidae, as then circumscribed, was not monophyletic and hence split off genera into the new families Atracidae, Macrothelidae and Porrhothelidae. The following cladogram shows the relationships found between these families (former Hexathelidae families marked with boxes).
Genera
, the World Spider Catalog accepts the following genera:
Bymainiella Raven, 1978 — Australia
Hexathele Ausserer, 1871 — New Zealand
Mediothele Raven & Platnick, 1978 — Chile
Paraembolides Raven, 1980 — Australia
Plesiothele Raven, 1978 — Australia
Scotinoecus Simon, 1892 — Chile, Argentina
Teranodes Raven, 1985 — Australia
Formerly placed here
, some genera formerly placed in Hexathelidae have been moved to other families:
Former subfamily Atracinae, now in Atracidae
Atrax O. P-Cambridge, 1877 — Australia
Hadronyche L. Koch, 1873 — Australia
Illawarra Gray, 2010 — Australia
Now in Macrothelidae
Macrothele Ausserer, 1871 — Africa, Europe, Asia
Now in Porrhothelidae
Porrhothele Simon, 1892 — New Zealand
Distribution and habitat
Five of the seven genera are found in Australia and New Zealand. Two genera are from Argentina and Chile in South America.
Hexathelids typically live in burrows, which are constructed in the ground or in tree hollows. An elaborately constructed burrow entrance is common. These spiders construct a funnel-shaped web and lurk for prey in the small end of the funnel. They frequently search for a place to nest under human dwellings, or under nearby rocks, logs, or other similar objects. They are most active at night. Some build in rain forests, both in the soil and in hollows on trees; others build entirely in sand, e.g., Fraser Island, southeastern Queensland. In Australia, these spiders tend to prefer cooler climates, hence they are found primarily in rain forests.
See also
List of Hexathelidae species
References
Further reading
Raven, R.J. & Platnick, N.I. (1978): A new genus of the spider family Dipluridae from Chile (Araneae, Mygalomorphae). J. Arachnol. 6: 73-77. PDF (Mediothele, now in Hexathelidae)
External links
: Queensland Museum: Funnelweb spiders
Find-a-spider guide
Mygalomorphae families |
1481066 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerom%C3%A1s | Aeromás | Aeromás is a cargo and private jet charter airline based in Carrasco International Airport, Montevideo, Uruguay. It is a company in the commercial air transport market with main presence in Uruguay and Mercosur. It has conducted commercial aviation activity since 1983 with a banner towing service, since expanding into providing air transport services for passengers and cargo in1988.
It is the longest running company in the commercial air transport in Uruguay, and the first certified as a 135 Operator (135-001) in the country, also being the first one certified for business jet operation under the Uruguayan flag.
Its founder and CEO, Daniel Dalmás, is a pilot with fifty years' experience in aviation who has more than 13,000 hours of experience as Airline Captain on intercontinental operations. He currently chairs the National Association of Commercial Air Transport Companies (A.N.E.P.A.) as well as, since its formation, the Chamber of Aeronautical Operators of Uruguay (C.O.P.A.U.).
Aeromás has long experience in the transfer of executives, politicians, entertainers and top-level athletes. It has also operated, for more than 20 years, as a Flight School and currently as an authorized Civil Aviation Instruction Center (C.I.A.C.) with its Aeromás Training Center.
History
The company was founded by actual Director Daniel Dalmás in 1983 as a banner towing business. It evolved into public transport in 1988 becoming Uruguay's largest air taxi company. It is partly owned by Southern Cross Aviation Inc., Fort Lauderdale, Florida
Fleet
The Aeromás fleet includes the following aircraft (as of February 2023):
1 Embraer EMB 110P1 Bandeirante CX-MAS
1 Learjet 60 CX-SCA
1 Piper PA-38 Tomahawk CX-BKC
Accidents & incidents
On the 16th of February 2023, in the early morning, an Aeromás Cessna 208 registered CX-MAX was destroyed in a forced landing incident at Berisso, Argentina. There were no casualties.
See also
List of airlines of Uruguay
References
External links
Aeromas
Southern Cross Aviation Inc.
Helicopter Charter and Heli Tours
Airlines of Uruguay
Airlines established in 1983
1983 establishments in Uruguay
Companies based in Montevideo |
1481067 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repatriation | Repatriation | [[File:HAITIAN MIGRANT REPATRIATION DVIDS1070740.jpg|right|thumb|250px|Haitian migrants are escorted off the Coast Guard Cutter Tampas fantail to an awaiting Haitian Coast Guard vessel during repatriation.]]Repatriation''' is the return of a thing or person to its or their country of origin, respectively. The term may refer to non-human entities, such as converting a foreign currency into the currency of one's own country, as well as the return of military personnel to their place of origin following a war. It also applies to diplomatic envoys, international officials as well as expatriates and migrants in time of international crisis. For refugees, asylum seekers and illegal migrants, repatriation can mean either voluntary return or deportation.
Repatriation of humans
Voluntary vs. forced return
Voluntary return is the return of eligible persons, such as refugees, to their country of origin or citizenship based on freely expressed willingness to such return. Voluntary return, unlike expulsion and deportation, which are actions of sovereign states, is defined as a personal right under specific conditions described in various international instruments, such as the OAU Convention, along with customary international law.
Examples of contemporary repatriation include Germany repatriating around 320,000 Bosnian refugees starting 1997, German readmission agreements with Romania and Bulgaria in 1993, expulsion of 21,000 Albanians in 1996 from Italy, expulsion of 51,000 from Netherlands in 1996. Sweden and Italy applied in some cases detention prior to expulsion, which was described as deterrence. Certain countries offer financial support to refugees and immigrants to facilitate the process of starting a new life in their country of origin. Examples of 21st-century voluntary return include the Danish government, which in 2009 began offering £12,000 each to immigrants to return, Switzerland offering approximately 6,500 Francs, targeted for business startups upon returning home, as well as Ireland. In 2016, Germany allocated €150 million over three years for migrants willing to return, and the Swedish government began offering £3,500 each. 544 Nigerians returned home from Switzerland in 2013. This financial support may also be considered as residency buyouts.
Two countries may have a re-admission agreement, which establishes procedures, on a reciprocal basis, for one state to return irregular non-nationals to their country of origin or a country through which they have transited. Illegal immigrants are frequently repatriated as a matter of government policy. Repatriation measures of voluntary return, with financial assistance, as well as measures of deportation are used in many countries.
As repatriation can be voluntary or forced, the term is also used as a euphemism for deportation. Involuntary or forced repatriation is the return of refugees, prisoners of war, or civil detainees to their country of origin under circumstances that leave no other viable alternatives. According to Universal Declaration of Human Rights refugees under political persecution should be given political asylum.Perruchoud, Richard and Jillyanne Redpath-Cross (eds.), Glossary on Migration, Second Edition, International Organisation for Migration, International Migration Law, No. 25, Geneva, 2011. The forced return of people to any country where "life or freedom would be threatened" due to "race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group or political opinion" is against Protocol Relating to the Status of Refugees according to non-refoulement.
Repatriation vs. return
While repatriation necessarily brings an individual to his or her territory of origin or citizenship, a return potentially includes bringing the person back to the point of departure. This could be to a third country, including a country of transit, which is a country the person has traveled through to get to the country of destination. A return could also be within the territorial boundaries of a country, as in the case of returning internally displaced persons and demobilized combatants. The distinction between repatriation and return, voluntary or involuntary, is not always clear.
Medical repatriation
Repatriation is linked with health care due to the costs and resources associated with providing medical treatment to travelers and immigrants pursuing citizenship. For example, if a foreign national is in the United States with a visa and becomes ill, the insurance that the visa holder has in his or her native country may not apply in the United States, especially if it is a country with universal health care coverage. This scenario forces hospitals to choose one of three options:
Limit their services to emergency care only (as per the Emergency Medical Treatment and Active Labor Act)
Offer charity care free of charge or at a reduced rate
Repatriate the patient back to his or her native country where he or she will be covered according to that country's policy
Determining which option is the most ethical is often very challenging for hospital administrators.
In some cases, a traveler's personal insurance company may repatriate the patient back to their home country for medical treatment due to the cost of medical expenses in the current country. The method of repatriation could be via regular flight, by ground, or by air ambulance which ever is deemed necessary subjected to the medical condition of patient and cost in mind. Medical repatriation is different from the act of medical evacuation.
Repatriation of foreign nationals abroad during wars
Countries have repatriated their nationals who are abroad during the outbreak of a war. For example when World War II begun in 1939, the United States launched a repatriation effort to repatriate Americans who were either living or visiting Europe with 75,000 Americans being repatriated by early November 1939. At the beginning of the Korean War, the United States repatriated its civilians from Korea sending them to Japan with a total of 1,655 people being repatriated.
Post–World War II
In the 20th century, following all European wars, several repatriation commissions were created to supervise the return of war refugees, displaced persons, and prisoners of war to their country of origin. Repatriation hospitals were established in some countries to care for the ongoing medical and health requirements of returned military personnel. In the Soviet Union, the refugees seen as traitors for surrendering were often killed or sent to Siberian concentration camps.
Issues surrounding repatriation have been some of the most heatedly debated political topics of the 20th and 21st centuries. Many forced back to the Soviet Union by Allied forces in World War II still hold this forced migration against the United States of America and the United Kingdom.
The term repatriation was often used by Communist governments to describe the large-scale state-sponsored ethnic cleansing actions and expulsion of national groups. Poles born in territories that were annexed by the Soviet Union, although deported to the State of Poland, were settled in the annexed former German territories (referred to in Polish as the Regained Territories). In the process they were told that they had returned to their Motherland.
After the fall of the Iron Curtain and end of Bosnian War increased repatriation, deportation and readmission agreements were observed in Europe.
Repatriation of mortal remains
In modern society where everything has become interconnected, it is not uncommon for diasporas to be found living abroad. When someone passes away overseas, a next of kin usually has to physically fly over to verify the body before the body gets repatriated back home by a funeral home.
Battlefield casualties
The Korean War marked the first time that the United States or any nation began returning the bodies of battlefield casualties as soon as possible. During Operation Glory, which followed the Korean Armistice Agreement, thousands of remains were exchanged by both sides.Not all remains from the Korean War were returned to the home countries. Some 2,300 casualties are buried at the United Nations Memorial Cemetery in Busan, South Korea. The practice of immediately recovering casualties continued for United States during the Vietnam War.
Repatriation laws
Repatriation laws give non-citizen foreigners who are part of the titular majority group the opportunity to immigrate and receive citizenship. Repatriation of their titular diaspora is practiced by most ethnic nation states. Repatriation laws have been created in many countries to enable diasporas to immigrate ("return") to their "kin-state". This is sometimes known as the exercise of the right of return. Repatriation laws give members of the diaspora the right to immigrate to their kin-state and they serve to maintain close ties between the state and its diaspora and gives preferential treatment to diaspora immigrants.
Most countries in central and eastern Europe as well as Armenia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Japan, Kazakhstan, the Philippines, Spain, South Korea, Taiwan, and Turkey have longstanding repatriation legislation. China, Japan, Norway and Serbia also have repatriation laws for their diaspora populations. The number of countries with repatriation laws has mushroomed since the end of Soviet communism and most independent nations that were once part of the communist domain in Europe have since legislated repatriation laws. Many other countries such as Jordan and Sweden have (or have had) generous immigration policies with regard to the nation's diaspora without having formally enacted repatriation laws. Such states can be described as practicing common law repatriation.
In comparison, one of the central tenets of the Rastafari movement is the desirability of the repatriation of black people from the Americas and elsewhere back to Africa. While Ethiopia specifically has land available in Shashamane to encourage this project, black people who are citizens of countries outside Africa do not have the right of return to Africa, although as individuals they are free to try to emigrate.
Psychological aspects
Repatriation is often the "forgotten" phase of the expatriation cycle; the emphasis for support is mostly on the actual period abroad. However, many repatriates report experiencing difficulties on return: one is no longer special, practical problems arise, new knowledge gained is no longer useful, etc. These difficulties are highly influenced by a number of factors including self-management, spouse's adjustment, time spent abroad and skill utilisation. What is crucial is that every individual perceives these factors in a different way. Reintegration is a process of re-inclusion or re-incorporation of a person into a group or a process, and may contribute to overcoming repatriation.
Direct managers and HR staff often notice the difficulties a repatriate experiences, but they are not always able to act on it. Budget shortcomings and time constraints are frequently cited as reasons why it fails to be an agenda priority. Solutions for repatriation difficulties do not have to be expensive and can lead to great benefits for the company. Basic support can consist, for example, of good communication in advance, during and after the international assignment, or a mentor program to assist the repatriate. The expatriate and his/her family should feel understood by his or her company. Support can increase job satisfaction, thereby protecting the investment made by the company.
Repatriation of non-human entities
Human remains
Return of human remains to their nation of origin. In the United States, Native Americans' human remains are uncovered and removed from their burial sites in the construction/land development process or as part of archaeological excavations. The Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act (NAGPRA) of 1990 established the process whereby federally recognized Indian tribes and Native Hawaiian organizations can request that federal agencies and institutions receiving federal funds return culturally affiliated human remains. The NAGPRA also sets forth provisions that allow for the disposition of Native American human remains found on federal lands to the affiliated Indian tribe or Native Hawaiian organization. NAGPRA does not apply to the Smithsonian Institution, which is covered under the repatriation provisions of the National Museum of the American Indian Act (NMAI Act) of 1989. In previous eras, it was common for British colonial authorities to collect heads and other body parts of indigenous peoples such as Indigenous Australians and Māori for display in British museums. The repatriation of these body parts is currently ongoing. For an example of a successful body part repatriation, see Yagan. Another example can be seen through the dedicated work of the Karanga Aotearoa Repatriation Programme, established in partnership between Māori and the New Zealand government in 2003. This programme is administered by the Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa (Te Papa), and since 2003 has repatriated over 350 Māori and Moriori ancestral remains to Aotearoa New Zealand. Article 12 of the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples affirms that indigenous peoples have the right to repatriate their human remains. The declaration was passed in September 2007 with the support of 143 countries. The four opposing countries—Australia, New Zealand, Canada, and the United States—subsequently endorsed the declaration.
This also applies to the return of mummified human remains. An example of this kind of repatriation would be the Coffin of Nedjemankh being returned to Egypt after its illegal purchase by the Metropolitan Museum of Art.
Cultural artifacts
Cultural or art repatriation is the return of cultural objects or works of art to their country of origin (usually referring to ancient art), or (for looted material) its former owners (or their heirs). Repatriation of cultural artifacts also includes items that fall under the purview of NAGPRA and the NMAI Act such as Native American sacred items, funerary objects, and items of cultural patrimony. The Iroquois Wampum belts are an example of objects of cultural patrimony subject to repatriation under NAGPRA. The "Utimut Process" of returning cultural objects from Denmark to Greenland between 1982 and 2001, was an early example of repatriation. The :no:Bååstede project saw the transfer of over 1600 cultural objects from museums in Oslo to institutions under Sámi management between 2012 and 2019.Sámi museums in Norway, Repatriation of ceremonial objects and human remains: Statement of the Sámi museums in Norway (2020)
Economic repatriation
Economic repatriation refers to the process of a company getting its profits back into their own country. There are four main methods of repatriation: Dividends and Profits, Royalties, Management Service Fees and Intercompany Loans.
Repatriation of currency
Repatriation of currency is when foreign currency is converted back to the currency of the home country. An example would be an American converting British pounds back to U.S. dollars. Repatriation also refers to the payment of a dividend by a foreign corporation to a U.S. corporation. This happens often where the foreign corporation is considered a "controlled foreign corporation" (CFC), which means that more than 50% of the foreign corporation is owned by U.S. shareholders. Generally, foreign direct investment in CFC's are not taxed until a dividend is paid to the controlling U.S. parent company, and is thus repatriated. The foreign direct investment income of the CFC is taxed only by the country where it is incorporated until repatriation. At that time, income is subject to the (typically higher) U.S. tax rate minus the Foreign Tax Credits. (FN: See IRC 951–965) There are currently hundreds of billions of dollars of Foreign direct investment in CFC's because of the disincentive to repatriate those earnings. (See Bureau of Economic Analysis, National Economic Accounts, Integrated Macroeconomic Accounts for the United States, available at the Bureau of Economic Analysis.)
See also
Buffer Theory
Cambodian American Repatriation
Deportation
European Convention on the Repatriation of Minors
Extraordinary repatriation
Forced migration
Jus sanguinis
Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act (NAGPRA) of 1990
Population transfer
Mexican Repatriation
Repatriation in Canada
Repatriation of Poles (1955–59)
Repatriation of Poles (1944–1946)
Repatriation of indentured Indians from Fiji
Swedish extradition of Baltic soldiers
References
Further reading
Bell-Fialkoff, Andrew. Ethnic Cleansing (1996).
Bessel, Richard et al. (ed.) Removing Peoples: Forced removal in the modern world (Oxford UP, 2009).
Carmichael, Cathie. Ethnic Cleansing in the Balkans: Nationalism and the Destruction of Tradition (2002).
Caroli, Betty Boyd. Italian Repatriation from the United States, 1900-1914 (Center for Migration Studies, 1973) 110 pp.
Cinel, Dino. The National Integration of Italian Return Migration, 1870-1929 (Cambridge UP, 1991).
Clark, Bruce. Twice a Stranger: How mass expulsion forged modern Greece and Turkey (2007).
Crisp, Jeff, and Katy Long. "Safe and voluntary refugee repatriation: from principle to practice." Journal on Migration and Human Security 4.3 (2016): 141-147. online
Gilkey, George R. "The United States and Italy: migration and repatriation." Journal of Developing Areas 2.1 (1967): 23-36. online
Grams, Grant W. Coming Home to the Third Reich: Return Migration of German Nationals from the United States and Canada, 1933-1941 (McFarland, 2021). online
Grams, Grant W. "Deportation from Saskatchewan during the Great Depression, the case of H.P. Janzen", in John D. Thiesen (ed.), Mennonite Life, 2010.
Grams, Grant W. "The Deportation of German Nationals from Canada, 1919 to 1939." Journal of International Migration and Integration/Revue de l'integration et de la migration internationale 11 (2010): 219-237. online
Long, Katy. The point of no return: Refugees, rights, and repatriation (Oxford UP, 2013) online.
Sundhaussen, Holm. "Forced Ethnic Migration" EGO: European History Online'' 3 Dec. 2010) online
External links
The Mexican-American repatriation of the early 30s
National NAGPRA Home
Karanga Aotearoa Repatriation Programme - Repatriation of Māori and Moriori ancestral remains
Aftermath of war
Forced migration
Art and cultural repatriation |
1481071 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shogun%20%28disambiguation%29 | Shogun (disambiguation) | Shōgun is a military rank and historical title in Japan.
Shogun may also refer to:
The Sho-Gun, 1904 opera by George Ade and Gustav Luders
Shōgun (novel), a 1975 novel by James Clavell
Shōgun (1980 miniseries), based on the novel
Shōgun (2024 TV series), also based on the novel
Shōgun: The Musical, 1990
Shogun (video game), 1986
James Clavell's Shōgun, a 1989 interactive fiction computer game
Shogun (toolbox), an open source software library for C++
Shogun (Trivium album)
Shogun (Stormwitch album)
Shogun (1986 board game), from Milton Bradley
Shogun (2006 board game), by Dirk Henn
Shogun: Total War, a 2000 video game
Total War: Shogun 2, a 2011 video game
Mitsubishi Pajero or Mitsubishi Shogun, an SUV
Mitsubishi Fuso Super Great or Mitsubishi Shogun, a heavy-duty truck
Maurício Rua (born 1981), nicknamed "Shogun", mixed martial artist
Shogun, a limited production batch of customized Ford Festivas
Shogun, a brand of bicycle by Falcon Cycles
"Shogun" (Legends of Tomorrow), an episode of Legends of Tomorrow
See also
Shogun Warriors (toys), a product line by Mattel
Shogunzords, colossal mechanical or bio-mechanical robotic Zords in the Power Rangers franchise |
1481074 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X%20Toolkit%20Intrinsics | X Toolkit Intrinsics | X Toolkit Intrinsics (also known as Xt, for X toolkit) is a library that implements an API to facilitate the development of programs with a graphical user interface (GUI) for the X Window System. It can be used in the C language (or any language that can use the C API, such as C++). Design took place late 1980s to early 1990s.
The low-level library Xlib is the client-side implementation of the X11 protocol. It communicates with an X server, but does not provide any function for implementing graphical control elements ("widgets"), such as buttons or menus. The Xt library provides support for creating widget types, but does not provide any itself. A programmer could use the Xt library to create and use a new type of widget. Xt implemented some object oriented concepts, such as inheritance (the user could make their own button by reusing code written for another type of button), events, and callbacks.
Since the graphical user interface of applications typically requires a number of widget types, most developers were reluctant to write their own, and instead prefer to use libraries such as Xaw, Motif and OLIT that provide a set of widgets.
Xt programs had a notorious problem of being unusable if the "app-defaults Xrm database", a text file describing all the widgets, could not be found. Most modern, widely-used toolkits such as GTK and Qt do not use the Xt library. Rather, they use Xlib or XCB directly.
External links
X Toolkit Intrinsics – C Language Interface (pdf), X.Org Foundation
The place of Intrinsics in X11, Professor David Marshall, Cardiff School of Computer Science, Cardiff University
TestXt2, Example C program that creates a Menu Bar using just Xt/Xaw
X-based libraries
C (programming language) libraries
Graphics libraries |
1481077 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hallila | Hallila | Hallila is a suburb in Tampere, Finland. Hallila is located between Korkinmäki and Hervanta near Highway 9. Approximately 4,000 people live in Hallila.
In Hallila there is a grocery store, a pizzeria and a pub. Services provided by the city or the church include an elementary school (grades 1 - 4), a kindergarten, and a church.
Hallila was built mostly during the 1990s. Tampere light rail connects Hallila to Hervanta and the city centre. Bus line 13 operates through Hallila to Hervanta, Hatanpää and the centre of Tampere.
Districts of Tampere |
1481080 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tumor%20marker | Tumor marker | A tumor marker is a biomarker that can be used to indicate the presence of cancer or the behavior of cancers (measure progression or response to therapy). They can be found in bodily fluids or tissue. Markers can help with assessing prognosis, surveilling patients after surgical removal of tumors, and even predicting drug-response and monitor therapy.
Tumor markers can be molecules that are produced in higher amounts by cancer cells than normal cells, but can also be produced by other cells from a reaction with the cancer.
The markers can't be used to give patients a diagnosis but can be compared with the result of other tests like biopsy or imaging.
Classification
Tumor markers can be proteins, carbohydrates, receptors and gene products. Proteins include hormones and enzymes. To detect enzyme tumor markers enzyme activity is measured. They were previously widely used, but they have largely been replaced by oncofetal antigens and monoclonal antibodies, due to disadvantages such as most of them lacking organ specificity. Carbohydrates consists of antigens on and/or secreted from tumor cells, these are either high-molecular weight mucins or blood group antigens. Receptors are used to determine prognosis and measure how the patient responds to treatment, while genes or gene product can be analyzed to identify mutations in the genome or altered gene expression.
Uses
Tumor markers may be used for the following purposes:
Monitoring the malignancy
When a malignant tumor is found by the presence of a tumor marker, the level of marker found in the body can be monitored to determine the state of the tumor and how it responds to treatment. If the quantity stays the same during treatment it can indicate that the treatment isn't working, and an alternative treatment should be considered. Rising levels of tumor marker does not necessarily reflect a growing malignancy but can result from things like unrelated illnesses.
Reflect the stage of cancer
By determining the stage of cancer, it's possible to give a prognosis and treatment plan.
Screening for cancers
No screening test is wholly specific, and a high level of tumor marker can still be found in benign tumors. The only tumor marker currently used in screening is PSA (prostate-specific antigen).
Diagnostics
Tumor markers alone can't be used for diagnostic purposes, due to lack of sensitivity and specificity. The only approved diagnostic method for cancer is with a biopsy.
Detects reoccurring cancers
Tumor markers can detect reoccurring cancers in patients post-treatment.
Techniques
Tumor markers can be determined in serum or rarely in urine or other body fluids, often by immunoassay, but other techniques such as enzyme activity determination are sometimes used. Assaying tumor markers were significantly improved after the creation of ELISA and RIA techniques and the advancement of monoclonal antibodies in the 1960s and 1970s.
For many assays, different assay techniques are available. It is important that the same assay is used, as the results from different assays are generally not comparable. For example, mutations of the p53 gene can be detected through immunohistochemical polymorphism screening of DNA, sequence analysis of DNA, or by single-strand conformational polymorphism screening of DNA. Each assay may give different results of the clinical value of the p53 mutations as a prognostic factor.
Interlaboratory proficiency testing for tumor marker tests, and for clinical tests more generally, is routine in Europe and an emerging field in the United States. New York state is prominent in advocating such research.
List of commonly used markers
Accuracy and specific use
The ideal tumor marker has the following characteristics:
Specificity to a certain type of tumor
Should detect the malignancy earlier than a clinical diagnosis
Be highly sensitive to avoid false positives
The level of tumor marker should indicate the state of the malignancy to be able to monitor treatment response.
An ideal tumor marker does not exist, and how they are clinically applied depends on the specific tumor marker. For example, tumor markers like Ki-67 can be used to choose form of treatment or in prognostics but are not useful to give a diagnosis, while other tumor markers have the opposite functionality. Therefore it's important to follow the guidelines of the specific tumor marker.
Tumor markers are mainly used in clinical medicine to support a diagnosis and monitor the state of malignancy or reocurrence of cancer.
See also
Tumor antigen
List of cancer types
References
Further reading
External links
Biomarkers |
1481090 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kit%20Malthouse | Kit Malthouse | Christopher Laurie "Kit" Malthouse (born 27 October 1966) is a British Conservative Party politician and businessman who has served as Member of Parliament (MP) for North West Hampshire since 2015. He served as Secretary of State for Education from 6 September to 25 October 2022, and previously served as Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster from July to September 2022.
Malthouse served on Westminster City Council from 1998 to 2006 and was Deputy Council Leader from 2004 to 2006. He served as a Conservative member of the London Assembly for West Central from 2008 to 2016, where he represented the City of Westminster, the London Borough of Hammersmith and Fulham, and the Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea. He served under then-Mayor of London Boris Johnson as Deputy Mayor for Policing from 2008 to 2012 and Deputy Mayor for Business and Enterprise from 2012 to 2015.
Malthouse was elected as Member of Parliament for North West Hampshire at the 2015 general election. Following the 2018 cabinet reshuffle, Malthouse was appointed Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State at the Department for Work and Pensions by Prime Minister Theresa May. After Dominic Raab was appointed Brexit Secretary, Malthouse served as Minister of State for Housing and Planning from 2018 to 2019. In July 2019, after Johnson succeeded May as Prime Minister, Malthouse was appointed Minister for Crime, Policing and the Fire Service. In the 2020 cabinet reshuffle, he was appointed Minister of State for Crime and Policing at the Home Office and the Ministry of Justice, before being promoted to Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster during the July 2022 government crisis.
Early life and career
Christopher Malthouse was born on 27 October 1966 in the Aigburth suburb of Liverpool, the son of Susan and John Christopher Malthouse. He was educated at Sudley County Primary, a state school, and Liverpool College, then a private school. He studied politics and economics at Newcastle University.
Malthouse trained to be a chartered accountant at Touche Ross & Company, qualifying in 1995. He then left and worked as Finance Director of the Cannock Group.
Political career
Westminster City Council (1998–2006)
Malthouse was elected to Westminster City Council in May 1998, representing St George's ward. Following boundary changes, he was re-elected in May 2002 for the Warwick ward, which is also in Pimlico. Malthouse was appointed as Chief Whip of the Conservative Group, and following a change of leader to Sir Simon Milton, he was appointed Chairman of the Social Services Committee. Two years later, he was elected Deputy Leader of the Council and became Cabinet Member for Finance.
He retired from Westminster City Council at the May 2006 local elections. Malthouse challenged the results of the 2001 population census, which he said seriously underestimated the population of the City of Westminster. Following a two-year battle with the Office for National Statistics, the City of Westminster population was revised upwards by 10% and a review of future census methodology was commissioned.
Malthouse argued against the introduction of the London congestion charge, opposing it on the grounds that the idea should not be first introduced in the most populous city in England, and that London was already one of the most expensive cities to live in.
As Deputy Leader of Westminster Council, Malthouse was responsible for agreeing to a £12.3 million settlement with Shirley Porter over the £27 million surcharge, eventually raising to £42 million in costs and interest, imposed on her as a result of the Homes for Votes gerrymandering fraud scandal.
First term as a member of the London Assembly (2008–2012)
On 26 March 2007, he was selected as the Conservative candidate for the London Assembly seat of West Central. The Assembly elections took place on 1 May 2008, and Malthouse received 53% of the vote. He was appointed Deputy Mayor for Policing two days later.
Deputy Mayor for Policing (2008–2012)
Malthouse was appointed Deputy Mayor of London for Policing by Mayor Boris Johnson with effect from 6 May 2008. In October 2008 he was appointed Vice Chairman of the Metropolitan Police Authority by Johnson. Malthouse was a member of the board of the Association of Police Authorities, and the London Regional Resilience Forum.
Malthouse introduced Met Forward, the Authority's strategic mission for London's police. Alongside the Mayor of London and the then Deputy Commissioner of Metropolitan Police, Malthouse released ‘Time for Action’ on 3 November 2008 in response to escalating concerns about youth violence in London. Malthouse campaigned against dangerous dogs across London. He also campaigned for changes to the dangerous dogs legislation to introduce tougher punishments and worked with the CPS to reduce the long delays in the court process to reduce the kenneling costs.
Malthouse campaigned against the presence of prostitution cards in telephone kiosks across London. He also devised the 2010 program 'The Way Forward – a plan for London to tackle violence against women and girls'. In March 2012, Malthouse was urged to resign by Labour MP Chris Bryant for reportedly saying too many police resources were allocated to the investigation into press phone hacking.
While Deputy Mayor of London, Malthouse expressed concerns about the growing numbers of foxes and said: "People are afraid to let their small children play outside because of them. They are more and more worried about the number of foxes as numbers continue to grow." Following his election to Parliament, he stated that he would vote to repeal the Hunting Act 2004, which bans the hunting of foxes with dogs.
Parliamentary career
Malthouse first stood for parliament in Liverpool Wavertree at the 1997 general election, where he came third with 10.8% of the vote behind the Liberal Democrat candidate Richard Kemp and the incumbent Labour Party MP Jane Kennedy.
On 4 July 2014 it was announced that Malthouse would be selected as the Conservative candidate in the 2015 general election for North West Hampshire. The seat had been occupied by Sir George Young since 1997, who announced in 2013 that he would retire in 2015. In March 2015 Malthouse resigned his position as Deputy Mayor of London to concentrate on his parliamentary campaign; the office remained vacant until 2016. Malthouse won the seat with 58.1% of the vote, and with a majority of 23,943, (43.4%), an increase from 18,583 at the 2010 general election.
In March 2016, Malthouse was asked by the MS Society in Andover, a town in his constituency, to step down from his role as a patron. The charity felt he was no longer suitable for the role as he had recently voted to cut ESA to the same level as JSA for those in the Work Related Activity Group (WRAG).
At the snap 2017 general election Malthouse was re-elected, increasing his vote share by 4% to 62.1% but seeing his majority reduced from 23,943 to 22,679.
He served as Minister of State for Family Support in 2018 and Minister of State for Housing and Planning from 2018 to 2019. Malthouse was credited as the convener of an agreement between two Conservative party factions on Brexit which aimed to rewrite the Irish backstop. The House of Commons voted down the agreement in March 2019 after EU negotiators criticised it as unrealistic. On 27 May 2019, Malthouse announced that he was standing in the Conservative Party leadership election to replace Theresa May. On 4 June 2019, Malthouse announced that he was withdrawing from the contest.
In July 2019, Prime Minister Boris Johnson appointed Malthouse to the position of Minister for Policing, succeeding Nick Hurd. In addition to his role as Minister of State for Policing, Malthouse took on additional responsibilities as a Minister of State at the Ministry for Justice.
At the 2019 general election Malthouse was again re-elected with 62.1% of the vote, but with an increased majority of 26,308.
Malthouse was criticized in a March 2021 Daily Mirror exclusive for charging at least £4,000 in expenses for his podcast, The Maltcast, produced by external production company Westminster Digital.
In July 2022, Malthouse was appointed Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster. In July 2022, Malthouse chaired a COBRA meeting of the civil contingencies committee to discuss the escalating heat waves in the United Kingdom. After the meeting, he stated "if people don’t have to travel, this may be a moment to work from home."
In September 2022, he was appointed Secretary of State for Education, serving in that role until shortly after Liz Truss resigned on 25 October 2022.
At the 2024 general election, Malthouse was again re-elected, with a decreased vote share of 35% and a decreased majority of 3,288.
Personal life
Malthouse married Tracy-Jane Newall in 1996, and they had a son before divorcing in 2005. He married Juliana Farha in 2007, and they have one son and one daughter together.
Honours
Maltouse was sworn in as a member of Her Majesty's Most Honourable Privy Council on 20 September 2021 at Balmoral Castle, giving him the honorific prefix of "The Right Honourable" for life.
Notes
References
External links
Official website
1966 births
Alumni of Newcastle University
Conservative Party (UK) councillors
Conservative Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies
Councillors in the City of Westminster
Businesspeople from Liverpool
Living people
Conservative Members of the London Assembly
People educated at Liverpool College
People from Aigburth
UK MPs 2015–2017
UK MPs 2017–2019
UK MPs 2019–2024
UK MPs 2024–present
Ministers of State for Housing (UK)
Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom
Chancellors of the Duchy of Lancaster
British Secretaries of State for Education
London AMs 2008–2012
London AMs 2012–2016 |
1481091 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truly%20Scrumptious | Truly Scrumptious | Truly Scrumptious is a fictional character in the 1968 film Chitty Chitty Bang Bang and stage production based on the children's novel of the same name by author Ian Fleming.
In the film, Truly Scrumptious is played by Sally Ann Howes, after the role was declined by Julie Andrews. Truly Scrumptious develops a romantic relationship with the widower Caractacus Potts (played by Dick Van Dyke). The character of Truly Scrumptious does not appear in the original novel, but the filmmakers felt that a budding romantic relationship would serve the movie better than the marriage portrayed in the book.
Film
Truly Scrumptious is introduced as she swerves her car into a pond to avoid children Jeremy and Jemima. Truly takes them home to their father, an absent-minded inventor named Caractacus Potts, and ends up having an argument over his child-rearing methods. She leaves, but not before inspecting Caractacus' inventions, including a sweet-making machine that is currently producing defective sweets with holes in them, though her suggested fix is dismissed.
When Truly visits her father, Lord Scrumptious, at his sweet-making factory the next day, she finds Caractacus there, waiting to show her father his sweets, which can be played like penny whistles. Truly unexpectedly supports Caractacus in making a successful pitch to her father ("Toot Sweets"), but a pack of neighborhood dogs, attracted by the high-pitched musical notes, descend on the factory and enrage Lord Scrumptious, spoiling the pitch.
The next day, Truly nearly runs into the Potts family, who are taking their newly-restored car "Chitty Chitty Bang-Bang", and ends up in the village pond once again. Caractacus carries her ashore and the children invite Truly to join them on their picnic. Truly joins in the film's title song ("Chitty Chitty Bang Bang"), and during the picnic at the beach, Truly and the children declare their growing affection for each other ("Truly Scrumptious"). Truly has a conversation with Caractacus, and the children spy on the couple from afar, hoping they are falling in love. Later, at the children's prompting, Caractacus begins to tell a story about a nasty "Baron Bomburst" from "Vulgaria" who desires Chitty for himself.
Caractacus' story
In the story, after being cut off by the rising tide, Chitty and the family escape from Baron Bomburst's approaching gunship through Chitty's magical transformation into an amphibious motorcraft. Truly acknowledges Caractacus' devotion to the children and how well he's fulfilling the difficult role of a widowed parent, and Caractacus implies in return that the children still need a mother. Afterwards, safely back at her family mansion, Truly reflects on her developing love for Caractacus ("Lovely Lonely Man").
The Vulgarian spies make several more bungling attempts to steal their car, until, frustrated, the Baron decides to kidnap the car's inventor instead, but mistakes Grandpa for his son Caractacus. The family give chase in Chitty all the way to the Baron's castle in Vulgaria. Along the way, Chitty saves them again by magically sprouting wings to fly. In Vulgaria, a local Toymaker shelters them from the guards, and they learn that children have been forbidden by the Baron's wife, Baroness Bomburst. Meanwhile, soldiers have found Chitty and taken the car to the Baron.
Caractacus and the Toymaker investigate the castle, and Truly leaves to get food for the children, returning just in time to witness their capture by the sinister Child Catcher. Caractacus, Truly, and the Toymaker meet with the villagers' hidden children and plan their rescue mission ("Hushabye Mountain"). Truly and Caractacus disguise themselves as life-sized dolls to distract the Baron during his birthday party ("Doll on a Music Box"/"Truly Scrumptious") as the village children infiltrate the castle. Grandpa is freed, the Potts children are rescued, and the Baron is defeated. The family are hailed as heroes by the people of Vulgaria and fly home in Chitty.
After the story
As the story finishes, an awkward moment ensues when the children announce that 'Daddy and Truly were married and lived happily ever after'. Truly asks Caractacus if that is how the story ends, and, embarrassed, he drives Truly home without answering. Caractacus apologises, saying the children didn't understand how ridiculous it would be for a man in his situation to marry into a family of such wealth, but Truly is affronted, pointing out that were she to say such a thing, Caractacus would call her a snob. The Potts drive home glumly, but upon arriving, find that Lord Scrumptious has changed his mind about 'Toot Sweets' and intends to buy the idea from Caractacus. This newfound wealth removes the last remaining barrier to Caractacus admitting his love for Truly, and he hurriedly drives off in Chitty to find her. Truly is run off the road and into the duck pond for a third time, but as Caractacus rescues her, he admits to her that the children were right and there's nothing ridiculous about the idea of them getting married, and they kiss.
Character
Truly Scrumptious is an intelligent, educated, practical woman, the daughter of a wealthy industrialist. She is pragmatic and proactive, and boldly opposes wrongdoing. She is portrayed as feisty and modern (for the Edwardian era in which the film is set), and is more than ready to spar verbally with Caractacus, take the initiative in their developing romance, stand up to her wealthy father, and indignantly reject social attitudes she disagrees with. She is also very warm and maternal towards the children.
The author of the original story, Ian Fleming, was known for using puns in the naming of his female characters. Although the names of the female characters in the James Bond series, by the same author, are usually racy double entendres, Truly Scrumptious is rather more innocent, as appropriate to a children's story. The pun on Truly is used in several ways in the recurring song of the same name "Truly Scrumptious".
In the film, a running gag is Truly running her car off the road into the same duck pond. The registration plate of Truly's motor car was CUB 1, an homage to the film's producer, Cubby Broccoli.
Stage productions
Various actresses have now played Truly Scrumptious in stage productions of Chitty Chitty Bang Bang. These include the following in the order they have played the character.
Approximate Dates given where available
Emma Williams - Originated the role in London (2002-2003)
Caroline Sheen (2003-2004)
Scarlett Strallen (2004-2005)
Jo Gibb - Closed out the London Production (2005)
Erin Dilly - Originated the role on Broadway and closed out the Production (2005)
Marissa Dunlop - Originated the role in the National UK Tour (2005-2007)
Rachel Stanley - Closed out the National UK Tour (2008)
Kelly McCormick in the US National Tour in 2008-2009.
Rachael Beck - Australian Tour 2012-2013.
Carrie Hope Fletcher - UK Tour (4 May 2016 - 2 October 2016)
References
Chitty Chitty Bang Bang characters
Film characters introduced in 1968
Female characters in film
Fictional English people |
1481092 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Last%20in%20Line | The Last in Line | The Last In Line is the second studio album by American heavy metal band Dio, released on July 2, 1984. It is the first Dio album to feature former Rough Cutt keyboardist Claude Schnell. It became the band's highest-charting album in both the UK and the U.S., reaching number 4 and number 23, respectively (Sacred Heart would later reach number 4 in the UK as well).
It was certified gold (500,000 units sold) by the RIAA on September 12, 1984, and was the first Dio album to be certified platinum, achieving the feat on February 3, 1987. In the UK, it attained Silver certification (60,000 units sold) by the British Phonographic Industry, achieving this in January 1986, at the same time as Holy Diver. To date, these are the only two Dio albums to be certified at least platinum.
Reissues
The album, along with Holy Diver and Sacred Heart, was released in a new two-CD deluxe edition on March 19, 2012, through Universal for worldwide distribution outside the U.S.
Critical reception
In 2005, The Last In Line was ranked number 372 in Rock Hard magazine's book of The 500 Greatest Rock & Metal Albums of All Time.
Track listing
Personnel
Dio
Ronnie James Dio – vocals, keyboards
Vinny Appice – drums
Jimmy Bain – bass
Vivian Campbell – guitar
Claude Schnell – keyboards
Production
Ronnie James Dio – producer
Caribou Ranch, Colorado - recorded at
Angelo Arcuri – audio engineer
Rich Markowitz – assistant engineer
Mixed on Westlake Audio BBSM6 monitors
George Marino – mastering at Sterling Sound, New York
Andy Pearce – remastering for the 2012 Universal deluxe edition
Steve Hoffman – remastering for the 2012 Audio Fidelity 24K edition
Barry Jackson – illustration
Charts
Certifications
References
External links
The Last in Line song lyrics
1984 albums
Dio (band) albums
Vertigo Records albums
Warner Records albums |
1481095 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin%20Holt | Martin Holt | Martin Drummond Vesey Holt (13 January 1881 – 2 November 1956) was a British fencer. He won two silver medals in the team épée competitions at the 1908 and 1912 Summer Olympics. In 1920 and 1923, he won the épée title at the British Fencing Championships.
See also
List of athletes with the most appearances at Olympic Games
References
1881 births
1956 deaths
British male fencers
Olympic fencers for Great Britain
Fencers at the 1908 Summer Olympics
Fencers at the 1912 Summer Olympics
Fencers at the 1920 Summer Olympics
Fencers at the 1924 Summer Olympics
Fencers at the 1928 Summer Olympics
Olympic silver medallists for Great Britain
Olympic medalists in fencing
Fencers from London
Medalists at the 1908 Summer Olympics
Medalists at the 1912 Summer Olympics
20th-century British sportspeople |
1481097 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20the%20separation%20axioms | History of the separation axioms | The history of the separation axioms in general topology has been convoluted, with many meanings competing for the same terms and many terms competing for the same concept.
Origins
Before the current general definition of topological space, there were many definitions offered, some of which assumed (what we now think of as) some separation axioms. For example, the definition given by Felix Hausdorff in 1914 is equivalent to the modern definition plus the Hausdorff separation axiom.
The separation axioms, as a group, became important in the study of metrisability: the question of which topological spaces can be given the structure of a metric space. Metric spaces satisfy all of the separation axioms; but in fact, studying spaces that satisfy only some axioms helps build up to the notion of full metrisability.
The separation axioms that were first studied together in this way were the axioms for accessible spaces, Hausdorff spaces, regular spaces, and normal spaces. Topologists assigned these classes of spaces the names T1, T2, T3, and T4. Later this system of numbering was extended to include T0, T2½, T3½ (or Tπ), T5, and T6.
But this sequence had its problems. The idea was supposed to be that every Ti space is a special kind of Tj space if i > j. But this is not necessarily true, as definitions vary. For example, a regular space (called T3) does not have to be a Hausdorff space (called T2), at least not according to the simplest definition of regular spaces.
Different definitions
Every author agreed on T0, T1, and T2. For the other axioms, however, different authors could use significantly different definitions, depending on what they were working on. These differences could develop because, if one assumes that a topological space satisfies the T1 axiom, then the various definitions are (in most cases) equivalent. Thus, if one is going to make that assumption, then one would want to use the simplest definition. But if one did not make that assumption, then the simplest definition might not be the right one for the most useful concept; in any case, it would destroy the (transitive) entailment of Ti by Tj, allowing (for example) non-Hausdorff regular spaces.
Topologists working on the metrisation problem generally did assume T1; after all, all metric spaces are T1. Thus, they used the simplest definitions for the Ti. Then, for those occasions when they did not assume T1, they used words ("regular" and "normal") for the more complicated definitions, in order to contrast them with the simpler ones. This approach was used as late as 1970 with the publication of Counterexamples in Topology by Lynn A. Steen and J. Arthur Seebach, Jr.
In contrast, general topologists, led by John L. Kelley in 1955, usually did not assume T1, so they studied the separation axioms in the greatest generality from the beginning. They used the more complicated definitions for Ti, so that they would always have a nice property relating Ti to Tj. Then, for the simpler definitions, they used words (again, "regular" and "normal"). Both conventions could be said to follow the "original" meanings; the different meanings are the same for T1 spaces, which was the original context. But the result was that different authors used the various terms in precisely opposite ways. Adding to the confusion, some literature will observe a nice distinction between an axiom and the space that satisfies the axiom, so that a T3 space might need to satisfy the axioms T3 and T0 (e.g., in the Encyclopedic Dictionary of Mathematics, 2nd ed.).
Since 1970, the general topologists' terms have been growing in popularity, including in other branches of mathematics, such as analysis. But usage is still not consistent.
Completely Hausdorff, Urysohn, and T2 spaces
Steen and Seebach define a Urysohn space as "a space with a Urysohn function for any two points". Willard calls this a completely Hausdorff space. Steen & Seebach define a completely Hausdorff space or T2 space as a space in which every two points are separated by closed neighborhoods, which Willard calls a Urysohn space or T2 space.
See also
History of topology
References
John L. Kelley; General Topology;
Stephen Willard, General Topology, Addison-Wesley, 1970. Reprinted by Dover Publications, New York, 2004. (Dover edition).
Separation axioms
History of mathematics |
1481107 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swabi | Swabi | Swabi (; ) is a city in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan. It is located near the bank of the Indus River. It is the 73rd largest city of Pakistan and eighth largest in the province in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. Swabi is also a major city in the Mardan Division, where it is the second-largest city.
Demographics
According to the 2023 Census of Pakistan, the city of Swabi had 1,894,600 inhabitants, making it the eighth-largest city in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. These inhabitants were distributed across 16,212 households, for an average household size of 7.61 in Swabi. Swabi experienced quick growth throughout the latter half of the twentieth century, with its population nearly quintupling over a mere 40 years. However, this growth trajectory has gradually decelerated over time. Between 1998 and 2017, the city's population exhibited an increase of only 2.29% annually. The residents historically are of the Yusufzai tribe of Pashtuns which are predominant in the area.
Climate
Swabi has a warm and temperate climate. With hot and humid summers and mild winters, Swabi features a humid subtropical climate (Köppen Cwa). The average temperature in Swabi is 22.2 °C, while the annual precipitation averages 639 mm. November is the driest month with an average rainfall of 12 mm, while August is the wettest month with an average of 137 mm of precipitation.
June is the hottest month of the year, with an average temperature of 32.9 °C. January is the coldest month, with an average temperature of 10.2 °C.
Education
Following are some of the notable educational institutes in Swabi:
Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology
University of Swabi
Gajju Khan Medical College
Women University Swabi
Government Post Graduate College
Government College of Technology Swabi
Notable people
Dawood Khan Yousafzai, Pakistani famous MMA World champion born in Swabi
Mushtaq Ahmad Khan, Former Pakistani Senator and Leader of Jamaat-e-Islami (Pakistan), Leader of Save Gaza movement
Asad Qaiser, Former Speaker of the National Assembly of Pakistan and Leader of Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf
See also
List of cities in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa by population
Mardan Division
Swabi District
Swabi Tehsil
Topi
Tordher
Zaida
References
Swabi population
External links
University of Swabi
Populated places in Swabi District
Union Councils of Swabi District
Swabi District
Cities in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa |
1481109 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald%20Bullett | Gerald Bullett | Gerald William Bullett (30 December 1893 – 3 January 1958) was a British man of letters. He was known as a novelist, essayist, short story writer, critic, poet and publisher. He wrote both supernatural fiction and some children's literature. A few of his books were published under the pseudonym Sebastian Fox.
Biography
Bullett was born in London, the son of businessman Robert Bullet and Ellen Bullett (née Pegg), and educated at Jesus College, Cambridge. During the Second World War he worked for the BBC in London, and after the war was a radio broadcaster. Bullett also contributed to the Times Literary Supplement. Politically, Bullett described himself as a "liberal socialist" and claimed to detest "prudery, prohibition, blood sports, central heating, and literary tea parties". Bullett was also an anti-fascist, describing fascism as "gangsterism on a national scale"; he publicly backed the Republican side during the Spanish Civil War.
One of his novels was Mr. Godly Beside Himself (1924), a humorous fantasy story about a modern man who exchanges places with his doppelganger in fairyland. Brian Stableford likens Bullet's novel to other works of post First World War British fantasy, such as Stella Benson's Living Alone (1919), and Hope Mirrlees' Lud-in-the-Mist (1926).
Bullett was a great admirer of Walt Whitman, and wrote an essay on Whitman for the book Great Democrats by Alfred Barratt Brown. Here he described Whitman as "a man full-blooded and brotherly, unselfconscious in his democracy and genuinely at ease with all kinds and classes".
In 1926 Bullett established the publishing firm Gerald Howe Ltd. in partnership with Garfield Howe.<ref>"The Bookman", [https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/35636379 "Books and Authors". The Courier-Mail, 6 October 1934, p. 18. Retrieved 19 August 2024.</ref> The firm "issued a modest list of titles with a literary bent".
Bullett died in Chichester, West Sussex, on 3 January 1958.
Works
The Progress of Kay, A Series of Glimpses (1916)
Mice and other poems (1921)
The Street of the Eye and Nine Other Tales (1923)
Mr Godly Beside Himself (1924)
Walt Whitman: A Study and a Selection (1924)
The Baker's Cart and Other Tales (1925)
Modern English Fiction (1926)
Seed of Israel: Tales from the English Bible (1927)
The Spanish Caravel (1927); later The Happy Mariners (1956)
"Dreaming" (1928) – essay
The World in Bud and Other Tales (1928)
Nicky Son of Egg (1929)
The History of Egg Pandervil (1929)
Germany (1930)
Remember Mrs Munch (1931)
Marden Fee (1931)
Helen's Lovers and Other Tales (1932)
I'll Tell You Everything (1932), by Bullett and J. B. Priestley
The Quick and The Dead (1933)
Eden River (1934)
The Bubble (1934)
The Jury (1935) – filmed as The Last Man to Hang? in 1956
The Snare of the Fowler: A Tragedy of Time & Chance (1936), as by Sebastian Fox
Poems in Pencil (1937)
The Innocence of G. K. Chesterton (1937)
The Bending Sickle (1938) – novel
Twenty Four Tales (1938)
When the Cat's Away (1940)
A Man of Forty (1940)
Winter Solstice (1943)
The Elderbrook Brothers (1945)
Judgment in Suspense (1946) – novel
George Eliot (1947)
Men at High Table and The House of Strangers (1948)
Poems (1949)
Cricket in Heaven (1949)
The English Mystics (1950)
Sydney Smith, a Biography and a Selection (1951)
The Trouble at Number Seven (1952)
News From The Village (1952) – poems
The Alderman's Son (1954) – novel
Windows On A Vanished Time (1955)
One Man's Poison (1956), as by Sebastian Fox
The Daughters of Mrs Peacock (1957)
Odd Woman Out (1958), as by Sebastian Fox
The Peacock Brides (1958)
Ten-Minute Tales and Some Others (1959)
Collected Poems (1959), selected by E. M. W. Tillyard
As editor
Short Stories of To-day and Yesterday (1929)
The Testament of Light (1932) – anthology
The Pattern of Courtesy: An Anthology, Continuing the Testament of Light (1934)
A Book of Good Faith – Montaigne: A Miscellany of Passages (1938)
The Phœnix and Turtle (1938)
The Jackdaw's Nest, A Fivefold Anthology (1939)
The English Galaxy of Shorter Poems (1942)
Readings in English Literature: From Chaucer to Matthew Arnold (1945)
Silver Poets of the 16th Century (1947)
As translator
The Golden Year of Fan Cheng-Ta: A Chinese Rural Sequence Rendered into English Verse'' (1946)
References
External links
Sebastian Fox at LC Authorities, with no records, and at WorldCat
1893 births
1958 deaths
20th-century English male writers
20th-century British short story writers
20th-century English novelists
20th-century English poets
20th-century British essayists
Alumni of Jesus College, Cambridge
British male essayists
British male poets
English anti-fascists
English essayists
English fantasy writers
English male non-fiction writers
English male novelists
English male short story writers
English short story writers
English socialists
Writers from London
20th-century pseudonymous writers |
1481119 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cournot%20competition | Cournot competition | Cournot competition is an economic model used to describe an industry structure in which companies compete on the amount of output they will produce, which they decide on independently of each other and at the same time. It is named after Antoine Augustin Cournot (1801–1877) who was inspired by observing competition in a spring water duopoly. It has the following features:
There is more than one firm and all firms produce a homogeneous product, i.e., there is no product differentiation;
Firms do not cooperate, i.e., there is no collusion;
Firms have market power, i.e., each firm's output decision affects the good's price;
The number of firms is fixed;
Firms compete in quantities rather than prices; and
The firms are economically rational and act strategically, usually seeking to maximize profit given their competitors' decisions.
An essential assumption of this model is the "not conjecture" that each firm aims to maximize profits, based on the expectation that its own output decision will not have an effect on the decisions of its rivals.
Price is a commonly known decreasing function of total output. All firms know , the total number of firms in the market, and take the output of the others as given. The market price is set at a level such that demand equals the total quantity produced by all firms.
Each firm takes the quantity set by its competitors as a given, evaluates its residual demand, and then behaves as a monopoly.
History
Antoine Augustin Cournot (1801–1877) first outlined his theory of competition in his 1838 volume Recherches sur les Principes Mathématiques de la Théorie des Richesses as a way of describing the competition with a market for spring water dominated by two suppliers (a duopoly). The model was one of a number that Cournot set out "explicitly and with mathematical precision" in the volume. Specifically, Cournot constructed profit functions for each firm, and then used partial differentiation to construct a function representing a firm's best response for given (exogenous) output levels of the other firm(s) in the market. He then showed that a stable equilibrium occurs where these functions intersect (i.e., the simultaneous solution of the best response functions of each firm).
The consequence of this is that in equilibrium, each firm's expectations of how other firms will act are shown to be correct; when all is revealed, no firm wants to change its output decision. This idea of stability was later taken up and built upon as a description of Nash equilibria, of which Cournot equilibria are a subset.
The legacy of the Recherches
Cournot's economic theory was little noticed until Léon Walras credited him as a forerunner. This led to an unsympathetic review of Cournot's book by Joseph Bertrand which in turn received heavy criticism. Irving Fisher found Cournot's treatment of oligopoly "brilliant and suggestive, but not free from serious objections". He arranged for a translation to be made by Nathaniel Bacon in 1897.
Reactions to this aspect of Cournot's theory have ranged from searing condemnation to half-hearted endorsement. It has received sympathy in recent years as a contribution to game theory rather than economics. James W. Friedman explains:
In current language and interpretation, Cournot postulated a particular game to represent an oligopolistic market...
The maths in Cournot's book is elementary and the presentation not difficult to follow. The account below follows Cournot's words and diagrams closely. The diagrams were presumably included as an oversized plate in the original edition, and are missing from some modern reprints.
Cournot's conceptual framework
Cournot's discussion of oligopoly draws on two theoretical advances made in earlier pages of his book. Both have passed (with some adjustment) into microeconomic theory, particularly within subfield of Industrial Organization where Cournot's assumptions can be relaxed to study various Market Structures and Industries, for example, the Stackelberg Competition model. Cournot's discussion of monopoly influenced later writers such as Edward Chamberlin and Joan Robinson during the 1930s revival of interest in imperfect competition.
The 'Law of Demand' or 'of Sales'
Cournot was wary of psychological notions of demand, defining it simply as the amount sold of a particular good (helped along by the fact that the French word débit, meaning 'sales quantity', has the same initial letter as demande, meaning 'demand' ). He formalised it mathematically as follows:
We will regard the sales quantity or annual demand , for any commodity, to be a function of its price.
It follows that his demand curves do some of the work of modern supply curves, since producers who are able to limit the amount sold have an influence on Cournot's demand curve.
Cournot remarks that the demand curve will usually be a decreasing function of price, and that the total value of the good sold is , which will generally increase to a maximum and then decline towards 0. The condition for a maximum is that the derivative of , i.e., , should be 0 (where is the derivative of ).
Cournot's duopoly theory
Monopoly and duopoly
Cournot insists that each duopolist seeks independently to maximize profits, and this restriction is essential, since Cournot tells us that if they came to an understanding between each other so as each to obtain the maximum possible revenue, then completely different results would be obtained, indistinguishable from the consumer's point of view from those entailed by monopoly.
Cournot's price model
Cournot presents a mathematically correct analysis of the equilibrium condition corresponding to a certain logically consistent model of duopolist behaviour. However his model is not stated and is not particularly natural (Shapiro remarked that observed practice constituted a "natural objection to the Cournot quantity model"), and "his words and the mathematics do not quite match".
His model can be grasped more easily if we slightly embellish it. Suppose that there are two owners of mineral water springs, each able to produce unlimited quantities at zero price. Suppose that instead of selling water to the public they offer it to a middle man. Each proprietor notifies the middle man of the quantity he or she intends to produce. The middle man finds the market-clearing price, which is determined by the demand function and the aggregate supply. He or she sells the water at this price, passing the proceeds back to the proprietors.
The consumer demand for mineral water at price is denoted by ; the inverse of is written and the market-clearing price is given by , where and is the amount supplied by proprietor .
Each proprietor is assumed to know the amount being supplied by his or her rival, and to adjust his or her own supply in the light of it to maximize his or her profits. The position of equilibrium is one in which neither proprietor is inclined to adjust the quantity supplied.
It needs mental contortions to imagine the same market behaviour arising without a middle man.
Interpretative difficulties
A feature of Cournot's model is that a single price applies to both proprietors. He justified this assumption by saying that "dès lors le prix est nécessairement le même pour l'un et l'autre propriétaire". de Bornier expands on this by saying that "the obvious conclusion that only a single price can exist at a given moment" follows from "an essential assumption concerning his model, [namely] product homogeneity".
Later on Cournot writes that a proprietor can adjust his supply "en modifiant correctement le prix". Again, this is nonsense: it is impossible for a single price to be simultaneously under the control of two suppliers. If there is a single price, then it must be determined by the market as a consequence of the proprietors' decisions on matters under their individual control.
Cournot's account threw his English translator (Nathaniel Bacon) so completely off-balance that his words were corrected to "properly adjusting his price". Edgeworth regarded equality of price in Cournot as "a particular condition, not... abstractly necessary in cases of imperfect competition". Jean Magnan de Bornier says that in Cournot's theory "each owner will use price as a variable to control quantity" without saying how one price can govern two quantities. A. J. Nichol claimed that Cournot's theory makes no sense unless "prices are directly determined by buyers". Shapiro, perhaps in despair, remarked that "the actual process of price formation in Cournot's theory is somewhat mysterious".
Collusion
Cournot's duopolists are not true profit-maximizers. Either supplier could increase his or her profits by cutting out the middle man and cornering the market by marginally undercutting his or her rival; thus the middle man can be seen as a mechanism for restricting competition.
Finding the Cournot duopoly equilibrium
Example 1
Cournot's model of competition is typically presented for the case of a duopoly market structure; the following example provides a straightforward analysis of the Cournot model for the case of Duopoly. Therefore, suppose we have a market consisting of only two firms which we will call firm 1 and firm 2. For simplicity, we assume each firm faces the same marginal cost. That is, for a given firm 's output quantity, denoted where , firm 's cost of producing units of output is given by , where is the marginal cost.
This assumption tells us that both firms face the same cost-per-unit produced. Therefore, as each firm's profit is equal to its revenues minus costs, where revenue equals the number of units produced multiplied by the market price, we can denote the profit functions for firm 1 and firm 2 as follows:
In the above profit functions we have price as a function of total output which we denote as and for two firms we must have . For example's sake, let us assume that price (inverse demand function) is linear and of the form . So, the inverse demand function can then be rewritten as .
Now, substituting our equation for price in place of we can write each firm's profit function as:
As firms are assumed to be profit-maximizers, the first-order conditions (F.O.C.s) for each firm are:
The F.O.C.s state that firm is producing at the profit-maximizing level of output when the marginal cost () is equal to the marginal revenue (). Intuitively, this suggests that firms will produce up to the point where it remains profitable to do so, as any further production past this point will mean that , and therefore production beyond this point results in the firm losing money for each additional unit produced. Notice that at the profit-maximizing quantity where , we must have which is why we set the above equations equal to zero.
Now that we have two equations describing the states at which each firm is producing at the profit-maximizing quantity, we can simply solve this system of equations to obtain each firm's optimal level of output, for firms 1 and 2 respectively. So, we obtain:
These functions describe each firm's optimal (profit-maximizing) quantity of output given the price firms face in the market, , the marginal cost, , and output quantity of rival firms. The functions can be thought of as describing a firm's "Best Response" to the other firm's level of output.
We can now find a Cournot-Nash Equilibrium using our "Best Response" functions above for the output quantity of firms 1 and 2. Recall that both firms face the same cost-per-unit () and price (). Therefore, using this symmetrical relationship between firms we find the equilibrium quantity by fixing . We can be sure this setup gives us the equilibrium levels as neither firm has an incentive to change their level of output as doing so will harm the firm at the benefit of their rival. Now substituting in for and solving we obtain the symmetric (same for each firm) output quantity in Equilibrium as
.
This equilibrium value describes the optimal level of output for firms 1 and 2, where each firm is producing an output quantity of . So, at equilibrium, the total market output will be .
Example 2
The revenues accruing to the two proprietors are and , i.e., and . The first proprietor maximizes profit by optimizing over the parameter under his control, giving the condition that the partial derivative of his profit with respect to should be 0, and the mirror-image reasoning applies to his or her rival. We thus get the equations:
and
.
The equlibirum position is found by solving these two equations simultaneously. This is most easily done by adding and subtracting them, turning them into:
and
, where .
Thus, we see that the two proprietors supply equal quantities, and that the total quantity sold is the root of a single nonlinear equation in .
Cournot goes further than this simple solution, investigating the stability of the equilibrium. Each of his original equations defines a relation between and which may be drawn on a graph. If the first proprietor was providing quantity , then the second proprietor would adopt quantity from the red curve to maximize his or her revenue. But then, by similar reasoning, the first proprietor will adjust his supply to to give him or her the maximum return as shown by the blue curve when is equal to . This will lead to the second proprietor adapting to the supply value , and so forth until equilibrium is reached at the point of intersection , whose coordinates are .
Since proprietors move towards the equilibrium position it follows that the equilibrium is stable, but Cournot remarks that if the red and blue curves were interchanged then this would cease to be true. He adds that it is easy to see that the corresponding diagram would be inadmissible since, for instance, it is necessarily the case that . To verify this, notice that when is 0, the two equations reduce to:
and
.
The first of these corresponds to the quantity sold when the price is zero (which is the maximum quantity the public is willing to consume), while the second states that the derivative of with respect to is 0, but is the monetary value of an aggregate sales quantity , and the turning point of this value is a maximum. Evidently, the sales quantity which maximizes monetary value is reached before the maximum possible sales quantity (which corresponds to a value of 0). So, the root of the first equation is necessarily greater than the root of the second equation.
Comparison with monopoly
We have seen that Cournot's system reduces to the equation . is functionally related to via in one direction and in the other. If we re-express this equation in terms of , it tells us that , which can be compared with the equation obtained earlier for monopoly.
If we plot another variable against , then we may draw a curve of the function . The monopoly price is the for which this curve intersects the line , while the duopoly price is given by the intersection of the curve with the steeper line . Regardless of the shape of the curve, its intersection with occurs to the left of (i.e., at a lower price than) its intersection with . Hence, prices are lower under duopoly than under monopoly, and quantities sold are accordingly higher.
Extension to oligopoly
When there are proprietors, the price equation becomes . The price can be read from the diagram from the intersection of with the curve. Hence, the price diminishes indefinitely as the number of proprietors increases. With an infinite number of proprietors, the price becomes zero; or more generally, if we allow for costs of production, the price becomes the marginal cost.
Bertrand's critique
The French mathematician Joseph Bertrand, when reviewing Walras's Théorie Mathématique de la Richesse Sociale, was drawn to Cournot's book by Walras's high praise of it. Bertrand was critical of Cournot's reasoning and assumptions, Bertrand claimed that "removing the symbols would reduce the book to just a few pages". His summary of Cournot's theory of duopoly has remained influential:
Cournot assumes that one of the proprietors will reduce his price to attract buyers to him, and that the other will in turn reduce his price even more to attract buyers back to him. They will only stop undercutting each other in this way, when either proprietor, even if the other abandoned the struggle, has nothing more to gain from reducing his price. One major objection to this is that there is no solution under this assumption, in that there is no limit to the downward movement... If Cournot's formulation conceals this obvious result, it is because he most inadvertently introduces as D and D' the two proprietors' respective outputs, and by considering them as independent variables, he assumes that should either proprietor change his output then the other proprietor's output could remain constant. It quite obviously could not.
Pareto was unimpressed by Bertrand's critique, concluding from it that Bertrand 'wrote his article without consulting the books he criticised'.
Irving Fisher outlined a model of duopoly similar to the one Bertrand had accused Cournot of analysing incorrectly:
A more natural hypothesis, and one often tacitly adopted, is that each [producer] assumes his rival's price will remain fixed, while his own price is adjusted. Under this hypothesis each would undersell the other as long as any profit remained, so that the final result would be identical with the result of unlimited competition.
Fisher seemed to regard Bertrand as having been the first to present this model, and it has since entered the literature as Bertrand competition.
See also
Aggregative game
Bertrand competition
Bertrand–Edgeworth model
Conjectural variation
Game theory
Hotelling's linear city model
Nash equilibrium
Stackelberg competition
Tacit collusion
Notes
References
Further reading
Holt, Charles. Games and Strategic Behavior (PDF version), PDF
Tirole, Jean. The Theory of Industrial Organization, MIT Press, 1988.
Oligoply Theory made Simple, Chapter 6 of Surfing Economics by Huw Dixon.
Shumpeter, Joseph, History of Economic Analysis (1954). Discusses Cournot at length.
Economics models
Eponyms in economics
Non-cooperative games
Competition (economics)
Oligopoly |
1481120 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squirrel%20Nut%20Zippers | Squirrel Nut Zippers | Squirrel Nut Zippers is an American swing and jazz band formed in 1993 in Chapel Hill, North Carolina, by James "Jimbo" Mathus (vocals and guitar), Tom Maxwell (vocals and guitar), Katharine Whalen (vocals, banjo, ukulele), Chris Phillips (drums), Don Raleigh (bass guitar), and Ken Mosher.
The band's music is a fusion of Delta blues, gypsy jazz, 1930s–era swing, klezmer, and other styles. They found commercial success during the swing revival of the late 1990s with their 1996 single "Hell", written by Tom Maxwell. After a hiatus of several years, the original band members reunited and performed in 2007, playing in the U.S. and Canada.
In 2016, Mathus and Phillips reunited the band with a new lineup to tour in support of the 20th anniversary of their highest-selling album, Hot.
The Squirrel Nut Zippers continue to tour, and released their new album Beasts of Burgundy in March 2018, and singles "Mardi Gras for Christmas" and "Alone at Christmas" in November 2018.
History
Swing revival
The band was founded by James "Jimbo" Mathus, formerly of Metal Flake Mother and Johnny Vomit & The Dry Heaves, and his then-wife Katharine Whalen in Carrboro, North Carolina, with Tom Maxwell, Chris Phillips, Don Raleigh, and Ken Mosher. The group made its debut in Chapel Hill a few months later. Stacy Guess (formerly of Pressure Boys) joined shortly after.
"Nut Zippers" is a southern term for a variety of old bootleg moonshine. The band's name comes from a newspaper story about an intoxicated man who climbed a tree and refused to come down even after police arrived. The headline was "Squirrel Nut Zipper." It is also the name of a caramel and peanut candy dating back to 1890.
The band is credited for contributing to the swing revival that occurred during the 1990s. The band was influenced by Johnny Ace, Cab Calloway, Django Reinhardt, Raymond Scott, Fats Waller, and Tom Waits. The breakthrough single "Hell", with its calypso rhythm, more closely aligned the band with the neo-swing movement.
The Zippers's debut album, The Inevitable (1995), received airplay on National Public Radio, and its second album, Hot (1996), was certified platinum. Hot was also one of the first enhanced CDs, containing an interactive presentation created by filmmaker Clay Walker. In support of the album, the band toured with rock singer Neil Young. Perennial Favorites (1998) followed, then Christmas Caravan and Bedlam Ballroom.
The Squirrel Nut Zippers performed at the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta and at President Clinton's second inaugural ball. Their numerous appearances included such notables as the radio show Prairie Home Companion and on television shows The Tonight Show, Late Show with David Letterman, Conan O'Brien, and Dick Clark's New Year's Rockin' Eve.
Hiatus and other projects
By the early 2000s, the Zippers were inactive. Mathus and Katharine Whalen had divorced, and the band members went their separate ways.
Whalen released her debut album, Katharine Whalen's Jazz Squad. Mathus toured and recorded extensively with Buddy Guy and has released 18 solo records on various labels, and under various names, while keeping a hand in numerous other projects. Je Widenhouse and Reese Gray recorded and toured with Firecracker Jazz Band. Chris Phillips spent two years with the Dickies and William Reid from the Jesus and Mary Chain. His band The Lamps included members of the Bangles and The Connells.
Reunions
In early 2007, the band's official website announced tour dates with a lineup consisting of Jimbo Mathus, Katharine Whalen, Chris Phillips, Je Widenhouse, Stuart Cole, Hank West, and Will Dawson. With the proclamation "Ladies and Gentlemen...They're Back," the band performed concert dates throughout the U.S. and Canada in the spring and summer of 2007 and through 2008.
In late February 2009, Phillips sent an email announcing a forthcoming live album titled You Are My Radio, recorded in Brooklyn in December 2008. The album title was later changed to Lost at Sea and was released on October 27 through Southern Broadcasting/MRI. They also announced plans for a studio album in 2010. The band taped a performance for NPR's Mountain Stage, which aired in mid-November.
Following renewed interest at the approach of the 20th Anniversary of Hot, Mathus began assembling a revival band, focusing on musicians in the New Orleans area. They began touring in June 2016, with the initial line-up including Mathus, Dr. Sick (fiddle, vocals), Ingrid Lucia (vocals), Kris Tokarski (piano), Charlie Halloran (trombone), Dave Boswell (trumpet), Hank West (saxophone), Tamara Nicolai (upright bass) and Kevin O’Donnell (drums), with original Zippers drummer Chris Phillips managing, and Alex Holeman as road manager.
The band has continued to tour; the studio album Beasts of Burgundy was released on March 23, 2018 through their own label Southern Broadcasting. Performers on the album include Mathus (guitar, vocals), Dr. Sick (fiddle, banjo, various instruments, vocals), Cella Blue (vocals), Vanessa Niemann (vocals), Tamar A. Korn (vocals), Dave Boswell (trumpet), Kevin Louis (trumpet), Aurora Nealand (clarinet), Charlie Halloran (trombone), Colin Myers (trombone), Henry Westmoreland (tenor and baritone saxophone), Kris Tokarski (piano), Leslie P. Martin (piano), Tamara Nicolai (upright bass), Neilson Bernard III (drums) and Chris Phillips (percussion).
Discography
Studio albums
The Inevitable (1995)
Hot (1996)
Perennial Favorites (1998)
Christmas Caravan (1998)
Bedlam Ballroom (2000)
Beasts of Burgundy (2018)
Lost Songs of Doc Souchon (2020)
Live albums
Lost at Sea (2009)
EPs
Roasted Right (1994)
Sold Out (1997)
Compilations
The Best of Squirrel Nut Zippers as Chronicled by Shorty Brown (2002)
Singles
Soundtracks
As of 2021, music performed by the Squirrel Nut Zippers has appeared in 25 films or television shows.
References
External links
1993 establishments in North Carolina
2000 disestablishments in North Carolina
2006 establishments in North Carolina
American jazz ensembles
American musical octets
American swing musical groups
Musical groups established in 1993
Musical groups disestablished in 2000
Musical groups from North Carolina
Musical groups from Chapel Hill-Carrboro, North Carolina
Musical groups reestablished in 2006
Musical groups disestablished in 2010
Musical groups reestablished in 2016
Musical nonets
Swing revival ensembles
Jazz musicians from North Carolina
Mammoth Records artists
Hollywood Records artists |
1481123 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria%20%28reachability%20analyzer%29 | Maria (reachability analyzer) | Maria: The Modular Reachability Analyzer is a reachability analyzer for concurrent systems that uses Algebraic System Nets (a high-level variant of Petri nets) as its modelling formalism.
External links
Petri nets |
1481139 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire%20in%20the%20East | Fire in the East | Fire in the East is a monster board wargame published in 1984 by Game Designers' Workshop (GDW) that simulates Operation Barbarossa, the German invasion of the Soviet Union in 1941.
Description
Fire in the East, characterized as a "monster game' because it has more than 1000 counters, is a two-player (or two-team) game that covers Operation Barbarossa along World War II's Eastern Front between 22 June 1941 and 30 April 1942. The game, part of GDW's Europa series, uses a set of rules common to the series.
Components
The game box contains:
Six 21" x 27" maps that, when put together, cover the Eastern Front from Warsaw in the west to Stalingrad in the east, and from Murmansk in the north to Sevastopol in the south. The map scale used in the entire Europa series is 25 km (16 mi) per hex.
More than 2500 die-cut counters
40-page rulebook
player charts
two six-sided dice
Gameplay
Each turn represents 2 weeks of game time — characterized as first half of the month and last half of the month. Movement is modified by both terrain and weather. Combat results are determined by the ratio of attackers to defenders. Supplies are dependent upon home cities that act as supply depots. If a city is captured, it can never regain its "depot" status, even if recaptured.
Special rules
Before the first turn (second half of June 1941), German force enjoy a bonus "surprise round".
Once the surprise round is over, normal play begins with the first turn, and Romania immediately enters the war.
During the first half of July 1941 (the second regular turn), Finland and also Hungary join the Axis forces.
Finnish forces may only fight in Finland and cannot cross into Soviet territory beyond a rules-established 'stop line'.
Due to Balkan rivalry, Hungarian and Romanian forces may not be stacked together, and cannot participate in the same attack.
Victory conditions
To win, the Axis player/team must capture every major Soviet city hex before the end of the 21st turn (second half of April 1942). The Soviet player/team wins by preventing this.
Publication history
In 1973, GDW published Drang Nach Osten! ("Drive to the East!"), a monster board wargame simulating Operation Barbarossa designed by Paul R. Banner and Frank Chadwick. GDW also published an expansion kit, Unentschieden ("Stalemate"), in 1973.
In 1984 Rich Banner, Frank Chadwick, Marc Miller and John Astell revised and greatly expanded Drang Nach Osten! and GDW published it in 1984 as Fire in the East.
In 1987, GDW released a sequel, Scorched Earth, that continued the Eastern Front conflict from May 1942 to 1944. At the 1988 Origins Awards, Scorched Earth won the award for Best Boardgame of 1987 Covering the Period 1900-1946.
In 1989, the new licensee for the Europa series (following the demise of GDW), Game Research/Design (GRD), published a further expansion for Fire in the East, entitled The Urals, with several additional maps expanding the play area to the titular mountains, additional charts, and a 1943 scenario designed by John Astell.
Following the demise of GRD, Historical Military Simulations (HMS) acquired a license to produce Europa games in 2004, and continued with the production of a new edition of Fire in the East, entitled Total War. To date, this has not been published, though the maps, counters, and game boxes have all been released to purchasers of the game who request them.
Reception
Wargame Academy noted that the playing time was 40+ hours, and on a complexity scale of 1–10, was rated a 10. In an opinion comparing it to War in Europe (published by Simulations Publications Inc. in 1976), it said that Fire in the East was "more detailed than WIE [but] its playability is lessened."
Other reviews
Casus Belli #36 (Feb 1987)
Fire & Movement #44 (Sept/Oct 1985)
Casus Belli #58
References
External links
Board Game Geek reviews and pictures of the game and the expansion
Board games introduced in 1984
Game Designers' Workshop games
Origins Award winners
World War II board wargames |
1481140 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgeworth%20paradox | Edgeworth paradox | To solve the Bertrand paradox, the Irish economist Francis Ysidro Edgeworth put forward the Edgeworth Paradox in his paper "The Pure Theory of Monopoly", published in 1897.
In economics, the Edgeworth paradox describes a situation in which two players cannot reach a state of equilibrium with pure strategies, i.e. each charging a stable price. A fact of the Edgeworth Paradox is that in some cases, even if the direct price impact is negative and exceeds the conditions, an increase in cost proportional to the quantity of an item provided may cause a decrease in all optimal prices. Due to the limited production capacity of enterprises in reality, if only one enterprise's total production capacity can be supplied cannot meet social demand, another enterprise can charge a price that exceeds the marginal cost for the residual social need.
Example
Suppose two companies, A and B, sell an identical commodity product, and that customers choose the product solely on the basis of price. Each company faces capacity constraints, in that on its own it cannot satisfy demand at its zero-profit price, but together they can more than satisfy such demand.
The Edgeworth Paradox assumption of the Cournot model is as follows:
1. The production capacity of the two manufacturers is limited. Under a certain price level, the output of a particular Oligopoly cannot meet the market demand at this price level so that another manufacturer can obtain the residual market demand.
2. In a certain period, two prices can exist in the market at the same time.
3. When a particular oligopoly chooses a certain price level, another oligopoly will not immediately respond to the price.
Edgeworth model
Edgeworth's model follows Bertrand's hypothesis, where each seller assumes that the price of its competitor, not its output, remains constant. Suppose there are two sellers, A and B, facing the same demand curve in the market. To explain Edgeworth's model, let us first assume that A is the only seller in the market. Follow the profit maximization rules of the monopolistic seller, and then let B enter the market. B assumes that A will not change its price because he is making the most profit. B sets the price slightly lower than A's price and can sell its total output. At this price, B occupies a large part of the A market.
On the other hand, the sales of Seller A have fallen. To regain the market, A sets the price slightly lower than B's price. And leads to price wars between sellers.
A price war takes the form of a price reduction and continues until the price reaches a specific price. At this price, both A and B can sell all their products. Therefore, this price can be expected to stable. However, according to Edgeworth, prices should be unstable.
The reason is simple. Once a specific price set in the market, the seller will discover an interesting fact. This means that every seller is aware that their competitors are selling all of their products and will not change the price. Every seller believes that price can be increased and a net profit can be obtained.
This understanding forms the basis of their actions and reactions. For example, let seller A take the initiative to increase its price by two times. Assuming that A maintains his price, B will find that if he raises the price to a level slightly less than two times, B can sell all his products at a higher price and obtain greater profits. Therefore, B increased the price according to the plan.
Now it's A's turn to understand the situation and react. A finds that his price is higher than that of B, and his total sales have fallen. Therefore, assuming B retains its price, A reduces its price slightly lower than B's price.
Therefore, the price war between A and B starts again. This process will continue indefinitely, and the price will continue to move up and down between 1 and 2 times. Obviously, according to Edgeworth's duopoly model, since price and output are never determined, the equilibrium is unstable and uncertain.
The Edgeworth model shows that the oligopoly price fluctuates between the perfect competition market and the perfect monopoly, and there is no stable equilibrium.
Unlike the Bertrand paradox, the situation of both companies charging zero-profit prices is not an equilibrium, since either company can raise its price and generate profits. Nor is the situation where one company charges less than the other an equilibrium, since the lower price company can profitably raise its price towards the higher price company's price. Nor is the situation where both companies charge the same positive-profit price, since either company can then lower its price marginally and profitably capture more of the market.
See also
Bertrand–Edgeworth model
Edgeworth box
References
Eponymous paradoxes
Paradoxes in economics
Game theory |
1481144 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lock%20Up%20the%20Wolves | Lock Up the Wolves | Lock Up the Wolves is the fifth studio album by American heavy metal band Dio, released on May 15, 1990. It displayed a complete change of musician line-up over the previous album, Dream Evil, including 18-year-old guitarist Rowan Robertson and Simon Wright on drums who had played with AC/DC from 1983 to 1989 as well as bassist Teddy Cook who was in the band Hotshot that morphed into Danger Danger. Rod Simpkins from the Hollywood bands Riken and Jungle Alley also filled in on bass for several tour dates in 1990. Former Dio Bass player Jimmy Bain was not able to fill tour dates for Teddy Cook due to health concerns.
Ronnie James Dio stated that the reason for the change was that it became apparent that the former band members had "lost interest" when compared to Robertson who was the first member of the new line-up. Robertson states that he was playing with the original band for around ten months while the album was being written, Jimmy Bain and Claude Schnell were replaced "along the way" and Vinny Appice was in the band until two weeks before entering the studio to record the album. Vinny Appice confirms that he was there until the album was written and left because he felt "This is not Dio" with "all these young guys in the band".
The song "Evil on Queen Street" takes its title from a deli in Toronto which had a sandwich with that name—per Dio on Much Music in 1990.
Two videos were released from the album, for the songs "Hey Angel" and "Wild One".
Guitarist Rowan Robertson stated that two more songs were written and demoed for the album but left off at the decision of their manager Wendy Dio: "Hell Wouldn't Take Her" and "The River Between Us".
The album marked a drop-off in Dio's popularity, charting lower than the previous four studio albums. Los Angeles Times stated in September 1990 that the album "died a quick death on the charts" and "half-empty houses are not uncommon" on the ongoing tour.
Track listing
All lyrics and melodies by Ronnie James Dio, music as stated
Personnel
Dio
Ronnie James Dio – vocals
Rowan Robertson – rhythm, lead and acoustic guitars
Jens Johansson – keyboards
Teddy Cook – bass
Simon Wright – drums, percussion
Production
Executive producer – Ronnie James Dio
Arranged by Dio
Produced by Tony Platt and Ronnie James Dio
Recorded by Tony Platt (at Granny's House in Reno, Nevada); assisted by Don Evans
Mixed by Tony Platt and Nigel Green (at Battery Studios in London)
Originally mastered by George Marino
Charts
References
External links
"Hey Angel" video clip
"Wild One" video clip
Lock Up the Wolves song lyrics
Dio (band) albums
1990 albums
Reprise Records albums
Albums produced by Tony Platt
Vertigo Records albums |
1481157 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alien%20Lanes | Alien Lanes | Alien Lanes is the eighth full-length album by American lo-fi band Guided by Voices, released on April 4, 1995.
The album was GBV's first release with Matador Records. According to James Greer's book Guided by Voices: A Brief History: Twenty-One Years of Hunting Accidents in the Forests of Rock and Roll the advance for the record was close to a hundred thousand dollars, one of the more expensive deals in Matador's history. In contrast to the lucrative deal, Greer mentions that "The cost for recording Alien Lanes, if you leave out the beer, was about ten dollars."
Reception
In a contemporary review of Alien Lanes, Matt Diehl of Rolling Stone described the album's music as "hooky rock that infuses songwriting smarts and a love of melody with a sometimes spiky, sometimes whimsical sense of experimentation". Caroline Sullivan of The Guardian gave the album a positive review, stating that "Pollard's songs are gems that stay just this side of self-conscious eccentricity". Sullivan noted the songs' lengths, stating that they were "just enough time for Pollard to wheeze a few oblique lines and guitarist Tobin Sprout to trace out a raucous melody." Robert Christgau of The Village Voice was less complimentary, giving the album a "dud" rating.
Legacy
Mark Deming of AllMusic described Alien Lanes as being similar to Bee Thousand, although without "as many obvious masterpieces" and "fewer obvious mistakes."
Pitchfork placed Alien Lanes in twenty-seventh place in its "Top 100 Albums of the 1990s" polls. Magnet named it the best album of 1995. The album was included in the book 1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die.
Track listing
All songs written by Robert Pollard unless otherwise noted.
"A Salty Salute" (R. Pollard, Tobin Sprout) – 1:29
"Evil Speakers" – 0:58
"Watch Me Jumpstart" – 2:24
"They're Not Witches" (Greg Demos, Jim Pollard, R. Pollard) – 0:51
"As We Go Up, We Go Down" – 1:37
"(I Wanna Be a) Dumbcharger" – 1:13
"Game of Pricks" – 1:33
"The Ugly Vision" – 1:34
"A Good Flying Bird" (Sprout) – 1:07
"Cigarette Tricks" (Demos, J. Pollard, R. Pollard, Sprout) – 0:18
"Pimple Zoo" – 0:42
"Big Chief Chinese Restaurant" (J. Pollard, R. Pollard) – 0:56
"Closer You Are" – 1:56
"Auditorium" (R. Pollard, Sprout) – 1:02
"Motor Away" (R. Pollard, Sprout) – 2:06
"Hit" – 0:23
"My Valuable Hunting Knife" – 2:00
"Gold Hick" – 0:30
"King and Caroline" (R. Pollard, Sprout) – 1:36
"Striped White Jets" – 2:15
"Ex-Supermodel" (R. Pollard, Sprout) – 1:06
"Blimps Go 90" – 1:40
"Strawdogs" (Sprout) – 1:17
"Chicken Blows" – 2:21
"Little Whirl" (Sprout) – 1:46
"My Son Cool" – 1:41
"Always Crush Me" – 1:44
"Alright" – 2:56
Personnel
Guided by Voices
Robert Pollard – vocals, guitar, drums, percussion (track 17), keys (track 10)
Tobin Sprout – vocals (tracks 9, 23, 25), guitar, bass, drums, percussion, piano (tracks 8, 27)
Jim Pollard – bass
Mitch Mitchell – guitar, bass
Kevin Fennell – drums, percussion
Jim Greer – bass, backing vocals (track 5)
Greg Demos – bass, guitar (tracks 4, 12), violin (track 22)
Additional personnel
Pete Jamison – backing vocals
Technical
Bob Ludwig – mastering
Mark Ohe – cover artwork
Stephen Apicella-Hitchcock – photography
Tobin Sprout – engineering
Cover versions
Tracks from the album have been covered by various artists since its release. These include:
"Game of Pricks", covered by American pop-punk bands Magnapop from the German version of their album Mouthfeel and A Sunny Day In Glasgow on their The Sunniest Day Ever EP. Jimmy Eat World released a version on the deluxe edition of Bleed American. Chinese Telephones recorded the song for a 7" single and it was later included on their Democracy compilation. "Game of Pricks" was also covered by the English post-grunge band My Vitriol. Musician Owen Pallett recorded "Game of Pricks" in June 2010 for [[The A.V. Club|The A.V. Club'''s]] A.V. Undercover series. Brooklyn band Shark? covered the same song as a B-Side on their 2014 single "Big Summer(Summer Ale)."
"My Valuable Hunting Knife" was covered by Motion City Soundtrack. The song was also covered by Planningtorock as a bonus track on their album W.
Opener "A Salty Salute" was covered by both industrial artist Kompressor and New York City band The Strokes.
Four songs from Alien Lanes appeared on the cover album Sing For Your Meat: A Tribute to Guided By Voices'': "A Salty Salute", covered by Superdrag, "My Valuable Hunting Knife", covered by Western Civ, "Game of Pricks", covered by Lou Barlow, and "Watch Me Jumpstart", covered by La Sera.
Four of the tracks were covered by experimental band Wreck and Reference and released as a short album titled "Alien Pains", published by the Flenser.
References
1995 albums
Guided by Voices albums
Matador Records albums
Power pop albums by American artists |
1481158 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinross%2C%20Mpumalanga | Kinross, Mpumalanga | Kinross is a small gold mining town in Mpumalanga, South Africa with four gold mines in the region. Village on the watershed between the Atlantic and Indian Oceans, between Devon and Trichardt, 42 km west of Bethal, 19 km east of Leslie and about 70 km north-north-east of Standerton.
History
Proclaimed a village in December 1915, it acquired municipal status about 1965. Named after Kinross in Scotland, some say by engineers constructing the Springs-Breyten railway, others by the surveyor of the town.
Kinross mining disaster
An underground fire started by an acetylene tank caused the death of 177 miners on 16 September 1986. Another 235 miners were injured in the incident, one of the largest mining incidents in South Africa.
References
Populated places in the Govan Mbeki Local Municipality
Mining communities in South Africa
Populated places established in 1915 |
1481166 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KwaMhlanga | KwaMhlanga | KwaMhlanga is a town in the Nkangala district municipality of the Mpumalanga province in South Africa. It is the spiritual home of the Ndebele tribe that settled here in the early 18th century. Kwamhlanga now consists of Kwamhlanga, Mandela, Phola, Sun City, Lithuli, Jordan, Mountain View, eMpumelelweni Village, Kingspark Village, and Tweefontein.
KwaMhlanga is 73 km or an hour's drive from the country’s capital, Pretoria on the R573 road.
This town developed into the administrative centre for the local government, and now houses the government administration for the North Western Region of the Mpumalanga Province.
To the north of KwaMhlanga, on the R568 road near the village of Klipfontein, is located the Manala Royal Kraal; the Ndzundza Mabhoko Royal Kraal is situated further north at Weltevreden. By special arrangement, both of these kraals can be visited by small groups.
Sport
The National First Division team Casric Stars are based in KwaMhlanga, playing their home games at the Solomon Mahlangu Stadium.
See also
KwaNdebele
Siyabuswa
Vaalbank
References
Populated places in the Thembisile Hani Local Municipality |
1481167 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OTC%20Bulletin%20Board | OTC Bulletin Board | The OTC (Over-The-Counter) Bulletin Board or OTCBB was a United States quotation medium operated by the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (FINRA) for its subscribing members. FINRA closed the OTCBB on November 8, 2021.
The board was used for many over-the-counter (OTC) equity securities that were not listed on the NASDAQ or a national stock exchange, it had shrunk significantly as stock have migrated to the trading facilities of the OTC Markets Group. Broker-dealers who subscribed to the system, which was not electronic, were able to use the OTCBB to enter orders for OTC securities that qualified to be quoted. According to the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), "fraudsters often claim or imply that an OTCBB company is a Nasdaq company to mislead investors into thinking that the company is bigger than it is".
FINRA, an "independent, not-for-profit organization authorized by Congress", ran and provided regulatory services to the OTCBB by "writing and enforcing rules governing the activities of more than 4,100 securities firms with approximately 639,780 brokers". The OTCBB formerly collected 100% of quotes, but that number declined with the rise of its competitor OTC Markets Group, which uses an electronic quotation system. In September 2009, FINRA announced that it would be selling the OTCBB. OTC Markets Group was the leading contender for purchasing the OTCBB, but terms could not be reached. In September 2010, FINRA announced that it had reached terms for the sale of the OTCBB with Rodman & Renshaw, an investment bank. Along with the sale of the OTCBB and, in an effort to provide uniform regulation to all OTC issues and, subsequently, transparency to the OTC market, FINRA has proposed a "quotation consolidation system". Under the quotation consolidation system, FINRA would require dealers to report all of their quotes to the quotation consolidation system, regardless of the market upon which they were originally quoted. This would enable FINRA to have access to all quotes in OTC issues and regulate the OTC market in its entirety. Pink OTC argues this is anti-competitive and an abuse of FINRA's authority.
Companies quoted on the OTCBB had to fully report (i.e., current with all required SEC filings) but there were no market capitalization, minimum share price, corporate governance or other requirements to be quoted. Companies which had been "de-listed" from stock exchanges for falling below minimum capitalization, minimum share price or other requirements often ended up being quoted on the OTCBB. An E after the ticker symbol meant that the company was late in its SEC filings.
Stock of non-reporting companies (those without current SEC filings) may be quoted on one of the markets operated by OTC Markets Group. When the OTCBB was operational, most OTCBB companies were dually quoted, meaning they were quoted on both the OTCBB and the one of the OTC Markets Group markets. Stocks traded on these markets are usually thinly traded microcap or penny stocks. Both retail and institutional investors generally avoid them, because of fears that share prices are easily manipulated and the potential for fraud. The SEC issues stern warnings to investors to be aware of common fraud and manipulation schemes. As such, most companies choose to list on more established exchanges such as the NYSE MKT, New York Stock Exchange, or NASDAQ once eligible. For a time, FINRA believed that the proposed "quotation consolidation system" would enhance transparency, thereby decreasing the potential for price manipulation or fraud.
The suffix ".OB" in a stock-ticker listing signifies "over-the-counter bulletin board" according to its Reuters Instrument Code.
See also
Microcap stock fraud
References
External links
Electronic trading platforms |
1481175 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loopspruit | Loopspruit | Loopspruit is a small town situated 55 km north east of Pretoria in Mpumalanga, South Africa.
Located on the R568 road towards KwaMhlanga, the village is renowned for Loopspruit Wine Estate, Loopspruit Wine Estate owes its origins to a retired policeman, Eric Olivier. Loopspruit Wine Estate is the most northerly wine estate in South Africa, on the banks of the Loopspruit River. The town also hosts Kgodwana (Loopspruit), a traditional Ndebele village.
References
Populated places in the Thembisile Hani Local Municipality |
1481177 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syllabub | Syllabub | Syllabub is a sweet dish made by curdling sweet cream or milk with an acid such as wine or cider. It was a popular British confection from the 16th to the 19th centuries.
Early recipes for syllabub are for a drink of cider with milk. By the 17th century it had evolved into a type of dessert made with sweet white wine. More wine could be added to make a punch, but it could also be made to have a thicker consistency that could be eaten with a spoon, used as a topping for trifle, or to dip fingers of sponge cake into. The holiday punch, sweet and frothy, was often considered a ladies' drink. The milk and cream used in those days would have been thicker and modern recipes may need to make some adjustments to achieve the same effect.
History
Syllabub (or solybubbe, sullabub, sullibib, sullybub, sullibub; there is no certain etymology and considerable variation in spelling) has been known in England at least since Nicholas Udall's Thersytes of 1537: "You and I... Muste walke to him and eate a solybubbe." The word occurs repeatedly, including in Samuel Pepys's diary for 12 July 1663; "Then to Comissioner Petts and had a good Sullybub" and in Thomas Hughes's Tom Brown at Oxford of 1861; "We retire to tea or syllabub beneath the shade of some great oak."
Hannah Glasse, in the 18th century, published the recipe for whipt syllabubs in The Art of Cookery Made Plain and Easy. The recipe's ingredients were:
a quart of thick cream, and half a pint of sack, the juice of two Seville oranges or lemons, grate in the peel of two lemons, half a pound of double refined sugar.
These were whipped together and poured into glasses. The curdled cream separated and floated to the top.
See also
Cranachan, a similar dessert from Scotland
Posset
References
External links
'Syllabub' at Foods of England
Syllabub recipe with wine
British desserts
English cuisine
Milk desserts
Foods with alcoholic drinks
English desserts |
1481180 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High%20Incident | High Incident | High Incident was a police drama television series produced by DreamWorks Television for the ABC network. The show was created by Steven Spielberg, Michael Pavone, Eric Bogosian, and Dave Alan Johnson. It aired from March 4, 1996, to May 8, 1997, running a total of 32 episodes.
Premise
The show focused on the everyday stories of a group of El Camino Police Department (ECPD) officers investigating and solving crimes.
Cast
Matthew Beck as Officer Terry Hagar
Dylan Bruno as Officer Andy Lightner (season 1)
Matt Craven as Officer Lenny Gayer
Wendy Davis as Lynette White
Aunjanue Ellis as Officer Leslie Joyner
Cole Hauser as Officer Randy Willitz
David Keith as Senior Lead Officer Jim Marsh
Catherine Kellner as Officer Gayle Van Camp (season 1)
Julio Oscar Mechoso as Officer Richie Fernandez (season 1)
Louis Mustillo as Officer Russell Topps
Lindsay Frost as Sergeant Helen Sullivan (season 2)
Blair Underwood as Senior Lead Officer Michael Rhoades (season 2)
Lisa Vidal as Officer Jessica Helgado (season 2)
Production
The executive producers of the series are Michael Pavone, Dave Alan Johnson, and Eric Bogosian, with Charles Haid as the co-executive producer-director. Steven Spielberg receives story credit, with Haid noting that "Steven Spielberg is on the set almost every day." High Incident was filmed in the San Fernando Valley neighborhood of Chatsworth, Los Angeles, which doubles for the fictional El Camino.
The series was renewed for a second season, but was moved to the Thursday at 8:00 p.m. timeslot opposite Friends on NBC, with Blair Underwood, Lisa Vidal, and Lindsay Frost joining the cast. Although it received good reviews and fair ratings, it was canceled after the end of its second season in May 1997, due to its lower ratings against NBC's Friends and The Single Guy, and CBS's Diagnosis: Murder on Thursday evenings.
Episodes
Series overview
Broadcast history
Mondays 9:00 p.m. (March 4, 1996 – April 15, 1996)
Thursdays 8:00 p.m. (August 15, 1996 – May 8, 1997)
Tuesday 10:00 p.m. (Special "preview" premiere time for second-season premiere on September 17, 1996)
Season 1 (1996)
Season 2 (1996–97)
Reception
Todd Everett of Variety describes some of the series' characters as being a "tired stereotype", but praises director/co-exec producer Charles Haid for getting "a lot out of his fine cast, and several of the action scenes show above-average energy."
References
https://www.thefreelibrary.com/REAL+LAPD+OFFICERS+KEEP+AN+EYE+ON+%27HIGH+INCIDENT%27.-a083923808
External links
1990s American crime drama television series
1990s American police procedural television series
1996 American television series debuts
1997 American television series endings
American English-language television shows
Television shows set in Los Angeles
Television shows scored by Hans Zimmer
Television shows scored by John Powell
Television series by DreamWorks Television
American Broadcasting Company television dramas |
1481181 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort%20Folly%201 | Fort Folly 1 | Fort Folly 1 is a Mi'kmaq Indian reserve located near Dorchester in Westmorland County, New Brunswick, Canada.
History
Fort Folly 1 is the territory of the Fort Folly First Nation. The reserve is home to the smallest Mi'kmaq community in the province. The First Nation had a total of 111 people registered as of October 2008, of which 29 lived on their own reserve, and remaining population live either on a different reserve or off the reserve. In the 2016 Census, Statistics Canada reported 40 individuals on the reserve.
The reserve has an area of . This reserve came into existence in 1840, under the New Brunswick Indian Act. It has year-round road access. The reserve is located in the traditional territory of the people of Kwesawék Amlamkuk, which roughly translated from the Míkmaq language means "the delta where the multicoloured rivers meet". That description is based on the original location of the Fort Folly reserve at Beaumont on the Petitcodiac River.
Notable people
See also
List of communities in New Brunswick
References
External links
Reserve/Settlement/Villages Detail: 06014—Fort Folly 1, Indian and Northern Affairs Canada
Fort Folly History
Communities in Westmorland County, New Brunswick
Indian reserves in New Brunswick
Mi'kmaq in Canada |
1481185 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tornado%20code | Tornado code | In coding theory, Tornado codes are a class of erasure codes that support error correction. Tornado codes require a constant C more redundant blocks than the more data-efficient Reed–Solomon erasure codes, but are much faster to generate and can fix erasures faster. Software-based implementations of tornado codes are about 100 times faster on small lengths and about 10,000 times faster on larger lengths than Reed–Solomon erasure codes. Since the introduction of Tornado codes, many other similar erasure codes have emerged, most notably Online codes, LT codes and Raptor codes.
Tornado codes use a layered approach. All layers except the last use an LDPC error correction code, which is fast but has a chance of failure. The final layer uses a Reed–Solomon correction code, which is slower but is optimal in terms of failure recovery. Tornado codes dictates how many levels, how many recovery blocks in each level, and the distribution used to generate blocks for the non-final layers.
Overview
The input data is divided into blocks. Blocks are sequences of bits that are all the same size. Recovery data uses the same block size as the input data. The erasure of a block (input or recovery) is detected by some other means. (For example, a block from disk does not pass a CRC check or a network packet with a given sequence number never arrived.)
The number of recovery blocks is given by the user. Then the number of levels is determined along with the number of blocks in each level. The number in each level is determined by a factor B which is less than one. If there are N input blocks, the first recovery level has B*N blocks, the second has B×B×N, the third has B×B×B×N, and so on.
All levels of recovery except the final one use an LDPC, which works by xor (exclusive-or). Xor operates on binary values, 1s and 0s. A xor B is 1 if A and B have different values and 0 if A and B have the same values. If you are given result of (A xor B) and A, you can determine the value for B. (A xor B xor A = B) Similarly, if you are given result of (A xor B) and B, you can determine the value for A. This extends to multiple values, so given result of (A xor B xor C xor D) and any 3 of the values, the missing value can be recovered.
So the recovery blocks in level one are just the xor of some set of input blocks. Similarly, the recovery blocks in level two are each the xor of some set of blocks in level one. The blocks used in the xor are chosen randomly, without repetition. However, the number of blocks xor'ed to make a recovery block is chosen from a very specific distribution for each level.
Since xor is a fast operation and the recovery blocks are an xor of only a subset of the blocks in the input (or at a lower recovery level), the recovery blocks can be generated quickly.
The final level is a Reed–Solomon code. Reed–Solomon codes are optimal in terms of recovering from failures, but slow to generate and recover. Since each level has fewer blocks than the one before, the Reed–Solomon code has a small number of recovery blocks to generate and to use in recovery. So, even though Reed–Solomon is slow, it only has a small amount of data to handle.
During recovery, the Reed–Solomon code is recovered first. This is guaranteed to work if the number of missing blocks in the next-to-final level is less than the present blocks in the final level.
Going lower, the LDPC (xor) recovery level can be used to recover the level beneath it with high probability if all the recovery blocks are present and the level beneath is missing at most C' fewer blocks than the recovery level. The algorithm for recovery is to find some recovery block that has only one of its generating set missing from the lower level. Then the xor of the recovery block with all of the blocks that are present is equal to the missing block.
Patent issues
Tornado codes were formerly patented inside the United States of America. Patents US6163870 A (filed Nov 6, 1997) and US 6081909 A (filed Nov 6, 1997) describe Tornado codes, and have expired as of November 6, 2017. Patents US6307487 B1 (filed Feb 5, 1999) and US6320520 B1 (filed Sep 17, 1999) also mention Tornado codes, and have expired as of February 5, 2019, and September 17, 2019, respectively.
Citations
Michael Luby created the Tornado codes.
See also
Erasure code
Raptor code
Notes
References
External links
A readable description from CMU (PostScript) and another from Luby at the International Computer Science Institute (PostScript) .
Coding theory
Capacity-approaching codes |
1481190 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marble%20Hall | Marble Hall | Marble Hall is a town in the south of the Limpopo province of South Africa. It was formerly in Mpumalanga province.
Marble Hall is a village 26 km north-west of Groblersdal and 96 km south-south-east of Mokopane on the N11 National Route. Laid out in 1942 and proclaimed a township in January 1945, it owes its development to the Marble Lime Mine. Its name is said to be an adaptation of ‘marble hole’, where fifteen varieties of marble occur.
History
While on a hunting expedition from Bethlehem, Matthew Greeff and his dog discovered a hole containing marble in 1920. In 1929, the Marble Lime Company came in to work on the deposits and then, in 1942, a town was developed and known as Materhol (Afrikaans for Matthews Hole). Soon, the town's name was changed to Marble Hall.
See also
Groblersdal
Siyabuswa
References
Populated places in the Ephraim Mogale Local Municipality
Populated places established in 1942
1942 establishments in South Africa |
1481192 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeropelican%20Air%20Services | Aeropelican Air Services | Aeropelican Air Services Pty Ltd was a regional airline based in Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia. Its main base was Newcastle Airport, with a hub at Sydney Airport.
History
Aeropelican Air Services was established on 23 October 1968 and started operations on 1 July 1971 with a Cessna 402. It originally was owned by the Newcastle based Hilder family, however in 1980 the airline was sold to Masling Airlines, a company associated with Ansett Australia. It operated services for Ansett Australia and later became a wholly owned subsidiary.
Aeropelican's main route was historically between Sydney and Belmont Airport in Newcastle's southern suburbs, with high frequency service using de Havilland Canada DHC-6 Twin Otters. Aeropelican originally owned this airport.
Following the collapse of parent company Ansett Australia in September 2001, Aeropelican was placed into administration. It was acquired by International Air Parts in April 2002. On 20 June 2003 the airline entered into a commercial agreement with Rex Airlines.
Aeropelican commenced services from Sydney to Newcastle's main airport on 1 March 2004. An Embraer Bandeirante started services from Newcastle on 20 September 2004 to augment the two Twin Otters used before. In March 2005 the airline discontinued services from Belmont Airport. A Fairchild Metro 23 aircraft was also added to the fleet in 2005 and the Twin Otters were withdrawn. In 2006, three BAe Jetstream 32s were ordered, with plans to announce new services. In December 2006, Aeropelican was awarded the Sydney to Inverell route licence after the previous operator Big Sky Express ceased operations. After the first two Jetstream 32s were placed into service in 2007, the Metro was withdrawn from service. In December 2007 Aeropelican announced that, subject to regulatory approval, it would commence operations between Newcastle and Tamworth on 12 February 2008. The airline subsequently received regulatory approval from the Civil Aviation Safety Authority and commenced operations on the route, however the following September it ceased flights to Tamworth, citing poor passenger numbers on the route.
Also in 2008 International Air Parts sold the airline to Business Air Holdings.
Brindabella Airlines merger and demise
In October 2011, it was announced by Aeropelican's Chief Commercial Officer, Fabrice Binet, that Canberra-based regional operator Brindabella Airlines would merge with Aeropelican, following the withdrawal of Brindabella's majority shareholder. It was speculated that this merger would add two BAe Jetstream 41 and three Metroliner III turboprops to Aeropelican's fleet. Aeropelican did hint however, that at least one of the BAe Jetstream 41 turboprops would service the Sydney to Cooma-Snowy Mountains Airport route during the 2012 Ski Season. These flights ran from 8 June to 8 September in the 2012 ski season.
The end of Aeropelican trading under its own name was 24 June 2013. The merger complete, all flights operated using Brindabella's designator FQ and the former Aeropelican fleet was to be rebranded.
Following a series of groundings of Brindabella's aircraft by the Civil Aviation Safety Authority due to overdue engine inspections and maintenance in November and December 2013, the airline was forced to suspend all flying operations, then was placed in receivership on 15 December.
On 23 December 2013 it was announced that most of the 140 employees would be retrenched, with a dozen kept on to maintain the aircraft.
The airline FlyPelican was formed by former Aeropelican staff using former Aeropelican aircraft.
Destinations
As of April 2012, scheduled services were operated on the following routes:
Sydney to Mudgee
Sydney to Narrabri
Sydney to Newcastle
Brisbane to Narrabri
Fleet
As of December 2012 the Aeropelican fleet consisted of:
3 BAe Jetstream 32
2 Fairchild Swearingen Metroliner
3 Embraer EMB 110 Bandeirante
FlyPelican
Some of the staff involved with Aeropelican formed FlyPelican in 2015, using former Aeropelican aircraft.
References
Notes
1. Aeropelican has been approved by Airservices Australia to use the designator of "PE" for its flights instead of using aircraft registrations.
External links
Official website
Aeropelican Information
Airlines established in 1968
Airlines disestablished in 2013
Ansett Australia
Defunct airlines of Australia
Former Star Alliance affiliate members
1968 establishments in Australia
2013 disestablishments in Australia |
1481197 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret%20Milan | Margaret Milan | Margaret Milan is an accomplished Scottish-French businesswoman who founded the successful French educational toy mail order business Eveil & Jeux. A graduate of the University of Warwick and Harvard Business School and executive of Procter & Gamble in France, where she has worked for the entirety of her professional career. At P&G she worked in brand management for leading brands Ariel and Pampers.
She founded the Eveil & Jeux in 1989 from her house, employing mainly female staff, usually moms. The business grew substantially and in 1995 her husband Gilbert left his management consulting job to assist his wife. In December 1995, they raised venture capital funding of FF 5 million.
In 1998, the company reached €70 million in sales and two hundred permanent staff. In order to finance further growth, she sold 70% of the company to the French retail giant Pinault-Printemps-Redoute group. In 2001, she sold the remaining 30% of the company to the French retailer, with sales in excess of €100 million. She is now focused on running the Eveil & Jeux Foundation which funds educational projects in underprivileged communities and on encouraging French women to become involved in entrepreneurship through the Paris Professional Women's Network.
References
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
French businesspeople
French people of Scottish descent
Alumni of the University of Warwick
Harvard Business School alumni |
1481208 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basa | Basa | Basa may refer to:
Agreements
Bilateral Aviation Safety Agreement, between National Aviation Authority regulators
People
Basa (surname)
Bassa people (Cameroon), also spelled Basa, an ethnic group
Basa, leader and namesake of the Basingas, an Anglo-Saxon tribe
Languages
Basaa language, also spelled Basa, a Bantu language spoken in Cameroon
Basa languages, a cluster of Kainji languages spoken in Nigeria
Places
Basa River, Romania
Basa, Nepal, a village development committee
Basa, Sudan, a village
Basa Air Base, Floridablanca, Pampanga, Philippines
Organizations
British Atomic Scientists Association, founded in 1946
Black and Asian Studies Association, set up in London in 1991
BASA Film, the Afghanistan cinema club
Other uses
Basa (fish), a type of catfish
Basa (cicada)
See also
BASA-press (1992–2009), the oldest independent news agency in Moldova
Bassa (disambiguation)
Bhāṣā, the word for "language" in many Asian languages |
1481211 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ex-dividend%20date | Ex-dividend date | The ex-dividend date (coinciding with the reinvestment date for shares held subject to a dividend reinvestment plan) is an investment term involving the timing of payment of dividends on stocks of corporations, income trusts, and other financial holdings, both publicly and privately held. The ex-date or ex-dividend date represents the date on or after which a security is traded without a previously declared dividend or distribution. The opening price on the ex-dividend date, in comparison to the previous closing price, can be expected to decrease by the amount of the dividend, although this change may be obscured by other influences on the stock's value.
A person purchasing a stock before its ex-dividend date, and holding the position before the market opens on the ex-dividend date, is by convention entitled to the dividend. A person purchasing a stock on its ex-dividend date or after will not receive the current dividend payment.
As far as the company registrar is concerned, to determine the ultimate eligibility for a dividend or distribution, the record date, not the ex-date, is relevant. Each shareholder entered in the shareholders' register at the record date is entitled to a dividend. Usually, the person owning the stock at the end of the trading day one business day before the ex-date is also the person registered in the shareholders register on the record date, because companies set the ex-date and record date of the dividend in line with the settlement cycle of the security.
However if, for whatever reason, a share transfer prior to the ex-dividend date is not recorded on the register in time, the seller will receive the dividend from the company but is then obligated to pay the dividend to the buyer.
Most developed financial markets such as the US, UK, Germany, France, etc. use a settlement cycle of T+2 for stocks. As a result, companies in these markets set the ex-date one business day before the record date of the dividend (example: ex-date Wednesday, record date Thursday: a security purchased on Tuesday will settle on Thursday; a person who bought the security on Tuesday bought one day before the ex-date and will be registered as shareholder on Thursday and hence be entitled to the dividend).
Background
Many publicly traded companies, and some privately held ones, pay dividends on their stock. Stock shares trade fluidly on public markets, so the ownership of the shares may change at the end of each trading day, and any given share may have a series of different owners over time. When declaring a dividend, a company will designate a record date for the dividend. The practical rules of the financial system determine precisely which of the owners will be entitled to receive the dividend payment: namely the owner of record, who owned the share(s) at the end of the trading day on the record date. The company thus resolves payment to the share owner identified on the company's share register as of the record date. Since the process of settlement involves some days of delay, stock exchanges set an earlier date, known as the ex-dividend date (typically the business day prior to the record date) to synchronize the time for this processing. Thus the key date for a stock purchase is the ex-dividend date: a purchase on that date (or after) will be ex (outside, without right to) the dividend.
If, for whatever reason, a share transfer prior to the ex-dividend date is not recorded on the register in time, the seller is obligated to repay the dividend to the buyer when he receives it.
In the United States, the IRS defines the ex-dividend date thus: "The ex-dividend date is the first date following the declaration of a dividend on which the purchaser of a stock is not entitled to receive the next dividend payment." The London Stock Exchange defines the term "ex" as "when a stock or dividend is issued by a company it is based upon an 'on register' or 'record date'. However, to create a level playing field when shares are traded on the London Stock Exchange during this benefit period an 'ex' date is set. Before this 'ex' date if shares are sold the selling party will need to pass on the benefit or dividend to the buying party."
Adjustment of Standing Orders
On some markets, after the close of business on the day before the ex-dividend date and before the market opens on the ex-dividend date, all open good-until-canceled limit, stop, and stop limit orders are automatically reduced by the amount of the dividend, except for orders that the customer indicated "do not reduce." This is done because the dividend payout will decrease the value of the company, as it comes directly from the company's reserves. At the market opening on the ex-dividend date, the stock will trade at a lower price, adjusted for the amount of the dividend paid. If a corporation is distributing something other than a cash dividend, such as rights or warrants, then the relevant date is called an ex rights date, or ex warrants date, etc.
United States
In the United States, the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) stipulates the T+1 rule, that stock trades settle one business day after purchase. That time period was last shortened on May 28, 2024. The ex-dividend date is normally the same day as the record date. For the purpose of calculating an ex-dividend date, business days are days on which both the major stock exchanges and the banks in New York State are open. Thus Columbus Day and Veterans Day are trading days, but not business days for calculating an ex-dividend date, since they are legal holidays and banks are not open.
If the record date is not a business day, then counting begins from the most recent business day instead of the actual record date. For instance, if the record date is Sunday, then the ex-dividend date is the preceding Thursday, not Friday — assuming no intervening holidays.
To be a stockholder on the record date, an investor must purchase the stock before the ex-dividend date in order to allow for the 1-trading day settlement of the stock purchase. If the investor purchases the stock the day before the ex-dividend date the investor would be a stockholder on the record date and would be entitled to receive the dividend payment.
An investor only needs to own the stock for one day (the record date) to be entitled to receive the dividend payment. If the investor buys before the ex-dividend date, and sells on the ex-dividend date or after, the investor will receive the dividend payment. More precisely, the owner at the close of trading on the record date receives the dividend, since shares may be traded frequently and have a series of owners on any given single day.
Tax consequences
The ex-dividend date is also a factor in computing U.S. taxes that depend on holding periods. To receive favorable personal income tax rates on qualified dividends of a common stock, the stock must be held continuously for over 60 calendar days within the window of 121 calendar days centered on the ex-dividend date. Otherwise the dividend income is taxed at higher rates for ordinary income.
The ex-dividend date does not determine the tax year of the dividend income. The tax year of a dividend is determined by the payment date, which is typically a week or more after the ex-dividend date. However, if a mutual fund or real estate investment trust (REIT) declares a dividend in October, November, or December that is payable to shareholders of record on a date in one of those months but actually pays the dividend during January of the next calendar year, the dividend is considered to have been received for tax purposes on December 31 of the year it was declared.
Exceptions
Large distributions such as special dividends or stock splits involve different ex-dividend timing formulas than for regular dividends. For example, the Nasdaq market provides a different ex-dividend timing when distributions are 25 percent or more of a security's value.
Market regulators occasionally change the supervisory rules governing market trading, with the consequence of changing the ex-dividend date formulas. For example, in September 2017 the SEC shortened the T+3 rule to T+2 in U.S. securities markets, resulting in subsequent ex-dividend dates being a day later than they would have been before the change. The SEC again shortened the settlement period to T+1 effective May 2024. Since such a rule transition creates a day with a possible confusion of which rule applies, companies are notified well in advance of the transition, and are directed to simply avoid choosing that specific day for paying dividends. Investors concerned with details of ex-dividend dates must also be aware of such rare changes to the trading system.
United Kingdom
For shares listed on the London Stock Exchange, the ex-dividend date is usually one business day before the record date. The ex-dividend date is almost always on a Thursday, and the associated record date is the Friday immediately following. Exceptions to this timetable are usually special dividends, and dividends provided by overseas issuers who only have a secondary listing on the London Stock Exchange. Before 9 October 2014, the ex-dividend date was usually two business days before the record date, i.e. typically Wednesdays.
See also
Dividend tax
Dividend units
Dividend yield
References
SEC page on ex-dividend dates
NASD (Nasdaq) document on ex-dividend dates
Dividends |
1481218 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture%20of%20the%20Falkland%20Islands | Culture of the Falkland Islands | The culture of the Falkland Islands is essentially analogous to that of British culture. The Falkland Islands have a large non-native-born population, mainly white and from England (and to a much lesser extent, other parts of the British Isles), but also from Saint Helena.
Language
The English language is used, mainly in its British English form. However, due to the isolation of the islands, the small population retains its own accent/dialect. In rural areas (i.e. anywhere outside Port Stanley), known as "Camp" (from Spanish campo, "countryside"), the Falkland accent tends to be stronger. The dialect has resemblances to Australian, New Zealand, West Country and Norfolk dialects of English, as well as Lowland Scots. Other notable Falkland island terms are the words "kelper" meaning a person who lives in the Falklands, etymologically, the term comes from the kelp surrounding the islands (although this term is sometimes considered pejorative); and "smoko" referring to a smoking break.
The official language of the Falkland Islands is English, and other spoken languages are Lowland Scots, Spanish (mostly spoken by Chileans, with some Spaniards and Argentines), French, Tagalog, and historically Yaghan.
Literature
Due to the low population of the islands, most of the literature of the islands has been written by outsiders, and is non-fiction. However some poetry has been written by Falklanders, including Ernest Spencer's Motherland.
Architecture
The 1911 Britannica states:
The houses [of Stanley], mostly white with coloured roofs, are generally built of wood and iron, and have glazed porches, gay with fuchsias and pelargoniums. Government House, grey, stone-built and slated, calls to mind a manse in Shetland or Orkney. The government barrack is a rather imposing structure in the middle of the town, as is the cathedral church to the east, built of stone and buttressed with brick.
The government barrack is now a guesthouse and is somewhat more in keeping with the surrounding houses.
Since this date, many more buildings have been erected in Stanley. In 1998, the Government of the Falkland Islands started a programme to encourage building of private houses; the development is known as East Stanley as it developed Stanley to the east. This led to a boom in the housing construction market with many new timber kit houses imported, largely from Scotland. These range from single bedroom bungalows to large 4-5 bedroom houses, the style of cladding and colours varying immensely.
Falkland houses are renowned for being brightly painted with immaculately maintained gardens; older houses frequently have intricately carved wooden fascia boards.
The Bodie Creek Suspension Bridge is sometimes stated to be the most southerly in the world.
Art
The following is a outline of Art of the Falkland Islands.
Art genres - Landscapes, Seascapes, Maritime, Ships, Boats, Work and the Working Environment, Domestic Life, Folkart, Illustrations, Wildlife, Flora and Fauna, Architecture, Buildings, Conflict, and People. Painting, Oils, Watercolours, print and photography.
Art of the Falklands could be broken down into three basic periods.
The early period, 1833 to 1914 was dominated by a few talented amuetur individuals, visitors to the islands and artists recording the exploration of the Falkland, Sub-Antarctica and Antarctic regions, cataloguing its fauna and flora.
From 1914 to 1986 was a period of slow development with few outlets such as postage stamps, book publications and illustrations, for local artists.
The conflicts of the Twentieth Century, and in particular, The Battle of the Falklands, The Battle of the River Plate and The Falklands War were well depicted by Naval artists of the day. The Falklands Conflict is covered by Cultural impact of the Falklands War and have been recorded by Official War Artists. These conflicts dominate this period.
Since 1986, economic diversification and a growth in population has led to an increase in Artistic activity in the Islands. The opening of Falkland Islands Museum and National Trust, the Jane Cameron National Archives have found homes for Falklands Art and Photography Collections. The commercial Studio 52 sells art in Stanley.
Pete Banksy is the name given by locals to an anonymous sculptor who in the 2020s has placed art around Stanley on road signs, next to junctions or on fences. The works include a person dancing, an owl and a snail. They are made of metal junk, such as hubcaps, bolts and bits of engines. The name "Pete Banksy" is a play on the anonymous British artist Banksy, and the peat banks that define the Falklands landscape.
Artists associated with the Falkland Islands
Edward Fanshawe Royal Naval officer and amateur painter, who produced some of the earliest representations of life and landscapes in Falklands on a tour of duty in May 1849 whilst in command of HMS Daphne (1838).
William Dale 1826 - 1870, Camp manager and artist painted the early life of the colony.
Dora Blake 1853 - 1923 Artist who illustrated domestic life in late Victorian life in the Camp. Her work was published in Falkland watercolours by Dora Blake by Sally Blake and Falklands Heritage: a record of Pioneer settlement by Mary Trehearne 1978.
Elinor Frances Vallentin 1873–1924, botanist and botanical illustrator co authored Illustrations of the flowering plants and ferns of the Falkland Island by Mrs E. F. Vallentin with descriptions by Mrs E. M. Cotton (London, L. Reeve & Co., 1921). An exhibition of her work was held at Stanley in May 1911.
Miscellaneous
There is one major newspaper, the Penguin News, and also a radio station, the Falkland Islands Radio Service (FIRS). The islands also have their own national football team and national cricket team.
Cultural events are organised from time to time and involve many sectors of the population. A Fringe Festival was held in 2022 and featured monologues written by Alan Bennett, a Burlesque evening, music of various genres, poetry and other events. In 2023 Stanley held its first Festival of Lights, with dancers, floats, illuminations and music. The Falkland Islands Operatic and Dramatic Association produces plays and murder mystery evenings.
References
External links
Falkland Islands Poetry
Falkland Islands journal
Falkland Islands Conservation
Falkland Islands Museum and National Trust
Falkland Islands Shackleton Scholarship Fund
Dictionary of Falklands Biography |
1481223 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles%20River%20Shire | Charles River Shire | Charles River Shire was one of eight shires of Virginia created in the Virginia Colony in 1634.
During the 17th century, shortly after establishment of Jamestown, Virginia in 1607, English settlers explored and began settling the areas adjacent to Hampton Roads. By 1634, the English colony of Virginia consisted of eight shires or counties with a total population of approximately 5,000 inhabitants.
Charles River Shire took its name from King Charles I of England. It was located on the Virginia Peninsula on the Charles River (also named for the younger son of King James I. During the English Civil War, Charles River County and the Charles River were changed to York County and York River, respectively. The river, county, and town of Yorktown are believed to have been was named for York, a city in Northern England.
Charles River Shire became York County in 1643. The first courthouse and jail were located near what is now Yorktown although the community, founded as a port for shipping tobacco to Europe, as variously called Port of York, Borough of York, York, Town of York, until Yorktown was established in 1691. Never incorporated as a town, Yorktown is the county seat of York County.
The Chiskiack Tribe of Native Americans lived on the south side of the York River on the grounds of the present-day Naval Weapons Station Yorktown near Yorktown until the 1630s, when conflicts with the English colonists caused them to move.
Charles River Shire (and York County) were the antecedents of dozens of counties and cities in Virginia and West Virginia due to the way the original boundaries were defined.
It is one of the five original shires of Virginia considered extant in the original form almost 400 years later, making it one of the oldest counties in the United States.
See also
List of former United States counties
References
Virginia shires
1634 establishments in the Colony of Virginia
Populated places established in 1634 |
1481230 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ed%20Kennedy | Ed Kennedy | Ed Kennedy may refer to:
Ed Kennedy (American politician) (1951), a Massachusetts State Senator
Ed Kennedy (infielder) (1861–1912), Major League Baseball infielder
Ed Kennedy (outfielder) (1856–1905), Major League Baseball outfielder
Ed Kennedy (rugby union), Australian rugby union player
Edward Kennedy (journalist) (c. 1905–1963), journalist who first reported the German surrender in World War II
See also
Ted Kennedy (disambiguation)
Edward Kennedy (disambiguation) |
1481247 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aero-Tropics%20Air%20Services | Aero-Tropics Air Services | Lip-Air Pty Ltd, operating as Aero-Tropics Air Services (ATAS), was an airline based in Cairns, Queensland, Australia. Its main base was Cairns Airport, with its operating hub at Horn Island Airport.
History
Lip-Air Pty Ltd was a privately owned company established by the Lippmann family in 1995. The company's Aero Tropics Air Services (ATAS) division started operating air charters in 1997, serving the region of Torres Strait, Cape York and the Gulf of Carpentaria. ATAS obtained a Regular Public Transport licence in February 2000 from the Civil Aviation Safety Authority (CASA) and began operating daily scheduled services to/ from and between the Torres Strait Islands. In March 2007 it had 50 employees. It grew from one 5-seat Partenavia P.68 aircraft based on Coconut Island to a fleet of eighteen aircraft based at Karumba, Horn Island and Cairns. As of November 2008 it operated scheduled domestic services to 12 destinations in the Torres Strait Islands. In late June 2008 the airline was grounded for five days by the Civil Aviation Safety Authority (CASA). As a result, the Queensland Government removed the Government contract for Aero-Tropics delivering mail and some supplies, flying to many remote Cape York towns. The contract was awarded to West Wing Aviation. In October 2008 CASA grounded the airline again after two incidents on successive days prompted concerns about the airline's training and supervision of its pilots. The second grounding proved to be permanent, as the airline went into liquidation the following month.
Incidents and accidents
Fleet
As of July 2008, the Aero-Tropics Air Services (ATAS) fleet consisted of:
4 Aero Commander 500S Shrike Commander
1 Beechcraft King Air B200
6 Britten-Norman BN2A Islander
2 Cessna 208B Grand Caravan
At the time of liquidation, the Civil Aviation Safety Authority (CASA) showed that the airline owned the following aircraft:
5 Britten-Norman BN2A Islander
2 Aero Commander 500S Shrike Commander
2 Piper PA-31 Navajo
2 Cessna 208B Grand Caravan
1 Cessna 172N
Destinations
As of July 2008, Aero-Tropics Air Services (ATAS) operated scheduled domestic services to the following destinations:
Badu Island – Badu Island Airport
Boigu Island – Boigu Island Airport
Cairns – Cairns Airport
Coconut Island (Poruma Island) – Coconut Island Airport
Darnley Island (Erub Island) – Darnley Island Airport
Horn Island – Horn Island Airport (hub)
Kubin Village (Moa Island) – Kubin Airport
Mabuiag Island – Mabuiag Island Airport
Murray Island – Murray Island Airport
Saibai Island – Saibai Island Airport
Warraber Island (Sue Islet) – Warraber Island Airport
Yam Island (Iama Island) – Yam Island Airport
Yorke Island – Yorke Island Airport
See also
Transair (Australia)
List of defunct airlines of Australia
Aviation in Australia
References
Airlines established in 1995
Far North Queensland
Airlines disestablished in 2008
Defunct airlines of Australia
Transport in Cairns |
1481259 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNAT%20Modified%20General%20Public%20License | GNAT Modified General Public License | The GNAT Modified General Public License (short: Modified GPL, GMGPL) is a version of the GNU General Public License specifically modified for compiled units and for the generic feature found in the Ada programming language.
The modification is as follows:
As a special exception, if other files instantiate generics from this unit, or you link this unit with other files to produce an executable, this unit does not by itself cause the resulting executable to be covered by the GNU General Public License. This exception does not however invalidate any other reasons why the executable file might be covered by the GNU Public License.
The GNAT Ada compiler can automate conformance checks for some GPL software license issues via a compiler directive. Use pragma License (Modified_GPL); to activate the check against the Modified GPL. The GNAT Reference Manual documents the License pragma along with other compiler directives.
See also
Free software licences
GNU Free Documentation License
GNU Lesser General Public License
OpenSSL exception
GPL linking exception
References
GNU Project
Free and open-source software licenses
Copyleft software licenses
Ada (programming language) |
1481262 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soltam%20Systems | Soltam Systems | Soltam Systems () is an Israeli defense contractor and kitchen equipment manufacturer located in Yokneam, Israel. The company has been developing and manufacturing advanced artillery systems, mortars, ammunition, peripheral equipment and cooking equipment since 1952. Soltam Systems serves armed and special forces in more than 60 countries as well as the private sector with its kitchen products. Among the company's major customers are the Israel Defense Forces (IDF), the United States Army and NATO countries.
History
Soltam was founded in 1950 by Shlomo Zabludowicz as the IDF artillery manufacturer. The company was founded as a joint venture between the Israeli Solel Boneh and Luxembourg-based Salgad (Societe Anonyme Luxembourgoise de Gestion et D'Administration) which was a fully owned subsidiary of the Finnish artillery and mortar manufacturer Tampella.
In 1998, Koor Industries sold Soltam to MIKAL Group.
In October 2010, Soltam was sold to Elbit Systems and is now entirely owned by them.
Products
Artillery
ATMOS 2000 155 mm autonomous, truck mounted self-propelled gun
ATHOS 2052 155 mm autonomous towed howitzer system
M-68 towed 155 mm howitzer
M-71 towed 155 mm howitzer
Rascal self-propelled 155 mm howitzer
Slammer (Sholef) - Merkava-based self-propelled 155 mm howitzer
Mortars
Soltam designs and manufactures a wide range of mortars, to suit a variety of military applications. Soltam supplies a variety of mortars, such as backpacked, under turret, towed and self-propelled recoiling mortars on wheeled or tracked vehicles. All mortars are simple to operate and fast in deployment. Soltam mortars are made of high quality alloy steel for extra toughness and stability. Mortar systems come with all auxiliary equipment necessary for field operation, including fire control computer, ballistic computer, INS, and target acquisition and location systems. All types of mortar ammunition in use worldwide are authorized to be used with Soltam mortars.
M-66 160 mm mortar
120 mm mortar
Cardom 120 mm autonomous recoil mortar system (RMS)
Soltam M-65 120 mm mortar towed
Soltam K6 120mm mortar
81 mm mortar
B499 long range
B502 long-range split barrel
B599 extended range
CC8 vehicle mounted mortar
CARDOM recoil mortar system vehicle-mounted mortar
60 mm mortar
60 mm commando mortars
60 mm extended range mortars
Vehicle mounted 60 mm mortar – internal and external
Ammunition
Soltam manufactures a wide range of mortar ammunition, ranging in caliber and in use (High Explosive HE, Smoke and training). All mortars comply with NATO standards.
155 mm
120 mm
81 mm
60 mm
Kitchen equipment
in addition to its military manufacturing Soltam also sells a variety of cooking products to the civilian market, mainly pots and pans but also others such as knives, cutting boards and spatulas.
See also
Military equipment of Israel
References
External links
Elbit Systems (Owners of the Soltam brand)
Defense companies of Israel
Tampella |
1481263 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles%20Walckenaer | Charles Walckenaer | Baron Charles Athanase Walckenaer (25 December 1771 – 28 April 1852) was a French civil servant, writer, man of letters, and scientist. He was a polymath and wrote extensively on geography, natural history, and literature. Major contributions included his multi-volume natural histories of arachnids and insects, some published in collaboration with others. He was made a baron in 1823.
Biography
Walckenaer was born in Paris and after losing his parents at an early age he was raised by his uncle Charles-Nicolas Duclos Dufresnoy, a notary in the court of Louis XVI. His uncle's elite and educated circle made an impression on the young boy and he was sent to study at the universities of Oxford and Glasgow. Dufresnoy was guillotined in 1794 following the French Revolution for being associated with the regime. In 1793 Walckenaer was appointed head of the military transports in the Pyrenees, after which he pursued technical studies at the École Nationale des Ponts et Chaussées and the École polytechnique. He was elected member of the Institut de France in 1813, was mayor (maire) in the 5th arrondissement in Paris and secretary-general of the prefect of the Seine 1816–1825. He was made a baron in 1823. He was dismissed in 1830 from his government position and he spent his time in studies.
Walckenaer married a relative Joséphine Marie Jeanne Antoinette Marcotte de Pyn (1776-1849) in 1794.
He was a keen entomologist and arachnologist and one of the founders of the Société entomologique de France in 1832, and a "resident member" of the Société des observateurs de l'homme. He wrote the Histoire naturelle des insectes (4 vols., 1836–1847) together with Paul Gervais. He collected specimens and information on spiders from around the world and described a number of taxa. He transferred the black widow to its current genus and discovered multiple species of Cyclosa, including C. turbinata.
Walckenaer introduced the full biography according to the English model into French literature through his works Histoire de la vie et des ouvrages de la Fontaine (1820, 4th ed. 1858), Histoire de la vie et des poésies d'Horace (1840; new ed. 1858) and Mémoires touchent la vie et les écrits de Mme de Sevigné (6 volumes, 1842–1865). In the works of La Bruyère, which he published in 1845, he returned to the original text.
In 1839 he was appointed conservator for the Department of Maps at the Royal Library in Paris and in 1840 secretary for life in the Académie des Inscriptions et Belles Lettres. In the area of geography, he discovered the map of Juan de la Cosa, the oldest extant map that shows the American continent, and published La monde maritime (4 vols., 1818), Histoire générale des voyages (21 vols., 1826–1831) and Géographie ancienne, historique et comparée des Gaules (3 vols., 1839, new ed. 1862).
References
External links
Faune parisienne, insectes, ou, Histoire abrégée des insectes des environs de Paris (1802)
Histoire naturelle des araneides (1806)
Histoire naturelle des insectes. Aptères (1837-1847)
Spider Drawings by John Abbot
1771 births
1852 deaths
French entomologists
French arachnologists
18th-century French civil servants
Barons Walckenaer
École Polytechnique alumni
Members of the Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres
Burials at Père Lachaise Cemetery
19th-century French civil servants
Presidents of the Société entomologique de France
18th-century French zoologists
19th-century French zoologists
Scientists from Paris
Alumni of the University of Oxford
Alumni of the University of Glasgow |
1481265 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middelburg%2C%20Mpumalanga | Middelburg, Mpumalanga | Middelburg is a large farming and industrial town in the South African province of Mpumalanga.
History
It was initially established as a halfway station between Lydenburg and Pretoria by the Republic of Lydenburg in 1860. That republic would merge with the South African Republic (ZAR) soon afterwards. The proposed town was established on two farms, Klipfontein and Keerom but when the Dutch Reformed Church established a church next door on the farm Sterkfontein, the town would be moved there. It was established as Nasareth, in 1864 by the Voortrekkers on the banks of the Klein Olifants River. It was changed in 1872 to Middelburg to mark its location between the Transvaal capital Pretoria, and the gold mining town of Lydenburg. The Dutch Reformed church was built in 1890. The British built a large concentration camp in Middelburg during the Second Boer War. The Memorial Museum was built at the site next to the 1,381 graves of women and children who died in the concentration camp.
Geography
Communities
Aerorand - the newest suburb in Middelburg
CBD - the youngest part of town
Groenkol - upmarket renovated houses
Dennesig - named after the conifer trees scattered through the suburb
Golfsig - upmarket suburb with a view of the golf course
Clubville - leafy suburb with a view of the golf course
Industrial Area - various industrial businesses
Kanonkop - translated as "Cannon Hill," referring to the days of the Anglo-Boer War, the site of the British concentration camp graveyard is to be found in the area
Mhluzi - Previously African suburb during the Apartheid era
Mineralia - suburb named after mineral deposits
Nasareth - Previously Coloured suburb on the eastern side of Middelburg
Eastdene - Previously Indian suburb
Rockdale -a residential area on the Remaining Extent of the farm Rockdale 442 JS
Hlalmnandi
Demographics
Hundreds of expatriates and their families, mostly from the United Kingdom and parts of Europe, moved into the town in the 1950s, 1960s and 1970s to avoid the slump of the post-World War II industrial and manufacturing sectors in those countries. These families were attracted by the need for industrial expertise in the plant, and were often rewarded with company-sponsored housing and discounted education.
The children of those immigrant families have either moved to the larger nearby cities of Witbank, Pretoria and Johannesburg, seeking employment, or have remained to form part of the growing alternative economic activities in the area.
Today, the town faces many issues typical to smaller towns in South Africa. These include challenges such as the incorporation, upliftment, and appropriate addressing of former inequalities of service provision and infrastructure in the large nearby townships and suburbs, that were created for the black and Indian populations, under apartheid laws. The cultural make up of the town is quite diverse, ranging from mainly Afrikaans-speaking families, expatriates from the United Kingdom and Europe, as well as the indigenous African populations. Another challenge is addressing the general trend of the hastening migration of residents away from small towns to larger cities in search of greater economic opportunities.
With a 2016 population of 278,000 and a growth rate of 4.9%, the municipal statistical department has estimated that the population will be 500,000 by 2030. The town has one of the largest police forces in the region, a government (public) hospital and clinic, as well as a private hospital, shopping mall and several public schools.
Religion
Middelburg has a deep Christian origin, for the oldest Dutch Reformed church is the one mentioned above which is better known as "Die Witkerk."
Churches in the town are:
The Dutch Reformed (NG Kerk)
Nederduitsch Hervormde Kerk van Afrika (Nederduits Reformed Church of Africa) since 01.04.1864 - 2 parishes, Middelburg and Middelburg-Noord 28.08.1977
AFM-AGS Apostolic Faith Mission (Lighuis Gemeente, Corpus Christi, AGS Sentraal)
Pentecostal Protestant Church(Lofdal Gesinskerk, Woord-en-Kruis Gemeente.)
Baptist
New Independent Fundamentalist Baptist
Methodist
African Methodist Episcopal Church (Nazareth Chapel)
Catholic
Full Gospel Church (VEK Presence Church)
Zion Christian Church
Holy Trinity Anglican Church
Independent Churches
Evangelical Lutheran Church
Lutheran Bapedi Church
St Peter's Confessional Lutheran Church of South Africa
Presbyterian
ECF (Eastdene Christian Fellowship) 1988
Shalom Christian Church
Solid Ground Church
Various bazaars and markets are held by all churches in support of the community. Examples would be The Expo Art and craft market, which is held annually in the spring by Die Lighuis Gemeente. Corpus Christi also have a world class market which is widely known in the area as the Kersmark. The church community is closely involved in community upliftment and development.
Economy
Columbus Stainless, a large stainless steel plant, constructed in 1965, and Thos Begbie & Co, a company established in 1887 by Scotsman Thomas Begbie, are both situated here. For many years, the industrial activities of the steel plant and its peripheral activities, such as coal and transport, provided much of the employment and largely drove the economy of the town, although other sectors, such as agriculture, have gradually grown to be important.
Culture and contemporary life
Tourism
The town is situated conveniently close to one of the main routes to the Kruger National Park, and has a small but growing tourism industry. Some landmarks and notable features in or around the town include the Middelburg Dam, site of the annual Middelburg Mile swimming event , the Botshabelo mission station museum and associated Ndebele tourist village, several hiking trails, and the Dutch Reformed church in the town centre. Within the town itself, several popular night spots and family restaurants entertain the locals and visiting tourists. Middelburg Mall was recently built, just off the N4 on the Bethal-Middelburg road and has a wide range of shops and restaurants.
Sports
A well maintained country club provides facilities for tennis, bowls, a golf course, swimming pools, as well as a bar, hotel and dining and function rooms. Furthermore, you will find Kees Taljaard Park, which is primarily a rugby stadium, but also has hockey fields. A lot of the local festivals are hosted in this stadium as well.
Infrastructure
Passenger rail
This city has a railway station for the loading and unloading of passengers and cargo on the Pretoria–Maputo railway.
Notable people
Wynand Claassen - South Africa national rugby union team captain of the 1981 South Africa rugby union tour of New Zealand and the United States, more famously known as the Rebel tour of New Zealand
Happy Jele - footballer. One time captain of Orlando Pirates, and one of the longest serving players of Orlando Pirates.
Esther Mahlangu - artist from the Ndebele nation. Known for her bold large-scale contemporary paintings that reference her Ndebele heritage.
Vincent Mahlangu - actor and singer
Gerhardus Pienaar - javelin thrower
Nothando Vilakazi - Spanish Primera División & South Africa women's national football team player
References
External links
Botshabelo mission station
Middelburg on places.co.za
Mpumalanga tourism
Second Boer War concentration camps
Populated places in the Steve Tshwete Local Municipality
Populated places established in 1864
Populated places founded by Afrikaners |
1481275 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michel%20Kuipers | Michel Kuipers | Michel Kuipers (born 26 June 1974) is a Dutch retired footballer who played as a goalkeeper. Prior to football he served with the Dutch Marine Corps. He became a football agent after finishing his playing career.
Life and career
Born in Amsterdam, Kuipers started his footballing career with Sterk Door Wilskracht (SDW), before moving to England in 1999 to join Bristol Rovers, where he spent 16 months.
In June 2000 he joined Brighton & Hove Albion on a free transfer, and quickly established himself as number one and became a firm fans' favourite because of his quick reactions, shot-stopping abilities and outgoing style. Kuipers suffered several career-threatening injuries during his time at Withdean, being injured in a car crash in 2003, and a severe shoulder injury in 2005.
Kuipers twice left the club on loan during his time at Brighton. He joined Hull City on loan during the 2003–04 season (before his return to Albion and subsequent car crash) and joined Boston United on loan during the 2005–06 season, to regain match fitness after recovering from his shoulder injury. In 2008, he played a big part in Brighton's upset victory against Manchester City in the League Cup, saving Michael Ball's effort in the penalty shoot-out. The following month he saved another decisive penalty in a shoot-out; this time from Leyton Orient's Luke Ashworth in the Football League Trophy.
In the 2007/08 season he was ever present in the goal playing all 46 league matches. This good form led to a new two-year contract that expired in June 2010. On 19 May 2010, he signed for fellow Sussex club Crawley Town. Kuipers' career with Crawley did not start well, being sent off twice during the first month of the season against Grimsby Town and Forest Green Rovers. He started in Crawley's match against Manchester United F.C. On 25 January 2013, his contract at Crawley was terminated by mutual consent.
On 28 March 2013, Kuipers signed a short-term deal with Barnet until the end of the season. He featured on the bench for all the remaining games that season as cover for first choice keeper Graham Stack. He was released at the end of the season.
References
External links
Michael Kuipers profile at the Crawley Town website
1974 births
Living people
Footballers from Amsterdam
Dutch men's footballers
Dutch expatriate men's footballers
Expatriate men's footballers in England
Men's association football goalkeepers
Bristol Rovers F.C. players
Chester City F.C. players
Brighton & Hove Albion F.C. players
Hull City A.F.C. players
Boston United F.C. players
Crawley Town F.C. players
Barnet F.C. players
English Football League players
National League (English football) players |
1481280 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/When%20the%20World%20Screamed | When the World Screamed | "When the World Screamed" is a science fiction short story by British writer Arthur Conan Doyle, featuring his character Professor Challenger. It was first published in Liberty magazine, from 25 February to 3 March 1928.
It is narrated in first person by Mr. Peerless Jones, an expert in Artesian borings who is seen for the first time.
It is the fourth Professor Challenger story and retains only Challenger and Malone from the first novel.
Plot summary
Professor Challenger, with the help of Mr Edward Malone and Mr Peerless Jones, drills into the earth until he reaches the mantle, convinced that it is a sentient being, akin to an echinus, and that by doing so he will be the first person to alert it to mankind's presence. He awakens the giant creature, which then proceeds to destroy his excavation, covering the spectators with a noxious liquid in the process.
Reception
Arthur C. Clarke noted the story's similarities to Jack Williamson's 1934 novelette, "Born of the Sun," and the irony in naming of the later Glomar Challenger which drew deep-sea core samples from the Earth's crust.
See also
1928 in science fiction
The Lost World (1912 Conan Doyle novel)
The Poison Belt
The Land of Mist
"The Disintegration Machine"
External links
When the World Screamed at the Classic Literature Library
When the World Screamed audiobook with video at YouTube
When the World Screamed audiobook at Libsyn
References
1928 short stories
Professor Challenger short stories
Science fiction short stories
Works originally published in Liberty (general interest magazine) |
1481282 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World%20in%20Flames | World in Flames | World in Flames is a grand strategy game on the Second World War which was first released in 1985 by the Australian Design Group, and currently holds the title of the world's largest board game commercially available. It was designed by Harry Rowland and is currently in its 8th edition, World in Flames - Collector's Edition, each new edition featuring changes to the rules, maps and counters provided with the game.
The game is a strategic-level recreation of both the European and Pacific theaters of World War II. The grand campaign begins with the German invasion of Poland, although several other scenarios are included. The game contains rules determining when the Soviet Union, United States, and Italy may choose to enter the conflict.
Game mechanics
World in Flames game mechanics takes into account many aspects of the World War II conflict. There are three main combat types; land combat, air combat and naval combat. The game is designed in such a way that these different combat types may influence each other. Thus, it is possible that a battle may consist of a number of engagements involving air, land and naval units, even if it is taking place in the land combat phase of an impulse. The rules are designed to be able to cope with different types of activity without invoking new concepts for each situation. For instance, strategic bombing of factories and resources are handled by the same rules that handles tactical bombing, paradrops and naval bombing. Attacks on convoys are handled by the same rules that handle ship-to-ship and air-to-ship warfare.
Major Powers and sides
The game is played with the Commonwealth (consisting of the United Kingdom, Canada, India, Australia, South Africa and numerous territories and colonies), France, China, USSR and the United States of America forming the Allies and Germany, Italy and Japan forming the Axis. China is divided into Chinese Nationalists and Chinese Communists. Each major power can be played by one player; in practice two or more major powers on the same side are usually played by each player. If there is more than one player on the Allied side, the Chinese communists are controlled by the USSR player.
Major Power neutrality and entry into the war
At the beginning of the game, Germany must declare war on Poland. France and the British Commonwealth must subsequently declare war on Germany on their next move. At this time, Japan is at war with China. All other Major Powers are neutral. Future declarations of war between the Major Powers influences US Entry and US Tension, which are abstractions of when United States of America can declare war. Briefly, aggressive and successful play from the Axis side will hasten the entry of the US into the war. Aggressive Allied play - like declaration of war on neutral minor countries - will slow US entry.
However, these required political actions can be quite different if you play with Days of Decision, which can be used as an expansion of this game. Days of Decision starts gameplay in 1936 and allows for a far greater range of actions in the political spectrum.
Production and industrial output
The ability of a Major Power to produce military units is abstracted by three factors. Production points from on-map factory complexes are combined with resource points from on-map natural resources. For each pair of points successfully combined (by railing or shipping a resource-point to a factory), the nation gains a number of build points equal to its production multiplier. This multiplier represents how well geared the nation's industry is towards war-time production. As the war proceeds, all production-multipliers go up. The build points can be spent to purchase units for land, sea and air warfare.
Turn length, initiative and impulses
The side with the higher initiative roll decides what side will have the first of several moves in a turn. The roll is modified for one of the sides by a +1 or +2 on a ten-sided die, reflecting the side's ability to execute quick and well-coordinated offensives with enough resources. The initiative modifier shifts if one side asks for a reroll or if one side has the first and the last move in one turn. After initiative is determined, the winner chooses an impulse type (see below) and moves his units, and resolves different types of combat according to rules. After the impulse is ended, the impulse marker is advanced on a track with a number determining how likely the entire turn is to end. A die is rolled to see if this is the end of the turn; if not, the other side takes their impulse. The process is repeated until the end of turn die-roll indicates the end of the turn.
Weather
Weather is determined at the start of the initiative winner's impulse using the Weather Chart, which is a function of the time of year and a die roll. The map is divided into 6 different weather zones and each zone is assigned its own weather based on the Weather Chart result. The weather influences combat modifiers, naval ability to spot enemy fleets, supply range, aircraft mission eligibility, land unit movement allowance and how fast the end of turn impulse marker advances after each impulse. Weather greatly influences turn length and what can be accomplished in terms of offensives.
Supply
Supply is an important "World in Flames" concept. Each unit must be able to trace a line to a primary supply source, which is any friendly-controlled city in its home country or a cooperating Major Power, or to a secondary supply source which is itself in supply. The line cannot pass through an enemy-controlled hex, or the hex next to an enemy corps (which exerts a Zone of Control) unless this is occupied by a friendly land unit. (Each hex is controlled by whichever side passed a land unit into or through it most recently.) This line can only be four hexes long on the European map or two on the Asian/Pacific map, and is further restricted in bad weather or desert, but it may cross any number of sea zones free of uncontested enemy naval units or naval bombing factors. A supply path may only have one seaborne section, which must always pass from the source through a port, and through another port at the receiving end unless the unit is on a seacoast.
A secondary supply source is any headquarters unit or capital of a country controlled by the same Major Power as the unit, or any headquarters unit or capital of a conquered country controlled by a cooperating Major Power. The supply requirements for secondary supply sources are the same as for regular units, except that the path from a secondary to a primary supply source may be extended by any length of railroad (which is a permanent feature of the map) subject to the same enemy interference as the other hexes on the path.
An out-of-supply unit cannot attack and cannot move without being flipped over or "disrupted". A disrupted, out of supply unit is very easy to destroy.
Impulse type
At the start of each Major Power move, the controlling player must choose an impulse type. This represents that Major Power's current allocation of resources and planning. The possible choices are: Land impulse, Naval impulse, Air impulse, Combined impulse, and Pass impulse. Choosing a Land impulse will allow the player to move any number of land units, some air units and no naval units. Correspondingly, a Naval impulse will allow the movement of any number of naval units, some air units and no land units. The Air impulse allows the movement of any number of air units, but no other moves. A Combined impulse allows a limited number of land, air and naval movements, and restricts the number of land attacks that can be performed. The exact number of movements allowed depends on the Major Power and reflects its overall size and organization. Larger and more powerful Major Powers like the U.S. have more moves available in each category then, for instance, Italy. The Pass impulse allows no moves or attacks. If two or more Major Powers choose this option, the chance for ending the turn increases.
Land combat
Land combats are resolved by determining odds. Odds are determined by comparing combat factors on the attacking and defending side. Combat factors are influenced by unit strength and supply situation, terrain, tactical bombing factors, shore bombardment from naval units, and artillery. After the odds are determined as the ratio of attacking versus defending combat factors, a die roll is performed adding combat modifiers from unit disruption, weather conditions and other factors. The resulting modified die-roll is cross-referenced on the appropriate odds column of the combat result table. This table gives losses for the attacker and defender and provides information about whether the attacking units are disrupted, if a breakthrough is achieved, if the defender has to retreat, and other results.
Air combat
Air combats are fought between fighter units from each side or between fighter units and other units, like strategic, naval or tactical bombers. The non-fighter unit types are generally easily destroyed in air-to-air combat, and air-combats are usually fought to hinder the opposing player's non-fighter aircraft in performing a bombing, resupply or paradrop mission. Each side divides its aircraft units into fighters and either bombers or air transports, in two sequences of units numbered from first to last. The first unit is called the "front fighter" or "front bomber".
Each air unit has an air-to-air combat factor. The air-to-air combat strength of each side is the strength of its front fighter, which can be increased by having other fighters behind it. A side with no fighters uses the unmodified air-to-air combat strength of its front bomber; also, all remaining non-fighters belonging to the other side are "cleared through" to their targets, that is, are able to reach their targets unhindered.
A round of air-to-air combat consists of both sides determining odds by subtracting the opposing side's modified air-to-air combat factor from their own value and summing the rolls of two ten-sided dice. The appropriate odds-column in the air-combat results table is consulted and results implemented. Results include the "clearing through" of enemy aircraft, aborting enemy front fighters or bombers (which are then forced to land on eligible hexes and turn face down), and destroying enemy front fighters or bombers. At the beginning of each round of air-to-air combat, each side can opt to abort its remaining aircraft and return them to an eligible hex.
Naval combat
To initiate combat, two fleets in the same sea area either commit or submerge their submarines, then perform die rolls to determine whether the units (which can also include land-based and carrier-based aircraft) spot each other, which side has the element of surprise and to what degree. The way that surprise points are spent can have a decisive impact on the course of events. If at least one stack of units is deemed to spot the enemy fleet and neither side uses surprise to evade the other, combat is initiated.
There are three types of naval combat: naval air combat (one or both sides attacking the other side's ships and aircraft using fighters and naval bombers), submarine combat (submarines attacking convoys and being attacked by anti-submarine warfare (ASW)) and surface combat (ships and submarines attacking each other directly). The right to select the combat type is conferred firstly by surprise, secondly by aircraft, and thirdly by submarines facing enemy convoys. If these conditions are either not present or not invoked by either side, a surface combat will be fought.
Naval air combat requires that an air-to-air battle is fought if either player has fighters allocated to defending their units. Any bombers cleared through are then subject to anti-aircraft fire from the defending ships. Surviving naval bombing factors are then used to determine what damage is inflicted on the enemy fleet. Surface or submarine combat is decided by adding the combat factors of all involved ships or subs on each side. ASW is provided by surface warships (each of which is assumed to always have a screen of destroyers), by naval bombing factors or, in the late war, by Western Allied convoys. The sum of the relevant type of combat factors is cross referenced with the number of units in the opposing fleet to determine results. Surprise can at this point be used to increase the amount of damage inflicted, to decrease the amount of damage sustained and/or to choose a specific target -- carriers and loaded troop ships being popular choices. In naval air combat, the first and subsequent odd-numbered targets are selected by the owner of the attacking bombers.
Inflicted damage takes the form of one or more instances of units immediately "aborted" to a friendly port, "damaged" or "destroyed". Each result must be assigned to a unit, which then makes a roll to determine if its armour reduces the damage by one level. A ship can be chosen to suffer more than one hit, but two "damage" results will destroy it. As can be expected, battleships are more likely to reduce damage successfully than more lightly armoured units.
After all results are assigned, each side has the option of aborting all remaining ships in the combat, returning them to an eligible port and flipping them. If neither side aborts, they roll again to spot each other and combat can occur again. Any round in which there is no hostile contact ends the naval combat phase for that sea zone.
Reception
In the November 1989 edition of Games International (Issue 10), Mike Siggins greatly admired the production values, saying, "The box [...] contains 1000 counters, maps and play aids and these are all among the best you will see in the hobby." Although he found the rules long and complex, he admitted that they "make an acceptable job of conveying the system to the reader, and their length is partly due to the copious examples, which is no bad thing." He pointed out that this is a monster game that would take large amounts of time, saying, "my estimate is that at least twenty hours once you know the system." He concluded by giving the game an above-average rating of 4 out of 5, commenting, "World in Flames won't be everybody's cup of tea [...] but if you're a fan of strategic Second World War games and want the whole works, this is undoubtedly the one to buy."
Editions and Expansions
Classic Editions: 1st-5th
Final Edition: 6th-7th
Collector's Edition: 8th
Patton in Flames, a game postulating a WWIII between the Western Allies and Communist Powers.
America in Flames, a game postulating an Axis victory and subsequent invasion of the United States in 1944.
Days of Decision, a game that covers the diplomacy of the years 1936-1946. It can be played with both World in Flames and stand-alone.
Territories in Flames, an expansion for WiF 8 that includes colonial, volunteer, and infrastructure units, as well as others.
Divisions in Flames, an expansion for WiF 8 that includes artillery, divisions, special forces, and Guard Banner Armies, as well as others.
Ships in Flames 1995, later 1997, an expansion for WiF 5-8 that includes additional naval units, such as cruisers and additional units to represent the submarine war, as well as a "Task Force Display" that introduces an element of the fog of war to the game.
Planes in Flames 1993, later Gold 1996, 2000, and finally 2017, an expansion for WiF 5-8 that introduces a plethora of pre-war and post-war planes, as well as the Atomic Bomb.
Africa in Flames 1993, later Gold 1994, an expansion for WiF 5-7, that included a map of Africa and many of the components of Territories in Flames.
Asia in Flames 1993, later Gold 1994 an expansion for WiF 5-7, originally included a map of Southeast Asia, but was subsequently released with a map of Scandinavia when the WiF map was expanded for the 6th edition. It included many of the components for Divisions in Flames.
Mech in Flames 1995, later 2007, an expansion for WiF 5-7, introduced Mechanized and Motorized Infantry to the game. These units are now fully incorporated in the WiF 8 base game.
Convoys in Flames, an expansion for WiF 7, included units to add more realism and complexity to the submarine war. It is now incorporated in WiF 8 Ships in Flames.
Cruisers in Flames, an expansion for WiF 7, expanded the WiF fleet to now include every warship to participate in WWII from Battleships to Light Cruisers, as well as hypothetical units. It is now incorporated in WiF 8 Ships in Flames.
Leaders in Flames 1998, an expansion for WiF 5-7, was part of the 1997-98 annual, bearing the same name. It included military leader units for WiF, as well as Russian Guard Banner Armies and late war units for various countries. The Guard Banner Army units are now included in Divisions in Flames, and the late-war units are now included in the WiF 8 base game.
Politics in Flames, an expansion for WiF 7-8, was part of the millennium annual, bearing the same name. It included a political system for WiF, less complex than Days of Decision, but more flexible than the standard system. Heavy weapons units for China and the USSR (the two countries that did not receive additional units from America in Flames, published in 1999), additional SS foreign volunteers (now included in Territories in Flames), and several other pieces were included.
Factories in Flames, an expansion for WiF 7-8, was part of the 2008 annual, bearing the same name. It included a more complex economic system for WiF, additional political options for Days of Decision, and special forces units (now included in Divisions in Flames).
Largest Board Game
Harry Rowland explained what a great achievement receiving the world record was, “World in Flames: the Collector’s edition was released in 2018 as a hard-mounted board game unlike previous versions which, like most games in this genre, use paper maps. It has four 850mm x 574mm hard-mounted maps and three 420mm x 297mm hard-mounted mini-maps and displays, totaling 2.3279 sqm. It also includes, in the Deluxe version, 4900 counters and 192 pages of rules, 22 campaigns, and players’ & designer’s notes, that makes World in Flames a hobby in a box.”
“World in Flames: the Collector’s Edition is the culmination of millions of hours testing the game to its limits by tens of thousands of gamers over the years; we couldn’t have done it without their help. The award is as much a tribute to our players’ enthusiasm, comments and suggestions as it is to the printers and company, many people deserve this award and I thank you all."
“The international nature of modern gaming is clearly displayed in this project with artists contributing from Mexico, the USA, Germany, Czechia and Australia; rules, testing and editing from around the world, and design in Mapleton."
“We are also very pleased with the outstanding efforts of our printing partners, EFKO, based in Prague. They are one of the few companies in the world that could take on a project as massive as this, particularly in the creation of the hard-mounted maps which have immense technical difficulties making terrain features align exactly across the map joins. EFKO have given World in Flames: the Collector’s Edition the lavish attention this game deserves to make this award possible.”
EFKO owner, Mirek Kotik, said that his company was proud to have taken part in the project to make history with this world record, “It is a deserved recognition of our team’s professional approach to printing the most complex projects in a time critical manner, paying attention to the smallest detail in every game we produce.”
Reviews
Casus Belli #35 (Dec 1986)
Breakout
Awards
At the 1986 Origins Awards, World in Flames won the 1985 Charles S. Roberts Award for Best 20th Century Game.
Computer Game
A computerized version of World in Flames has been under development for decades. The initial version, known as CWiF (Computer World in Flames), was programmed by Chris Marinacci in the 1990s with poor graphics and no AI, and until 2002 this version was downloadable at little or no cost from various websites. In 2005 Matrix Game acquired a license from the game owners to develop a new computerized version known as MWiF (Matrix World in Flames) designed around version 7 of the WiF rules. This product was programmed by Steven Hokanson, and released in 2013 with three high quality hardbound game manuals but no AI, although AI as well as a PBEM (play by e-mail mode) are planned.
A support pack of physical maps showing the gameboard is also available for purchase.
References
External links
Matrix Game's "Games Catalog" page (computer-based version released in November 2013).
Australian Design Group's home page (game publisher)
World in Flames Collector's Edition downloads, including rulebooks
The French World in Flames Page - in English
World in Flames FE counters organized by year
World in Flames Discussion list
World in Flames French Discussion list - in French
World in Flames at ConsimWorld
WiFCON.org the North American World in Flames convention.
Australian Design Group games
Board games introduced in 1985
Origins Award winners
World War II board wargames |
1481284 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiki | Swiki | Swiki (Squeak wiki) is wiki software written in Squeak.
It was formerly used by the Georgia Institute of Technology's College of Computing, but its use was discontinued in 2011 following a student complaint about privacy. Swiki comes bundled with its own web server.
A swiki installation consists of the Virtual Machine (VM) file (usually squeak.exe), an image file (usually squeak.image), and a set of files and folders with templates and the virtual wikis. One swiki installation allows a large number of virtual wikis to be created through the admin interface using a web browser. The image file and associated templates and virtual wikis can be run on any OS as long as the VM for that OS is used.
The VM and image file are the only binary files. All of the swiki templates and pages are stored as text files using XML tags. Each new virtual swiki goes in its own folder, and each page in the virtual swiki is a numbered XML file. For example, the first page is 1.xml, the second is 2.xml, etc. History for each page is a separate XML file that used the file extension "old", e.g., 1.old, 2.old.
See also
Comparison of wiki software
References
External links
Smalltalk programming language family
Wiki software |
1481286 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anisole | Anisole | Anisole, or methoxybenzene, is an organic compound with the formula . It is a colorless liquid with a smell reminiscent of anise seed, and in fact many of its derivatives are found in natural and artificial fragrances. The compound is mainly made synthetically and is a precursor to other synthetic compounds. Structurally, it is an ether () with a methyl () and phenyl () group attached. Anisole is a standard reagent of both practical and pedagogical value.
It can be prepared by the Williamson ether synthesis; sodium phenoxide is reacted with a methyl halide to yield anisole.
Reactivity
Anisole undergoes electrophilic aromatic substitution reaction at a faster speed than benzene, which in turn reacts more quickly than nitrobenzene. The methoxy group is an ortho/para directing group, which means that electrophilic substitution preferentially occurs at these three sites. The enhanced nucleophilicity of anisole vs. benzene reflects the influence of the methoxy group, which renders the ring more electron-rich. The methoxy group strongly affects the pi cloud of the ring as a mesomeric electron donor, more so than as an inductive electron withdrawing group despite the electronegativity of the oxygen. Stated more quantitatively, the Hammett constant for para-substitution of anisole is –0.27.
Illustrative of its nucleophilicity, anisole reacts with acetic anhydride to give
Unlike most acetophenones, but reflecting the influence of the methoxy group, methoxyacetophenone undergoes a second acetylation. Many related reactions have been demonstrated. For example, phosphorus pentasulfide () converts anisole to Lawesson's reagent, .
Also indicating an electron-rich ring, anisole readily forms π-complexes with metal carbonyls, e.g. .
The ether linkage is highly stable, but the methyl group can be removed with strong acids, such as hydroiodic acid or boron trichloride:
Birch reduction of anisole gives 1-methoxycyclohexa-1,4-diene.
Preparation
Anisole is prepared by methylation of sodium phenoxide with dimethyl sulfate or methyl chloride:
Applications
Anisole is a precursor to perfumes, insect pheromones, and pharmaceuticals. For example, synthetic anethole is prepared from anisole.
Safety
Anisole is relatively nontoxic with an of 3700 mg/kg in rats. Its main hazard is its flammability.
Popular culture
In the board game Scrabble, the word "anisole" is the 39th-most-likely word (out of over 25,000 possibilities) for a "bingo"/"bonus", i.e. the deployment of all seven letters in one's own hand simultaneously.
See also
Anethole
Bromoanisole
Butylated hydroxyanisole
Ether
Ethyl phenyl ether
Phenol
2,4,6-Trichloroanisole (cork taint)
References
External links
Pherobase pheromone database entry
Flavors
Pheromones
Methoxy compounds
Phenyl compounds |
1481292 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burroughs%20large%20systems%20descriptors | Burroughs large systems descriptors | Descriptors
are an architectural feature of Burroughs large systems, including the current (as of 2024) Unisys Clearpath/MCP systems. Apart from being stack- and tag-based, a notable architectural feature of these systems is that they are descriptor-based. Descriptors are the means of having data that does not reside on the stack such as arrays and objects. Descriptors are also used for string data as in compilers and commercial applications.
Descriptors are integral to the automatic memory management system and virtual memory. Descriptors contain metadata about memory blocks including address, length, machine type (word or byte — for strings) and other metadata. Descriptors provide essential memory protection, security, safety, catching all attempts at out-of-bounds access and buffer overflow. Descriptors are a form of capability system.
History
The development of the descriptor was Burroughs method of implementing memory management, allocation and deallocation, as well as virtual memory. In 1958, Robert S. Barton, then at Shell Research, suggested that main storage should be allocated automatically rather than having the programmer being concerned with overlays from secondary memory, in effect virtual memory.
Virtual memory was originally developed for the Atlas project at the University of Manchester in the late 1950s.
By 1960, Barton had become lead architect on the Burroughs B5000 project. From 1959 to 1961, W.R. Lonergan was manager of the Burroughs Product Planning Group which included Barton, Donald Knuth as consultant, and Paul King. According to Lonergan, in May 1960, UCLA ran a two-week seminar ‘Using and Exploiting Giant Computers’ to which Paul King and two others were sent. Stan Gill gave a presentation on virtual memory in the Atlas I computer. Paul King took the ideas back to Burroughs and it was determined that virtual memory should be designed into the core of the B5000. Burroughs Corporation released the B5000 in 1964 as the first commercial computer with virtual memory.
In the mid-1960s, other vendors, including, RCA, and General Electric developed machines that supported virtual memory, with operating systems oriented towards time-sharing. IBM didn't support virtual memory in machines intended for general data processing until 1972. However, other systems are not descriptor based and have added virtual memory above the basic processor architecture.
The descriptor was an essential part of the development of the B5000 with automatic memory management and virtual memory at Burroughs. While the details have changed since 1964, the idea of the descriptor essentially remains the same up until the current Unisys Clearpath MCP (Libra) machines which are direct descendants of the B5000.
Details
Descriptors describe storage areas, I/O requests and I/O results. They contain fields indicating, e.g. the type of descriptor, the address, the length, whether the data are present in storage. The details differ depending on the product line and the type of descriptor. The following text numbers the leftmost (most significant) bit as 0, in accordance with the Burroughs documentation.
Program and data descriptors have a bit called the "presence bit" or "p-bit"; it indicates whether the object referred to by the descriptor is currently in memory or in secondary storage. This bit is used to implements virtual memory.
When a descriptor is referenced, the hardware checks the p-bit. If it is 1, the data is present in memory at the location indicated in the address field. If the p-bit is 0, the data block is not present and an interrupt (p-bit interrupt) is raised and MCP code entered to make the block present. In this case, if the address field is 0, the data block has not been allocated (init p-bit) and the MCP searches for a free block the size of which is given in the length field.
The last p-bit scenario is when the p-bit is 0, indicating that the data is not in memory, but the address is non-zero, indicating that the data has been allocated and in this case the address represents a disk address in the virtual memory area on disk. In this case a p-bit interrupt is raised and it is noted as an "other" p-bit.
B5000, B5500 and B5700
The B5000 was the first descriptor-based computer. Every descriptor has a flag (bit 0) of 1. Data descriptors contain a 15-bit storage address and a 10-bit size, as do most I/O descriptors. Program descriptors and External Result descriptors have a 15-bit address but no size field.
B5x00 Program Descriptors
Program descriptors are used to define program segments. Either an Operand Call or a Descriptor call that refers to a Program Descriptor will cause a subroutine call if the presence bit is 1. Otherwise, it will cause a presence interrupt.
Data Descriptors
Data Descriptors refer either to a block of data present in memory (P=1) or to a block of data that must be read into memory (P=0), Depending on the value of the Presence bit. Either an Operand Call or a Descriptor call that refers to a Data Descriptor will check the presence bit and the size field; if the presence bit is 0 then a presence interrupt will occur; if the size field is nonzero then the second word on the stack must be within range or an index interrupt will occur.
I/O Descriptors
External Result Descriptors
An External Result Descriptor contains the I/O Descriptor used to initiate the operation with some fields replaced.
B6500, B7500 and successors
Descriptors describe data blocks. Each descriptor contains a 20-bit address field referencing the data block. Each block has a length which is stored in the descriptor, also 20 bits. The size of the data is also given, being 4-, 6-, 8- or 48-bit data in a three bit field.
The first computer with this architecture was the B6500. in that implementation, the meaning of the various status bits was:
Bit 47 – The presence bit (P-Bit)
Bit 46 – The copy bit
Bit 45 – The indexed bit
Bit 44 – The segmented bit
Bit 43 – The read only bit
In later implementations, these status bits evolved to keep up with growing memory sizes and insights gained over time.
Usage in compilers
In ALGOL, the bounds of an array are completely dynamic, can be taken from values computed at run time, unlike in Pascal, which came later, based on ALGOL, where the size of arrays is fixed at compile time. This is the main weakness of Pascal as defined in its standard, but which has been removed in many commercial implementations of Pascal, notably the Burroughs implementations (both the University of Tasmania version by Arthur Sale and Roy Freak, and the later implementation on Burroughs Slice Compiler system by Matt Miller et al.)
In a program in the Burroughs/Unisys MCP environment, an array is not allocated when it is declared, but only when it is touched at run time for the first time – thus arrays can be declared and the overhead of allocating them avoided if they are not used. Memory management is thus completely dynamic.
Also, low-level memory allocation system calls such as the malloc class of calls of C and Unix are not needed – arrays are automatically allocated as used. This saves the programmer the great burden of filling programs with the error-prone activity of memory management, which is crucial in mainframe applications.
When porting programs in lower-level languages such as C, the C memory structure is dealt with by doing its own memory allocation within a large allocated block – thus the security of the rest of the system cannot be compromised by buffer overflows by errant C programs. In fact, many buffer overruns in apparently otherwise correctly running C programs have been caught when ported to Unisys MCP architecture. C, like Pascal, is also implemented using the Slice compiler system, which uses a common code generator and optimizer for all languages. The C compiler, run-time system, POSIX interfaces, as well as a port of many Unix tools was done by Steve Bartels. An Eiffel compiler was also developed using Slice.
For object-oriented programs which require more dynamic creation of objects than the MCP architecture, objects are best allocated within a single block. Such object allocation is higher level than C's malloc and is best implemented with a modern efficient garbage collector.
Integration in memory architecture
The address field in the B5000, B5500, and B5700 is only 15 bits, which means that only 32K words (192KB) of memory can be addressed by descriptors. The address field in the B6500 is 20 bits or 1 Meg words(6MB). By the mid seventies this was still a significant restriction of the architecture. To overcome this, two solutions were implemented:
Swapper – this solution actually implements another layer on top of memory management, moving large clusters of related data in and out of memory at once.
ASN – this solution allows physically more memory to be configured in a system, divided into separately addressable chunks. This architecture became known as ASN (Address Space Number) memory. Memory is logically divided into two areas, allocating low memory addresses to a Global address space for the operating system and support software and high memory addresses to several parallel Local address spaces for individual programs. Address spaces are numbered, zero indicating Global, 1..n indicating the local address spaces. Programs sharing data are automatically placed in the same address space.
No program code modifications were necessary for these features to be utilized. Both solutions can even be combined, but eventually the MCP memory requirements and program data sharing requirements outgrew the maximum size of the address spaces itself.
With the advent of the A Series in the early 1980s, the meaning of this field was changed to contain the address of a master descriptor, which means that 1 megabyte data blocks can be allocated, but that the machine memory could be greatly expanded to gigabytes or perhaps terabytes. This architecture was named ASD (Advanced Segment Descriptors) memory. This required a new common microcode specification, referred to as Beta. The main visionary behind ASD memory is John McClintock. Later the 3-bit memory tag was increased to a 4-bit specification, allowing the segment descriptor to grow from 20 to 23 bits in size, allowing even more memory to be addressed simultaneously. This microcode specification became known as level Gamma.
Memory management
Another significant advantage was realized for virtual memory. In the B5000 design, if a data block were rolled out, all descriptors referencing that block needed to be found in order to update the presence bit and address. With the master descriptor, only the presence bit in the master descriptor needs changing. Also the MCP can move blocks around in memory for compaction and only needs to change the address in the master descriptor.
A difference between the B5000 and most other systems is that other systems mainly used paged virtual memory, that is pages are swapped out in fixed-sized chunks regardless of the structure of the information in them. B5000 virtual memory works with varying-size segments as described by the descriptors.
When the memory is filled to a certain capacity, an OS process called the "Working Set Sheriff" is invoked to either compact memory or start moving segments out of memory. It chooses code segments first, since these cannot change and can be reloaded from the original in the code file, so do not need writing out, and then data segments which are written out to the virtual memory file.
P-bit interrupts are also useful to measure system performance. For first-time allocations, 'init p-bits' indicate a potential performance problem in a program, for example if a procedure allocating an array is continually called. Reloading blocks from virtual memory on disk can significantly degrade system performance and is not the fault of any specific task. This is why many of today's computers may gain increased system performance by adding memory. On B5000 machines, 'other p-bits' indicate a system problem, which can be solved either by better balancing the computing load across the day, or by adding more memory.
Thus the Burroughs large systems architecture helps optimization of both individual tasks and the system as a whole.
Buffer overflow protection
The last and maybe most important point to note about descriptors is how they affect the complementary notions of system security and program correctness. One of the best tools a hacker has to compromise operating systems of today is the buffer overflow. C, in particular, uses the most primitive and error-prone way to mark the end of strings, using a null byte as an end-of-string sentinel in the data stream itself.
Pointers are implemented on the Unisys MCP systems by indexed descriptors. During indexing operations, pointers are checked at each increment to make sure that neither the source nor the destination blocks are out of bound. During a scan or replace operation, the mechanisms used to read or copy large blocks of memory, both source and destination are checked at each word increment for a valid memory tag. Each memory segment is bounded by tag 3 words, which would make such an operation fail. Each memory segment containing integrity sensitive data, such as program code, is stored in tag 3 words, making an uncontrolled read – let alone modification – impossible. Thus a significant source of program errors can be detected early before software goes into production, and a more significant class of attacks on system security is not possible.
Notes
References
Burroughs mainframe computers |
1481293 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis%20Joyon | Francis Joyon | Francis Joyon (born 28 May 1956) is a French professional sailboat racer and yachtsman. Joyon and his crew currently hold the Jules Verne Trophy for circumnavigation, on IDEC SPORT (40 days, 23 hours, 30 minutes and 30 seconds), nearly five days less than the previous reference time. He held the record for the fastest single-handed sailing circumnavigation from 2008 to 2016.
Although previously well known as an offshore sailor, Joyon's real leap to international prominence came in February 2004 when the Breton became the fastest world solo yachtsman, setting a time of 72 days, 22 hours, 54 minutes and 22 seconds, over 20 days faster than the previous record for circumnavigation.
During the record run, he sailed more than at an average speed of on the IDEC. IDEC, formerly known as Sport Elec, had previously taken 71 days to win the Jules Verne Trophy. Joyon took only one additional day while sailing on his own with a boat not designed for single-handed sailing, original (over 10 year old) sails and no weather router.
On 6 July 2005 Francis Joyon and IDEC crossed the finishing line between Lizard Point and Ushant 6 days 4 hours 1 minute and 37 seconds after the start at Ambrose Light off New York, breaking the 11-year-old record of Laurent Bourgnon for the single-handed crossing of the Atlantic Ocean with a sailing boat. During the same voyage he also broke the 24-hour distance record for single-handed sailing by sailing in one day on the 3 July 2005. Joyon's record voyage ended badly on 7 July while he was sailing back to his home port after completion of the transatlantic run. Joyon, who refused help to sail the boat home from the finish line and was still single-handed, was sailing across the English Channel. At a critical moment an exhausted Joyon fell asleep and the boat continued on autopilot. IDEC ran aground at the Pointe de Penmarc'h on the Breton coast. The €4 million trimaran was wrecked; Joyon escaped without injury.
On 9 May 2006 Joyon announced that he was building a new muilti-hull to be called IDEC 2. His new boat is designed for solo sailing unlike the original IDEC, which was originally designed for crewed sailing. Design was by Nigel Irens & Bernard Cabaret. IDEC 2 weighs 11 tons, compared to his previous boat which weighed 16 tons, and has 10% more sail area. The new boat was seen as capable of taking 3 days off the existing record under the same weather conditions.
On 23 November 2007 Joyon set off in IDEC 2 in an attempt to beat Ellen MacArthur's world record for a single handed circumnavigation. He achieved this on 20 January 2008 in 57 days, 13 hours 34 minutes and 6 seconds, in a voyage that is regarded as one of the most impressive sailing feats in recent history and in a time nearly two weeks less than the previous record.
Achievements
1988: 32nd Route de la Découverte (JB-Express)
1990: 10th Route du Rhum (BPO)
1991: 5th Course de l'Europe (Kar-Cadelac)
1992: 3rd Transat and 3rd Route du café (BPO)
1993: 3rd Course de l'Europe (Banque Populaire)
1995: 2nd Transat Jacques-Vabre and 3rd Course de l'Europe (Banque Populaire)
1996: 2nd Transat Québec - Saint-Malo (Banque Populaire)
1998: 6th Route du Rhum (Banque Populaire)
2000: 1st Transat (Eure-et-Loir)
2001: 1st Fastnet Race and also beat the record by sailing around the Isle of Wight in 3 hours ten minutes and 11 seconds
2003-2004: Beat the record by sailing singlehanded around the world in 72 days, 22 hours, 54 minutes and 22 seconds (IDEC). Subsequently, beaten by Ellen MacArthur in 2005
2005: Beat the record by sailing single-handed across the Atlantic in 6 days, 4 hours 1 minute and 37 seconds (IDEC)
2007: Beat the 24-hour single-handed distance record by sailing 613.54 miles in 24 hours at an average speed of 25.85 knots. Joyon set the record sailing IDEC 2 during a successful attempt to break the single-handed around the world record. Soon after, Joyon's 24-hour distance record was beaten by Thomas Coville who sailed 619.3 miles in 24 hours during an unsuccessful single-handed around the world record attempt
2008: Beat the record for sailing single-handed around the world in 57 days 13 hours 34 minutes and 6 seconds comprehensively beating Ellen MacArthur's existing record by 14 days, 00 hours, 44 minutes and 27 seconds
2010: 2nd Route du Rhum, with IDEC 2
2013: Beat his own record Road of the discovery between Cadiz and San Salvador Island, with IDEC 2
Beat (16 June) the record by sailing single-handed across the Atlantic in 5 days, 2 hours 56 minutes and 10 seconds (with IDEC 2)
2017: Jules Verne Trophy with IDEC SPORT (40 days 23 hours 30 minutes 30 seconds)
Beat (12 July) his own record by sailing single handed across the Atlantic in 5 days, 1 hour 37 minutes and 02 seconds (with IDEC 2)
2018: 1st Route du Rhum
References
External links
Idec's website
English news story about new circumnatigation attempt
Details of boat
Launch of boat
Living people
1956 births
French male sailors (sport)
Single-handed circumnavigating sailors |
1481294 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neck%20dissection | Neck dissection | The neck dissection is a surgical procedure for control of neck lymph node metastasis from squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the head and neck. The aim of the procedure is to remove lymph nodes from one side of the neck into which cancer cells may have migrated. Metastasis of squamous cell carcinoma into the lymph nodes of the neck reduce survival and is the most important factor in the spread of the disease. The metastases may originate from SCC of the upper aerodigestive tract, including the oral cavity, tongue, nasopharynx, oropharynx, hypopharynx, and larynx, as well as the thyroid, parotid and posterior scalp.
History of neck dissections
1906 – George W. Crile of the Cleveland Clinic describes the radical neck dissection. The operation encompasses removal of all the lymph nodes on one side of the neck, and includes removal of the spinal accessory nerve (SAN), internal jugular vein (IJV) and sternocleidomastoid muscle (SCM).
1957 – Hayes Martin describes routine use of the radical neck dissection for control of neck metastases.
1967 – Oscar Suarez and E. Bocca describe a more conservative operation that preserves SAN, IJV and SCM.
Last 3 decades – Further operations have been described to selectively remove the involved regional lymph groups.
Division of the neck into levels and sublevels
To describe the lymph nodes of the neck for neck dissection, the neck is divided into 6 areas called Levels. The levels are identified by Roman numeral, increasing towards the chest. A further Level VII to denote lymph node groups in the superior mediastinum is no longer used. Instead, lymph nodes in other non-neck regions are referred to by the name of their specific nodal groups.
Level I – This includes the submental and submandibular lymph nodes.
The submental triangle (sublevel IA) is bounded by the anterior belly of the digastric muscles (laterally) and the hyoid (inferiorly). The submandibular triangle (sublevel IB) is bounded by the body of the mandible (superiorly), the stylohyoid (posteriorly), and the anterior belly of the digastric (anteriorly).
Level II – This includes lymph nodes of the upper jugular group and is divided into sublevels IIA and IIB.
Level II is bounded by the inferior border of the hyoid (inferiorly), the base of skull (superiorly), the stylohyoid muscle (anteriorly) and the posterior border of the SCM (posteriorly). Sublevel IIA nodes lie anterior to the SAN. Sublevel IIB nodes lie posterior to the SAN.
Level III – This includes lymph nodes of the middle jugular group.
This level is bounded by the inferior border of the hyoid (superiorly) and the inferior border of the cricoid (inferiorly), the posterior border of the sternohyoid (anteriorly) and the posterior border of the SCM (posteriorly).
Level IV – This includes lymph nodes of the lower jugular group.
This level is bounded by the inferior border of the cricoid (superiorly), the clavicle / sternal notch (inferiorly), the posterior border of the sternohyoid (anteriorly) and the posterior border of the SCM (posteriorly).
Level V – This includes posterior compartment lymph nodes.
This compartment is bounded by the clavicle (inferiorly), the anterior border of the trapezius (posteriorly), the posterior border of the SCM (anteriorly). It is divided into sublevels VA (lying above a transverse plane marking the inferior border of the anterior cricoid arch) and VB (below the aforementioned plane).
Level VI – This includes the anterior compartment lymph nodes.
This compartment is bounded by the common carotid arteries (laterally), the hyoid (superiorly), the suprasternal notch (inferiorly).
Classification of neck dissections
The 2001 revisions proposed by the American Head and Neck Society (AHNS) and the American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery (AAO-HNS) are as follows.
Radical Neck Dissection (RND) – removal of all ipsilateral cervical lymph node groups from levels I through V, together with SAN, SCM and IJV.
Modified Radical Neck Dissection (MRND) – removal of all lymph node groups routinely removed in a RND, but with preservation of one or more nonlymphatic structures (SAN, SCM and IJV).
Selective Neck Dissection (SND) (together with the use of parentheses to denote the levels or sublevels removed) – cervical lymphadenectomy with preservation of one or more lymph node groups that are routinely removed in a RND. Thus for oral cavity cancers, SND (I–III) is commonly performed. For oropharyngeal, hypopharyngeal and laryngeal cancers, SND (II–IV) is the procedure of choice.
Extended Neck Dissection. This refers to removal of one or more additional lymph node groups or nonlymphatic structures, or both, not encompassed by the RND.
References
External links
Patient Information for neck dissection at Georgetown Univ. Hospital
Neck dissection: an operation in evolution in World Journal of Surgical Oncology
eMedicine: Head and Neck Cancer: Resection and Neck Dissection
eMedicine: Radical Neck Dissection
Surgical oncology
Surgical procedures and techniques
Otorhinolaryngology
Oral and maxillofacial surgery |
1481303 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhosrobin | Rhosrobin | Rhosrobin is a village situated in Wrexham County Borough, Wales, about 2 miles (3.2 km) north west of Wrexham city centre, close to the A483 road.
The population of the village has expanded considerably in recent years and many of the older landmarks have been swept away to make room for new housing and commercial development, attracted by direct access along the B5425 to Wrexham city centre, and easy connection to the A483 (Trunk) at Pandy, for Chester and the North West of England beyond.
Taking the B5425 (Llay) from Wrexham, the village boundary is now marked with a brown sign alongside the new Top Farm Road housing development.
Following the Main Road over the Chester – Shrewsbury railway, the main commercial centre of the village can be seen. Although clearly located in Rhosrobin, the Rhosddu Industrial Estate takes its name from the old colliery that once occupied this whole area. The colliery was opened in the 1860s by The Wrexham Coal Company and at its peak employed almost 1000 men. The colliery closed in 1924. The only surviving building can be seen at the rear of the estate – the old wheelhouse is currently occupied by a pallets business.
The Churchlea development to the side of the Olivet Christadelphian Chapel was built on the site of the disused North Wales Mineral Railway Company railway track. The route of the old track can be seen opposite Churchlea making its way to the long since gone Wheatsheaf junction in Gwersyllt.
The short unadopted road running to the rear of the Chapel originally ran the full length of the land down to the main railway line, giving access to a cottage built beside the track and also to two long terraces of houses built on higher ground. Although the terraced properties were demolished in the 1970s, the land remained undeveloped until very recently. The cottage was demolished to make way for the Churchlea development.
The village was served briefly by its own railway station, Rhosrobin Halt, which was actually situated in Pandy, opposite what is now known as the Pandy Business Park. The Halt was opened in 1932 by the Great Western Railway Co. and closed in October 1947. Very little remains of the structure, which was used mainly by colliers who worked at the large Gresford Colliery nearby.
Continuing along the B5425, the former St Peter's Church building remains but is now a vets and the old Rhosrobin School, which had more recently seen service as a commercial laundry, has now been demolished to make way for a new housing development called St. Peter's Close. The old school bell moved with the laundry company to its new premises on Llay Industrial Estate.
A murder was committed in Rhosrobin on Monday, 10 November 1902 when William Hughes shot his wife Jane Hannah Hughes. William Hughes was a native of Denbigh and served for many years in the Cheshire Regiment in India under the British Raj. On his return to Britain he worked as a collier in the Wrexham area. He married Jane Hannah Williams, his first cousin, in 1892. They separated in 1901 and Hughes was subsequently sentenced to three months in Shrewsbury prison for "family desertion". He was released on 6 November 1902 and on the 10th of the month he called upon his wife who by then was housekeeper to a Mr Tom Maddocks, a collier who was widowed with three children. When she came to the door Hughes discharged both barrels of a shotgun into her body from close range.
Hughes was tried at Denbigh Assizes in January 1903 and despite pleas of insanity the jury took just ten minutes to find him guilty of murder. At 8 a.m. on Tuesday 17 February 1903 William Hughes, 42, was executed on the gallows at Ruthin Gaol. Hughes is believed to be the only man to have been hanged at the Gaol.
References
"The William Hughes story" - / Denbighshire Free Press 21 February 1903
Forgotten Railways-North and Mid Wales, by Rex Christiansen (David & Charles, 1984)
Wrexham's Railways volumes 1 and 2 (Bridge Books)
External links
www.geograph.co.uk : photos of Rhosrobin and surrounding area
Villages in Wrexham County Borough |
1481306 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Printing%20and%20the%20Mind%20of%20Man | Printing and the Mind of Man | Printing and the Mind of Man is a book first published in 1967 and based on an exhibition in 1963.
PMM, as it is usually abbreviated, is regarded as a standard bibliographical reference, and offers a survey of the impact of printed books on the development of Western civilization.
The IPEX Exhibition
The book developed from an exhibition put on at two locations to coincide with the 1963 International Printing Machinery and Allied Trades Exhibition (IPEX). The IPEX exhibition "foreshadowed the impending impact of electronics and presaged the demise of prepress mechanics and craft practices." It is regarded as marking a significant transition in printing.
At the behest of typographer Stanley Morison it was decided to put together an exhibition of the contribution printing had made to the enlargement of human knowledge in connection with the IPEX.
A display at Earls Court concentrated on the technical side of printing, while a display at the British Museum looked more at fine printing. However, both displays had the quite novel intention of promoting the study of books for their role in advancing factual knowledge, rather than for their aesthetics.
Ian Fleming, who lent 40 books from his library, was among the private collectors who contributed to the exhibition. The Fleming Collection, central to the exhibit, is now at the Lilly Library of the Indiana University Bloomington. A detailed review of the negotiations that resulted in the Lilly Library's acquisition, "Books That Had Started Something," provides copies of correspondence between the Fleming estate and the library. The Fleming Collection was an attempt to gather together, in first editions, the original contributions of the scientists and practical workers, the total body of whose work has been responsible for the modern revolution.
The exhibition catalogue, which was printed by Oxford University Press ("[London]: F.W. Bridges; obtainable from the British Museum"), edited by John Carter, Stanley Morison, Percy H. Muir and others, and titled: Catalogue of a display of printing mechanisms and printed materials arranged to illustrate the history of Western civilization and the means of the multiplication of literary texts since the 15th century, organised in connection with the eleventh International Printing Machinery and Allied Trades Exhibition, under the title Printing and the Mind of Man, assembled at the British Museum and at Earls Court, London, 16–27 July 1963, might be considered the pre-first edition of PMM.
PMM as book
A book-length edition, revised and enlarged, was printed at Cambridge University Press and published in 1967 by Cassell in London and Holt, Rinehart & Winston in New York. This first book edition was entitled 'Printing and the Mind of Man: A Descriptive Catalogue Illustrating the Impact of Print on the Evolution of Western Civilization During Five Centuries. It was edited by John Carter and Percy Muir and expanded upon the theme of the impact of printing on human thought. It was published in Germany in 1968 and in Japan in 1977.
A second revised edition was published in 1983 by Karl Pressler in Munich ().
The Winter, 2023 issue of The Book Collector provided a sixty-year retrospective. It included a review of correspondence between Muir and Carter by James Fleming.
References
Further reading
Sebastian Carter - "Printing and the mind of man" in Matrix Volume 20 (2000)
A concordance of the numbering systems in the various catalogues of Printing and the Mind of Man at The Book Collector
282 titles from the Percy Muir archive that were offered by booksellers for inclusion in Printing and the Mind of Man and rejected by him at The Book Collector
1963 non-fiction books
1967 non-fiction books
20th-century history books
Books about printing
Bibliography
1983 non-fiction books
Ian Fleming
Book and manuscript collections
History of printing
History books about printing |
1481310 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMM | PMM | PMM may refer to:
Makarov PMM, a variant of the Makarov PM pistol
Pacific Meridional Mode
Partido ng Manggagawa at Magsasaka, a Philippine political party
Pectoralis minor muscle
Perchloromethyl mercaptan, a synthetic intermediate
Percona Monitoring and Management
Permanent magnet motor
Permanent Multipurpose Module of the International Space Station
Perpetual motion machine
Plant matrix metalloproteinase
Predictive mean matching, a statistical imputation method
Prime Minister of Malaysia ()
Printing and the Mind of Man
Product Marketing Manager
Public Money & Management, an academic journal |
1481311 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahmoud%20Mokhtar | Mahmoud Mokhtar | Mahmoud Mukhtar (Arabic: محمود مختار) (May 10, 1891 – March 28, 1934) was an Egyptian sculptor. He attended the College of Fine Arts in Cairo upon its opening in 1908 by Prince Yusuf Kamal, and was part of the original "Pioneers" of the Egyptian Art movement. Despite his early death, he greatly impacted the realization and formation of contemporary Egyptian art. His work is credited with signaling the beginning of the Egyptian modernist movement, and he is often referred to as the father of modern Egyptian sculpture.
History
Born in the Nile Delta in a small village called Douar skouila, in the region of Mahalla al-Kubra, in the village of Tanbara, where his father was the mayor ('Omda). Mukhtar moved to Cairo as a child with his mother, and in 1908 joined the newly founded Egyptian School of Fine Arts.
In 1912, he joined the studio of Jules Coutan at the École des Beaux-Arts in Paris. He stayed in Paris through World War I, eventually becoming employed at the Musée Grévin under the direction of his former teacher Guillaume Laplagne. Inspired by the Egyptian Revolution of 1919 he sculpted a small maquette of a work called "Nahdat Misr" ["Egypt's Awakening" or "Egypt's Renaissance" in English]. Gaining attention of young Egyptian revolutionaries, a national campaign to erect a monumental version was begun, resulting in an unveiling ceremony of the work in Cairo's Bab al-Hadid Square outside Cairo's main train station. The statue was later moved to a location outside Cairo University.
Museum
The Mukhtar Museum in Cairo houses Mahmoud Mokhtar's works in various media.
Legacy
A Google Doodle on 10 May 2012 commemorated Mokhtar's 121st birth anniversary.
References
Dietrich, Linnea S. "Huda Lutfi: A Contemporary Artist in Egypt" Woman's Art Journal. Vol. 21. No. 2. (Autumn 2000–Winter 2001), pp 12–15.
External links
Al-Ahram Weekly: "Mahmoud Mokhta, Short-changed by history"
Saad Zaghloul Statues mokhtar's meusium at Egyptian fine arts sector Mahmoud Mokhtar full biography on Egyptian fin arts sector
Biography of Mahmoud Mukhtar on the Mathaf Encyclopedia of Modern Arab Art and the Arab World
Artists from Cairo
1891 births
1934 deaths
20th-century Egyptian sculptors |
1481319 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historic%20Triangle | Historic Triangle | The Historic Triangle includes three historic colonial communities located on the Virginia Peninsula, bounded by the York River on the north and James River on the south. The three points that form the triangle are Jamestown, Colonial Williamsburg, and Yorktown. They feature many restored attractions and are linked by the Colonial Parkway in James City and York counties, and the City of Williamsburg.
Describing the significance to the United States of the three main points of the Historic Triangle, the Reverend Dr. W.A.R. Goodwin, rector of Bruton Parish Church and co-founder of Colonial Williamsburg, said, "Williamsburg is Jamestown continued, and Yorktown is Williamsburg vindicated."
Colonial Parkway
The National Park Service's Colonial Parkway was constructed to connect the three historic attractions of Colonial Virginia with a scenic and bucolic roadway carefully shielded from views of commercial development. Intended to help visitors mentally return to the past, it has views of waterway and natural areas, and wildlife and waterfowl along the roadway (and crossing it). The only human development that can be seen from most of the parkway are the two loading piers of Cheatham Annex, part of the Naval Weapons Station Yorktown, which borders the inland side of much of the parkway. The peninsula has major military installations.
Near the James River and York River ends of the parkway, there are several pull-offs where visitors can admire the view. The Colonial Parkway is free of tolls or user fees.
The Parkway starts in Yorktown, passes through Colonial Williamsburg and ends in Jamestown. No commercial vehicles are allowed to use the parkway for transportation, although commuter traffic has increased dramatically in the early 21st century.
Jamestown Ferry
Some visitors from the South travel to the area across the James River by ferry from Surry County. State Route 10 and State Route 31 (the John Rolfe Highway) lead to Scotland Wharf. Visitors can take one of the four Jamestown Ferries, which include the Pocahontas and Williamsburg. As passengers cross, they can leave their vehicles and can walk about or go up to an enclosed viewing level with restrooms.
During favorable weather and daylight hours, northbound passengers usually see the Jamestown Island much as the first colonists may have approached it. Replicas of Christopher Newport's three tiny ships, Susan Constant, Godspeed, and Discovery are docked near the northern ferry landing at Glass House Point.
The state-operated Jamestown Ferry service is toll-free.
Jamestown
The first permanent English settlement in the New World was established at Jamestown on May 13, 1607. There are two major heritage sites at Jamestown: Jamestown Settlement, a living history museum which includes a reconstructed Native American village, colonial fort, and replica ships, operated by the Commonwealth of Virginia; and Historic Jamestowne, the National Park Service site which includes Jamestown Island and the ongoing archaeological projects.
Williamsburg
In 1699, the capital of Virginia was moved from Jamestown to a location on high ground at Middle Plantation at the suggestion of students from the College of William and Mary, which had been established there in 1693. Middle Plantation was soon renamed Williamsburg, in honor of King William III, and it was a busy place until the American Revolution.
In 1780, during the American Revolutionary War, the capital and government were moved to a more secure location at Richmond. Williamsburg became a largely sleepy little town for almost 150 years, as many young people left the Tidewater area in search of new lands to the west and other frontiers. In the early 20th century, the town was revived due to the preservation efforts of Reverend Dr. W.A.R. Goodwin, rector of Bruton Parish Church, and the generosity of Standard Oil heir John D. Rockefeller Jr. and his family, who shared a dream of restoring the old colonial capital city to its 18th-century state. They worked for decades to develop that vision to honor the later colonial capital.
The result of those efforts, Colonial Williamsburg, is a large living museum of early American life. It has 88 original buildings and dozens of restored and recreated buildings and re-enactors. It is one of the most popular tourist destinations in the world. The Visitor's Center (right off the Colonial Parkway) features a short movie. It has a parking area, as automobiles are restricted from the restored area. A wheelchair-accessible shuttle bus service is provided.
Yorktown
The third point of the triangle is Yorktown, where General Cornwallis surrendered to George Washington in 1781 in the last land battle of the American Revolution. There are two large visitor centers, battlefield drives, and a waterfront area. The historic area of downtown has numerous buildings from the pre-Revolutionary era.
Commercial enterprises
The three Historic Triangle areas (and the Colonial Parkway between them) have been restored to promote a sense of the past. Nearby are many modern hotels, motels, campgrounds, restaurants, shops and stores, gasoline stations, and amusements.
Other major attractions include:
Busch Gardens, a theme park located near in James City County
Go-Karts Plus, a theme park located near Williamsburg in James City County next to the Williamsburg Pottery Factory on U.S. Route 60
Water Country USA, a water park located near Williamsburg in York County
The Williamsburg Winery, Virginia's largest winery located on a farm in historical Williamsburg
Williamsburg Pottery Factory, located on U.S. Route 60 a few miles west of Williamsburg in James City County
See also
Hampton Roads
References
External links
Colonial Williamsburg Foundation's official site
The College of William and Mary
APVA web site for the Jamestown Rediscovery project
Historic Jamestowne
Where are We Digging Now?
Jamestown 2007 Celebration
Jamestown Settlement and Yorktown Victory Center
Virtual Jamestown
National Park Service: Jamestown National Historic Site
York County Virginia Local Government
Williamsburg Area Convention and Visitors Bureau - The Official Website
Jamestown 1607
Local Bus Transportation to Historic Triangle
Creative Children's book about Willi a dog that wanders through the Historic Triangle as he learns about our the founding of this nation
Geography of James City County, Virginia
Geography of Williamsburg, Virginia
Geography of York County, Virginia
Landmarks in Virginia |
1481323 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice%20Hockey%20Federation%20of%20Israel | Ice Hockey Federation of Israel | The Israel Ice Hockey Federation (, ) is recognized as the governing body for amateur ice hockey in Israel and is a member of the International Ice Hockey Federation (IIHF). It is often called the Ice Hockey Federation of Israel in order to differentiate it from the IIHF.
History
Ice hockey began in Israel when the first ice rink opened in Qiryat Motzkin in 1986. The Israel Ice Hockey and Figure Skating Association was formed in 1988 and was admitted to the International Ice Hockey Federation in 1991. Israel first competed in the IIHF Pool C world championships in South Africa in 1992, finishing 5th out of the six participating teams (South Africa, Spain, Greece, Luxembourg, Turkey and Israel).
The hockey and figure skating associations split when the sports became large enough to be independent, and the hockey association was renamed to the Ice Hockey Federation of Israel.
Ice hockey in Israel began to grow when several Russian Jewish émigrés, who had played professionally in the Soviet Union, began coaching in Metula, the site of Israel's first and currently only full-size rink. Most notable among these Russian coaches was Boris Mindel, a former defenseman on the Red Army Team, who established a junior program at the Canada Centre rink in Metula.
Ice hockey in Israel received an additional boost of momentum when Roger Neilson, coach of several National Hockey League (NHL) teams including the New York Rangers and the Toronto Maple Leafs, opened a branch of his summer ice hockey camp in Metula and attracted young North American players to train and compete with young Israelis interested in the sport. As of 2005, there are three ice skating rinks in Israel. An Olympic facility and smaller practice rink at the Canada Centre in Metula, and a small rink in the northern town of Ma'alot.
International competition
In the summer of 1997, the Maccabiah Games included ice hockey for the first time and attracted Jewish teams from the United States, Canada, and Ukraine to compete along with the Israel National Team. The U.S. and Canadian team was composed of mostly NCAA players and several who had played in the NHL, including U.S. player coach Mike Hartman of the New York Rangers. At the same time, a team of Jewish teenagers from New York City traveled to Israel to face Boris Mindel's Metula team, and later invited the Israeli juniors to tour the Northeastern United States and Canada with them, giving the Israeli juniors their first exposure to North American competition. The New Yorkers, including many of the same players who had visited in 1997, visited again in 2004 to skate against the Israelis in a spirited series for the "Maccabi Cup".
In 2005, Israel, with the benefit of a number of players who were Israeli-Canadian dual citizens, won the gold medal at the IIHF Division II Group B World Championships and were promoted to Division I for the 2006 IIHF World Championships.
In 2006, after being outscored 47–3 in the IIHF World Championship Division I, Israel was relegated to the 2007 IIHF World Championship Division II.
In the summer of 2007, with outside temperatures reaching ninety degrees Fahrenheit, the first World Jewish Ice Hockey Tournament was held in Metula, with competing teams from Israel, Canada, France, and the winner, the United States.
See also
Ice hockey in Israel
Israel men's national ice hockey team
Israel men's national junior ice hockey team
Israel men's national under-18 ice hockey team
Israeli League (ice hockey)
References
External links
Official website
Meltzer, Bill "Hockey Making Slow but Steady Progress in Israel" at NHL.com Retrieved 28 July 2006.
Meltzer, Bill "Israel Hosts First World Jewish Hockey Tournament" at NHL.com Retrieved 19 July 2007.
Israel
Israel
Ice hockey in Israel
National members of the International Ice Hockey Federation
Ice Hockey
Sports organizations established in 1988 |
1481339 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood-vein | Blood-vein | The blood-vein (Timandra comae) is a moth of the family Geometridae. The species was first described by Anton Schmidt in 1931.
Distribution
It has a scattered distribution in western and central Europe north of the Alps. In the British Isles the distribution is patchy outside southern England and Wales. In far eastern Europe – east of a line running roughly from Finland through Estonia – it is replaced by its sister species Timandra griseata. The species were split in 1931, only to be subsequently re-merged by most authors. But since 1994, new research has come out in favour of treating them as distinct species.
Description
The wings are cream coloured with bold red or purple fascia forming a diagonal stripe across forewings and hindwings. All wings are fringed with the same colour. The tornus of the hindwing is sharply angled giving a distinctive shape. The wingspan is 30–35 mm.
Biology
Two broods are produced each year with the adults flying in May and June and again in August and September. It flies at night and is attracted to light.
The larva is grey brown with darker spots on the back. In the UK, it feeds on the leaves of a variety of plants including dock, knotgrass, sorrel and various species of Atriplex. It overwinters as a larva.
Notes
References
Bibliography
Chinery, Michael (1986). Collins Guide to the Insects of Britain and Western Europe 1986 (Reprinted 1991)
Õunap, Erki; Viidalepp, Jaan & Saarma, Urmas (2005). "Phylogenetic evaluation of the taxonomic status of Timandra griseata and T. comae (Lepidoptera: Geometridae: Sterrhinae)". European Journal of Entomology, 102: 607–615.
Skinner, Bernard (1984). Colour Identification Guide to Moths of the British Isles 1984
External links
Blood-vein at UKMoths
Fauna Europaea
Lepiforum e.V.
Timandrini
Moths described in 1931
Geometrid moths of Great Britain
Moths of Europe |
1481340 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott%20Kim | Scott Kim | Scott Kim is an American puzzle and video game designer, artist, and author of Korean descent. He started writing an occasional "Boggler" column for Discover magazine in 1990, and became an exclusive columnist in 1999, and created hundreds of other puzzles for magazines such as Scientific American and Games, as well as thousands of puzzles for computer games. He was the holder of the Harold Keables chair at Iolani School in 2008.
Kim was born in 1955 in Washington, D.C., and grew up in Rolling Hills Estates, California. He had an early interest in mathematics, education, and art, and attended Stanford University, receiving a BA in music, and a PhD in Computers and Graphic Design under Donald Knuth. In 1981, he created a book called Inversions, words that can be read in more than one way. His first puzzles appeared in Scientific American in Martin Gardner's
"Mathematical Games" column and he said that the column inspired his own career as a puzzle designer.
Kim is one of the best-known masters of the art of ambigrams.
Kim designed logos for Silicon Graphics, Inc., GOES, The Hackers Conference, the Computer Game Developers Conference, and Dylan.
Kim is a regular speaker on puzzle design, such as at the International Game Developers Conference and Casual Games Conference. His wife, Amy Jo Kim, is the author of Community Building on the Web.
He lives in Burlingame, California with his wife Amy Jo Kim, son Gabriel and daughter Lila Rose.
Works
Inversions, 1981, Byte Books, , a book of 60 original ambigrams
"Letterforms & Illusion", 1989, W. H. Freeman & Co., created with Robin Samelson, accompanies the book, Inversions.
Quintapaths, 1969 (tiling puzzle), published by Kadon since 1999.
Heaven and Earth, Buena Vista / Disney (computer game)
Obsidian, SegaSoft (computer game)
MetaSquares, 1996 (computer game, created with Kai Krause, Phil Clevenger, and Ian Gilman).
The Next Tetris, Hasbro Interactive, PlayStation
Railroad Rush Hour, ThinkFun (toy)
Charlie Blast's Territory (Nintendo 64 game)
The NewMedia Puzzle Workout - collection of Kim's magazine puzzles
Scott Kim's Puzzle Box (monthly Shockwave puzzles at JuniorNet.com)
Brainteasers, Mind Benders, Games, Word Searches, Puzzlers, Mazes & More Calendar 2007, Workman Publishing Company,
Contributed works
Harry Abrams. Escher Interactive (computer game)
Elonka Dunin, The Mammoth Book of Secret Code Puzzles, 2006, Constable & Robinson,
Popcap Games, Bejeweled 2, design of Puzzle Mode puzzles
References
Neurology Now. Biographical article from 2009.
Scott Kim: Puzzlemaster - Kim's website
Dan Burstein, Secrets of Angels & Demons, 2004, CDS Books.
Discover magazine "Boggler" column. (archived copies, 1999-2002)
Susan Lammers, Programmers at Work (Microsoft Press, 1986), 272-285. Interview with Kim.
TED Talks video - at the Entertainment Gathering Conference 2008
1955 births
American male writers
American writers of Korean descent
American video game designers
Living people
Puzzle designers
Recreational mathematicians
Mathematics popularizers
Toy inventors
Stanford University alumni
People from Rolling Hills Estates, California |
1481343 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blume | Blume | Blume may refer to:
Music
Blume (band), an Italian band
Surname
Anna and Bernhard Blume, German artistic photographers
Astrid Blume (1872–1924), Danish educator and temperance advocate
Brian Blume (born 1950), a business partner of Gary Gygax in TSR, Inc., producers of the fantasy role-playing game, Dungeons & Dragons
Carl Ludwig Blume (1796–1862), a German-Dutch botanist, whose botanical abbreviation is Blume
Clemens Blume (1862–1932), a Jesuit hymnologist
Clint Blume (1898–1973), a Major League Baseball player
Danny Blume (born 1960), an American music producer, musician and composer
David Blume, an American permaculture teacher and entrepreneur
Fred H. Blume (1875–1971), a Justice of the Wyoming Supreme Court
Friedrich Blume (1893–1975), a German professor of musicology in Kiel University
Georg Blume, a correspondent in Beijing, China of the German newspapers "Die Zeit" and "taz"
Heinrich Blume, German politician
Holger Blume (born 1973), a German sprinter
Joaquín Blume (1933–1959), a Spanish gymnast
John Blume (1909–2002), an American structural engineer
Judy Blume (born 1938), an American author
Lawrence E. Blume, an American professor of economics
Lesley M. M. Blume, an author, journalist, columnist and cultural observer based in New York City
Marc Blume (born 1973), a German sprinter
Marco Blume, a German professional Magic: The Gathering player
Markus Blume (born 1975), a German politician
Pernille Blume (born 1994), a Danish swimmer and Olympic gold medalist
Peter Blume (1906–1992), an American painter and sculptor
Ray Blume (born 1958), a retired American basketball player
Renate Blume (born 1944), a German actress
Ricardo Blume (born 1933), a Peruvian actor and theater director
Robert Blume (1868–1937), an American sailor serving in the United States Navy during the Spanish–American War who received the Medal of Honor for his actions
Thaïs Blume (born 1984), Spanish actress
Veronica Blume (born 1977), a Spanish fashion model and actress
Walter Blume (disambiguation)
Fictional
Blume (Organization), a fictional organization, which appears in Watch Dogs, Watch Dogs 2, and Watch Dogs: Legion.
See also
Blume Bl.502, a family of four-seat light aircraft designed in West Germany by Dr Walter Blume in the late 1950s
Blume High School, a historic building in downtown Wapakoneta, Ohio, United States
Blume in Love, a 1973 film written and directed by Paul Mazursky
Desert Blume, Alberta, a hamlet in Canada
Blum (disambiguation)
Bloom (disambiguation)
Bluma (disambiguation)
Occupational surnames |
1481345 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matilda%20I%20%28tank%29 | Matilda I (tank) | The Tank, Infantry, Mk I, Matilda I (A11) is a British infantry tank of the Second World War. Despite being slow, cramped and armed with only a single machine gun, the Matilda I had some success in the Battle of France in 1940, owing to its heavy armour which withstood the standard German anti-tank guns. However, it was essentially useless in an attacking sense, as its weak armament made it toothless in combat against enemy armour, and the tank was obsolete before it even came into service. The Battle of France was the only time the Matilda I saw combat. The tank was cheaply built as the British government wanted each of the tanks to be built on a very restricted budget in the build-up to the Second World War. It is not to be confused with the later (more successful) model Tank, Infantry Mk II (A12), also known as the "Matilda II", which took over the "Matilda" name after the Matilda I was withdrawn from combat service in 1940. The two models were completely separate designs.
Development history
The development of the tank began with Sir Hugh Elles, Master General of Ordnance, and Major-General A. E. Davidson, who concurred that a tank design to support infantry attacks was needed. After consulting with Major-General Percy Hobart they decided that large groups of small, lightly armed tanks were needed to overrun enemy positions and approached Sir John Carden at Vickers-Armstrongs Ltd to design and begin work on a tank based on these principles, which began in 1935. The General Staff specification required a cheap tank, requiring the use of already commercially available automotive components. It resulted in a small two-man vehicle with a low hull and a small cast turret. The turret was fitted with a single heavy machine gun, either a .303 (7.7 mm) calibre Vickers machine gun or the larger (12.7 mm) Vickers .50 machine gun. Designed for quick delivery as well as low cost, the A11 used many stock parts from other vehicles: a Ford V8 engine, a Fordson gearbox, a steering mechanism similar to the one used in Vickers light tanks and suspension adapted from the Mk IV Dragon artillery tractor, that was based on the Vickers 6-Ton Tank Model E.
The hull and turret were well protected against contemporary anti-tank weapons but the tracks and running gear were exposed and more vulnerable than on tanks that had protected tracks. The lack of a gun with anti-tank capability severely limited its utility on the battlefield. Besides operating the machine gun, the commander had to direct the driver and operate the radio. There being no room in the turret for the radio, it was placed in the hull; the commander had to duck down inside and lie almost prone to operate it. The driver's position was equally cramped and the turret could not be traversed forward while the driver's hatch was open. The top speed of 8 mph (13 km/h) on roads was thought to be sufficient for supporting an infantry advance.
Essentially, the tank was a First World War tank designed twenty years after its conclusion. Those who designed the tank were influenced by the mistaken belief that combat in a new war would be the same as in World War I, in which tanks were used for breaking through strong, static defensive positions. As a result, the tank was obsolete both in design and in its intended purpose.
General Hugh Elles, the Master-General of the Ordnance, is credited with giving the tank the name Matilda "due to the vehicle's diminutive size and duck-like shape and gait." However, the codename "Matilda" for the project was created for Vickers at the time of drawing up the specification in 1935. The "Tank, Infantry, Mark I" name was an Army Council decision of June 1940.
Production history
The first order of sixty Matilda tanks was placed in April 1937, followed by an order for a further sixty ten days later and another 19 were ordered in January 1939. The tank remained in production until August 1940, with a total of one hundred and forty produced, including the prototype. Some were equipped with the heavier .50 inch Vickers machine gun instead of the .303 inch Vickers machine gun.
Combat history
Matilda I tanks equipped the 4th Battalion and 7th Battalion of the Royal Tank Regiment (RTR). In September 1939, upon the outbreak of the Second World War, the 4th RTR deployed to France with the British Expeditionary Force. They were joined at the start of May 1940 by 7th RTR and together formed the 1st Army Tank Brigade. Apart from light tanks assigned to the various British infantry divisions, this was the only British armoured force on the Continent at the start of the Battle of France on 10 May 1940. The 58 Matilda Is and 16 Matilda IIs spearheaded the counter-attack in the Battle of Arras on 21 May, temporarily discomfiting the 7th Panzer Division under Rommel. The heavy armour of both types of British tank proved to be resistant to the standard German 37 mm anti-tank gun and the attack was only halted by a gun line hastily formed from 105 mm howitzers and 88 mm anti-aircraft guns, personally directed by Rommel. On the following day, only 26 Matilda Is and two Matilda II tanks were still serviceable.
On 23 May, tanks from 7 RTR fought a rearguard action at Souchez before joining the general withdrawal towards Dunkirk. The surviving tanks of both battalions were formed into a composite unit, which fought another counter-attack at La Bassée. Only two tanks reached Dunkirk in the closing stages of Operation Dynamo.
Further south in France, five Matilda Is and a few other tanks which had been in various depots or had arrived as late reinforcements, formed the Divisional Tank Company of the Beauman Division, an improvised formation which had been hastily put together to defend the British logistic bases at Rouen and Dieppe. On 8 June, the tanks supported the force, which was mainly infantry, in their unsuccessful defence of the rivers Andelle and Béthune. The division was subsequently evacuated from Cherbourg during Operation Aerial; although 22 tanks of various types were brought back during these evacuations, there were no infantry tanks among them. A Matilda I was selected by the German Army for evaluation and it was destroyed in the process. After most of the deployed Matilda I tanks were abandoned in France, the 77 Matilda Is left in the United Kingdom were withdrawn for training purposes.
Some recent evidence suggests that Matilda I's captured by the Germans may have seen use as internal security vehicles, probably in Poland.
Survivors
Three surviving Matilda I tanks are preserved at The Tank Museum in the United Kingdom. One (HMH 802, identified as "possibly T3447" ) is in running condition; it was recovered from Otterburn gunnery range and restored to running condition, although it is powered by an inauthentic engine and gearbox.
The second vehicle was built in March 1940 and restored to running condition in the 1980s. It is painted to represent T8106 a tank of the 4th Royal Tank Regiment in France in May 1940.
A third Matilda I is a severely damaged wreck that was used as a gunnery range target, and can be found to the north of the Vehicle Conservation Centre.
See also
FCM 36, a similar, French two–man, infantry tank
Matilda II infantry tank
List of tanks of the United Kingdom
Tanks in the British Army
Notes
References
External links
Britain's Matilda Tanks at World War II Tanks and Vehicles / Advanced Squad Leader
Tank Infantry Mark I A11 (E1949.350)
Tank Infantry Mark I A11 (E1993.184)
Infantry tanks
Interwar tanks of the United Kingdom
World War II tanks of the United Kingdom
History of the tank
Military vehicles introduced in the 1930s |
1481350 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebutia | Rebutia | Rebutia is a genus of flowering plants in the family Cactaceae, native to Bolivia and Argentina. They are generally small, colorful cacti, globular in form, which freely produce flowers that are relatively large in relation to the body. They have no distinctive ribs, but do have regularly arranged small tubercles. They are considered fairly easy to grow and they may produce large quantities of seeds that germinate freely around the parent plant.
The limits of the genus are currently uncertain – in particular whether or not it includes species formerly or currently placed in the genera Aylostera, Cintia, Sulcorebutia and Weingartia. The number of species included varies widely from source to source. A very large number of plants that have been treated in cultivation as species of Rebutia are now generally regarded as varieties, forms or synonyms of a much smaller number of species.
Taxonomy
The genus was designated in 1895 by Karl Moritz Schumann and named after Pierre Rebut (1828–1902), a French cactus nurseryman. The type species is R. minuscula, which has been in cultivation since 1887.
Limits of the genus
There has been considerable debate about the extent of the genus. In the middle of the twentieth century there was a tendency to separate groups of plants within Rebutia as new genera, e.g. Mediolobivia, whereas towards the end of the century the reverse tendency predominated, with genera previously regarded as separate, such as Weingartia, being subsumed within Rebutia. At the beginning of the twenty-first century there was a broad consensus, as reflected in Kew's list of Vascular Plant Families and Genera, that the following genera should be regarded as synonyms of Rebutia:
Kew's Plants of the World Online accepts Aylostera Speg. and Reicheocactus .
(The generic names Bridgesia, Spegazzinia, Echinorebutia, Eurebutia, Mediorebutia, Neogymnantha and Setirebutia are invalid, the first two because they are homonyms of Bridgesia Bert. ex Cambess. and Spegazzinia Backeb. respectively, the remainder for lack of any valid publication. Some of these are nevertheless valid names for subdivisions of the genus.)
The history of the taxonomic treatment of the genera Rebutia, Aylostera, Weingartia, Sulcorebutia and Cintia is summarized below.
The variation in the treatment of the genus is illustrated by the difference between Mosti et al., who in 2011 treated Aylostera and Weingartia (including Cintia and Sulcorebutia) as distinct from Rebutia, and Plants of the World Online, which continued to separate Aylostera, but merged Cintia, Sulcorebutia and Weingartia into Rebutia.
Species
The number of species is similarly debatable, because of disagreement both over what constitutes the genus and what constitutes a species. A very large number of plants that have circulated as species of Rebutia are now generally regarded as varieties, forms or synonyms of others. E. F. Anderson recognised forty-one species in 2001. The following species are accepted by Plants of the World Online :
Phylogeny
Recent research has indicated that the genus Rebutia as currently defined is polyphyletic. Sulcorebutia and Weingartia were kept as separate genera in the study; a summary cladogram for those species studied is shown below.
Species formerly classified as Weingartia, Sulcorebutia and Cintia show a close relationship to each other and to species of Rebutia with naked pericarpels (Rebutia II), including the type species R. minuscula. The larger group of species of Rebutia studied, those with hairy or bristly pericarpels, form a separate, more distantly related clade (Rebutia'' I). It is suggested that these be excluded from the genus.
Gallery
Notes and references
External links
Rebutia — Names and Identification
Cactiguide.com: Rebutia
Cacti of South America
Flora of Argentina
Flora of Bolivia
Cactoideae genera |
1481351 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elbert%20N.%20Carvel | Elbert N. Carvel | Elbert Nostrand "Bert" Carvel (February 9, 1910 – February 6, 2005) was an American businessman and politician from Laurel, in Sussex County, Delaware. He was a member of the Democratic Party, who served as the 12th Lieutenant Governor of Delaware and two non-consecutive terms as the Governor of Delaware.
Early life and family
Carvel was born at Shelter Island, Long Island, New York, son of Arnold W. and Elizabeth Nostrand Carvel. Kent Island, Maryland was his childhood home. He married Ann Hall Valliant in 1932 and they had four children, Edwin, Elizabeth, Ann Hall and Barbara. They were members of St. Philip's Episcopal Church in Laurel, Delaware.
Professional and political career
After moving to Laurel in 1936, he began his management of the Valliant Fertilizer Company, that would continue throughout his political career. In his first attempt at public office, Carvel was elected lieutenant governor in 1944, defeating Republican Clayton Bunting, Sr. He served one term from January 16, 1945, to January 18, 1949.
He appeared on the television show What's My Line? on November 13, 1960, as the nascent Governor-elect (second term) of Delaware where his "line" was "manufactures fertilizers."
Governor of Delaware
Carvel was first elected Governor of Delaware in 1948, defeating Republican Hyland F. George and served one term from January 18, 1949, to January 20, 1953. He lost a bid for a second term in 1952 to U.S. Representative J. Caleb Boggs. Subsequently, he lost an election for U.S. Senate in 1958 to incumbent Republican U.S. Senator John J. Williams. However, he was elected to a second term as Governor of Delaware in 1960, defeating Republican John W. Rollins, a former lieutenant governor. Soon after this, on November 13, 1960, he appeared as a contestant on the TV game show What's My Line?. His line was that he manufactured fertilizer. This time he served from January 17, 1961, until January 19, 1965. Carvel lost a final bid for a U.S. Senate seat in 1964, again to incumbent Republican U.S. Senator John J. Williams.
As only the second Democrat elected governor in 48 years, he was also the first Democrat ever to win two terms. He was opposed to capital punishment and was an early and persistent leader for civil rights legislation in a still politically conservative Delaware. As Governor he led the successful effort to create a Delaware Supreme Court, the lack of which threatened Delaware's ability to handle corporate litigation, and thereby ended Delaware's status as the only state without such a court.
Among his other accomplishments during his tenures in office were the building of the first span of the Delaware Memorial Bridge, developing numerous other roads and highways, establishing the Delaware Public Service Commission and initiating the Delaware State Development Department.
Death and legacy
Carvel died in Laurel, Delaware, three days before what would have been his 95th birthday and is buried at the Carvel Family Cemetery, Kent Island, Maryland.
Known as "Big Bert," Carvel stood 6' 6". He was known as a liberal Democrat from conservative "lower Delaware," and never hesitated to promote causes of importance to him regardless of their impact on his political career or his fertilizer business. The state office building at 820 North French Street, Wilmington is named for him, as is the University of Delaware Research and Education Center in Georgetown. The cafeteria in North Laurel Elementary School is named the "Carvel Room", after him.
Almanac
Elections are held the first Tuesday after November 1. The Governor and Lieutenant Governor take office the third Tuesday of January and have four-year terms.
References
Images
Hall of Governors Portrait Gallery; Portrait courtesy of Historical and Cultural Affairs, Dover.
External links
Biographical Directory of the Governors of the United States
Delaware's Governors
University of Delaware Obituary
1910 births
2005 deaths
People from Laurel, Delaware
Businesspeople from Delaware
Lieutenant governors of Delaware
Democratic Party governors of Delaware
Burials in Maryland
20th-century American politicians
People from Shelter Island, New York
20th-century American businesspeople
20th-century American Episcopalians |
1481355 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marginal%20value%20theorem | Marginal value theorem | The marginal value theorem (MVT) is an optimality model that usually describes the behavior of an optimally foraging individual in a system where resources (often food) are located in discrete patches separated by areas with no resources. Due to the resource-free space, animals must spend time traveling between patches. The MVT can also be applied to other situations in which organisms face diminishing returns.
The MVT was first proposed by Eric Charnov in 1976. In his original formulation: "The predator should leave the patch it is presently in when the marginal capture rate in the patch drops to the average capture rate for the habitat."
Definition
All animals must forage for food in order to meet their energetic needs, but doing so is energetically costly. It is assumed that evolution by natural selection results in animals utilizing the most economic and efficient strategy to balance energy gain and consumption. The Marginal Value Theorem is an optimality model that describes the strategy that maximizes gain per unit time in systems where resources, and thus rate of returns, decrease with time. The model weighs benefits and costs and is used to predict giving up time and giving up density. Giving up time (GUT) is the interval of time between when the animal last feeds and when it leaves the patch. Giving up density (GUD) is the food density within a patch when the animal will choose to move on to other food patches.
When an animal is foraging in a system where food sources are patchily distributed, the MVT can be used to predict how much time an individual will spend searching for a particular patch before moving on to a new one. In general, individuals will stay longer if (1) patches are farther apart or (2) current patches are poor in resources. Both situations increase the ratio of travel cost to foraging benefit.
Modeling
As animals forage in patchy systems, they balance resource intake, traveling time, and foraging time. Resource intake within a patch diminishes with time, as shown by the solid curve in the graph to the right. The curve follows this pattern because resource intake is initially very fast, but slows as the resource is depleted. Traveling time is shown by the distance from the leftmost vertical dotted line to the y-axis. Optimal foraging time is modeled by connecting this point on the x-axis tangentially to the resource intake curve. Doing so maximizes the ratio between resource intake and time spent foraging and traveling.
At the extremes of the loading curve, animals spend too much time traveling for a small payoff, or they search too long in a given patch for an ineffective load. The MVT identifies the best possible intermediate between these extremes.
Assumptions
The individual is assumed to control when it leaves the patch in order to maximize the ratio between resource intake and time.
The consumer depletes the amount of resources in the patch where they are foraging; therefore, the rate of intake of food in that patch decreases as a function of time.
If there is variation in the quality of patches, the MVT assumes that different patches are distributed randomly throughout the landscape.
Examples
Humans
A common illustration of the MVT is apple picking in humans. When one first arrives at a new apple tree, the number of apples picked per minute is high, but it rapidly decreases as the lowest-hanging fruits are depleted. Strategies in which too few apples are picked from each tree or where each tree is exhausted are suboptimal because they result, respectively, in time lost travelling among trees or picking the hard to find last few apples from a tree. The optimal time spent picking apples in each tree is thus a compromise between these two strategies, which can be quantitatively found using the MVT.
Optimal foraging in great tits
Great tits are a species of bird found throughout Europe, northern Africa, and Asia. They are known to forage in “patchy” environments, and research has shown that their behavior can be modeled by optimal foraging models, including the MVT. In a 1977 study by R.A. Cowie, birds were deprived of food and then allowed to forage through patches in two different environments (the environments differed only in distance between patches). As predicted, in both cases birds spent more time in one area when the patches were farther away or yielded more benefits, regardless of the environment. In a similar experiment by Naef-Daenzer (1999), great tits were shown to have a foraging efficiency 30% better than random foraging would yield. This is because great tits were specifically spending more time in resource-rich areas, as predicted by the MVT. This data supports the use of the MVT in predicting the foraging behavior of great tits.
Feeding in hairy armadillos and guinea pigs
Experimental evidence has shown that screaming hairy armadillos and guinea pigs qualitatively follow MVT when foraging. The researchers ran several parallel experiments: one for each animal under consistent patch quality, and one for guinea pigs with varying patch quality. While the qualitative foraging trend was shown to follow MVT in each case, the quantitative analysis indicated that each patch was exploited further than expected.
Plant root growth
The MVT can be used to model foraging in plants as well as animals. Plants have been shown to preferentially place their roots, which are their foraging organs, in areas of higher resource concentration. Recall that the MVT predicts that animals will forage for longer in patches with higher resource quality. Plants increase root biomass in layers/areas of soil that are rich in nutrients and resources, and decrease root growth into areas of poor-quality soil. Thus, plants grow roots into patches of soil according to their wealth of resources in a manner consistent with the MVT. Additionally, plant roots grow more quickly through low-quality patches of soil than through high-quality patches of soil, just as foraging animals are predicted to spend less time in low-quality areas than high-quality areas.
Copulation time in dung flies
The MVT can be applied to situations other than foraging in which animals experience diminished returns. Consider, for example, the mating copulation duration of the yellow dung fly. In the dung fly mating system, males gather on fresh cow droppings and wait for females to arrive in smaller groups to lay their eggs. Males must compete with each other for the chance to mate with arriving females—sometimes one male will kick another male off of a female and take over mating with the female mid-copulation. In this instance, the second male fertilizes about 80% of the eggs. Thus, after a male has mated with a female he guards her so that no other males will have the opportunity to mate with her and displace his sperm before she lays her eggs. After the female lays her eggs, the male must take the time to search for another female before he is able to copulate again.
The question, then, is how long the dung fly should spend copulating with each female. On one hand, the longer a male dung fly copulates the more eggs he can fertilize. However, the benefits of extra copulation time diminish quickly, as the male loses the chance to find another female during long copulations. The MVT predicts that the optimal copulation time is just long enough to fertilize about 80% of the eggs; after this time, the rewards are much smaller and are not worth missing out on another mate. This predicted value for copulation time, 40 minutes, is very close to the average observed value, 36 minutes.
In dung flies, the observed values of copulation time and time searching for another mate vary with body weight. Heavier males have shorter search times and shorter copulation times. These shorter search times are likely due to increased cost of travel with increased body weight; shorter copulation times probably reflect that it is easier for heavier males to successfully take over females mid-copulation. Additionally, researchers have taken into account “patch quality,” i.e. the quality of females arriving on the various cowpats. Research also shows that males copulate for longer with the larger females who hold more eggs and have larger reproductive tract dimensions. Thus, males change their copulation time to maximize their fitness, but they are doing so in response to selection imposed by female morphology. Even with these variations, male dung flies do exhibit close-to-optimal copulation time relative to their body size, as predicted by the MVT.
Criticism
Many studies, such as the examples presented above, have shown good qualitative support for predictions generated by the Marginal Value Theorem. However, in some more quantitative studies, the predictions of the MVT haven’t been as successful, with the observed values substantially deviating from predictions. One proposed explanation for these deviations is that it is difficult to objectively measure payoff rates. For example, an animal in an unpredictable environment may need to spend extra time sampling, making it hard for researchers to determine foraging time.
Beyond this imprecision, some researchers propose that there is something fundamental missing from the model. Namely, animals are probably doing more than just foraging, whether it be dealing with predation risks or searching for mating opportunities. Natural selection is not the only force influencing the evolution of species. Sexual selection, for example, may alter foraging behaviors, making them less consistent with the MVT. These researchers point out that the marginal value theorem is a starting point, but complexity and nuances must be incorporated into models and tests for foraging and patch-use.
One other type of model that has been used in place of MVT in predicting foraging behavior is the state-dependent behavior model. Although state-dependent models have been viewed as a generalization of the MVT, they are unlikely to generate broadly applicable predictions like those from the MVT because they test predictions under a specific set of conditions. While the predictions of these models must be tested under precise conditions, they might offer valuable insights not available from broader models such as MVT.
See also
Diminishing returns
Optimal foraging theory
References
Behavioral ecology
Biological theorems |
1481365 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C3%B6rter%20und%20Sachen | Wörter und Sachen | Wörter und Sachen (German for words and things) was a philological movement of the early 20th century that was based largely in Germany and Austria. It is a descriptive research field for linguistic and factual research, which was first presented by R. Mehringer "Wörter und Sachen", Indogermanische Forschungen 17 (1904/1905). Further results were presented in the cultural-historical journal of the same name (Heidelberg 1909 ff.), in English in Th. Bynon, Historical Linguistics. Cambridge 1977.
Its proponents argued that the etymology of words should be studied in close association or in parallel with the study of the artefacts and cultural concepts which the words had denoted. The process would, it was argued, enable researchers to study linguistic data more effectively.
Many of the principles and the theories of the Wörter und Sachen movement have since been incorporated into modern historical linguistics such as the practice of cross-referencing with archaeological data.
See also
Pragmatic mapping
Historical linguistics
20th century in Germany
Cultural history of Austria
Cultural history of Germany |
1481366 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeroperlas | Aeroperlas | Aeroperlas (acronym for Aerolíneas Islas de Las Perlas) was a regional airline based in Panama City, Panama. It was the third largest airline in the country, surpassed only by Air Panama and Copa Airlines. From its hub at Marcos A. Gelabert and Enrique Malek International airports, Aeroperlas operated over 50 daily scheduled flights to 15 domestic destinations, as well as charter and courier flights. It operated services as part of the Grupo TACA regional airlines system.
On February 29, 2012, Aeroperlas ceased operations due to financial problems.
History
Inauguration and expansion years
The airline was founded in June 1970 as Aerolíneas Islas de las Perlas and started operations shortly after. It was a state-owned company from 1976 until 1987, when it was sold to private owners.
During the late 1990s, Aeroperlas was owned by APAIR (80%) and the parent company of American Eagle Airlines, AMR Corporation (20%). According to Dan Garton, AMR took a stake in Aeroperlas to find a way of streamlining American Eagle's fleet and placing their Shorts 360 fleet with another airline. It was unclear if AMR remained as a shareholder in the airline in 2009. In 1996, Aeroperlas begun international operations, launching services to Costa Rica.
In 2004, Aeroperlas became an affiliate member of Grupo TACA and made a big improvements in terms of security.
In October 2007, the airline became the first Panamanian regional airline to be certified under the strict regulations of Panama's Civil Aeronautic Authority (ACC) agency. It was also the first airline in Panama to neutralize emissions from the air, because of a partnership with nature conservation group ANCON, which included the promotion of trees conservation at a private reserve in Darién Province.
In July 2011, Aeroperlas started scheduled flights from the domestic terminal of Tocumen International Airport to Chirquí and Bocas del Toro provinces, with a stopover at Albrook "Marcos A. Gelabert" International Airport.
Demise and closure
The beginning of the end for Aeroperlas came in 2010, when two well-publicized incidents involving ATR 42 aircraft caused Panama's Civil Aeronautic Authority to raise several safety and maintenance issues. The public's confidence in Aeroperlas took a downturn as a consequence, with passenger numbers dropping by one-third. This caused Aeroperlas to suffer serious financial problems and to withdraw all the de Havilland Canada DHC-6 Twin Otters from the fleet, which were sold to other airlines or scrapped.
In February 2012, hundreds of people from the Ngobe-Bugle tribe blocked several points of the Pan-American Highway in Panama for almost a week, protesting against a mining project in Cerro Colorado. This caused major disruptions in traffic to the extent that the Minister of Tourism at that time, Salomoh Shamah, decided to create a nationwide airlift to move people and tourists who were stranded on the highway, at bus terminals and airports, and critical supplies without any cost. This situation aggravated Aeroperlas' financial problems to the point of entering Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection.
On February 29, 2012, Aeroperlas ceased operations, citing market conditions and an obsolete business model. Around 150 employees were left without work, and they were transferred to Air Panama along with the routes left by the airline, and Copa Airlines. On March 6, 2012, Aeroperlas made its last official scheduled flight from Tocumen Airport to Bocas del Toro, thus ending 41 years of operation.
Destinations
Aeroperlas operated services to the following scheduled regional destinations:
Fleet
Final fleet
The Aeroperlas fleet included the following aircraft ():
Retired fleet
The airline formerly operated the following aircraft:
2 Beechcraft Model 99
2 Canadair CC-109 Cosmopolitan
15 de Havilland Canada DHC-6 Twin Otter
4 Embraer EMB-110 Bandeirante
3 GAF Nomad
8 Shorts 360
Accidents and incidents
During its early years of operation, Aeroperlas had a less-than-admirable safety record (as detailed below). However, since its commercial affiliation with TACA Airlines in 2004, operational procedures were improved and safety technology on aircraft were upgraded. The installation of a new, safety-focused management team in late 2005 improved Aeroperlas' safety record. In 2006, according to official numbers published by the Panamanian Civil Aviation Authority, Aeroperlas suffered just one minor incident - the same safety record as Panama's Copa Airlines achieved in the same period.
As of May 15, 2007, Aeroperlas had a clean safety record and started pointing to its safety strength in commercial activities (e.g.; its "Fly Safely, Fly Aeroperlas" campaign).
Hijackings
On July 5, 1990, De Havilland Canada DHC-6 Twin Otter was hijacked. The hijacker(s) demanded to be taken to Colombia. The hijacking lasted less than one day. The Twin Otter was stolen by the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia on the same day on a flight from Colón and was destroyed in August 1990.
See also
List of defunct airlines of Panama
References
External links
Aeroperlas
Aviation Safety Net
Airlines established in 1970
Airlines disestablished in 2012
Avianca
Defunct airlines of Panama
Companies based in Panama City
Grupo TACA |
1481371 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamestown%20Ferry | Jamestown Ferry | The Jamestown Ferry (also known as the Jamestown-Scotland Ferry) is a free automobile and bus ferry service across a navigable portion of the James River in Virginia. It carries State Route 31, connecting Jamestown in James City County with Scotland Wharf in Surry County.
The service provides the only vehicle crossing of the river between the James River Bridge downstream at Newport News and the Benjamin Harrison Memorial Bridge upriver near Hopewell. It is toll-free and operated 24 hours a day, 7 days a week by the Virginia Department of Transportation (VDOT). The vessels carry over 900,000 passengers annually. Operations are based at the Scotland Wharf in Surry County.
History
The Jamestown Ferry service was privately established in 1925. The Commonwealth of Virginia acquired it and the Department of Transportation (VDOT) assumed operations in 1945. It runs it as a state service. Nearly a million vehicles make the fifteen-minute voyage across the James each year.
The ferryboat Captain John Smith made the first automobile-ferry crossing of the James River on February 26, 1925. The privately owned business was founded by Captain Albert F. Jester. After the Captain John Smith was retired in the early 1950s, the deckhouse was put into adaptive use. For another 50 years, it was used as a private waterside cottage, perched on pilings in the Elizabeth River near Portsmouth. In 2003, the deckhouse was removed and donated to a preservation group in Surry County.
Bridge alternative considerations
The Eastern Virginia Bridge Company considered building a bridge at the ferry location in 1928. Replacing the ferry with a bridge is an issue which has been revisited by politicians, transportation officials, and the communities. Elmon T. Gray, who represented the area in the Virginia Senate from 1972 until 1992, advocated a bridge to replace the ferry for many years but the bridge was vehemently opposed by residents of a nearby upscale waterfront residential community in James City County as well as historic preservationists. The plan was ultimately defeated when the Commonwealth Transportation Board unanimously killed plans for the proposed span in 1991.
Given the strong opposition of local residents on both sides of the river and the cost of such construction, plans for a bridge have not gained broad support since. Opponents are concerned with adverse effects of potential increases in population that a permanent crossing may cause on the southern shore of the James River. In addition, the need to provide deepwater access for shipping would require either a high bridge or drawbridge, adding to the potential cost. There has been a strong desire by VDOT to avoid building any new drawbridges since the disastrous 1977 collision of the SS Marine Floridian into the Benjamin Harrison Bridge at Jordan Point, a drawbridge located 35 miles upstream. The area south of the James is very rural and tolls would not be sufficient to cover the cost of construction. Other critics cite the negative effect of a bridge on views from Jamestown Island, the Colonial Parkway, and the surrounding area. They are also concerned about increased traffic on the two-lane roads on either side.
Periodically a ferry vessel will be out of service for repairs and inspection, and motorists experience delays. Existing alternate routes to the east include the James River Bridge on Route 17, and the Interstate 664 Monitor-Merrimac Memorial Bridge-Tunnel, and to the west the Benjamin Harrison Bridge on Route 106 or the interstate 295 Varina-Enon Bridge.
Current ferry operations
The ferry operates 24 hours a day with a minimum of a single vessel in service at all times; additional frequencies are added with a second ship during the day and a third during times of high traffic in the summer. The Virginia Department of Transportation owns and operates four vessels for the service—Powhatan, Pocahontas, Surry, and Williamsburg. Powhatan can carry up to 70 vehicles and 499 passengers, and was built by VT Halter Marine in 2018 to replace the 1936-built Virginia that had a capacity of only 28 cars. Pocahontas, built in 1995, has a capacity of 70 vehicles and 444 passengers, and sister ships Surry, built in 1979, and Williamsburg can each carry up to 50 vehicles and 360 people.
Park and Ride bus service
To mitigate rush-hour traffic and delays due to security measures, in October 2007, Williamsburg Area Transit Authority (WATA) began a Park and Ride transit bus service from three stops in Surry County to limited stops at several major points in James City County and Williamsburg. These terminate at the Williamsburg Transportation Center in the downtown area adjacent to the historic area of Colonial Williamsburg. As of October 2016, the route terminates at the Jamestown Settlement, where passengers may transfer to WATA's Jamestown Route to connect to the Williamsburg Transportation Center.
At the Williamsburg Transportation Center, connections are available with:
Eight other WAT routes covering portions of the city, areas in upper and lower James City County, the Bruton District of York County, and the western tip of Newport News at Lee Hall;
an express route of Hampton Roads Transit (HRT);
intercity bus services from Greyhound Lines (and its Carolina Trailways affiliate); and
intercity passenger rail service by Amtrak.
Surry County stops include Surry Government Center, Surry Community Center, the Surry branch of the Blackwater Regional Library and the VDOT Park and Ride lot near Scotland Wharf.
The bus makes three round trips each morning and three each afternoon during peak commuter periods, Monday through Saturday. The daily fare is $3.00 as of October 2016, which includes the cost of any transfers to other WATA routes.
Scotland in Surry County
"Scotland in Surry County" is only a short distance from the Town of Surry and State Route 10, which runs between Richmond and Suffolk. Highway 10 parallels the south bank of the James River, serving Hopewell and Smithfield.
Highway 10 provides access to many historical sites, including City Point, Flowerdew Hundred Plantation, Upper Brandon Plantation, Lower Brandon Plantation, Chippokes Plantation State Park, Bacon's Castle, Smith's Fort Plantation, and the Isle of Wight County Museum in Smithfield.
In popular culture
The ferry served as the title and subject for Tanya Tucker's 1972 top-ten country single "The Jamestown Ferry", composed by Mack Vickery and Bobby Borchers. This song has more recently been covered by Charley Crockett in 2017.
References
External links
VDOT Jamestown Ferry website
Williamsburg Area Transport (WAT) Bus Service
Virginia Places website Jamestown Ferry photographs
Ferries of Virginia
Crossings of the James River (Virginia)
Transportation in James City County, Virginia
Transportation in Surry County, Virginia |
1481376 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drit%C3%ABro%20Agolli | Dritëro Agolli | Dritëro Agolli (13 October 1931 – 3 February 2017) was an Albanian poet, writer and politician. He studied in Leningrad in the Soviet Union, and wrote primarily poetry, but also short stories, essays, plays, and novels. He was head of the League of Writers and Artists of Albania from 1973 until 1992. He was a leading figure in the Albanian Communist nomenklatura.
Biography
Agolli was born to an Albanian, Bektashi family in Menkulas in the Devoll District. He and his family spoke Albanian in the Tosk dialect. He finished high school in Gjirokastër in 1952. He later studied at the Faculty of Arts of the University of Leningrad and took up journalism upon his return to Albania, working for the daily newspaper Zëri i Popullit () for 15 years. Agolli was also a deputy in the Albanian Parliament.
Beginnings as a poet
Agolli first was a poet. His early verse collections were I went out on the street (, Tirana 1958), My steps on the pavement (, Tirana 1961), and Mountain paths and sidewalks (, Tirana 1965).
Prose attempts
As a prose writer, Agolli first wrote the novel Commissar Memo (, Tirana 1970), translated in English as The bronze bust, Tirana 1975. Agolli's second novel, The man with the cannon (, Tirana 1975) translated into English in 1983, takes up the partisan theme from a different angle.
After these two novels of partisan heroism, Agolli produced his satirical Splendour and fall of comrade Zylo (, Tirana 1973). Comrade Zylo is a well-meaning but incompetent apparatchik, a director of an obscure government cultural affairs department. His pathetic vanity, his quixotic fervour, his grotesque public behaviour, his splendour and fall, are all recorded in ironic detail by his hard-working and more astute subordinate and friend Demkë who serves as a neutral observer. Comrade Zylo is a universal figure, to be found in any society or age, and critics have been quick to draw parallels ranging from Daniel Defoe and Nikolay Gogol’s Revizor to Franz Kafka and Milan Kundera's Zert. Splendour and fall of comrade Zylo first appeared in 1972 in the Tirana satirical journal Hosteni () and was published the following year in monograph form.
Albanian League of Writers and Artists
Agolli was head of the Albanian League of Writers and Artists from 1973 until 1992. He was a leading figure in the Albanian Communist nomenklatura.
From the 1960s until the Communist regime collapsed in the early 1990s, the League accused Albanian writers it deemed guilty of neglecting their responsibility as Communists to reflect the literary style of Socialist Realism in their writings and thereby advance the goals of the Communist Party; some writers were arrested, and either imprisoned for many years or shot, and others were hounded by the state secret police and suffered attacks. Kasem Trebeshina was imprisoned, Pjetër Arbnori (also called Albanian Mandela) was re-convicted in prison for his literary anti-communist work and imprisoned from ages 26 to 54, Bilal Xhaferri was expelled, exiled in communist gulags, and forced to flee to the U.S., Vilson Blloshmi was shot, and many others who were persecuted in many ways.
Some survived, such as the poet Xhevahir Spahiu and the writer Ismail Kadare, who ultimately defected to France to escape the regime and its Sigurimi secret police, and thereafter won the Prix mondial Cino Del Duca, the Herder Prize, the Man Booker International Prize, the Prince of Asturias Award, the Jerusalem Prize, the Park Kyong-ni Prize, and the Neustadt International Prize for Literature.
The 1990s
In the early 1990s, he was a member of Parliament for the Socialist Party of Albania. He also founded the Dritëro Publishing Company and published new prose and poetry.
Agolli wrote throughout the 1990s. He has verse collections: The time beggar (, Tirana 1995), The spirit of our forefathers (, Tirana 1996), The strange man approaches (, Tirana 1996), Ballad for my father and myself (, Tirana 1997), Midnight notebook (, Tirana 1998), and The distant bell (, Tirana 1998). Among volumes of prose are: the short story collection Insane people (, Tirana 1995); The naked horseman (, Tirana 1996), and The devil's box (, Tirana 1997).
Agolli, who was a heavy smoker all his adult life, died from pulmonary disease on 3 February 2017 in Tirana at the age of 85.
Legacy
Though Agolli was a leading figure in the Albanian Communist nomenklatura, he is still widely read in Albania.
Bibliography
Akademia e Shkencave e Shqipërisë (2008) (in Albanian), Fjalor Enciklopedik Shqiptar (Albanian encyclopedia), Tirana,
Robert Elsie, Historical Dictionary of Albania, New Edition, 2004,
Shefki Hysa, "The Diplomacy of self-denial" (Diplomacia e vetëmohimit), publicistic, Tirana, 2008,
Namik Selmani, "Salute from Chameria" publicistic, (2009), Tirana,
References
External links
Poetry by Dritëro Agolli
1931 births
2017 deaths
Albanian novelists
People from Devoll (municipality)
20th-century Albanian poets
21st-century Albanian poets
Bektashi Order
20th-century Albanian politicians
21st-century Albanian politicians
Respiratory disease deaths in Albania |
1481377 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist%20Review | Socialist Review | The Socialist Review was a monthly magazine of the British Socialist Workers Party. As well as being printed it was also published online.
Original publication: 1950–1962
The Socialist Review was set up in 1950 as the main publication of the Socialist Review Group (SRG). It began as a duplicated magazine, the parent group only being able to afford to have it printed from 1954 onwards. In its last years it lost its central importance to the SRG due to the launch in 1960 of a new journal International Socialism and in 1961 a newspaper, Industrial Worker that then became Labour Worker and subsequently the weekly Socialist Worker. Socialist Review was discontinued in 1962 – the year in which the SRG became the International Socialists.
Monthly magazine: 1978–2005
In 1978 the title Socialist Review was launched by the Socialist Workers Party, as the IS had become known. The monthly magazine was renamed Socialist Worker Review in the 1990s later reverting to the better known title and has remained the monthly magazine of the SWP.
In 2003, the selling of the SWP's in-house printing press, for which they give the reason that it was outdated technology that was too expensive to replace, forced them to find new printers for the magazine; Warners Midlands plc. This opened up the opportunity of full colour throughout and of a more professional appearance generally. This has helped to further the push for wider readership particularly outside the ranks of the SWP. The final issue in this format, number 302, was published in December 2005.
Editors
The final editor of SR in this format was Chris Nineham. The magazine was edited by Lindsey German, who is convener of the Stop the War Coalition, till May 2004 and from June 2004 to October, 2005 by Peter Morgan.
Supplement to Socialist Worker: 2006–2007
At the SWP conference in January 2006, a plan was put forward to radically change the format of Socialist Review, turning it into a monthly supplement for Socialist Worker, though retaining the cover price so it could continue to be sold separately. The stated reason for the change was: "The new magazine would draw upon the strengths of both Socialist Worker and Socialist Review and will use the better sale and distribution of the paper to reach a wider audience." The first issue in this format appeared in February 2006.
Monthly magazine: 2007–2020
Socialist Review reverted to being a separate magazine in May 2007, edited first by Judith Orr, and now Sally Campbell. Regular writers include Mark Serwotka, Billy Hayes and Lindsey German. Since the relaunch it has carried interviews with figures such as Naomi Klein, George Galloway, Tony Benn, Tom Morello and Howard Zinn, and features by Francis Beckett and István Mészáros.
References
External links
Online version
Socialist Review index, 1950-1962
Socialist Review index, 1978-2005
Socialist Workers Party
1950 establishments in the United Kingdom
Political magazines published in the United Kingdom
Monthly magazines published in the United Kingdom
Magazines established in 1950
Socialist magazines
Socialist Workers Party (UK)
Trotskyist works
Marxist magazines |
1481378 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kona%20Bicycle%20Company | Kona Bicycle Company | Kona Bikes is a bicycle company based in the Pacific Northwest. The company was founded in 1988 by Dan Gerhard, Jacob Heilbron and Jimbo Holmstrom in Vancouver, BC. Their world headquarters are in Ferndale, Washington, with Canadian distribution offices in Vancouver, and European distribution offices in Monaco.
Gerhard and Heilbron worked initially with Mountain Bike Hall of Fame rider Joe Murray to create a range of custom steel hardtails. Kona was the first brand to produce a complete range of sloping top tube design mountain bike frames.
Paul Brodie collaborated with the TBG and was likely instrumental in implementing the sloping top tube design from previous work with Rocky Mountain and with his own company.
The Canadian headquarters are located near the famous North Shore Mountains of Vancouver, leading Kona to develop a range of Freeride mountain bikes in 1998 known for durability as well as for their ability to handle extremely technical downhill terrain. In the 1990s, provocative names were used on Kona bikes and components like Humuhumunukunukuapua'a, Sutra, Sex One, Sex Too, Stinky, Jackshit, while there are rumors about one of their early logos being inspired by an anus, aiming to be placed as an "alternative" bicycle company or as the "smallest biggest company in the world".
Kona has gone on to develop a complete range of road, commuter, cyclo-cross in addition to a complete range of mountain bikes. Using a range of materials including carbon fiber, titanium, aluminum and steel, Kona's bikes are sold in over 60 countries worldwide.
On January 19, 2022, the founders announced the sale of the company to diversified outdoor equipment maker Kent Outdoors. On April 19, 2024, Kent Outdoors began winding down operations with plans to sell the brand.
On May 20, 2024, Dan and Jake announced that they had re-purchased the brand from Kent Outdoors with plans to re-launch it.
Kona Factory Team
Kona has a long-standing tradition in the support of bicycle racing, beginning with their first product designer Joe Murray who was also a two-time US National mountain bike champion. Many elite riders have been part of the Kona Team including 2012 Giro D'Italia winner Ryder Hesjedal (CAN),Two time World Champion cross country mountain biker 2001,2002 Roland Green (Can), World Downhill Champions Steve Peat (UK) and Greg Minnaar (RSA), 2004/2005 World Downhill Champion Fabien Barel (FR), World Cup Downhill Champion Tracy Moseley (UK), and US National Mountain Bike and Cyclo-Cross champions Ryan Trebon and Anne Knapp. Over 200 National and World Champions have been won by Kona riders. The current Kona Factory team competes in National and International events and includes riders from Canada, the UK, Australia, France and the US.
Cory Wallace
After finishing 4th in the World Solo 24HR Championships in 2015, and 2nd in 2016, Kona Factory Team rider Cory Wallace won the event 3 consecutive years, from 2017 to 2019. Due to the global COVID-19 pandemic, the event was unable to proceed in 2020 and 2021, however in 2022 Wallace once again defended his world title.
Wallace won all four championships while riding a Kona Hei Hei CRDL.
Advocacy
Kona has been an International Mountain Biking Association corporate supporter since 1994, and has developed fundraising projects including the Kona Buck-A-Bike program, the Kona Bro Deal program, the Interbike bowling tourney and Kona/IMBA Freeriding grants.
The Kona/IMBA bowling party, held at Interbike from 1998 until 2007, raised money for NEMBA, a New England IMBA-related advocacy group. Its purpose was to help purchase a large area for mountain biking by funding the KONA/IMBA freeride grants. The Kona/IMBA Freeride grants helped clubs throughout the US and Canada including:Rapid City, South Dakota; Grand Junction, Colorado; Hood River, Oregon; Coquitlam, British Columbia; St. Charles, Missouri; Surrey, British Columbia; Anderson, Indiana, and East Burke, Vermont. The grants helped build freeride features on trails, as well as building dirt jump parks in parks.
For 2008, Kona sponsored the IMBA Epic Rides program, helping fund four new rides throughout the United States and Canada. The trails set aside as Epic rides for 2008 were the Mid Mountain Epic in Park City, Utah; Comfortably Numb in Whistler, British Columbia; the trails sponsored by PAMBA outside of Peoria, Illinois, and the Loon Lake Epic in Tamarack, Idaho.
Kona Africabike
In 2006, Kona began its largest advocacy effort to date - BikeTown Africa. The Kona Africabike was a bike built in partnership with Bristol-Myers Squibb and Bicycling Magazine. The Kona Africabike was designed specifically to assist health care workers treating HIV and AIDS patients with the delivery of home health aids and other services in African Cities, starting with Bobonong, Botswana and Gaborone, Botswana. More recent projects have included Delft and Stellenbosch.
For 2008, Kona pledged to donate 1,000 Africabikes for the project and due to the overwhelming customer support of this project, Kona set up a non-profit/humanitarian organization from their European HQ in Geneva, Switzerland called Kona Basic Needs. This organisation's aim is to continue to raise more funds and awareness of the Kona Africabike program and to continue the donation of these bikes. .
References
External links
Kona's Vimeo page
Classic Kona, a collection of past Kona bikes online
Cycle manufacturers of Canada
Mountain bike manufacturers
Vehicle manufacturing companies established in 1988 |
1481380 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El-Obeid | El-Obeid | El-Obeid (, al-ʾAbyaḍ, lit."the White"), also romanized as Al-Ubayyid, is the capital of the state of North Kurdufan, in Sudan.
History and overview
El-Obeid was founded by the pashas of Ottoman Egypt in 1821. It was attacked by the Mahdists in September 1882, and, after capitulation, was subsequently destroyed in 1883. It was then rebuilt on a modern plan in 1898, following the fall of the Mahdist empire.
In 2008, its population was 340,940. It is an important transportation hub: the terminus of a rail line, the junction of various national roads and camel caravan routes, and the end of a pilgrim route from Nigeria. As regional commercial centre, it is known for products such as gum arabic, millet, oilseeds, and livestock.
The population of El-Obeid today is majority Muslim, with a small Christian presence. The town is the site of an airport and an oil refinery. El-Obeid is home to the University of Kordofan, one of the largest universities in Sudan, established in 1990. Since 1989, the city also has been home to a French Association (Alliance française) that serves as a Sudanese-French cultural centre in cooperation with the university's French language department.
The United Nations Mission in Sudan established its Logistics Base there.
Due to the repair and paving of asphalt roads and the emergence of several private bus companies, transport became easier between the town and the Sudanese capital Khartoum. The journey takes about nine hours by tourist coach, and another three hours from El-Obeid to Um Kadada in Darfur.
During the Sudanese civil war, the city has been under siege. In early September, the Sudanese Army have recaptured the city. Tensions remain high at the grand market
Geography
Climate
El-Obeid has a hot semi-desert climate (Köppen: BSh), bordering upon a hot desert climate (BWh), despite receiving over of rain, owing to the extremely high potential evapotranspiration. Temperatures are coolest in December and January and are hottest from April to June. A wet season lasts from June to September with moderate rainfall and relatively high humidity. The period from November to April is almost completely dry, with very low humidity.
Sports
As of 2015, the Sudanese Premier League team Al-Hilal SC (Al-Ubayyid) plays in El-Obeid.
Religion
The town is predominantly Muslim. However, it is also the seat of a Roman Catholic Diocese, which is the only other one in Sudan next to Khartoum since the partition in 2011, and of an Anglican Bishopric.
The Catholic Cathedral of Our Lady Queen of Africa in El-Obeid is considered to be one of the largest and oldest churches in Sudan. It was founded in 1872 by Daniele Comboni, an Italian Roman Catholic bishop, who worked for the Catholic missions in Sudan between 1858 and his death in Khartoum in 1881. The present building was constructed between 1961 and 1964 in Italian style.
See also
Railway stations in Sudan
Battle of El-Obeid
Giovanni Losi
References
Obeid
State capitals in Sudan |
1481388 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canarium | Canarium | Canarium is a genus of about 120 species of tropical and subtropical trees, in the family Burseraceae. They grow naturally across tropical Africa, south and southeast Asia, Indochina, Malesia, Australia and western Pacific Islands; including from southern Nigeria east to Madagascar, Mauritius, Sri Lanka and India; from Burma, Malaysia and Thailand through the Malay Peninsula and Vietnam to south China, Taiwan and the Philippines; through Borneo, Indonesia, Timor and New Guinea, through to the Solomon Islands, Vanuatu, New Caledonia, Fiji, Samoa, Tonga and Palau.
Canarium species grow up to large evergreen trees of tall, and have alternately arranged, pinnate leaves. They are dioecious, with male and female flowers growing on separate trees.
Common names
The trees and their edible nuts have a large number of common names in their range. These include Pacific almond, canarium nut, pili nut, Java almond, Kenari nut, galip nut, nangai, and ngali.
Species
As of January 2024, Plants of the World Online accepts 121 species. The brief species distribution information was sourced from Flora Malesiana, the Flora of China (series), the Australian Tropical Rainforest Plants information system, and Plants of the World Online.
Canarium acutifolium – New Guinea, Maluku, Sulawesi, New Britain, New Ireland, Bougainville, Qld Australia
Canarium album Chinese white olive (橄欖) – Taiwan, S China, Vietnam
Canarium ampasindavae – Madagascar
Canarium apertum – Sumatra, Malay Peninsula, Borneo
Canarium arcuatum – Madagascar
Canarium asperum – New Guinea, Maluku, Sulawesi, Philippines, Borneo, Java, Sumbawa, Sumba, Flores, Timor, Solomon Is.,
Canarium australasicum – Qld, NSW, Australia endemic
Canarium australianum – New Guinea, Qld, NT, WA, Australia
Canarium balansae – New Caledonia endemic
Canarium balsamiferum – Maluku, Sulawesi
Canarium batjanense – Maluku
Canarium bengalense – India, Burma, Laos, Thailand, S China
Canarium betamponae – Madagascar
Canarium boivinii – northeastern Madagascar
Canarium bullatum – northern and northeastern Madagascar
Canarium caudatum – Sumatra, Malay Peninsula, Borneo
Canarium cestracion – E New Guinea
Canarium chinare – Solomon Is., Admiralty Is.
Canarium cinereum – Vietnam
Canarium compressum – Madagascar
Canarium copaliferum – Vietnam
Canarium decumanum – E Borneo, Maluku, New Guinea, Sulawesi
Canarium denticulatum – Andaman Is., Burma, Sumatra, Malay Penin., Java, Borneo, Philippines
Canarium dichotomum – Sumatra, Borneo
Canarium divergens – Borneo
Canarium egregium – Madagascar
Canarium elegans — Madagascar
Canarium engleri – Vietnam
Canarium euphyllum – Andaman Is.
Canarium euryphyllum – Philippines
Canarium ferrugineum – Madagascar
Canarium findens – Madagascar
Canarium fugax – Madagascar
Canarium fuscocalycinum – Borneo
Canarium galokense – Madagascar
Canarium globosum – Madagascar
Canarium gracile – Philippines
Canarium grandifolium – Malay Peninsula
Canarium harveyi – Fiji, Niue, Santa Cruz Islands, Solomon Islands, Tonga, Vanuatu, Wallis and Futuna
Canarium hirsutum – New Guinea to throughout Malesia, Solomon Is., Palau
Canarium indicum – New Guinea, New Britain, New Ireland, Solomon Is., Vanuatu, Maluku, Sulawesi
Canarium indistinctum – Madagascar
Canarium intermedium – S Sumatra
Canarium kaniense – New Guinea
Canarium karoense – N Sumatra
Canarium kerrii – Thailand
Canarium kinabaluense – N Borneo
Canarium kipella – W Java
Canarium kostermansii – Borneo
Canarium lamianum – Madagascar
Canarium lamii – New Guinea
Canarium latistipulatum – Borneo
Canarium liguliferum – Solomon Islands (Rob Roy Island)
Canarium littorale – Indo-China, Sumatra, Malay Peninsula, Java, Borneo
Canarium lobocarpum – Madagascar
Canarium longistipulatum – Madagascar
Canarium luzonicum – Philippines
Canarium lyi – Vietnam
Canarium macadamii – New Guinea
Canarium madagascariense – Madagascar (Nosy Bé)
Canarium maluense – Sulawesi, Maluku, New Guinea, Borneo
Canarium manii – Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Myanmar
Canarium manongarivum – Madagascar
Canarium megacarpum – New Guinea
Canarium megalanthum – Sumatra, Malay Peninsula, Borneo
Canarium merrillii – Borneo
Canarium muelleri – Queensland endemic, Australia
Canarium multiflorum – Madagascar
Canarium multinerve – Madagascar
Canarium nitidifolium – Madagascar
Canarium obovatum – Madagascar
Canarium obtusifolium – eastern Madagascar
Canarium odontophyllum – Sumatra, Borneo, Philippines (Palawan)
Canarium oleiferum – New Caledonia endemic
Canarium oleosum – New Guinea, New Britain, Timor, Maluku, Sulawesi
Canarium ovatum – Philippines, cultivated Asia–Pacific
Canarium pallidum – Madagascar
Canarium paniculatum – Mauritius
Canarium parvum – S China, Vietnam
Canarium patentinervium – Sumatra, Malay Peninsula, Banka, Borneo
Canarium perlisanum – Malay Peninsula (Perlis)
Canarium pilicarpum – northern and east-northeastern Madagascar
Canarium pilososylvestre – W New Guinea
Canarium pilosum – Sumatra, Malay Peninsula, Borneo
subsp. borneensis – Borneo
Canarium pimela Chinese black olive (乌榄) – Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos, S China
Canarium planifolium – Madagascar
Canarium polyphyllum – New Guinea
Canarium pseudodecumanum – Sumatra, Malay Peninsula, Borneo
Canarium pseudopatentinervium – S Sumatra, Banka, Borneo
Canarium pseudopimela – Borneo (Sarawak)
Canarium pseudosumatranum – Malay Peninsula
Canarium pulchrebracteatum – eastern Madagascar
Canarium reniforme – Peninsular Malaysia
Canarium resiniferum – Assam and Bangladesh
Canarium rigidum – New Guinea
Canarium rotundifolium – Cambodia and Vietnam
Canarium salomonense – New Guinea and Solomon Islands
Canarium sarawakanum – Borneo (Sarawak)
Canarium schweinfurthii – African canarium; from Nigeria and Angola to Uganda
Canarium sikkimense – Sikkim
Canarium strictum – India, Burma, S China
Canarium subsidarium – Madagascar
Canarium subtile – Madagascar
Canarium subulatum – Thailand, Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos, S China
Canarium sumatranum – Sumatra, Malay Peninsula
Canarium sylvestre – New Guinea, Maluku
Canarium thorelianum – Cambodia and Vietnam
Canarium trifoliolatum – New Caledonia endemic
Canarium trigonum – Sulawesi
Canarium vanikoroense – Fiji, Santa Cruz Islands, Vanuatu, and Wallis and Futuna
Canarium velutinifolium – Madagascar
Canarium venosum – Thailand
Canarium vitiense – Fiji, Solomon Is., Samoa, Tonga, New Guinea, Bismarck Arch., Admiralty Is., Louisiade Arch., Torres Strait I's, Qld Australia
Canarium vittatistipulatum – Vietnam
Canarium vrieseanum – Philippines, Sulawesi
Canarium vulgare – Flores, Timor, Sulawesi, Maluku
Canarium whitei – New Caledonia endemic
Canarium zeylanicum – Sri Lanka
Uses and ecology
Several species have edible nuts, known as galip nut or nangae (C. indicum), pili nut (C. ovatum), or simply canarium nut (C. harveyi and C. indicum). C. indicum are among the most important nut-bearing trees in eastern Indonesia and the Southwest Pacific. C. ovatum is cultivated as a food crop only in the Philippines.
C. odontophyllum, known commonly as dabai or kembayau, is a species with a nutritious fruit with a creamy taste. It is hard when raw and may be pickled or softened with hot water when prepared. Many animals feed on the fruit in the wild, such as the red-bellied lemur (Eulemur rubriventer) and the ruffed lemurs (Varecia) of Madagascar's eastern tropical forests. Canarium fruit is also an important part of the diet of the aye-aye (Daubentonia madagascarensis).
Canarium album produces a fruit consumed in Vietnam, Thailand (where it is known as nam liap (), samo chin () or kana ()) and in China (Chinese: 橄欖) with an appearance of a big olive.
Canarium luzonicum, commonly known as elemi, is a tree native to the Philippines. An oleoresin, which contains Elemicin, is harvested from it.
Canarium strictum produces a resin called black dammar.
Superb fruit-doves (Ptilinopus superbus) are known to be fond of the fruit of scrub turpentine (C. australianum), which they swallow whole.
References
External links
Burseraceae genera
Dioecious plants
Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus |
1481390 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter%20King%20%28sportswriter%29 | Peter King (sportswriter) | Peter Andrew King (born June 10, 1957) is an American sportswriter. He wrote for Sports Illustrated from 1989 to 2018, including the weekly multiple-page column Monday Morning Quarterback. He is the author of five books, including Inside the Helmet. He has been named National Sportswriter of the Year three times.
Before coming to Sports Illustrated, King was a writer for The Cincinnati Enquirer from 1980 to 1985 and Newsday from 1985 to 1989.
Since 1992 King has been a member of the Board of Selectors for the Pro Football Hall of Fame. In 2006, he joined Football Night in America, NBC Sports' Sunday night NFL studio show.
In May 2018, King announced that he would be ending his 29-year tenure at Sports Illustrated to work for NBC Sports full-time. He continued to publish his long-read column, now titled Football Morning in America and appearing on ProFootballTalk.
In February 2024, King announced his retirement.
Television
King joined the HBO show Inside the NFL in 2002 as a managing editor and reporter. With the return of NFL programming to NBC for the 2006 season, NBC started a studio show called Football Night in America, set between the end of the Sunday afternoon games, and the primetime Sunday Night Football. King joined the lineup of Bob Costas, Cris Collinsworth, Sterling Sharpe and Jerome Bettis, serving as a special "insider" reporter and analyst for the show, highlighting major topics from that day.
Radio
From the 2008 offseason until the fall of 2011, King co-hosted The Opening Drive on Sirius NFL Radio with Randy Cross and Bob Papa. He has been a regular contributor to Chris Russo's Sirius XM show, Mad Dog Unleashed, since 2008. King is also a frequent guest on The Dan Patrick Show and ESPN's Golic and Wingo.
Once a week during football season, he joins the Musers on Dallas's KTCK-AM/KTCK-FM for a segment. King is also an often used place holder for important and often vital Ticket audio segments as evidenced by the frequent cue given by Ticket Host Junior Miller of “Mark and play for Peter King”.
Other work
In 2005 the governor of New Jersey appointed King to a fact-finding task force in an attempt to end steroid and human growth hormone use in high-school athletics.
King is the author of five books on football: Inside the Helmet (1993), Football: A History of the Professional Game (1993), Football (1997), Greatest Quarterbacks (1999) and Sports Illustrated Monday Morning Quarterback: A fully caffeinated guide to everything you need to know about the NFL (2009).
In 2009, he was awarded the Dick McCann Memorial Award for his work in professional football.
Personal life
King graduated from Enfield High School in Enfield, Connecticut in 1975. He was a three sports star at Enfield playing soccer, basketball and baseball. He then got his degree from Ohio University's E. W. Scripps School of Journalism. He lives in Brooklyn, NY with his wife Ann, who is a native of the Pittsburgh area. They have two daughters, Laura and Mary Beth.
In 1997 King was inducted into the Enfield Athletic Hall of Fame.
References
External links
Peter King archive
Inside the Helmet
King's twitter page
King's old SI twitter page
Ohio University alumni
1957 births
Living people
American television reporters and correspondents
Bill Nunn Memorial Award recipients
National Football League announcers
Writers from Montclair, New Jersey
Writers from Springfield, Massachusetts
The Cincinnati Enquirer people
Sportswriters from Massachusetts
Sports Illustrated people |
1481392 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moon%20magic | Moon magic | Moon magic is associated with the Moon. There is a belief common to many cultures that working rituals at the time of different phases of the moon can bring about physical or psychological change or transformation. These rituals have historically occurred on or around the full moon and to a lesser extent the new moon. Such practices are common amongst adherents of neopagan and witchcraft systems such as Wicca. Witches in Greek and Roman literature, particularly those from Thessaly, were regularly accused of "drawing down the Moon" by use of a magic spell. The trick serves to demonstrate their powers (Virgil Eclogues 8.69), to perform a love spell (Suetonius Tiberius 1.8.21) or to extract a magical juice from the Moon (Apuleius Metamorphoses 1.3.1). These beliefs would seem to be consistent with many other cultures traditions, for instance; casting of the spell is often done during the full moon's apex.
Books
Moon Magic is the title of a number of neopagan books:
Fortune, Dion (1979) Moon Magic. Boston: Weiser Books. . A novel by esoteric author Dion Fortune which is a sequel to The Sea Priestess.
Jaffer, Hassan (2005) Moon Magic. Willowdale: Astrograph Inc. An annually published astrological self-help guide by astrologer Hassan Jaffer, using lunar cycles.
Reid, Lori (1998) Moon Magic: How to Use the Moon's Phases to Inspire and Influence Your Relationships, Home Life, and Business. New York, NY: Three Rivers Press. . A self-help guide using the Moon's cycles by astrologer Lori Reid.
See also
Esbat
Magic (supernatural)
Magic and religion
Modern paganism and New Age
Wicca
Witchcraft
Ceremonial magic
Magic (supernatural)
Moon myths |
1481395 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makgeolli | Makgeolli | Makgeolli (; ), sometimes anglicized to makkoli (, ), is a Korean alcoholic drink. It is a milky, off-white, and lightly sparkling rice wine that has a slight viscosity, and tastes slightly sweet, tangy, bitter, and astringent. Chalky sediment gives it a cloudy appearance. As a low proof drink of six to nine percent alcohol by volume, it is often considered a "communal beverage" rather than hard liquor.
In Korea, makgeolli is often unpasteurized, and the wine continues to mature in the bottle. Because of the short shelf life of unpasteurized "draft" makgeolli, many exported makgeolli undergo pasteurization, which deprives the beverage of complex enzymes and flavor compounds. Recently, various fruits such as strawberries and bananas have been added to makgeolli to create forms with new flavours.
Names
The name makgeolli () is a compound, consisting of mak (; "roughly, recklessly, carelessly") and a deverbal noun derived from the verb stem georeu- (; "to strain, to sift, to filter") to which is added a noun-forming suffix -i ().
Because of its cloudy appearance, makgeolli is also called takju (; ), meaning "opaque wine", as opposed to the refined, transparent cheongju (; ), meaning "clear wine". Another name for makgeolli is nongju (), meaning "agricultural wine" or "farmer's wine", reflecting the traditional popularity of the beverage among farmers.
English nickname
In 2010, the South Korean Ministry for Food, Agriculture, Forestry, and Fisheries announced "drunken rice" as the winning entry in a competition to find an English nickname for makgeolli. "Makcohol" (makgeolli + alcohol) and "Markelixir" (makgeolli + elixir) were among the runners-up. The five-member panel reasoned that the chosen name would communicate the product's identity as a rice liquor and evoke associations with its ambassadors, the popular Korean hip-hop group Drunken Tiger. This met with a cool reception from the Korean public, with objections relating to translation of the noun makgeolli, felt to be unnecessary, and to the negative connotations of the word "drunken".
Scottish band Colonel Mustard & The Dijon 5, playing at the inaugural DMZ Peace Train Festival in 2018, called makgeolli 'Fight Milk', or 'Korean Buckfast'.
Japanese name
In 2009, Korean importers in Japan began producing makgeolli products, promoting them with the name makkori, the Japanese pronunciation of makgeolli. In 2011, several Japanese sake companies, including Gekkeikan and Tatenokawa, launched cloudy rice wines under the name makkori, and announced plans to export the products to Asia, America, and Europe. Concerns were raised in Korea that this could lead to makgeolli being mistakenly regarded as traditionally Japanese rather than Korean, as had happened in the 1996 kimchi-kimuchi case.
History
Makgeolli is the oldest alcoholic beverage in Korea. Rice wine has been brewed since the Three Kingdoms era, which ran from the 1st century BCE to the 7th century CE. The consumption of rice wine during the reign of King Dongmyeong (37–19 BCE) is mentioned in the founding story of the kingdom of Goguryeo in Jewang ungi (Songs of Emperors and Kings), a 13th-century Goryeo Korean book.
There are a number of other early records mentioning rice wine in the Korean Peninsula. The Goryeo Korean book Samguk yusa (Memorabilia of the Three Kingdoms) mentions the brewing of yorye (, "cloudy rice wine") in the kingdom of Silla for King Suro of Gaya by his seventeenth-generation descendant in 661, in its section entitled Garakguk gi (Record of the State of Garak). In the Jin Chinese book Sānguózhì (Records of the Three Kingdoms), the section Dongyi (Eastern Foreigners) of the Wei Shu (Book of Wei) contains the observation that "the Goguryeo Koreans are skilled in making fermented foods such as wine, soybean paste, and salted and fermented fish". The Asuka Japanese book Kojiki (Records of Ancient Matters) makes reference in the section entitled Ōjin-tennō (Emperor Ōjin) to a man named Inbeon () from the kingdom of Baekje being taught how to brew wine. And the poem Gōngzishí (), by the Tang Chinese poet Li Shangyin, refers to Silla wine () made with non-glutinous rice.
During the Goryeo dynasty, makgeolli was called ihwa-ju (, pear blossom alcohol), as the liquor was made when the pear trees were in blossom. This was associated in many communities in Korea around that time with a tradition of all-night drinking and dancing in special ceremonies. Makgeolli was brewed at home for centuries and was considered a "farmer's wine", or rural working-class beverage.
During the period of Japanese rule of Korea (1910-1945), the colonial government introduced a licensing system and taxed even for self-consumption, and by 1934, home brewing had been banned. The Park Chung-hee dictatorship also banned its making (1965) because of rice shortages. In 1990, the South Korean ban on brewing with rice was finally lifted, with home brewing again becoming legal only at the beginning of the 21st century. In the interim period, makgeolli was made from wheat.
The most-consumed alcoholic drink in South Korea in the 1960s and 1970s, makgeolli began to lose popularity in the 1970s with the rise of imported alcoholic beverages. Also, due to the national food shortage, the government banned making makgeolli using rice, and makgeolli was made by mixing 80% wheat flour and 20% corn. When flour was used, the quality of makgeolli deteriorated. As makgeolli was considered cheap and old-fashioned, sellers then focused on selling quantity rather than quality, with many makgeolli companies turning to mass production. In this process, the rice wine is usually brewed with a non-traditionally manufactured fermentation starter instead of the traditional nuruk. It is also diluted with water.
In the 21st century, makgeolli enjoyed a resurgence in urban areas and among younger generations. The health benefits and low alcohol proof of makgeolli, and a growing interest in cultural traditions in recent decades, have contributed to the revival. The product continues to be inexpensive, with a plastic, soft drink-style bottle costing around ₩1,200 ($). Novelty high-end makgeolli are also produced, using traditional methods free of artificial additives. There were at least 700 small-scale breweries in production in South Korea in 2017.
Brewing
Makgeolli is made from rice using nuruk, a Korean fermentation starter. Nuruk is a dry cereal cake that has been allowed to ferment and mature to promote the growth of molds producing hydrolyzable enzymes that decompose the starches of the cereal grain into sugar. This sugar is then used by yeast to produce alcohol through fermentation. Different kinds of nuruk, made with different ingredients such as rice, wheat, barley, or mung beans, produce makgeolli of a variety of flavors.
Steamed rice, nuruk, and sometimes additional flavoring ingredients such as maize, chestnuts, fruits, herbs, and flowers are mixed and left to ferment in onggi, the same permeable clay crocks used for making kimchi, soy sauce, and other fermented foods.
The brewing process involves two stages: seed and main mash and main fermentation. Seed mash is the process of obtaining actively growing yeasts and enzymes in the mixture of yeast and nuruk. The tastes and aromas of the main mash develop with the transformation of the rice-derived nutrients and amino acids. Main fermentation lasts for about a week.
Makgeolli is best consumed fresh, a week or two after brewing. When freshly brewed, it has a milder and creamier taste. It acquires a stronger taste over time and turns into rice vinegar after a couple of months.
Traditionally, the wine was only created one way, but to reach out across the different age groups and for exporting purposes there are several different ways the wine is created. Once makgeolli has been exported, it can change as well. Many people also brew makgeolli at home these days. Traditionally, makgeolli is created unpasteurized.
Commercial production
Many mass-produced makgeolli are brewed with non-traditional manufactured fermentation starter instead of the traditional nuruk, and are diluted with water and contain additives such as aspartame. This gives the liquor sweetness without adding a fermentable carbohydrate, and thus increases shelf life. Flavorings such as fruit and ginseng are also sometimes added.
Famous makgeolli by region
Jangsu Makgeolli, Seoul
Idong Makgeolli, Pocheon
Geumjeongsanseong Makgeolli, Busan
Consumption
Makgeolli is usually served chilled, in a bottle or in a pottery bowl with a ladle. Prior to drinking, it is stirred with the ladle, or the bottle is gently flipped upside down several times with the cap on, in order to mix in the settled sediment. It is then ladled or poured into individual small bowls, rather than cups, for drinking. This is because of the tendency of makgeolli to split into a cloudy white fraction that settles to the bottom and a clear, pale yellow liquid that rises to the top.
Makgeolli is often served with fried buchimgae, Korean pancakes, such as pajeon (made with scallions), haemul-panjeon (made with scallions and seafood), and bindae-tteok (made with mung beans and pork). Consuming makgeolli with these pancakes is a custom often associated with rainy days. There are a number of theories regarding the origin. The first theory is the effect of association, whereby the sound of the rain is similar to the sizzling sound of a pancake making, so when it rains, pajeon automatically comes to mind. The second theory has to do with traditional agricultural culture. When the farmers were not able to work due to the rain, especially during the rainy season of Summer, they made pajeon to soothe their hunger and accompanied it with makgeolli, a farmer’s favorite drink. Naturally, it became a seasonal food, and the tradition has been passed down to this day.
Makgeolli may also be mixed with ice and fruits such as mango and pineapple to make fruit cocktails, or with saida (lemon-lime drink) to make a simple cocktail named maksa. Makgeolli mixed with kkul (honey) is called kkul-makgeolli.
Because of the microorganisms present during fermentation, makgeolli is a probiotic product. It contains high levels of lactic acid bacteria such as Lactobacillus, as well as vitamins, amino acids, and fiber. With a 1.9 percent protein content, over 10 amino acids, vitamin B, inositol and choline, makgeolli is reputed to increase metabolism, relieve fatigue and improve the complexion.
Gallery
Similar beverages
Dongdong-ju ("float-float wine") is a drink very similar to makgeolli, but slightly creamier and with unfiltered floating rice grains. The word dongdong is an ideophone for a small object floating by. Ihwa-ju ("pear-blossom wine") is so named because it is brewed from rice with rice malt which ferments during the pear-blossom season. Ihwaju is often so thick that it is eaten with a spoon. Dansul ("sweet wine") is a sweeter variety with partial fermentation.
The Tibetan alcoholic beverage Chhaang is also very similar drink with its cloudy milky appearance along with its unfiltered rice sediments. During the Tibetan lunar new year, Tibetans drink a slight variation of Chaang by adding dried cheese, droma (a type of small tuber similar in taste to sweet potato) and nuts which is then heated and drunk warm. In Nepal, where chaang is enjoyed by the Newars and Sherpas, Korean produced bottled makgeoli is branded and sold as chaang.
Chinese choujiu and Japanese nigori are rice wines similar to makgeolli.
See also
Nigori – Japanese equivalent of Makgeolli
Choujiu – Chinese equivalent of Makgeolli
Zutho – Naga equivalent of Makgeolli
Cheongju
List of rice beverages
Korean alcoholic beverages
References
Korean alcoholic drinks
Rice wine
Alcoholic drinks
Rice drinks |
1481399 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia%20State%20Route%2010 | Virginia State Route 10 | State Route 10 (SR 10) is a primary state highway in the U.S. state of Virginia. The state highway runs from U.S. Route 360 (US 360) in Richmond east to SR 337 in Suffolk. SR 10 is a major suburban highway through Chesterfield County between the Southside of Richmond and Hopewell. Between Hopewell and Smithfield, which is served by SR 10 Business, the state highway passes through rural Prince George, Surry, and Isle of Wight counties, following the route of an old stagecoach road through an area that features many of the preserved James River plantations. SR 10 runs concurrently with US 258 and SR 32 between Smithfield and Suffolk.
Route description
Richmond to Hopewell
SR 10 begins at US 360 (Hull Street) in the Southside of Richmond. The state highway heads south along two-lane undivided Broad Rock Road, which continues north of the intersection as a city street. SR 10 expands to a four-lane undivided street as the highway approaches its intersection with SR 161 (Belt Boulevard) at Hunter Holmes McGuire Veterans Administration Medical Center. The two highways run concurrently along four-lane divided Broad Rock Boulevard. The two highways diverge just north of SR 10's crossing of the CSX line that passes through Richmond's West End. The state highway intersects Warwick Road and Walmsley Boulevard while passing through the neighborhoods south of the railroad line, including Broad Rock. SR 10's name changes to Iron Bridge Road shortly before exiting the city limits at its crossing of a reservoir along Falling Creek.
SR 10 meets SR 150 (Chippenham Parkway) at a cloverleaf interchange shortly after the route enters the Meadowbrook community of Chesterfield County. The state highway has a cloverleaf interchange with another freeway, SR 288, just south of Chesterfield County Airport. SR 10 continues south through Chesterfield Court House, where the highway passes through the county office complex and by the historic home Magnolia Grange. The state highway meets the western end of SR 145 (Centralia Road) on the south side of the county seat. SR 10 curves east to pass through Chester, where the highway has a short concurrency with SR 144, which heads south as Harrowgate Road and north as Chester Road on either side of the main Richmond–Petersburg CSX rail line.
SR 10 continues east as West Hundred Road, which has an intersection with US 1 and US 301 (Jefferson Davis Highway) followed by a cloverleaf interchange with Interstate 95 (I-95, Richmond–Petersburg Turnpike). The state highway crosses over CSX's Hopewell Subdivision while passing through an industrial area. After intersecting Old Bermuda Hundred Road, SR 10 continues southeast as East Hundred Road, which has a cloverleaf interchange with I-295 in Enon. The state highway heads southeast through the community of Rivermont before crossing the Appomattox River on the Charles Hardaway Marks Bridges into the city of Hopewell. SR 10, which is named Randolph Road within the independent city, passes to the east of the plantation Weston Manor and City Point National Cemetery and meets the eastern end of SR 36 (Sixth Avenue). The state highway also passes to the south of City Point, the peninsula at the confluence of the Appomattox and James rivers that features the plantation Appomattox Manor. East of downtown Hopewell, SR 10 reduces to a two-lane undivided road and crosses under railroad tracks into an industrial area where the highway meets SR 156 (Winston Churchill Drive), where the road expands to a four-lane divided highway again. The two state highways leave the city by crossing Bailey Creek into Prince George County.
Hopewell to Suffolk
SR 10 and SR 156 continue east as James River Drive and are joined by SR 106 (Ruffin Road) for a short distance before SR 106 and SR 156 head north on Jordan Point Road toward Jordan Point, where the highways cross the James River on the Benjamin Harrison Memorial Bridge. SR 10 reduces to a two-lane undivided road and heads southeast through a mix of farmland and forest. The state highway crosses Powell Creek at Garysville, which lies south of James River National Wildlife Refuge and Flowerdew Hundred Plantation. The state highway traverses Wards Creek at Burrowsville, which is southwest of the Upper and Lower Brandon plantations. SR 10 crosses Upper Chippokes Creek into Surry County, where the highway continues as Colonial Trail and meets the eastern end of SR 40 (Martin Luther King Highway) in Spring Grove. The north leg of the intersection leads to the town of Claremont and the plantation Four Mile Tree. SR 10 runs concurrently with SR 31 (Rolfe Highway) through the town of Surry. SR 31 leads north to the Jamestown Ferry.
SR 10 passes through the hamlet of California Crossroads, where SR 633 (Chippokes Farm Road) leads north to Chippokes Plantation State Park. The state highway traverses Lower Chippokes Creek and passes the Old Brick Church and Bacon's Castle, a rare American example of Jacobean architecture, in the namesake hamlet. SR 10 continues as Old Stage Highway after crossing Lawnes Creek into Isle of Wight County, where the highway briefly parallels the James River through Rushmere. South of Rushmere, Old Stage Highway splits southeast as SR 10 Business, which passes by the Smithfield Foods plant and through downtown Smithfield. SR 10 crosses the Pagan River and enters the town of Smithfield just before intersecting Main Street, which heads southwest as US 258 and northeast as US 258 Business into downtown Smithfield. SR 10 and US 258 have a diamond interchange with Fairway Drive and cross Cypress Creek before meeting the other end of US 258 Business and SR 10 Business (Church Street) just south of the town limits. SR 10 and US 258 continue south together as Benns Church Road, a four-lane divided highway, to Benns Church, the site of historic St. Luke's Church. US 258 turns east onto Brewers Neck Road, which also carries SR 32, to head toward the James River Bridge to Newport News.
SR 32 joins SR 10 in a concurrency that continues through SR 10's eastern terminus in Suffolk. At the northern city limit of Suffolk at Wills Corner, the highways reduce to two lanes and become Godwin Boulevard. SR 10 and SR 32 cross Chuckatuck Creek and meet the western end of SR 125 (Kings Highway) in the community of Chuckatuck. After crossing the Western Branch of the Nansemond River, the two highways expand to a four-lane divided highway and enter a suburban area. SR 10 and SR 32 pass by Sentara Obici Hospital before a partial cloverleaf interchange with the Suffolk Bypass, which carries US 13, US 58, and US 460. South of the interchange, the two highways become a five-lane road with a center left-turn lane. The highways meet and are joined by US 460 Business (Pruden Boulevard) at Elephant Fork. Just south of their crossing of the Nansemond River, the highways intersect Constance Road, which features US 58 Business on both sides of the intersection. US 460 Business turns east onto Constance Road, while US 13 Business joins SR 10 and SR 32 south on four-lane undivided Main Street into downtown Suffolk. SR 10 reaches its eastern terminus at SR 337 (Washington Street), where SR 32 and US 13 Business continue south along Main Street toward North Carolina.
History
SR 10 is one of two routes to survive from the inception of Virginia's state route system in 1918 without being completely renumbered or decommissioned, the other being SR 28. Unlike SR 28, which today contains none of its original routing, SR 10's route between Garysville and Suffolk is largely unchanged from 1918. Much of the rest of SR 10's original approximately 570-mile route – west of Petersburg and east of Suffolk – was replaced by the introduction of U.S. Routes 11, 58, and 460 in the late 1920s and early 1930s.
Major intersections
Smithfield business route
SR 10 Business is a business route of SR 10 in Isle of Wight County. The business route runs from SR 10 and US 258 south of Smithfield to SR 10 north of Smithfield. SR 10 Business follows Church Street through the town of Smithfield. The business route runs concurrently with US 258 Business from their common southern terminus north and west across Cypress Creek into downtown Smithfield. The two routes provide access to Windsor Castle, which is physically closer to but cannot be accessed from the bypass. In downtown Smithfield, US 258 Business turns west onto Main Street. SR 10 Business continues north across the Pagan River and passes by the Smithfield Foods factory before leaving the town. The business route continues as Old Stage Highway to its northern end at SR 10 south of Rushmere.
References
External links
Virginia Highways Project: VA 10
010
State Route 010
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1918 establishments in Virginia |
1481412 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standerton | Standerton | Standerton is a large commercial and agricultural town lying on the banks of the Vaal River in Mpumalanga, South Africa, which specialises in cattle, dairy, maize and poultry farming. The town was established in 1876 and named after Boer leader Commandant A. H. Stander. During the First Boer War a British garrison in the town was besieged by the Boers for three months. General Jan Smuts won this seat during elections and went on to assist in setting up the League of Nations. Standerton is the seat of the Lekwa Local Municipality.
History
Standerton was founded in 1878 on a farm called Grootverlangen and named after its owner Commandant Adriaan Henrik Stander. The South African Republic's Volksraad approved the formation of a town at the drift in 1876 and proclaimed two years later. It was granted municipal status in 1903. The crossing over the Vaal River, now bridged, was known as Stander's Drift and a hill close to the town was called Standerskop were also named after Stander. During the First Boer War (1880–81), a British unit was besieged by the Boer forces who shelled them from the nearby hill, the former holding out until the end of the war in February 1881.
Great Trek memorial controversy
The town has received nationwide media attention in 2007 and 2008 following the destruction of an important voortrekker memorial. This monument, located near the facade of the municipality building, was constructed by Afrikaners to mark the 150th anniversary of the Great Trek. The Lekwa municipality's mayor Queen Radebe-Khumalo ordered the structure demolished in April 2007. "That piece of thing means nothing to us. It's just a piece of cement with tracks. I do not even know where it comes from", Radebe-Khumalo declared in a statement quoted by the Beeld newspaper.
The incident led to widespread condemnation by the local Afrikaans community. Jan Bosman, a spokesperson for the Afrikanerbond, claimed that "actions like these undo the spirit of reconciliation as promoted by former president Nelson Mandela and Archbishop Desmond Tutu". In June 2007, a joint initiative between AfriForum and Solidarity lodged an application to the Pretoria High Court requesting that the mayor offer compensation for damages claimed. A subsequent court order ruled that Radebe-Khumalo and her municipality would pay for the damage and prohibited attempts to remove another statue erected in memory of Anglo-Boer war concentration camp victims.
In May 2010, the memorial was rebuilt on its original site.
Sakhile Township riots
The township of Sakhile near Standerton was the site of violent, service delivery riots that led to the Lekwa Municipality mayor Juliet Queen Radebe-Khumalo and other senior municipal officials, being recalled by the African National Congress in October 2009. The riots included the burning of tyres and blocking some entries to the town.
Economy
Agriculture
The area around the town promotes mixed agriculture with crops such as maize, sunflower seeds, ground nuts and potatoes. Poultry and dairy farming is also conducted in the region.
Manufacturing
Standerton Mills
Standerton Mills Pty Ltd was established in 1947. Mainly manufacturing and supplying yarn and woven industrial fabrics.
Education
Infrastructure
Dams
Grootdraai Dam is situated in the upper reaches of the Vaal River less than 10 km upstream of Standerton. It has a catchment area of 8,195 km2, a mean annual precipitation of approximately 750 mm, a mean annual potential evaporation at the dam site of 1,400 mm and a natural inflow of 580 million m3/a. The full supply capacity of the reservoir is 364 million m3. The Grootdraai dam was completed in 1982.
Notable people
Although Standerton is a rural town surviving mainly on agriculture, it has produced talented people prominent in South African society.
Arnold S de Beer - journalist and academic
Pieter Hendriks - South Africa national rugby team player
Angel Khanyile - member of the National Assembly of South Africa. Shadow Minister of Home Affairs
Jaco Kriel - South Africa national rugby team player
Mark Lawrence - retired international rugby union referee. He refereed his first international test match, in 2000, and was chosen to officiate at both the 2003 Rugby World Cup [2] and 2007 Rugby World Cups.
Frans Lourens Herman Rumpff - Chief Justice of South Africa, 1974-1982
Rooi Mahamutsa - South African football defender for Premier Soccer League club, Free State Stars F.C. and South Africa also played for Orlando Pirates.
Mfundo Ndhlovu - South Africa national rugby sevens team player
JC Ritchie - professional golfer
Gary Van Aswegen - Rugby union player
Constand Viljoen - South African military commander. co-founded the Afrikaner Volksfront (Afrikaner People's Front) and later founded the Freedom Front (now Freedom Front Plus)
References
External links
Interactive Standerton Website
Local Standerton Website
Mayor on demolotion of Voortrekker Monument
Populated places in the Lekwa Local Municipality
Populated places founded by Afrikaners
Second Boer War concentration camps |
1481418 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony%20Thistlethwaite | Anthony Thistlethwaite | Anthony "Anto" Thistlethwaite (born 31 August 1955, Lutterworth, Leicestershire, England) is an English-born Irish multi-instrumentalist best known as a founding member (with guitarist Mike Scott) of the folk rock group, The Waterboys and later as a long-standing member of Irish rock band The Saw Doctors.
Career
After a year busking in Paris, where he played tenor saxophone around the streets of the Latin Quarter, Thistlethwaite moved to London in 1980. In 1981, he played saxophone on Robyn Hitchcock's Groovy Decay album as well as Nikki Sudden's Waiting on Egypt. Mike Scott heard the saxophone solo on Nikki's "Johnny Smiled Slowly" and invited Thistlethwaite to come and play with his fledgling band, The Red and The Black. Their first record together, "A Girl Called Johnny", was released as The Waterboys' first single in March 1983 and featured Thistlethwaite on tenor sax.
Although Thistlethwaite is mainly known as a saxophonist, he has also featured heavily on mandolin, harmonica, Hammond organ, guitar, and bass with The Waterboys and other acts. During the 1980s and 1990s he featured as a session musician on recordings by bands such as: World Party, Fairground Attraction, Psychedelic Furs, Bob Dylan, China Crisis, Johnny Thunders, Donovan, The Vibrators, Chris De Burgh, Bruce Foxton (The Jam), and The Mission.
During the 1990s, he released three solo albums which included contributions from musicians including: Kirsty MacColl, Eddi Reader, Ralph McTell, Mick Taylor, and Sonny Landreth. His third album Crawfish and Caviar consisted of songs recorded in Saint Petersburg, Russia and Louisiana, US.
Thistlethwaite began collaborating musically with The Saw Doctors in the late 1980s, and he became a full-time member in the 2010s.
Personal life
Thistlethwaite became an Irish citizen in 2017. He has resided in Galway since 2007.
Sharon Shannon, also a member of The Waterboys, recorded a song for her eponymous debut album called "Anto's Cajun Cousins", named after Thistlethwaite's American relatives.
Discography
Thistlethwaite has released five solo albums:
Aesop Wrote a Fable (1993)
Cartwheels (1995)
Crawfish and Caviar (1997)
Back to The Land. The Best of... (2002)
Stinky Fingers (2011) with Mick Taylor
References
External links
1955 births
Living people
The Waterboys members
English rock musicians
English rock saxophonists
British male saxophonists
People from Lutterworth
People educated at Lutterworth College
Musicians from Leicestershire
21st-century saxophonists
The Saw Doctors members |
1481445 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jens%20Christian%20Hauge | Jens Christian Hauge | Jens Christian Hauge (15 May 1915 – 30 October 2006) was a Norwegian who was leader within the World War II resistance—and one of the two incumbent Milorg Council members in May 1945. He served as Minister of Defence from 1945-1952 and Minister of Justice from January to November 1955.
After 1955 he never held political office, but "continued to exert influence on political processes—sometimes openly", and sometimes less so.
He is also controversial, and has been criticised for not giving more information regarding central parts of the Milorg activities, such as assassinations of Norwegian collaborators.
Early life
He was born at Ljan, and he had an older sister Aase. Their mother was a school teacher of hand craft, and the father was son of a cotter. Jens Chr. Hauge's father was a former non-commissioned officer, who worked in an insurance company.
Military service as a conscript
He was a conscript in Stavern in the summer of 1936, and served 48 days [of recruit training ] at the anti-aircraft regimental recruits' school (), In 1938 he received 15 days of recruit training.
He received training as crew on anti-aircraft weapon (). In May 1939 he was summoned for the last 14 days of recruit training. He replied to the summons with a medical certificate regarding his varicose veins, adding that he was willing to be checked by military doctors, even though [his schedule] as a magistrate () would make it difficult to leave work. He received a medical discharge, according to an annotation dated 10 August 1939, by Hauge.
After law school
He finished his final exams to become a lawyer, in autumn of 1937. He worked as a private lecturer (manuduktør) for law students, for the next year. In November 1938 he started as a dommerfullmektig in Kragerø, to perform his period as a judicial "conscript". In January 1940 he again was working as a manuduktør in Oslo. While still a law student he became a member of the Norwegian Association for Women's Rights in 1936.
Arrest, imprisonment and trial during World War II
The military invasion of Norway, resulted in students not coming to his private lectures, so he was without income. On 12 April he applied for work at Oslo Politikammer, and started work the next day. In June, his employer had established Priskontoret ("the price office"), and he applied for a transfer, and became the leader of the office. On 13 August he was arrested for making statements (during private lectures—of which he had resumed, besides his employment with the police) that violated (or were offensive to) Nasjonal Samling.
While imprisoned, the "Milk Strike" occurred in Oslo, including the 10 September execution of two: the leader of a trade union and a lawyer in LO. "[M]ore than anything, it was the justice-scorning executions of these two, that [later] led Hauge to Milorg." (Years earlier Hauge had the lawyer prosecute a case in Kragerø; Hauge had barely known him.)
During the last days of September, he was transferred to "the newly established prison for political prisoners", at Bredtveit Farm.
17 October saw the trial of Hauge. (At the end of the trial, Hauge was granted a release until the next day.)
The verdict of 100 days in prison, whereof 66 days had already been served, was announced the next day—and he was imprisoned. He was released on 30 October, after completing four-fifths of the sentence—eighty days.
In the Resistance
He joined Milorg at the beginning of 1942. (His wife and two children were relocated to Vestre Slidre in the middle of March—to a [vacant] cotter home which belonged to Husaker (a mountain farm).)
In the middle of August 1942 he became inspector for (Milorg district) Østlandet—replacing Knut Møyen.
On 3 October 1942 Operation Bittern landed four commandos in Norway. During the meeting where the leader of commandos showed his orders to Hauge, Hauge confiscated the accompanying list of 62 "that SOE wanted to" assassinate.
("In 1941 - 1942 there was a tense relationship between Milorg and" SOE.
"An early example of such a conflict, surfaced in the wake of the controversial Operation Bittern in the autumn of 1942", according to Njølstad. SOE expeditions which followed, improved Milorg's relationship to the British: The Chaffinch-, Thrush- and Pheasant Expeditions.)
One evening between 7 and 14 October he met The Council (of Milorg) for the first time. The meeting resulted in a half-pascifistic message to the High Command, which in turn replied with a reprimand: To abstain from shooting in self-defense "is in opposition to human nature". (Hauge's dissent at the meeting was noticed also by a secretary at SL.)
In January 1943 he was promoted to Stor I—the General Inspector of all Milorg combat groups in the nation.
After promotion to General Inspector
In May 1943, he traveled to Sweden—his first trip abroad for Milorg. (Njølstad says that Hauge's rapidly increasing influence in Milorg—and later in den samlede hjemmefrontsledelsen—was in part because he never feared traveling abroad.
Furthermore, "[M]any Resistance leaders were reluctant to such travel, because they feared that, in practice, it would mean the end of their effort in Norway. Or they calculated that their power to influence was greater when they communicated with utefronten—from Norway, rather than meeting its representatives" abroad.) 7–9 May saw one set of meetings, followed by Hauge's return to Milorg's Council, to be followed by another border crossing for meetings in Sweden's capital. The High Command wanted more operative control of Milorg's units, particularly in the districts. This is in part the reason for the establishment of radio links directly between Milorg's district commands and the High Command, without establishing radio links between Milorg districts; due to security concerns, the districts were only to communicate with each other through Sentralledelsen in Oslo.
In September 1943, he became a permanent member of the Sentralledelsen's top decision making group—The Council (Rådet). "From then on, for all practical purposes, he was Milorg's top chief", according to Njølstad.
After promotion to Milorg's Council
From October 1944, the contact with Frithjof Hammersen (officer in Wehrmacht), was handled by Ingrid Furuseth, Hauge, and Ole Arntzen. Evidence from Hammersen, was the first trustworthy evidence of cancelled plans for moving Hitler's inner circle members—to Festung Norwegen.
(In the last months of the war, Hauge had secret talks with Wehrmacht officers that gave information about the German plans for Norway. These talks facilitated the smooth transition to peace when the Germans surrendered in May 1945.)
After the 5 December 1944 directive from SOE
A 5 December 1944 directive (direktiv) from SOE, stating "that it must be a prioritized task, for Milorg and NORIC to obstruct German forces from leaving" Norway. (It was Hauge's understanding that, there was a wish for severing the lines of transportation on land, so that the Germans were forced out to sea—were the British were feeling increasingly stronger.)
On 16 December, the Germans attacked through the Ardennes Forest on the German-Belgian border.
A 31 December failed aerial bombing attack on Gestapo headquarters in Oslo, had originally been requested by Hauge. (77 died, [around] 1000 became homeless, 23 buildings were hit—whereof 6 were leveled. But Victoria terrasse was nearly undamaged.)
After the assassination of the chief of police service Stapo
Karl Marthinsen was assassinated on 8 February 1945. (Months earlier, Hauge was authorized by the government in exile, to have Marthinsen killed.)
Hauge and then General Inspector were arrested for traffic violations on 10 April, and released the next day.
After Germany's capitulation, the fugitive chief of Gestapo in Norway was arrested on 31 May. Hauge met him, to have him report in writing about Fehmer's work in Norway—with a 10-day deadline. (Hauge's official motive was to cut off Gestapo leaders' options of telling lies in court, about everything they knew about hjemmefronten, but did not use against them.)
The only award he chose to receive for his wartime service, was the one that was given to all Milorg's men and women: a silver needle.
Indications of employment with OSS
In August 2008 signs were found of Hauge having been employed by Office of Strategic Services(OSS). His name was found in a directory of personnel files of employees from 1942 to 1945—released by the US National Archives in 2008, according to Klassekampen. (Other Norwegians on the list were Wilhelm Hansteen, Håkon Kyllingmark and Knut Lier Hansen.)
Secretary for prime minister
Paal Berg was asked by C.J. Hambro to form a government. Berg did not become a prime minister.
In 1945 Hauge was asked by Einar Gerhardsen if he would accept a position—after Gerhardsen had formed his cabinet—as a "secretary and judicial advisor at the Office of the Prime Minister". As "Gerhardsen's secretary with responsibility for judicial cases", he became linked to the legal purge of war-time collaborators and the trials against Vidkun Quisling and Knut Hamsun.
After the war, he became a member of the Labour Party.
Minister of defence
On 5 November 1945 he became Defence Minister—the youngest of any [Norwegian] minister until then, 30 years old. (Previously, at the end of October, Andrew Thorne had approved the appointment, in the confidence of foreign minister Lie.)
In the spring of 1946 Forsvarets forskningsinstitutt (FFI) was put into service. (In 1945 he suggested measures for preventing Norwegian military scientists from remaining in British service, and in December the cabinet decided to establish FFI.) In December 1945 Otto Ruge resigned as general. In January 1946 Hauge fired then Chief of the Air Force, and the two agreed that the officer would resign at a later date.
Chief of Defence Halvor Hansson resigned in 1946.
A Norwegian brigade to British-occupied Germany
On 14 May 1946 parliament decided to establish a brigade of 4000 soldiers to be stationed in West-Germany—in line with the ministry's proposal—Norwegian Brigade Group in Germany. (In 1948 the cabinet decided that the brigade's soldiers were to be issued condoms. 400 000 signatures of protest were collected, and Hauge asked advice from Trygve Bratteli about the possibility of having Labour Party employees do partial checks of the lists, and "Should it be done?". (Municipal elections were scheduled for later in 1948, and Hauge thought that the signatures might harm the election campaign of the Labour Party.) The resulting advice was that the partial checks could be done, but that it was not advisable.
Svalbard Crisis
The autumn of 1946 saw the start of the Svalbard Crisis 1946–1947, involving the Soviet Union.
The Rød Case
On 13 March 1947 he showed a document to then minister of justice, regarding Knut Rød—who was preparing for trial in the appellate court. (The document was a five-day-old report (to Evang) about Rød's participation in a group that collected intelligence on communists and sympathizers; and about Rød having accepted Norwegian kroner 500 for locating the election lists for the Norwegian Communist Party—pertaining to the last election of parliament and the municipal governments; and about Rød having recruited his brother, for the work [of the group]. (His brother was then a secretary in Kommunikasjonsdirektoratet—a government agency.)
Olav Njølstad says that "Before the Rød Case continued, the Defence- and Justice Minister knew that the defendant was concerned about the communist threat and could become a useful man in the communist surveillance that they had started constructing - that is, under the condition that he would not be convicted of Collaboration with the Axis Powers during World War II, and fired from the police force."
Increased possibility of war sensed
In the middle of January 1948 he received a secret memo from Vilhelm Evang that stated that the Western military superpowers sensed an increased possibility for war with the Soviet Union.
In January 1948, Koordinasjonsutvalget ("the coordination board") was established, to coordinate and gather information from the intelligence services—military and civil. Its creation is largely credited to Hauge.
After the coup in Czechoslovakia
On 25 February 1948, a coup in Czechoslovakia was completed, and it was followed by the "Winter Crisis". The same month the Soviet Union proposed to Finland a combined friendship and military pact.
During the first days of March 1948 messages were received from the Foreign Ministry's stations abroad and embassies of Western nations, that Norway could be the next nation to be invaded by the Soviets.
A front page of Norwegian daily Dagbladet insinuated that Hauge had never been a Norwegian soldier, because he in 1936 had been "discarded by den militære legenemd" ("the military board of doctors"). (He had served as a conscript before the war.)
The "Winter Crisis" resulted in a more encompassing
political surveillance in Norway, in particular in the Armed Forces, and also within corporations and the civilian administration. On 13 March 1948 a meeting was held in the prime minister's residence, regarding "what could be done to raise the level of preparedness against sabotage and coups within corporations and Norway's administration". (The attendees were Arnfinn Vik, Haakon Lie, Rolf Gerhardsen, Tor Skjønsberg and Hauge [and the prime minister].)
On 11 May 1948 Winston Churchill came to Norway (with Oslo "on its head") and was a guest at Slottsmiddag. (A proposed visit in 1946 was cancelled, in the wake of the Fulton Speech.) After the guests had been excused from the table, Churchill invited the prime minister over, for a conversation, and the prime minister asked Hauge to join. During the conversation, Churchill said that it was in Norway's interest to obtain a security guarantee from the United States. Furthermore, 'You ought not to follow Sweden. Sweden ought to follow Norway.' Furthermore, "Norway interests the Americans because they think a lot about the defense of the Atlantic and about an Atlantic Treaty." (Hauge had conversations with Churchill the next day (at Det runde bords klubb—"the round table club"), and at the farewell dinner held by Britain's ambassador—on 14 May.)
On 17 June 1948 parliament started its deliberations about the Helset Case. Later in 1948 Olaf Helset resigned. (Njølstad says that the military and political opposition that were wishing to evict Hauge from his post as minister—through the Helset Case—ended up tethering him to the same.)
The Norwegian Base Declaration of 1 February 1949 was created after Soviet signalled that it would not passively watch that the Western Powers established forward bases in Norway.
Founding member of NATO
On 4 April 1949 the North Atlantic Treaty was signed, and Norway became a (founding) member of NATO. (When early in January the same year, "it became clear" that Sweden would not accept Norwegian conditions for a defence union of Denmark, Sweden and Norway——Hauge "became a forceful pådriver (a person who pushes things ahead) for Norway's joining the Atlantic Treaty. - No one person [alone] can be credited" for the joining. (Bergens Tidende has said that then Labour Party secretary and Hauge "were decisive forces behind Norway's entry into NATO - against strong resistance within the Labour Party".)
Olav Njølstad says that points, about Hauge's contributions, deserving attention are: 1) "Through his British and American connections he contributed in fetching, for the government, a realistic understanding of the conditions under which Norway would be able to receive krigsmateriell ("war material") and other help from the Western powers." Furthermore, "this was a corrective to the wishful thinking" ... "in discussions with the Swedes, and in the discussions within the Labour Party". 2) "Hauge exerted great influence on the prime minister, who step by step reasoned and felt his way, to the standpoint which became Norway's choice." 3) "[H]e was an effective spokesman (for membership in the A Treaty)"—to the rest of the cabinet, as well as the party's parliamentary group, and the party's leading organer (organs)."
After becoming a member of NATO
During the first days of 1951, Labour Party opplysningssekretærer ("education secretaries") had already become kommunistovervåkere ("overseers of communists").
NATO membership discussions wished by Israeli politicians
Around 1950 leading Israeli politicians contacted Haakon Lie, wishing to discuss the possibility of Israel becoming a member of NATO. Lie sent them on to minister of defense Hauge, knowing that Hauge would reject the idea.
After General Eisenhower's visit
General Eisenhower's visit to Oslo in February 1951, according to Hauge, resulted in something that doubtfully otherwise could have occurred: minister Brofoss accepted the doubling of expenses for the Armed Forces.
Plans for Stay-behind were made, and "Rocambole" was the section pertained to sabotage and commando operations. His policy about appointing Resistance leaders, in advance of a future military occupation, included: "the total occupation must produce its own leaders".
At the end of October 1952 Norway's second nuclear reactor (which later was shut down in 1967) was officially opened by dignitaries.
On 12–13 November 1951, then prime minister forced
the party leadership to accept his own upcoming resignation, and he named his replacement, who thereafter was approved: Oscar Torp.
On 5 January 1952 he resigned as minister of defense.
After resigning from office
At Labour Party headquarters he held a position as information secretary. The party gave him extra work, and his income from the party surpassed the income he had as a minister. Njølstad says that after the first days, "an enthusiastic and unusually productive cooperation arose within the triumvirate"—Gerhardsen, Haakon Lie and Hauge.
In 1954 his law office was established.
Minister of Justice, and candidacy for office in NATO
He became Minister of Justice in 1955.
He lied—while addressing parliament—"about the eavesdropping (romavlytting) of the Communist Party's national convention".
He resigned as minister at the end of October the same year—or 1 November.
On 6 February 1956 his candidacy for vice secretary general of NATO, was shot down by then secretary general. (Previously, French NATO diplomats had insisted that the next vice secretary general must speak French perfectly, which ruled out Hauge.)
Launching Hauge as a candidate, according to Njølstad, might have been motivated by a wish to keep Hauge from becoming Foreign Minister.
Israel's purchase of heavy water for plutonium production
Hauge helped facilitate the sale of heavy water—for use in plutonium production—to the Israeli nuclear programme, while he was a board member at Noratom and judicial advisor at Institutt for atomenergi.
Letter from a corporation to the Foreign Ministry
On 10 May 1958 Odd Dahl (the acting director of Noratom) wrote to the Foreign Ministry that the company had authored "a draft for a contract regarding the construction and building of a 40 megawatt heavy water reactor for the production of plutonium". Njølstad says, "Then came the difficult point, that Dahl in no way tried to underplay: Israel wished to follow an independent national direction, regarding the field of atomic energy, and was therefore not set on accepting the strict stipulations of control (kontrollbestemmelsene) that the US" had on their export of heavy water. Furthermore, "For this reason the Israelis preferred "to buy water from Norway at a higher price than it can be bought from the United States"." Furthermore Dahl said that, the Israeli plans were unrealistic, but "hardly unrealistic enough that they can be circumvented with plans of producing atombombs in the foreseeable future". Furthermore, Dahl said that of course one could not rule out that the Israelis one day would want to go in that direction, but the help that Norway eventually might have given Israel to get started "with legitimate civilian applications today, presumably can hardly be viewed in [a] relation to such remote possibilities".
Leading up to the transportation to Israel
On 21 August 1958 Hauge suggested to chargé d'affaires Miron that Israel might want to buy heavy water from Great Britain.
Miron replied that if Noratom purchased the water back from Great Britain, and sold it to Israel—with Norwegian stipulations of control—then that would seem okay, in principle.
Njølstad says that "State Secretary Engen became more and more convinced that the heavy water was to be used for producing nuclear weapons", and in several memos he advised then foreign minister to not go through with the [proposed] agreement.
On 20 February 1959 the government authorized the deal, by royal decree (kongelig resolusjon). Noratom took possession of [20 tons of] heavy water in the first quarter of 1959—from Britain's Atomic Authority—and it was loaded onto a ship, that departed a British port. (Before being shipped out of Britain, Norwegian authorities
saw no need for an export license, since the shipment was outside of Norway's borders.) After sailing out of British jurisdiction, the ship was to be ordered to sail directly for Israel.
Inspection in Israel
On 8 April 1961 Hauge was taken to the Negev Desert for a private meeting with then prime minister of Israel.
On 14 April 1961 Hauge conducted Norway's first and only inspection of the shipment of heavy water to Israel, as a result of US' impetus. (This was done at Rehovot.)
He [later] told the foreign ministry that he had not been to the Dimona facility—thereby disinforming the ministry.
Cancelled purchase of 3 tons of heavy water
On 1 September 1971 Hauge—vice chairman at Noratom-Norcontrol—was informed that Noratom-Norcontrol [the same year] had purchased three tons of heavy water—at the request of Norsk Hydro—on behalf of Israel. Hauge demanded that the chairman be informed immediately, and that the chairman inform the foreign ministry that the sale had not been preceded by discussions by the board of directors. He resigned from the board of directors, in part because of how the leaders of Noratom and Norsk Hydro had handled the purchase.
By 30 September, the [1971] purchase of heavy water was cancelled.
1979 uncovering of the original transaction
The 1959 transaction was uncovered in 1979, by Sverre Lodgaard. Hauge told media that he had made a report to the government after the inspection, and that he declined further comment to the media.
Nine tons (of the original twenty, later augmented by one ton) were purchased back by the Norwegian government.
Bilderberg Group
Frequent correspondence between Hauge and founder of the Bilderberg Group (released after Hauge's death) showed that Hauge was a central figure on the board of the group. Olav Njølstad says that Hauge described attending the group's conferences as "interesting, cheerful and comfortable".
Hauge attended the 1955, 1956 and the 1957 conference at St. Simons Island, US. According to the official website of the group, he was a member of the steering committee.
Airline SAS
In August 1961 then minister of transportation asked him to participate in a Scandinavian committee to deal with the economic crisis in the airline Scandinavian Airlines System (SAS).
(In 1946, as minister of defence, he had participated in "picking [national airline] Det Norske Luftselskap (DNL) up from the ground and placing on its feet, after the war".)
Establishment of a state-owned oil company
Hauge was involved in the establishment of a state-owned oil company, which became Statoil.
After influencing changes in law, to allow tax exemption "when social considerations" dictate
He had contacted officials in the Finance Ministry about the possibility of having changes in law, to allow tax exemption "when social considerations" dictate. (In autumn of 1972, Jens Henrik Nordlie contacted Hauge about converting a corporation (Kioskkompaniet) into a foundation.) In 1973 the financing of Fritt Ord (a foundation) became a reality, and the foundation was established in 1974.
Death of a former prime minister, after reconciliation of former comrades
The September 1987 death of Einar Gerhardsen, according to Njølstad, "marked the beginning of the end of Hauge's political influence within the Labour Party". (Before that, Gerhardsen wrote a letter of reconciliation to Haakon Lie, dated 15 April 1985; Hauge authored its redemptive wording: "For a long time, I [Gerhardsen] have been aware of, that I back then should not have tatt ordet ("taken the word") and said what I said.". (In 1967 at the national convention, according to Hauge, Gerhardsen "broke the staff over Haakon Lie".)
Inferred withholding of info about the 1945 death of Kai Holst
On 27 September 1994 two publishers called in a press conference, with the authors of two books about Resistance fighter Kai Holst.
The invitation said "Who killed Kai Holst?" and "Was Holst a risk factor? What were they afraid of? Why did he have to die? Why is everyone holding their tongues?"
In 2008 Olav Njølstad said that Tore Pryser and Espen Haavardsholm during the launch of the books, the two went "very far in accusing Hauge of sitting on important information about Holst's death".
Hauge has been in question in relation to the strange circumstances regarding the death of the Milorg member Kai Holst in Stockholm just after the war.
Parliamentary hearings about surveillance of communists and others
In January 1997 he refused to testify in an open hearing of the Parliamentary Oversight Committee, regarding the conclusions of the Lund Commission. (Previously Ronald Bye had told the committee that would not testify, if Haakon Lie and Hauge did not.)
Board of directors
Hauge also became a monumental figure in the Norwegian war industry. He became board member of several state-owned companies, especially within nuclear power and defence systems, including member of board of directors of Kongsberg Våpenfabrikk, and chairman of Statoil 1972–75.
In Scandinavian Airlines System he was a board member for more than 20 years.
Transfer of documents in his possession
Norway's Resistance Museum received from him documents that he had about his work in Milorg. Later he agreed with Professor Olav Riste—employed at Institute for Defence Studies—that the institute would receive documents about his work as minister of defense. In 2003 Riksarkivet and he agreed about the establishment of Jens Chr. Hauges Privatarkiv, which resulted in more than 60 or 65 hyllemeter ("meters of shelf") of documents.
"The greatest treasures, were the last that he relinquished. Some were first found", according to Njølstad, when Hauge's two youngest sons and Njølstad, went thru the residence at Bjørnveien [at Slemdal ], autumn of 2005—before it was put up for sale.
Interviews with his biographer
During 2004 and most of 2005 he regularly met with biographer Olav Njølstad and the main consultant of the book project, Olav Riste.
The book's other consultants were Arnfinn Moland, Even Lange and Helge Ø. Pharo.
Death
On 30 October 2006 he died at a retirement home in Vinderen, Oslo.
On 7 November a service was held at Ris Church, på statens bekostning. Attendees included then king of Norway, prime minister, leader of LO, mayor of Oslo and other politicians; Haakon Lie, Gunnar Sønsteby, Knut Haugland.
Some weeks later his ashes were interred.
Media commented his death: The Times said Hauge's willpower and resolve—including to implement unorthodox ideas, with authoritarian means—was doomed to make him [into] a controversial figure in a society "that normally adorns itself with being egalitarian and unanimous".
Family
Hauge was survived by six children.
His father died in 1940.
His mother died in 1957. His second wife Liv Grannes died 30 November 2004. His ex-wife Lillann died on 2 March 2005.
He married Anne Sophie "Lillann" Dedekam in 1938.
Frank Rossavik has referred to "Hauge's many women in and outside marriage, and his betrayal to his own family".
Cover names
During World War II he had cover names: Tor Aas was his identity at his cover apartment at Colbjørnsens Street 8.
Documentary film
On 10 April 2012 NRK broadcast a documentary about Hauge —Nasjonens skygge ("the nation's shadow"), part one of two.
See also
:no:Arthur Mørch Hansson
Leif Tronstad
References
Literature
Books
Njølstad, Olav, Fullt og helt - en biografi om om Jens Chr. Hauge. (2008)
Articles
External links
New York Times: Jens Christian Hauge, Guide of Modern Norway, Dies at 91
National hero led double life
Hauges politiske testament
Sannheten om Jens Chr. Hauge
Løy for kona og folket
Trials in Norway
1915 births
2006 deaths
Labour Party (Norway) politicians
Members of the Steering Committee of the Bilderberg Group
20th-century Norwegian lawyers
Norwegian military leaders of World War II
Norwegian resistance members
Norwegian anti-communists
Norwegian Association for Women's Rights people
Ministers of justice of Norway
Defence ministers of Norway |
1481453 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenomyosis | Adenomyosis | Adenomyosis is a medical condition characterized by the growth of cells that proliferate on the inside of the uterus (endometrium) atypically located among the cells of the uterine wall (myometrium), as a result, thickening of the uterus occurs. As well as being misplaced in patients with this condition, endometrial tissue is completely functional. The tissue thickens, sheds and bleeds during every menstrual cycle.
The condition is typically found in women between the ages of 35 and 50, but also affects younger women. Patients with adenomyosis often present with painful menses (dysmenorrhea), profuse menses (menorrhagia), or both. Other possible symptoms are pain during sexual intercourse, chronic pelvic pain and irritation of the urinary bladder.
In adenomyosis, basal endometrium penetrates into hyperplastic myometrial fibers. Unlike the functional layer, the basal layer does not undergo typical cyclic changes with the menstrual cycle. Adenomyosis may involve the uterus focally, creating an adenomyoma. With diffuse involvement, the uterus becomes bulky and heavier.
Adenomyosis can be found together with endometriosis; it differs in that patients with endometriosis present endometrial-like tissue located entirely outside the uterus. In endometriosis, the tissue is similar to, but not the same as, the endometrium. The two conditions are found together in many cases yet often occur separately. Before being recognized as a distinct condition, adenomyosis was called endometriosis interna. The less-commonly-used term adenomyometritis is a more specific name for the condition, specifying involvement of the uterus.
Signs and symptoms
Adenomyosis can vary widely in the type and severity of symptoms that it causes, ranging from being entirely asymptomatic 33% of the time to being a severe and debilitating condition in some cases. Women with adenomyosis typically first report symptoms when they are between 40 and 50, but symptoms can occur in younger women.
Symptoms (viz., heavy bleeding and pain) and the estimated percent affected may include:
Heavy menstrual bleeding (40–60%), which is more common in women with deeper adenomyosis. Blood loss may be significant enough to cause anemia, with associated symptoms of fatigue, dizziness, and moodiness.
Abnormal uterine bleeding
Chronic pelvic pain (77%)
Painful cramping menstruation (15–30%)
Painful vaginal intercourse, uncommon (7%)
A 'bearing' down feeling
Pressure on bladder
Dragging sensation down thighs and legs
Clinical signs of adenomyosis may include:
Uterine enlargement (30%), which in turn can lead to symptoms of pelvic fullness.
Tender uterus
Infertility or sub-fertility (11–12%) – In addition, adenomyosis is associated with an increased incidence of preterm labour and premature rupture of membranes.
Women with adenomyosis are also more likely to have other uterine conditions, including:
Uterine fibroids (50%)
Endometriosis (11%)
Endometrial polyp (7%)
Causes
The cause of adenomyosis is unknown, although it has been associated with any sort of uterine trauma that may break the barrier between the endometrium and myometrium, known as the junctional zone, such as a caesarean section, surgical pregnancy termination, and any pregnancy. It can be linked with endometriosis, but studies looking into similarities and differences between these two conditions have conflicting results.
The pathogenesis of adenomyosis still remains unclear, but the functioning of the inner myometrium, also called the junction zone (JZ), is believed to play a major role in the development of adenomyosis. It is also a matter of discussion whether the link between reproductive disorders and major obstetrical disorders also lies here. Parity, age, and previous uterine abrasion increase the risk of adenomyosis. Hormonal factors such as local hyperestrogenism and elevated levels of s-prolactin as well as autoimmune factors have also been identified as possible risk factors. As both the myometrium and stroma in an adenomyosis affected uterus show significant differences from those of a non-affected uterus, a complex origin that includes multifactorial changes on both genetic and biochemical levels is likely.
The tissue injury and repair (TIAR) theory is now widely accepted and suggests that uterine hyperperistalsis (i.e., increased peristalsis), during early periods of reproductive life will induce micro-injury at the endometrial-myometrial interface (EMI) region. That again leads to elevation of local estrogen in order to heal the damage. At the same time, estrogen treatment will increase uterine peristalsis again, leading to a vicious circle and a chain of biological alterations essential for the development of adenomyosis. Iatrogenic injury of the junctional zone or physical damage due to placental implantation most likely results in the same pathological cascade.
Mechanism
Pathophysiology
Misplaced endometrial tissue proliferation in the myometrium causes symptoms through different mechanisms.
Uterine menstrual contractions are caused by prostaglandin, which is produced by normal endometrial tissue. Dysmenorrhea is the main characteristic for this disease which are the result for high prostaglandin levels. Endometrial proliferation is also led by estrogen; some treatments try to reduce its levels in order to decrease symptoms.
Adenomyosis patients present with heavy menstrual bleeding due to the increase of endometrial tissue, greater degree of vascularization, atypical uterine contractions and increased levels of prostaglandins, estrogen and eicosanoids.
Histopathology
The diagnosis of adenomyosis is through a pathologist microscopically examining small tissue samples of the uterus. These tissue samples can come from a uterine biopsy or directly following a hysterectomy. Uterine biopsies can be obtained by either a laparoscopic procedure through the abdomen or hysteroscopy through the vagina and cervix.
The diagnosis is established when the pathologist finds invading clusters of endometrial tissue within the myometrium. Several diagnostic criterion can be used, but typically they require either the endometrial tissue to have invaded greater than 2% of the myometrium, or a minimum invasion depth between 2.5 and 8mm.
Gross Findings:
Enlarged uterus
Thickened uterine wall with trabeculated appearance
Hemorrhagic pinpoint or cystic spaces throughout wall
Microscopic Findings:
Endometrial glands and stroma haphazardly distributed throughout myometrium
Concentric myometrial hyperplasia frequent around adenomyotic foci
Variants: Gland-poor, stroma-poor, intravascular
Differential Diagnosis:
Adenomyoma
Myo-invasive endometrial endometrioid carcinoma (vs. stroma-poor adenomyosis)
Low-grade endometrial stromal sarcoma (vs. gland-poor and intravascular adenomyosis)
Diagnosis
Imaging
Adenomyosis can vary widely in the extent and location of its invasion within the uterus. As a result, there are no established pathognomonic features to allow for a definitive diagnosis of adenomyosis through non-invasive imaging. Nevertheless, non-invasive imaging techniques such as transvaginal ultrasonography (TVUS) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can both be used to strongly suggest the diagnosis of adenomyosis, guide treatment options, and monitor response to treatment. Indeed, TVUS and MRI are the only two practical means available to establish a pre-surgical diagnosis.
Transvaginal ultrasonography
Transvaginal ultrasonography is a cheap and readily available imaging test that is typically used early during the evaluation of gynecologic symptoms. Ultrasound imaging, like MRI, does not use radiation and is safe for examination of the pelvis and female reproductive organs. Overall, it is estimated that transvaginal ultrasonography has a sensitivity of 79% and specificity of 85% for the detection of adenomyosis.
Common transvaginal ultrasound findings are defined by the European MUSA group in 2015 and are defined in 2022 by the MUSA group. The ultrasound characteristics can be divided in direct and indirect features.
Direct features:
myometrial cysts - pockets of fluid within the smooth muscle of the uterus
Hyperechogenic islands - usually white endometrium islands within the myometrium
Echogenenic subendometrial lines and buds - usually white lines and knobs attached to the endometrium, prtruding into the myometrium.
Indirect features:
Globular, enlarged, and/or asymmetric uterus
Fan shaped shadowing - differentiating from fibroids with linear shadowing
Anterior/posterior wall asymmetry
Translational vascularity - diffuse spread of small vessels within the myometrium
Irregular or interrupted junctional zone - the borderline between the endometrium and myometrium
The power Doppler or Doppler ultrasonography function can be used during transvaginal ultrasonography to help differentiate adenomyomas from uterine fibroids. This is because uterine fibroids typically have blood vessels circling the fibroid's capsule. In contrast, adenomyomas are characterized by widespread blood vessels within the lesion. Doppler ultrasonography also serves to differentiate the static fluid within myometrial cysts from flowing blood within vessels.
The junction zone (JZ), or a small distinct hormone-dependent region at the endometrial-myometrial interface, may be assessed by three-dimensional transvaginal ultrasound (3D TVUS) and MRI. Features of adenomyosis are disruption, thickening, enlargement or invasion of the junctional zone. There is no consensus about the actual histology of the junctional zone and a recent review showed that the ultrasound, MRI and histology all define and describe the junctional zone differently.
Magnetic resonance imaging
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) provides slightly better diagnostic capability compared to TVUS, due to the increased ability of MRI to differentiate objectively between different types of soft tissue. This is possible with MRI's higher spatial and contrast resolution. Overall, it is estimated that MRI has a sensitivity of 74% and specificity of 91% for the detection of adenomyosis. Diagnosis through MRI focuses predominately upon investigating the junctional zone. The uterus will have a thickened junctional zone with darker/diminished signal on both T1 and T2 weighted sequences.
Three objective measures of the junctional zone can be used to diagnose adenomyosis.
A thickness of the junctional zone greater than 8–12 mm. Less than 8 mm is normal.
A junctional zone width being greater than 40% of the width of the myometrium.
Variability in the width of the junctional zone being greater than 5 mm.
Interspersed within the thickened, darker signal of the junctional zone, one will often see foci of hyperintensity (bright spots) on the T2 weighted scans representing small cystically dilatated glands or more acute sites of microhemorrhage.
MRI is limited by other factors, but not by calcified uterine fibroids (as is ultrasound). In particular, MRI is better able to differentiate adenomyosis from multiple small uterine fibroids.
Treatment
Adenomyosis can only be cured definitively with surgical removal of the uterus. As adenomyosis is responsive to reproductive hormones, it reasonably abates following menopause when these hormones decrease. For women in their reproductive years, adenomyosis can typically be managed with the goals to provide pain relief, to restrict progression of the process, and to reduce significant menstrual bleeding.
Medications
NSAIDs: Nonsterioidal anti-inflammatory drugs, such as ibuprofen and naproxen, are commonly used in conjunction with other therapies for pain relief. NSAIDs inhibit the production of prostaglandins by decreasing the activity of the enzyme cyclooxygenase. Prostaglandins have been shown to be primarily responsible for dysmenorrhea or the cramping pelvic pain associated with menses.
Hormones and hormone modulators
Levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine devices or hormonal IUDs, such as the Mirena, are an effective treatment for adenomyosis. They reduce symptoms by causing decidualization of the endometrium, reducing or eliminating menstrual flow. Additionally, by helping downregulate estrogen receptors, hormonal IUDs shrink the clusters of endometrial tissue within the myometrium. This leads to reduced menstrual blood flow, helps the uterus contract more properly, and helps to reduce the menstrual pain. The use of hormonal IUDs in patients with adenomyosis have been proven to reduce menstrual bleeding, improve anemia and iron levels, reduce pain, and even result in an improvement of adenomyosis with a smaller uterus on medical imaging. At least in the short term, patients who can tolerate hormonal IUDs for the treatment of adenomyosis result in equivalent improvement of symptoms and better quality-of-life and social well-being as compared to women who undergo a hysterectomy. Hormonal IUDs are particularly well suited for individuals needing effective treatment of their adenomyosis while still maintaining future fertility potential. The most common negative side-effect of hormonal IUDs is irregular menstrual bleeding or spotting.
Oral contraceptives reduce the menstrual pain and bleeding associated with adenomyosis. This may require taking continuous hormone therapy to reducing or eliminating menstrual flow. Oral contraceptives may even lead to short-term regression of adenomyosis.
Progesterone or Progestins: Progesterone counteracts estrogen and inhibits the growth of endometrial tissue. Such therapy can reduce or eliminate menstruation in a controlled and reversible fashion. Progestins are chemical variants of natural progesterone.
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) agonists and danazol have been tried in order to relieve adenomyosis related symptoms and show some effect, but the studies are few, mainly with a retrospective study design and have small sample sizes. Long-time use of GnRH-analogues is often associated with heavy side effects, loss of bone density and increased risk of cardiovascular events, and therefore not feasible for young women. Furthermore, all present treatment options are irrelevant options for women trying to conceive. Exogenous progestogenic treatments have been found to be ineffective. In IVF-settings long down-regulation prior to IVF might have a positive effect on pregnancy rates.
Surgery
Broadly speaking, surgical management of adenomyosis is split into two categories: uterine-sparing and non-uterine-sparing procedures. Uterine-sparing procedures are surgical operations that do not include surgical removal of the uterus. Some uterine-sparing procedures have the benefit of improving fertility or retaining the ability to carry a pregnancy to term. In contrast, some uterine-sparing procedures worsen fertility or even result in complete sterility. The impact of each procedure on a woman's fertility is of particular concern and typically guides the selection. Non-uterine-sparing procedures, by definition, include surgical removal of the uterus and consequently they will all result in complete sterility.
Uterine-sparing procedures
Uterine artery embolization (UAE): In this minimally-invasive procedure, doctors intentionally block two large arteries that supply the uterus, called the uterine arteries. This is performed in order to dramatically reduce the blood supply to the uterus. By doing so, there is insufficient blood and thus oxygen present for the adenomyosis to develop and spread. 57-75% of women who undergo UAE for adenomyosis typically report long-term improvement in their menstrual pain and bleeding. However, there is a recurrence rate of symptoms in 35% of women following a UAE. Also, UAE has the risk of causing major complications in 5% of women who undergo the procedure. Major complications include infection, significant bleeding, and needing an additional surgery. UAE has also been shown in some cases to reduce ovarian function. Finally, 26% of women who undergo UAE ultimately end up requiring a hysterectomy.
Myometrium or adenomyoma resection: In this procedure, surgeons remove a focal consolidation of adenomyosis known as an adenomyoma. To be successful this procedure requires that the adenomyosis is relatively focally isolated and with a minimal diffuse spread. Unfortunately, adenomyosis is commonly diffuse and the operation is successful only 50% of the time. The procedure is performed with either a laparoscope or hysteroscope. Additionally, it can be a difficult surgery to perform as diffuse adenomyosis physically weakens the myometrium and surgical sutures can tear through the muscle with minimal force. When successful, the procedure significantly improves menstrual pain and bleeding. Additionally, it can result in improved fertility with pregnancy rates as high as 78% in women trying to conceive after the operation with successful delivery occurring in as many as 69% of those pregnancies. On the other hand, there is an increased miscarriage rate (as high as 39% of pregnancies), which is higher than the general population. This is likely due to increased uterine scar tissue formation caused by the surgery.
Myometrial electrocoagulation
Myometrial reduction
MRI-guided focused ultrasound surgery
Endometrial ablation and resection
Endometrial ablation techniques are only for people who do not want to bear any children after having the surgery. The techniques either include physical resection and removal of the endometrium through a hysteroscope, or focus on ablating or killing the endometrial layer of the uterus without its immediate removal. Endometrial ablation and resection techniques are most appropriate for shallow adenomyosis. The efficacy of the procedures is reduced if the adenomyosis is too widespread or deep. Furthermore, deep adenomyosis may become trapped behind a scarred region that was ablated, leading to further bleeding and pain. Endometrial resection is also limited to relatively shallow adenomyosis as significant bleeding may result from damage to large arteries that are present 5 mm deep within the myometrium.
Non-hysteroscopic procedures: These techniques do not require a hysteroscope, are relatively fast, and many can be performed as an outpatient procedure.
High-energy radiofrequency ablation: Using a small expandable mesh placed within the uterus, providers use high-energy radio waves to ablate the endometrium.
Thermal balloon: Using a thin expanding balloon placed within the uterus, providers can introduce heated fluid and ablate the endometrium. This procedure has been shown to result in amenorrhea or complete cessation of menstrual bleeding for 12 months in 23% of patients. 16% of patients eventually experience treatment failure with pain or bleeding requiring additional treatments or a hysterectomy. Women older than 45 and those with milder adenomyosis were more likely to experience successful amenorrhea following the procedure. In contrast, women younger than 45, with multiple childbirths, a history of a prior tubal ligation, and/or a history of menstrual pain were more likely to experience treatment failure.
Cryo-endometrial ablation (CEA): A form of cryotherapy whereby using a small probe, providers can directly apply sub-zero temperatures within the uterus to freeze and ablate the endometrium.
Circulating Hot Water: Heated water directly introduced into the uterus is used to thermally ablate the endometrium.
Microwave ablation: Using a small probe introduced into the uterus, a provider uses microwave energy to ablate the endometrium.
Hysteroscopic procedures: These techniques all require the use of a hysteroscope to perform.
Wire-loop resection: Under direct visualization through a hysteroscope, a wire loop instrument charged with an electric current permits a provider to carefully remove the endometrium in strips.
Laser ablation: Under direct visualization through a hysteroscope, lasers are used to vaporize and ablate the endometrium.
Rollerball ablation: Under direct visualization through a hysteroscope, a metallic ball on the end of a probe is charged with electricity and rolled across the surface of the endometrium. This has been shown to have a coagulative effect to the depth of 2–3 mm into the myometrium. This destroys the endometrium and the nearby growth of dysfunctional smooth muscle. Deeper adenomyosis escapes this coagulative effect.
Non-uterine-sparing procedures
Hysterectomy, or surgical removal of the uterus, has historically been the primary method of diagnosing and treating adenomyosis. It was especially popular in women who had completed their childbearing or in cases where fertility was not desired. Today, there are many more medical and surgical interventions available. These treatments, such as hormonal therapy and endometrial ablation, have significantly reduced the number of women who require a hysterectomy. That being said, hysterectomies remain as the final treatment option for women in whom the other treatments have failed. Typically viewed as definitive treatment for the bleeding and pelvic pain associated with adenomyosis, a hysterectomy will always result in sterility and cessation of menstrual bleeding. Pelvic pain, on the other hand, can persist after a hysterectomy in as many as 22% of women.
There are many different types of hysterectomy, with varying options existing to removal the fallopian tubes, ovaries, and cervix. Also, the varying types of hysterectomy can be performed by many different surgical techniques.
A hysterectomy can be performed:
laparoscopically through small holes in the abdomen
robotically in a manner similar to the laparoscopic procedure
entirely by route of the vagina with no abdominal incisions
through a larger abdominal incision
Variants also exist which combine several of these techniques and surgeries can even change during the operation from one technique to another in response to unforeseen obstacles or individual anatomy considerations. For example, adenomyosis can increase the size of the uterus to such an extent that it physically cannot be removed through the vagina without first being cut into smaller pieces.
Epidemiology
Recent data suggest a prevalence of 20 to 35%.
Prognosis
Adenomyosis is an often progressing condition. It is advocated that adenomyosis poses no increased risk for cancer development. However, both entities could coexist and the endometrial tissue within the myometrium could harbor endometrioid adenocarcinoma, with potentially deep myometrial invasion.
Fertility
Preterm labour and premature rupture of membranes both occur more frequently in women with adenomyosis.
In sub-fertile women who received in-vitro fertilization (IVF), women with adenomyosis were less likely to become pregnant and subsequently more likely to experience a miscarriage. Given this, it is encouraged to screen women for adenomyosis by TVUS or MRI before starting assisted reproduction treatments (ART).
Etymology
The term adenomyosis is derived from the Greek terms adeno- (meaning gland), myo- (meaning muscle), and -osis (meaning condition).
See also
Adenomyoma
Atypical polypoid adenomyoma
References
External links
Gynaecologic disorders |
1481454 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hazyview | Hazyview | Hazyview is a sub-tropical farming town in Mpumalanga, South Africa, renowned for its large banana and macadamia nut industries, contributing about 20% of South Africa's bananas and 30% of macadamia output. Bordering the Kruger National Park, the town's name is derived from the shimmering haze that occurs during the heat of summer. Most of the province of Mpumalanga's private game reserves are found just east of Hazyview.
History and demography
This is one of the ancient Mapulana kingdoms under Kgoshi Magashula. Magashula used to command authority in the area before colonisation. It was he (Magashula) who gave Joao Albasini and thousands of his Tsonga followers permission to settle in the area in 1840 in what is known today as Numbi gate and PretoriusKop. For the land at Numbi on the banks of the Sabie River, Albasini gave kgoshi Magashula 200 herd of cattle as a purchase price for the land for chief Manungu his friend, this was after Kgoshi Magashula was satisfied that Albasini and his Tsonga people were settling on his land with good intentions, that is, to join him in fighting off invading Swazi impis. Joao Albasini, a warmonger and a master of modern warfare, used his Tsonga followers to prevent Swazis from conquering Magashula's land, pleasing Kgoshi Magushula and reassuring him that the Swazis had met their match. Albasini and his Tsonga followers planted wheat on the banks of the Sabie river and established a bakery where fine white bread was produced, which made Magashule's kraal famous in the entire lowveld.
Albasini's Tsonga settlement in the lowveld was known collectively as Magashula's kraal. While at Magashula's kraal, Albasini's homesteads was based in what is known today as Numbi gate and his Tsonga followers defended his home against invading Swazi impis. The remains of Albasini's home can still be seen today at Numbi gate and is known as 'Albasini Ruins'.
Kgoshi Magashula gave the Tsonga people land to settle at Numbi gate and Pretoriuskop with strict rules, that is, the Tsonga people had to help him to expel and defeat the invading Swazis sent by King Mswati. As the Tsonga settlements spread from Pretoriuskop, Skukuza, Numbi, and other areas east of the current town of Hazyview, the Swazis' plan of conquering Magashula's land failed, because the Tsonga people prevented them from carrying out their military expedition. One such important figure that taught Swazis a lesson was a Tsonga chief known as Manungu, Manungu was a general in Joao Albasini's army and was placed in Pretoriuskop as an Induna. Pretoriuskop was a highly populated area by Tsonga people whose job, as agreed with kgoshi Magashule, was to block the Swazis from entering Magashula's land, Manungu was successful as an induna in safeguarding the land against Swazi invaders. When the Voortrekker leader Pretorius died at Josekhulu, it was Joao Albasini and his followers who conducted the funeral and buried him next to a hill and named the place Pretoriuskop in honour of this brave Voortrekker leader.
With the help of Joao Albasini and thousands of his Tsonga followers, the Swazi's invading tactics were dealt a great blow, the Tsonga's sprawling settlement, starting from Pretoriuskop managed to push back the invading Swazing back to where they came from. With Mission accomplished and the Swazi impis pushed backed by Albasini and his Tsonga followers, Albasini left Magashula's kraal in 1843 for Luonde ( in Venda) and became a powerful Warlord there, he established a powerful army of 2000 armed Tsonga men whom he used to harass the Venda and their chiefs. As a Warlord in Luonde, Albasini became a white chief of his Tsonga people in the entire area where Tsonga people live and brought in extra thousands of Tsonga settlers from southern Mozambique to take up vast tracts of land starting from Elim Hospital down the escarpment, he also appointed all Tsonga chiefs in the Elim area in order to strengthened his power base at Luonde. He was a feared warlord even the Venda king Makhado did not provoked him because he knew that Albasini possessed thousands of ammunition which he and his Tsonga followers will not hesitate to use at any time against anyone who provoke him.
However, when Albasini departed Magashula's kraal in 1843, many of his Tsonga followers remained behind and continue to support kgoshi Magashula's struggles against invading Swazis. As more and more Tsonga people started to flood Pretoriuskop, Skukuza, and Numbi, the Swazi gradually withdrew their invading tactics due to casualties. The Swazis gave up their fight against kgoshi Magashula because they realized that they can never win the war, for the enemy was now to big to defeat, because the Tsonga people were giving kgoshi Magashula a lot of military support. Tsonga settlements of Manungukop, Pretoriuskop, Skukuza, Numbi, Satara and many more in the southern Kruger were forcibly removed when the colonial government created the Kruger national park between 1899 and 1902.
Today, Hazyview is a home of the Tsonga people, who occupy the north-eastern part of this beautiful town along the banks of the Sabie River. To the south of Hazyview, the Swazi people call this their home. While to the north-western part of this town, the Mapulana people and their cultures are to be found. Sepulana, their language, one of the Northern Sotho language, this is what makes the Mapulana an interesting cultural group in Hazyview.
White Africans also reside in Hazyview. With four cultural groupings in one town, Hazyview is a melting pot of diverse cultures in South Africa's lowveld region.
Land claims
The Mapulana people are currently claiming the whole north-western part of the town until the town of Sabie, from Hazyview to Sabie. While the Tsonga people, the custodian of South Africa's big five game, are claiming the whole north-eastern part of Hazyview, in particular all the game reserves east of Hazyview and southern Kruger, such as Skukuza, Pretoriuskop, Satara, Protea Hotel Kruger Gate etc. While the Swazi people are claiming the whole southern part of the town.
Geographical information
Hazyview is 12 kilometres from the Phabeni Gate and 40 kilometres from Paul Kruger Gate which leads into the world-renowned Kruger National Park nature reserve home of big 5. Hazyview is also a stop on the Panorama Route, a scenic road. Hazyview is situated 60 km from Mbombela. Nelspruit Town. KMIA, Kruger Mpumalanga International Airport is 56km from Hazyview Town.
References
External links
Populated places in the Mbombela Local Municipality |
1481458 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hixon | Hixon | The name Hixon, Hixson or Hixton may refer to:
Hixon
Hixon (surname)
Hixon, British Columbia, an unincorporated community in Canada
Hixon, Staffordshire, a village and a civil parish in England
RAF Hixon, a Royal Air Force station in Hixon, Staffordshire
Hixon railway station
Hixon rail crash in 1968
Hixon, Clark County, Wisconsin, a town in the United States
Curtis Hixon Hall in Tampa, Florida, U.S.
Curtis Hixon Waterfront Park in Tampa, Florida, U.S.
Gideon C. Hixon House in La Crosse, Wisconsin, U.S.
Hixon Green in Hove, East Sussex, UK
Orval Hixon (1884-1982), photographer
Hixson
Hixson (surname)
Hixson, Tennessee, an unincorporated community
Hixson High School
Hixson–Lied College of Fine and Performing Arts in Nebraska
Hixson–Mixsell House, listed on the NRHP in Warren County, New Jersey
Hixson–Skinner Mill Complex, listed on the NRHP in Warren County, New Jersey
Hixton
Hixton, Wisconsin (village)
Hixton (town), Wisconsin
See also
Hickson (disambiguation) |
1481468 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methazole | Methazole | Methazole (C9H6Cl2N2O3) is an obsolete herbicide in the family of herbicides known as oxadiazolones. It was used as a post-emergent treatment for controlling weeds.
References
Herbicides
Oxadiazolidines
Chloroarenes |
1481469 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PFD | PFD |
Science, technology, and medicine
Personal flotation device
Pelvic floor dysfunction
Phase frequency detector in electronics
Primary flight display, in an aircraft
Probability of Failure on Demand, see Safety integrity level#Certification
Process flow diagram, in process engineering
Prepared for dyeing
Professional Disc, recordable optical disc format
PFD allowance in work systems
Partial fraction decomposition
Perfluorodecalin, a molecule capable of dissolving large amounts of gas
Pediatric feeding disorder, a unifying diagnostic term encompassing medical, nutrition, feeding skill, and psychosocial domains
Organizations
Philadelphia Fire Department
Pigespejdernes Fællesråd Danmark, Guiding federation of Denmark
Peters, Fraser & Dunlop, an English literary and talent agency
Other uses
Permanent Fund Dividend of Alaska Permanent Fund
A prevention of future deaths report issued by a coroner in the United Kingdom
See also
PDF (disambiguation) |
1481470 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirby%20Krackle | Kirby Krackle | The Kirby Krackle (also known as Kirby Dots) is an artistic convention in superhero and science fiction comic books and similar illustrations, in which a field of black is used to represent negative space around unspecified kinds of energy. It is typically used in illustrations of explosions, smoke, blasts from ray guns, "cosmic" energy, and outer space phenomena.
History
The effect is named after its creator, comic artist Jack Kirby. While the Kirby Krackle in its mature form first appeared in Kirby's work during 1965–1966 (in Fantastic Four and Thor), comics historian Harry Mendryk of the Jack Kirby Museum & Research Center has traced the earliest version of the stylistic device as far back as 1940 to Jack Kirby and Joe Simon's Blue Bolt #5. As Joe Simon was the inker on that comic, he may have been partially responsible for the look of the proto-Kirby Krackle. Examples of a transitional form of the Kirby Krackle appear in two of Kirby's stories from the late 1950s: The Man Who Collected Planets from 1957 (pencils and inks by Kirby) and The Negative Man from 1959 (inks attributed to Marvin Stein). The effects were used during the transformation sequences in the Ben 10 franchise.
Kirby Krackle is incorporated into the design of the Guardians of the Galaxy – Mission: Breakout! attraction in Avengers Campus at Disney California Adventure, and Moon Girl and Devil Dinosaur.
Analysis
Philosophy professor and author Jeffrey J. Kripal wrote:
References
External links
Kirby Krackles Brushes for Illustrator
Kirby Krackles Brushes for Photoshop
Comics terminology
Artistic techniques
Jack Kirby |
1481473 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hectorspruit | Hectorspruit | Hectorspruit, officially Emjejane, is a small farming town situated between Kaapmuiden and Komatipoort on a southern tributary of the Crocodile River in Mpumalanga, South Africa. The farms in the region produce sugarcane, subtropical fruit and vegetables. The stream is named after a dog belonging to S de Kock, chief surveyor of the Pretoria - Delagoa Bay railway line.
Hamlet some 30 km west of Komatipoort and 80 km north-east of Pigg's Peak. The hamlet is named after a tributary of the Crocodile River, the Hectorspruit, which is said to take its name from a hunting dog that died there after being bitten by a tsetse fly.
The hamlet was officially renamed in 2005 to Emjejane (SiSwati) after late Chief Mjejane Ngomane.
References
Populated places in the Nkomazi Local Municipality |
1481478 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektron | Elektron | Elektron may refer to:
Elektron (alloy), a magnesium alloy
Elektron (company), a musical instrument company
Elektron (ISS), a Russian oxygen generator
Elektron (resin) or amber, a fossilised resin
Elektron (satellite), a series of four Soviet particle physics satellites
See also
Electron, a subatomic particle
Electron (disambiguation)
Tron (disambiguation) |
1481494 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confederate%20Ireland | Confederate Ireland | Confederate Ireland, also referred to as the Irish Catholic Confederation, was a period of Irish Catholic self-government between 1642 and 1652, during the Eleven Years' War. Formed by Catholic aristocrats, landed gentry, clergy and military leaders after the Irish Rebellion of 1641, the Confederates controlled up to two-thirds of Ireland from their base in Kilkenny; hence it is sometimes called the "Confederation of Kilkenny".
The Confederates included Catholics of Gaelic and Anglo-Norman descent. They wanted an end to anti-Catholic discrimination within the Kingdom of Ireland and greater Irish self-governance; many also wanted to roll back the plantations of Ireland. Most Confederates professed loyalty to Charles I of England in the belief they could reach a lasting settlement in return for helping defeat his opponents in the Wars of the Three Kingdoms. Its institutions included a legislative body known as the General Assembly, an executive or Supreme Council, and a military. It minted coins, levied taxes and set up a printing press. Confederate ambassadors were appointed and recognised in France, Spain and the Papal States, who supplied them with money and weapons.
At various times, Confederate armies fought Royalists, Parliamentarians, Ulster Protestant militia and Scots Covenanters; these controlled the Pale, parts of eastern and northern Ulster, and the region around Cork. Charles authorised secret negotiations which in September 1643 resulted in a Confederate–Royalist ceasefire and led to further talks, most of which proved unsuccessful. In 1644, a Confederate military expedition landed in Scotland to help Royalists there. The Confederates continued to fight the Parliamentarians in Ireland, and decisively defeated the Covenanter army in the Battle of Benburb.
In 1647, the Confederates suffered a string of defeats at Dungan's Hill, Cashel and Knocknanuss. This prompted them to make an agreement with the Royalists, leading to internal divisions which hampered their ability to resist a Parliamentarian invasion. In August 1649, a large English Parliamentarian army, led by Oliver Cromwell, invaded Ireland. By May 1652 it had defeated the Confederate–Royalist alliance, although Confederate soldiers continued a guerrilla warfare campaign for a further year.
States and territories disestablished in the 1650s
Formation
The Irish Catholic Confederation was formed in the aftermath of the 1641 rebellion, both to control the popular uprising and to organise an Irish Catholic war effort against the remaining English and Scottish armies in Ireland. It was hoped that by doing this, the Irish Catholics could hold off an English or Scottish re-conquest of the country.
The initiative for the Confederation came from a Catholic bishop, Nicholas French, and a lawyer named Nicholas Plunkett. They put forth their proposals for a government to Irish Catholic nobles such as Viscount Gormanston, Viscount Mountgarret, Viscount Muskerry and the Baron of Navan. These men would commit their own armed forces to the Confederation and persuaded other rebels to join it. The declared aims of the Confederates were similar to those of Sir Phelim O'Neill, the leader of the early stages of the rebellion in Ulster, who issued the Proclamation of Dungannon in October 1641.
On 17 March 1642, these nobles signed the "Catholic Remonstrance" issued at Trim, County Meath that was addressed to King Charles I. On 22 March, at a synod in nearby Kells chaired by Hugh O'Reilly, Archbishop of Armagh, a majority of the Catholic bishops proclaimed that the rebellion was a just war.
On 10 May 1642, Ireland's Catholic clergy held a synod at Kilkenny. Present were the Archbishops of Armagh, Cashel and Tuam, eleven bishops or their representatives, and other dignitaries. They drafted the Confederate Oath of Association and called on all Catholics in Ireland to take the oath. Those who took the oath swore allegiance to Charles I and vowed to obey all orders and decrees made by the "Supreme Council of the Confederate Catholics". The rebels henceforth became known as Confederates. The synod re-affirmed that the rebellion was a "just war". It called for the creation of a council (made up of clergy and nobility) for each province, which would be overseen by a national council for the whole island. It vowed to punish misdeeds by Confederate soldiers and to excommunicate any Catholic who fought against the Confederation. The synod sent agents to France, Spain and Italy to gain support, gather funds and weapons, and recruit Irishmen serving in foreign armies. Lord Mountgarret was appointed president of the Confederate Supreme Council, and a General Assembly was fixed for October that year.
The first Confederate Assembly
The first Confederate General Assembly was held in Kilkenny on 24 October 1642, where it set up a provisional government. The Assembly was a parliament in all but name. Present at the first Assembly were 14 Lords Temporal and 11 Lords Spiritual from the Parliament of Ireland, along with 226 commoners. The Confederate's constitution was written by a Galway lawyer named Patrick D'Arcy. The Assembly resolved that each county should have a council, overseen by a provincial council made up of two representatives from each county council. The Assembly agreed orders "to be observed as the model of their government".
The Assembly elected an executive known as the Supreme Council. The first Supreme Council was elected on or about 14 November. It consisted of 24 members, 12 of whom were to abide always in Kilkenny or wherever else they deemed fitting.
The members of the first Supreme Council were as follows:
James Tuchet, 3rd Earl of Castlehaven, representing the Crown, was the final member of the Supreme Council.
The Supreme Council would have power over all military generals, military officers and civil magistrates. Its first act was to name the generals who were to command Confederate forces: Owen Roe O'Neill was to command the Ulster forces, Thomas Preston the Leinster forces, Garret Barry the Munster forces and John Burke the Connacht forces. Ulick Burke, 1st Marquess of Clanricarde was named head general, as they thought he would sooner or later join the Confederates. The Supreme Council issued an order to raise £30,000 and a levy of 31,700 men in Leinster who were to be trained at once.
The Supreme Council also made its own seal, described as follows: "'Twas circular, and in its centre was a large cross, the base of which rested on a flaming heart, while its apex was overlapped by the wings of a dove. On the left of the cross was the harp , and on the right the crown." The motto on the seal was Pro Deo, Rege, et Patria, Hiberni Unanimes (For God, King and Fatherland, Ireland is United).
A National Treasury, a mint for making coins, and a press for printing proclamations were set up in Kilkenny. This first General Assembly sat until 9 January 1643.
Policies
The last piece of legislation agreed by Charles I and Parliament was the 1642 Adventurers' Act, which provided funds to suppress the 1641 Rebellion by confiscating "rebel" lands. In order to keep their estates, in the context of the Wars of the Three Kingdoms the Confederates claimed to be Royalists loyal to the king, which made reaching an agreement with him a matter of primary importance. As a result, the Confederacy never claimed to be an independent government and since only Charles could legally call Parliament, their General Assembly never claimed to be one, although this did not prevent it enacting legislation.
Confederate political demands included Irish self-government, secure tenure of their lands, amnesty for any acts committed during the Rebellion, an equal share in government positions and that these concessions be ratified by a post-war Parliament. In terms of religion, they insisted on toleration of Catholicism and in June 1645 added the stipulation that the Catholic clergy should retain all properties taken from the Church of Ireland since 1641. In reality, these were almost impossible to achieve, since they were asking Charles to make concessions he had refused to make to Parliament, while the vast majority of his advisors opposed them on the grounds that doing so would fatally undermine the Royalist cause in England and Scotland.
The Confederate position was further weakened by divisions between the Old English, mostly descendants of those who arrived during the Anglo-Norman invasion of Ireland in 1172, and the native Gaelic Irish. While many historians dispute the extent of the differences between the two groups, there are significant variations in terms of political, religious and economic objectives. In general, the Old English wanted to regain the power and influence they had lost under the Tudors and although they were sincere Catholics, did not support establishing the church as the state religion. Gaelic Irish leaders such as Owen Roe O'Neill wanted to reverse the Plantations of Ireland, since this was the only way to retrieve their ancestral lands; however, they were far less united in their demands than the Old English and it has been argued they formed a pressure group, rather than a distinct political philosophy.
The 1643 Cessation
In September 1643, the Confederates negotiated a "cessation" with James Butler, 1st Duke of Ormonde, Royalist Governor of Ireland, which was signed at Jigginstown, near Naas. This ended hostilities ceased between the Confederates and Ormonde's royalist army based in Dublin. However, Murrough O'Brien, 1st Earl of Inchiquin, a rare Gaelic Irish Protestant who commanded the Royalist garrison of Cork, objected to the ceasefire and declared his allegiance to Parliament in England. The Scottish Covenanters had also landed an army in Ulster in 1642, which remained hostile to the Confederates and to the king – as did the Laggan Army of the Scottish settlers living in Ulster.
The Jacobite historian Thomas Carte mentioned the financial terms of the Cessation, whereby the Confederates undertook to pay Ormonde £30,000 in stages up to May 1644, half in cash and half in live cattle.
In 1644 the Confederates sent around 1,500 men under Alasdair MacColla to Scotland to support the royalists there under James Graham, 1st Marquess of Montrose against the Covenanters, sparking a Civil War – their only intervention on the Royalist side in the civil wars in Great Britain.
Papal Nuncio's arrival
The Confederates received modest subsidies from the monarchies of France and Spain, who wanted to recruit troops in Ireland but their main continental support came from the Papacy. Pope Urban VIII sent Pierfrancesco Scarampi to liaise with and help the Confederates' Supreme Council in 1643. Pope Innocent X strongly supported Confederate Ireland, over the objections of Cardinal Mazarin and the Queen, Henrietta Maria, who had moved to Paris in 1644. Innocent received the Confederation's envoy in February 1645 and resolved to send a nuncio extraordinary to Ireland, Giovanni Battista Rinuccini, archbishop of Fermo, who embarked from La Rochelle with the Confederacy's secretary, Richard Bellings. He took with him a large quantity of arms and military supplies and a very large sum of money. These supplies meant that Rinuccini had a big influence on the Confederates' internal politics and he was backed by the more militant Confederates such as Owen Roe O'Neill. At Kilkenny Rinuccini was received with great honours, asserting that the object of his mission was to sustain the King, but above all to help the Catholic people of Ireland in securing the free and public exercise of the Catholic religion, and the restoration of the churches and church property, but not any former monastic property.
The first "Ormonde Peace"
The Supreme Council put great hope in a secret treaty they had concluded with Edward Somerset, 2nd Marquess of Worcester, under his new title of Earl of Glamorgan, on the King's behalf, which promised further concessions to Irish Catholics in the future. Being a very wealthy English Catholic royalist, Glamorgan was sent to Ireland in late June 1645 with secret orders from Charles to agree to the Confederates' demands in return for an Irish Catholic army that would fight for the King in England. The plan would be anathema to most English Protestants at the time. A copy of Glamorgan's secret orders was publicised by the Long Parliament, and to preserve his support in Protestant England the King had to deny his link and even proclaimed Glamorgan as a traitor. To deter the use of Confederate Irish soldiers in England the Long Parliament passed the Ordinance of no quarter to the Irish in October 1644.
The nuncio considered himself the virtual head of the Confederate Catholic party in Ireland. In 1646 the Supreme Council of the Confederates had come to an agreement with Ormonde, signed on 28 March 1646. Under its terms Catholics would be allowed to serve in public office and to found schools; there were also verbal promises of future concessions on religious toleration. There was an amnesty for acts committed in the Rebellion of 1641 and a guarantee against further seizure of Irish Catholic rebels' land by acts of attainder.
However, there was no reversal of Poynings' Law, which meant that any legislation due to be presented to the Parliament of Ireland must first be approved by the English Privy Council, no reversal of the Protestant majority in the Irish House of Commons and no reversal of the main plantations, or colonisation, in Ulster and Munster. Moreover, regarding the religious articles of the treaty, all churches taken over by Catholics in the war would have to be returned to Protestant hands and the public practice of Catholicism was not guaranteed.
In return for the concessions that were made Irish troops would be sent to England to fight for the royalists in the English Civil War. However, the terms agreed were not acceptable to either the Catholic clergy, the Irish military commanders – notably Owen Roe O'Neill and Thomas Preston – or the majority of the General Assembly. Nor was the papal nuncio Rinuccini party to the treaty, which left untouched the objects of his mission; he had induced nine of the Irish bishops to sign a protest against any arrangement with Ormonde or the king that would not guarantee the maintenance of the Catholic religion.
Many believed the Supreme Council were unreliable since many of them were related to Ormonde or otherwise bound to him. Besides, it was pointed out that the English Civil War had already been decided in the English Parliament's favour and that sending Irish troops to the royalists would be a futile sacrifice. On the other hand, many felt after O'Neill's Ulster army defeated the Scots at the battle of Benburb in June 1646 that the Confederates were in a position to re-conquer all of Ireland. Furthermore, those who opposed the peace were backed, both spiritually and financially, by Rinuccini, who threatened to excommunicate the "peace party". The Supreme Council were arrested and the General Assembly voted to reject the deal.
Military defeat and a new Ormonde peace
After the Confederates rejected the peace deal, Ormonde handed Dublin over to a parliamentarian army under Michael Jones. The Confederates now tried to eliminate the remaining parliamentarian outposts in Dublin and Cork, but in 1647 suffered a series of military disasters. First, Thomas Preston's Leinster army was destroyed by Jones's parliamentarians at the Battle of Dungan's Hill in County Meath. Then, less than three months later, the Confederates' Munster army met a similar fate at the hands of Inchiquin's parliamentarian forces at the battle of Knocknanauss.
These setbacks made most Confederates much more eager to come to reach an agreement with the royalists and negotiations were re-opened. The Supreme Council received generous terms from Charles I and Ormonde, including toleration of the Catholic religion, a commitment to repealing Poyning's Law (and therefore to Irish self-government), recognition of lands taken by Irish Catholics during the war, and a commitment to a partial reversal of the Plantation of Ulster. In addition, there was to be an Act of Oblivion, or amnesty for all acts committed during the 1641 rebellion and Confederate wars – in particular the killings of British Protestant settlers in 1641 – combined with no disbanding of the Confederate armies.
However, Charles granted these terms only out of desperation and later repudiated them. Under the terms of the agreement, the Confederation was to dissolve itself, place its troops under royalist commanders and accept English royalist troops. Inchiquin also defected from the Parliament and rejoined the royalists in Ireland.
Civil War within the Confederation
However, many of the Irish Catholics continued to reject a deal with the royalists. Owen Roe O'Neill refused to join the new royalist alliance and fought a brief internal civil war with the royalists and Confederates in the summer of 1648. So alienated was O'Neill by what he considered to be a betrayal of Catholic war aims that he tried to make a separate peace with the English Parliament and was for a short time effectively an ally of the English parliamentary armies in Ireland. This was disastrous for the wider aims of the Confederacy, as it coincided with the outbreak of the second civil war in England. The Papal Nuncio, Rinuccini, endeavoured to uphold Owen Roe O'Neill by excommunicating all who in May 1648 took part in the Inchiquin Truce with the Royalists; but he could not get the Irish Catholic Bishops to agree on the matter. On 23 February 1649, he embarked at Galway, in his own frigate, to return to Rome.
It is often argued that this split within the Confederate ranks represented a split between Gaelic Irish and Old English. It is suggested that a particular reason for this was that Gaelic Irish had lost much land and power since the English conquest of Ireland and hence had become radical in their demands. However, there were members of both ethnicities on each side. For example, Phelim O'Neill, the Gaelic Irish instigator of the Rebellion of 1641, sided with the moderates, whereas the predominantly Old English south Wexford area rejected the peace. The Catholic clergy were also split over the issue.
The real significance of the split was between those landed gentry who were prepared to compromise with the royalists as long as their lands and civil rights were guaranteed, and those, such as Owen Roe O'Neill, who wanted to completely overturn the English presence in Ireland. They wanted an independent, Catholic Ireland, with the English and Scottish settlers expelled permanently. Many of the militants were most concerned with recovering ancestral lands their families had lost in the plantations. After inconclusive skirmishing with the Confederates, Owen Roe O'Neill retreated to Ulster and did not rejoin his former comrades until Cromwell's invasion of 1649. This infighting fatally hampered the preparations of the Confederate-royalist alliance to repel the invasion of parliamentarian New Model Army.
Cromwell's invasion
Oliver Cromwell invaded Ireland in 1649 to crush the new alliance of Irish Confederates and royalists. The Cromwellian conquest of Ireland was the bloodiest warfare that had ever occurred in the country and was accompanied by plague and famine. Kilkenny fell after a short siege in 1650. It ended in total defeat for the Irish Catholics and royalists. The pre-war Irish Catholic land-owning class was all but destroyed in this period, as were the institutions of the Roman Catholic Church. Most of the senior members of the Confederation spent the Cromwellian period in exile in France, with the English Royalist Court. After the Restoration, those Confederates who had promoted alliance with the Royalists found themselves in favour and on average recovered about a third of their lands. However, those who remained in Ireland throughout the Interregnum generally had their land confiscated, with prisoners of war executed or transported to penal colonies.
Significance
Confederate Ireland's style of parliament was similar to the landed oligarchy Parliament of Ireland established by the Normans in 1297, but it was not based on a democratic vote. Given their large notional power base, the Confederates ultimately failed to manage and reorganise Ireland so as to defend the interests of Irish Catholics. The Irish Confederate Wars and the ensuing Cromwellian conquest of Ireland (1649–53) caused massive loss of life and ended with the confiscation of almost all Irish Catholic-owned land in the 1650s, though some was re-granted in the 1660s. The end of the period cemented the English colonisation of Ireland in the so-called Cromwellian Settlement.
See also
History of Ireland
Early Modern Ireland 1536–1691
Confederation
Citations
Sources
– 1643 to 1660
Further reading
Canny, Nicholas, Making Ireland British 1580–1650, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2001.
Lenihan, Pádraig, Confederate Catholics at War 1641–49, Cork University Press, Cork, 2001.
Ohlmeyer, Jane & Kenyon, John (eds.), The Civil Wars, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1998.
External links
The Confederate Assembly of Kilkenny, British Civil Wars, Commonwealth and Protectorate, 1638–1660
Ireland
1640s in Ireland
Wars of the Three Kingdoms
Irish Confederate Wars
17th century in Ireland
Former countries in Ireland
Ireland
Ireland |
1481498 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal%20flotation%20device | Personal flotation device | A personal flotation device (PFD; also referred to as a life jacket, life preserver, life belt, Mae West, life vest, life saver, cork jacket, buoyancy aid or flotation suit) is a flotation device in the form of a vest or suit that is worn by a user to prevent the wearer from drowning in a body of water. The device will keep the wearer afloat with their head and mouth above the surface – they do not have to swim or tread water in order to stay afloat and can even be unconscious.
PFDs are commonly worn on small watercraft or other locations where accidental entry into deep water may occur in order to provide immediate support for the wearer should they end up in the water. PFDs are also kept on large vessels for passengers to wear in an emergency in order to help them stay afloat should they be forced to enter the water or accidentally fall overboard during an evacuation. PFDs are commonly worn for swimming and/or other activities that require an individual to be in water. This is for reasons such as safety (to prevent the drowning of weak swimmers, swimmers in dangerous conditions or swimmers far from safety), to make swimming easier and less demanding, to allow someone who is unable to swim to safely enter water, or as assistance for activities such as water skiing.
PFDs are available in different sizes to accommodate variations in body weight. Designs differ depending on wearing convenience, the activities and conditions they are designed to be used in and the level of protection the wearer needs. There are three main types of PFDs: life jackets, buoyancy aids and survival suits; PFDs are most often constructed out of foam pieces, with the exception of some life jackets which are inflated with air. Other highly specialized forms of PFDs include buoyancy compensators used for scuba diving, and submarine escape devices.
History
The oldest examples of primitive life jackets can be traced back to inflated bladders, animal skins, or hollow sealed gourds for support when crossing deep streams and rivers. Purpose-designed buoyant safety devices consisting of simple blocks of wood or cork were used by Norwegian seamen.
In a letter to the Naval Chronicle, dated February 1802, Abraham Bosquet proposed issuing Royal Navy Ships with "strong canvas bags of dimensions, when filled with cork shavings, equal to about that of a bed bolster, coiled in manner like a collar, and sufficiently wide for the head and shoulders to pass through."
In 1804, a cork life jacket was available for sale in The Sporting Magazine.
In 1806, Francis Daniel, a physician working at Wapping, exhibited an inflatable life preserver, mounting a demonstration in which a number of suitably equipped men jumped into the Thames below Blackfriars Bridge, and variously played musical instruments, smoked pipes, discharged guns and drank wine, as the tide took them upstream. Daniel pursued his idea for some years, by his own account receiving a gold medal from the Royal Society of Arts after surrendering the idea to them.
Personal flotation devices were not part of the equipment issued to naval sailors until the early 19th century, for example at the Napoleonic Battle of Trafalgar, although seamen who were press-ganged into naval service might have used such devices to jump ship and swim to freedom.
Following the 1852 sinking of the troopship Birkenhead, Ensign G.A. Lucas of the 73rd Regiment of Foot wrote "Cornet Bond, 12th Lancers, was...the only person to have a lifejacket – a privately owned Macintosh Life Preserver and seems to have got ashore fairly easily."
It was not until lifesaving services were formed that the personal safety of lifeboat crews heading out in pulling boats in generally horrific sea conditions was addressed. The modern life jacket is generally credited to the Inspector of Lifeboats at the Royal National Lifeboat Institution in the UK, Captain John Ross Ward (later Vice Admiral of the Royal Navy). He created a brown cork vest in 1854 to be worn by lifeboat crews for both weather protection and buoyancy. They would be worn over the blue/grey waterproof oilskins
In 1900, French electrical engineer, Gustave Trouvé, patented a battery-powered wearable lifejacket. It incorporated small, rubber-insulated maritime electric batteries not only to inflate the jacket, but also to power a light to transmit and receive SOS messages and to launch a distress flare.
In 1904 the rigid cork material was supplanted by pouches containing watertight cells filled with kapok, a vegetable material. These soft cells were much more flexible and comfortable to wear compared with devices using hard cork pieces. Kapok buoyancy was used in many navies fighting in World War II.
In 1972 yellow or red Beaufort synthetic foam life jackets supplanted kapok for 'inherently buoyant' (vs. inflated and therefore not inherently buoyant) flotation. These modern jackets could support not only the rescuer but the rescued at the same time.
The University of Victoria pioneered research and development of the UVic Thermo Float PFD, which provides superior protection from immersion hypothermia by incorporating a neoprene rubber "diaper" that seals the user's upper thigh and groin region from contact with otherwise cold, flushing and debilitating water.
During World War II, research to improve the design of life jackets was also conducted in the UK by Edgar Pask, the first Professor of Anaesthesia at Newcastle University. His research involved self-administered anaesthesia as a means of simulating unconsciousness in freezing sea-water. Pask's work earned him the OBE and the description of "the bravest man in the RAF never to have flown an aeroplane".
M1926 Inflatable Life Preserver Belt
The M1926 Life Preserver belt was issued to US infantry where they were on ships or near the water, in particular amphibious landings such as D-Day. The belt had two bottles that could be activated to inflate the belt if needed, or it could be blown up manually with a tube, if the bottles failed.
Admiralty Pattern 14124 inflatable life ring
The Admiralty Pattern 14124 inflatable life ring was the main life preserver issued to British sailors at the start of WW2. It provided about 8.5 lbs of buoyancy. Its inherent flaw, and an issue with many life preservers at the time, was that it did not keep the wearer's head back out of the water while they were floating. This meant if they went unconscious they would roll forward and end up face down in the water and drown.
Mae West
The Mae West was a common nickname for the first inflatable life preserver, which was invented in 1928 by Peter Markus (1885–1974) (US Patent 1694714), with his subsequent improvements in 1930 and 1931. The nickname originated because someone wearing the inflated life preserver often appeared to be as large-breasted as the actress Mae West. It was popular during the Second World War with U.S. Army Air Forces and Royal Air Force servicemen, who were issued inflatable Mae Wests as part of their flight gear. Air crew members whose lives were saved by use of the Mae West (and other personal flotation devices) were eligible for membership in the Goldfish Club.
British pilot Eric Brown noted in an interview that the Mae West device saved his life after he was forced into the ocean following the sinking of the aircraft carrier he was on, HMS Audacity, by a U-boat in WW2. Out of the 24 crew in his group in the water, the only two who survived were two pilots wearing Mae Wests, the rest were sailors wearing more basic flotation devices (inflatable rings) that kept them afloat, but did not keep their heads out of the water.
Specifications
Devices designed and approved by authorities for use by civilians (recreational boaters, sailors, canoeists, kayakers) differ from those designed for use by passengers and crew of aircraft (helicopters, airplanes) and of commercial vessels (tugboats, passenger ferries, cargo ships). Devices used by government and military (e.g. water police, coast guard, navy, marines) generally have features not found on civilian or commercial models, for example compatibility with other items worn, like a survival vest, bulletproof vest/body armor, equipment harness, rappelling harness, or parachute harness, and the use of ballistic nylon cloth to protect pressurized canisters used for inflating the vest from injuring the wearer if struck by a round from a firearm. The ballistic cloth keeps the fragments from the canister from becoming shrapnel injurious to the user.
Design and regulation
Life jackets or life vests are mandatory on airplanes flying over water bodies, in which case they consist of a pair of air cells (bladders) that can be inflated by triggering the release of carbon dioxide gas from a canister—one for each cell. Alternately, the cells can be inflated "orally", that is by blowing into a flexible tube with a one-way valve to seal the air in the cell. Life jackets must also be supplied on commercial seafaring vessels, be accessible to all crew and passengers, and be donned in an emergency.
Flotation devices are also found in near water-edges and at swimming pools. They may take the form of a simple vest, a jacket, a full-body suit (one piece coverall), or their variations suited for particular purposes. They are most commonly made of a tough synthetic fiber material encapsulating a source of buoyancy, such as foam or a chamber of air, and are often brightly colored yellow or orange to maximize visibility for rescuers. Some devices consist of a combination of both buoyancy foam and an air chamber. Retroreflective "SOLAS" tape is often sewn to the fabric used to construct life jackets and PFDs to facilitate a person being spotted in darkness when a search light is shone towards the wearer.
In the US, federal regulations require all persons under the age of 13 to wear a life jacket (PFD) when in a watercraft under 12 meters long. State regulations may raise or lower this number and must be followed when in that state's jurisdiction.
Types
Buoyancy aid (foam core)
Buoyancy aids are designed to allow freedom of movement while providing a user with the necessary buoyancy. They are also designed for minimal maintenance and as they are only constructed from foam and can be mass-produced inexpensively, making them one of the most common forms of PFDs.
Some buoyancy aids also come designed especially for children and youth. These vests may include one or two understraps to be worn between the legs of the wearer and also a headrest flap. The understraps are designed to keep the vest from riding up when worn in the water and restrict the wearer from slipping out of the life vest. These straps are adjustable and are included on many different life vests designed to be worn by everyone from infants to adults.
The headrest flap is designed to help support the head and keep it out of the water. A grab handle is attached to the headrest to be used if needed to rescue or lift someone out of the water.
Buoyancy aids are rated by the amount of buoyancy they provide in Newtons - the minimum rating to be considered suitable as an adult life-jacket for offshore use is .
Life jacket
Life jackets for outfitting large commercial transport ventures in potentially dangerous waters, such as coastal cruises, offshore passages, and overwater air flights, consisting of either a single air chamber or a pair of (twin or double) sealed air chambers constructed of coated nylon (sometimes with a protective outer encasing of heavier, tougher material such as vinyl), joined, and buckled with a side release buckle. For use aboard ships they may be constructed of foam. Twin air chambers provide for redundancy in the event of one of the air chambers leaking or failing to "fire", for example if the thin air cell fabric is sliced open by sharp metal fragments during emergency evacuation and egress. Most life jackets for leisure use are of the single air chamber type.
Aircraft devices for crew and passengers are always inflatable since it may be necessary to swim down and away from a ditched or submerged aircraft and inflated or foam filled devices would significantly impede a person from swimming downward in order to escape a vehicle cabin. Upon surfacing, the person then inflates the device, orally or by triggering the gas canister release mechanism. Most commercial passenger life jackets are fitted with a plastic whistle for attracting attention. It has a light which is activated when in contact with water.
Quality life jackets always provide more buoyancy than offered by the buoyancy aids alone. The positioning of the buoyancy on the wearer's torso is such that a righting moment (rotational force) results that will eventually turn most persons who are floating face down in the water (for example, because they are unconscious) into a face up orientation with their bodies inclined backward, unlike more simply designed common foam buoyancy vests.
A life jacket that is too loose may not provide sufficient buoyancy in case of an emergency.
Today these air chamber vests are commonly referred to as 'inflatable life jackets or vests' and are available not only for commercial applications but also for those engaged in recreational boating, fishing, sailing, kayaking and canoeing. They are available in a variety of styles and are generally more comfortable and less bulky than traditional foam vests. There are also life vests made especially for women.
The air chambers are always located over the breast, across the shoulders and encircle the back of the head. They may be inflated by either self-contained carbon dioxide cartridges activated by pulling a cord, or blow tubes with a one-way valve for inflation by exhalation. Some inflatable life jackets also react with salt or fresh water, which causes them to self-inflate. The latest generation of self-triggering inflation devices responds to water pressure when submerged and incorporates an actuator known as a 'hydrostatic release'. All automatic life-jackets can be fired manually if required. Regardless of whether manually or automatically triggered, a pin punctures the cartridge/canister and the CO2 gas escapes into the sealed air chamber.
However, there is a chance that these water pressure activated inflation devices do not inflate the life jacket if a person is wearing waterproof clothing and falls into the water face-down. In these cases the buoyancy of the clothing holds a person on the water surface, which prevents the hydrostatic release. As a result, a person can drown although wearing a fully functional life jacket. In addition there are some circumstances in which the use of self-triggering devices can result in the wearer becoming trapped underwater. For example, the coxswain of a bowloader rowing shell risks being unable to escape should the craft capsize.
To be on the safe side, a pill-activated inflation device is preferred. A small pill that dissolves on water contact is the safest option, as it also works in shallow waters where a hydrostatic activator fails. This type of jacket is called an 'automatic'. As it is more sensitive to the presence of water, early models could also be activated by very heavy rain or spray. For this reason, spare re-arming kits should be carried on board for each life jacket. However, with modern cup/bobbin mechanisms this problem rarely arises and mechanisms such as the Halkey Roberts Pro firing system have all but eliminated accidental firing.
Drifting in open seas and international waters, as encountered on long sea voyages and by military forces, requires prolonged survival in water. Suitable life jackets are often attached to a vest with pockets and attachment points for distress signaling and survival aids, for example, a handheld two-way radio (walkie-talkie), emergency beacon (406 MHz frequency), signal mirror, sea marker dye, smoke or light signal flares, strobe light, first-aid supplies, concentrated nutritional items, water purification supplies, shark repellent, knife, and pistol.
Accessories such as leg straps can be utilized to keep the inflated chambers in position for floating in a stable attitude, and splash or face shields constructed of clear see-through vinyl covers the head and face to prevent water from waves from inundating the face and entering the airway through the nose or mouth.
Immersion suit
Some formats of PFDs are designed for long term immersion in cold water in that they provide insulation as well as buoyancy. While a wetsuit of neoprene rubber or a diver's drysuit provides a degree of flotation, in most maritime countries they are not formally considered by regulatory agencies as approved lifesaving devices or as PFDs.
It is possible for an incapacitated person in the water to float face-down while wearing only a wet suit or a dry suit since they are not designed to serve as lifesaving devices in the normal understanding of that term.
The Mark 10 Submarine Escape Immersion Equipment (SEIE) suit is intended to allow submariners to escape from much deeper depths than currently possible with the Steinke hood. Some United States Navy submarines already have the system, with an ambitious installation and training schedule in place for the remainder of the fleet.
Because it is a full-body suit, the Mark 10 provides thermal protection once the wearer reaches the surface, and the Royal Navy has successfully tested it at depths.
Buoyancy compensator
Scuba divers commonly wear a buoyancy compensator, which has an inflatable gas chamber. The amount of gas can be increased or decreased to enable the diver to ascend, descend or maintain neutral buoyancy at a given water depth and to provide positive buoyancy in an emergency to bring the diver to the surface or keep the diver at the surface.
Specialized
Specialized life jackets include shorter-profile vests commonly used for kayaking (especially playboating), and high-buoyant types for river outfitters and other whitewater professionals. PFDs which include harnesses for tethered rescue work ('live-bait rescue') and pockets or daisy-chains (a series of loops created by sewing flat nylon webbing at regular intervals for the attachment of rescue gear) are made for swiftwater rescue technicians.
PFDs for pets
Personal flotation devices have been developed for dogs and other pets.
While the USCG does not certify personal flotation devices for animals, many manufacturers produce life jackets for dogs and cats. Dogs and cats have been known to die from drowning, either because they do not know how to swim, or because they tire out from overexposure or old age, or have a medical complication such as a seizure, or become unconscious.
Most life jackets on the market are designed with foam that wraps around the animal's torso and neck. They provide a basic amount of buoyancy for a dog, but may not provide enough support for the head. They are not ideal for use with heavy dogs. However, they often incorporate a grab handle, which may help to hoist the dog back into the boat.
Although most pet life jackets are passive devices, there is at least one automatically inflated life jacket available for pets (made by Critter's Inflatable, LLC). An automatic flotation device is generally more expensive than a foam life jacket, but, like automatic PFDs designed for humans, they are less bulky to wear when not inflated, and when inflated may provide more buoyancy than foam devices. Automatic pet flotation devices are popular in the bulldog community, and also for water therapy where extra support may be needed under the head.
See also
Napoleon Guerin
Inflatable armbands
Lifebuoy
List of inflatable manufactured goods
Muster drill
Pool float
Swim ring
References
External links
PFD Selection, Use, Wear & Care, United States Coast Guard official web page for personal flotation devices
Personal Flotation Device Manufacturers Association
The Mae West: Giving Credit Where Credit is Due
Peter Markus: Inventor of the Mae West
Canada Small Vessel Regulations
All You Need to Know About Lifejackets
Safety equipment
Jackets
Maritime safety
Inflatable manufactured goods
Canoeing and kayaking equipment |
1481500 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaapmuiden | Kaapmuiden | Kaapmuiden (Cape Mouth) is a small farming town situated at the confluence of the Kaap and Crocodile Rivers in Mpumalanga, South Africa. The town lies just off the N4 national highway and is marked by a large abandoned silo visible from the road. The silo has since been repainted to add to tourism appeal. The farms in the region produce sugarcane, subtropical fruit and vegetables. The town began as a junction on the Netherlands-South African Railway Company (NZASM)'s Pretoria - Delagoa Bay railway line.
The town underwent some development due to the Sasol pipeline and construction and upgrading of the national highway. The Nkomazi Tollgate was subsequently built on the N4 national route (Maputo Corridor) on the eastern outskirts of the town.
Selati Railway
In June 1890, Eugene, the younger of the Barons Oppenheim, sought to obtain a concession from the Government of the Zuid-Afrikaansche Republiek to construct a railway line to the Murchison Range goldfields along the Ga-Selati River. Work on the construction of the Selati Railway in the Transvaal Lowveld began early in 1893, with the line branching off from the Pretoria-Delagoa Bay mainline at a junction near Komatipoort.
The line was extended via Gravelotte and Tzaneen to a junction at Soekmekaar, where it met the line from Pietersburg to Messina in 1912. In 1963, the part of the line through the southern part of the Kruger National Park, from the junction near Komatipoort, was abandoned and replaced by a new line from the present junction near Kaapmuiden.
References
Populated places in the Nkomazi Local Municipality |
1481505 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wenlock%20Olympian%20Games | Wenlock Olympian Games | The Wenlock Olympian Games, dating from 1850, are a forerunner of the modern Olympic Games. They are organised by the Wenlock Olympian Society (WOS), and are held each year at venues across Shropshire, England, centred on the market town of Much Wenlock. One of the two mascots for the 2012 Summer Olympics was named Wenlock in honour of the Wenlock Olympian Games.
History
On 25 February 1850 the Wenlock Agricultural Reading Society (WARS) resolved to establish a class called The Olympian Class – "for the promotion of the moral, physical and intellectual improvement of the inhabitants of the town and neighbourhood of Wenlock and especially of the working classes, by the encouragement of outdoor recreation, and by the award of prizes annually at public meetings for skill in athletic exercise and proficiency in intellectual and industrial attainments". The secretary of the class and driving force behind the Olympian Games was Dr William Penny Brookes who was inspired to create these events through his work as a doctor and surgeon in the sprawling borough of Wenlock which consisted mainly of Madeley, Broseley and Much Wenlock.
The first meeting was held at Much Wenlock racecourse on 22–23 October 1850. These first Games were a mixture of athletics and traditional country sports such as quoits, football and cricket. Events also included running, hurdles and cycling on penny farthings. Some of the early Games included "fun events" such as the blindfolded wheelbarrow race and, one year (1851) an 'Old Women's Race' with the prize of a pound of tea.
In 1859 Wenlock Olympian Class sent £10 to Athens as a prize for the best runner in the Long Foot Race at the Zappas Olympics which was held in November that year – open only to Greek-speaking athletes. The Wenlock Prize, the largest prize on offer was won by Petros Velissarios of Smyrna (now İzmir) in the Ottoman Empire, one of the first international Olympians.
In 1860, Brookes introduced the Shropshire Olympian Games, with their first games held at Much Wenlock, despite 'vile weather'. Lieutenant Colonel Herbert Edwardes, who Brookes had invited to speak at the games, praised their founder and the WARS's work but disagreed with the Greek influence of the name 'Olympian' by publicly suggesting the games be called "'The Shropshire Class of British Work and Play', or anything else you will; but let it tell of English men and women, English boys and girls." Despite this the Olympian name stuck.
Following a dispute with WARS, in November 1860, the Wenlock Olympian Class separated from WARS and changed its name to Wenlock Olympian Society.
The first National Olympian Games were held in London in 1866 and were organised by the National Olympian Association (NOA) which had been co-founded by Brookes in 1865. The NOA ceased its operations in 1883.
Baron Pierre de Coubertin visited the Wenlock Olympian Society in 1890, which held a special festival in his honour. He was inspired by Dr Brookes and went on to establish the International Olympic Committee. Brookes was named as an honorary delegate at the 1894 Sorbonne Congress at which the IOC was established, although he was unable to attend due to ill health. The Wenlock Olympian Games continued intermittently after his death in 1895, with significant revivals in 1950 and 1977. The current series has been running since 1977, and has received official recognition from the IOC and the British Olympic Association (BOA), exemplified by visits from the Princess Royal for the BOA in 1990 and Juan Antonio Samaranch for the IOC in 1994.
The mascot for the London 2012 Summer Olympics was named Wenlock after Much Wenlock where the Wenlock Olympian Society and its Games began. The 2012 Summer Paralympics mascot was named Mandeville in honour of Stoke Mandeville Hospital, where the Paralympian Games originated.
The medals awarded featured Nike, the Greek goddess of victory, as do Olympic medals.
Following the unexpected death of President Roy Rogers, triple jump world record holder and Olympic gold medallist Jonathan Edwards, CBE, was elected President of the WOS in 2011.
Events
In 2017 the games included the following:
Archery
Athletics
Badminton
Fencing
Junior Biathlon
Kwik Cricket
Half Marathon
Netball
Road Race
Schools Hockey
Tennis
Triathlon
Volleyball
Live Arts, open to school age participants, consisting of the following:
{| class="wikitable"
! Area
! Awards
|-
| Music
| Instrumentalist of the year Vocalist of the year
|-
|Speech and Drama
|Verse speakingReading for performanceCreative verse writingActing solo/Duo
|-
|Dance
|BalletModernTapCabaretSong and danceClassicalLyricalAcrobatic
|}
See also
International Olympic Committee
British Olympic Association
Cotswold Olimpick Games
Shin-kicking
Robert Dover (Cotswold Games)
References
Further reading
Drayton, Michael, et al. (1636), Annalia Dubrensia: upon the yearly celebration of Mr. Robert Dovers Olimpick Games upon Cotswold-Hills, London: Robert Raworth.
Furbank, Muriel; Cromarty, Helen; McDonald, Glyn (1996). William Penny Brookes and the Olympic Connection. Much Wenlock: Wenlock Olympian Society.
Gandy, Rob (2021), "Bold Dover", The Fortean Times, FT408, (August 2021), pp. 46–50.
Heck, Sandra (2014). William Penny Brookes – the Founding Father of the Modern Pentathlon?. Sport in History. 34(1) pp. 75–89 DOI: 10.1080/17460263.2013.873074
External links
Wenlock Olympian Society
BBC: William Penny Brookes – Father of the modern Olympics
Founders of the modern Olympic Games
History of Shropshire
Multi-sport events in the United Kingdom
Recurring sporting events established in 1850
Sport in Shropshire
1850 establishments in England
Much Wenlock |
1481514 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komatipoort | Komatipoort | Komatipoort is a town situated at the confluence of the Crocodile and Komati Rivers in Mpumalanga province, South Africa. The town is 8 km from the Crocodile Bridge Gate into the Kruger National Park, just 5 km from the Mozambique border and 65 km from the Eswatini border.
It is a small, quiet town within the Lowveld with some attractive tree-lined streets. It is one of the hottest towns in South Africa where temperatures can reach almost 48 °C ( on 12 December 1944) in the height of summer, but also with a perfect winter climate around .
History
'Komati' also takes its name from Khoekhoe, one of RSA's first languages, referring to the once wealthy cattle owners on this land, with 'koma' meaning cows and 'ti' meaning my.
'Komati' takes its name from the Komati River whose original native Swazi name is Nkomazi, translated as "river of cows". It is where the Crocodile and Komati Rivers meet to flow through the 'Poort' (mountain pass) through the Lebombo Mountains into Mozambique.
In the 1890s Komatipoort was a wild and uproarious construction camp for the railway being built from Lourenco Marques (modern Maputo). Conditions were not the best with the area gripped by a malaria epidemic; it was in the zone called 'fever country'.
Komatipoort was the last stop in the South African Republic (ZAR) Pretoria - Delagoa Bay Line constructed by the Netherlands-South African Railway Company (NZASM) with the first train crossing the border at Komatipoort from the ZAR to Portuguese East Africa on 1 July 1891 after the completion of the rail bridge over the Komati River.
Between 1900 and 1902 during the Anglo/Boer War, the town was used as a base by Major F. Von Steinaecker and his group known as 'Steinaecker's Horse'. They were a bunch of mercenaries and bushwhackers and were recruited by the British in order to fight Boer guerrillas in the bushveld.
Near Komatipoort is the site where the former Mozambique's President Samora Machel died in a plane crash at Mbuzini village in the Lebombo mountain, the natural barrier between South Africa and Mozambique. At the site of the accident stands the Samora Machel Monument.
The Nkomati Accord was signed in Komatipoort in 1984.
Infrastructure
This town has a railway station for the loading and unloading of passengers and cargo on the Pretoria–Maputo railway.
The town is the site of a dry port.
See also
Railway stations in Mozambique
References
External links
Unofficial Town Portal
Populated places in the Nkomazi Local Municipality
Mozambique–South Africa border crossings
Komati River
1874 establishments in Africa |
1481515 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektron%20%28company%29 | Elektron (company) | Elektron is a Swedish developer and manufacturer of musical instruments founded in 1998, as well as having its headquarters, R&D and production in Gothenburg, Sweden. They produce mainly electronic musical instruments, but have also made effects units and software. Since 2012, there have been branch offices in Los Angeles and in Tokyo.
Musicians who use Elektron instruments include Panda Bear, Timbaland, The Knife, Sophie Xeon, Depeche Mode, and Autechre.
Early years
Elektron started working on its first electronic instrument in 1997. At the time, it was a school project, a mandatory course part of the Computer Science program at the Chalmers University of Technology in Gothenburg, Sweden. The three founders were Daniel Hansson, Anders Gärder and Mikael Räim. Hansson recalls: "There were a number of projects to choose from: build a digital landline phone, a bicycle trip computer, or a beeper. None of that seemed fun or challenging enough, so I suggested we build a synthesizer instead!" The synthesizer, called the SidStation, was initially made in a test run of ten units. The project was deemed commercially viable, so in 1998 a company was started to nurture it and Elektron ESI was born. Following the SidStation, Elektron released the Machinedrum and the Monomachine.
When the development of the Octatrack (in 2009) began, Jonas Hillman stepped in to provide the management, structural reform, and capital needed to get the company growing. Since then, Jonas has been acting CEO, majority owner and business spokesperson for the company, subsequently renamed Elektron Music Machines. With Hillman at the helm, Elektron offices were opened in Los Angeles and Tokyo. The Gothenburg office remains the company headquarters. The product portfolio has been expanded to include music production software (Overbridge) as well as analog synthesizer hardware.
Products
Octatrack DPS-1 was released in January 2011. The Octatrack is an 8-voice performance sampler with crossfader, built-in sequencer and eight MIDI control tracks. The samples (streamed from a CF card, recorded live from an external source or from one of the eight on-board tracks) can be time stretched, inverted, sliced, re-shuffled, re-sampled and triggered in many different ways.
Analog Four was released in December 2012. The Analog Four is a tabletop 4-voice (monophonic or polyphonic) multi-timbral analog synthesizer with digital controls, a programmable step sequencer and digital send effects. It is also equipped with CV/gate and DIN sync outputs, which makes it possible to control practically any classic analog synthesizer or drum machine from the 1960s and onwards. The Analog Four can be described as a "compact semimodular" in the sense that each of the four voices has a set of pre-defined modules (oscillators and waveform generators, filters, envelopes, amplifiers and LFO:s and an overarching set of send effects (delay, reverb, chorus effect) that may be combined, routed and modulated in conventional as well as some unconventional ways.
Analog Rytm Released in 2014. It has analog drum/cymbal synthesis as well as digital effects and samples. This 8-voice hybrid drum machine quickly found its way to the electronic music community. At the time, there was a trend among musicians of going back to making music using real hardware.
Analog Heat A stereo analog sound processor. Has an assignable LFO, envelope and multi-mode filter. It has 8 main effects (including band-specific amplification, enhancement and distortion) and an equalizer. The Analog Heat is targeted at studio engineers as well as live performers. It can be programmed and played manually or connected to a DAW by installing Elektron's Overbridge software.
Digitakt First showcased at the NAMM trade show in January 2017. An 8-voice digital drum machine and mono sampler.
Digitone Released later in 2017, an 8-voice digital FM synthesizer with built-in sequencer. 4 synth tracks, and 4 midi tracks
Digitone Keys Eight voice polyphonic synthesizer keyboard with 37-key velocity and pressure sensitive keyboard using the Digitone’s sound engine and sequencer.
Model:Samples In January 2019, Elektron announced a new sample based instrument, the Model:Samples. Similarly to the Digitakt, it features tracks dedicated to sample playback, as well as a basic subtractive engine (filter, amplifier, amp envelope, LFO) and effects. It also features Elektron's signature parameter locking and sequencing capabilities. However, unlike the Digitakt, the Model:Samples has only 6 tracks instead of 8, and cannot be sampled into directly (though new samples can be loaded onto it from a computer).
Model:Cycles A six track FM based groovebox.
Syntakt was released in April 2022. A 12-track drum computer and synthesizer in the form factor of the Digitakt and Digitone. Syntakt has 8 digital and 4 analog voices with "machine" based sound generators. It also has digital delay and reverb effects, as well as an analog FX block with stereo overdrive and filters.
Discontinued instruments
SidStation was the first Elektron instrument, released to the public in 1999. A tabletop synthesizer built on the SID chip originally found in the Commodore 64 home computer. The synthesizer had three voices, three oscillators (with various possible forms of synthesis like AM, FM and ring modulation, four rubber-coated potentiometers to control parameters including filter cut-off frequency, amplitude envelope and LFO, a jog wheel for patch selection and a telephone keypad for programming input. Even at the outset, the SidStation was a strictly limited product: it had to be discontinued when the last stock of virgin SID chips was depleted. Butchering even a single Commodore 64 for parts was out of the question. The original SidStation had a polished aluminum casing. There were a couple of special editions including red-tinted and blue tinted versions, as well as a carbon black version called SidStation Ninja.
Machinedrum A digital, 16-voice drum machine. The first version, the SPS-1, was released in 2001. The style of the product and packaging was largely designed by Jesper Kouthoofd, who went on to found the Stockholm-based company Teenage Engineering in 2005. The Machinedrum SPS-1UW ("User Wave") was introduced in 2005, which added sampling capabilities to the Machinedrum. A midi interface unit called TM-1 ("Turbo Midi") was released shortly thereafter, making transfer speeds via MIDI up to ten times faster.
Monomachine A programmable 6-voice digital synthesizer using single-cycle waveforms. A keyboard version, the SFX-6, was released in 2003, followed by the SFX-60 tabletop in 2004. After the release of the Monomachine, Elektron parted with its investors, making the company a privately owned company. In late 2007, the Machinedrum and the Monomachine were updated to MKII versions with improved hardware specifications and functionality.
Analog Keys was released in November 2013. It is a development of the Analog Four synthesizer. It has a 37-key keyboard and an analog joystick for modulation and performance. The Analog Keys has more dedicated control keys than its tabletop sibling, including a jog wheel for quick access to pre-programmed sounds. The Analog Keys was designed to be a hands-on, tactile instrument fit for live performances while maintaining all the sequencing, sound crafting and programming capabilities of the Analog Four. At the 2016 Game Awards show in California, the artist Sonic Mayhem did a memorable performance using the Analog Keys. He performed a cover of the theme song from the classic Doom (1993 video game).
Analog Drive Was a multi-functional drive pedal, with an audio equalizer and 8 different effects settings (ranging from non-destructive amplification and enhancement to harmonic, fuzzy or complete distortion). The drive partly targeted a new customer segment for Elektron: electric guitar and bass players.
Software
Overbridge was released in 2015. This software lets a musician plug their hardware (Analog Keys, Analog Four, Analog Rytm, Analog Heat, Digitakt, Digitone, Digitone Keys, Syntakt) into a computer via USB and access it using a DAW. The DAW is "fooled" into thinking the analog hardware is an audio plug-in instrument that can be played, programmed, automated and recorded just like a software instrument. If an Analog Keys or Analog Four is connected, Overbridge can also be used to control virtually any classic modular synth or drum machine with CV/gate or DIN sync capabilities. In other words, with an Overbridge setup, it is possible to play and automate, for example, a VCS 3 from 1969 from a laptop. Overbridge was in beta for 5 years since its inception, leading to much criticism from users, but has moved out of beta state, to a public release on April 16, 2020.
Musicians
Musicians who use Elektron instruments include Sophie Xeon, Warpaint, Kid Koala, Del tha Funky Homosapien, Susanne Sundfør, John Frusciante, The Knife, Air, Nine Inch Nails, New Order, Jean-Michel Jarre, Youth Code, Wilco, Aux 88, Gerald Donald, Cevin Key, Smashing Pumpkins, Mogwai, The Horrors, Plaid, Factory Floor, Matt McJunkins, Arcane Roots, The Bug, The Chemical Brothers, Thom Yorke and many others.
Awards and accolades
Octatrack won the MusicRadar "Sampler of the Year" award in 2011.
The Analog Four received the FutureMusic "Hardware of the Year" award in 2013.
The Analog Rytm received the FutureMusic "Hardware of the Year" award in 2014 and the Electronic Musician "Editor's Choice Award" in 2015.
Overbridge won the Red Dot "best of the best" design award in 2016, and the Design S premium award.
Analog Heat won the Music Radar "best hardware/outboard effects of the year" in 2016.
References
External links
Music equipment manufacturers
Synthesizer manufacturing companies of Sweden
Swedish brands
Musical instrument manufacturing companies of Sweden
Manufacturing companies based in Gothenburg
Privately held companies of Sweden
Swedish companies established in 1998 |
1481533 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lag%20operator | Lag operator | In time series analysis, the lag operator (L) or backshift operator (B) operates on an element of a time series to produce the previous element. For example, given some time series
then
for all
or similarly in terms of the backshift operator B: for all . Equivalently, this definition can be represented as
for all
The lag operator (as well as backshift operator) can be raised to arbitrary integer powers so that
and
Lag polynomials
Polynomials of the lag operator can be used, and this is a common notation for ARMA (autoregressive moving average) models. For example,
specifies an AR(p) model.
A polynomial of lag operators is called a lag polynomial so that, for example, the ARMA model can be concisely specified as
where and respectively represent the lag polynomials
and
Polynomials of lag operators follow similar rules of multiplication and division as do numbers and polynomials of variables. For example,
means the same thing as
As with polynomials of variables, a polynomial in the lag operator can be divided by another one using polynomial long division. In general dividing one such polynomial by another, when each has a finite order (highest exponent), results in an infinite-order polynomial.
An annihilator operator, denoted , removes the entries of the polynomial with negative power (future values).
Note that denotes the sum of coefficients:
Difference operator
In time series analysis, the first difference operator :
Similarly, the second difference operator works as follows:
The above approach generalises to the i-th difference operator
Conditional expectation
It is common in stochastic processes to care about the expected value of a variable given a previous information set. Let be all information that is common knowledge at time t (this is often subscripted below the expectation operator); then the expected value of the realisation of X, j time-steps in the future, can be written equivalently as:
With these time-dependent conditional expectations, there is the need to distinguish between the backshift operator (B) that only adjusts the date of the forecasted variable and the Lag operator (L) that adjusts equally the date of the forecasted variable and the information set:
See also
Autoregressive model
Autoregressive moving average model
Moving average model
Shift operator
Z-transform
References
Time series |
1481534 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barrel%20hitch | Barrel hitch | The "barrel hitch" and "barrel sling", named for their use in hoisting cargo aboard ships, are two simple yet effective ways to suspend an object. The barrel sling lays the barrel on its side, while the barrel hitch keeps it vertical. They work by forming a "sling" around the object, which supports it from either side and underneath.
The barrel sling (not pictured) is made with a strop. The barrel is laid on its side, both sides of the strop are spread out and passed underneath, the ends of the strop are raised together, one end is tucked through the other and hooked to an eyehook. The tightened knot looks like a cow hitch. A cow hitch and bowline can achieve the same effect and are called a "cow hitch hoist". The barrel hitch for lifting bales of hay is called a "bale sling hitch".
Tying
The barrel hitch is made by tying an overhand knot, leaving plenty of free rope at the working end. Where the rope crosses itself in the middle of the knot (near the target), grab the strand of rope on top and bring it towards you, then lay it back down. The result should resemble stage 2: note where the target is.
Place your object on top of the diagonal strand of rope in the centre of the knot.
Carefully draw the rope up at the working and fixed ends, forming the "sling" around the object. Tie the working end off using a bowline, making sure the sling is tight around the object.
Warning
Though the barrel hitch will keep an object upright even if the rope is made to swing, it is important to note that strong jerking movements while raising or lowering can easily dislodge the sling.
See also
List of knots
References
Barrel Hitch Animated |
1481539 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin%20Pietersen | Kevin Pietersen | Kevin Peter Pietersen (born 27 June 1980) is a former England international cricketer. He is regarded as one of the greatest English batsmen to have played the game. He is a right-handed batsman and occasional off spin bowler who played in all three formats for England between 2004 and 2014, which included a brief tenure as captain. He won the Player of the Series award for his performances in 2010 ICC World Twenty20 which helped England to win their maiden ICC trophy.
Pietersen was born to an Afrikaner father and English mother in South Africa. He made his first-class debut for Natal in 1997 and moved to England in 2000, after voicing his displeasure at what he said was the racial quota system in South African cricket. Being of English ancestry, Pietersen was eligible for the England team so long as he first served a four-year qualifying period in English county cricket. He was called up by England almost immediately after he completed four years with Nottinghamshire. He made his international debut in the One Day International (ODI) match against Zimbabwe in 2004 and his Test match debut in the 2005 Ashes series against Australia.
Pietersen left Nottinghamshire for Hampshire in 2005, but the England team's subsequent reliance on him resulted in Pietersen making only a single first-class appearance for his new county between 2005 and 2010. In June 2010, Pietersen announced his wish to leave Hampshire; he joined Surrey on loan for the remainder of the season, then moved permanently in 2011.
Pietersen was captain of the England Test and ODI teams from 4 August 2008 to 7 January 2009, but resigned after just three Tests and nine ODIs following a dispute with the England coach Peter Moores, who was sacked the same day. Pietersen's relationship with the ECB never fully recovered. This came to a head in 2012 when, after a disagreement over his schedule, Pietersen announced his retirement from all forms of international limited-overs cricket on 31 May. Although he later retracted his retirement, his relationship with both the ECB and his team-mates soured during the series against South Africa, and he was dropped for the final Test of that series. Pietersen last played for England in the 2013–14 Ashes and subsequent ODIs, after which he was informed that he was no longer being considered for international selection.
He also played for the Melbourne Stars in the Big Bash League until the end of BBL|07 (seventh season), the Quetta Gladiators in the Pakistan Super League as well as the Hollywoodbets Dolphins in the CSA T20 Challenge. He was also signed by the Rising Pune Supergiants for the 2016 season of the Indian Premier League.
Pietersen is one of the fastest batsman to reach 1,000 ODI runs and still holds the record for being the fastest player to cross 2,000 runs in One Day International cricket. He has the second-highest run total from his first 25 Tests, behind only Sir Don Bradman of Australia, and was the fastest player, in terms of days, to reach 4,000, 5,000 and 7,000 Test runs. He became only the third English batsman to top the ICC One Day International rankings, doing so in March 2007. In July 2008, after a century against South Africa, The Times called him "the most complete batsman in cricket" and in 2012 The Guardian called him "England's greatest modern batsman". On the occasion of England's 1000th Test in August 2018, he was named in the country's greatest Test XI by the ECB.
Early and personal life
Pietersen was born in Pietermaritzburg, Natal Province, South Africa, to an English mother, Penny, and an Afrikaner father, Jannie. Pietersen had a strict and disciplined childhood, along with his three brothers Tony, Greg and Bryan; he learned valuable lessons from this "fantastic" approach to parenting, and said: "Discipline is good. It taught me that I didn't always have to have what I wanted; that what I needed was different from what I wanted." Bryan played club and second XI cricket in England. A forearm injury at 11 years old meant Pietersen could not play rugby, but he played hockey, tennis and squash, which also made his right arm very strong for batting.
Pietersen attended Maritzburg College, Pietermaritzburg, and made his first-class cricket debut for Natal's B team in 1997, aged 17, where he was regarded predominantly as an off spin bowler and a hard-hitting lower-order batsman. After two seasons, he moved to England for a five-month spell as the overseas player for club side Cannock CC, helping them win the Birmingham and District Premier League in 2000. This first spell away from home did not leave him with fond memories for England, in particular "those horrible Black Country accents" referring to a dialect of the West Midlands, living in a single room above a squash court, and working in the club bar. However, he returned to newly renamed KwaZulu Natal side a better cricketer; a lack of opportunities to bowl had improved his batting.
Having seen Pietersen play at a school cricket festival, Clive Rice invited him to sign for Nottinghamshire County Cricket Club. Pietersen accepted without hesitation, keen to make the most of top-class cricket under a coach for whom he had the utmost admiration. He did not at this stage contemplate forsaking his nation; it had not yet occurred to him that the decision would have to be taken.
Pietersen is widely portrayed in the media as having a self-assured personality, described by Geoffrey Boycott as being "cocky and confident". Former England test captain Michael Vaughan counters this, saying, "KP is not a confident person. He obviously has great belief in his ability but that's not quite the same thing... And I know KP wants to be loved. I try to text him and talk to him as often as I can because I know he is insecure." He has been noted for unusual haircuts, with his peroxide blonde-dyed streak of hair along the middle of his head during the 2005 Ashes series being described as a "dead skunk" look. During the 2006–07 Ashes tour, the Australian team, noted for their efforts to dominate opponents psychologically, dubbed him "The Ego", or "FIGJAM" (Fuck I'm Good, Just Ask Me). Other nicknames include "KP", "Kelves" and "Kapes".
Pietersen is married to former Liberty X singer Jessica Taylor. The couple married on 29 December 2007 at St Andrew's Church in Castle Combe, Wiltshire, with former England team-mate Darren Gough acting as best man.
Jessica gave birth to the couple's first child, a son, in 2010. Pietersen travelled back from touring with the England side in Barbados to be present at the birth. He arrived at the hospital just in time for the birth. Their second child, a daughter, was born in 2015. Pietersen took leave from playing for the Melbourne Stars in the Big Bash League in Australia to be present for the birth.
Pietersen considers South Africa his first home and England his second home, and the family split their time between Surrey and the Sabie River.
Domestic career
Early years in South Africa
He impressed members of Nasser Hussain's England side when playing for KwaZulu Natal in 1999; he took four top-order wickets and, despite batting at number nine, scored 61 not out from 57 balls, hitting four sixes. Hussain then recommended that Pietersen secure a contract with an English county side.
Despite the praise from the England side, Pietersen claimed he was dropped from the Natal first team. Pietersen felt that this was due to the country's racial quota system, in which provincial sides were required to have at least four black players. Pietersen's view was that players should be judged on merit, and described it as "heartbreaking" when he was left out of the side, although he later reflected "it turned out it was the best thing that could have happened". However, in the 1999-2000 Supersport series, from four matches Pietersen only averaged 10.75 with the bat, and took 10 wickets at an expensive 37.50, which were not enough to cement his place in the KwaZulu Natal side. Nonetheless, Pietersen has since firmly criticised the quota system, which he feels forced him out of the country of his birth. He has also criticised Graeme Smith, who became captain of the South African side in 2003, calling him "an absolute muppet, childish and strange" and that his behaviour "leaves a lot to be desired". Smith opposed this, saying, "I'm patriotic about my country, and that's why I don't like Kevin Pietersen. The only reason that Kevin and I have never had a relationship is because he slated South Africa". Pietersen's outspoken views published in his autobiography, Crossing the Boundary, in September 2006, and in an interview for the South African edition of GQ magazine, led to unsuccessful calls for an ICC investigation regarding bringing the game into disrepute.
English domestic career
Nottinghamshire
In 2000, Nottinghamshire coach Clive Rice, who had seen Pietersen play in 1997 in South Africa at a schools week, heard that Pietersen was playing club cricket for the Cannock Cricket Club and offered him a three-year contract to play for the county. His maiden first-class century came on his Nottinghamshire debut against Loughborough UCCE. In his first season, he made 1,275 runs with an impressive batting average of 57.95, including 218 not out in an unbroken sixth-wicket stand of 352 with John Morris at Derby in July, after having been out lbw for a duck in the first innings. These performances led to praise in the Wisden Cricketers' Almanack: "If he can maintain his first season's form, the name of Pietersen should be pencilled in for future Test squads." This form did indeed continue into the following year: he made another unbeaten double-century, against Middlesex, taking part in a partnership of 316 for the fourth wicket with Darren Bicknell. This period proved to be a purple patch for the batsman, scoring four consecutive centuries (254 not out, 122, 147 and 116) in one week in August.
In 2003, Pietersen scored 1,546 first-class runs, and 764 runs in limited overs cricket. He was selected for the 2003/04 ECB National Academy tour of India, and had a successful tour scoring 523 runs including three centuries in his six first-class innings to record an average of 104.60, and making 131 in a one-day match against India A in Bangalore.
After Nottinghamshire were relegated in 2003, Pietersen requested a release from his contract, saying "I haven't been happy for a while....The pitch at Trent Bridge has been one of my problems... I could have done so much better if the wicket had been good." This led to a public row with club captain Jason Gallian, where Gallian allegedly threw Pietersen's kit off the Trent Bridge balcony and broke his bat:
During the game I told the captain that I was not happy and that I wanted to leave. After the game we spoke in the dressing room and then I went to have dinner. I got a call saying the captain had trashed my equipment. I was told the captain had said, 'if he does not want to play for Notts he can f*** off.' I have not spoken to Gallian since, nor have I received an apology. Pietersen was made to honour the last year of his contract at Nottinghamshire, but "didn't enjoy it at all".
Hampshire
In October 2004, he joined Hampshire under the captaincy of Shane Warne. After becoming a regular in the national side, Pietersen rarely got an opportunity to play domestic cricket. Having an England "central contract" meant that Pietersen was only released to play for Hampshire at the discretion of the national coach. After being left out of the national side to face Bangladesh in May 2005, Pietersen had several good innings in the English County Championship, including two centuries. He only played twice for the county in 2006, and appeared just once in 2007, with an unbeaten 66 against Ireland. Pietersen's last first-class match for Hampshire came in the 2008 County Championship against Somerset, where he scored 100 runs in Hampshire's first innings, and following the birth of his son, a desire to stay in London led to him announcing he would leave Hampshire at the end of the 2010 season.
Surrey
Pietersen then joined Surrey on loan from Hampshire for the remainder of the 2010 English county cricket season. He scored a century in his first Clydesdale Bank 40 appearance against Sussex, with 116 off 105 deliveries. It was his first limited overs century since 2008, and his first century of any kind since March 2009. He subsequently signed permanently for Surrey from the 2011 season onwards. Pietersen had also rejoined his old team in South Africa, the Dolphins, for a short stint in October 2010.
In early 2015, Pietersen withdrew from the initial stages of the 2015 Indian Premier League, instead opting to play County Championship matches, with the aim of playing for England again. After a meeting with Andrew Strauss, the new Director of Cricket for England, whilst not out on 326 overnight against Leicestershire, during which Strauss rejected any notions of a return for Pietersen, Pietersen resumed his innings the following day, scoring his highest first-class score of 355*.
On 19 July 2017 Pietersen returned to English domestic cricket when he joined Surrey for the NatWest t20 Blast. He scored 52 runs, including four consecutive sixes. He was replaced by a substitute fielder in the second innings. On 29 July Pietersen announced that he had decided to donate all his earnings towards rhino conservation efforts. After being injured for the majority of the season, making only one further T20 appearance, Pietersen announced that he would leave Surrey, and English cricket as a whole, following the club's loss in the quarter finals to Birmingham Bears.
Overseas franchise cricket
Indian Premier League
In February 2014, Delhi Daredevils of Indian Premier League bought Pietersen for US$1.5 million for the 2014 Indian Premier League season, and he captained the team for that season. Pietersen had previously played for the Delhi Daredevils during the 2012 Indian Premier League Season and had his most successful IPL season by scoring 305 runs at a strike rate of 147, which included a victorious knock of 103*.
In the 2015 Indian Premier League auction, Pietersen was bought by Sunrisers Hyderabad for 2 Crore Rupees. However, Pietersen was released by Sunrisers Hyderabad prior to the start of the tournament, although he could play in the later stages of the 2015 Indian Premier League season. Plans to rejoin Hyderabad towards the end of the competition were curtailed due to injury.
Melbourne Stars
Pietersen was signed by the Melbourne Stars in 2014–15 Big Bash League season, with a contract for 2 years; he was seen as a "big hit" for the 2014–15 Big Bash League season. On 18 December 2014, Kevin Pietersen played his first match in 2014–15 Big Bash League season as the no.3 batsmen, and scored 66 runs off 46 balls. In 2016, he helped the team beat two-time defending champion Perth Scorchers and advance to their first Grand Final and their fifth consecutive Finals series appearances. Pietersen also signed a two-year extension that took him through to the 2017–18 season.
Caribbean Premier League
Pietersen also played T20 cricket in the Caribbean Premier League, having signed for St Lucia Zouks for the 2014 Caribbean Premier League season.
Legends League Cricket
In Legends League Cricket he is playing for India Capitals.
Bicentenary celebration match
In July 2014, he played for the Rest of the World side in the Bicentenary Celebration match at Lord's.
On 6 January 2018 Pietersen announced he would retire from all forms of cricket at the end of the 2018 season. In 2020, Pietersen came back and played in the Ultimate Cricket Challenge.
International career
England debut
Pietersen is eligible to play for England as he has an English mother. After a qualifying period of four years playing at English county level, he was called up almost immediately for his international debut against Zimbabwe in 2004.
The tour of Zimbabwe caused several players to voice their concerns about the Robert Mugabe regime, the security issues in the country and the standard of the Zimbabwean side. Steve Harmison was the first to boycott the tour for "political and sporting reasons", and all-rounder Andrew Flintoff was reported to be considering taking a moral stand himself. The England Chairman of Selectors David Graveney denied that the selectors would leave out players unhappy with touring Zimbabwe and would put their absences down to injury. Flintoff was, however, "rested" and Pietersen rushed into the squad "at the earliest opportunity". In the five match ODI series, Pietersen batted in three innings which included a score of 77 not out; he finished the series with an average of 104.00 as England won the series 4–0.
Success in South Africa
Pietersen was upset not to be initially in the squad to tour South Africa. With Flintoff withdrawing due to injury, Pietersen was recalled to the squad, and cemented his place in the first team with 97 off 84 balls in the warm-up match against South Africa A, in the face of a hostile crowd. Throughout the tour, Pietersen was subjected to a barrage of abuse from the South African crowd, who regarded him somewhat like a traitor. He said:
I knew I was going to cop a lot of stick but it will be like water off a duck's back...I expected stick at the start of the innings, and I'm sure it will carry on through the whole series. But I just sat back and laughed at the opposition, with their swearing and 'traitor' remarks... some of them can hardly speak English. My affiliation is with England. In fact, I'm starting to speak too much like Darren Gough... In fact, I'm going to get one of Gough's tattoos with three lions and my number underneath...No one can say I'm not English.
Pietersen scored a 96-ball 108 not out in the tied second ODI at Bloemfontein, after which the crowd turned their backs on him as he returned to the pavilion. This score set his ODI average at an incredible record 234.00. He made 75 at Cape Town, then at East London Pietersen made an unbeaten 100 from only 69 balls, the fastest century by an England player in a one-day match, although England still lost by eight runs. In the final game at Centurion Park, Pietersen came to the wicket at 32/3 and scored 116, but again could not prevent a defeat. Pietersen ended the series, which England lost 4–1, with 454 runs in five innings, and the Player of the Series award. By the end of the series, the South African crowds had generally replaced hostility with respect for Pietersen, his final century being awarded a standing ovation.
Despite press speculation, Pietersen was not picked for the Tests against Bangladesh—his early season form being dogged by a foot injury—but with his county form improving, he was selected for the Twenty20 match against Australia at Southampton, making 34 from 18 balls and taking three catches as England won by 100 runs. He was awarded 'man of the match'.
In the triangular ODI series against Australia and Bangladesh, Pietersen did not get to bat in the first match at The Oval as England won by 10 wickets, but scored 91 off 65 balls in the match in Bristol against Australia. In the remainder of the triangular series, Pietersen scored quickly, although without other half-centuries. In the final of the NatWest Series, he only made 6 as he finished the seven-match series with a total of 278 runs at an average of 46.33. Pietersen's performances sparked speculation over whether he would be brought into the Test side for The Ashes later in the summer. Later in July, Pietersen played in all three matches of the (ODI) NatWest Challenge against Australia. In the final match he was the top scorer for England with 74 runs; however, he was forced off the field in the third over of Australia's reply with a groin injury.
2005 Ashes triumph
Speculation over when Pietersen would play for the Test team was ended in July with the announcement by the England chairman of selectors, David Graveney, that Pietersen had been selected ahead of Graham Thorpe. He made his debut in the first Ashes Test at Lord's, becoming the 626th player to play for the national side. He came into bat at 18–3 and he made 57 on debut in his first innings. In the second innings, he similarly came in after a batting collapse and finished making a second half-century and finished the innings on 64 not out, becoming only the fourth player to top score in both innings on debut for England, the eighth England player to score a half-century in each innings on his debut, and the third cricketer to do so at Lord's. England were thrashed by 239 runs before moving onto Edgbaston where he came in a more comfortable position scoring 71 in the first innings. He had a good partnership with Andrew Flintoff where the pair put on 103 very quickly. He made 20 in the second innings coming in at 31–4. He was involved in two controversial decisions: he gloved his first ball from Brett Lee, but the umpire turned down the appeal, and he was later given out to a ball from Shane Warne that hit his pad then elbow before being caught by Adam Gilchrist. England won the match by two runs.
In the drawn third Test, Pietersen had his first quiet match when he scored 21 in the first innings, getting caught on the boundary. Then, with England looking to push on he was dismissed lbw by Glenn McGrath for a golden duck. In the fourth test, at his former home ground Trent Bridge, he scored 45 in the first innings after facing 108 balls looking to build a big score. In the second innings chasing 129 to win, he was in at 57–4 when he scored 23 in a decent partnership again with Flintoff. He was dismissed when he was caught behind wafting at a ball outside off stump. However, England won and went 2–1 up. Under pressure to post a large score in the final Test at The Oval, Pietersen did not contribute significantly in the first innings; he scored 14 as he was bowled by Shane Warne for the first time in his Test career . In the second innings, Pietersen was dropped on 0 by a combination of Gilchrist and Hayden, on 15 by his Hampshire colleague Shane Warne and after reaching fifty on 60 by Shaun Tait. He reached his maiden test century with a driven four off the bowling of Tait before making 158, eventually being dismissed by Glenn McGrath. This innings helped to secure the return of the Ashes to England. His innings included seven sixes, breaking Ian Botham's record for the most sixes by an English player in an Ashes innings. Pietersen was named Man of the Match for his efforts, and finished the series as top scorer, with 473 runs over the five Tests, an average of 52.55, which also was the highest in the series. However, he had a less successful series in the field, dropping six catches in the five Tests, a point he made wryly when questioned about the Australians dropping him three times on the final day. Pietersen was given an ECB central contract to reflect his place in the national side.
2005–06 winter tour
Pietersen had a less successful time in the three Test matches against Pakistan, which England lost 2–0. He made little impact in the first and third test. His first Test match innings since his match winning 158 against Australia was brief as he was caught at short leg for 5. In the second innings, he was criticised for his dismissal. Chasing just 198, he was caught behind after a horrible slog on 19 as England went on to lose by 22 runs. In the third test, he made 34 before edging behind in the first innings. With England in difficulty, Pietersen edged Danish Kaneria to short leg when only on one, as England were to be defeated by an innings. He fared better in the second, however, making his second Test century in the first innings. He brought up his hundred with a six before next ball, he top-edged a pull and was out. In the next innings, with England needing to bat out a draw, England were 20–4 but he made 42 to help England get the draw. He was also performing well in the one-day series with two explosive innings of 56 from 39 balls to help England win the first ODI, and 28 from 27 balls in the second. The quick-scoring innings in the second ODI was to be Pietersen's last on the tour. A rib injury sustained in the first ODI proved too painful throughout the second, and Pietersen returned to England to recover fully for the tour of India.
In March 2006, Pietersen played in the three Tests against India, which England drew 1–1. In the first innings on 15, another rash shot brought his downfall. He pulled a ball from Sreesanth onto his stumps. His 87 in the second innings of the first match came during England's acceleration period, helping push the required target over 300. England then declared overnight, and India successfully batted out the final day to secure a draw. This half-century was followed by another in the first innings of the second Test. Again, he gave his wicket away on 64 when he offered Munaf Patel a return catch. The second innings was not so good, facing just 13 balls before being given out caught behind off a Harbhajan Singh delivery. The unhappy Pietersen was later fined 30 percent of his match fee for shaking his head and showing signs of dissent. Replays demonstrated that the ball that had dismissed him had brushed his forearm, not his glove, before ballooning up into the hands of Rahul Dravid at slip. But umpire Darrell Hair gave him out for 4 as England collapsed on the fourth afternoon. Pietersen posted a score of 39 in the first innings of the third test before he got a beauty from Sreesanth which moved and took the edge of the bat before being caught by Mahendra Singh Dhoni. In the second innings, he posted 7 again being caught and bowled, this time by Anil Kumble via a leading edge. Despite a quiet match for him, England won comfortably after a dismal 100 all out in India's second visit to the crease.
In the one-day series, which England lost 5–1, he was top scorer for England in four out of the five matches he played, and had the highest average of any player with 58.20. His 71 in the second ODI took him past 1,000 ODI runs, equalling Viv Richards' record of 21 innings to reach this total.
Sri Lanka and Pakistan in England, 2006
In May 2006, Pietersen matched his highest Test score of 158 in the first match against Sri Lanka. His innings was ended when he was lbw to Chaminda Vaas. In the second test he made 142 at Edgbaston. He made almost half of England's runs. After he made his hundred, his third six saw the introduction to the Switch hit, when he turned out and played a switch hit sweep off Muttiah Muralitharan. This took him past the milestone of 1,000 Test runs, in his 12th Test match, and he became the first batsman since Graham Gooch in 1990 to score a century in three successive Test innings on English soil. This performance moved Pietersen into the top ten of the ICC cricket ratings. In the third test, he was twice removed by Murali. In the first innings, on 41, he top edged a sweep to short fine leg. In the second innings with England chasing 325, he was caught at short leg for just 6. Despite this, his performances in the first two tests earned him the England (Test match) Player of the Series.
In the first and second tests of the Pakistan series, he got starts with the bat but did not get past 50. He was out lbw, offering no shot, in the first innings at Lords for 21. In the second innings, when England were pushing on, he played some nice strokes in his 41 before being stumped of the bowling of Shahid Afridi. In the second test, he made 38 when he hit a half-volley loosely to point. In the third Test at Headingley, he hit 135 runs from England's total of 515. In the final controversial test at The Oval, on a horribly wet pitch, he got the second golden duck of his Test career when he edged behind. In the second innings, he made 96 before edging behind again before the test came to an unexpected early end.
Pietersen bowled his first delivery in Test match cricket on 4 June, against Sri Lanka. His first Test wicket came against Pakistan later in the summer when Kamran Akmal got a thin edge through to Geraint Jones. Later in June, Pietersen scored 17 in the Twenty20 International as England lost by 2 runs to Sri Lanka. The twenty over match against Pakistan was no better, Pietersen being bowled by Mohammad Asif for a golden duck as Pakistan helped themselves to a five-wicket victory.
England in Australia, 2006–07
In the much-anticipated Ashes series in Australia, Pietersen was hyped up as England's best player and this was justified as he scored 490 runs in five matches and averaged over fifty, despite Australia's obvious targeting of him. "I was interested to see how he would get on in Australia in 2006–07 on pitches with more bounce", wrote Warne, "because bowlers had tried to test him with the short ball. He was still England's best batsman."
He started well, in the First Test. Despite a failure of 16 in the first test, he produced a fine spell of batting with a good 92 in the second innings. This wasn't enough to save England from a 277 run defeat. In the second Test, he backed up his good form with a century in the Second Test in Adelaide, sharing a 310-run partnership for the fourth wicket with Paul Collingwood. When he was eventually run out, his first reaction was to "giggle" because it was the third time in his Test career that he had scored exactly 158 runs, which was, at that point, his highest Test score. However, he made 2 in a disastrous second innings collapse which cost England dear. In the third test, he was the only batsman to offer any resistance with 70 in the first innings and 60 not out in the second innings in a defeat which cost England the Ashes. However, he couldn't carry on that form as he failed to make a half-century in the final two tests as England lost 5–0.
In the tour's sole Twenty20 match, Pietersen was run out on eleven as England lost by 77 runs. In the first One Day International of the 2006–07 Commonwealth Bank Series, on 12 January at the Melbourne Cricket Ground, Pietersen was injured when a ball bowled by Glenn McGrath hit him on the ribs. Despite continuing his innings in some discomfort, making 82, X-rays revealed a fracture, and Pietersen was forced to miss the rest of the series.
Career in 2007
2007 World Cup
In the 2007 Cricket World Cup, England started in Group C with a game against New Zealand in which KP made 60 before holing out. He made another 50 against Kenya but disappointedly made just 5 against Canada as England sealed qualification. He made 48 in the unconvincing win against Ireland. Pietersen made 58 against Sri Lanka before being caught and bowled by Murali. England lost that game by 2 runs before losing the next game against Australia by 7 wickets. Pietersen crafted 104 runs off 122 balls against Australia. It was the first World Cup century by an Englishman since 1996, and the first ever against Australia. His efforts in the World Cup helped him achieve the status of International Cricket Council number-one ranked batsman in the world for ODIs. He then failed making 10 against Bangladesh and 3 against South Africa. England lost to South Africa meaning that England did not reach the semi-finals. In England's final match of the World Cup against the West Indies, Pietersen made 100 from 91 balls, and effected the run-out of retiring captain Brian Lara. This century took him past 2,000 ODI runs, in doing so equalling the record 51 matches set by Zaheer Abbas. He finished the tournament with 444 runs, at an average of 55.5, and was described as shining in the England team "like a 100 watt bulb in a room full of candles". He was named in the 'Team of the Tournament' by ESPNcricinfo.
West Indies in England
In the first test of the series he was dismissed for 26 again chasing a wide one when looking set also after 4 centuries were scored by England batsmen in the innings at Lord's, he then scored a hundred in the second innings when England were looking to accelerate. Pietersen posted his highest score of 226 in the second Test at Headingley (it was scored in 262 balls, with 24 fours and 2 sixes), surpassing his previous best of 158 which he had achieved three times. With this score, Pietersen moved ahead of Everton Weekes and Viv Richards to be the batsman with the second-highest run-total out of his first 25 Tests (behind Don Bradman). It is also the highest Test score for England since Graham Gooch scored 333 against India in 1990. This innings subjected the West Indies to an innings and 283 runs defeat, their largest against any team. Pietersen, the Man of the Match, said, "I believe the recipe for success is hard work. I've been criticised for throwing my wicket away, and I tried to make it count here".
In the third Test at Old Trafford, he carried on his bad run at the ground being bounced out twice for 9 and 68. In the second innings, Pietersen lost his wicket in a bizarre dismissal when West Indian all-rounder Dwayne Bravo delivered a bouncer which knocked Pietersen's helmet off his head and onto his stumps. He is only the fourth batsman in Test cricket to be dismissed "hit wicket" as a result of headgear falling onto the stumps. This score took him past the 8,500 first-class runs mark, and 2,500 runs in Test cricket. In the final match of the series, he registered his third duck of his Test career in the first innings and 28 in the second innings as England won the series 3–0.
In contrast, Pietersen's batting was poor in the following single innings matches; he scored a total of 77 runs in five matches (two Twenty20 and three ODI), recording a second-ball duck in the final ODI. He subsequently fell to second in the official One Day International batting rankings, behind Ricky Ponting. Pietersen himself commented that his lack of form was a result of "fatigue", and reiterated his calls for a less "hectic" match schedule.
India tour and Twenty20 Championship
Pietersen played in the first Test against India and in the first innings, he made 37 but not without controversy. He edged the ball behind of Zaheer Khan to Dhoni. He walked, but after seeing replays on the screen, he walked back to the middle and the decision was overturned. Ironically, he was out shortly afterwards caught Dhoni, bowled Khan. In the second innings he was top scorer with a knock of 134 to set up a potential England victory. Pietersen described this as his best century, in very testing conditions. In the second test, he was twice lbw to RP Singh for 13 and 19 in a defeat which subsequently cost them the series. After making 41 in the first innings, Pietersen scored his 10th Test century in the third and final Test at the Oval, helping England to draw the game with 101. In the one-day series that followed, he struggled at the start with a top score of 33 not out in the first five matches of the series. He scored two half-centuries in the final matches including 71 not out in the final match at Lord's, hitting the winning runs to give England the series.
Pietersen was also picked for and played in the Twenty20 Championship in South Africa. In England's first game against Zimbabwe on 13 September, Pietersen hit 79 runs off 37 balls, his highest Twenty20 score, including seven fours and four sixes (one of them being another switch-hit sweep for six) in an English total of 188–9. England won the match by 50 runs; however, this was to be Pietersen's largest contribution in the competition. He scored another 99 runs over four more matches, ending the series with an average of 35.60. He also scored the most England fours (17) and jointly held the record for the most England sixes (6) with Owais Shah. He also held the highest strike rate of any England batsman.
Sri Lanka 2007
Pietersen scored 50 in England's opening game in Sri Lanka against the Sri Lankan Cricket XI, but it took until the fourth ODI for Pietersen to find form, scoring 63 not out as England won their first series in Sri Lanka. This form was still fluctuating in the warm-up matches for the Test series, scoring 4, 1 and 59 against the Sri Lankan Cricket XI. This run continued in the Test matches when in the first test he got two starts with 31 and 18 but didn't go on. He was unfortunate as in the second innings on 18 he was bowled by a ball that kept low from Dilhara Fernando. In the second test he managed 45 not out to secure a draw in the 2nd Test. In the first innings, Pietersen's dismissal was to be the source of much controversy. He edged his fifth ball to Chamara Silva at slip, who flicked the ball up for wicketkeeper Kumar Sangakkara to complete the catch. The two on-field umpires conferred over the validity of the catch, as it was unclear whether the ball had touched the ground prior to Silva flicking the ball up. Daryl Harper, standing at the bowler's end gave the decision that the wicket had been taken, but while walking off the field, Pietersen saw a replay on the big screen and questioned the validity of the decision. This led for calls for similar catches to be referred to the third (TV) umpire, but this can only take place if the on-field umpires have not made a decision. Pietersen passed 3,000 Test runs during the series, becoming the fastest player (by time) to do so, He only averaged 25.20, and failed to score a half century in a series for the first time.
Career in 2008
New Zealand tours (home and away)
On England's tour against New Zealand, Pietersen averaged 33.00 in the ODI series, with one score of 50 in the tied fourth match; England lost the series 3–1. He also made a top score of 43 in the first of two comfortable Twenty20 matches. Pietersen had a quiet first two Test matches, making little impression with the bat. He produced 42 and 6 as England collapsed in their second innings. In the next test, he fared little better making 31 and 17. However, in the first innings of the Napier Test he rescued England from a disastrous start of 4–3, guiding them to 259 with 129, his 11th Test century.
New Zealand then came to tour England and Pietersen again struggled in the first two Test matches, scoring 3 in the first match. He improved slightly in the second but only making 26 in the first innings and then running himself out on 42 having looked well set. He seemed to be struggling particularly against Daniel Vettori but he showed no signs of that as he struck a century in the third Test, forming a valuable partnership with Tim Ambrose, making a crucial 115. Pietersen hit a winning 42 not out in the Twenty20 match.
Switch-hit
In the first ODI of the NatWest series, Pietersen hit two sixes by "switch-hitting" en route to 110 not out. While facing the bowling of medium pace Scott Styris, Pietersen turned his body around and switched hands (effectively batting as a left-hander) hitting two sixes over cover and long off. Because Pietersen not only reversed his hand position (as some batsman do while playing the reverse sweep), but changed his stance by rotating his body, these "switch-hit" shots were immediately followed by calls to outlaw them from the game. Although a similar shot was played when Pietersen reverse-swept Muttiah Muralitharan for six in Sri Lanka in 2006, in this case he switched hands and executed "the switch" before the ball was bowled.
Several commentators complained that because Pietersen changed from being a right-handed to a left-handed batsman as the bowler approached his delivery stride, he was gaining an unfair advantage. Gideon Haigh said that "A bowler must advise a batsman when he's changing direction, why should the batsmen not; given that where the bowler's aiming will depend on the placement of the off stump". Ian Healy seconded this by saying "It just should be outlawed straightaway. If you want to hit to one side of the field, you've got to do it in a cross fashion, and not swap the way you're facing or your grip. Otherwise you are going to start to allow the bowlers to go round the wicket, over the wicket, and keep swapping during their run-ups." Former fast-bowler Michael Holding argued "if the batsman can change from being right-handed to left-handed, there shouldn't be a problem with a bowler changing from being right-handed to left-handed, either, without having to tell the umpire, nor should he have to tell the umpire if he is going over or round the wicket."
Pietersen countered these claims by saying: "That's ridiculous, absolutely stupid. The reverse-sweep has been part of the game for however long. I am just fortunate that I am able to hit it a bit further. Everybody wants brand new ideas, new inventions and new shots. That is a new shot played today and people should be saying it's a new way to go. There are new things happening for cricket at the moment and people shouldn't be criticising it all the time."
Another citation for the shot being outlawed was that the possibility of being out LBW ("a player is out LBW if...the ball pitches in line between wicket and wicket or on the off side of the striker's wicket") is removed, as the off side become the leg side and vice versa. The shots were considered by the Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC), governors of the game, who came to the conclusion that the shot was legal, believing that the LBW law (which continues "The off side of the striker's wicket shall be determined by the striker's stance at the moment the ball comes into play for that delivery") adequately covers the scenario. They cited the variations bowlers can make, such as bowling a googly or a slower ball, and also the inherent risk in the shot to the batsman, in the justification of their decision.
There are still calls for further review of the stroke, with Jonathan Agnew giving a scenario in which a right-handed batsman can take his stance as a left-hander, then switch stance as the bowler runs in, thus being able to kick away any balls that land outside his now off stump. He also calls for the wide law to be adjusted in one-day cricket, as bowlers are penalised for most deliveries that pass down the leg side.
England captaincy
Success against South Africa
Pietersen captained England in the fifth ODI against New Zealand after Paul Collingwood was banned for four games for a slow over-rate during the previous match. Pietersen was named as the stand-in captain for three further matches in August.
With Michael Vaughan as captain for the first three tests, Pietersen seemed to thrive in his first Test series against his former countrymen scoring 152 in the opening match of the series. During the third Test against South Africa, Pietersen was criticised for throwing his wicket away attempting a six to complete a century when on 94. Jonathan Agnew and Alec Stewart called the stroke "irresponsible" and Agnew continued, suggesting that Pietersen therefore ruled himself out of the potential reckoning for the England captaincy with Vaughan's place in the starting line-up in doubt after failing to score runs. In the event, having lost the match, Vaughan resigned and Pietersen was made the permanent captain of both the Test and ODI sides (Paul Collingwood relinquished the ODI captaincy at the same time).
Following the news that he had been made England Test and ODI captain, Pietersen paid tribute to both outgoing captains but announced that he would look to captain the team in his own style. He scored a century in his debut match as captain in the dead rubber fourth Test, and went on to defeat South Africa 4–0 in the ODI matches. In that series he made 90 not out and got 2–22 with the ball. In the fourth ODI, another dead rubber as England were 3–0 up, he hit a quick 40 to guide England to victory.
Derailment in India
Pietersen continued to lead the team during a 5–0 defeat to India in ODI matches; the series was supposed to consist of seven matches, but was abandoned after the fifth due to the 2008 Mumbai attacks. Pietersen however had a decent series with the bat hitting a quick 63 in the first match and 111 not out in the fifth match. Pietersen's men returned to England before resuming the tour amid unprecedented security, to play a two-Test series. Pietersen was highly vocal in regards to the resumption of the tour, citing a need to stand up to terrorism. He had an aggregate of 5 runs in 2 innings in the first test being dismissed by Yuvraj Singh in the second innings which showed Pietersen's struggles against Yuvraj from the ODI series carried on. England were defeated in the first, but recovered to draw the second with Pietersen scoring 144.
In January 2009, following England's losses in India, the media reported that Pietersen had asked the England and Wales Cricket Board (ECB) to hold emergency meetings to discuss Moores' coaching role with the team. Days later, Pietersen made remarks to the media about there being an 'unhealthy situation' that needed to be resolved in the England camp. The media speculated that Moores would shortly be replaced if there was a Pietersen–Moores rift. Moores and Pietersen were believed to be in disagreement on several issues, including the team's training regimen, and the possible selection of former England captain Michael Vaughan for the upcoming tour of the West Indies. On 7 January 2009, Moores was removed as England's coach by the ECB, and Pietersen unexpectedly resigned as captain. In the immediate aftermath of Pietersen's resignation, several commentators connected with English cricket indicated that they believed that Pietersen had miscalculated by openly advocating for the removal of Moores, particularly in making their dispute public. In an interview several days after his resignation, Pietersen revealed that he had not intended to resign as captain, but was told by ECB officials that he was resigning. Dennis Amiss, the vice-chairman of the ECB, went on record backing up Pietersen in his statement that the story of the rift with Moores had not been leaked to the media by him, saying, "We don't believe Kevin Pietersen leaked the information, we understand his frustration at it being leaked by other parties." Pietersen was captain for three Test matches, and 10 One Day International matches. It was announced that Andrew Strauss would take over the captaincy.
Career in 2009
England in West Indies
Pietersen's first match after resigning from the captaincy garnered much media attention, played in the Caribbean during England's tour of the West Indies under the new captain, Strauss. Though Pietersen scored 97 in the first innings of the first Test, West Indies had a lead of 74 and England were bowled out for 51 with Pietersen making only one, being bowled by an out-swinger by Jerome Taylor as England collapsed to an innings defeat. After the second Test was abandoned, Pietersen made 51 in a quickly scheduled 'third' Test. His good form carried on as he scored 72 not out to give England the draw at Barbados. In the fifth and final Test, with England needing to win, Pietersen hit his quickest test century with 102 off 92 balls. He struggled in the one-day series that followed with his top score being 48.
Indian Premier League
In February 2009, Royal Challengers Bangalore of the Indian Premier League bought Pietersen for US$1,550,000, which made him the highest-paid IPL player along with Andrew Flintoff. The following month RCB owner Vijay Mallya announced that Pietersen would succeed Rahul Dravid as captain. He won two out of his six matches in charge before leaving to fulfil his international commitments with England; Anil Kumble took over the captaincy and led the Bangalore team to the IPL final. Kevin Pietersen was later bought by Deccan Chargers for the 2011 season and was sold to Delhi Daredevils in the 2012 season without having played a single game for the Chargers.
West Indies and the ICC World Twenty20
Pietersen began 2009 with questions over his form, where many pundits viewed him to be in a slump. He was dismissed first ball in the first Test against the touring West Indies side dismissed by the full, swinging ball (a delivery which he seemed to struggle against), but in the second Test made a quick 49 before falling to an attacking shot. He then suffered what seemed only a minor right Achilles injury and was subsequently ruled out of the ODI series, which England also won. In June 2009, Pietersen played in England's World Twenty20 warm-up match against Scotland, registering an unbeaten 53 in a six-wicket England victory. He also appeared in the news after accidentally hitting a 15-year-old school boy with a cricket ball from a straight-drive after the boy had bowled to him. Pietersen left the boy, from Suffolk, with a signed bat as compensation.
Pietersen's Achilles injury began flared up ahead of England's first Twenty20 match, against the Netherlands not long after. In Pietersen's absence, England incurred a historic loss against the Dutch. He returned for the second match against Pakistan and top scored with 58 off 38 balls and hit 3 sixes (one of which was measured at over 100m) in the 48 run victory, he also top scored in the three run win over India later in the competition. Despite missing the first match Pietersen ended the tournament as England's leading runscorer with 154 at an average of 38.50. He was named in the 'Team of the Tournament' by ESPNcricinfo for the 2009 T20I World Cup.
2009 Ashes
Pietersen joined the England Ashes squad in June 2009 for the upcoming 2009 Ashes series. Despite failing to surpass single figure scores during a warm-up match against Warwickshire, he helped England to a score over 400 on 8 July during the first day of the first Test at the SWALEC Stadium, Cardiff with 69 before being dismissed by Nathan Hauritz, top-edging a sweep to a ball outside off stump; the dismissal was heavily criticised. He also seemed to flare up his Achilles injury again suddenly which hampered his batting a bit. In the second innings he was bowled for 8 after leaving a straight ball from Ben Hilfenhaus. Many pundits thought the criticism of England's key batsman from the first innings possibly affected him. In the first innings at Lords, after proving his fitness, he came at 222–2 and played some trademark shots before being caught behind off Peter Siddle. In the second innings he came in when England had a lead of almost 300 and he and Ravi Bopara batted for time. Pietersen limped when he ran and many shots ran off the inside edge which raised serious doubts for the rest of the series. He actually did well to reach 44 before being caught behind off Siddle again. After struggling in the field as England won, Pietersen was ruled out of the rest of the series with an Achilles injury. This brought to an end 54 consecutive Test matches. As his recovery slowed, Pietersen was not included in the 2009 ICC Champions Trophy and Andy Flower speculated that due to an infection of the wound Pietersen "may miss this winter's tour of South Africa because of slow progress in recovery from surgery."
Career in 2010
Pietersen returned from injury in time to play a part in the 2009–10 winter tour of South Africa. His contributions, nevertheless, were significantly below his pre-injury range with an average of just 27. He showed several lapses of concentration, leading some to suggest that off-field distractions and lingering issues with his removal from the captaincy were still affecting his form.
Pietersen went into the two-match tour of Bangladesh on the back of poor performances on his return from injury and led to speculation Pietersen's England place was under pressure. However, an important first innings of 99 in the first Test and a series clinching score of 74 not out in the second, during a stand of 167 not out with Alastair Cook, saw Pietersen return to much more respectable figures. England won the series 2–0 and Pietersen finished with total runs of 250 and an average for the series of 83.33.
Pietersen joined up with his Royal Challengers Bangalore team following the conclusion to England's tour of Bangladesh. Pietersen showed further signs of a return to form in the IPL by scoring 236 runs with a high score of 66*, with an average of 59.00, which was the highest in the IPL.
2010 ICC World Twenty20
Pietersen was selected in England's 15-man squad for the 2010 ICC World Twenty20 in the West Indies. Pietersen's tournament got off to a poor start as he made was dismissed for duck by Rory Kleinveldt in a warm up match. In England's first match against the West Indies, Pietersen started confidently scoring 24 from 20 balls before being dismissed on the pull by Darren Sammy. Against Ireland, he struggled to get going, scoring a slow 9 from 18 balls. In England's super eights match against Pakistan he scored 73* from 52 balls, guiding England to a 6 wicket win. In the following super eights match against South Africa, Pietersen scored an aggressive 53 runs from 33 balls, contributing to a 94 run partnership with Craig Kieswetter and a 39 run victory for England. For his performance, he was named man of the match.
Following the conclusion of this match, Pietersen returned home to England to be present at the birth of his son. Pietersen returned in time for England's semi-final against Sri Lanka, where he scored a vital 42* from 26 balls, guiding England home to a 7 wicket victory and a place in their first ICC tournament final since the 2004 ICC Champions Trophy. In the final against old foes Australia, he scored 47 runs from 31 balls, which included 4 fours and 1 six. Pietersen shared in a vital stand of 111 with Kieswetter, before holing out to David Warner off the bowling of Steve Smith. Pietersen's knock was vital in helping England secure a 7 wicket victory and their first ever major ICC tournament victory. After the match Pietersen was named man of the series for his vital contributions with the bat, which ended with Pietersen being the second highest run scorer with 248 runs at an average of 62.00 and a strike rate of 137.77.
Bangladesh, Australia and Pakistan
Pietersen played in the Bangladesh home series, however contributed only 18 in the first innings before assisting England in chasing down a modest total with 10*. He made 64 in the second Test, however. After the Test series, attention was drawn to Pietersen's lack of games for Hampshire – having not played a County Championship at the Rose Bowl since 2005. Having made one Twenty20 appearance for them against Surrey after the Bangladesh Test series, it was announced that he would be leaving Hampshire, stating that "Geographically it just doesn't work. I live in Chelsea." On 22 June, Pietersen played his 100th ODI against Australia at his home ground, the Rose Bowl.
Pietersen struggled for form in an ODI series against Australia and then a Test series against Pakistan. England beat Australia 3–2, but Pietersen could only manage a top-score of 33. England beat Pakistan 3–1, and although Pietersen top-scored for England with 80 in the second Test, it was the only time he passed 50 and ended the series with a golden duck. His poor form, and an admission by Pietersen before the final Test that he was low on confidence, led to many in the media, including Geoffrey Boycott, to suggest that Pietersen could do with playing County Cricket to regain his form before the 2010–11 Ashes series.
Pietersen was omitted from both of England's limited-overs squads to face Pakistan. However, the ECB brokered a loan move to Surrey for the remainder of the 2010 English cricket season which enables him to play first-class cricket whilst the England side plays Pakistan in the limited overs leg of the tour. Pietersen announced the omission and loan-move to Surrey early through a Twitter message, which contained a swear-word and was quickly removed, and he apologised the following day. The online outburst drew some criticism of him, with national selector Geoff Miller one of those criticising the message. During the lead up to the 2010/11 Ashes Series Pietersen signed up for two first-class games in the South African competition with the KwaZulu Natal Dolphins.
The Ashes in Australia
Pietersen went into the 2010–11 Ashes series without a century since March 2009, and many felt that England would be unable to retain the Ashes unless he found form. In the first Test at the Gabba, Brisbane, Pietersen hit 43 in the first innings but wasn't required in the second as England posted 517–1 declared before a draw was declared.
In the second Test in Adelaide, where he hit 158 on the previous Ashes tour, Pietersen joined opener Alastair Cook (148) to make a century partnership before going on to score his 17th Test century. He finished with 227, a Test-best and his second Test double-century, as England declared on 620–5. Given a rare bowl at the end of the fourth day, Pietersen claimed the wicket of Michael Clarke (80) to leave Australia 238–4. England then proceeded to bowl Australia out in the final morning to win by an innings and 71 runs, and Pietersen was named man-of-the-match.
2011 ODI series against Australia
In the ODI series that followed the Ashes Test Series Pietersen's performance was solid in the first ODI at the MCG. His team high score of 78 helping England to post a traditionally competitive near 300 score. England were however defeated by the chasing Australians after Shane Watson's monumental 161 not out. After making a first ball duck in the second ODI at Hobart Pietersen's fitness once again became an issue and he missed the third ODI due to a "groin strain". The fourth ODI, despite Pietersen making only 12 with the bat, was won by England. On 29 January Kevin announced to the media that England could make a miraculous comeback to win the series from 3–1 down. In the three remaining matches (all England defeats) Pietersen scored 40, 29 and 26 respectively. Australia won the seven match ODI series 6–1.
Career in 2011
Pietersen was part of England's 15-man squad for the 2011 World Cup hosted by Bangladesh, India and Sri Lanka between February and March. In the warm-up matches he was asked to open the batting in anticipation that he would assume the position for the whole tournament. He had opened the batting just six times in one-day games and never for England, although had done so for England A in 2004. Pietersen returned home early due to injury. A hernia required immediate surgery and the recovery time of around six weeks meant he would miss the rest of the tournament and potentially the IPL. Eoin Morgan took Pietersen's place in the squad. Pietersen earned some criticism after being sighted at a nightclub in London while injured, however he dismissed the criticism as unwarranted.
He returned from injury for the home series against Sri Lanka in May 2011. Pietersen was also picked to play against India in July 2011, and scored 202 not out at Lord's in the 1st Test. During the innings, Pietersen passed 6,000 runs in Tests. The feat took exactly six years, which is the fastest in terms of time taken, and 128 innings. In the fourth Test he scored 175 runs and shared a partnership of 350 runs with Ian Bell. Pietersen was rested for the ODI series against that followed the Tests.
Career in 2012
Sri Lanka and the IPL
Pietersen played a pivotal role in England's tour of Sri Lanka. By scoring a century in the second of two Tests, not only did he move to 20 centuries for England, but he levelled the series at 1–1, ensuring England retain their No.1 Test Ranking status. On 10 April, Pietersen started his first match in the 2012 Indian Premier League for his new team, the Delhi Daredevils. He scored his maiden century in that format during the tournament.
In May 2012, Pietersen was fined for a Twitter outburst against ex-England opener, Nick Knight. He commented "Can somebody please tell me how Knight has worked his way into the commentary box for Tests? Ridiculous" and despite attempts by Cook to "downplay" the incident, the ECB elected to uphold the fine. It was Pietersen's second controversial use of the social media system following the incident in September 2010 where he announced his own dropping from the one-day team, for which he was also fined.
Retirement from ODI and T20
On 31 May 2012, Pietersen announced his retirement from one-day international cricket. Although he intended to still play Twenty20s for England, and especially the World Twenty20 tournament in September 2012, the terms of his central contract meant that he had to retire from both forms. Remaining available for Test cricket only, Pietersen said that "with the intensity of the international schedule and the increasing demands on my body, I think it is the right time to step aside and let the next generation of players come through to gain experience for the World Cup in 2015." This announcement came on the back of his 80 against the West Indies at Trent Bridge as England took an unassailable 2–0 lead in the three-Test series. However, on 9 July 2012, Pietersen reversed his decision and suggested that he may return to ODIs in the future.
South Africa in the summer of 2012
After the second Test against South Africa during the latter's tour of England in the summer of 2012, in which Pietersen scored his 21st Test century (149) and took Test-best bowling figures (3–52), Pietersen suggested that the third and final Test of that series might be his last. In the same press conference, he also mentioned issues within the dressing room that needed to be resolved. In the following days, allegations were made that he sent defamatory text messages to members of the South African dressing room, with Strauss and Flower said to be referred to within the messages.
Following talks with the ECB, however, Pietersen then unreservedly committed his future to all forms of cricket for England in a video interview posted on YouTube. He was dropped for the third Test after failing to provide clarification about those messages, despite announcement of the squad being delayed to provide more time for him to do so. He was replaced by Jonny Bairstow.
Reintegration and comeback
In October 2012, ECB confirmed that they had a process which could lead to Pietersen's return to the English cricket team. This led to Pietersen's selection as part of the Test squad later that month. He toured India with a successful England team under Cook, scoring 338 runs in four Tests including a century and two fifties. The century, in the second of four Tests, took Pietersen to 22 Test hundreds, level with the England record. That century was named as third best Test innings of the decade by Wisden in 2019. Cook broke the record by scoring his twenty-third hundred during the same series. Pietersen also featured in the tour's ODI series, scoring 185 runs across a five-match series that ended in an English defeat.
Career in 2013–14
Pietersen featured in the three-Test series in New Zealand in February 2013, scoring 73 in the second match. A knee injury forced him to miss the return home series in May that year, however, and prompted fears over fitness for the upcoming 2013 Ashes series. Though he did not play against New Zealand, the ECB remained hopeful over his ability to play against Australia come the summer. On 3 August 2013, Pietersen not only scored a century in the third Ashes series match in the first innings, he became the highest run scorer for England across all forms of cricket combined.
His return Ashes tour over the winter of 2013–14 was less successful, however. In a series which England lost 5–0, Pietersen averaged only 29 and passed fifty only twice in ten innings. He made his 100th Test appearance in the first Test. During this game Pietersen was dismissed by a widely reported catch taken by Chris Sabburg, who entered the field as a substitute fielder. He remained nevertheless England's leading run scorer with 294 runs. He also bowled during the fifth and final Test. Once the tour had ended, and the fallout had contributed to the removal of Flower as head coach, there was much media speculation on the nature of Pietersen's relationship with the team management. The ECB met and announced on 4 February 2014 that Pietersen had not been selected for the upcoming tour of the Caribbean, a decision they described as "unanimous". Media announcements immediately began stating that Pietersen's career was over. Pietersen himself released a statement which read "Although I am obviously very sad the incredible journey has come to an end, I'm also hugely proud of what we, as a team, have achieved over the past nine years."
Post-playing career and image
Kevin Pietersen published his autobiography: Kevin Pietersen: Crossing the Boundary in early 2007.
A second biography: Kevin Pietersen: Portrait of a Rebel written by journalist Marcus Stead, was published in the autumn of 2009. This book includes a detailed account of the controversies of Pietersen's reign as England captain. A revised and updated version of Stead's book, now titled 'KP – The Biography' , which brought his story up-to-date, was published in July 2013. KP: The Autobiography was published in October 2014, ghost written by Irish sports journalist David Walsh.
Pietersen has expressed gratitude over having time for his family. He has also reiterated over the years his regret over trying "too hard to be English" at the expense of his home.
Pietersen is a prominent advocate for the welfare and conservation of endangered animals in South Africa. In 2018, he opened Umganu Lodge, a luxury resort at the edge of Kruger National Park. He also established Saving Our Rhinos Africa & India (SORAI), a social enterprise supporting rhinoceros conservation.
In 2019, BBC Radio 5 Live featured Pietersen in the Beast of Man podcast. The programme profiled his role in combating illegal poaching, particularly that of rhinoceros.
Achievements
Awards
Pietersen gained several awards for his performances in the 2005 season. He was named both the ICC ‘ODI Player of the Year’ and ’Emerging Player of the Year’ in 2005, and was one of the five Wisden Cricketers of the Year (alongside team mates Simon Jones and Matthew Hoggard) for his role in the successful 2005 Ashes series against Australia. Along with the rest of the England team, Pietersen was recognised in the 2006 New Year Honours, being appointed a Member of the Order of the British Empire for services to cricket. He also played for the ICC World XI in the 2005 ICC Super Series against Australia.
Test match performance
Records
Second-highest run-total from his first 25 Tests (behind Sir Don Bradman).
Fourth Englishman to make the top score in both innings of debut Test.
One of only twenty-five players to have a peak ICC batting rating over 900.
Achieved 5,000 Test runs in the fastest time, reaching this feat in 4 years and 243 days.
International centuries
Pietersen scored 23 Test centuries and 9 ODI centuries, totaling 32 centuries in his international career.
References
External links
Official website
1980 births
Living people
Alumni of Maritzburg College
Cricketers at the 2007 Cricket World Cup
Cricketers at the 2011 Cricket World Cup
Cricketers from Pietermaritzburg
Deccan Chargers cricketers
Delhi Capitals cricketers
England One Day International cricketers
England Test cricket captains
England Test cricketers
England Twenty20 International cricketers
English cricketers
English people of Afrikaner descent
English people of South African descent
Hampshire cricketers
ICC World XI One Day International cricketers
KwaZulu-Natal cricketers
Marylebone Cricket Club cricketers
Melbourne Stars cricketers
Members of the Order of the British Empire
Nottinghamshire cricketers
Quetta Gladiators cricketers
Rising Pune Supergiant cricketers
Royal Challengers Bangalore cricketers
South African activists
South African emigrants to the United Kingdom
South African people of Afrikaner descent
South African people of English descent
Saint Lucia Kings cricketers
Sunrisers Hyderabad cricketers
Surrey cricketers
University of South Africa alumni
Wisden Cricketers of the Year
South African expatriate sportspeople in India
South African expatriate sportspeople in Pakistan
South African expatriate sportspeople in Australia
English expatriate cricketers in India
English expatriate cricketers in Australia
English expatriate cricketers in Pakistan
Expatriate sportspeople in Saint Lucia |
1481545 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Barry%20%28set%20designer%29 | John Barry (set designer) | John Barry (3 July 1935 – 1 June 1979) was a British film production designer, known for his work on Star Wars, for which he received the Academy Award for Best Art Direction.
Career
Born in London on 3 July 1935, Barry worked as an architect with experience in stage design. He entered the film business as a draughtsman on the epic Elizabeth Taylor film Cleopatra in 1963. He went on to assist art director Elliot Scott on the 1960s spy television series Danger Man, which starred Patrick McGoohan. His first project as art director was on the 1968 film Decline and Fall... of a Birdwatcher.
Barry then became production designer on the Clint Eastwood action film Kelly's Heroes in 1970. Barry was offered the job of production designer by Stanley Kubrick for his never-completed film Napoleon, working on the project for a week. Kubrick hired him again as the production designer on A Clockwork Orange in 1971. He was production designer on the 1973 science fiction film Phase IV.
Barry worked on the fantasy musical The Little Prince in 1974. Following a recommendation from Scott, George Lucas travelled to Mexico where Barry was working on Lucky Lady and hired him as production designer for Star Wars. Barry thought the allotted time of seven months to design and build the film's sets was just enough and he took the job.
Barry later worked on Alexander Salkind's Superman and Superman II. Following these box office hits Barry was given the chance to direct his own project, the science fiction film Saturn 3. During filming, Barry fell out with the movie's star Kirk Douglas and was replaced by Stanley Donen.
Barry was soon hired by George Lucas as a second unit director on The Empire Strikes Back. On 31 May 1979, two weeks into filming, he collapsed on-set and was hospitalised with a 104-degree temperature. He died on 1 June of meningitis. His memorial was held on 11 June at St. Paul's Church, Grove Park, Hounslow, London; Barry was cremated that day.
References
Footnotes
Bibliography
External links
1935 births
1979 deaths
Best Art Direction Academy Award winners
British production designers
Deaths from meningitis
Neurological disease deaths in England
Infectious disease deaths in England
British film designers
Businesspeople from London
Artists from London
20th-century English businesspeople |
1481549 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rip%20Raps | Rip Raps | Rip Raps is a small 15 acre (60,000 m2) artificial island at the mouth of the harbor area known as Hampton Roads in the independent city of Hampton in southeastern Virginia in the United States. Its name is derived from the Rip Rap Shoals in Hampton Roads, which also gave their name to a 19th-century criminal gang. In 2020 the island was converted into a bird sanctuary, and routine public access was terminated.
History
Hampton Roads harbor defenses
Rip Raps was originally built in 1817 as part of the harbor defenses to provide a setting on the south side of the navigation channel for Fort Wool (built originally in 1830 and named Fort Calhoun but renamed during the Civil War and rebuilt in 1902), the companion to Fort Monroe (on the northern side of the channel) in protecting access to Hampton Roads with an anti-submarine net. Fort Wool was decommissioned after World War II. It was ceded to Virginia in 1967, and transferred to Hampton, Virginia.
President Andrew Jackson used it as a retreat, visiting between August 19, 1829 through August 16, 1835.
Rip Raps is located adjacent to one of the unnamed man-made islands of the Hampton Roads Bridge-Tunnel, which was initially completed and opened to traffic in 1957. However, Rip Raps and Fort Wool were accessible to the public by water via harbor tours until 2020.
19th-century criminal gang
The Rip Rap shoals in Hampton Roads were likely also the source of the name of the Rip Raps, a notorious Baltimore gang during the Know-Nothing movement. The Baltimore Rip Raps included several sailors familiar with the waters of the Chesapeake Bay. They were affiliated with the American Party and specifically the Plug Uglies, another American gang. The Rip Raps fought several street battles with their sharpest rivals—the Democratic rowdies associated with the New Market Fire Company. At the October 1856 municipal election, the Rip Raps attacked the New Market engine house, leading to two deaths and the wounding of several prominent fighting men. The battle was one of a series of confrontations in the Know-Nothing Riot of 1856 that day and at the ensuing presidential election. The confrontations left seventeen dead. Prominent Rip Raps included Gregory Barrett Jr., William "Kitty" Chambers, Elijah "Boney" Lee, and Marion "Mal" Cropp.
See also
Fort Wool
Fort Monroe
Notes
References
Artificial islands of Virginia
History of Virginia
Landforms of Hampton, Virginia
Parks in Hampton, Virginia
Former gangs in Baltimore
1817 establishments in Virginia
Virginia islands of the Chesapeake Bay |
1481564 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apache%20Trail | Apache Trail | The Apache Trail in Arizona was a stagecoach trail that ran through the Superstition Mountains. It was named the Apache Trail after the Apache Indians who originally used this trail to move through the Superstition Mountains.
The historic Apache Trail linked Apache Junction at the edge of the Greater Phoenix area with Theodore Roosevelt Lake through the Superstition Mountains and the Tonto National Forest.
From Apache Junction heading northeast to Tortilla Flat, the Trail - named The E. Apache Trail (Arizona State Rt 88) at this point - is paved, turning into a dirt road a few miles east of Tortilla Flat, and continuing as such for nearly the full remainder of its length. The section east of Apache Junction is known officially as State Route 88. It is also the main traffic corridor through Apache Junction, turning into Main Street as the road passes into Mesa, and regains the Apache name by becoming Apache Boulevard in Tempe, ending at Mill Avenue. Prior to the completion of the Superstition Freeway in 1992, the Apache Junction portion of the Apache Trail was part of US Highway 60, which was rerouted to the Superstition Freeway once it was completed.
The Trail winds steeply through of rugged desert mountains, past deep reservoir lakes like Canyon Lake and Apache Lake. The narrow, winding road is unpaved from just east of the town of Tortilla Flat to Roosevelt Dam; there are steep cliff drops and few safety barriers. The trail requires caution when driving and it is not recommended for large RVs, SUVs, or caravans. Some large RV rental companies in the US do not allow their vehicles to be taken on this route.
Fires and floods in 2019 resulted in a massive landslide between the Fish Creek Hill Overlook and Apache Lake Marina. This section of road has not been repaired and is closed indefinitely. Drivers can access Tortilla Flat from the west. Access to Apache Lake is only possible from the east.
History
Development of the Salt River Valley began
after the Civil War, when the United States federal government desired to settle territories in the West. Accordingly, surveying in the Salt River Valley in the Arizona Territory revealed the potential for irrigation-based frontier settlements. The initial settlement, Phoenix, grew slowly, but as the irrigation system along the Salt River expanded, new settlements developed in the valley, which included Tempe and Mesa in the east and the towns of Alhambra, Peoria, and Glendale in the northwest.
However, the major challenge to the valley's continued agricultural and economic growth was the temperamental Salt River. Its flow was erratic with both droughts and floods straining the farmers. There was a clear need for the reliable delivery of water. Reclamation projects, such as building a storage dam, would not only accumulate and provide enough water for the farmers during a drought, but also decrease the likelihood of disastrous floods during the wet periods.
The National Reclamation Act of 1902
In the late 1890s, the valley experienced its worst drought since the Civil War. As a result, citizens in the Arizona Territory, along with their counterparts in the surrounding areas of the West, realized the urgent need for reclamation projects. Furthermore, this devastating drought showcased the need for greater government involvement in these water management projects that would reclaim the arid lands of the West. Due to pressure from publications, irrigation organizations, and lobby campaigns, both the Republican and Democratic platforms in the presidential election of 1900 prioritized pro-irrigation and pro-reclamation as their central plank. As a result, on June 17, 1902, the National Reclamation Act was signed into law by President Theodore Roosevelt. This act authorized the development and funding of large-scale water projects to harness and manage the water in the West.
The Theodore Roosevelt Dam
One of the first federal projects undertaken by the National Reclamation Act was the construction of the Theodore Roosevelt Dam in Arizona, which would provide the vital water supply and hydroelectric power to promote the growth of the Phoenix metropolitan area. Although the remote site of this future dam proved to be a logistical nightmare, the solution to this problem was the construction of the Apache Trail. Thus, the Apache Trail served as the critical supply road, facilitating the transport of materials and equipment to the dam site.
Building the Apache Trail
Construction of the Apache Trail (known as the Tonto Wagon Road at that time) began on August 29, 1903. The route of this supply road followed the ancient footpath that is believed to have been used by the Anasazi tribes to trade with the Hohokam. Other Native American tribes may have also used this footpath during prehistoric times as a migratory route between their summer and winter homes.
Apache Indians provided most of the labor for this road construction and they lived separately from the other crews. These Apache workmen often brought their wives and children to live with them and maintained their traditional way of life. The Apache Trail, originally running from the Mesa railhead to the dam site, was completed on September 3, 1905 at a cost of $551,000.
Evolution of the Apache Trail
After the completion of the Apache Trail in 1905, the character of this road began to change. While this road continued to serve as a supply route for the Theodore Roosevelt Dam, the Apache Trail soon opened up for public use. Several entrepreneurs began to provide transportation services along this road, which included both stagecoach and automobile excursions. These entrepreneurs recognized the unspoiled and spectacular landscape surrounding this road and marketed its appeal as a popular tourist destination. Southern Pacific Railroad was one of the first companies to benefit from the scenic beauty of this road. They offered the famous "Sunset Route", which was their "New Orleans to San Francisco" train route that included a motorcar side trip over the Apache Trail for an additional fee. Of note, it was the Southern Pacific Railway Company who coined the name "Apache Trail" in their advertising campaigns in order to promote these automobile side tours of the Theodore Roosevelt Dam and the Apache Trail. This name has been used for this road ever since.
References
Sources and external links
U.S. Department of Transportation Apache Trail Historic Road. America's Byways.
Scenic drive: Apache Trail from the Arizona Republic, Jun. 14, 2006.
The American West Travelogue
Geography of Arizona
Native American trails in the United States
Trails and roads in the American Old West
Historic trails and roads in Arizona
Geography of Pinal County, Arizona
Transportation in Pinal County, Arizona
Protected areas of Pinal County, Arizona
History of Pinal County, Arizona
Native American history of Arizona |
1481569 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lost%20Worlds%20%28gamebook%29 | Lost Worlds (gamebook) | Lost Worlds is a "combat picture book game" designed and trademarked by Alfred Leonardi and originally published in 1983 by Nova Game Designs. The game has had many publishers, including Chessex, Emithill, Flying Buffalo and Greysea.
Resurgence
A minor resurgence in published books occurred in 2004, with five new titles published in 2004 (four of them by a new licensee, 1% Inspiration Games), a further two published in June 2005 (both with photo illustrations rather than graphics), and others early in 2007 and 2008. Many of the older books are now out of print, although Firelight Game Company has said they may be reprinting some of the early books.
Gameplay
Play requires two players and at least two "visual combat books", with each player choosing a character (i.e., a book) from those available. At the start of play, each player removes the character sheet for that character from their book and hands the book to their opponent. The character sheet lists the various combat actions which the character can take during the battle. The combat book lists the effects of the attacks in tables, and serves as a visual reference for what the other player is doing. Hence, each player views entries in the book from a first-person perspective, seeing only their opponent and not themselves.
During each turn or combat phase, players secretly select an action from those shown on their card, possibly influenced by the results of previous turns. Players then simultaneously reveal their intended action, by number, to each other. Using the character sheet to cross-reference their action with that of their opponent, players then turn to a specific entry in the book they are holding in order to determine the results. These effects may include hit point loss (i.e., a wound), as well as any restrictions on the opponent's next move (which is read aloud to them). The first character to reduce their opponent to zero hit points wins.
To add complexity and variety, certain characters have special abilities—the Cave Troll and the Unicorn, for example, can Regenerate; several characters (beginning with the Fighter-Mage) can use Magic Spells (although there are now 3 different spell systems, formulated by different publishers); several can infect an opponent with either poison or disease, which then cause damage automatically in every round of combat. Some characters can fly; others have magic weapons.
In addition to Magic (represented by cards), there are also cards for Tactics and Luck, with characters having differing access to these, depending on their statistics.
Spinoffs
There is also a further series of books, of emphatically female fighter-types, under the collective title of Queen's Blade, published from late 2005 by Hobby Japan. With more than 20 books and characters designed by popular Japanese artists and character designers. As of December 2007 a second series, Queen's Gate, was introduced, featuring characters from Japanese visual media, and in October 2008 Hobby Japan announced four further characters in a sub-set of the original series (Queen's Blade Rebellion).
Jill Leonardi, the daughter of the original game designer Alfred Leonardi, has been designing new character matrices for the Queen's Blade series since 2010. In 2012, Jill founded with partner Todd Broadbent with plans to release new characters under the brand of Legend's Gauntlet in a new but fully compatible format.
The Leonardi move-matrix system has also been "borrowed" by other publishers, notably BattleBooks and Games Workshop as the engine to drive their own combat picture book games.
Reception
Chris Hunter reviewed Lost Worlds for Imagine magazine, and stated that "All in all, Lost Worlds is a quick, fun system, if you can ignore its shortcomings [...] but I cannot imagine myself playing much more than a quick battle or two while waiting to start an evening's role-playing."
Ian Waddelow reviewed Lost Worlds for White Dwarf #52, giving it an overall rating of 6 out of 10, and stated that "The game is easy and good fun but it has limited appeal. It would be fun to throw two books at a couple of players when running a RPG as a change from endless die-rolling, but it does not warrant a great deal of thought, nor does it allow for any real strategy. Lost Worlds is a good game for lunchtime or to take down to the pub."
In the May 1984 edition of Dragon (Issue 85), Ken Rolston found the game entertaining and fast, but expensive and with limited replayability. "The Lost World game system is an entertaining, superbly produced minor diversion. It earns the highest marks in playability, time and effort to learn, presentation, originality, system quality, and dramatic effect, but its applications are limited and closed-ended, and the cost is perhaps a little steep for a quick thrill. It is certainly worth playing, but less likely to stimulate sustained interest, especially when compared with other similarly priced games."
In the April 1996 edition of Arcane (Issue 5), Cliff Ramshaw was not overly impressed with the Flying Buffalo version of Lost Worlds, commenting "Although Lost Worlds is fun, there isn't a great deal of longevity in the format. It's not going to keep you occupied for hours at a time. On the other hand, it represents a great means of resolving certain combat situations in your RPG system of choice." Ramshaw concluded by giving it a below average rating of 6 out of 10.
In the August 1996 edition of Dragon (Issue #232), Rick Swan was excited that Chessex had issued a new version of the game, calling it "as terrific as ever, meeting all the criteria that elevates a product from the merely entertaining to the dazzingly classical." Swan lauded the game as "easy, learnable in a couple of minutes (no kidding) [and]... challenging; 10 years on and I still haven't cracked all its secrets." He concluded, "a Lost Worlds set remains a better buy than a stack of comic books you’ll never read or a weekend’s worth of artery-clogging cheeseburgers that’ll only hasten your journey to an early grave."
In 1999 Pyramid magazine named Lost Worlds as one of the Millennium's Best Games. Editor Scott Haring described the game as a "great, short, take-to-a-con and kill a couple minutes kind of game."
Awards
In 1984, Lost Worlds won the Charles Roberts/Origins Award for Best Fantasy Boardgame of 1983.
Reviews
Different Worlds #40
Fantasy Gamer #3
Asimov's Science Fiction v8 n2 (1984 02)
Asimov's Science Fiction v8 n12 (1984 12)
Isaac Asimov's Science Fiction Magazine
See also
Ace of Aces (picture book game)
References
External links
founded by Alfred Leonardi's daughter, Jill Leonardi in 2012. Original game books.
Flying Buffalo's home page for the game
Gamebooks.org description of the game and list of available game books
Queen's Blade official site and secondary site (Japanese)
Flying Buffalo games
Gamebooks
Nova Game Designs games
Origins Award winners |
1481574 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitr%C3%A9%2C%20Ille-et-Vilaine | Vitré, Ille-et-Vilaine | Vitré (; Gallo: Vitræ, ) is a commune in the Ille-et-Vilaine department in Brittany in northwestern France.
Vitré, a sub-prefecture until 1926, is the seat of a canton. It has 18,603 inhabitants (2020). It lies on the edge of Brittany, near Normandy, Maine, and Anjou. The town has been designated a ville d'art et d'histoire, a town of artistic and historic significance, by the Ministry of Culture in recognition of its rich cultural inheritance. Vitré is the 37th French city with the most historic buildings and has 14% of the historical monuments of the department.
"If I was not King of France, I want to be bourgeois from Vitré!" Henry IV, King of France, surprised by the richness of the city in 1598.
"The good fortune to see a Gothic city entire, complete, homogeneous, a few of which still remain, Nuremberg in Bavaria and Vittoria in Spain, can readily form an idea; or even smaller specimens, provided that they are well preserved, Vitré in Brittany, Nordhausen in Prussia." Victor Hugo in The Hunchback of Notre-Dame, Book third, Chapter 2, A bird's eye view of Paris, 1831
Geography
Situation
The city is located on the slopes of the Vilaine river, along an east–west geographic depression which the national railway on the Paris-Rennes route follows.
Vitré commune is home to around 18,600 inhabitants, and is the centre of a functional area with 54,000 inhabitants.
The land area of Vitré: . The average altitude of Vitré is approximately 89 m. The highest point, 127 m, is found in the "Ménardières" zone, at Pierre and Marie Curie Street. The lowest point, 67 m, is close to the firm S.V.A.'s location under the viaduct of the ring-road.
Since 1 October 2010, Vitré has withdrawn from the arrondissement of Rennes and joined the arrondissement of Fougères-Vitré.
Climate
Vitré has an oceanic climate slightly degraded (type Cfb according to Koppen Classification). The city is located in climate zone Breton "South East", which includes the portion south and east of the Vilaine.
The winters are wet and mild on average, but occasionally, the annual minimum temperature can be largely negative with some severe frosts.
The days without thawing remain infrequent. The summers are relatively dry, moderately warm and sunny.
The annual maximum temperatures exceed several times a year over 30 °C and few years when this threshold is not reached.
The city has about 1,750 hours of sunshine each year (nearly 2,000 hours in 2003 and 2010). It is located in a region with relatively high relief, well exposed to winds from SW, consequently more humid with annual rainfall heights between 800 and 1000 mm (≈ 900 mm in 2001 and 2002, between 600 and 800 mm between 2003 and 2006).
At temperatures, it is little differentiated from Rennes basin in the valleys of about 12.5 °C. It becomes rather on the hills with an average annual temperature lowered to 10 °C and a certain rigor in winter with high wind exposure. On average, there are 130 rainy days per year, 70 days of fog, 15 stormy days, 9 days and 6 days of snow and hail.
Some continentality that the amplitude of temperature is greater than on the west coast of Brittany, with greater extremes (- 15 °C on 19 January 1985 and 39.5 °C on 5 August 2003 ).
Summer thunderstorms can be very violent as that of 16 July 2003 where 76 mm of water per square meter were found, which caused flooding and significant damage due to hail and gusty winds.
For the most part, these storms from the south of Brittany and in particular the Loire-Atlantique and took charge of Vitre. In the past, notorious storms have devastated parts of the city with the storm Lothar on 26 December 1999 or when the storm 15 October 1987 where a cow had the same flight.
Population
At the end of the 14th century the city had between 4–5,000 inhabitants, at a time when Rennes and Nantes had some around 13–14,000. in 1560, Vitré's population is estimated by Arthur de Borderie at 7,800 inhabitants, matching that of the towns of Vannes and Quimper.
At the time of the birth of Madame de Sévigné, about 1620, the city counted 10,000 inhabitants. The population reached 14,000 inhabitants in 1762. This population was contained within the medieval boundaries of the city, which was a third the size of the modern Vitré. In the 18th century, Vitré was the 5th most important city in Brittany after Nantes, Rennes, Brest and Lorient.
In 1789, on the eve of the French Revolution, Vitré's population reached 10,850 inhabitants. In the post-revolution period there was a significant drop in population, to 8,904 inhabitants by 1861. By 1911 a moderate increase brought the figure to 10,613. The First World War and its subsequent economic trials would reduce the population to 8,506. By 1999 the population again had reached 18th century levels, with 15,313 inhabitants and 17,798 in 2015 (+1,1% per annum). The canton of Vitré counted 39,115 inhabitants in 2015 on 382 km2 (102 inhabitants/km2). The greater Vitré-Community counts 80,000 inhabitants on 868 km2.
Inhabitants of Vitré are called Vitréens and vitréennes.
Language
The local dialect in Vitré is Gallo, spoken by some in Upper Brittany.
In 2016, 3.9% of children attended bilingual schools in primary education.
History
Early settlement
The site of Vitré was occupied in Gallo-Roman times. The name Vitré comes from the Gallo-Roman name "Victor" or "Victrix", after the owner of a farm in the region. The year 1000 marked the formal birth of Vitré, when the duke of Brittany Geoffrey I bestowed feudal powers upon Riwallon Le Vicaire, who was charged with keeping this strategic area as a buffer zone known as the "Marches of Brittany". A parallel can be drawn with the "Welsh Marches".
A small wooden motte-and-bailey castle, on a feudal mound, was built on the Sainte-Croix hill. The castle was burned down on several occasions, and eventually was bequeathed to the Benedictine monks of Marmoutiers. A stone castle was built in 1070 by Robert Ier on the current site, on a rocky outcrop dominating the Vilaine's river valley. Certain parts of the original stone castle are still visible today.
In the 13th century, the castle was enlarged and equipped with robust towers and curtain walls. The castle integrated into the triangular outcrop of rock on which it was built a structure in the style of the castles of Philip II August. Late in the century, in 1295, the town passed to Guy IX de Laval, on his marriage with the heiress, and afterwards successively belonged to the families of Rieux, Coligny and La Trémoille. During this period, the "Vieil Bourg" including the church of Nôtre-Dame, developed on the eastern side of Vitré. The city was encircled by fortified ramparts and ditches. It was at this time that the "walled city" took its current form. The Baron directed the construction of the "privileged boroughs" around the walled city. These boroughs defined the linear layout of the streets of Vitré's present neighborhoods. Since the 13th century, Vitré has joined together all of the elements of the traditional medieval city: a fortified castle, religious buildings, churches, colleges, and suburbs.
Middle Ages
In the 15th century, the castle was modified to keep up with developments in artillery design. It was decommissioned from a military post to become a comfortable residence for Jeanne of Laval-Châtillon and her son Anne de Montmorency. At the same time, many half-timbered houses and private mansions were built inside the city. These medieval districts are characterized by their sturdy frame construction and their sinuous and dark streets, as well as by a network of lanes. From a defense perspective, these narrow streets were a confusing obstacle to taking the city. The frontages of the houses are made either of half-timbering or stone. The corbellings (projection of the higher floors over the street) helped save space. They shielded pedestrians from bad weather, and they channeled rainwater into the central gutters, helping preserve the wooden facades.
In 1488, during the French invasion of Brittany, Vitré was seized by Charles VIII.
The names of Vitré's streets often originated from the trade guilds in the area: for example, "Baudrairie Street" was a gathering-place for "baudroyors" (leatherworkers), and there is also a "Street of Pottery".
The historical center of the city is the Place du Marchix or Market Square near the Convent of the Benedictines. The current Place of the Castle was the forecourt of the castle. The Place de Notre-Dame formerly hosted a "Market of Fabrics." Vitré, a prosperous city since the 15th century, had a brotherhood for promoting the international trade of textiles, founded in 1472.
Renaissance
Vitré's economy flourished during the Renaissance as much as any city in the Duchy of Brittany. Its peak came in the 16th century when the "Confrérie des Marchands d'Outre-Mer" - merchant venturers - sold the hemp produced locally throughout Europe. The merchants built large private mansions with ornate Renaissance decorations that are still visible today with the city walls. Henry IV passed through Vitré in 1598. He was struck by the opulence of the town and exclaimed: "If I were not King of France, I would be a burgher of Vitré! ".
During the French Wars of Religion, at the end of the 16th century, the Protestant city was besieged for five months by the troops of the League under the command of the duke of Mercœur, governor of Brittany. The siege was unsuccessful and the city remained one of the few bastions to resist the Leaguers in western France.
At the beginning of the 17th century, the family of Laval, who were barons of Vitré, petered out with the death of Guy XX in Hungary. The new lords from the family of La Trémoïlle soon deserted the town for the Court of Versailles. Over this period, the city lost much of its vitality, becoming a town of secondary importance.
With 14,000 inhabitants in 1762, one of the largest cities of Brittany, Vitré begins are slow demographic decline until the interwar period with a population of 8,212 people in 1931. This situation lasted through 18th century and until the arrival of the railroad in the middle of the 19th century. In addition, the end of the 18th century was marked by the Chouannerie, the French Revolution and the beginning of a new and important period for the city, its role as a sub-prefecture.
The 19th and 20th centuries
To prepare for the arrival of the railroads, the city decided to destroy the southern fortifications of the city to open up the closed city and to improve visibility. The Door "d'En-Haut" (1835), "Gâtesel" (1839) and "d'En-Bas" were destroyed to make way for developments in the south of the closed city.
Vitré has been a railway hub since the first lines were opened on 15 April 1857 on the Paris-Brest line. The construction of the station was carried out in 1855 in the form of a small neo-Gothic manor house in the downtown area, just south of the closed city. The arrival of the barracks in 1874 with the military and their families accounted for up to 2,000 people, which has grown the population of Vitré as much.
The city was literally cut in two by this important railway influence. However, in spite of these industrial developments, the city developed little and remained a small market town within an agricultural area. Moreover, it lost its statute of sub-prefecture in 1926.
Vitré did not suffer massive destruction during the two World Wars, and preserved its historical inheritance, with the exception of Fougères, which underwent a terrible bombardment in June 1944, destroying a good part of it. In the aftermath of the Second World War, Vitré experienced an economic boom along with the rest of France.
From 1950 on, Vitré grew extensively. During "the thirty glorious years", Vitré experienced massive rural migration, like many other towns of France.
This migration triggered new building developments, including modern six-story buildings in the "Maison Rouge" district. The city has considerably developed and extended with industrial areas and suburbs. The population of Vitré expanded from 8,212 inhabitants in 1931 to around 19,000 in 2018, a population multiplied by two. Inner-city areas are protected to conserve the town's rich heritage of art and architecture. In 1999, Vitré obtained the label "Town of Art and History" because of its rich cultural inheritance. The town's monuments attract many tourists each year.
Sights
The heritage of the town of Vitré is a tremendous wealth. This is one of the cities of Brittany that has best preserved its original appearance with its houses with porch or timber-framed (the third city after of Rennes and Vannes in Brittany), its ramparts, its religious heritage, old streets, etc. Vitré is a perfect example of a town of 500 years ago.
Châteaux
Château de Vitré (11th-20th century)
Intramuros
Fortifications of Vitré at north and east of intramuros (Tour des Claviers, Tour de la Bridole, Gates tower of Embas, Postern St. Pierre)
Château des Rochers-Sévigné
Château-Marie (17th century)
Hôtel Ringues de la Troussanais (Renaissance)
Medieval streets (Beaudrairie, Poterie, d'Embas, etc.) and places (Marchix, Station, Château, Notre-Dame, etc.)
Religious heritage
Saint-Nicolas Chapel (near Castle of Vitré)
Notre-Dame Church (14th century) gothic
Tower of the ancient Saint-Martin's Church (15th century)
Saint-Martin Church (19th century)
Sainte-Croix Church (17th-19th century)
Protestant Church
Convent of Bénédictins (Tribunal)
Convent of Augustins (17th century)
Chapels, calvaries situated in the city and countryside
Other sights
Menhir "La Pierre Blanche" (Beauvais Road to Pocé-les-Bois)
Hôtel Sévigné-Nétumières (18th Century)
The Station (19th century)
Old barracks of 70e régiment d'infanterie
The Grand Park
Personalities
The following personalities are associated with Vitré:
François Dollier de Casson second founder of Montreal
Pierre Landais, Breton politician (15th century)
Jacques Collebaut, composer
:fr:Tancrède Abraham, painter
:fr:Édouard Frain de la Gaulayrie, curator of Vitré and historian, born in Rennes, died in Vitré
Bertrand d'Argentré, historian of Brittany
Jacquet of Mantua or Jacques Colebault, Renaissance composer
Pierre-Olivier Malherbe, European explorer
Claude-Étienne Savary, translator of the Koran
Arthur Le Moyne de La Borderie, historian of Brittany
Auguste Pavie et Charles Rabot, explorers, the first: Laos and Cambodia, the second: Kola and Svalbard
Morvan Marchal, Breton nationalist, creator of the modern flag of Brittany
René Alexandre
Pierre Méhaignerie, deputy-mayor of Vitré, former minister and European deputy
The 18th-century mathematician and contributor to the Encyclopédie Jean-Joseph Rallier des Ourmes (1701–1771) died in Vitré
Events
Monsters of Death, 28 September 1991
Vitre Jazz Festival, March 2006
Transportation
Located east of Brittany, the city of Vitré is crossed by the expressway which prolongs motorway A 11, while the motorway of the Estuaries. As in the whole of the Ille-et-Vilaine , the communes of the country of Vitré are accessible by these expressways. Vitré is unusual in that urban transportation is zero-fare for all routes. Vitré station has rail connections to Rennes, Laval, Nantes and Paris.
Twin towns – sister cities
Vitré is twinned with:
Helmstedt, Germany (1979)
Lymington, United Kingdom (1981)
Terrebonne, Canada (1983)
Djenné, Mali (1987)
Villajoyosa, Spain (1989)
Greece, United States (1990)
Środa Wielkopolska, Poland (1994)
Tălmaciu, Romania (1999)
See also
Communes of the Ille-et-Vilaine department
References
External links
Town Hall and informations to Vitré
Tourists
news of Vitré
Country of Vitré
news of Vitré
Golf des Rochers Vitré
Communes of Ille-et-Vilaine
Fortified settlements
Cities in Brittany
Vitré, Ille-et-Vilaine |
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