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7950842 | High molecular weight DNA isolated from 14 primary tumour tissues of human oral carcinoma patients was analysed for transforming activity by NIH3T3 co-transfection assay using pSV2neo gene as a selectable marker, followed by nude mouse tumorigenicity assay. Ten of the patient tumour tissues demonstrated molecular lesions in myc, ras or/and EGF-R genes, whereas 4 patients did not show tumour associated aberrations in these oncogenes. The G418-resistant transfected cells from 12 of 14 individual patients demonstrated transforming potential by colony formation in soft agar and tumour induction in nude mice within 25-80 days. DNAs from the transfected cells, consequent nude mice tumours and corresponding cell lines, contained human Alu sequences. Southern blot hybridisation with ras, myc, EGF-R oncogenes demonstrated the presence of human H-ras oncogene in one of the 12 sets of nude mice tumours. In contrast, DNA from the other 11 sets of nude mice tumours indicated absence of c-myc, N-myc, L-myc, H-ras, K-ras, N-ras and EGF-R genes on Southern analysis. Further, DNAs from five first cycle tumorigenic transformants were subjected to a second cycle of transfection, and induced tumours in nude mice with a shorter latency period of 21-50 days. The secondary transformants contained discrete human Alu sequences; however, the DNA did not hybridise with myc/ras/EGF-R probes. A genomic library was constructed from a second cycle nude mice tumour, using EMBL-3 as the vector. Four human Alu sequence positive clones were isolated on screening 2 x 10(5) plaques, and one of the recombinant clones subjected to fine restriction mapping using 16 restriction enzymes. The lack of association of the nude mice tumour DNA with myc/ras/EGF-R showing aberrations in the primary human tumour, implies activation of an alternative potent transforming gene(s) in the chewing tobacco-related oral carcinomas in India. | [
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23326120 | AIM: To investigate the anti-hepatofibrotic effects of Gardenia jasminoides in liver fibrosis. METHODS: Male Sprague-Dawley rats underwent common bile duct ligation (BDL) for 14 d and were treated with Gardenia jasminoides by gavage. The effects of Gardenia jasminoides on liver fibrosis and the detailed molecular mechanisms were also assessed in human hepatic stellate cells (LX-2) in vitro. RESULTS: Treatment with Gardenia jasminoides decreased serum alanine aminotransferase (BDL vs BDL + 100 mg/kg Gardenia jasminoides, 146.6 15 U/L vs 77 6.5 U/L, P = 0.0007) and aspartate aminotransferase (BDL vs BDL + 100 mg/kg Gardenia jasminoides, 188 35.2 U/L vs 128 19 U/L, P = 0.005) as well as hydroxyproline (BDL vs BDL + 100 mg/kg Gardenia jasminoides, 438 40.2 g/g vs 228 10.3 g/g liver tissue, P = 0.004) after BDL. Furthermore, Gardenia jasminoides significantly reduced liver mRNA and/or protein expression of transforming growth factor b1 (TGF-b1), collagen type I (Col I) and a-smooth muscle actin (a-SMA). Gardenia jasminoides significantly suppressed the upregulation of TGF-b1, Col I and a-SMA in LX-2 exposed to recombinant TGF-b1. Moreover, Gardenia jasminoides inhibited TGF-b1-induced Smad2 phosphorylation in LX-2 cells. CONCLUSION: Gardenia jasminoides exerts antifibrotic effects in the liver fibrosis and may represent a novel antifibrotic agent. | [
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9504287 | We studied whether common shared environmental or behavioral risk factors, other than tobacco smoking, underlie both atherosclerotic diseases and cancer. We identified a group of 96,891 one-year survivors of acute myocardial infarct through the Danish Hospital Discharge Register between 1977 and 1989. We calculated the incidence of cancer in this group by linking it to the Danish Cancer Registry for the period 1978-1993. There was no consistent excess over the expected figures for any of the categories of cancer not related to tobacco smoking. Specifically, the rates of colorectal cancer in acute myocardial infarct patients were similar to those of the general population, as were the rates for hormone-related cancers, including endometrial and postmenopausal breast cancers. We found a moderate increase in the risk for tobacco-related cancers, which was strongest for patients with early onset of acute myocardial infarct and for female patients. Overall, there do not seem to be major shared environmental or behavioral risk factors for acute myocardial infarct and cancers, except for smoking, and there seems to be no common inherited susceptibility to the development of these diseases. | [
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9464471 | It has been reported that garlic activates nitric oxide synthase in vitro and that chronic inhibition of nitric oxide (NO) synthesis by N omega-nitro-L-arginine-methyl-ester (L-NAME) induces arterial hypertension in rats. In this work, we studied the effect of oral administration of L-NAME for 4 weeks on control and garlic-fed rats. Basal systolic blood pressure was recorded 4 weeks after garlic supplementation, and on weeks 1, 2, 3, and 4 after L-NAME treatment. At the end of the study, the in vivo NO production was evaluated indirectly by measuring the urinary excretion of the stable end products of NO metabolism, nitrite (NO2-) and nitrate (NO3-). It was found that L-NAME induced arterial hypertension on weeks 1-4 in control rats but not in garlic-fed rats, whose blood pressure remained essentially as the basal values. Also, during this time period, blood pressure remained unchanged in garlic-fed rats without L-NAME treatment. Urinary excretion of NO2-/NO3- decreased in L-NAME-treated rats, increased in garlic-fed rats, and remained unchanged in garlic-fed rats treated with L-NAME. It was concluded that garlic blocks the L-NAME-induced hypertension by antagonizing in vivo the inhibitory effect of L-NAME on NO production. | [
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20110285 | Given the high incidence of breast cancer and that more than half of cases remain unexplained, the need to identify risk factors for breast cancer remains. Deficiencies in DNA repair capacity have been associated with cancer risk. The mutagen sensitivity assay (MSA), a phenotypic marker of DNA damage response and repair capacity, has been consistently shown to associate with the risk of tobacco-related cancers. METHODS: In a case-control study of 164 women with breast cancer and 165 women without the disease, we investigated the association between mutagen sensitivity and risk of breast cancer using bleomycin as the mutagen. RESULTS: High bleomycin sensitivity (>0.65 breaks per cell) was associated with an increased risk of breast cancer, with an adjusted odds ratio of 2.8 [95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.7-4.5]. Risk increased with greater number of bleomycin-induced chromosomal breaks (P(trend) = 0.01). The association between bleomycin sensitivity and breast cancer risk was greater for women who were black, premenopausal and ever smokers. Our data also suggest that bleomycin sensitivity may modulate the effect of tobacco smoking on breast cancer risk. Among women with hypersensitivity to bleomycin, ever smokers had a 1.6-fold increased risk of breast cancer (95% CI = 0.6-3.9, P for interaction between tobacco smoking and bleomycin sensitivity = 0.32). CONCLUSIONS: Increased bleomycin sensitivity is significantly associated with an increased risk of breast cancer in both pre- and postmenopausal women. Our observation that the effect of tobacco smoking on breast cancer risk may differ based on mutagen sensitivity status warrants further investigation. | [
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12936923 | BACKGROUND: Some aspects of diet are relatively newly recognized potential risk factors for asthma, but the evidence to date is conflicting. OBJECTIVE: The goal was to determine whether the food and nutrient intakes of adults with asthma differ from those of adults without asthma. DESIGN: This was a community-based, cross-sectional study of 1601 young adults ( +/- SD age: 34.6 +/- 7.1 y) who were initially recruited by random selection from the federal electoral rolls in Melbourne in 1999. Subjects completed a detailed respiratory questionnaire, a validated semiquantitative food-frequency questionnaire, skin-prick testing, and lung function tests, including a methacholine challenge test for bronchial hyperreactivity (BHR). A total of 25 nutrients and 47 food groups were analyzed by using multiple logistic regression with alternate definitions of asthma and atopy as the outcomes. RESULTS: Whole milk appeared to protect against current asthma (odds ratio: 0.66; 95% CI: 0.46, 0.97), doctor-diagnosed asthma (0.73; 0.54, 0.99), BHR (0.68; 0.48, 0.92), and atopy (0.71; 0.54, 0.94). Conversely, soy beverage was associated with an increased risk of current asthma (2.05; 1.19, 3.53), doctor-diagnosed asthma (1.69; 1.04, 2.77), and BHR (1.65; 1.00, 2.71). Apples and pears appeared to protect against current asthma (0.83; 0.71, 0.98), asthma (0.88; 0.78, 1.00), and BHR (0.88; 0.77, 1.00). CONCLUSIONS: The consumption of dairy products, soy beverages, and apples and pears, but not of nutrients per se, was associated with a range of asthma definitions. Dietary modification after diagnosis is one possible explanation for this finding. Intervention studies using whole foods are required to ascertain whether such modifications of food intake could be beneficial in the prevention or amelioration of asthma. | [
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] | [] |
9823823 | OBJECTIVE: To determine the effect of treatment with Ginkgo biloba extract on objective measures of cognitive function in patients with Alzheimer disease (AD) based on formal review of the current literature. METHODS: An attempt was made to identify all English and non-English-language articles in which G. biloba extract was given to subjects with dementia or cognitive impairment. Inclusion criteria for the meta-analysis were (1) sufficiently characterized patients such that it was clearly stated there was a diagnosis of AD by either Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Revised Third Edition, or National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke-Alzheimer's Disease and Related Disorders Association criteria, or there was enough clinical detail to determine this by our review; (2) clearly stated study exclusion criteria, ie, those studies that did not have stated exclusions for depression, other neurologic disease, and central nervous system-active medications were excluded; (3) use of standardized ginkgo extract in any stated dose; (4) randomized, placebo-controlled and double-blind study design; (5) at least 1 outcome measure was an objective assessment of cognitive function; and (6) sufficient statistical information to allow for meta-analysis. RESULTS: Of more than 50 articles identified, the overwhelming majority did not meet inclusion criteria, primarily because of lack of clear diagnoses of dementia and AD. Only 4 studies met all inclusion criteria. In total there were 212 subjects in each of the placebo and ginkgo treatment groups. Overall there was a significant effect size of 0.40 (P<.0001). This modest effect size translated into a 3% difference in the Alzheimer Disease Assessment Scale-cognitive subtest. CONCLUSIONS: Based on a quantitative analysis of the literature there is a small but significant effect of 3- to 6-month treatment with 120 to 240 mg of G. biloba extract on objective measures of cognitive function in AD. The drug has not had significant adverse effects in formal clinical trials but there are 2 case reports of bleeding complications. In AD, there are limited and inconsistent data that preclude determining if there are effects on noncognitive behavioral and functional measures as well as on clinician's global rating scales. Further research in the area will need to determine if there are functional improvements and to determine the best dosage. Additional research will be needed to define which ingredients in the ginkgo extract are producing its effect in individuals with AD. | [
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136,
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],
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"Alzheimer disease"
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}
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] |
8187074 | Ten organosulfur compounds from garlic and onions were studied for their modifying effects on diethylnitrosamine-induced neoplasia of liver in male F344 rats using the medium-term bioassay system of Ito based on the two-step model of hepatocarcinogenesis. Carcinogenic potential was scored by comparing the number and area per cm2 of induced glutathione S-transferase placental form-positive foci in the liver with those of the corresponding control group given diethylnitrosamine alone. In experiments 1 and 2, high doses of diallyl sulfide, diallyl trisulfide, allyl methyl sulfide, allyl methyl trisulfide, and dipropyl sulfide had enhancing effects on focus formation. In contrast, high doses of methyl propyl disulfide and propylene sulfide significantly decreased the number of glutathione S-transferase placental form-positive foci. In the third experiment, combined treatment with the five chemicals that had enhancing activity were fed at low doses and increased the induction of glutathione S-transferase placental form-positive foci. To investigate the mechanism of the modifying effect on hepatocarcinogenesis, ornithine decarboxylase activity was measured in diallyl sulfide-, allyl methyl sulfide-, and dipropyl sulfide-treated liver tissue without prior initiation with diethylnitrosamine, and its activity was increased compared to controls. Spermidine/spermine N1-acetyltransferase activity was not significantly changed. Formation of 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine, a DNA adduct generated by activated oxygen species, and lipid peroxidation (2-thiobarbituric acid-reacting substance production) were also not changed. These results suggest that the promoting effect could be caused by increased cell proliferation with increased polyamine biosynthesis. In evaluating relationships between diet and cancer, it is appropriate to consider not only the possible protective role of garlic and onions but also their enhancing effects. | [
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1809,
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32,
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1888,
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1899,
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43,
49
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],
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"onions"
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}
] | [] | [
{
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] | [] |
19222119 | We studied the estrogenic activity and cellular effect of wild yam extract in MCF-7 human breast cancer cells. The extract increased the activity of the progesterone receptor and pS2 genes at the mRNA levels in human breast cancer MCF-7 cells, although the effects were not as prominent as those of 17beta-estradiol (E(2)). Western blot analysis showed that the level of estrogen receptor alpha protein was down-regulated after treatment with E(2) or wild yam extract. Wild yam extract also inhibited proliferation of MCF-7 cells. These data indicate that wild yam extract acts as a weak phytoestrogen and protects against proliferation in human breast carcinoma MCF-7 cells. | [
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217,
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456,
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474,
477
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"offsets": [
[
561,
564
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],
"text": [
"yam"
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"normalized": []
}
] | [] | [
{
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{
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{
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20233001 | BACKGROUND: In previous studies, it has been demonstrated that Nigella Sativa (NS) has protective effects against ischemia reperfusion injury on various organs. However, its protective effects on intestinal tissue against ischemia reperfusion injury are unclear. We aimed to determine whether NS prevents intestinal ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirty rats were divided into three groups as sham (group 1), control (group 2), and NS-treatment group (group 3). All rats underwent intestinal ischemia for 60 min followed by a 60-min period of reperfusion. Rats were intraperitoneally infused only 0.9% saline solutions in group 2. Rats in the group 3 received NS (0,2 mL/kg) intraperitoneally, before ischemia and before reperfusion. Total antioxidant capacity (TAC), catalase (CAT), total oxidative status (TOS), oxidative stress index (OSI), and myeloperoxidase (MPO) in ileum tissue were measured. Also, ileum tissue histopathology was evaluated by a light microscope. RESULTS: The levels of liver enzymes in group 3 were significantly lower than those in group 2 (p <.01). TAC and CAT activity levels in ileum tissue were significantly higher in group 3 than in group 2. TOS, OSI, and MPO in ileum tissue were significantly lower in group 3 than group 2 (p <.05 for TOS and MPO; p < .01 for OSI). Histological tissue damage was milder in the NS treatment group than in the control group. CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that NS treatment protected the rat's intestinal tissue against intestinal ischemia-reperfusion injury. | [
{
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305,
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521,
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11115792 | Cow's milk-based infant formulas and cow's milk consumption in childhood have been suggested to promote the development of type 1 diabetes mellitus and other immune-mediated or neurological diseases. Epidemiological studies in man have led to the hypothesis that introduction of cow's milk-based infant formula within the first 3 months of life is associated with increased risk of type 1 diabetes mellitus. Furthermore, in animal models of type 1 diabetes mellitus, cow's milk proteins have been proven to be 'diabetogenic'. However, the issue seems far from being resolved. Several epidemiological studies and, more importantly, the first prospective trials did not show an association between early exposure to cow's milk and type 1 diabetes mellitus. In animal models, cow's milk proteins are modestly and variably diabetogenic, wheat or soybean proteins in the diet cause higher rates of autoimmune diabetes. In both man and rodents there is increasing evidence that the gut-associated immune system plays a major role in disease development, probably because of disturbed oral tolerance mechanisms. Oral tolerance depends on immunological homeostasis and normal maturation of the gut. These factors are influenced by growth factors and cytokines from breast milk, normal bacterial colonization, infections and diet. All these factors have been proposed as risk factors for type 1 diabetes mellitus. Hence, cow's milk proteins may provide mimicry epitopes relevant in autoimmunity, as well as destabilizing oral tolerance mechanisms by biologically active peptides. The concept of dietary regulation of autoimmunity does not apply only to cow's milk protein, but also to other dietary proteins. | [
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22471470 | There is growing use of anticancer complementary and alternative medicines worldwide. Trigonella foenum graecum (Fenugreek) is traditionally applied to treat disorders such as diabetes, high cholesterol, wounds, inflammation, and gastrointestinal ailments. Fenugreek is also reported to have anticancer properties due to its active beneficial chemical constituents. The mechanism of action of several anticancer drugs is based on their ability to induce apoptosis. The objective of the study was to characterize the downstream apoptotic genes targeted by FCE in MCF-7 human immortalized breast cells. FCE effectively killed MCF-7 cells through induction of apoptosis,confirmed by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) and RT-PCR assays. When cells were exposed to 50 g/mL FCE for 24 hours, 23.2% apoptotic cells resulted, while a 48-hour exposure to 50 g/mL caused 73.8% apoptosis. This was associated with increased expression of Caspase 3, 8, 9, p53, Fas, FADD, Bax and Bak in a time-and dose-dependent manner, as determined by real- time quantitative PCR. In summary, the induction of apoptosis by FCE is effected by its ability to increase the expression of pro-apoptotic genes and the spice holds promise for consideration in complementary therapy for breast cancer patients. | [
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23590152 | HYPOTHESIS: The present study evaluates the hypothesis that sour cherry seed extract (SCSE) protects against cardiovascular disease and inflammation in hypercholesterolemic rabbits, and that this protection correlates with SCSE-induced activity of heme oxygenase- 1 (HO-1), a cytoprotective enzyme contributing to oxidative stress responses. METHODS: 18 New Zealand white rabbits were divided into three groups receiving: I. cholesterol-free rabbit chow; II. chow containing 2% cholesterol; or III. 2% cholesterol plus SCSE for 16 weeks. Heart functions were monitored by echocardiography 0, 4, and 16 weeks after the initiation of cholesterol-supplemented feeding. At the 16-week time-point, isolated hearts were subjected to ischemia-reperfusion (I/R), followed by measurement of heart rate (HR), aortic flow (AF), coronary flow (CF), aortic pressure (AoP), and left ventricular developed pressure (LVDP). Myocardial infarct size was determined using triphenyl tetrazolium chloride (TTC). Quantification of fatty streaks was assessed using Sudan-III staining. Western blot analysis was used to determine the content of cytochrome c oxidase III (COX III), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and HO-1 in the myocardium. RESULTS: Relative to cholesterol-treated animals not receiving SCSE, SCSE-treated animals exhibited significantly improved cardiac function and improved peak early diastolic velocity to peak atrial velocity ratio (E'/A'), along with decreased atherosclerotic plaque formation and infarct size. Increased HO-1 and COX III protein expression and COX activity were also noted in hearts from SCSE-treated rabbits. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrates SCSE cardioprotective effects on hypercholesterolemic hearts. Correlation of these outcomes with HO-1 expression suggests that the effect may be mediated by activity of this enzyme. However, definitive proof of HO-1 dependence requires further investigation. | [
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8537983 | BACKGROUND: Tea is one of the most frequently consumed beverages in the world. Antioxidant polyphenol compounds (such as catechins and flavonols) are abundantly present in both green and black teas and have been observed to have anticarcinogenic properties in cell and animal model studies. In black tea, however, most of the catechins have been oxidized to forms that may have reduced anticarcinogenic properties. Despite indications from experimental studies that tea may protect against cancer, epidemiologic evidence has been inconclusive. PURPOSE: The association between black tea consumption and the subsequent risk of stomach, colorectal, lung, and breast cancers was investigated in The Netherlands Cohort Study on Diet and Cancer among 58,279 men and 62,573 women aged 55-69 years. METHODS: Subjects in the cohort completed a self-administered questionnaire on dietary habits and other risk factors for cancer at base line in 1986. Follow-up for cancer was done by means of computerized record linkage with all nine regional cancer registries in The Netherlands and the national pathology database. During 4.3 years of follow-up, 200, 650, 764, and 650 cases of stomach, colorectal, lung, and breast cancers were diagnosed, respectively. The questionnaire data of case subjects and those of a random subcohort (n = 3500) were used to calculate rate ratios (RRs) of cancer in categories of consumers of black tea compared with nonconsumers. RESULTS: Tea was not used by 13% of the subjects in the cohort, whereas 37%, 34%, and 16% consumed one to two, three to four, and five or more cups of tea per day, respectively. No association was observed between tea consumption and risk of colorectal cancer: The risk among tea drinkers in each consumption category was similar to that among nondrinkers. The RR of breast cancer among consumers of five or more cups of tea per day was 1.3 (95% confidence interval = 0.9-2.0); no dose-response association was observed. In age- and sex-adjusted analyses, consumption of tea was inversely associated with stomach (two-sided P for trend = .147) and lung (two-sided P for trend < .001) cancers. However, tea drinkers appeared to smoke less and to eat more vegetables and fruits than nondrinkers. When smoking and dietary factors were taken into account, tea in itself did not appear to protect against stomach and lung cancers: The RRs in all consumption categories were close to unity. Analysis of the tea and cancer relationship in a subgroup that included subjects in the lowest two quintiles of consumption of vegetables and fruits also failed to reveal a protective effect of tea consumption on the risk of three cancer types studied (colorectal, lung, and breast cancers). CONCLUSIONS: This investigation does not support the hypothesis that consumption of black tea protects against four of the major cancers in humans; a cancer-enhancing effect was not evident, either. | [
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] | [] | [] | [] |
24948862 | BACKGROUND: Periodontal diseases are ubiquitous, affecting all dentate animals. Regular methods for controlling it have been found to be ineffective, which have paved the way for the use of herbal products as an adjunctive to mechanical therapy as they are free to untoward effects and hence can be used for a long period of time. Ocimum sanctum is a plant which has the greater medicinal value and enormous properties for curing and preventing disease. OBJECTIVE: In the present study we assessed the effectiveness of Ocimum sanctum on dental plaque, gingival inflammation and comparison with gold standard chlorhexidine and normal saline (placebo). MATERIALS AND METHODS: A triple blind randomized control trial was conducted among volunteered medical students. They were randomly allocated into three study groups: (1) Ocimum sanctum mouthwash (n = 36); (2) Chlorhexidine (active control) (n = 36); (3) normal saline (negative control) (n = 36). Assessment was carried out according to plaque score and gingival score. Statistical analysis was carried out later to compare the effect of both mouthwash. ANOVA (Analysis of variance) and post-hoc LSD tests were performed using software package used for statistical analysis (SPSS) version 17. P <=0.05 was considered as statistically significant. RESULTS: Our result showed that Ocimum sanctum mouthrinse is equally effective in reducing plaque and gingivitis as Chlorhexidine. The results demonstrated a significant reduction in gingival bleeding and plaque indices in both groups over a period of 15 and 30 days as compared to control group. CONCLUSION: The results of the present study indicate that Ocimum sanctum mouthrinse may prove to be an effective mouthwash owing to its ability in decreasing periodontal indices by reducing plaque accumulation, gingival inflammation and bleeding. It has no side effect as compared to chlorhexidine. | [
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8125218 | Chloroform increases the incidence of liver tumors in B6C3F1 mice when administered in by gavage in corn oil, but not when given in the drinking water at similar daily doses. Since cytotoxicity and regenerative cell proliferation have been implicated in the tumorigenic process for this nongenotoxic agent, these effects of chloroform in corn oil and drinking water were evaluated under conditions similar to the two bioassays. Female B6C3F1 mice were administered oral doses of 0, 3, 10, 34, 90, 238, or 477 mg/kg chloroform dissolved in corn oil 5 days/week for periods of 4 days or 3 weeks, or were continually exposed to chloroform in the drinking water at concentrations of 0, 60, 200, 400, 900, or 1800 ppm for 4 days or 3 weeks, at which time they were necropsied. 5-Bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU) was delivered via osmotic pumps implanted 3.5 days prior to necropsy. Cell proliferation was evaluated as the percentage of hepatocytes that entered S-phase over 3.5 days (labeling index, LI), measured by immunohistochemical detection of BrdU incorporated into the DNA. Dose-dependent changes included centrilobular necrosis and markedly elevated LI in mice given 238 or 477 mg/kg chloroform in corn oil (the average daily doses that produced tumors in the cancer bioassay). The no-observed-effect level for histopathological changes was 10 mg/kg/day and for induced cell proliferation was 34 mg/kg/day for chloroform given in corn oil. Chloroform given in the drinking water did not increase the hepatic LI after either 4 days or 3 weeks in any of the dose groups, nor were any microscopic alterations observed in the livers, even though the cumulative daily amount of chloroform ingested in the 1800-ppm exposure group was 329 mg/kg/day. The sustained increase in LI in the livers of mice administered hepatocarcinogenic doses of chloroform in corn oil, but not for chloroform in drinking water, is evidence that chloroform-induced mouse liver cancer is secondary to events associated with induced cytolethality and cell proliferation. The triggering of these effects appears to be dependent on both the rate and duration of chloroform delivery to the target tissues. Thus, the most straightforward risk assessment for chloroform for this tissue would assign no increased cancer risk for dosing regimens that do not induce cytolethality and cell proliferation. | [
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18030357 | We recently showed that Nexrutine, a Phellodendron amurense bark extract, suppresses proliferation of prostate cancer cell lines and tumor development in the transgenic adenocarcinoma of mouse prostate (TRAMP) model. Our data also indicate that the anti-proliferative effects of Nexrutine are emediated in part by Akt and Cyclic AMP response element binding protein (CREB). Cyclooxygenase (Cox-2), a pro-inflammatory mediator, is a CREB target that induces prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) and suppresses apoptosis. Treatment of LNCaP cells with Nexrutine reduced tumor necrosis factor alpha-induced enzymatic as well as promoter activities of Cox-2. Nexrutine also reduced the expression and promoter activity of Cox-2 in PC-3 cells that express high constitutive levels of Cox-2. Deletion analysis coupled with mutational analysis of the Cox-2 promoter identified CRE as being sufficient for mediating Nexrutine response. Immunohistochemical analysis of human prostate tumors show increased expression of CREB and DNA binding activity in high-grade tumors (three-fold higher in human prostate tumors compared to normal prostate; P = .01). We have identified CREB-mediated activation of Cox-2 as a potential signaling pathway in prostate cancer which can be blocked with a nontoxic, cost-effective dietary supplement like Nexrutine, demonstrating a prospective for development of Nexrutine for prostate cancer management. | [
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21056445 | Argemone mexicana (AM), a validated herbal medicine for uncomplicated malaria, seems to prevent severe malaria without completely clearing parasites in most patients. This study, in a high transmission area of South Mali, explores whether residual parasitaemia at day 28 was associated with subsequent malaria episodes and/or anaemia. Three hundred and one patients were randomly assigned to AM or artesunate/amodiaquine as first line treatment, of whom 294 were followed up beyond the standard 28 days, to 84 days. From day 29 to day 84, there were no significant differences between treatment groups in new clinical episodes of uncomplicated malaria (0.33 vs 0.31 episodes/patient), severe malaria (< 6% per month of patients aged <= 5 years) or moderate anaemia (hematocrit < 24%: 1.1% in both groups at day 84). Total parasite clearance at day 28 was not correlated with incidence of uncomplicated or severe malaria or of moderate anaemia over the subsequent two months. Total parasite clearance at day 28 was not clinically important in the context of high transmission. If this finding can be confirmed, some antimalarials which are clinically effective but do not completely clear parasites could nevertheless be appropriate in high transmission areas. Such a policy could be tested as a way to delay resistance to artemisinin combination therapies. | [
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19545487 | Olive oil consumption is protective against risk factors for cardiovascular and cancer diseases. A nutrigenomic approach was performed to assess whether changes in gene expression could occur in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells after oli ve oil ingestion at postprandial state. Six healthy male volunteers ingested, at fasting state, 50 ml of olive oil. Prior to intervention a 1-week washout period with a controlled diet and sunflower oil as the only source of fat was followed. During the 3 days before and on the intervention day, a very low-phenolic compound diet was followed. At baseline (0 h) and at post-ingestion (6 h), total RNA was isolated and gene expression (29,082 genes) was evaluated by microarray. From microarray data, nutrient-gene interactions were observed in genes related to metabolism, cellular processes, cancer, and atherosclerosis (e.g. USP48 by 2.16; OGT by 1.68-fold change) and associated processes such as inflammation (e.g. AKAP13 by 2.30; IL-10 by 1.66-fold change) and DNA damage (e.g. DCLRE1C by 1.47; POLK by 1.44- fold change). When results obtained by microarray were verified by qRT-PCR in nine genes, full concordance was achieved only in the case of up-regulated genes. Changes were observed at a real-life dose of olive oil, as it is daily consumed in some Mediterranean areas. Our results support the hypothesis that postprandial protective changes related to olive oil consumption could be mediated through gene expression changes. | [
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20136429 | Lipid-soluble ginseng extract was prepared by n-hexane extraction of red ginseng. BALB/c-nu mice were inoculated with human lung cancer (NCI-H460) cells to establish a human tumor xenograft model in nude mice, and the lipid-soluble ginseng extract was orally administered. The tumor inhibitory rates of the lipid-soluble ginseng extract at doses of 0.1, 0.3, and 1.0 g/kg/day were 18.9% (P < .05), 60.0% (P < .001), and 67.5% (P < .001), respectively. The oral administration of the lipid-soluble extract of red ginseng showed a potent anticancer effect in nude mice bearing human lung cancer cells in a dose-dependent manner without any apparent toxicity. This lipid-soluble ginseng extract is a potential nontoxic anticancer supplement for the prevention and intervention of lung tumor growth through an oral administration route. | [
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20032398 | Aloe-emodin, one of the anthraquinones, has been shown to have anticancer activity in different kinds of human cancer cell lines. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the anti-cancer effect of aloe-emodin on human tongue squamous carcinoma SCC-4 cells. The results indicated that aloe-emodin induced cell death through S-phase arrest and apoptosis in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Treatment with 30 microM of aloe-emodin led to S-phase arrest through promoted p53, p21 and p27, but inhibited cyclin A, E, thymidylate synthase and Cdc25A levels. Aloe-emodin promoted the release of apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF), endonuclease G (Endo G), pro-caspase-9 and cytochrome c from the mitochondria via a loss of the mitochondrial membrane potential (DeltaPsi(m)) which was associated with a increase in the ratio of B-cell lymphoma 2-associated X protein (Bax)/B cell lymphoma/leukemia-2 (Bcl-2) and activation of caspase-9 and -3. The free radical scavenger N-acetylcysteine (NAC) and caspase inhibitors markedly blocked aloe-emodin-induced apoptosis. Aloe-emodin thus induced apoptosis in the SCC-4 cells through the Fas/death-receptor, mitochondria and caspase cascade. Aloe-emodin could be a novel chemotherapeutic drug candidate for the treatment of human tongue squamous cancer in the future. | [
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10955007 | The causal agents of destructive periodontal disease are several gram-negative bacteria. The mere presence, however, in the dental biofilm does not guarantee onset of the disease. The immunological and inflammatory host response as well as connective tissue and bone metabolism are strongly influenced by genetic, acquired and behavioural risk factors. Among the last, tobacco consumption holds a primary position. Prevalence, extent and severity of periodontitis as well as tooth loss and edentulism are influenced by tobacco consumption in a dose-dependent manner. About 50% of periodontal disease in young adults is attributable to cigarette smoking. Postoperative results in periodontally diseased smokers are considerably poorer than those achieved in non-smokers. As a consequence smoking cessation has to be in corporated in traditional treatment concepts for inflammatory periodontal disease. | [
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519,
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19625686 | BACKGROUND: Experimental and animal studies have shown the activities of catechins, the main constituents of green tea, against infectious agents. No data are available on the association between green tea consumption and the risk of pneumonia in humans. OBJECTIVE: We examined the association between green tea consumption and death from pneumonia in humans. DESIGN: We conducted a population-based cohort study, with follow-up from 1995 to 2006. The participants were National Health Insurance beneficiaries in Japan (19,079 men and 21,493 women aged 40-79 y). We excluded participants for whom data on green tea consumption frequency were missing or who had reported a history of cancer, myocardial infarction, stroke, and extreme daily energy intake at baseline. We used Cox proportional hazards regression analysis to calculate hazard ratios (HRs) and their 95% CIs for death from pneumonia according to green tea consumption. RESULTS: Over 12 y of follow-up, we documented 406 deaths from pneumonia. In women, the multivariate HRs of death from pneumonia that were associated with different frequencies of green tea consumption were 1.00 (reference) for <1 cup/d, 0.59 (95% CI: 0.36, 0.98) for 1-2 cups/d, 0.55 (95% CI: 0.33, 0.91) for 3-4 cups/d, and 0.53 (95% CI: 0.33, 0.83) for > or =5 cups/d, respectively (P for trend: 0.008). In men, no significant association was observed. CONCLUSION: Green tea consumption was associated with a lower risk of death from pneumonia in Japanese women. | [
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234,
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302,
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714,
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] | [] |
16370222 | Olive oil contains a vast range of substances such as monounsaturated free fatty acids (e.g., oleic acid), hydrocarbon squalene, tocopherols, aroma components, and phenolic compounds. Higher consumption of olive oil is considered the hallmark of the traditional Mediterranean diet, which has been associated with low incidence and prevalence of cancer, including colorectal cancer. The anticancer properties of olive oil have been attributed to its high levels of monounsaturated fatty acids, squalene, tocopherols, and phenolic compounds. Nevertheless, there is a growing interest in studying the role of olive oil phenolics in carcinogenesis. This review aims to provide an overview of the relationship between olive oil phenolics and colorectal cancer, in particular summarizing the epidemiologic, in vitro, cellular, and animal studies on antioxidant and anticarcinogenic effects of olive oil phenolics. | [
{
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345,
351
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363,
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0,
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206,
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411,
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"normalized": []
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] | [] |
20182037 | Epidemiologic studies have increasingly suggested that caffeine/coffee could be an effective therapeutic against Alzheimer's disease (AD). We have utilized a transgenic mouse model for AD in well-controlled studies to determine if caffeine and/or coffee have beneficial actions to protect against or reverse AD-like cognitive impairment and AD pathology. AD mice given caffeine in their drinking water from young adulthood into older age showed protection against memory impairment and lower brain levels of the abnormal protein (amyloid-beta; Abeta) thought to be central to AD pathogenesis. Moreover, "aged" cognitively-impaired AD mice exhibited memory restoration and lower brain Abeta levels following only 1-2 months of caffeine treatment. We believe that the cognitive benefits of chronic caffeine administration in AD mice are due to caffeine itself, and not metabolites of caffeine; this, because our long-term administration of theophylline to AD mice provided no cognitive benefits. In acute studies involving AD mice, one oral caffeine treatment quickly reduced both brain and plasma Abeta levels - similarly rapid alterations in plasma Abeta levels were seen in humans following acute caffeine administration. "Caffeinated" coffee provided to AD mice also quickly decreased plasma Abeta levels, but not "decaffeinated" coffee, suggesting that caffeine is critical to decreasing blood Abeta levels. Caffeine appears to provide its disease-modifying effects through multiple mechanisms, including a direct reduction of Abeta production through suppression of both beta- and gamma-secretase levels. These results indicate a surprising ability of moderate caffeine intake (the human equivalent of 500 mg caffeine or 5 cups of coffee per day) to protect against or treat AD in a mouse model for the disease and a therapeutic potential for caffeine against AD in humans. | [
{
"id": "20182037_T1",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
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113,
132
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"text": [
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"normalized": []
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134,
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185,
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{
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308,
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341,
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355,
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464,
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576,
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631,
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823,
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954,
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1021,
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1256,
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"AD"
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1779,
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{
"id": "20182037_T15",
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1864,
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"id": "20182037_T17",
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[
64,
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{
"id": "20182037_T19",
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247,
253
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"coffee"
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{
"id": "20182037_T21",
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1237,
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"coffee"
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{
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1332,
1338
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"coffee"
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{
"id": "20182037_T24",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
1735,
1741
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],
"text": [
"coffee"
],
"normalized": []
}
] | [] | [
{
"id": "20182037_E1",
"type": "Treatment_of_disease",
"trigger": {
"text": [
"effective"
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83,
92
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"arguments": [
{
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"ref_id": "20182037_T1"
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{
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},
{
"role": "Cause",
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}
]
}
] | [] |
23104247 | Ginseng is one of the most widely used medicinal plants, which belongs to the genus Panax. Compared to uncured white ginseng, red ginseng has been generally regarded to produce superior pharmacological effects with lesser side/adverse effects, which made it popular in a variety of formulation from tea to oriental medicine. Using the prenatal valproic acid (VPA)-injection model of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in rats, which produces social impairrment and altered seizure susceptibility as in human ASD patients as well as mild neural tube defects like crooked tail phenotype, we examined whether chronic administration of red ginseng extract may rescue the social impairment and crooked tail phenotype in prenatally VPA-exposed rat offspring. VPA-induced impairment in social interactions tested using sociability and social preference paradigms as well as crooked tail phenotypes were significantly improved by administration of Korean red ginseng (KRG) in a dose dependent manner. Rat offspring prenatally exposed to VPA showed higher sensitivity to electric shock seizure and increased locomotor activity in open-field test. KRG treatment reversed abnormal locomotor activity and sensitivity to electric shock to control level. These results suggest that KRG may modulate neurobehavioral and structural organization of nervous system adversely affected by prenatal exposure to VPA. | [
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533,
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0,
7
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49,
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"plants"
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84,
89
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"text": [
"Panax"
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},
{
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126,
137
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"text": [
"red ginseng"
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},
{
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628,
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"red ginseng"
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{
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111,
124
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"white ginseng"
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{
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383,
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"autism spectrum disorder (ASD)"
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},
{
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558,
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"text": [
"crooked tail phenotype"
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"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "23104247_T5",
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685,
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"crooked tail phenotype"
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863,
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"crooked tail phenotypes"
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1264,
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1134,
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"KRG"
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},
{
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943,
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"red ginseng"
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},
{
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"type": "Plant",
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956,
959
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],
"text": [
"KRG"
],
"normalized": []
}
] | [] | [
{
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"text": [
"rescue"
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652,
658
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"ref_id": "23104247_T16"
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{
"role": "Theme",
"ref_id": "23104247_T5"
}
]
}
] | [] |
8710689 | Male Fischer 344 rats were fed a 20% or a 5% corn oil diet and were injected subcutaneously with dimethylhydrazine (DMH) weekly for 16 weeks. In addition, an approximately equal number of animals challenged with DMH were fed daily, until the end of the study, 2 x 10(10) Lactobacillus casei subsp. rhamnosus strain GG starting three weeks before DMH administration or after the ninth weekly injection. The feeding of the Lactobacillus GG before and during carcinogen treatment resulted in a significant decrease in the incidence of colon tumors and the number of small intestinal and colon tumors per tumor-bearing animal for rats fed a 20% corn oil diet. This decrease in tumor incidence or number of tumors was not seen when animals were fed the Lactobacillus after the ninth week of carcinogen treatment. Animals fed a 5% corn oil diet had a lower tumor incidence and number of tumors resulting from the decrease in dietary fat; in addition the feeding of Lactobacillus GG before the carcinogen challenge resulted in a lower incidence of colon tumors. These studies show that a specific strain of L. casei subsp. rhamnosus designated GG can interfere with the initiation or early promotional stages of DMH-induced intestinal tumorigenesis, and this effect is most pronounced for animals fed a high-fat diet. | [
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532,
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"text": [
"colon tumors"
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601,
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"text": [
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"text": [
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1041,
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"text": [
"colon tumors"
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"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
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45,
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"text": [
"corn"
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"id": "8710689_T10",
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641,
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"text": [
"corn"
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"id": "8710689_T11",
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825,
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"corn"
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702,
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"text": [
"tumors"
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881,
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"tumors"
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{
"id": "8710689_T2",
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"offsets": [
[
584,
596
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],
"text": [
"colon tumors"
],
"normalized": []
}
] | [] | [
{
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"lower"
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"ref_id": "8710689_T6"
},
{
"role": "Cause",
"ref_id": "8710689_T11"
}
]
}
] | [] |
9350033 | Effect of feeding 15 mg% capsaicin diet or 3% freeze dried onion powder containing diet were examined in albino rats rendered diabetic with streptozotocin injection. Diabetic rats maintained on onion diet for 8 weeks excreted comparatively less amounts of albumin, urea, creatinine and inorganic phosphorus. Dietary onion also partially reversed the abnormalities in plasma albumin, urea, creatinine and inorganic phosphorus in diabetic animals. Onion also produced a significant reduction in hyperglycemic status of diabetic animals. Diabetic rats maintained on onion diet had a lowered relative liver weight at the end of the study compared to diabetic control group. Diabetic rats fed onion diet also exhibited lowered lipid peroxides in circulation and in urine when compared to diabetic control group. Blood cholesterol was lowered significantly by dietary onion in diabetic animals. Cholesterol decrease was exclusively from LDL-VLDL fraction. Significant decrease in blood phospholipids and triglycerides also brought about by dietary onion. Hepatic cholesterol, triglycerides, phospholipids which were elevated under diabetic condition were countered significantly by dietary onion. Dietary capsaicin did not have any significant influence on any of the parameters tested in diabetic rats. Thus, the study reveals that onion feeding improves the metabolic status in diabetic condition, probably because of its hypoglycemic as well as hypocholesterolemic effect. | [
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493,
533
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"text": [
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},
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59,
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194,
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446,
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563,
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688,
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1184,
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"onion"
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1327,
1332
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"onion"
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1374,
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"diabetic"
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{
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1283,
1291
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"diabetic"
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1125,
1133
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"diabetic"
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},
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126,
134
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"diabetic"
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},
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"id": "9350033_T19",
"type": "Disease",
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166,
174
]
],
"text": [
"Diabetic"
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},
{
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"type": "Disease",
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535,
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"Diabetic"
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670,
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"Diabetic"
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646,
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"diabetic"
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783,
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"diabetic"
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871,
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]
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"diabetic"
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},
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428,
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"diabetic"
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},
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"id": "9350033_T26",
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1418,
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"text": [
"hypoglycemic"
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},
{
"id": "9350033_T2",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
1442,
1461
]
],
"text": [
"hypocholesterolemic"
],
"normalized": []
}
] | [] | [
{
"id": "9350033_E1",
"type": "Treatment_of_disease",
"trigger": {
"text": [
"reduction"
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480,
489
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]
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"ref_id": "9350033_T1"
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"ref_id": "9350033_T6"
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{
"id": "9350033_E2",
"type": "Treatment_of_disease",
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"improves"
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1341,
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"role": "Theme",
"ref_id": "9350033_T14"
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{
"role": "Cause",
"ref_id": "9350033_T12"
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}
] | [] |
8729670 | BACKGROUND: Pecan tree pollen is considered to be highly allergenic. However, no specific scientific data about its role in causing allergic diseases are available. OBJECTIVE: To study the role of pecan tree pollen in the development of allergy. METHODS: The presence of pecan tree pollen was determined by weekly and monthly counting of airborne grains. The incidence of pecan tree pollen atopy and clinical manifestations were studied in 395 participants, aged 4-70 years, who comprised 78.2% of the whole eligible population of a rural community. The participants were skin tested for different extracts of allergens, completed detailed questionnaires, and their medical files were evaluated. RESULTS: During May, pecan tree pollen grains comprised 70% of the total airborne grains. A positive skin-prick test (SPT) to pecan was shown by 46 (11.6%) participants, constituting 25.4% of the atopic population. Of those who were found atopic to one or more allergens 50.3% had symptoms, whereas the parallel figure for those atopic to pecan pollen was 76.1% (P < 0.005); 58.7% of the pecan atopic participants had hay fever, 43.5% had asthma, and 31.5% had both hay fever and asthma. Among pecan atopic participants the incidence of hay fever increased with age (P = 0.05), while the incidence of bronchial asthma, as a sole manifestation of allergy, decreased in the > 17-year-old age group (P < 0.01). Of the pecan atopics 65.2% had clinical symptoms coinciding only with the pecan pollen season and an additional 10.9% had perennial symptoms. CONCLUSION: Pecan tree releases highly allergenic pollen grains, which are correlated to the incidence of hay fever in the exposed population. The contribution of pecan tree pollen to the symptoms was highly significant after discounting olive and cypress trees that also pollinate in the spring. In children, the pecan tree constitutes a possible etiologic agent for the development of asthma. | [
{
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"offsets": [
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132,
149
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1114,
1123
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1135,
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1162,
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1176,
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1233,
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{
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"offsets": [
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1297,
1313
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"text": [
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},
{
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[
1652,
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1933,
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},
{
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"offsets": [
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12,
17
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],
"text": [
"Pecan"
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"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "8729670_T13",
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"offsets": [
[
197,
202
]
],
"text": [
"pecan"
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"id": "8729670_T15",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
271,
276
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],
"text": [
"pecan"
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},
{
"id": "8729670_T17",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
372,
377
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"text": [
"pecan"
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"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "8729670_T18",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
717,
722
]
],
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"pecan"
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},
{
"id": "8729670_T20",
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822,
827
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"pecan"
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1035,
1040
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"pecan"
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1084,
1089
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"pecan"
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1190,
1195
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"pecan"
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[
1411,
1416
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"pecan"
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1478,
1483
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"pecan"
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},
{
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"offsets": [
[
1558,
1563
]
],
"text": [
"Pecan"
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},
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[
1709,
1714
]
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"pecan"
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},
{
"id": "8729670_T36",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
1784,
1789
]
],
"text": [
"olive"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "8729670_T37",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
1794,
1801
]
],
"text": [
"cypress"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
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"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
1860,
1865
]
],
"text": [
"pecan"
],
"normalized": []
}
] | [] | [
{
"id": "8729670_E1",
"type": "Cause_of_disease",
"trigger": {
"text": [
"incidence"
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1220,
1229
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"role": "Theme",
"ref_id": "8729670_T6"
},
{
"role": "Cause",
"ref_id": "8729670_T26"
}
]
}
] | [] |
23471851 | SCOPE: The molecular mechanisms underlying the potential health benefit effects of soybean proteins on obesity-associated metabolic disorders have not been fully clarified. In this study, we investigated the effects of soluble soybean protein peptic hydrolysate (SPH) on adipocyte differentiation by using 3T3-L1 murine preadipocytes. METHODS AND RESULTS: The addition of SPH increased lipid accumulation during adipocyte differentiation. SPH increased the mRNA expression levels of an adipogenic marker gene and decreased that of a preadipocyte marker gene, suggesting that SPH promotes adipocyte differentiation. SPH induced antidiabetic and antiatherogenic adiponectin mRNA expression and secretion. Moreover, SPH increased the mRNA expression levels of insulin-responsive glucose transporter 4 and insulin-stimulated glucose uptake. The expression levels of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor y (PPARy), a key regulator of adipocyte differentiation, during adipocyte differentiation were up-regulated in 3T3-L1 cells treated with SPH, and lipid accumulation during adipocyte differentiation induced by SPH was inhibited in the presence of a PPARy antagonist. However, SPH did not exhibit PPARy ligand activity. CONCLUSION: These findings indicate that SPH stimulates adipocyte differentiation, at least in part, via the up-regulation of PPARy expression levels. These effects of SPH might be important for the health benefit effects of soybean proteins on obesity-associated metabolic disorders. | [
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64,
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] | [] |
18982874 | OBJECTIVE: The aim of this review is to objectively access the trial evidence on the role of omega-3, red yeast rice and garlic in preventing clinical cardiovascular events. Given the large number of clinical trials favoring statin use in cardiovascular disease, it is important to see if evidence is available for these supplements and whether they could replace statin therapy. DATA SOURCE: A PubMed search was conducted using the keywords 'trial, omega-3, red yeast rice, xuezhikang, garlic, cholesterol, cardiovascular, outcomes'; the resulting trials were reviewed together with the references quoted in the papers obtained. STUDY SELECTION: The studies selected are prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled studies with predefined clinical cardiovascular end-points recruiting at least 2000 patients, with a follow-up over 2 years. RESULTS: Modest dose omega-3 fatty acid has been shown in GISSI-P (11 324 patients, follow-up 3.5 years) to produce a reduction in sudden death of 45%, and in cardiac death of 35%, acting probably via an anti-arrhythmic effect. In JELIS (18 645 patients, follow-up 4.6 years), high dose omega-3 given to Japanese patients on a high fish diet and already on statin treatment produced further benefit with a 19% reduction of nonfatal cardiovascular outcomes; fatal cardiac events are not affected. CCSPS (4870 patients, follow-up 4 years), a secondary prevention trial using xuezhikang, a commercial red yeast rice preparation, produced a 46% reduction in nonfatal myocardial infarction and coronary death. There has been no trial to show that garlic reduces clinical cardiovascular outcomes. A rigorous trial with constant assessment of chemicals in the study material in 192 patients found that over a 6-month follow-up, raw garlic and 2 commercial preparations do not significantly affect lipid levels. CONCLUSIONS: Omega-3 in modest doses reduces cardiac deaths, and in high doses reduces nonfatal cardiovascular events. Red yeast rice reduces adverse cardiac events to a similar degree as the statins. It is unlikely that garlic is useful in preventing cardiovascular disease. | [
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239,
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1495,
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2097,
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{
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102,
116
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},
{
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121,
127
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"garlic"
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},
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487,
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},
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1439,
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],
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},
{
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[
1583,
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],
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"garlic"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "18982874_T21",
"type": "Plant",
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1766,
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"garlic"
],
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},
{
"id": "18982874_T23",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
1964,
1978
]
],
"text": [
"Red yeast rice"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "18982874_T26",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
2066,
2072
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],
"text": [
"garlic"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "18982874_T7",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
459,
473
]
],
"text": [
"red yeast rice"
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},
{
"id": "18982874_T8",
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[
1000,
1013
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],
"text": [
"cardiac death"
],
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},
{
"id": "18982874_T9",
"type": "Disease",
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[
1298,
1318
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],
"text": [
"fatal cardiac events"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "18982874_T11",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
1987,
2009
]
],
"text": [
"adverse cardiac events"
],
"normalized": []
}
] | [] | [
{
"id": "18982874_E1",
"type": "Treatment_of_disease",
"trigger": {
"text": [
"reduces"
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[
1979,
1986
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]
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"ref_id": "18982874_T11"
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}
] | [] |
7672072 | A hospital-based, case-control study of laryngeal cancer was conducted in the Oncology Institute, Montevideo, Uruguay, during 1988-1992, in which 143 new cases and 460 controls were interviewed. The study was restricted to males. As in most previous studies tobacco smoking and alcohol drinking were the major risk factors. Past and current salted meat consumption was associated with increased risks of laryngeal cancer, after controlling for the effects of tobacco and alcohol. Cigarette smoking and consumption of salted meat appeared to increase the risk of laryngeal cancer in a multiplicative fashion. Fresh meat consumption (beef) was also associated with an increased risk of laryngeal cancer (OR 2.0). After controlling for fresh meat ingestion, the estimates for salted meat remained significant. | [
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40,
56
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404,
420
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258,
265
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459,
466
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],
"text": [
"tobacco"
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}
] | [] | [] | [] |
20836552 | Previous studies have suggested that garlic oil could protect the cardiovascular system. However, the mechanism by which garlic oil protects diabetes-induced cardiomyopathy is unclear. In this study, streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats received garlic oil (0, 10, 50, or 100 mg/kg of body weight) by gastric gavage every 2 days for 16 days. Normal rats without diabetes were used as control. Cardiac contractile dysfunction examined by echocardiography and apoptosis evaluated by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end-labeling (TUNEL) assay were observed in diabetic rat hearts. Additionally, a shift in cardiac myosin heavy chain (MHC) gene expression from a- to b-MHC isoform, decreased levels of superoxide dismutase-1 (SOD-1) and cardiac a-actin, and elevated cardiac thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and caspase- and p38-NFkB-leading apoptosis signaling activities were demonstrated in diabetic hearts. However, these diabetes-related cardiac dysfunctions were almost dose-dependently ameliorated by garlic oil administration. In conclusion, garlic oil possesses significant potential for protecting hearts from diabetes-induced cardiomyopathy. | [
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141,
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158,
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368,
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399,
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968,
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985,
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1162,
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1092,
1098
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"garlic"
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"normalized": []
}
] | [] | [
{
"id": "20836552_E1",
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"role": "Theme2",
"ref_id": "20836552_T5"
}
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}
] | [] |
24338506 | PURPOSE: To predict the burden of cancer in Catalonia by 2020 assessing changes in demography and cancer risk during 2010-2020. METHODS/PATIENTS: Data were obtained from Tarragona and Girona cancer registries and Catalan mortality registry. Population age distribution was obtained from the Catalan Institute of Statistics. Predicted cases in Catalonia were estimated through autoregressive Bayesian age-period-cohort models. RESULTS: There will be diagnosed 26,455 incident cases among men and 18,345 among women during 2020, which means an increase of 22.5 and 24.5 % comparing with the cancer incidence figures of 2010. In men, the increase of cases (22.5 %) can be partitioned in three components: 12 % due to ageing, 8 % due to increase in population size and 2 % due to cancer risk. In women, the role of each component was 9, 8 and 8 %, respectively. The increased risk is mainly expected to be observed in tobacco-related tumours among women and in colorectal and liver cancers among men. During 2010-2020 a mortality decline is expected in both sexes. CONCLUSION: The expected increase of cancer incidence, mainly due to tobacco-related tumours in women and colorectal in men, reinforces the need to strengthen smoking prevention and the expansion of early detection of colorectal cancer in Catalonia. | [
{
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24,
40
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"text": [
"burden of cancer"
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"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "24338506_T2",
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98,
104
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"cancer"
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{
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191,
197
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},
{
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590,
596
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{
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"offsets": [
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781,
787
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"text": [
"cancer"
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"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "24338506_T6",
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"offsets": [
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936,
943
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"text": [
"tumours"
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},
{
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963,
991
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"text": [
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{
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1104,
1110
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{
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1152,
1159
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{
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[
1285,
1302
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"text": [
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"normalized": []
},
{
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920,
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[
1136,
1143
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],
"text": [
"tobacco"
],
"normalized": []
}
] | [] | [
{
"id": "24338506_E1",
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"related"
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928,
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"role": "Theme2",
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"id": "24338506_E2",
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1144,
1151
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"role": "Theme",
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{
"role": "Cause",
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}
] | [] |
20406522 | BACKGROUND: Numerous epidemiological studies have reported a positive association between major depression (MD) and regular tobacco use (RU) or nicotine dependence (ND). However, few have used a genetically informative design to assess whether these traits share a common genetic and/or environmental liability. METHOD: We assessed MD, RU and ND in same-sex twins from the population-based Swedish Twin Registry. In males, we examined both cigarette use and snus (smokeless tobacco) use. We used structural equation modeling to examine the relationship between MD, RU, and ND given RU. RESULTS: The results suggest modest correlations between MD and RU, and between MD and ND. In males, the liability shared between MD and RU is solely genetic for both cigarettes and snus, while MD and ND share both genetic and unique environmental influences. The continuation to ND given RU differed considerably between cigarette and snus users. In females, both MD-RU and MD-ND relationships are partially attributable to genetic and unique environmental correlations. CONCLUSIONS: The relationship among MD, RU and ND is at least partially attributable to shared genetic and environmental risk factors. The genetic and environmental correlations between traits are modest. The nature of the shared liability differs by sex, and in males, by the type of tobacco product used. Differences between previous reports and results presented in the current study are suggestive of population differences in how MD and tobacco use inter-relate. | [
{
"id": "20406522_T1",
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90,
106
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"text": [
"major depression"
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"normalized": []
},
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108,
110
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{
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144,
163
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"text": [
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},
{
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165,
167
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"text": [
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{
"id": "20406522_T5",
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[
332,
334
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],
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"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "20406522_T6",
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"offsets": [
[
343,
345
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],
"text": [
"ND"
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"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "20406522_T7",
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"offsets": [
[
561,
563
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"text": [
"MD"
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"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "20406522_T8",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
573,
575
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},
{
"id": "20406522_T9",
"type": "Disease",
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643,
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{
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666,
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},
{
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"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
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673,
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},
{
"id": "20406522_T12",
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716,
718
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},
{
"id": "20406522_T13",
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[
780,
782
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],
"text": [
"MD"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "20406522_T14",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
787,
789
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],
"text": [
"ND"
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"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "20406522_T15",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
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866,
868
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"text": [
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951,
956
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961,
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1493,
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{
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124,
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"tobacco"
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474,
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1343,
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1500,
1507
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"text": [
"tobacco"
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"normalized": []
}
] | [] | [
{
"id": "20406522_E1",
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61,
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{
"id": "20406522_2",
"entity_ids": [
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] |
8582833 | The occurrence of multilocular malignant tumors in the upper aerodigestive tract in young patients with known marijuana abuse has been described by other authors. A case of a 28-year-old man who was known to abuse alcohol, nicotine and cannabis for some years is presented. He suffered simultaneously from a squamous cell carcinoma of the hypopharynx with bilateral cervical metastases, an adenocarcinoma of the transverse colon and a primary hepatocellular carcinoma. This case is the first reported that shows the occurrence of three separate malignant tumors with different histologies in the aerodigestive tract which could be related to a chronic abuse of cannabis. | [
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31,
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110,
119
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236,
244
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661,
669
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"cannabis"
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308,
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390,
404
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"text": [
"adenocarcinoma"
],
"normalized": []
}
] | [] | [
{
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"related"
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] | [] |
19561384 | BACKGROUND: Consumption of Plantago ovata may protect against colorectal cancer. To test this hypothesis, an ecological study was performed to determine mortality rates and distribution of colorectal cancer, and the consumption and distribution of P ovata, in different provinces in Spain. The putative association between P ovata consumption and mortality from colorectal cancer was then evaluated. METHODS: We conducted a comparative ecological study of Spanish provinces, with colorectal cancer mortality as the dependent variable and per capita consumption of P ovata by province and year as the independent variable. Associations were analyzed by calculating Spearman's correlation coefficients and a Poisson multiple regression model. RESULTS: Consumption of P ovata tended to be inversely correlated with mortality from colorectal cancer. In the Poisson regression analysis this tendency remained and reached statistical significance for the top quintile of P ovata consumption in the adjusted analysis (P = 0.042). CONCLUSIONS: Our results show an inverse trend between the consumption of P ovata and colorectal cancer mortality. We recommend additional observational studies of individuals, in order to better control confounding factors. | [
{
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"offsets": [
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62,
79
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"text": [
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{
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189,
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362,
379
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{
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480,
497
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827,
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{
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1109,
1126
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"normalized": []
},
{
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27,
41
]
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],
"normalized": []
},
{
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248,
255
]
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323,
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564,
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765,
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1097,
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"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
965,
972
]
],
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"P ovata"
],
"normalized": []
}
] | [] | [
{
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"protect"
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46,
53
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]
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786,
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1056,
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}
] | [] |
20640522 | We have previously reported that Eriobotrya japonica seed extract (ESE) is effective for the treatment of various gastric mucosal injuries. For the pharmaceutical preparation of ESE, we are evaluating deep sea water (DSW), which contains trace elements and has a homeostasis-enhancing effect, as the solvent. In this study, we prepared DSW containing ESE (ESE + DSW) and evaluated its usefulness for the prevention of gastric mucosal injuries using non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug-induced acute gastric mucosal injury models in male Wistar/ST rats. Gastric mucosal injury models were prepared by administering indomethacin at 30 mg/kg orally to the rats after a 24-h fast. ESE was prepared by a routine procedure and administered at the same concentration as in the administration to humans. The rats were divided into the following 6 groups: ESE, DSW, ESE + DSW, tap water (control), rebamipide (positive control), or untreated. Gastric mucosal injuries were evaluated by measuring the injury area, lipid peroxide (LPO) level, antioxidative enzyme level, and volume of mucus. The injury area and LPO levels in plasma and gastric tissue were significantly reduced in the ESE and ESE + DSW groups compared with the control and DSW group. The plasma and gastric tissue antioxidative enzyme levels were significantly higher in the ESE and ESE + DSW groups than in the control group. These results suggest that DSW, when combined with ESE, inhibits antioxidative enzymes, and enhances the gastric mucosal protecting effect of ESE. | [
{
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114,
138
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420,
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502,
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556,
578
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997,
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1091,
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351,
354
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33,
65
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67,
70
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861,
866
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851,
854
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{
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1181,
1184
]
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"ESE"
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{
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[
1189,
1194
]
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"ESE"
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"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "20640522_T16",
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1348,
1353
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"ESE"
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{
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1340,
1343
]
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"ESE"
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{
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1445,
1448
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"ESE"
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"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
1536,
1539
]
],
"text": [
"ESE"
],
"normalized": []
}
] | [] | [
{
"id": "20640522_E1",
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"treatment"
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93,
102
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]
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{
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"prevention"
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406,
416
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]
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"role": "Theme",
"ref_id": "20640522_T2"
},
{
"role": "Cause",
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]
}
] | [
{
"id": "20640522_1",
"entity_ids": [
"20640522_T9",
"20640522_T11"
]
}
] |
16091758 | We examined the relation between coffee drinking and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) mortality in the Japan Collaborative Cohort Study for Evaluation of Cancer Risk (JACC Study). In total, 110,688 cohort members (46,399 male and 64,289 female subjects) aged 40-79 years were grouped by coffee intake into three categories: one or more cups per day, less than one cup per day and non-coffee drinkers. Cox proportional hazards model by SAS was used to obtain hazard ratio of HCC mortality for each coffee consumption categories. The hazard ratios were adjusted for age, gender, educational status, history of diabetes and liver diseases, smoking habits and alcohol. The hazard ratio of death due to HCC for drinkers of one and more cups of coffee per day, compared with non-coffee drinkers, was 0.50 (95% confidence interval 0.31-0.79), and the ratio for drinkers of less than one cup per day was 0.83 (95% confidence interval 0.54-1.25). Our data confirmed an inverse association between coffee consumption and HCC mortality. | [
{
"id": "16091758_T1",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
53,
77
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"text": [
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"normalized": []
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79,
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472,
475
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606,
614
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619,
633
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{
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"offsets": [
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696,
699
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1009,
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33,
39
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{
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"offsets": [
[
285,
291
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"coffee"
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{
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"offsets": [
[
382,
388
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"coffee"
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{
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"offsets": [
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495,
501
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"coffee"
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737,
743
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{
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771,
777
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{
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"offsets": [
[
986,
992
]
],
"text": [
"coffee"
],
"normalized": []
}
] | [
{
"id": "16091758_R1",
"type": "Neutral",
"arg1_id": "16091758_T8",
"arg2_id": "16091758_T1",
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "16091758_R2",
"type": "Neutral",
"arg1_id": "16091758_T8",
"arg2_id": "16091758_T2",
"normalized": []
}
] | [
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683,
695
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"id": "16091758_E3",
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456,
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{
"role": "Cause",
"ref_id": "16091758_T15"
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}
] | [
{
"id": "16091758_1",
"entity_ids": [
"16091758_T1",
"16091758_T2"
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}
] |
20129403 | Almond oil [Oleum amygdalae] has long been used in complementary medicine circles for its numerous health benefits. Although no conclusive scientific data exists currently, almonds and almond oil have many properties including anti-inflammatory, immunity-boosting and anti-hepatotoxicity effects. Further, associations between almond oil and improved bowel transit have been made, which consequently reduces irritable bowel syndrome symptoms. Further, some studies show a reduced incidence of colonic cancer. Moreover, cardiovascular benefits have also been identified with almond oil elevating the levels of so-called 'good cholesterol', high-density lipoproteins (HDL), whilst it reduces low-density lipoproteins (LDL). Historically, almond oil had been used in Ancient Chinese, Ayurvedic and Greco-Persian schools of Medicine to treat dry skin conditions such as psoriasis and eczema. Further, it is through anecdotal evidence and clinical experiences that almond oil seemingly reduces hypertrophic scarring post-operatively, smoothes and rejuvenates skin. Almond oil has emollient and sclerosant properties and, therefore, has been used to improve complexion and skin tone. Further studies looking into the use of almond oil post-operatively for the reduction of scarring are suggested. | [
{
"id": "20129403_T1",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
408,
432
]
],
"text": [
"irritable bowel syndrome"
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"normalized": []
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{
"id": "20129403_T2",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
493,
507
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"text": [
"colonic cancer"
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"normalized": []
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{
"id": "20129403_T3",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
866,
875
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],
"text": [
"psoriasis"
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"normalized": []
},
{
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"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
880,
886
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"text": [
"eczema"
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"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
989,
1001
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] | [] |
21849094 | It is appreciated far and wide that increased and regular consumption of fruits and vegetables is linked with noteworthy anticancer benefits. Extensively consumed as a spice in foods and beverages worldwide, ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) is an excellent source of several bioactive phenolics, including non-volatile pungent compounds such as gingerols, paradols, shogaols and gingerones. Ginger has been known to display anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and antiproliferative activities, indicating its promising role as a chemopreventive agent. Here, we show that whole ginger extract (GE) exerts significant growth-inhibitory and death-inductory effects in a spectrum of prostate cancer cells. Comprehensive studies have confirmed that GE perturbed cell-cycle progression, impaired reproductive capacity, modulated cell-cycle and apoptosis regulatory molecules and induced a caspase-driven, mitochondrially mediated apoptosis in human prostate cancer cells. Remarkably, daily oral feeding of 100 mg/kg body weight of GE inhibited growth and progression of PC-3 xenografts by approximately 56 % in nude mice, as shown by measurements of tumour volume. Tumour tissue from GE-treated mice showed reduced proliferation index and widespread apoptosis compared with controls, as determined by immunoblotting and immunohistochemical methods. Most importantly, GE did not exert any detectable toxicity in normal, rapidly dividing tissues such as gut and bone marrow. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report to demonstrate the in vitro and in vivo anticancer activity of whole GE for the management of prostate cancer. | [
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] | [] |
21972295 | OBJECTIVES: Almost 20% of people smoke tobacco worldwide--a percentage projected to rise in many poor countries. Smoking has been linked to increased individual risk of tuberculosis infection and mortality, but it remains unclear how these risks affect population-wide tuberculosis rates. DESIGN: We constructed a state transition, compartmental, mathematical model of tuberculosis epidemics to estimate the impact of alternative future smoking trends on tuberculosis control. We projected tuberculosis incidence, prevalence, and mortality in each World Health Organization region from 2010 to 2050, and incorporated changing trends in smoking, case detection, treatment success, and HIV prevalence. RESULTS: The model predicted that smoking would produce an excess of 18 million tuberculosis cases (standard error 16-20) and 40 million deaths from tuberculosis (39-41) between 2010 and 2050, if smoking trends continued along current trajectories. The effect of smoking was anticipated to increase the number of tuberculosis cases by 7% (274 million v 256 million) and deaths by 66% (101 million v 61 million), compared with model predictions that did not account for smoking. Smoking was also expected to delay the millennium development goal target to reduce tuberculosis mortality by half from 1990 to 2015. The model estimated that aggressive tobacco control (achieving a 1% decrease in smoking prevalence per year down to eradication) would avert 27 million smoking attributable deaths from tuberculosis by 2050. However, if the prevalence of smoking increased to 50% of adults (as observed in countries with high tobacco use), the model estimated that 34 million additional deaths from tuberculosis would occur by 2050. CONCLUSIONS: Tobacco smoking could substantially increase tuberculosis cases and deaths worldwide in coming years, undermining progress towards tuberculosis mortality targets. Aggressive tobacco control could avert millions of deaths from tuberculosis. | [
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1497,
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},
{
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1785,
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},
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1871,
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1966,
1978
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},
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39,
46
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},
{
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1348,
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},
{
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{
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1914,
1921
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"tobacco"
],
"normalized": []
}
] | [] | [
{
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{
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"ref_id": "21972295_T19"
}
]
}
] | [] |
12713779 | INTRODUCTION: abdominal aortic dilatation can occur above the graft following repair of infra-renal abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA). This study aimed to determine the incidence and possible aetiological associations of recurrent juxta-anastomotic aneurysms following open repair of AAA. METHODS: the diameter of the infra-renal aorta above the graft of 135 patients who had previously undergone open AAA repair was determined using ultrasound. In those where the diameter was greater than 40 mm a CT scan was undertaken. Co-morbid and operative details were determined from the patients and their clinical notes. RESULTS: seven patients had true juxta-anastomotic aneurysms (>40 mm) in the residual infra-renal abdominal aorta, the occurrence of which was associated with tobacco smoking and hypertension. There was no association with other co-morbid factors, surgical operative details or the development of iliac aneurysms (which occurred in 3% of patients). CONCLUSIONS: true juxta-anastomotic aneurysms develop in the residual infra-renal neck of patients following open repair of abdominal aortic aneurysm. Tobacco smoking and hypertension are significant factors associated with the development of these aneurysms. This group of patients may warrant surveillance to prevent aneurysm rupture. | [
{
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14,
41
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88,
125
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{
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127,
130
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{
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247,
256
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282,
285
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400,
403
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{
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664,
673
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},
{
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"offsets": [
[
792,
804
]
],
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],
"normalized": []
},
{
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"offsets": [
[
910,
925
]
],
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],
"normalized": []
},
{
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998,
1007
]
],
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{
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1086,
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]
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1133,
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1211,
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{
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1281,
1297
]
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772,
779
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1113,
1120
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],
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"normalized": []
}
] | [] | [
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{
"role": "Cause",
"ref_id": "12713779_T16"
}
]
}
] | [] |
8210262 | Questionnaires on smokeless tobacco use were completed by 781 sixth grade students in 15 schools at six locations in the United States. The students were both American Indian-Alaska Native and non-American Indian-Alaska Native. The Indian and Alaska Native schoolchildren were experimenting with and regularly using smokeless tobacco at higher rates that non-Indian schoolchildren. At Indian Health Service sites, 28.1 percent of the children reported current use of smokeless tobacco, compared with 3.3 percent of the children elsewhere. For girls reporting smokeless tobacco experimentation, the comparison was 68.9 percent at Indian Health Service sites and 8.7 percent at non-Indian sites; for boys, it was 79.1 percent from the Indian sites and 35.4 percent from the non-Indian sites. For those students who had tried smokeless tobacco, more than half also reported having tried cigarettes. The majority of all sixth grade students surveyed were aware of the health risks of smokeless tobacco use in that it is an increased risk for cancer. Additional research is needed to determine appropriate interventions. | [
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569,
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[
990,
997
]
],
"text": [
"tobacco"
],
"normalized": []
}
] | [] | [
{
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"risk"
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{
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"ref_id": "8210262_T7"
}
]
}
] | [] |
22683493 | ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Rhodiola species are traditionally used as tonics and stimulants to treat asthenia, suggesting their possible regulatory effect on energy metabolism. Clinical trials have demonstrated their glucose-lowering effect in type 2 diabetes. AIM OF THE STUDY: To examine the effects of Rhodiola on glucose and lipid metabolism in the metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Zucker diabetic fatty (ZDF) rats were treated with Rhodiola crenulata root (RCR) powder (100 and 500 mg/kg, by gavage, once daily for 4 weeks). In addition, the effects of RCR on sucrose-induced acute hyperglycemia in mice and olive oil-induced hypertriglyceridemia in rats were also examined. Biochemical variables were determined enzymatically or by ELISA. RESULTS: In ZDF rats, RCR treatment decreased the increased plasma insulin and triglyceride concentrations at baseline, the index of the homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) and excessive hepatic triglyceride accumulation. This treatment also inhibited abnormal increases in plasma glucose and insulin concentrations during oral glucose tolerance test. Furthermore, RCR reversed the increased adipose insulin resistance index, and accelerated the decline of plasma concentrations of non-esterified fatty acids after exogenous glucose stimulation. However, RCR minimally affected sucrose-induced acute hyperglycemia in mice and olive oil-induced acute hypertriglyceridemia in rats. CONCLUSIONS: The present results demonstrate that RCR treatment improves metabolic derangements in animal model of the metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes. Our findings may provide new pharmacological basis of therapeutics for the adaptogenic plants to treat metabolic derangements-associated disorders, such as asthenia. | [
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23755843 | BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Large-scale epidemiological studies have shown that drinking more than two cups of coffee per day reduces the risks of hepatitis and liver cancer. However, the heterogeneity of the human genome requires studies of experimental animal models with defined genetic backgrounds to evaluate the coffee effects on liver diseases. We evaluated the efficacy of coffee consumption with one of experimental animal models for human disease. METHOD: We used the Long Evans Cinnamon (LEC) rat, which onsets severe hepatitis and high incidence of liver cancer, due to the accumulation of copper and iron in livers caused by the genetic mutation in Atp7B gene, and leading to the continuous oxidative stress. We determined the expression of inflammation related genes, and amounts of copper and iron in livers, and incidence of the pre-neoplastic foci in the liver tissue of LEC rats. RESULTS: Coffee administration for 25 weeks delayed the occurrence of hepatitis by two weeks, significantly improved survival, reduced the expression of inflammatory cytokines, and reduced the incidence of small pre-neoplastic liver foci in LEC rats. There was no significant difference in the accumulation of copper and iron in livers, indicating that coffee administration does not affect to the metabolism of these metals. These findings indicate that drinking coffee potentially prevents hepatitis and liver carcinogenesis through its anti-inflammatory effects. CONCLUSION: This study showed the efficacy of coffee in the prevention of hepatitis and liver carcinogenesis in the LEC model. | [
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"coffee"
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}
] | [] | [
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}
]
}
] | [] |
11496637 | In the course of the "1998 Health and Social Survey", questions were included to verify the prevalence of chronic respiratory diseases and also of wheezing. The objectives of this study were 1) to verify the prevalence of wheezing and its validity as an indicator of chronic respiratory diseases in Qu bec; and 2) to examine the relationship between chronic respiratory diseases and some of their potential determinants. A total of 30,386 individuals participated in the study. For all ages, the prevalence of wheezing was 5.4%. It was associated with asthma, allergies, chronic bronchitis and emphysema. A low familial income and tobacco smoking were associated with wheezing, asthma, chronic bronchitis and emphysema. Passive smoking was associated with wheezing whereas the presence of carpets was associated with wheezing and asthma. Between 32 and 48% of families with an asthmatic or an allergic member modified their dwelling to alleviate respiratory problems. The prevalence of wheezing documented here was lower than in anglosaxon countries. This result could be explained by a cultural factor (the French translation or the perception of wheezing). This study emphasizes the role of reducing tobacco smoking in the prevention of chronic respiratory diseases. | [
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{
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{
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] | [] |
23318138 | Abnormal regulation of Ca(2+) mediates tumorigenesis and Ca(2+) channels are reportedly deregulated in cancers, indicating that regulating Ca(2+) signaling in cancer cells is considered as a promising strategy to treat cancer. However, little is known regarding the mechanism by which Ca(2+) affects cancer cell death. Here, we show that 20-O-b-d-glucopyranosyl-20(S)-protopanaxadiol (20-GPPD), a metabolite of ginseng saponin, causes apoptosis of colon cancer cells through the induction of cytoplasmic Ca(2+). 20-GPPD decreased cell viability, increased annexin V-positive early apoptosis and induced sub-G1 accumulation and nuclear condensation of CT-26 murine colon cancer cells. Although 20-GPPD-induced activation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) played a key role in the apoptotic death of CT-26 cells, LKB1, a well-known upstream kinase of AMPK, was not involved in this activation. To identify the upstream target of 20-GPPD for activating AMPK, we examined the effect of Ca(2+) on apoptosis of CT-26 cells. A calcium chelator recovered 20-GPPD-induced AMPK phosphorylation and CT-26 cell death. Confocal microscopy showed that 20-GPPD increased Ca(2+) entry into CT-26 cells, whereas a transient receptor potential canonical (TRPC) blocker suppressed Ca(2+) entry. When cells were treated with a TRPC blocker plus an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) calcium blocker, 20-GPPD-induced calcium influx was completely inhibited, suggesting that the ER calcium store, as well as TRPC, was involved. In vivo mouse CT-26 allografts showed that 20-GPPD significantly suppressed tumor growth, volume and weight in a dose-dependent manner. Collectively, 20-GPPD exerts potent anticarcinogenic effects on colon carcinogenesis by increasing Ca(2+) influx, mainly through TRPC channels, and by targeting AMPK. | [
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1579,
1584
]
],
"text": [
"tumor"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "23318138_T8",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
411,
418
]
],
"text": [
"ginseng"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "23318138_T9",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
1709,
1723
]
],
"text": [
"carcinogenesis"
],
"normalized": []
}
] | [] | [
{
"id": "23318138_E1",
"type": "Treatment_of_disease",
"trigger": {
"text": [
"causes"
],
"offsets": [
[
428,
434
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]
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"arguments": [
{
"role": "Theme",
"ref_id": "23318138_T5"
},
{
"role": "Cause",
"ref_id": "23318138_T8"
}
]
}
] | [] |
16227704 | OBJECTIVE: Stomach cancer is the second common cause of death in Lithuania and most countries of the world. Nevertheless, there were no reports of epidemiological studies on stomach cancer in Lithuania. Therefore, a hospital-based case-control study has been carried out in order to assess the associations between vegetables and fruits and risk of stomach cancer. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Hospital-based case-control study included 379 cases with newly histologically confirmed diagnose of stomach cancer and 1137 controls that were free of cancer and stomach diseases. Cases and controls were matched by gender and age (+/-5 yr). Information on demographic variables, family history on cancer, life-style habits, such as diet, smoking, alcohol consumption, and physical activity was collected by a questionnaire. Conditional logistic regression was used to compute the odds ratio (OR) and their 95% confidence intervals (CI). RESULTS: After adjustment for other food items (vegetables, fruits, different types of meat, processed meat and fish, dairy and starchy products, coffee, green tea), that were related to outcome, smoking, alcohol use, family history on cancer, education level and residence, stomach cancer risk was inversely associated with consumption of raw vegetables such as cabbage (OR=0.24; 95% CI=0.10-0.57; > or =1-3 times/month vs. almost never), carrots (OR=0.42, 95% CI=0.20-0.86; 1-6 times/week vs. almost never) and garlic (OR=0.59, 95% CI=0.37-0.96; 1-6 times/week vs. almost never). Protective effect has been observed for intake of broccoli (OR=0.52, 95% CI=0.28-0.98; 1-4 times/week vs. < or =1-3 times/month). There were no statistically significant associations between stomach cancer risk and consumption of citrus or others fruits. In conclusion, higher consumption of raw vegetables such as cabbage, carrots, garlic as well as broccoli may decrease a risk of stomach cancer, whereas intake of citrus fruits has no relation with a reduced risk of the disease. | [
{
"id": "16227704_T1",
"type": "Disease",
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11,
25
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"text": [
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{
"id": "16227704_T2",
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174,
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349,
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488,
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539,
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{
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550,
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"text": [
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},
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"type": "Disease",
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685,
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1161,
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"offsets": [
[
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"text": [
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},
{
"id": "16227704_T11",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
1890,
1904
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"text": [
"stomach cancer"
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"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "16227704_T13",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
1071,
1077
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"text": [
"coffee"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "16227704_T14",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
1079,
1088
]
],
"text": [
"green tea"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "16227704_T16",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
1288,
1295
]
],
"text": [
"cabbage"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "16227704_T17",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
1365,
1372
]
],
"text": [
"carrots"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "16227704_T18",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
1438,
1444
]
],
"text": [
"garlic"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "16227704_T20",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
1557,
1565
]
],
"text": [
"broccoli"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "16227704_T21",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
1737,
1743
]
],
"text": [
"citrus"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "16227704_T23",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
1822,
1829
]
],
"text": [
"cabbage"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "16227704_T24",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
1831,
1838
]
],
"text": [
"carrots"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "16227704_T26",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
1840,
1846
]
],
"text": [
"garlic"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "16227704_T27",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
1858,
1866
]
],
"text": [
"broccoli"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "16227704_T28",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
1924,
1930
]
],
"text": [
"citrus"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "16227704_T29",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
315,
325
]
],
"text": [
"vegetables"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "16227704_T30",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
330,
336
]
],
"text": [
"fruits"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "16227704_T31",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
973,
983
]
],
"text": [
"vegetables"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "16227704_T32",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
985,
991
]
],
"text": [
"fruits"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "16227704_T12",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
1269,
1279
]
],
"text": [
"vegetables"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "16227704_T15",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
1754,
1760
]
],
"text": [
"fruits"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "16227704_T19",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
1803,
1813
]
],
"text": [
"vegetables"
],
"normalized": []
}
] | [] | [
{
"id": "16227704_E1",
"type": "Treatment_of_disease",
"trigger": {
"text": [
"decrease"
],
"offsets": [
[
1871,
1879
]
]
},
"arguments": [
{
"role": "Cause",
"ref_id": "16227704_T19"
},
{
"role": "Theme",
"ref_id": "16227704_T11"
},
{
"role": "Cause2",
"ref_id": "16227704_T23"
},
{
"role": "Cause3",
"ref_id": "16227704_T24"
},
{
"role": "Cause4",
"ref_id": "16227704_T26"
},
{
"role": "Cause5",
"ref_id": "16227704_T27"
}
]
}
] | [] |
1182944 | The mechanism by which magnesium affects digitalis-induced arrhythmias was studied in dogs with and without beta-receptor blockade. Digoxin was infused at a rate of 2.5mug/kg/min until ventricular tachycardia developed, then half the animals were given MgSO4, the other half saline. In animals given MgSO4, sinus rhythm was immediately re-established; in animals given saline, ventricular tachycardia persisted. In animals with beta-receptor blockade, MgSO4 was as effective in abolishing ventricular tachycardia as in those without beta-receptor blockade. We found no evidence that magnesium re-activated digoxin-inhibited (Na+, K+)-ATPase, altered myocardial or microsomal digoxin binding, or acted via the autonomic nervous system. Magnesium's direct effect on calcium and potassium fluxes across the myocardial cell membrane may be the mechanism of its antiarrhythmic action in digitalis-toxic arrhythmias. | [
{
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[
59,
70
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],
"text": [
"arrhythmias"
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},
{
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185,
208
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"text": [
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},
{
"id": "1182944_T3",
"type": "Disease",
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369,
400
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"text": [
"saline, ventricular tachycardia"
],
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489,
512
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"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
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709,
733
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"text": [
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],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "1182944_T6",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
898,
909
]
],
"text": [
"arrhythmias"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "1182944_T7",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
41,
50
]
],
"text": [
"digitalis"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "1182944_T8",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
882,
891
]
],
"text": [
"digitalis"
],
"normalized": []
}
] | [] | [
{
"id": "1182944_E1",
"type": "Cause_of_disease",
"trigger": {
"text": [
"induced"
],
"offsets": [
[
51,
58
]
]
},
"arguments": [
{
"role": "Theme",
"ref_id": "1182944_T1"
},
{
"role": "Cause",
"ref_id": "1182944_T7"
}
]
}
] | [] |
14613266 | OBJECTIVE: Recent reports have suggested an association between consumption of coffee or decaffeinated coffee and the risk of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), although data are sparse and somewhat inconsistent. Furthermore, existing studies measured dietary exposures and potential confounders only at baseline and did not consider possible changes in diet or lifestyle over the followup period. We studied whether coffee, decaffeinated coffee, total coffee, tea, or overall caffeine consumption was associated with the risk of RA, using the Nurses' Health Study, a longitudinal cohort study of 121,701 women. METHODS: Information on beverage consumption was assessed with a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) that was completed every 4 years, from baseline in 1980 through 1998. Among the 83,124 women who completed the FFQ at baseline, the diagnosis of incident RA (between 1980 and 2000) was confirmed in 480 women by a connective tissue disease screening questionnaire and medical record review for American College of Rheumatology criteria. Relationships between intake of various beverages and the risk of RA were assessed in age-adjusted models and in multivariate Cox proportional hazards models including the cumulative average intake of each beverage during the followup period, adjusted for numerous potential confounders. In addition, for direct comparisons with prior reports, multivariate analyses were repeated using only baseline beverage information. RESULTS: We did not find a significant association between decaffeinated coffee consumption of >/=4 cups/day (compared with no decaffeinated coffee consumption) and subsequent risk of incident RA, in either an adjusted multivariate model (relative risk [RR] 1.1, 95% confidence interval [95% CI] 0.5-2.2) or a multivariate model using only baseline reports of decaffeinated coffee consumption (RR 1.0, 95% CI 0.6-1.7). Similarly, there was no relationship between cumulative caffeinated coffee consumption and RA risk (RR 1.1, 95% CI 0.8-1.6 for >/=4 cups per day versus none) or between tea consumption and RA risk (RR 1.1, 95% CI 0.7-1.8 for >3 cups/day versus none). Total coffee and total caffeine consumption were also not associated with the risk of RA. CONCLUSION: In this large, prospective study, we find little evidence of an association between coffee, decaffeinated coffee, or tea consumption and the risk of RA among women. | [
{
"id": "14613266_T1",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
126,
146
]
],
"text": [
"rheumatoid arthritis"
],
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},
{
"id": "14613266_T2",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
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148,
150
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522,
524
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},
{
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849,
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],
"text": [
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},
{
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"offsets": [
[
1106,
1108
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"RA"
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},
{
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"offsets": [
[
1646,
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],
"text": [
"incident RA"
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},
{
"id": "14613266_T7",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
1972,
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]
],
"text": [
"RA"
],
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},
{
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[
2070,
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]
],
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"RA"
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},
{
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[
2218,
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]
],
"text": [
"RA"
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},
{
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"offsets": [
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2383,
2385
]
],
"text": [
"RA"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "14613266_T12",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
79,
85
]
],
"text": [
"coffee"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "14613266_T15",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
103,
109
]
],
"text": [
"coffee"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "14613266_T17",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
409,
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]
],
"text": [
"coffee"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "14613266_T19",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
431,
437
]
],
"text": [
"coffee"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "14613266_T21",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
445,
451
]
],
"text": [
"coffee"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "14613266_T23",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
1535,
1541
]
],
"text": [
"coffee"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "14613266_T24",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
1603,
1609
]
],
"text": [
"coffee"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "14613266_T27",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
1836,
1842
]
],
"text": [
"coffee"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "14613266_T28",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
1949,
1955
]
],
"text": [
"coffee"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "14613266_T32",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
2318,
2324
]
],
"text": [
"coffee"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "14613266_T34",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
2340,
2346
]
],
"text": [
"coffee"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "14613266_T14",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
453,
456
]
],
"text": [
"tea"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "14613266_T9",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
2138,
2144
]
],
"text": [
"coffee"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "14613266_T20",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
2351,
2354
]
],
"text": [
"tea"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "14613266_T22",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
2050,
2053
]
],
"text": [
"tea"
],
"normalized": []
}
] | [] | [
{
"id": "14613266_E1",
"type": "Cause_of_disease",
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"text": [
"risk"
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118,
122
]
]
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"role": "Cause2",
"ref_id": "14613266_T12"
}
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"id": "14613266_E2",
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"risk"
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]
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"role": "Cause2",
"ref_id": "14613266_T21"
},
{
"role": "Cause3",
"ref_id": "14613266_T19"
},
{
"role": "Cause4",
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}
]
},
{
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"risk"
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2375,
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]
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{
"role": "Cause",
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{
"role": "Cause2",
"ref_id": "14613266_T32"
},
{
"role": "Cause3",
"ref_id": "14613266_T20"
}
]
}
] | [
{
"id": "14613266_1",
"entity_ids": [
"14613266_T1",
"14613266_T2"
]
}
] |
9605207 | Epidemiologic and clinical studies suggest that tomato consumption may reduce the risk of cancer. Lycopene, a hydrocarbon carotenoid, is the major carotenoid in tomatoes and, as a potent singlet oxygen quencher, has been considered by some to be the biologically active agent responsible for the reduction of cancer risk associated with tomato consumption. However, little is known concerning lycopene absorption or biological activity in rodent models of cancer. Therefore, the present study was designed to provide information regarding the uptake and tissue disposition of lycopene and related carotenoid after feeding a diet containing a carotenoid mixture extracted from tomatoes (Betatene). Betatene was added to the diet at 2.3, 0.9, 0.45, 0.23, 0.09 and 0 (mM/kg diet) and fed to male and female Fischer-344 rats for a period of 10 weeks. Using reverse phase HPLC methods, it was found that approximately 55% of administered lycopene was excreted in the feces. In both males and females, lycopene concentrations were highest in the liver (120-42 microg/g wet wt.); physiologically significant levels were detected in prostate (97-47 ng/g), lung (227-134 ng/g), mammary gland (309-174 ng/g) and serum (285-160 ng/ml). Tissue concentrations were related to dose with the exception of serum, and differences between males and females were minimal. Other carotenoids present in Betatene (i.e., phytoene, phytofluene, z-carotene and beta-carotene) were also absorbed and stored in the liver. These results indicate that lycopene, when incorporated into the semipurified AIN-76A diet, is absorbed in both male and female rats in a dose-related manner and can be detected at nanogram levels in a variety of target organs. | [
{
"id": "9605207_T1",
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"offsets": [
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90,
96
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"text": [
"cancer"
],
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{
"id": "9605207_T2",
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"offsets": [
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309,
315
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],
"text": [
"cancer"
],
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},
{
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"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
456,
462
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],
"text": [
"cancer"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "9605207_T5",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
48,
54
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],
"text": [
"tomato"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "9605207_T7",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
337,
343
]
],
"text": [
"tomato"
],
"normalized": []
}
] | [] | [
{
"id": "9605207_E1",
"type": "Treatment_of_disease",
"trigger": {
"text": [
"reduction"
],
"offsets": [
[
296,
305
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]
},
"arguments": [
{
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{
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{
"id": "9605207_E2",
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71,
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}
] | [] |
22986747 | Cigarette smoke produces a molecular field of injury in epithelial cells lining the respiratory tract. However, the specific signaling pathways that are altered in the airway of smokers and the signaling processes responsible for the transition from smoking-induced airway damage to lung cancer remain unknown. In this study, we use a genomic approach to study the signaling processes associated with tobacco smoke exposure and lung cancer. First, we developed and validated pathway-specific gene expression signatures in bronchial airway epithelium that reflect activation of signaling pathways relevant to tobacco exposure, including ATM, BCL2, GPX1, NOS2, IKBKB, and SIRT1. Using these profiles and four independent gene expression datasets, we found that SIRT1 activity is significantly upregulated in cytologically normal bronchial airway epithelial cells from active smokers compared with nonsmokers. In contrast, this activity is strikingly downregulated in non-small cell lung cancer. This pattern of signaling modulation was unique to SIRT1, and downregulation of SIRT1 activity is confined to tumors from smokers. Decreased activity of SIRT1 was validated using genomic analyses of mouse models of lung cancer and biochemical testing of SIRT1 activity in patient lung tumors. Together, our findings indicate a role of SIRT1 in response to smoke and a potential role in repressing lung cancer. Furthermore, our findings suggest that the airway gene expression signatures derived in this study can provide novel insights into signaling pathways altered in the "field of injury" induced by tobacco smoke and thus may impact strategies for prevention of tobacco-related lung cancer. | [
{
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266,
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428,
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401,
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608,
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1660,
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"text": [
"tobacco"
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"normalized": []
}
] | [] | [
{
"id": "22986747_E1",
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"associated"
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385,
395
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] | [] |
18206417 | Tobacco-related oral squamous cell carcinoma is a common malignancy in Asian people. It accounts for almost 40% of cancers among Indian men and 3% in the Western world. Smokeless tobacco has been shown to induce tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), which, along with its receptors, is over-expressed in people with oral carcinoma. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in TNF-alpha and TNF receptor genes may affect their expression and may be a potential determinant of susceptibility to tobacco-related oral carcinomas. We assessed SNPs in TNF-alpha(-308, -238) and TNF receptor 1 (TNFR1; -609) promoters by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) and at four sites of TNF receptor 2 gene (TNFR2; exon 9 site 1176; exon 10 sites 1663, 1668 and 1690) by PCR-sequence-specific primers (PCR-SSP) techniques, respectively, in 94 patients and 130 healthy controls. TNF-alpha-308 G allele was significantly lower (Pc=0.004; OR=3.85), whereas A allele was significantly higher (Pc=0.004; OR=0.25) in patients compared with controls. No significant change was observed at -238 promoter site between the two groups. In the case of TNF receptors, both TNFR1 -609 TT (Pc=0.006; OR=15.3) and TNFR2 1690 CT (Pc=0.018; OR=5.6) genotypes were significantly lower in patients compared with controls. It seems that TNF-alpha-308 G/A may be related to susceptibility, whereas -609 TT TNFR1 and 1690 C/T TNFR2 SNPs may be protective to tobacco-related oral squamous cell carcinoma. These SNPs may be useful as a marker for high-risk groups among Asian Indians. | [
{
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"text": [
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] | [] | [
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}
] | [] |
17850611 | AIMS: Few frameworks have addressed work-force diversity, inequities and inequalities as part of a comprehensive approach to eliminating tobacco-related health disparities. This paper summarizes the literature and describes the known disparities that exist along the tobacco disease continuum for minority racial and ethnic groups, those living in poverty, those with low education and blue-collar and service workers. The paper also discusses how work-force diversity, inequities in research practice and knowledge allocation and inequalities in access to and quality of health care are fundamental to addressing disparities in health. METHODS: We examined the available scientific literature and existing public health reports to identify disparities across the tobacco disease continuum by minority racial/ethnic group, poverty status, education level and occupation. FINDINGS: Results indicate that differences in risk indicators along the tobacco disease continuum do not explain fully tobacco-related cancer consequences among some minority racial/ethnic groups, particularly among the aggregate groups, blacks/African Americans and American Indians/Alaska Natives. The lack of within-race/ethnic group data and its interactions with socio-economic factors across the life-span contribute to the inconsistency we observe in the disease causal paradigm. CONCLUSIONS: More comprehensive models are needed to understand the relationships among disparities, social context, diversity, inequalities and inequities. A systematic approach will also help researchers, practitioners, advocates and policy makers determine critical points for interventions, the types of studies and programs needed and integrative approaches needed to eliminate tobacco-related disparities. | [
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] | [] | [
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]
}
] | [] |
21685250 | BACKGROUND: Although tobacco smoking is commonly cited as a risk factor for cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), the evidence from previous clinical and case-control studies is conflicting. We therefore aimed to prospectively examine the role of tobacco smoking in the development of SCC of the skin in a population-based study. METHODS: Study participants were 1,287 adults aged 25 to 75 years in 1992, randomly selected from the Nambour community, with no previous history of SCC. Standard skin pigment and sun-sensitivity profiles were obtained at baseline. Detailed prospective information on sun exposure, smoking, and skin cancer occurrence (histologically confirmed) was collected over a 16-year period, 1992 to 2007. RESULTS: Of 1,287 participants, 43% were male and average age was 48 years. A total of 188 first cutaneous SCCs were identified during the study period. After adjustment for other known risk factors, neither former nor current smokers were at raised risk of SCC: relative risk (RR) = 1.1, 95% CI: 0.8-1.5 and RR = 1.1, 95% CI: 0.7-1.5, respectively, compared with lifelong nonsmokers, nor were there any dose-response relationships with amount smoked or duration of smoking and risk of SCC. CONCLUSIONS: In this Australian follow-up study, tobacco smoking did not increase the risk of SCC of the skin. IMPACT: These prospective adjusted data provide strong evidence which suggests that cutaneous SCC should not be on the list of tobacco-related cancers. | [
{
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76,
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] | [
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] |
22012859 | Elastase is the only currently identified target protein for indole-3-carbinol (I3C), a naturally occurring hydrolysis product of glucobrassicin in cruciferous vegetables such as broccoli, cabbage, and Brussels sprouts that induces a cell cycle arrest and apoptosis of human breast cancer cells. In vitro elastase enzymatic assays demonstrated that I3C and at lower concentrations its more potent derivative 1-benzyl-indole-3-carbinol (1-benzyl-I3C) act as non-competitive allosteric inhibitors of elastase activity. Consistent with these results, in silico computational simulations have revealed the first predicted interactions of I3C and 1-benzyl-I3C with the crystal structure of human neutrophil elastase, and identified a potential binding cluster on an external surface of the protease outside of the catalytic site that implicates elastase as a target protein for both indolecarbinol compounds. The 205 carboxyterminal truncation of elastase, which disrupts the predicted indolecarbinol binding site, is enzymatically active and generates a novel I3C resistant enzyme. Expression of the wild type and 205 elastase in MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cells demonstrated that the carboxyterminal domain of elastase is required for the I3C and 1-benzyl-I3C inhibition of enzymatic activity, accumulation of the unprocessed form of the CD40 elastase substrate (a tumor necrosis factor receptor family member), disruption of NFkB nuclear localization and transcriptional activity, and induction of a G1 cell cycle arrest. Surprisingly, expression of the 205 elastase molecule failed to reverse indolecarbinol stimulated apoptosis, establishing an elastase-dependent bifurcation point in anti-proliferative signaling that uncouples the cell cycle and apoptotic responses in human breast cancer cells. | [
{
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275,
288
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"breast cancer"
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{
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1147,
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1370,
1375
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179,
187
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[
148,
170
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],
"text": [
"cruciferous vegetables"
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"normalized": []
}
] | [] | [
{
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224,
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{
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{
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"ref_id": "22012859_T5"
},
{
"role": "Cause4",
"ref_id": "22012859_T6"
}
]
}
] | [] |
19627211 | Rice bran, the outer bran and germ of the kernel and a by-product of rice milling, is rich in phytonutrients but has been underutilized because of lipid content instability. New methods for the processing of rice bran have yielded a stabilized form that is increasingly used in foods and dietary supplements. Recent studies have documented a role for stabilized rice bran (SRB) in treating diabetes and arthritis, although little is known of the bioactive compounds that impart these health benefits. Here we characterize the chemical composition of three extracts of SRB and identify the functional bioactives contributing to the inhibitory properties against three key pro-inflammatory enzymes (cyclooxygenase [COX] 1, COX2, and 5-lipoxygenase [5-LOX]) that control the inflammatory cascade involved in impaired joint health, pain, and arthritis. One extract (SRB-AI) demonstrated significant COX1 and COX2 inhibitory activities with 50% inhibitory concentration (IC(50)) values for COX1 and COX2 of 305 and 29 microg/mL, respectively, but no 5-LOX inhibition. The second extract (SRB-AII) inhibited COX1, COX2, and 5-LOX with IC(50) values of 310, 19, and 396 microg/mL, respectively. The third extract (SRB-AIII), a blend of SRB-AI and SRB-AIII, inhibited COX1, COX2, and 5-LOX with respective IC(50) values of 48, 11, and 197 microg/mL. Analysis of the extracts by direct analysis in real time time of flight-mass spectrometry revealed that SRB-AI, SRB-AII, and SRB-AIII contain over 620, 770, and 810 compounds, respectively. Of these, 17 were identified as key bioactives for COX and/or LOX inhibition. These SRB extracts have applications for functional foods and dietary supplements for control of inflammation and joint health. | [
{
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390,
398
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403,
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24957864 | Cannabis is the most commonly used illicit drug worldwide. With debate surrounding the legalization and control of use, investigating its health risks has become a pressing area of research. One established association is that between cannabis use and schizophrenia, a debilitating psychiatric disorder affecting ~1% of the population over their lifetime. Although considerable evidence implicates cannabis use as a component cause of schizophrenia, it remains unclear whether this is entirely due to cannabis directly raising risk of psychosis, or whether the same genes that increases psychosis risk may also increase risk of cannabis use. In a sample of 2082 healthy individuals, we show an association between an individual's burden of schizophrenia risk alleles and use of cannabis. This was significant both for comparing those who have ever versus never used cannabis (P=2.6 * 10(-)(4)), and for quantity of use within users (P=3.0 * 10(-3)). Although directly predicting only a small amount of the variance in cannabis use, these findings suggest that part of the association between schizophrenia and cannabis is due to a shared genetic aetiology. This form of gene-environment correlation is an important consideration when calculating the impact of environmental risk factors, including cannabis use.Molecular Psychiatry advance online publication, 24 June 2014; doi:10.1038/mp.2014.51. | [
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1441496 | Caffeine is a methylxanthine whose primary biologic effect is antagonism of the adenosine receptor. Its presence in coffee, tea, soda beverages, chocolate, and many prescription and over-the-counter drugs makes it the most commonly consumed stimulant drug. Initially caffeine increases blood pressure, plasma catecholamine levels, plasma renin activity, serum free fatty acid levels, urine production, and gastric acid secretion. Its long-term effects have been more difficult to substantiate. Most of the caffeine consumed in the United States is in coffee, which contains many other chemicals that may have other biologic actions. The consumption of coffee is a self-reinforcing behavior, and caffeine dependence and addiction are common. Coffee and caffeine intake have been linked to many illnesses, but definitive correlations have been difficult to substantiate. Initial trials showing coffee's association with coronary disease and myocardial infarction have been difficult to reproduce and have many confounding variables. Recent studies showing a larger effect over long follow-up periods and with heavy coffee consumption have again brought the question of the role of coffee in disease states to the fore. Caffeine in average dosages does not seem to increase the risk of arrhythmia. At present there is no convincing evidence that caffeine or coffee consumption increases the risk for any solid tumor. The intake of coffee and caffeine has clearly been decreasing in this country over the past two decades, largely brought about by the increasing health consciousness of Americans. Although there have been many studies that hint that the fears of increased disease with coffee drinking may be warranted, many questions have yet to be answered about the health effects of coffee and caffeine use. | [
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3390851 | Oral cancer is a major health problem in India, afflicting nearly one-third of the total cancer population. The main etiologic factor is the traditional habit of tobacco chewing. Approximately 90% of Indian oral cancers are tobacco related, the possibility of developing the lesion being ten times higher if the habit is formed below the age of 14 years. Public awareness about tobacco-related oral cancer is low at present, and new approaches to this problem should include education in the schools on oral cancer, formulation of legislative action to ban the sale of tobacco near schools and colleges, and imposition of societal "barriers" that would make the nonchewing of tobacco socially more acceptable than chewing it. The combined effect would be an increased public awareness against tobacco. In addition, early detection programs within the framework of the present-day system of health delivery will prove more cost effective in the long run. | [
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9060235 | In a tribal village in Kerala, India, local volunteers were trained to work in a programme for the primary prevention of tobacco-related cancers and the secondary prevention of common cancers. They gathered data on the use of tobacco and alcohol in a population of some 19,000 people, and identified one or more warning signals of cancer in 430 persons, who were subsequently examined by physicians. Confirmation was obtained of 10 new cancers, 7 recurrent cancers, 46 oral precancerous conditions, and 58 precancers at other sites. The community's awareness of cancer problems increased and the people learnt about the importance of self-examination in the detection of breast cancer and oral cancer. | [
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22257133 | BACKGROUND: Patients with bipolar disorder (BD) are at higher risk of tobacco-related harm compared with general population. However, they may not fully appreciate health risks even when asymptomatic. AIM: The study aims to explore the perceived health risks, attitude and readiness to quit tobacco among euthymic BD patients. METHOD: The adult male outpatients with Diagnostic and Statistical Manual, 4th edition diagnosis of BD type I and nicotine dependence were selected if they were euthymic and in regular psychiatric follow-up (n = 50). They were assessed using Fagerstrom scale for nicotine dependence, transtheoretical model and a semi-structured questionnaire. RESULTS: The sample was unaware of the full spectrum of tobacco health risks and most of patients could report only one or two tobacco-related diseases. Though the majority correctly recalled the pack health warning, but felt that it should not be taken seriously. The sample perceived its own cancer risk to be lower than that of an average user of similar age. The non-readiness to change tobacco use was predicted by difficulty in quitting due to mood disorder (odds ratio (OR) 0.229) and a higher perceived ability to quit (OR 0.328). CONCLUSION: The knowledge and risk perception for tobacco remains inadequate even among the stable BD type I patients in regular contact with mental health services. | [
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"type": "Disease",
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[
427,
460
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"text": [
"BD type I and nicotine dependence"
],
"normalized": []
},
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594,
613
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969,
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1125,
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1313,
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70,
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"tobacco"
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291,
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"tobacco"
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[
1264,
1271
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],
"text": [
"tobacco"
],
"normalized": []
}
] | [] | [
{
"id": "22257133_E1",
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"risk"
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62,
66
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"arguments": [
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"role": "Cause",
"ref_id": "22257133_T10"
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{
"role": "Theme",
"ref_id": "22257133_T1"
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] | [
{
"id": "22257133_1",
"entity_ids": [
"22257133_T2",
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}
] |
19556852 | Many naturally occurring phytochemicals have shown cancer chemopreventive potential in a variety of bioassay systems. One such naturally occurring biologically active compound is tea Camellia sinensis, which is the most consumed beverage in the world after water. The most abundant and active constituents of tea are polyphenols (epigallocatechin gallate and theaflavins). In the present study, cancer chemopreventive properties of both black tea polyphenols (BTP) and green tea polyphenols (GTP) on 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA) induced mouse skin carcinogenesis were studied. BTP and GTP treatment showed delay in onset of tumorigenesis, reduction in cumulative number of tumors and increased tumor free survival. Both BTP and GTP were found to modulate the expression of proteins involved in apoptotic pathway. Tea polyphenols treatment along with DMBA exposure resulted in upregulation of p53, and proapoptotic protein Bax, whereas enhanced expression of antiapoptotic proteins, Bcl-2 and survivin by DMBA were downregulated. Further, we showed that tea polyphenols supplementation resulted in release of cytochrome c, caspases activation, and increase in apoptotic protease activating factor and poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase cleavage as mechanism of apoptosis induction. The results also provide strong evidence that BTP is a better chemopreventive agent against skin tumorigenesis as compared to GTP at the tested dose levels. Thus, we can conclude that the polyphenolic constituents present in black tea and green tea induce mitochondrial pathway of apoptosis and hence can be used as a potential chemopreventive agents against skin cancer. | [
{
"id": "19556852_T1",
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"offsets": [
[
51,
57
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"text": [
"cancer"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "19556852_T2",
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"offsets": [
[
395,
401
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"text": [
"cancer"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "19556852_T3",
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"offsets": [
[
633,
646
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"text": [
"tumorigenesis"
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"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "19556852_T4",
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"offsets": [
[
682,
688
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"text": [
"tumors"
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"normalized": []
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{
"id": "19556852_T5",
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[
703,
708
]
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"text": [
"tumor"
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1381,
1394
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"text": [
"tumorigenesis"
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1643,
1654
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"text": [
"skin cancer"
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"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "19556852_T9",
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[
183,
200
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"Camellia sinensis"
],
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},
{
"id": "19556852_T11",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
437,
446
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"text": [
"black tea"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "19556852_T12",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
469,
478
]
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"text": [
"green tea"
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"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "19556852_T13",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
1509,
1518
]
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"text": [
"black tea"
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"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "19556852_T14",
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"offsets": [
[
1523,
1532
]
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"text": [
"green tea"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "19556852_T15",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
25,
39
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],
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"phytochemicals"
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"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "19556852_T8",
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"offsets": [
[
557,
571
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],
"text": [
"carcinogenesis"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "19556852_T17",
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"offsets": [
[
309,
312
]
],
"text": [
"tea"
],
"normalized": []
}
] | [] | [
{
"id": "19556852_E1",
"type": "Treatment_of_disease",
"trigger": {
"text": [
"shown"
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[
45,
50
]
]
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"ref_id": "19556852_T13"
},
{
"role": "Theme",
"ref_id": "19556852_T7"
}
]
}
] | [] |
8439494 | Recently published results of epidemiologic case-control studies in China and Italy on gastric carcinoma in relation to diet suggest that consuming garlic may reduce the risk of gastric cancer. Chemical constituents of garlic have been tested for their inhibiting effect on carcinogenesis, using in vitro and in vivo models. In most experiments inhibition of tumour growth was established using fresh garlic extract, garlic compounds or synthetically prepared analogs. In this review the strengths and weaknesses of the experiments are discussed and the outcomes are evaluated to assess the possible significance of garlic or garlic compounds for the prevention of cancer in humans. It is concluded that evidence from laboratory experiments and epidemiologic studies is presently not conclusive as to the preventive activity of garlic. However, the available evidence warrants further research into the possible role of garlic in the prevention of cancer in humans. | [
{
"id": "8439494_T1",
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"offsets": [
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87,
104
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"text": [
"gastric carcinoma"
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"normalized": []
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{
"id": "8439494_T2",
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"offsets": [
[
178,
192
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"text": [
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"normalized": []
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{
"id": "8439494_T3",
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"offsets": [
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359,
365
]
],
"text": [
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{
"id": "8439494_T4",
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665,
671
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"text": [
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948,
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148,
154
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219,
225
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},
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"offsets": [
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401,
407
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417,
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"offsets": [
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616,
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"garlic"
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"offsets": [
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626,
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"garlic"
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"id": "8439494_T18",
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"offsets": [
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828,
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"garlic"
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{
"id": "8439494_T20",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
920,
926
]
],
"text": [
"garlic"
],
"normalized": []
}
] | [] | [
{
"id": "8439494_E1",
"type": "Treatment_of_disease",
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"text": [
"reduce"
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"offsets": [
[
159,
165
]
]
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"role": "Theme",
"ref_id": "8439494_T2"
},
{
"role": "Cause",
"ref_id": "8439494_T7"
}
]
}
] | [] |
24697562 | BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Xerostomia is a subjective symptom of dryness in the mouth. Although a correlation between xerostomia and oral conditions in the elderly has been reported, there are few such studies in the young adults. The aim of this study was to examine the relationship of xerostomia with the gingival condition in university students. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A total of 2077 students (1202 male subjects and 875 female subjects), 18-24 years of age, were examined. The disease activity and severity of the gingival condition were assessed as the percentage of teeth with bleeding on probing (%BOP) and the presence of teeth with probing pocket depth of >= 4 mm, respectively. Additional information on xerostomia, oral health behaviors, coffee/tea intake and nasal congestion was collected via a questionnaire. Path analysis was used to test pathways from xerostomia to the gingival condition. RESULTS: One-hundred and eighty-three (8.8%) students responded that their mouths frequently or always felt dry. Xerostomia was related to %BOP and dental plaque formation, but was not related to the presence of probing pocket depth >= 4 mm. In the structural model, xerostomia was related to dental plaque formation (p < 0.01), and a lower level of dental plaque formation was associated with a lower %BOP. Xerostomia was associated with coffee/tea intake (p < 0.01) and nasal congestion (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Xerostomia was indirectly related to gingival disease activity through the accumulation of dental plaque. Nasal congestion and coffee/tea intake also affected xerostomia. These findings suggest that xerostomia should be considered in screening for gingivitis risk in young adults. | [
{
"id": "24697562_T1",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
26,
36
]
],
"text": [
"Xerostomia"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "24697562_T2",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
117,
127
]
],
"text": [
"xerostomia"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "24697562_T3",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
287,
297
]
],
"text": [
"xerostomia"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "24697562_T4",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
307,
325
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],
"text": [
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"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "24697562_T5",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
520,
538
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],
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"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "24697562_T6",
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"offsets": [
[
719,
729
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],
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"xerostomia"
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"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "24697562_T7",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
873,
909
]
],
"text": [
"xerostomia to the gingival condition"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "24697562_T8",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
1024,
1034
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"text": [
"Xerostomia"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "24697562_T9",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
1059,
1082
]
],
"text": [
"dental plaque formation"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "24697562_T10",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
1181,
1191
]
],
"text": [
"xerostomia"
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"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "24697562_T11",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
1207,
1230
]
],
"text": [
"dental plaque formation"
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"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "24697562_T12",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
1266,
1289
]
],
"text": [
"dental plaque formation"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "24697562_T13",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
1324,
1334
]
],
"text": [
"Xerostomia"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "24697562_T14",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
1434,
1444
]
],
"text": [
"Xerostomia"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "24697562_T15",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
1471,
1487
]
],
"text": [
"gingival disease"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "24697562_T16",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
1525,
1538
]
],
"text": [
"dental plaque"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "24697562_T17",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
1593,
1603
]
],
"text": [
"xerostomia"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "24697562_T18",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
1633,
1643
]
],
"text": [
"xerostomia"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "24697562_T19",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
1682,
1692
]
],
"text": [
"gingivitis"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "24697562_T21",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
754,
760
]
],
"text": [
"coffee"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "24697562_T22",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
1355,
1361
]
],
"text": [
"coffee"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "24697562_T24",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
1561,
1567
]
],
"text": [
"coffee"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "24697562_T23",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
1362,
1365
]
],
"text": [
"tea"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "24697562_T26",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
1568,
1571
]
],
"text": [
"tea"
],
"normalized": []
}
] | [] | [
{
"id": "24697562_E1",
"type": "Treatment_of_disease",
"trigger": {
"text": [
"associated"
],
"offsets": [
[
1339,
1349
]
]
},
"arguments": [
{
"role": "Cause",
"ref_id": "24697562_T22"
},
{
"role": "Cause2",
"ref_id": "24697562_T23"
},
{
"role": "Theme",
"ref_id": "24697562_T13"
}
]
},
{
"id": "24697562_E2",
"type": "Treatment_of_disease",
"trigger": {
"text": [
"affected"
],
"offsets": [
[
1584,
1592
]
]
},
"arguments": [
{
"role": "Theme",
"ref_id": "24697562_T17"
},
{
"role": "Cause",
"ref_id": "24697562_T24"
},
{
"role": "Cause2",
"ref_id": "24697562_T26"
}
]
}
] | [] |
21291361 | Hibiscus sabdariffa Linne is a traditional Chinese rose tea and has been effectively used in folk medicines for treatment of hypertension, inflammatory conditions. H. sabdariffa aqueous extracts (HSE) were prepared from the dried flowers of H. sabdariffa L., which are rich in phenolic acids, flavonoids and anthocyanins. In this review, we discuss the chemopreventive properties and possible mechanisms of various H. sabdariffa extracts. It has been demonstrated that HSE, H. sabdariffa polyphenol-rich extracts (HPE), H. sabdariffa anthocyanins (HAs), and H. sabdariffa protocatechuic acid (PCA) exert many biologic effects. PCA and HAs protected against oxidative damage induced by tert-butyl droperoxide (t-BHP) in rat primary hepatocytes. In rabbits fed cholesterol and human experimental studies, these studies imply HSE could be pursued as atherosclerosis chemopreventive agents as they inhibit LDL oxidation, foam cell formation, as well as smooth muscle cell migration and proliferation. The extracts also offer hepatoprotection by influencing the levels of lipid peroxidation products and liver marker enzymes in experimental hyperammonemia. PCA has also been shown to inhibit the carcinogenic action of various chemicals in different tissues of the rat. HAs and HPE were demonstrated to cause cancer cell apoptosis, especially in leukemia and gastric cancer. More recent studies investigated the protective effect of HSE and HPE in streptozotocin induced diabetic nephropathy. From all these studies, it is clear that various H. sabdariffa extracts exhibit activities against atherosclerosis, liver disease, cancer, diabetes and other metabolic syndromes. These results indicate that naturally occurring agents such as the bioactive compounds in H. sabdariffa could be developed as potent chemopreventive agents and natural healthy foods. | [
{
"id": "21291361_T1",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
125,
137
]
],
"text": [
"hypertension"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "21291361_T4",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
847,
862
]
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"text": [
"atherosclerosis"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "21291361_T5",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
1136,
1150
]
],
"text": [
"hyperammonemia"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "21291361_T7",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
1304,
1310
]
],
"text": [
"cancer"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "21291361_T8",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
1341,
1349
]
],
"text": [
"leukemia"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "21291361_T9",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
1354,
1368
]
],
"text": [
"gastric cancer"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "21291361_T10",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
1466,
1486
]
],
"text": [
"diabetic nephropathy"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "21291361_T11",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
1587,
1602
]
],
"text": [
"atherosclerosis"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "21291361_T12",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
1604,
1617
]
],
"text": [
"liver disease"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "21291361_T13",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
1619,
1625
]
],
"text": [
"cancer"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "21291361_T15",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
0,
25
]
],
"text": [
"Hibiscus sabdariffa Linne"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "21291361_T16",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
43,
59
]
],
"text": [
"Chinese rose tea"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "21291361_T17",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
139,
162
]
],
"text": [
"inflammatory conditions"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "21291361_T19",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
230,
237
]
],
"text": [
"flowers"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "21291361_T20",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
241,
257
]
],
"text": [
"H. sabdariffa L."
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "21291361_T21",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
415,
437
]
],
"text": [
"H. sabdariffa extracts"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "21291361_T22",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
469,
472
]
],
"text": [
"HSE"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "21291361_T23",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
474,
518
]
],
"text": [
"H. sabdariffa polyphenol-rich extracts (HPE)"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "21291361_T2",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
657,
673
]
],
"text": [
"oxidative damage"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "21291361_T3",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
520,
552
]
],
"text": [
"H. sabdariffa anthocyanins (HAs)"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "21291361_T25",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
627,
630
]
],
"text": [
"PCA"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "21291361_T26",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
635,
638
]
],
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"HAs"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "21291361_T28",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
823,
826
]
],
"text": [
"HSE"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "21291361_T6",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
1152,
1155
]
],
"text": [
"PCA"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "21291361_T29",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
1265,
1268
]
],
"text": [
"HAs"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "21291361_T30",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
1273,
1276
]
],
"text": [
"HPE"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "21291361_T31",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
1428,
1431
]
],
"text": [
"HSE"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "21291361_T32",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
1436,
1439
]
],
"text": [
"HPE"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "21291361_T34",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
1537,
1559
]
],
"text": [
"H. sabdariffa extracts"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "21291361_T14",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
1627,
1635
]
],
"text": [
"diabetes"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "21291361_T36",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
1646,
1665
]
],
"text": [
"metabolic syndromes"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "21291361_T37",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
1757,
1770
]
],
"text": [
"H. sabdariffa"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "21291361_T38",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
164,
177
]
],
"text": [
"H. sabdariffa"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "21291361_T18",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
196,
199
]
],
"text": [
"HSE"
],
"normalized": []
}
] | [] | [
{
"id": "21291361_E1",
"type": "Treatment_of_disease",
"trigger": {
"text": [
"protected"
],
"offsets": [
[
639,
648
]
]
},
"arguments": [
{
"role": "Theme",
"ref_id": "21291361_T2"
},
{
"role": "Cause",
"ref_id": "21291361_T26"
}
]
},
{
"id": "21291361_E2",
"type": "Treatment_of_disease",
"trigger": {
"text": [
"effect"
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[
1418,
1424
]
]
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{
"role": "Cause",
"ref_id": "21291361_T31"
},
{
"role": "Cause2",
"ref_id": "21291361_T32"
},
{
"role": "Theme",
"ref_id": "21291361_T10"
}
]
},
{
"id": "21291361_E3",
"type": "Treatment_of_disease",
"trigger": {
"text": [
"exhibit"
],
"offsets": [
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1567
]
]
},
"arguments": [
{
"role": "Cause",
"ref_id": "21291361_T34"
},
{
"role": "Theme",
"ref_id": "21291361_T11"
},
{
"role": "Theme2",
"ref_id": "21291361_T12"
},
{
"role": "Theme3",
"ref_id": "21291361_T13"
},
{
"role": "Theme4",
"ref_id": "21291361_T14"
},
{
"role": "Theme5",
"ref_id": "21291361_T36"
}
]
}
] | [] |
10500021 | BACKGROUND: Dietary antioxidants, including carotenoids, are hypothesized to decrease the risk of age-related cataracts by preventing oxidation of proteins or lipids within the lens. However, prospective epidemiologic data concerning this phenomenon are limited. OBJECTIVE: Our objective was to examine prospectively the association between carotenoid and vitamin A intakes and cataract extraction in men. DESIGN: US male health professionals (n = 36644) who were 45-75 y of age in 1986 were included in this prospective cohort study. Others were subsequently included as they became 45 y of age. A detailed dietary questionnaire was used to assess intake of carotenoids and other nutrients. During 8 y of follow-up, 840 cases of senile cataract extraction were documented. RESULTS: We observed a modestly lower risk of cataract extraction in men with higher intakes of lutein and zeaxanthin but not of other carotenoids (alpha-carotene, beta-carotene, lycopene, and beta-cryptoxanthin) or vitamin A after other potential risk factors, including age and smoking, were controlled for. Men in the highest fifth of lutein and zeaxanthin intake had a 19% lower risk of cataract relative to men in the lowest fifth (relative risk: 0.81; 95% CI: 0.65, 1.01; P for trend = 0.03). Among specific foods high in carotenoids, broccoli and spinach were most consistently associated with a lower risk of cataract. CONCLUSIONS: Lutein and zeaxanthin may decrease the risk of cataracts severe enough to require extraction, although this relation appears modest in magnitude. The present findings add support for recommendations to consume vegetables and fruit high in carotenoids daily. | [
{
"id": "10500021_T1",
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"offsets": [
[
110,
119
]
],
"text": [
"cataracts"
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},
{
"id": "10500021_T2",
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"offsets": [
[
378,
386
]
],
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},
{
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730,
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],
"text": [
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},
{
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820,
828
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],
"text": [
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"offsets": [
[
1165,
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"text": [
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"normalized": []
},
{
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"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
1391,
1399
]
],
"text": [
"cataract"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "10500021_T7",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
1461,
1470
]
],
"text": [
"cataracts"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "10500021_T9",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
1315,
1323
]
],
"text": [
"broccoli"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "10500021_T10",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
1328,
1335
]
],
"text": [
"spinach"
],
"normalized": []
}
] | [] | [
{
"id": "10500021_E1",
"type": "Treatment_of_disease",
"trigger": {
"text": [
"associated with"
],
"offsets": [
[
1359,
1374
]
]
},
"arguments": [
{
"role": "Theme",
"ref_id": "10500021_T6"
},
{
"role": "Cause",
"ref_id": "10500021_T10"
},
{
"role": "Cause2",
"ref_id": "10500021_T9"
}
]
}
] | [] |
12151348 | Tea is one of the most popular beverages consumed in the world. Curcumin, the major yellow pigment in turmeric, is used widely as a spice and food-coloring agent. In this study, we studied the effects of tea and curcumin on 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA)-induced oral carcinogenesis in hamsters. DMBA solution (0.5% in mineral oil, 0.1 ml) was applied topically to the left cheek pouch of male Syrian golden hamsters 3 times/week for 6 weeks. Two days after the last treatment of DMBA, the animals received green tea (6 mg tea solids/ml) as drinking fluid, or 10 mmol curcumin applied topically 3 times/week, or the combination of green tea and curcumin treatment, or no treatment for 18 weeks. The combination of tea and curcumin significantly decreased the oral visible tumor incidence from 92.3% (24/26) to 69.2% (18/26) and the squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) incidence from 76.9% (20/26) to 42.3% (11/26). The combination of tea and curcumin also decreased the number of visible tumors and the tumor volume by 52.4 and 69.8%, as well as the numbers of SCC, dysplasic lesions and papillomas by 62.0, 37.5 and 48.7%, respectively. Green tea or curcumin treatment decreased the number of visible tumors by 35.1 or 39.6%, the tumor volume by 41.6 or 61.3% and the number of SCC by 53.3 or 51.3%, respectively. Green tea also decreased the number of dysplasic lesions. Curcumin also significantly decreased the SCC incidence. Tea and curcumin, singly or in combination, decreased the proliferation index in hyperplasia, dysplasia and papillomas. Only the combination treatment decreased the proliferation index in SCC. Tea alone and in combination with curcumin significantly increased the apoptotic index in dysplasia and SCC. Curcumin, alone and in combination with tea, significantly inhibited the angiogenesis in papilloma and SCC. The results suggested that green tea and curcumin had inhibitory effects against oral carcinogenesis at the post-initiation stage and such inhibition may be related to the suppression of cell proliferation, induction of apoptosis and inhibition of angiogenesis. | [
{
"id": "12151348_T1",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
779,
784
]
],
"text": [
"tumor"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "12151348_T4",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
1004,
1009
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"text": [
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"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "12151348_T6",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
1089,
1099
]
],
"text": [
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],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "12151348_T8",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
1232,
1237
]
],
"text": [
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"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "12151348_T9",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
1355,
1372
]
],
"text": [
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],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "12151348_T11",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
1539,
1549
]
],
"text": [
"papillomas"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "12151348_T12",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
1714,
1723
]
],
"text": [
"dysplasia"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "12151348_T13",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
1822,
1831
]
],
"text": [
"papilloma"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "12151348_T14",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
102,
110
]
],
"text": [
"turmeric"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "12151348_T15",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
514,
523
]
],
"text": [
"green tea"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "12151348_T16",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
638,
647
]
],
"text": [
"green tea"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "12151348_T17",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
1139,
1148
]
],
"text": [
"Green tea"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "12151348_T18",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
1316,
1325
]
],
"text": [
"Green tea"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "12151348_T19",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
1868,
1877
]
],
"text": [
"green tea"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "12151348_T20",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
275,
289
]
],
"text": [
"carcinogenesis"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "12151348_T21",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
839,
867
]
],
"text": [
"squamous cell carcinoma (SCC"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "12151348_T2",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
1062,
1065
]
],
"text": [
"SCC"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "12151348_T5",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
1067,
1084
]
],
"text": [
"dysplasic lesions"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "12151348_T22",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
1203,
1209
]
],
"text": [
"tumors"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "12151348_T24",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
1416,
1419
]
],
"text": [
"SCC"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "12151348_T10",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
1512,
1523
]
],
"text": [
"hyperplasia"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "12151348_T25",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
1525,
1534
]
],
"text": [
"dysplasia"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "12151348_T26",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
1619,
1622
]
],
"text": [
"SCC"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "12151348_T27",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
1728,
1731
]
],
"text": [
"SCC"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "12151348_T28",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
1836,
1839
]
],
"text": [
"SCC"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "12151348_T29",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
1922,
1941
]
],
"text": [
"oral carcinogenesis"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "12151348_T31",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
721,
724
]
],
"text": [
"tea"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "12151348_T32",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
0,
3
]
],
"text": [
"Tea"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "12151348_T33",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
204,
207
]
],
"text": [
"tea"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "12151348_T34",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
935,
938
]
],
"text": [
"tea"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "12151348_T35",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
1431,
1434
]
],
"text": [
"Tea"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "12151348_T36",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
1624,
1627
]
],
"text": [
"Tea"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "12151348_T37",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
1773,
1776
]
],
"text": [
"tea"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "12151348_T39",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
530,
533
]
],
"text": [
"tea"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "12151348_T3",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
989,
995
]
],
"text": [
"tumors"
],
"normalized": []
}
] | [] | [
{
"id": "12151348_E1",
"type": "Treatment_of_disease",
"trigger": {
"text": [
"decreased"
],
"offsets": [
[
1171,
1180
]
]
},
"arguments": [
{
"role": "Cause",
"ref_id": "12151348_T17"
},
{
"role": "Theme",
"ref_id": "12151348_T22"
}
]
},
{
"id": "12151348_E2",
"type": "Treatment_of_disease",
"trigger": {
"text": [
"decreased"
],
"offsets": [
[
1331,
1340
]
]
},
"arguments": [
{
"role": "Cause",
"ref_id": "12151348_T18"
},
{
"role": "Theme",
"ref_id": "12151348_T9"
}
]
},
{
"id": "12151348_E3",
"type": "Treatment_of_disease",
"trigger": {
"text": [
"effects"
],
"offsets": [
[
1906,
1913
]
]
},
"arguments": [
{
"role": "Cause",
"ref_id": "12151348_T19"
},
{
"role": "Theme",
"ref_id": "12151348_T29"
}
]
},
{
"id": "12151348_E4",
"type": "Treatment_of_disease",
"trigger": {
"text": [
"decreased"
],
"offsets": [
[
957,
966
]
]
},
"arguments": [
{
"role": "Theme",
"ref_id": "12151348_T3"
},
{
"role": "Theme2",
"ref_id": "12151348_T4"
},
{
"role": "Cause",
"ref_id": "12151348_T34"
},
{
"role": "Theme3",
"ref_id": "12151348_T2"
},
{
"role": "Theme4",
"ref_id": "12151348_T5"
},
{
"role": "Theme5",
"ref_id": "12151348_T6"
}
]
},
{
"id": "12151348_E5",
"type": "Treatment_of_disease",
"trigger": {
"text": [
"inhibited"
],
"offsets": [
[
1792,
1801
]
]
},
"arguments": [
{
"role": "Theme",
"ref_id": "12151348_T13"
},
{
"role": "Theme2",
"ref_id": "12151348_T28"
},
{
"role": "Cause",
"ref_id": "12151348_T37"
}
]
}
] | [] |
12209964 | Cigarette smoking is associated with increased risk of stomach cancer in many studies but there are limited data on this relationship in women and on risk associated with use of tobacco products other than cigarettes. We examined stomach cancer death rates in relation to cigarette smoking in women and use of cigarette, cigar, pipe, or smokeless tobacco in men in a nationwide prospective mortality study in the United States (US). Cohort follow-up from 1982-96 identified 996 and 509 stomach cancer deaths among 467,788 men and 588,053 women, respectively. Cox proportional hazards models were fitted to estimate rate ratios (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) using non-users of tobacco as the referent group. Multivariate-adjusted RRs were the highest for men who currently smoked cigars (RR = 2.29, 95% CI = 1.49-3.51) or cigarettes (RR = 2.16, 95% CI = 1.75-2.67) and both increased with smoking duration. Women who currently (RR = 1.49, 95% CI = 1.18-1.88) or formerly (RR = 1.36, 95% CI = 1.08-1.71) smoked cigarettes were at significantly increased risk, as were men who formerly smoked cigarettes (RR = 1.55, 95% CI = 1.28-1.88), or currently (RR = 1.81, 95% CI = 1.40-2.35) or formerly (RR: 1.57, 95% CI = 1.22-2.03) used more than one type of tobacco. Men who reported a history of chronic indigestion or gastroduodenal ulcer had substantially higher mortality rates associated with current cigarette (RR = 3.45, 95% CI = 2.05-5.80) or cigar (RR = 8.93, 95% CI = 4.02-19.90) smoking, as did men who were current aspirin users. If causal, the estimated proportion of stomach cancer deaths attributable to tobacco use would be 28% in US men and 14% in women. We conclude that prolonged use of tobacco products is associated with increased stomach cancer mortality in men and women. The accumulated evidence from this and other studies support reconsidering stomach cancer as a tobacco-related cancer. | [
{
"id": "12209964_T1",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
55,
69
]
],
"text": [
"stomach cancer"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "12209964_T2",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
230,
244
]
],
"text": [
"stomach cancer"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "12209964_T3",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
486,
500
]
],
"text": [
"stomach cancer"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "12209964_T4",
"type": "Disease",
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[
1320,
1340
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],
"text": [
"gastroduodenal ulcer"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "12209964_T5",
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"offsets": [
[
1581,
1595
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],
"text": [
"stomach cancer"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "12209964_T6",
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"offsets": [
[
1742,
1766
]
],
"text": [
"increased stomach cancer"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "12209964_T7",
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[
1870,
1884
]
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"text": [
"stomach cancer"
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"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "12209964_T8",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
1906,
1912
]
],
"text": [
"cancer"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "12209964_T9",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
178,
185
]
],
"text": [
"tobacco"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "12209964_T10",
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[
347,
354
]
],
"text": [
"tobacco"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "12209964_T11",
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"offsets": [
[
685,
692
]
],
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"tobacco"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "12209964_T12",
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[
1258,
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"tobacco"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "12209964_T13",
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[
1619,
1626
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],
"text": [
"tobacco"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "12209964_T14",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
1706,
1713
]
],
"text": [
"tobacco"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "12209964_T15",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
1890,
1897
]
],
"text": [
"tobacco"
],
"normalized": []
}
] | [] | [
{
"id": "12209964_E1",
"type": "Cause_of_disease",
"trigger": {
"text": [
"associated"
],
"offsets": [
[
1726,
1736
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]
},
"arguments": [
{
"role": "Theme",
"ref_id": "12209964_T6"
},
{
"role": "Cause",
"ref_id": "12209964_T14"
}
]
},
{
"id": "12209964_E2",
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"trigger": {
"text": [
"related"
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"offsets": [
[
1898,
1905
]
]
},
"arguments": [
{
"role": "Theme",
"ref_id": "12209964_T8"
},
{
"role": "Cause",
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]
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{
"id": "12209964_E3",
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"text": [
"attributable"
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"offsets": [
[
1603,
1615
]
]
},
"arguments": [
{
"role": "Cause",
"ref_id": "12209964_T13"
},
{
"role": "Theme",
"ref_id": "12209964_T5"
}
]
},
{
"id": "12209964_E4",
"type": "Unknown",
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"text": [
"relation"
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[
260,
268
]
]
},
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{
"role": "Cause",
"ref_id": "12209964_T10"
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"role": "Theme",
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}
]
},
{
"id": "12209964_E5",
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"risk"
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150,
154
]
]
},
"arguments": [
{
"role": "Cause",
"ref_id": "12209964_T9"
},
{
"role": "Theme",
"ref_id": "12209964_T1"
}
]
}
] | [] |
10943000 | The efficiency of some polysaccharides was investigated in mice with an experimental toxic hepatitis. Hepatitis was induced by the oral administration of 10% solution CCl4 in olive oil at a dosage of 3 ml/kg body weight every day during 7 days. After that tested substances were administrated every day 30-40 min before a feeding at a dosage of 150 mg/kg body weight during 14-21 days. Results showed that a calcium alginate, two low-methoxyl pectins (one with the degree of esterification about 50% and other with the degree of esterification less 5%), fucoidan, and chitozan, but not lambda-carrageenan and kappa-carrageenan, have beneficial affects on liver total lipid, glycogen, malondialdehyde, and diene conjugates as well as on blood total lipid and alanine aminotransferase activity in animals with experimental toxic hepatitis. | [
{
"id": "10943000_T2",
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[
102,
111
]
],
"text": [
"Hepatitis"
],
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},
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175,
180
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"olive"
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85,
100
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"toxic hepatitis"
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},
{
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"offsets": [
[
821,
836
]
],
"text": [
"toxic hepatitis"
],
"normalized": []
}
] | [] | [] | [] |
21197427 | Cerebral ischemia is known to produce brain damage and related behavioral deficits including memory. Recently, accumulating lines of evidence showed that dietary enrichment with nutritional antioxidants could reduce brain damage and improve cognitive function. In this study, possible protective effect of Zingiber officinale, a medicinal plant reputed for neuroprotective effect against oxidative stress-related brain damage, on brain damage and memory deficit induced by focal cerebral ischemia was elucidated. Male adult Wistar rats were administrated an alcoholic extract of ginger rhizome orally 14 days before and 21 days after the permanent occlusion of right middle cerebral artery (MCAO). Cognitive function assessment was performed at 7, 14, and 21 days after MCAO using the Morris water maze test. The brain infarct volume and density of neurons in hippocampus were also determined. Furthermore, the level of malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) in cerebral cortex, striatum, and hippocampus was also quantified at the end of experiment. The results showed that cognitive function and neurons density in hippocampus of rats receiving ginger rhizome extract were improved while the brain infarct volume was decreased. The cognitive enhancing effect and neuroprotective effect occurred partly via the antioxidant activity of the extract. In conclusion, our study demonstrated the beneficial effect of ginger rhizome to protect against focal cerebral ischemia. | [
{
"id": "21197427_T1",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
0,
17
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"text": [
"Cerebral ischemia"
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},
{
"id": "21197427_T2",
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[
38,
50
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"text": [
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},
{
"id": "21197427_T3",
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216,
228
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],
"text": [
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},
{
"id": "21197427_T4",
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413,
425
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430,
442
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},
{
"id": "21197427_T6",
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[
447,
461
]
],
"text": [
"memory deficit"
],
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},
{
"id": "21197427_T7",
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[
479,
496
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],
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"cerebral ischemia"
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},
{
"id": "21197427_T8",
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1516,
1533
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"text": [
"cerebral ischemia"
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},
{
"id": "21197427_T10",
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306,
325
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"text": [
"Zingiber officinale"
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"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "21197427_T12",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
579,
585
]
],
"text": [
"ginger"
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"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "21197427_T13",
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"offsets": [
[
860,
871
]
],
"text": [
"hippocampus"
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"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "21197427_T14",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
1057,
1068
]
],
"text": [
"hippocampus"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "21197427_T15",
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[
1181,
1192
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],
"text": [
"hippocampus"
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"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "21197427_T16",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
1211,
1217
]
],
"text": [
"ginger"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "21197427_T17",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
1476,
1482
]
],
"text": [
"ginger"
],
"normalized": []
}
] | [] | [
{
"id": "21197427_E1",
"type": "Treatment_of_disease",
"trigger": {
"text": [
"protect"
],
"offsets": [
[
1494,
1501
]
]
},
"arguments": [
{
"role": "Theme",
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},
{
"role": "Cause",
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}
]
},
{
"id": "21197427_E2",
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357,
379
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]
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},
{
"role": "Theme2",
"ref_id": "21197427_T5"
},
{
"role": "Theme3",
"ref_id": "21197427_T6"
},
{
"role": "Theme4",
"ref_id": "21197427_T7"
}
]
}
] | [] |
9536163 | OBJECTIVE: To study the mortality of women in an occupation known to have a high mortality among men. METHODS: A total of 6788 female seafarers of all job categories who had been employed on Danish merchant ships, passenger ships, and privately owned ferries between 1986 and 1993, were followed up until the end of 1993. RESULTS: Standardised mortality ratio (SMR) was 1.20 (95% confidence interval (95% CI) 0.89 to 1.58) for all causes of death and job categories together. For women in traditionally male jobs, SMR was 2.82 (1.41-5.05), whereas galley and catering staff had SMRs close to the general female population. The high mortality among women in traditional male jobs could be explained by a high risk of fatal accidents including occupational accidents. In the whole cohort, there were fewer deaths from natural causes than expected but an excess risk of death due to lung cancer, heart diseases, and non-natural deaths. CONCLUSION: The increased mortality could primarily be explained by an excess risk of fatal accidents and suicide. Especially, female seafarers entering traditional male jobs had a high risk of fatal accidents, not only at sea but also ashore. An excess risk of dying of lung cancer and heart diseases probably reflects a high tobacco consumption. Female seafarers are probably influenced by their occupation towards hazardous behaviour and a high risk lifestyle but people with a high risk lifestyle may also be attracted by or forced into high risk jobs such as traditional male jobs at sea. | [
{
"id": "9536163_T1",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
880,
891
]
],
"text": [
"lung cancer"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "9536163_T2",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
893,
907
]
],
"text": [
"heart diseases"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "9536163_T3",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
913,
931
]
],
"text": [
"non-natural deaths"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "9536163_T4",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
1195,
1215
]
],
"text": [
"dying of lung cancer"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "9536163_T5",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
1220,
1234
]
],
"text": [
"heart diseases"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "9536163_T6",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
1260,
1267
]
],
"text": [
"tobacco"
],
"normalized": []
}
] | [] | [
{
"id": "9536163_E1",
"type": "Cause_of_disease",
"trigger": {
"text": [
"risk"
],
"offsets": [
[
1187,
1191
]
]
},
"arguments": [
{
"role": "Theme",
"ref_id": "9536163_T4"
},
{
"role": "Theme2",
"ref_id": "9536163_T5"
},
{
"role": "Cause",
"ref_id": "9536163_T6"
}
]
}
] | [] |
15671634 | Ginkgo biloba, an extract of the ginkgo tree, may prevent or lessen symptoms of acute mountain sickness in humans. The mechanism of this effect is poorly understood. One hypothesis is that ginkgo alters nitric oxide (NO) metabolism, possibly by scavenging NO or altering nitric oxide synthase expression and thereby lessening the vasodilatory effects of NO. To date, an effect of Ginkgo biloba on NO metabolism has not been demonstrated in humans. We measured exhaled nasal NO output in humans (n = 9) during normoxia and then during acute normobaric hypoxia (goal oxyhemoglobin saturation 75% to 85%) before and after administration of a standardized extract of Ginkgo biloba (120 mg twice daily for 5 days). Oxygen saturation, heart rate, and minute ventilation were similar before and after Ginkgo biloba administration. Exhaled nasal NO output was increased during normoxia following ginkgo (p < 0.02) and reduced during normobaric hypoxia both before (p < 0.02) and following (p < 0.003) ginkgo. Exhaled nasal NO output during normobaric hypoxia was lowest following ginkgo (p < 0.003). We conclude that Ginkgo biloba increases exhaled nasal NO output during normoxia and enhances reduced exhaled nasal NO output during normobaric hypoxia. Our results suggest that Ginkgo biloba may act to reduce AMS through an effect on NO metabolism. | [
{
"id": "15671634_T1",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
80,
103
]
],
"text": [
"acute mountain sickness"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "15671634_T2",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
540,
558
]
],
"text": [
"normobaric hypoxia"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
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"offsets": [
[
925,
943
]
],
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"normobaric hypoxia"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
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"offsets": [
[
1032,
1050
]
],
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"normobaric hypoxia"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "15671634_T5",
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"offsets": [
[
1225,
1243
]
],
"text": [
"normobaric hypoxia"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "15671634_T9",
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"offsets": [
[
0,
13
]
],
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],
"normalized": []
},
{
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"offsets": [
[
33,
39
]
],
"text": [
"ginkgo"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "15671634_T13",
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"offsets": [
[
189,
195
]
],
"text": [
"ginkgo"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "15671634_T16",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
380,
393
]
],
"text": [
"Ginkgo biloba"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "15671634_T21",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
663,
676
]
],
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"Ginkgo biloba"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "15671634_T24",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
794,
807
]
],
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"Ginkgo biloba"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "15671634_T26",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
888,
894
]
],
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"ginkgo"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "15671634_T29",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
993,
999
]
],
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"ginkgo"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "15671634_T30",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
1072,
1078
]
],
"text": [
"ginkgo"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "15671634_T35",
"type": "Plant",
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[
1109,
1122
]
],
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"Ginkgo biloba"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "15671634_T38",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
1270,
1283
]
],
"text": [
"Ginkgo biloba"
],
"normalized": []
}
] | [] | [
{
"id": "15671634_E1",
"type": "Treatment_of_disease",
"trigger": {
"text": [
"prevent"
],
"offsets": [
[
50,
57
]
]
},
"arguments": [
{
"role": "Cause",
"ref_id": "15671634_T11"
},
{
"role": "Theme",
"ref_id": "15671634_T1"
},
{
"role": "Cause2",
"ref_id": "15671634_T9"
}
]
},
{
"id": "15671634_E2",
"type": "Treatment_of_disease",
"trigger": {
"text": [
"reduced"
],
"offsets": [
[
910,
917
]
]
},
"arguments": [
{
"role": "Theme",
"ref_id": "15671634_T3"
},
{
"role": "Cause",
"ref_id": "15671634_T26"
}
]
}
] | [] |
17415096 | Oral squamous cell carcinoma, the fifth most common cancer worldwide, is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in India. The effect of lifestyle factors, including tobacco chewing, smoking and alcohol drinking, diet and dental care, on the risk of oral cancer was investigated in a case-control study conducted in Rajah Muthiah Dental College and Hospital, Annamalainagar, Annamalai University, Chidambaram, Tamil Nadu, India during the period 1991-2003. The study included 388 oral squamous cell carcinoma cases and an equal number (388) of age and sex-matched controls. All participants were interviewed using a structured questionnaire that contained data on demographic factors, family history of cancer, tobacco habits, use of alcohol, frequency, duration, cessation of these habits, dietary practices and oral hygiene. The data were analysed using multiple logistic regression model. Among people with chewing habits, those who chewed betel quid with tobacco [odds ratio (OR) 3.19, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.48-2.13] and tobacco alone (OR 2.89) showed a greater risk than controls. Bidi smoking (OR 4.63) and alcohol drinking (OR 1.65) emerged as significant risk factors for oral cancer. These three habits showed increasing risk with increasing frequency and increase in duration of habits. Addition of alcohol to other habits also enhanced the risk for oral cancer. The combination of chewing and smoking together with alcohol drinking showed very high relative risk (OR 11.34). A positive association was observed between non-vegetarian diet, poor oral hygiene and poor dentition with the risk of oral squamous cell carcinoma. The fact that these risk factors are modifiable emphasizes the need for increasing awareness among the general public and policy makers as a first step in the prevention and control of oral squamous cell carcinoma. | [
{
"id": "17415096_T1",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
0,
28
]
],
"text": [
"Oral squamous cell carcinoma"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "17415096_T2",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
52,
58
]
],
"text": [
"cancer"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "17415096_T3",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
251,
262
]
],
"text": [
"oral cancer"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "17415096_T4",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
481,
509
]
],
"text": [
"oral squamous cell carcinoma"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "17415096_T5",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
704,
710
]
],
"text": [
"cancer"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "17415096_T6",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
1191,
1202
]
],
"text": [
"oral cancer"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "17415096_T7",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
1371,
1382
]
],
"text": [
"oral cancer"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "17415096_T8",
"type": "Disease",
"offsets": [
[
1616,
1644
]
],
"text": [
"oral squamous cell carcinoma"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "17415096_T10",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
167,
174
]
],
"text": [
"tobacco"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "17415096_T11",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
712,
719
]
],
"text": [
"tobacco"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "17415096_T12",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
960,
967
]
],
"text": [
"tobacco"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "17415096_T13",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
1036,
1043
]
],
"text": [
"tobacco"
],
"normalized": []
},
{
"id": "17415096_T14",
"type": "Plant",
"offsets": [
[
944,
954
]
],
"text": [
"betel quid"
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12954453 | Excess aluminum (Al) exposure impairs neurocognitive function in humans and animals. Epidemiologic studies have shown a potential link between chronic Al exposure and Alzheimer's disease. In the present study, we sought to evaluate the protective effects of the herbal medicine Dipsacus asper extract against the cognitive impairment and overexpression of hippocampal beta-amyloid protein (Abeta) induced by chronic Al exposure in rats. Vitamin E (VE) was used as a positive control. Following exposure to 0.3% aluminum chloride (AlCl(3)) solution for 90 days in their drinking water, animals displayed a striking decrease (>80%) in step-through latency in the passive avoidance task and a significant increase (123%) in the number of Abeta immunoreactive cells in the hippocampus compared to controls. Al-exposed animals were then randomly assigned to receive vehicle, Dipsacus asper extract (4 g/kg), or VE (40 mg/kg) treatment up to 5 months. Both Dipsacus asper extract and VE significantly ameliorated animal's performance impairment in the passive avoidance task and suppressed the overexpression of hippocampal Abeta immunoreactivity. The effects of Dipsacus asper extract, but not VE, increased with time of treatment. The present results suggest that Dipsacus asper extract may possess therapeutic effects against Alzheimer's disease. | [
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19639212 | We investigated the effects of a water-soluble extract of Maitake (Grifola frondosa), a Japanese edible mushroom, on the proliferation and cell death of four human gastric cancer cell lines (TMK-1, MKN28, MKN45 and MKN74). The Maitake extract (ME) inhibited the proliferation of all four cell lines in a time-dependent manner. The inhibition was most pronounced in TMK-1 cells, which exhibited up to 90% inhibition after treatment with 10% ME for 3 days. Staining of ME-treated TMK-1 cells with Hoechst 33258 revealed increased numbers of nuclear condensations and apoptotic bodies. Induction of apoptosis was confirmed by fluorescence-activated cell sorting analyses. Western blot analyses of TMK-1 cells after ME treatment revealed increases in intracytoplasmic cytochrome c and cleavage of caspase-3 and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase, but no expression of p21 or Bax. The caspase-3 protease activities in lysates of TMK-1 cells treated with 1% or 10% ME were about three times higher than those in control cells. The proliferation of TMK-1 cells was hardly affected by the caspase-3 inhibitor z-DEVD-fmk. Taken together, these results suggest that ME induces apoptosis of TMK-1 cells by caspase-3-dependent and -independent pathways, resulting in potential antitumor effects on gastric cancer. | [
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19550292 | Garlic is generally used as a therapeutic reagent against various diseases, and numerous studies have indicated that garlic and its derivatives can reduce the risk of various types of human cancer. Diallyl trisulfide (DATS), a major member of garlic derivatives, could inhibit the cell proliferation by triggering either cell cycle arrest or apoptosis in a variety of cancer cell lines as shown in many studies. However, whether DATS has the same effect on human osteosarcoma cells remains unknown. In this study, we have attempted to analyze the effects of DATS on cell proliferation, cell cycle, induction of apoptosis, global protein expression pattern in a human osteosarcoma cell line Saos-2 cells, and the potential molecular mechanisms of the action of DATS. Saos-2 cells, a human osteosarcoma cell line, were treated with or without 25, 50, and 100 micromol/l DATS for various time intervals. The cell proliferation, cell cycle progression, and apoptosis were examined in this study. Then, after treatment with or without 50 micromol/l DATS for 48 h, protein add pattern in Saos-2 cells were systematically studied using two-dimensional electrophoresis and mass spectrometry. DATS could inhibit the proliferation of Saos-2 cells in a dose-dependent and time-dependent manner. Moreover, the percentage of apoptotic cell and cell arrest in G0/G1 phase was also dose-dependent and time-dependent upon DATS treatment. A total of 27 unique proteins in Saos-2 cells, including 18 downregulated proteins and nine upregulated proteins, were detected with significant changes in their expression levels corresponding to DATS administration. Interestingly, almost half of these proteins (13 of 27) are related to either the cell cycle or apoptosis. DATS has the ability to suppress cell proliferation of Saos-2 cells by blocking cell cycle progression and inducing apoptosis in a dose and time-dependent manner. The proteomic results presented, therefore, provide additional support to the hypothesis that DATS is a strong inducer of apoptosis in tumor cells. However, the exact molecular mechanisms, how these proteins significantly changed in the Saos-2 cell line upon DATS treatment, should be further studied. | [
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11010950 | BACKGROUND: Animal and in vitro studies have provided evidence of an anticarcinogenic effect of active ingredients in garlic. OBJECTIVE: The objective was to conduct meta-analyses of the epidemiologic literature on the association between garlic consumption and risk of stomach, colon, head and neck, lung, breast, and prostate cancers. DESIGN: Meta-analyses were conducted for all cancers mutually and separately for colorectal and stomach cancers in relation to consumption of exclusively raw garlic, cooked garlic, or both (RC garlic). Eighteen studies reported a relative risk estimate for RC garlic consumption and cancer risk. RESULTS: In the meta-analyses of colorectal and stomach cancer, the reference categories ranged from no consumption to consumption of 3.5 g/wk, whereas the highest categories ranged from any consumption to >28.8 g/wk. The average difference between the highest and lowest categories was 16 g/wk. The random-effects relative risk (RR) estimate of colorectal cancer and RC garlic consumption, excluding garlic supplements, was 0.69 (95% CI: 0.55, 0.89). For stomach cancer, the random-effects RR estimate was 0.53 (95% CI: 0.31, 0.92). The heterogeneity among studies for the latter outcome (P: = 0.0002) indicates the questionableness of the generalizability of this summary estimate. An indication of publication bias for all cancers combined is evident from a funnel plot of RC garlic consumption and cancer risk and from the results of the Begg and Mazumdar test (P: = 0.049). CONCLUSIONS: High intake of RC garlic may be associated with a protective effect against stomach and colorectal cancers. Heterogeneity of effect estimates, differences in dose estimation, publication bias, and possible alternative hypotheses (eg, confounding by total vegetable consumption) preclude sole reliance on summary effect estimates. | [
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