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Oxygen storage methods include high pressure oxygen tanks, cryogenics and chemical compounds. For reasons of economy, oxygen is often transported in bulk as a liquid in specially insulated tankers, since one liter of liquefied oxygen is equivalent to 840 liters of gaseous oxygen at atmospheric pressure and 20 °C (68 °F). Such tankers are used to refill bulk liquid oxygen storage containers, which stand outside hospitals and other institutions with a need for large volumes of pure oxygen gas. Liquid oxygen is passed through heat exchangers, which convert the cryogenic liquid into gas before it enters the building. Oxygen is also stored and shipped in smaller cylinders containing the compressed gas; a form that is useful in certain portable medical applications and oxy-fuel welding and cutting.
What do oxygen tanks, cryogenics, and chemical compounds serve as for oxygen?
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In the Presidential elections, President Kibaki under the Party of National Unity ran for re-election against the main opposition party, the Orange Democratic Movement (ODM). The elections were seen to have been flawed with international observers saying that they were below international standards. After a split which took a crucial 8% of the votes away from the ODM to the newly formed Orange Democratic Movement-Kenya (ODM-K)'s candidate, Kalonzo Musyoka, the race tightened between ODM candidate Raila Odinga and Kibaki. As the count came into the Electoral Commission of Kenya (ECK) headquarters, Odinga was shown to have a slight, and then substantial lead as the results from his strongholds came in early. As the ECK continued to count the votes, Kibaki closed the gap and then overtook his opponent by a substantial margin after votes from his stronghold arrived later. This led to protests and open discrediting of the ECK for complicity and to Odinga declaring himself the "people's president" and calling for a recount.
What party is President Kibaki part of?
[ "Party of National Unity", "Party of National Unity", "Party of National Unity" ]
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In 1967, Manuel Blum developed an axiomatic complexity theory based on his axioms and proved an important result, the so-called, speed-up theorem. The field really began to flourish in 1971 when the US researcher Stephen Cook and, working independently, Leonid Levin in the USSR, proved that there exist practically relevant problems that are NP-complete. In 1972, Richard Karp took this idea a leap forward with his landmark paper, "Reducibility Among Combinatorial Problems", in which he showed that 21 diverse combinatorial and graph theoretical problems, each infamous for its computational intractability, are NP-complete.
How many combinatory and graph theoretical problems, formerly believed to be plagued by intractability, did Karp's paper address?
[ "21", "21", "21" ]
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[ "Computational_complexity_theory", "Computational_complexity_theory", "Computational_complexity_theory" ]
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The interiors of the three refreshment rooms were assigned to different designers. The Green Dining Room 1866–68 was the work of Philip Webb and William Morris, and displays Elizabethan influences. The lower part of the walls are panelled in wood with a band of paintings depicting fruit and the occasional figure, with moulded plaster foliage on the main part of the wall and a plaster frieze around the decorated ceiling and stained-glass windows by Edward Burne-Jones. The Centre Refreshment Room 1865–77 was designed in a Renaissance style by James Gamble, the walls and even the Ionic columns are covered in decorative and moulded ceramic tile, the ceiling consists of elaborate designs on enamelled metal sheets and matching stained-glass windows, the marble fireplace was designed and sculpted by Alfred Stevens and was removed from Dorchester House prior to that building's demolition in 1929. The Grill Room 1876–81 was designed by Sir Edward Poynter, the lower part of the walls consist of blue and white tiles with various figures and foliage enclosed by wood panelling, above there are large tiled scenes with figures depicting the four seasons and the twelve months these were painted by ladies from the Art School then based in the museum, the windows are also stained glass, there is an elaborate cast-iron grill still in place.
Who was responsible for the decorations of the Centre Refreshment Room?
[ "James Gamble", "James Gamble,", "James Gamble" ]
[ 547, 547, 547 ]
[ "57269d68708984140094cbd9", "57269d68708984140094cbd9", "57269d68708984140094cbd9" ]
[ "Victoria_and_Albert_Museum", "Victoria_and_Albert_Museum", "Victoria_and_Albert_Museum" ]
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In 1066, Duke William II of Normandy conquered England killing King Harold II at the Battle of Hastings. The invading Normans and their descendants replaced the Anglo-Saxons as the ruling class of England. The nobility of England were part of a single Normans culture and many had lands on both sides of the channel. Early Norman kings of England, as Dukes of Normandy, owed homage to the King of France for their land on the continent. They considered England to be their most important holding (it brought with it the title of King—an important status symbol).
When was the Battle of Hastings?
[ "1066", "1066", "In 1066" ]
[ 3, 3, 0 ]
[ "56de16ca4396321400ee25c7", "56de16ca4396321400ee25c7", "56de16ca4396321400ee25c7" ]
[ "Normans", "Normans", "Normans" ]
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It is a common misconception to ascribe the stiffness and rigidity of solid matter to the repulsion of like charges under the influence of the electromagnetic force. However, these characteristics actually result from the Pauli exclusion principle.[citation needed] Since electrons are fermions, they cannot occupy the same quantum mechanical state as other electrons. When the electrons in a material are densely packed together, there are not enough lower energy quantum mechanical states for them all, so some of them must be in higher energy states. This means that it takes energy to pack them together. While this effect is manifested macroscopically as a structural force, it is technically only the result of the existence of a finite set of electron states.
What actually causes rigidity in matter?
[ "the Pauli exclusion principle", "the Pauli exclusion principle", "Pauli exclusion principle", "Pauli exclusion principle", "the Pauli exclusion principle", "the Pauli exclusion principle", "Pauli exclusion principle", "Pauli exclusion principle" ]
[ 218, 218, 222, 222, 218, 218, 222, 222 ]
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This was the first Super Bowl to feature a quarterback on both teams who was the #1 pick in their draft classes. Manning was the #1 selection of the 1998 NFL draft, while Newton was picked first in 2011. The matchup also pits the top two picks of the 2011 draft against each other: Newton for Carolina and Von Miller for Denver. Manning and Newton also set the record for the largest age difference between opposing Super Bowl quarterbacks at 13 years and 48 days (Manning was 39, Newton was 26).
What was the age difference between Newton and Manning in Super Bowl 50?
[ "13 years and 48 days", "13 years and 48 days", "13 years and 48 days" ]
[ 443, 443, 443 ]
[ "56d9a199dc89441400fdb649", "56d9a199dc89441400fdb649", "56d9a199dc89441400fdb649" ]
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Newcastle has a horse racing course at Gosforth Park. The city is also home to the Newcastle Eagles basketball team who play their home games at the new Sport Central complex at Northumbria University. The Eagles are the most successful team in the history of the British Basketball League (BBL). The city's speedway team Newcastle Diamonds are based at Brough Park in Byker, a venue that is also home to greyhound racing. Newcastle also hosts the start of the annual Great North Run, the world's largest half-marathon in which participants race over the Tyne Bridge into Gateshead and then towards the finish line 13.1 miles (21.1 km) away on the coast at South Shields. Another famous athletic event is the 5.9-mile (9.5 km) Blaydon Race (a road race from Newcastle to Blaydon), which has taken place on 9 June annually since 1981, to commemorate the celebrated Blaydon Races horse racing.
What is the name of Newcastle's basketball team?
[ "the Newcastle Eagles", "the Newcastle Eagles", "Newcastle Eagles" ]
[ 79, 79, 83 ]
[ "572687e1dd62a815002e8853", "572687e1dd62a815002e8853", "572687e1dd62a815002e8853" ]
[ "Newcastle_upon_Tyne", "Newcastle_upon_Tyne", "Newcastle_upon_Tyne" ]
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Although Kenya is the most industrially developed country in the African Great Lakes region, manufacturing still accounts for only 14% of the GDP. Industrial activity, concentrated around the three largest urban centres, Nairobi, Mombasa and Kisumu, is dominated by food-processing industries such as grain milling, beer production, and sugarcane crushing, and the fabrication of consumer goods, e.g., vehicles from kits. There is a cement production industry.[citation needed] Kenya has an oil refinery that processes imported crude petroleum into petroleum products, mainly for the domestic market. In addition, a substantial and expanding informal sector commonly referred to as Jua Kali engages in small-scale manufacturing of household goods, motor-vehicle parts, and farm implements.[citation needed]
How much of GDP does manufactoriing account for?
[ "14%", "14%", "14%" ]
[ 131, 131, 131 ]
[ "57291beb1d04691400779054", "57291beb1d04691400779054", "57291beb1d04691400779054" ]
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Kenya's services sector, which contributes 61% of GDP, is dominated by tourism. The tourism sector has exhibited steady growth in most years since independence and by the late 1980s had become the country's principal source of foreign exchange. Tourists, the largest number being from Germany and the United Kingdom, are attracted mainly to the coastal beaches and the game reserves, notably, the expansive East and West Tsavo National Park 20,808 square kilometres (8,034 sq mi) in the southeast. Tourism has seen a substantial revival over the past several years and is the major contributor to the pick-up in the country's economic growth. Tourism is now Kenya's largest foreign exchange earning sector, followed by flowers, tea, and coffee. In 2006 tourism generated US$803 million, up from US$699 million the previous year. Presently, there are also numerous Shopping Malls in Kenya. In addition, there are four main hypermarket chains in Kenya.
Where is the largest number of tourist coming from?
[ "Germany and the United Kingdom", "Germany and the United Kingdom", "Germany and the United Kingdom" ]
[ 285, 285, 285 ]
[ "572917ff6aef051400154a61", "572917ff6aef051400154a61", "572917ff6aef051400154a61" ]
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Oxygen is a chemical element with symbol O and atomic number 8. It is a member of the chalcogen group on the periodic table and is a highly reactive nonmetal and oxidizing agent that readily forms compounds (notably oxides) with most elements. By mass, oxygen is the third-most abundant element in the universe, after hydrogen and helium. At standard temperature and pressure, two atoms of the element bind to form dioxygen, a colorless and odorless diatomic gas with the formula O 2. Diatomic oxygen gas constitutes 20.8% of the Earth's atmosphere. However, monitoring of atmospheric oxygen levels show a global downward trend, because of fossil-fuel burning. Oxygen is the most abundant element by mass in the Earth's crust as part of oxide compounds such as silicon dioxide, making up almost half of the crust's mass.
How much of the earth's atmosphere is diatomic oxygen?
[ "20.8%", "20.8%", "20.8%", "20.8%", "20.8%" ]
[ 517, 517, 517, 517, 517 ]
[ "571bb2269499d21900609ca9", "571bb2269499d21900609ca9", "571bb2269499d21900609ca9", "571bb2269499d21900609ca9", "571bb2269499d21900609ca9" ]
[ "Oxygen", "Oxygen", "Oxygen", "Oxygen", "Oxygen" ]
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Teaching using pedagogy also involve assessing the educational levels of the students on particular skills. Understanding the pedagogy of the students in a classroom involves using differentiated instruction as well as supervision to meet the needs of all students in the classroom. Pedagogy can be thought of in two manners. First, teaching itself can be taught in many different ways, hence, using a pedagogy of teaching styles. Second, the pedagogy of the learners comes into play when a teacher assesses the pedagogic diversity of his/her students and differentiates for the individual students accordingly. For example, an experienced teacher and parent described the place of a teacher in learning as follows: "The real bulk of learning takes place in self-study and problem solving with a lot of feedback around that loop. The function of the teacher is to pressure the lazy, inspire the bored, deflate the cocky, encourage the timid, detect and correct individual flaws, and broaden the viewpoint of all. This function looks like that of a coach using the whole gamut of psychology to get each new class of rookies off the bench and into the game."
What would a teacher do for someone who is cocky?
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As Jamukha and Temüjin drifted apart in their friendship, each began consolidating power, and soon became rivals. Jamukha supported the traditional Mongolian aristocracy, while Temüjin followed a meritocratic method, and attracted a broader, though lower class, range of followers. Due to his earlier defeat of the Merkits, and a proclamation by the shaman Kokochu that the Eternal Blue Sky had set aside the world for Temüjin, Temüjin began rising to power. In 1186, Temüjin was elected khan of the Mongols. However, Jamukha, threatened by Temüjin's rapid ascent, quickly moved to stop Temüjin's ambitions. In 1187, he launched an attack against his former friend with an army of thirty thousand troops. Temüjin hastily gathered together his followers to defend against the attack, but he was decisively beaten in the Battle of Dalan Balzhut. Jamukha horrified people greatly and harmed his image by boiling seventy young male captives alive in cauldrons, alienating many of his potential followers and eliciting sympathy for Temüjin. Toghrul, as Temüjin's patron, was exiled to the Qara Khitai. The life of Temüjin for the next ten years is very unclear, as historical records are mostly silent on that period.
Who did Jamukha support that were not part of Temüjin's power base?
[ "the traditional Mongolian aristocracy", "the traditional Mongolian aristocracy", "traditional Mongolian aristocracy" ]
[ 132, 132, 136 ]
[ "5726acc1f1498d1400e8e6ca", "5726acc1f1498d1400e8e6ca", "5726acc1f1498d1400e8e6ca" ]
[ "Genghis_Khan", "Genghis_Khan", "Genghis_Khan" ]
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There are 3 main bus companies providing services in the city; Arriva North East, Go North East and Stagecoach North East. There are two major bus stations in the city: Haymarket bus station and Eldon Square bus station. Arriva mainly operates from Haymarket Bus Station providing the majority of services to the north of Newcastle, Northumberland and North Tyneside. Go-Ahead operates from Eldon Square Bus Station, providing the majority of services south of the river in Gateshead, South Tyneside, Sunderland, and County Durham. Stagecoach is the primary operator in the city proper, with cross-city services mainly between both the West and East ends via the city centre with some services extending out to the MetroCentre, Killingworth, Wallsend and Ponteland. Bus Services in Newcastle upon Tyne and the surrounding boroughs part of the Tyne and Wear area are coordinated by Nexus, the Tyne and Wear Passenger Transport Executive.
How many bus companies provide service to the city of Newcastle?
[ "3", "3", "3" ]
[ 10, 10, 10 ]
[ "57268ff9f1498d1400e8e3e6", "57268ff9f1498d1400e8e3e6", "57268ff9f1498d1400e8e3e6" ]
[ "Newcastle_upon_Tyne", "Newcastle_upon_Tyne", "Newcastle_upon_Tyne" ]
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Tesla could be harsh at times and openly expressed disgust for overweight people, such as when he fired a secretary because of her weight.:110 He was quick to criticize clothing; on several occasions, Tesla directed a subordinate to go home and change her dress.:33
What did he make the employee do when he didn't like her outfit?
[ "to go home and change her dress", "go home and change", "go home and change" ]
[ 230, 233, 233 ]
[ "56e12005cd28a01900c6761a", "56e12005cd28a01900c6761a", "56e12005cd28a01900c6761a" ]
[ "Nikola_Tesla", "Nikola_Tesla", "Nikola_Tesla" ]
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While studying law and philosophy in England and Germany, Iqbal became a member of the London branch of the All India Muslim League. He came back to Lahore in 1908. While dividing his time between law practice and philosophical poetry, Iqbal had remained active in the Muslim League. He did not support Indian involvement in World War I and remained in close touch with Muslim political leaders such as Muhammad Ali Johar and Muhammad Ali Jinnah. He was a critic of the mainstream Indian nationalist and secularist Indian National Congress. Iqbal's seven English lectures were published by Oxford University press in 1934 in a book titled The Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam. These lectures dwell on the role of Islam as a religion as well as a political and legal philosophy in the modern age.
Who was Iqbal a critic of?
[ "mainstream Indian nationalist and secularist Indian National Congress", "mainstream Indian nationalist and secularist Indian National Congress", "the mainstream Indian nationalist and secularist Indian National Congress" ]
[ 470, 470, 466 ]
[ "572ffee1947a6a140053cf17", "572ffee1947a6a140053cf17", "572ffee1947a6a140053cf17" ]
[ "Islamism", "Islamism", "Islamism" ]
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The Yuan dynasty (Chinese: 元朝; pinyin: Yuán Cháo), officially the Great Yuan (Chinese: 大元; pinyin: Dà Yuán; Mongolian: Yehe Yuan Ulus[a]), was the empire or ruling dynasty of China established by Kublai Khan, leader of the Mongolian Borjigin clan. Although the Mongols had ruled territories including today's North China for decades, it was not until 1271 that Kublai Khan officially proclaimed the dynasty in the traditional Chinese style. His realm was, by this point, isolated from the other khanates and controlled most of present-day China and its surrounding areas, including modern Mongolia and Korea. It was the first foreign dynasty to rule all of China and lasted until 1368, after which its Genghisid rulers returned to their Mongolian homeland and continued to rule the Northern Yuan dynasty. Some of the Mongolian Emperors of the Yuan mastered the Chinese language, while others only used their native language (i.e. Mongolian) and the 'Phags-pa script.
When did Khan formally declare the Yuan dynasty?
[ "1271", "1271", "1271" ]
[ 351, 351, 351 ]
[ "57285ed5ff5b5019007da1ba", "57285ed5ff5b5019007da1ba", "57285ed5ff5b5019007da1ba" ]
[ "Yuan_dynasty", "Yuan_dynasty", "Yuan_dynasty" ]
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A number of Huguenots served as mayors in Dublin, Cork, Youghal and Waterford in the 17th and 18th centuries. Numerous signs of Huguenot presence can still be seen with names still in use, and with areas of the main towns and cities named after the people who settled there. Examples include the Huguenot District and French Church Street in Cork City; and D'Olier Street in Dublin, named after a High Sheriff and one of the founders of the Bank of Ireland. A French church in Portarlington dates back to 1696, and was built to serve the significant new Huguenot community in the town. At the time, they constituted the majority of the townspeople.
D'Olier Street is named after whom?
[ "a High Sheriff and one of the founders of the Bank of Ireland", "High Sheriff", "a High Sheriff and one of the founders of the Bank of Ireland" ]
[ 395, 397, 395 ]
[ "57109180a58dae1900cd6a43", "57109180a58dae1900cd6a43", "57109180a58dae1900cd6a43" ]
[ "Huguenot", "Huguenot", "Huguenot" ]
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The mid 1890s saw the conglomerate General Electric, backed by financier J. P. Morgan, involved in takeover attempts and patent battles with Westinghouse Electric. Although a patent-sharing agreement was signed between the two companies in 1896 Westinghouse was still cash-strapped from the financial warfare. To secure further loans, Westinghouse was forced to revisit Tesla's AC patent, which bankers considered a financial strain on the company (at that point Westinghouse had paid out an estimated $200,000 in licenses and royalties to Tesla, Brown, and Peck). In 1897, Westinghouse explained his financial difficulties to Tesla in stark terms, saying that if things continue the way they were he would no longer be in control of Westinghouse Electric and Tesla would have to "deal with the bankers" to try to collect future royalties. Westinghouse convinced Tesla to release his company from the licensing agreement over Tesla's AC patents in exchange for Westinghouse Electric purchasing the patents for a lump sum payment of $216,000; this provided Westinghouse a break from what, due to alternating current's rapid gain in popularity, had turned out to be an overly generous $2.50 per AC horsepower royalty.
When was a patent-sharing agreement signed between Westinghouse Electric and General Electric?
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Past faculty have also included Egyptologist James Henry Breasted, mathematician Alberto Calderón, Nobel prize winning economist and classical liberalism defender Friedrich Hayek, meteorologist Ted Fujita, chemists Glenn T. Seaborg, the developer of the actinide concept and Nobel Prize winner Yuan T. Lee, Nobel Prize winning novelist Saul Bellow, political philosopher and author Allan Bloom, cancer researchers Charles Brenton Huggins and Janet Rowley, astronomer Gerard Kuiper, one of the most important figures in the early development of the discipline of linguistics Edward Sapir, and the founder of McKinsey & Co., James O. McKinsey.
What Egyptologist was also apart of the university's faculty?
[ "James Henry Breasted", "James Henry Breasted", "James Henry Breasted" ]
[ 45, 45, 45 ]
[ "5728742cff5b5019007da246", "5728742cff5b5019007da246", "5728742cff5b5019007da246" ]
[ "University_of_Chicago", "University_of_Chicago", "University_of_Chicago" ]
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The reason for the order of the classes and the reason why people were placed in a certain class was the date they surrendered to the Mongols, and had nothing to do with their ethnicity. The earlier they surrendered to the Mongols, the higher they were placed, the more the held out, the lower they were ranked. The Northern Chinese were ranked higher and Southern Chinese were ranked lower because southern China withstood and fought to the last before caving in. Major commerce during this era gave rise to favorable conditions for private southern Chinese manufacturers and merchants.
Why were Southern Chinese ranked lower?
[ "withstood and fought to the last", "because southern China withstood and fought to the last before caving in", "southern China withstood and fought to the last" ]
[ 414, 391, 399 ]
[ "572885023acd2414000dfa85", "572885023acd2414000dfa85", "572885023acd2414000dfa85" ]
[ "Yuan_dynasty", "Yuan_dynasty", "Yuan_dynasty" ]
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Tesla theorized that the application of electricity to the brain enhanced intelligence. In 1912, he crafted "a plan to make dull students bright by saturating them unconsciously with electricity," wiring the walls of a schoolroom and, "saturating [the schoolroom] with infinitesimal electric waves vibrating at high frequency. The whole room will thus, Mr. Tesla claims, be converted into a health-giving and stimulating electromagnetic field or 'bath.'" The plan was, at least provisionally approved by then superintendent of New York City schools, William H. Maxwell.
Who approved of this plan?
[ "William H. Maxwell", "William H. Maxwell", "William H. Maxwell" ]
[ 550, 550, 550 ]
[ "56e1066be3433e1400422ae6", "56e1066be3433e1400422ae6", "56e1066be3433e1400422ae6" ]
[ "Nikola_Tesla", "Nikola_Tesla", "Nikola_Tesla" ]
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In 1521 Luther dealt largely with prophecy, in which he broadened the foundations of the Reformation placing them on prophetic faith. His main interest was centered on the prophecy of the Little Horn in Daniel 8:9–12, 23–25. The antichrist of 2 Thessalonians 2 was identified as the power of the Papacy. So too was the Little Horn of Daniel 7, coming up among the divisions of Rome, explicitly applied.
What did Luther identify the Papacy as?
[ "antichrist of 2 Thessalonians 2", "antichrist", "The antichrist of 2 Thessalonians 2" ]
[ 229, 229, 225 ]
[ "56f845dba6d7ea1400e1751d", "56f845dba6d7ea1400e1751d", "56f845dba6d7ea1400e1751d" ]
[ "Martin_Luther", "Martin_Luther", "Martin_Luther" ]
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In Marxian analysis, capitalist firms increasingly substitute capital equipment for labor inputs (workers) under competitive pressure to reduce costs and maximize profits. Over the long-term, this trend increases the organic composition of capital, meaning that less workers are required in proportion to capital inputs, increasing unemployment (the "reserve army of labour"). This process exerts a downward pressure on wages. The substitution of capital equipment for labor (mechanization and automation) raises the productivity of each worker, resulting in a situation of relatively stagnant wages for the working class amidst rising levels of property income for the capitalist class.
What impact does workers working harder have on productivity of a business?
[ "raises the productivity of each worker,", "less workers are required" ]
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A number of researchers (David Rodda, Jacob Vigdor, and Janna Matlack), argue that a shortage of affordable housing – at least in the US – is caused in part by income inequality. David Rodda noted that from 1984 and 1991, the number of quality rental units decreased as the demand for higher quality housing increased (Rhoda 1994:148). Through gentrification of older neighbourhoods, for example, in East New York, rental prices increased rapidly as landlords found new residents willing to pay higher market rate for housing and left lower income families without rental units. The ad valorem property tax policy combined with rising prices made it difficult or impossible for low income residents to keep pace.
Why did the demand for rentals decrease?
[ "demand for higher quality housing increased", "demand for higher quality housing increased", "demand for higher quality housing increased" ]
[ 274, 274, 274 ]
[ "572a1c943f37b319004786e3", "572a1c943f37b319004786e3", "572a1c943f37b319004786e3" ]
[ "Economic_inequality", "Economic_inequality", "Economic_inequality" ]
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Since the creation of the Doctor Who character by BBC Television in the early 1960s, a myriad of stories have been published about Doctor Who, in different media: apart from the actual television episodes that continue to be produced by the BBC, there have also been novels, comics, short stories, audio books, radio plays, interactive video games, game books, webcasts, DVD extras, and even stage performances. In this respect it is noteworthy that the BBC takes no position on the canonicity of any of such stories, and producers of the show have expressed distaste for the idea.
Who does not take a position on the canonicity of Doctor Who stories by other media?
[ "the BBC", "the BBC", "the BBC" ]
[ 450, 450, 450 ]
[ "572837402ca10214002da0f7", "572837402ca10214002da0f7", "572837402ca10214002da0f7" ]
[ "Doctor_Who", "Doctor_Who", "Doctor_Who" ]
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There are 13 natural reserves in Warsaw – among others, Bielany Forest, Kabaty Woods, Czerniaków Lake. About 15 kilometres (9 miles) from Warsaw, the Vistula river's environment changes strikingly and features a perfectly preserved ecosystem, with a habitat of animals that includes the otter, beaver and hundreds of bird species. There are also several lakes in Warsaw – mainly the oxbow lakes, like Czerniaków Lake, the lakes in the Łazienki or Wilanów Parks, Kamionek Lake. There are lot of small lakes in the parks, but only a few are permanent – the majority are emptied before winter to clean them of plants and sediments.
How many lakes are there in Warsaw?
[ "several", "several", "several" ]
[ 346, 346, 346 ]
[ "57337ddc4776f41900660bbd", "57337ddc4776f41900660bbd", "57337ddc4776f41900660bbd" ]
[ "Warsaw", "Warsaw", "Warsaw" ]
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The UChicago Arts program joins academic departments and programs in the Division of the Humanities and the College, as well as professional organizations including the Court Theatre, the Oriental Institute, the Smart Museum of Art, the Renaissance Society, University of Chicago Presents, and student arts organizations. The university has an artist-in-residence program and scholars in performance studies, contemporary art criticism, and film history. It has offered a doctorate in music composition since 1933 and in Cinema & Media studies since 2000, a master of fine arts in visual arts (early 1970s), and a master of arts in the humanities with a creative writing track (2000). It has bachelor's degree programs in visual arts, music, and art history, and, more recently, Cinema & Media studies (1996) and theater & performance studies (2002). The College's general education core includes a “dramatic, music, and visual arts” requirement, requiring students to study the history of the arts, stage desire, or begin working with sculpture. Several thousand major and non-major undergraduates enroll annually in creative and performing arts classes. UChicago is often considered the birthplace of improvisational comedy as the Compass Players student comedy troupe evolved into The Second City improv theater troupe in 1959. The Reva and David Logan Center for the Arts opened in October 2012, five years after a $35 million gift from alumnus David Logan and his wife Reva. The center includes spaces for exhibitions, performances, classes, and media production. The Logan Center was designed by Tod Williams and Billie Tsien. This building is actually entirely glass. The brick is a facade designed to keep the glass safe from the wind. The architects later removed sections of the bricks when pressure arose in the form of complaints that the views of the city were blocked.
Since what year did the university offer a doctorate in Cinema & Media studies?
[ "2000", "2000", "2000" ]
[ 550, 550, 550 ]
[ "572861cc4b864d190016495f", "572861cc4b864d190016495f", "572861cc4b864d190016495f" ]
[ "University_of_Chicago", "University_of_Chicago", "University_of_Chicago" ]
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There are 3 main bus companies providing services in the city; Arriva North East, Go North East and Stagecoach North East. There are two major bus stations in the city: Haymarket bus station and Eldon Square bus station. Arriva mainly operates from Haymarket Bus Station providing the majority of services to the north of Newcastle, Northumberland and North Tyneside. Go-Ahead operates from Eldon Square Bus Station, providing the majority of services south of the river in Gateshead, South Tyneside, Sunderland, and County Durham. Stagecoach is the primary operator in the city proper, with cross-city services mainly between both the West and East ends via the city centre with some services extending out to the MetroCentre, Killingworth, Wallsend and Ponteland. Bus Services in Newcastle upon Tyne and the surrounding boroughs part of the Tyne and Wear area are coordinated by Nexus, the Tyne and Wear Passenger Transport Executive.
What is Nexus?
[ "the Tyne and Wear Passenger Transport Executive", "Passenger Transport Executive", "the Tyne and Wear Passenger Transport Executive." ]
[ 888, 906, 888 ]
[ "57268ff9f1498d1400e8e3e9", "57268ff9f1498d1400e8e3e9", "57268ff9f1498d1400e8e3e9" ]
[ "Newcastle_upon_Tyne", "Newcastle_upon_Tyne", "Newcastle_upon_Tyne" ]
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Temüjin was probably born in 1162 in Delüün Boldog, near Burkhan Khaldun mountain and the Onon and Kherlen rivers in modern-day northern Mongolia, not far from the current capital Ulaanbaatar. The Secret History of the Mongols reports that Temüjin was born with a blood clot grasped in his fist, a traditional sign that he was destined to become a great leader. He was the second-oldest son of his father Yesügei, a Khamag Mongol's major chief of the Kiyad and an ally of Toghrul Khan of the Keraite tribe, and the oldest son of his mother Hoelun. According to the Secret History, Temüjin was named after a Tatar chieftain, Temüjin-üge, whom his father had just captured.
Who might Temüjin have been named after?
[ "Temüjin-üge", "a Tatar chieftain, Temüjin-üge, whom his father had just captured", "Tatar chieftain, Temüjin-üge" ]
[ 624, 605, 607 ]
[ "5726a21bf1498d1400e8e57b", "5726a21bf1498d1400e8e57b", "5726a21bf1498d1400e8e57b" ]
[ "Genghis_Khan", "Genghis_Khan", "Genghis_Khan" ]
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Pattern recognition receptors are proteins used by nearly all organisms to identify molecules associated with pathogens. Antimicrobial peptides called defensins are an evolutionarily conserved component of the innate immune response found in all animals and plants, and represent the main form of invertebrate systemic immunity. The complement system and phagocytic cells are also used by most forms of invertebrate life. Ribonucleases and the RNA interference pathway are conserved across all eukaryotes, and are thought to play a role in the immune response to viruses.
What are the proteins that organisms use to identify molecules associated with pathogens?
[ "Pattern recognition receptors", "Pattern recognition receptors", "Pattern recognition receptors" ]
[ 0, 0, 0 ]
[ "572a06af3f37b31900478667", "572a06af3f37b31900478667", "572a06af3f37b31900478667" ]
[ "Immune_system", "Immune_system", "Immune_system" ]
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In Germany, teachers are mainly civil servants recruited in special university classes, called Lehramtstudien (Teaching Education Studies). There are many differences between the teachers for elementary schools (Grundschule), lower secondary schools (Hauptschule), middle level secondary schools (Realschule) and higher level secondary schools (Gymnasium). Salaries for teachers depend on the civil servants' salary index scale (Bundesbesoldungsordnung).
What are upper-level secondary schools called?
[ "Gymnasium", "Gymnasium", "Gymnasium" ]
[ 345, 345, 345 ]
[ "56e76f7000c9c71400d77130", "56e76f7000c9c71400d77130", "56e76f7000c9c71400d77130" ]
[ "Teacher", "Teacher", "Teacher" ]
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An ambitious scheme of decoration was developed for these new areas: a series of mosaic figures depicting famous European artists of the Medieval and Renaissance period. These have now been removed to other areas of the museum. Also started were a series of frescoes by Lord Leighton: Industrial Arts as Applied to War 1878–1880 and Industrial Arts Applied to Peace, which was started but never finished. To the east of this were additional galleries, the decoration of which was the work of another designer Owen Jones, these were the Oriental Courts (covering India, China and Japan) completed in 1863, none of this decoration survives, part of these galleries became the new galleries covering the 19th century, opened in December 2006. The last work by Fowke was the design for the range of buildings on the north and west sides of the garden, this includes the refreshment rooms, reinstated as the Museum Café in 2006, with the silver gallery above, (at the time the ceramics gallery), the top floor has a splendid lecture theatre although this is seldom open to the general public. The ceramic staircase in the northwest corner of this range of buildings was designed by F. W. Moody and has architectural details of moulded and coloured pottery. All the work on the north range was designed and built in 1864–69. The style adopted for this part of the museum was Italian Renaissance, much use was made of terracotta, brick and mosaic, this north façade was intended as the main entrance to the museum with its bronze doors designed by James Gamble & Reuben Townroe having six panels depicting: Humphry Davy (chemistry); Isaac Newton (astronomy); James Watt (mechanics); Bramante (architecture); Michelangelo (sculpture); Titian (painting); thus representing the range of the museums collections, Godfrey Sykes also designed the terracotta embellishments and the mosaic in the pediment of the North Façade commemorating the Great Exhibition the profits from which helped to fund the museum, this is flanked by terracotta statue groups by Percival Ball. This building replaced Brompton Park House, which could then be demolished to make way for the south range.
What art historical style was used in the decoration for the northern part of the museum?
[ "Italian Renaissance", "Italian Renaissance", "Italian Renaissance" ]
[ 1369, 1369, 1369 ]
[ "57269c06708984140094cba2", "57269c06708984140094cba2", "57269c06708984140094cba2" ]
[ "Victoria_and_Albert_Museum", "Victoria_and_Albert_Museum", "Victoria_and_Albert_Museum" ]
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Land-based steam engines could exhaust much of their steam, as feed water was usually readily available. Prior to and during World War I, the expansion engine dominated marine applications where high vessel speed was not essential. It was however superseded by the British invention steam turbine where speed was required, for instance in warships, such as the dreadnought battleships, and ocean liners. HMS Dreadnought of 1905 was the first major warship to replace the proven technology of the reciprocating engine with the then-novel steam turbine.[citation needed]
Other than warships, what ships typically required high speeds?
[ "ocean liners", "ocean liners", "ocean liners" ]
[ 390, 390, 390 ]
[ "5711658e50c2381900b54ad8", "5711658e50c2381900b54ad8", "5711658e50c2381900b54ad8" ]
[ "Steam_engine", "Steam_engine", "Steam_engine" ]
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Every May since 1987, the University of Chicago has held the University of Chicago Scavenger Hunt, in which large teams of students compete to obtain notoriously esoteric items from a list. Since 1963, the Festival of the Arts (FOTA) takes over campus for 7–10 days of exhibitions and interactive artistic endeavors. Every January, the university holds a week-long winter festival, Kuviasungnerk/Kangeiko, which include early morning exercise routines and fitness workshops. The university also annually holds a summer carnival and concert called Summer Breeze that hosts outside musicians, and is home to Doc Films, a student film society founded in 1932 that screens films nightly at the university. Since 1946, the university has organized the Latke-Hamantash Debate, which involves humorous discussions about the relative merits and meanings of latkes and hamantashen.
What is the name of the university's summer festival?
[ "Summer Breeze", "Summer Breeze", "Summer Breeze" ]
[ 547, 547, 547 ]
[ "5728683b3acd2414000df9b3", "5728683b3acd2414000df9b3", "5728683b3acd2414000df9b3" ]
[ "University_of_Chicago", "University_of_Chicago", "University_of_Chicago" ]
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In terms of housing stock, the authority is one of few authorities to see the proportion of detached homes rise in the 2010 Census (to 7.8%), in this instance this was coupled with a similar rise in flats and waterside apartments to 25.6%, and the proportion of converted or shared houses in 2011 renders this dwelling type within the highest of the five colour-coded brackets at 5.9%, and on a par with Oxford and Reading, greater than Manchester and Liverpool and below a handful of historic densely occupied, arguably overinflated markets in the local authorities: Harrogate, Cheltenham, Bath, inner London, Hastings, Brighton and Tunbridge Wells.
Where does the proportion of shared and converted houses in 2011 put this dwelling type in the color-coded brackets?
[ "5.9%", "5.9%", "highest" ]
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Tamara de Lempicka was a famous artist born in Warsaw. She was born Maria Górska in Warsaw to wealthy parents and in 1916 married a Polish lawyer Tadeusz Łempicki. Better than anyone else she represented the Art Deco style in painting and art. Nathan Alterman, the Israeli poet, was born in Warsaw, as was Moshe Vilenski, the Israeli composer, lyricist, and pianist, who studied music at the Warsaw Conservatory. Warsaw was the beloved city of Isaac Bashevis Singer, which he described in many of his novels: Warsaw has just now been destroyed. No one will ever see the Warsaw I knew. Let me just write about it. Let this Warsaw not disappear forever, he commented.
When did Tamara marry a lawyer?
[ "1916", "1916", "1916" ]
[ 117, 117, 117 ]
[ "5733a6ac4776f41900660f59", "5733a6ac4776f41900660f59", "5733a6ac4776f41900660f59" ]
[ "Warsaw", "Warsaw", "Warsaw" ]
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The working fluid in a Rankine cycle can operate as a closed loop system, where the working fluid is recycled continuously, or may be an "open loop" system, where the exhaust steam is directly released to the atmosphere, and a separate source of water feeding the boiler is supplied. Normally water is the fluid of choice due to its favourable properties, such as non-toxic and unreactive chemistry, abundance, low cost, and its thermodynamic properties. Mercury is the working fluid in the mercury vapor turbine. Low boiling hydrocarbons can be used in a binary cycle.
What sort of system releases the exhaust steam into the atmosphere?
[ "open loop", "open loop", "open loop" ]
[ 138, 138, 138 ]
[ "57114dfb50c2381900b54a54", "57114dfb50c2381900b54a54", "57114dfb50c2381900b54a54" ]
[ "Steam_engine", "Steam_engine", "Steam_engine" ]
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However, a problem emerged regarding the directions taken by ABC and UPT. In 1950, Noble appointed Robert Kintner to be ABC's president while he himself served as its CEO, a position he would hold until his death in 1958. Despite the promise of non-interference between ABC and UPT, Goldenson had to intervene in ABC's decisions because of financial problems and the FCC's long period of indecision. Goldenson added to the confusion when, in October 1954, he proposed a merger between UPT and the DuMont Television Network, which was also mired in financial trouble. As part of this merger, the network would have been renamed "ABC-DuMont" for five years, and DuMont would have received $5 million in cash, room on the schedule for existing DuMont programming, and guaranteed advertising time for DuMont Laboratories receivers. In addition, to comply with FCC ownership restrictions, it would have been required to sell either WABC-TV or DuMont owned-and-operated station WABD in the New York City market, as well as two other stations. The merged ABC-DuMont would have had the resources to compete with CBS and NBC.
Who was appointed to be ABC's president by Noble in 1950?
[ "Robert Kintner", "Robert Kintner", "Robert Kintner" ]
[ 99, 99, 99 ]
[ "57273f9d708984140094db51", "57273f9d708984140094db51", "57273f9d708984140094db51" ]
[ "American_Broadcasting_Company", "American_Broadcasting_Company", "American_Broadcasting_Company" ]
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In 1564 a group of Norman Huguenots under the leadership of Jean Ribault established the small colony of Fort Caroline on the banks of the St. Johns River in what is today Jacksonville, Florida. The effort was the first at any permanent European settlement in the present-day continental United States, but survived only a short time. A September 1565 French naval attack against the new Spanish colony at St. Augustine failed when its ships were hit by a hurricane on their way to the Spanish encampment at Fort Matanzas. Hundreds of French soldiers were stranded and surrendered to the numerically inferior Spanish forces led by Pedro Menendez. Menendez proceeded to massacre the defenseless Huguenots, after which he wiped out the Fort Caroline garrison.
There was a 16th century Huguenot settlement near what modern day Florida city?
[ "Jacksonville", "Jacksonville", "Jacksonville" ]
[ 172, 172, 172 ]
[ "5710e9f8a58dae1900cd6b30", "5710e9f8a58dae1900cd6b30", "5710e9f8a58dae1900cd6b30" ]
[ "Huguenot", "Huguenot", "Huguenot" ]
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AppleTalk was a proprietary suite of networking protocols developed by Apple Inc. in 1985 for Apple Macintosh computers. It was the primary protocol used by Apple devices through the 1980s and 90s. AppleTalk included features that allowed local area networks to be established ad hoc without the requirement for a centralized router or server. The AppleTalk system automatically assigned addresses, updated the distributed namespace, and configured any required inter-network routing. It was a plug-n-play system.
What was Apple Talk
[ "a proprietary suite of networking protocols developed by Apple Inc. in 1985", "a proprietary suite of networking protocols developed by Apple Inc", "proprietary suite of networking protocols" ]
[ 14, 14, 16 ]
[ "57263cfcec44d21400f3dc8d", "57263cfcec44d21400f3dc8d", "57263cfcec44d21400f3dc8d" ]
[ "Packet_switching", "Packet_switching", "Packet_switching" ]
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Each year, the southern California area has about 10,000 earthquakes. Nearly all of them are so small that they are not felt. Only several hundred are greater than magnitude 3.0, and only about 15–20 are greater than magnitude 4.0. The magnitude 6.7 1994 Northridge earthquake was particularly destructive, causing a substantial number of deaths, injuries, and structural collapses. It caused the most property damage of any earthquake in U.S. history, estimated at over $20 billion.
Generally speaking, what size are the earthquakes that hit southern California?
[ "small", "small", "small" ]
[ 96, 96, 96 ]
[ "5705fec152bb89140068977b", "5705fec152bb89140068977b", "5705fec152bb89140068977b" ]
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Although the reciprocating steam engine is no longer in widespread commercial use, various companies are exploring or exploiting the potential of the engine as an alternative to internal combustion engines. The company Energiprojekt AB in Sweden has made progress in using modern materials for harnessing the power of steam. The efficiency of Energiprojekt's steam engine reaches some 27-30% on high-pressure engines. It is a single-step, 5-cylinder engine (no compound) with superheated steam and consumes approx. 4 kg (8.8 lb) of steam per kWh.[not in citation given]
What percentage of a high pressure engine's efficiency has the Energiprojekt AB engine achieved?
[ "27-30%", "27-30%", "27-30" ]
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[ "57115bf350c2381900b54a97", "57115bf350c2381900b54a97", "57115bf350c2381900b54a97" ]
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Hamas has continued to be a major player in Palestine. From 2000 to 2007 it killed 542 people in 140 suicide bombing or "martyrdom operations". In the January 2006 legislative election—its first foray into the political process—it won the majority of the seats, and in 2007 it drove the PLO out of Gaza. Hamas has been praised by Muslims for driving Israel out of the Gaza Strip, but criticized for failure to achieve its demands in the 2008-9 and 2014 Gaza Wars despite heavy destruction and significant loss of life.
How many people did Hamas kill between 2000 to 2007?
[ "542", "542", "542" ]
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[ "573020f7b2c2fd14005688f8", "573020f7b2c2fd14005688f8", "573020f7b2c2fd14005688f8" ]
[ "Islamism", "Islamism", "Islamism" ]
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Doctor Who is a British science-fiction television programme produced by the BBC since 1963. The programme depicts the adventures of the Doctor, a Time Lord—a space and time-travelling humanoid alien. He explores the universe in his TARDIS, a sentient time-travelling space ship. Its exterior appears as a blue British police box, which was a common sight in Britain in 1963 when the series first aired. Accompanied by companions, the Doctor combats a variety of foes, while working to save civilisations and help people in need.
Who is the producer of Doctor Who?
[ "BBC", "BBC", "BBC" ]
[ 77, 77, 77 ]
[ "5727efabff5b5019007d98e2", "5727efabff5b5019007d98e2", "5727efabff5b5019007d98e2" ]
[ "Doctor_Who", "Doctor_Who", "Doctor_Who" ]
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Royal assent: After the bill has been passed, the Presiding Officer submits it to the Monarch for royal assent and it becomes an Act of the Scottish Parliament. However he cannot do so until a 4-week period has elapsed, during which the Law Officers of the Scottish Government or UK Government can refer the bill to the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom for a ruling on whether it is within the powers of the Parliament. Acts of the Scottish Parliament do not begin with a conventional enacting formula. Instead they begin with a phrase that reads: "The Bill for this Act of the Scottish Parliament was passed by the Parliament on [Date] and received royal assent on [Date]".
What is the minimum amount of time before a bill can go into law?
[ "a 4-week period", "a 4-week period", "4-week period" ]
[ 191, 191, 193 ]
[ "572fd264b2c2fd14005684ab", "572fd264b2c2fd14005684ab", "572fd264b2c2fd14005684ab" ]
[ "Scottish_Parliament", "Scottish_Parliament", "Scottish_Parliament" ]
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Helper T cells express T cell receptors (TCR) that recognize antigen bound to Class II MHC molecules. The MHC:antigen complex is also recognized by the helper cell's CD4 co-receptor, which recruits molecules inside the T cell (e.g., Lck) that are responsible for the T cell's activation. Helper T cells have a weaker association with the MHC:antigen complex than observed for killer T cells, meaning many receptors (around 200–300) on the helper T cell must be bound by an MHC:antigen in order to activate the helper cell, while killer T cells can be activated by engagement of a single MHC:antigen molecule. Helper T cell activation also requires longer duration of engagement with an antigen-presenting cell. The activation of a resting helper T cell causes it to release cytokines that influence the activity of many cell types. Cytokine signals produced by helper T cells enhance the microbicidal function of macrophages and the activity of killer T cells. In addition, helper T cell activation causes an upregulation of molecules expressed on the T cell's surface, such as CD40 ligand (also called CD154), which provide extra stimulatory signals typically required to activate antibody-producing B cells.
What is a ligand on the cell surface that is upregulated after helper T cell activation?
[ "CD40 ligand", "CD40", "CD40 ligand" ]
[ 1078, 1078, 1078 ]
[ "5729f4b41d0469140077968f", "5729f4b41d0469140077968f", "5729f4b41d0469140077968f" ]
[ "Immune_system", "Immune_system", "Immune_system" ]
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Neutrophils and macrophages are phagocytes that travel throughout the body in pursuit of invading pathogens. Neutrophils are normally found in the bloodstream and are the most abundant type of phagocyte, normally representing 50% to 60% of the total circulating leukocytes. During the acute phase of inflammation, particularly as a result of bacterial infection, neutrophils migrate toward the site of inflammation in a process called chemotaxis, and are usually the first cells to arrive at the scene of infection. Macrophages are versatile cells that reside within tissues and produce a wide array of chemicals including enzymes, complement proteins, and regulatory factors such as interleukin 1. Macrophages also act as scavengers, ridding the body of worn-out cells and other debris, and as antigen-presenting cells that activate the adaptive immune system.
What is the process in which neutrophils move towards the site of inflammation called?
[ "chemotaxis", "chemotaxis", "chemotaxis" ]
[ 435, 435, 435 ]
[ "5729081d3f37b31900477fae", "5729081d3f37b31900477fae", "5729081d3f37b31900477fae" ]
[ "Immune_system", "Immune_system", "Immune_system" ]
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In the helical thylakoid model, grana consist of a stack of flattened circular granal thylakoids that resemble pancakes. Each granum can contain anywhere from two to a hundred thylakoids, though grana with 10–20 thylakoids are most common. Wrapped around the grana are helicoid stromal thylakoids, also known as frets or lamellar thylakoids. The helices ascend at an angle of 20–25°, connecting to each granal thylakoid at a bridge-like slit junction. The helicoids may extend as large sheets that link multiple grana, or narrow to tube-like bridges between grana. While different parts of the thylakoid system contain different membrane proteins, the thylakoid membranes are continuous and the thylakoid space they enclose form a single continuous labyrinth.
What are frets?
[ "helicoid stromal thylakoids", "helicoid stromal thylakoids", "helicoid stromal thylakoids" ]
[ 269, 269, 269 ]
[ "57296fd71d04691400779443", "57296fd71d04691400779443", "57296fd71d04691400779443" ]
[ "Chloroplast", "Chloroplast", "Chloroplast" ]
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Chloroplasts can serve as cellular sensors. After detecting stress in a cell, which might be due to a pathogen, chloroplasts begin producing molecules like salicylic acid, jasmonic acid, nitric oxide and reactive oxygen species which can serve as defense-signals. As cellular signals, reactive oxygen species are unstable molecules, so they probably don't leave the chloroplast, but instead pass on their signal to an unknown second messenger molecule. All these molecules initiate retrograde signaling—signals from the chloroplast that regulate gene expression in the nucleus.
When do chloroplasts produce defense signals?
[ "After detecting stress in a cell", "After detecting stress in a cell", "After detecting stress in a cell" ]
[ 44, 44, 44 ]
[ "57297427af94a219006aa454", "57297427af94a219006aa454", "57297427af94a219006aa454" ]
[ "Chloroplast", "Chloroplast", "Chloroplast" ]
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Wiesner kept up the pressure, even making the disagreement public during a two-day September visit by the President to Marshall Space Flight Center. Wiesner blurted out "No, that's no good" in front of the press, during a presentation by von Braun. Webb jumped in and defended von Braun, until Kennedy ended the squabble by stating that the matter was "still subject to final review". Webb held firm, and issued a request for proposal to candidate Lunar Excursion Module (LEM) contractors. Wiesner finally relented, unwilling to settle the dispute once and for all in Kennedy's office, because of the President's involvement with the October Cuban missile crisis, and fear of Kennedy's support for Webb. NASA announced the selection of Grumman as the LEM contractor in November 1962.
What does the acronym LEM stand for?
[ "Lunar Excursion Module", "Lunar Excursion Module", "Lunar Excursion Module", "Lunar Excursion Module", "Lunar Excursion Module" ]
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The last glacial ran from ~74,000 (BP = Before Present), until the end of the Pleistocene (~11,600 BP). In northwest Europe, it saw two very cold phases, peaking around 70,000 BP and around 29,000–24,000 BP. The last phase slightly predates the global last ice age maximum (Last Glacial Maximum). During this time, the lower Rhine flowed roughly west through the Netherlands and extended to the southwest, through the English Channel and finally, to the Atlantic Ocean. The English Channel, the Irish Channel and most of the North Sea were dry land, mainly because sea level was approximately 120 m (390 ft) lower than today.
How much lower was the North Sea in the last cold phase than it is today?
[ "120 m", "120 m", "120 m" ]
[ 593, 593, 593 ]
[ "572ffd75b2c2fd14005686e8", "572ffd75b2c2fd14005686e8", "572ffd75b2c2fd14005686e8" ]
[ "Rhine", "Rhine", "Rhine" ]
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Not only the work of British artists and craftspeople is on display, but also work produced by European artists that was purchased or commissioned by British patrons, as well as imports from Asia, including porcelain, cloth and wallpaper. Designers and artists whose work is on display in the galleries include Gian Lorenzo Bernini, Grinling Gibbons, Daniel Marot, Louis Laguerre, Antonio Verrio, Sir James Thornhill, William Kent, Robert Adam, Josiah Wedgwood, Matthew Boulton, Canova, Thomas Chippendale, Pugin, William Morris. Patrons who have influenced taste are also represented by works of art from their collections, these include: Horace Walpole (a major influence on the Gothic Revival), William Thomas Beckford and Thomas Hope.
Which Italian that is credited with the creating the Baroque style of sculpture is represented in the V&A's British galleries?
[ "Gian Lorenzo Bernini", "Gian Lorenzo Bernini", "Gian Lorenzo Bernini" ]
[ 311, 311, 311 ]
[ "5726d4a45951b619008f7f6b", "5726d4a45951b619008f7f6b", "5726d4a45951b619008f7f6b" ]
[ "Victoria_and_Albert_Museum", "Victoria_and_Albert_Museum", "Victoria_and_Albert_Museum" ]
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The Broncos' defense ranked first in the NFL yards allowed (4,530) for the first time in franchise history, and fourth in points allowed (296). Defensive ends Derek Wolfe and Malik Jackson each had 5½ sacks. Pro Bowl linebacker Von Miller led the team with 11 sacks, forced four fumbles, and recovered three. Linebacker DeMarcus Ware was selected to play in the Pro Bowl for the ninth time in his career, ranking second on the team with 7½ sacks. Linebacker Brandon Marshall led the team in total tackles with 109, while Danny Trevathan ranked second with 102. Cornerbacks Aqib Talib (three interceptions) and Chris Harris, Jr. (two interceptions) were the other two Pro Bowl selections from the defense.
How many yards did the Broncos' defense give up?
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The other third of the water flows through the Pannerdens Kanaal and redistributes in the IJssel and Nederrijn. The IJssel branch carries one ninth of the water flow of the Rhine north into the IJsselmeer (a former bay), while the Nederrijn carries approximately two ninths of the flow west along a route parallel to the Waal. However, at Wijk bij Duurstede, the Nederrijn changes its name and becomes the Lek. It flows farther west, to rejoin the Noord River into the Nieuwe Maas and to the North Sea.
Where does the Lek join?
[ "Nieuwe Maas", "Noord River", "Noord River" ]
[ 469, 448, 448 ]
[ "572f7b33947a6a140053c9a5", "572f7b33947a6a140053c9a5", "572f7b33947a6a140053c9a5" ]
[ "Rhine", "Rhine", "Rhine" ]
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"Official" reconstructions have also been released by the BBC on VHS, on MP3 CD-ROM, and as special features on DVD. The BBC, in conjunction with animation studio Cosgrove Hall, reconstructed the missing episodes 1 and 4 of The Invasion (1968), using remastered audio tracks and the comprehensive stage notes for the original filming, for the serial's DVD release in November 2006. The missing episodes of The Reign of Terror were animated by animation company Theta-Sigma, in collaboration with Big Finish, and became available for purchase in May 2013 through Amazon.com. Subsequent animations made in 2013 include The Tenth Planet, The Ice Warriors and The Moonbase.
What year was The Invasion originally shown?
[ "1968", "1968", "1968" ]
[ 238, 238, 238 ]
[ "572805363acd2414000df26f", "572805363acd2414000df26f", "572805363acd2414000df26f" ]
[ "Doctor_Who", "Doctor_Who", "Doctor_Who" ]
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Genghis Khan is regarded as one of the prominent leaders in Mongolia's history. He is responsible for the emergence of the Mongols as a political and ethnic identity because there was no unified identity between the tribes that had cultural similarity. He reinforced many Mongol traditions and provided stability and unity during a time of almost endemic warfare between tribes. He is also given credit for the introduction of the traditional Mongolian script and the creation of the Ikh Zasag (Great Administration), the first written Mongolian law. "Ikh Zasag law adopted during Genghis Khan’s time in Mongolia had points to punish illegal matters related to corruption and bribery very heavily," Mongolian President Tsakhiagiin Elbegdorj noted. President Elbegdorj sees Genghis Khan as a leader from whom to learn for anti-corruption efforts as Genghis Khan sought equal protection under the law for all citizens regardless of status or wealth. "Chinggis (Genghis Khan)...was a man who deeply realized that the justice begins and consolidates with the equality of law, and not with the distinctions between people. He was a man who knew that the good laws and rules lived longer than fancy palaces," Elbegdorj said in his speech on the 850th anniversary of Chinggis Khaan's birth. In summary, Mongolians see him as the fundamental figure in the founding of the Mongol Empire and therefore the basis for Mongolia as a country.
What is the Mongolian name of the first Mongolian laws codified in writing?
[ "Ikh Zasag", "Ikh Zasag (", "Ikh Zasag" ]
[ 484, 484, 484 ]
[ "5727515af1498d1400e8f63a", "5727515af1498d1400e8f63a", "5727515af1498d1400e8f63a" ]
[ "Genghis_Khan", "Genghis_Khan", "Genghis_Khan" ]
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While photosystem II photolyzes water to obtain and energize new electrons, photosystem I simply reenergizes depleted electrons at the end of an electron transport chain. Normally, the reenergized electrons are taken by NADP+, though sometimes they can flow back down more H+-pumping electron transport chains to transport more hydrogen ions into the thylakoid space to generate more ATP. This is termed cyclic photophosphorylation because the electrons are recycled. Cyclic photophosphorylation is common in C4 plants, which need more ATP than NADPH.
What usually takes reenergized electrons?
[ "photosystem I", "NADP+", "NADP+" ]
[ 76, 220, 220 ]
[ "572975511d046914007794a7", "572975511d046914007794a7", "572975511d046914007794a7" ]
[ "Chloroplast", "Chloroplast", "Chloroplast" ]
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Jacksonville is the most populous city in Florida, and the twelfth most populous city in the United States. As of 2010[update], there were 821,784 people and 366,273 households in the city. Jacksonville has the country's tenth-largest Arab population, with a total population of 5,751 according to the 2000 United States Census. Jacksonville has Florida's largest Filipino American community, with 25,033 in the metropolitan area as of the 2010 Census. Much of Jacksonville's Filipino community served in or has ties to the United States Navy.
What ethnic group located in Jacksonville is ranked tenth largest?
[ "Arab", "Arab", "Arab" ]
[ 235, 235, 235 ]
[ "572826634b864d19001645be", "572826634b864d19001645be", "572826634b864d19001645be" ]
[ "Jacksonville,_Florida", "Jacksonville,_Florida", "Jacksonville,_Florida" ]
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During his time at his lab, Tesla observed unusual signals from his receiver which he concluded may be communications from another planet. He mentioned them in a letter to reporter Julian Hawthorne at the Philadelphia North American on 8 December 1899 and in a December 1900 letter about possible discoveries in the new century to the Red Cross Society where he referred to messages "from another world" that read "1... 2... 3...". Reporters treated it as a sensational story and jumped to the conclusion Tesla was hearing signals from Mars. He expanded on the signals he heard in a 9 February 1901 Collier's Weekly article "Talking With Planets" where he said it had not been immediately apparent to him that he was hearing "intelligently controlled signals" and that the signals could come from Mars, Venus, or other planets. It has been hypothesized that he may have intercepted Marconi's European experiments in July 1899—Marconi may have transmitted the letter S (dot/dot/dot) in a naval demonstration, the same three impulses that Tesla hinted at hearing in Colorado—or signals from another experimenter in wireless transmission.
What planet did the reporters decide the signals were from?
[ "Mars", "Mars", "Mars" ]
[ 536, 536, 536 ]
[ "56e10043e3433e1400422a85", "56e10043e3433e1400422a85", "56e10043e3433e1400422a85" ]
[ "Nikola_Tesla", "Nikola_Tesla", "Nikola_Tesla" ]
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A method to lessen the magnitude of this heating and cooling was invented in 1804 by British engineer Arthur Woolf, who patented his Woolf high-pressure compound engine in 1805. In the compound engine, high-pressure steam from the boiler expands in a high-pressure (HP) cylinder and then enters one or more subsequent lower-pressure (LP) cylinders. The complete expansion of the steam now occurs across multiple cylinders and as less expansion now occurs in each cylinder less heat is lost by the steam in each. This reduces the magnitude of cylinder heating and cooling, increasing the efficiency of the engine. By staging the expansion in multiple cylinders, torque variability can be reduced. To derive equal work from lower-pressure steam requires a larger cylinder volume as this steam occupies a greater volume. Therefore, the bore, and often the stroke, are increased in low-pressure cylinders resulting in larger cylinders.
What is decreased by staging expansion across multiple cylinders?
[ "torque variability", "torque variability", "torque variability" ]
[ 661, 661, 661 ]
[ "5711541350c2381900b54a71", "5711541350c2381900b54a71", "5711541350c2381900b54a71" ]
[ "Steam_engine", "Steam_engine", "Steam_engine" ]
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The Standard Industrial Classification and the newer North American Industry Classification System have a classification system for companies that perform or otherwise engage in construction. To recognize the differences of companies in this sector, it is divided into three subsectors: building construction, heavy and civil engineering construction, and specialty trade contractors. There are also categories for construction service firms (e.g., engineering, architecture) and construction managers (firms engaged in managing construction projects without assuming direct financial responsibility for completion of the construction project).
What are the three construction subsectors?
[ "building construction, heavy and civil engineering construction, and specialty trade contractors", "building construction, heavy and civil engineering construction, and specialty trade contractors", "building construction, heavy and civil engineering construction, and specialty trade contractors" ]
[ 287, 287, 287 ]
[ "57273f27dd62a815002e9a0a", "57273f27dd62a815002e9a0a", "57273f27dd62a815002e9a0a" ]
[ "Construction", "Construction", "Construction" ]
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Downtown San Diego is the central business district of San Diego, though the city is filled with business districts. These include Carmel Valley, Del Mar Heights, Mission Valley, Rancho Bernardo, Sorrento Mesa, and University City. Most of these districts are located in Northern San Diego and some within North County regions.
Outside of Northern San Diego, which other region contains business districts?
[ "North County", "North County", "North County regions" ]
[ 306, 306, 306 ]
[ "57060f3e75f01819005e7924", "57060f3e75f01819005e7924", "57060f3e75f01819005e7924" ]
[ "Southern_California", "Southern_California", "Southern_California" ]
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NASA's CALIPSO satellite has measured the amount of dust transported by wind from the Sahara to the Amazon: an average 182 million tons of dust are windblown out of the Sahara each year, at 15 degrees west longitude, across 1,600 miles (2,600 km) over the Atlantic Ocean (some dust falls into the Atlantic), then at 35 degrees West longitude at the eastern coast of South America, 27.7 million tons (15%) of dust fall over the Amazon basin, 132 million tons of dust remain in the air, 43 million tons of dust are windblown and falls on the Caribbean Sea, past 75 degrees west longitude.
How many tons of dust are blown from the Sahara each year?
[ "182 million tons", "182 million", "an average 182 million" ]
[ 119, 119, 108 ]
[ "5725c63438643c19005acca0", "5725c63438643c19005acca0", "5725c63438643c19005acca0" ]
[ "Amazon_rainforest", "Amazon_rainforest", "Amazon_rainforest" ]
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In October 1529, Philip I, Landgrave of Hesse, convoked an assembly of German and Swiss theologians at the Marburg Colloquy, to establish doctrinal unity in the emerging Protestant states. Agreement was achieved on fourteen points out of fifteen, the exception being the nature of the Eucharist – the sacrament of the Lord's Supper—an issue crucial to Luther.
What was the Marburg Colloquy meant to establish?
[ "doctrinal unity", "doctrinal unity", "doctrinal unity" ]
[ 138, 138, 138 ]
[ "56f88c37aef2371900626178", "56f88c37aef2371900626178", "56f88c37aef2371900626178" ]
[ "Martin_Luther", "Martin_Luther", "Martin_Luther" ]
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As of August 2010, Victoria had 1,548 public schools, 489 Catholic schools and 214 independent schools. Just under 540,800 students were enrolled in public schools, and just over 311,800 in private schools. Over 61 per cent of private students attend Catholic schools. More than 462,000 students were enrolled in primary schools and more than 390,000 in secondary schools. Retention rates for the final two years of secondary school were 77 per cent for public school students and 90 per cent for private school students. Victoria has about 63,519 full-time teachers.
How many students were enrolled in public schools in Victoria?
[ "540,800", "540,800", "540,800" ]
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[ "Victoria_(Australia)", "Victoria_(Australia)", "Victoria_(Australia)" ]
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At the begin of the Holocene (~11,700 years ago), the Rhine occupied its Late-Glacial valley. As a meandering river, it reworked its ice-age braidplain. As sea-level continued to rise in the Netherlands, the formation of the Holocene Rhine-Meuse delta began (~8,000 years ago). Coeval absolute sea-level rise and tectonic subsidence have strongly influenced delta evolution. Other factors of importance to the shape of the delta are the local tectonic activities of the Peel Boundary Fault, the substrate and geomorphology, as inherited from the Last Glacial and the coastal-marine dynamics, such as barrier and tidal inlet formations.
When did the formation of the Holocene Rhine-Meuse delta begin?
[ "8,000 years ago", "~8,000 years ago", "~8,000 years ago" ]
[ 260, 259, 259 ]
[ "5730042804bcaa1900d77014", "5730042804bcaa1900d77014", "5730042804bcaa1900d77014" ]
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The fundamental theorem of arithmetic continues to hold in unique factorization domains. An example of such a domain is the Gaussian integers Z[i], that is, the set of complex numbers of the form a + bi where i denotes the imaginary unit and a and b are arbitrary integers. Its prime elements are known as Gaussian primes. Not every prime (in Z) is a Gaussian prime: in the bigger ring Z[i], 2 factors into the product of the two Gaussian primes (1 + i) and (1 − i). Rational primes (i.e. prime elements in Z) of the form 4k + 3 are Gaussian primes, whereas rational primes of the form 4k + 1 are not.
What theorem remains valid in unique factorization domains?
[ "The fundamental theorem of arithmetic", "theorem of arithmetic", "The fundamental theorem of arithmetic", "fundamental theorem of arithmetic" ]
[ 0, 16, 0, 4 ]
[ "57299d1c1d04691400779581", "57299d1c1d04691400779581", "57299d1c1d04691400779581", "57299d1c1d04691400779581" ]
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To avoid confusing or upsetting the people, Luther avoided extreme change. He also did not wish to replace one controlling system with another. He concentrated on the church in the Electorate of Saxony, acting only as an adviser to churches in new territories, many of which followed his Saxon model. He worked closely with the new elector, John the Steadfast, to whom he turned for secular leadership and funds on behalf of a church largely shorn of its assets and income after the break with Rome. For Luther's biographer Martin Brecht, this partnership "was the beginning of a questionable and originally unintended development towards a church government under the temporal sovereign". The elector authorised a visitation of the church, a power formerly exercised by bishops. At times, Luther's practical reforms fell short of his earlier radical pronouncements. For example, the Instructions for the Visitors of Parish Pastors in Electoral Saxony (1528), drafted by Melanchthon with Luther's approval, stressed the role of repentance in the forgiveness of sins, despite Luther's position that faith alone ensures justification. The Eisleben reformer Johannes Agricola challenged this compromise, and Luther condemned him for teaching that faith is separate from works. The Instruction is a problematic document for those seeking a consistent evolution in Luther's thought and practice.
What role did Luther play in other areas' churches?
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Advances in polynomial algebra were made by mathematicians during the Yuan era. The mathematician Zhu Shijie (1249–1314) solved simultaneous equations with up to four unknowns using a rectangular array of coefficients, equivalent to modern matrices. Zhu used a method of elimination to reduce the simultaneous equations to a single equation with only one unknown. His method is described in the Jade Mirror of the Four Unknowns, written in 1303. The opening pages contain a diagram of Pascal's triangle. The summation of a finite arithmetic series is also covered in the book.
What type of math was advanced during the Yuan?
[ "polynomial algebra", "polynomial algebra", "polynomial algebra" ]
[ 12, 12, 12 ]
[ "5728804b4b864d1900164a49", "5728804b4b864d1900164a49", "5728804b4b864d1900164a49" ]
[ "Yuan_dynasty", "Yuan_dynasty", "Yuan_dynasty" ]
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Super Bowl 50 was an American football game to determine the champion of the National Football League (NFL) for the 2015 season. The American Football Conference (AFC) champion Denver Broncos defeated the National Football Conference (NFC) champion Carolina Panthers 24–10 to earn their third Super Bowl title. The game was played on February 7, 2016, at Levi's Stadium in the San Francisco Bay Area at Santa Clara, California. As this was the 50th Super Bowl, the league emphasized the "golden anniversary" with various gold-themed initiatives, as well as temporarily suspending the tradition of naming each Super Bowl game with Roman numerals (under which the game would have been known as "Super Bowl L"), so that the logo could prominently feature the Arabic numerals 50.
What stadium did Super Bowl 50 take place in?
[ "Levi's Stadium", "Levi's Stadium", "Levi's Stadium" ]
[ 355, 355, 355 ]
[ "56bf10f43aeaaa14008c94ff", "56bf10f43aeaaa14008c94ff", "56bf10f43aeaaa14008c94ff" ]
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Private schools are often Anglican, such as King's College and Diocesan School for Girls in Auckland, St Paul's Collegiate School in Hamilton, St Peter's School in Cambridge, Samuel Marsden Collegiate School in Wellington, and Christ's College and St Margaret's College in Christchurch; or Presbyterian, such as Saint Kentigern College and St Cuthbert's College in Auckland, Scots College and Queen Margaret College in Wellington, and St Andrew's College and Rangi Ruru Girls' School in Christchurch. Academic Colleges Group is a recent group of private schools run as a business, with schools throughout Auckland, including ACG Senior College in Auckland’s CBD, ACG Parnell College in Parnell, and international school ACG New Zealand International College. There are three private schools (including the secondary school, St Dominic's College) operated by the Catholic schismatic group, the Society of St Pius X in Wanganui.
Where is Samuel Marsden Collegiate School located?
[ "Wellington", "Wellington", "Wellington" ]
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The city developed around the Roman settlement Pons Aelius and was named after the castle built in 1080 by Robert Curthose, William the Conqueror's eldest son. The city grew as an important centre for the wool trade in the 14th century, and later became a major coal mining area. The port developed in the 16th century and, along with the shipyards lower down the River Tyne, was amongst the world's largest shipbuilding and ship-repairing centres. Newcastle's economy includes corporate headquarters, learning, digital technology, retail, tourism and cultural centres, from which the city contributes £13 billion towards the United Kingdom's GVA. Among its icons are Newcastle Brown Ale; Newcastle United football club; and the Tyne Bridge. It has hosted the world's most popular half marathon, the Great North Run, since it began in 1981.
What trade was the city an important center of in the 14th century?
[ "wool", "the wool trade", "wool" ]
[ 205, 201, 205 ]
[ "5726651ff1498d1400e8de31", "5726651ff1498d1400e8de31", "5726651ff1498d1400e8de31" ]
[ "Newcastle_upon_Tyne", "Newcastle_upon_Tyne", "Newcastle_upon_Tyne" ]
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Throughout the programme's long history, there have been revelations about the Doctor that have raised additional questions. In The Brain of Morbius (1976), it was hinted that the First Doctor may not have been the first incarnation (although the other faces depicted may have been incarnations of the Time Lord Morbius). In subsequent stories the First Doctor was depicted as the earliest incarnation of the Doctor. In Mawdryn Undead (1983), the Fifth Doctor explicitly confirmed that he was then currently in his fifth incarnation. Later that same year, during 1983's 20th Anniversary special The Five Doctors, the First Doctor enquires as to the Fifth Doctor's regeneration; when the Fifth Doctor confirms "Fourth", the First Doctor excitedly replies "Goodness me. So there are five of me now." In 2010, the Eleventh Doctor similarly calls himself "the Eleventh" in "The Lodger". In the 2013 episode "The Time of the Doctor," the Eleventh Doctor clarified he was the product of the twelfth regeneration, due to a previous incarnation which he chose not to count and one other aborted regeneration. The name Eleventh is still used for this incarnation; the same episode depicts the prophesied "Fall of the Eleventh" which had been trailed throughout the series.
In what episode does the "Fall of the Eleventh" happen?
[ "The Time of the Doctor", "The Time of the Doctor", "The Time of the Doctor" ]
[ 904, 904, 904 ]
[ "57280e323acd2414000df349", "57280e323acd2414000df349", "57280e323acd2414000df349" ]
[ "Doctor_Who", "Doctor_Who", "Doctor_Who" ]
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The evolutionary strategy used by cicadas of the genus Magicicada make use of prime numbers. These insects spend most of their lives as grubs underground. They only pupate and then emerge from their burrows after 7, 13 or 17 years, at which point they fly about, breed, and then die after a few weeks at most. The logic for this is believed to be that the prime number intervals between emergences make it very difficult for predators to evolve that could specialize as predators on Magicicadas. If Magicicadas appeared at a non-prime number intervals, say every 12 years, then predators appearing every 2, 3, 4, 6, or 12 years would be sure to meet them. Over a 200-year period, average predator populations during hypothetical outbreaks of 14- and 15-year cicadas would be up to 2% higher than during outbreaks of 13- and 17-year cicadas. Though small, this advantage appears to have been enough to drive natural selection in favour of a prime-numbered life-cycle for these insects.
What type of insect employs the use of prime numbers in its evolutionary strategy?
[ "cicadas", "cicadas", "cicadas", "cicadas" ]
[ 34, 34, 34, 34 ]
[ "572998673f37b319004784d5", "572998673f37b319004784d5", "572998673f37b319004784d5", "572998673f37b319004784d5" ]
[ "Prime_number", "Prime_number", "Prime_number", "Prime_number" ]
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In December 1878, Tesla left Graz and severed all relations with his family to hide the fact that he dropped out of school. His friends thought that he had drowned in the Mur River. Tesla went to Maribor (now in Slovenia), where he worked as a draftsman for 60 florins a month. He spent his spare time playing cards with local men on the streets. In March 1879, Milutin Tesla went to Maribor to beg his son to return home, but Nikola refused. Nikola suffered a nervous breakdown at around the same time.
What did Tesla do in December 1878?
[ "left Graz and severed all relations with his family", "left Graz", "left Graz" ]
[ 24, 24, 24 ]
[ "56dfa7887aa994140058dfa9", "56dfa7887aa994140058dfa9", "56dfa7887aa994140058dfa9" ]
[ "Nikola_Tesla", "Nikola_Tesla", "Nikola_Tesla" ]
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The V&A holds over 19,000 items from the Islamic world, ranging from the early Islamic period (the 7th century) to the early 20th century. The Jameel Gallery of Islamic Art, opened in 2006, houses a representative display of 400 objects with the highlight being the Ardabil Carpet, the centrepiece of the gallery. The displays in this gallery cover objects from Spain, North Africa, the Middle East, Central Asia and Afghanistan. A masterpiece of Islamic art is a 10th-century Rock crystal ewer. Many examples of Qur'āns with exquisite calligraphy dating from various periods are on display. A 15th-century minbar from a Cairo mosque with ivory forming complex geometrical patterns inlaid in wood is one of the larger objects on display. Extensive examples of ceramics especially Iznik pottery, glasswork including 14th-century lamps from mosques and metalwork are on display. The collection of Middle Eastern and Persian rugs and carpets is amongst the finest in the world, many were part of the Salting Bequest of 1909. Examples of tile work from various buildings including a fireplace dated 1731 from Istanbul made of intricately decorated blue and white tiles and turquoise tiles from the exterior of buildings from Samarkand are also displayed.
In which year did the Jameel Gallery of Islamic Art opened?
[ "2006", "2006", "2006" ]
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[ "5726bc505951b619008f7c7a", "5726bc505951b619008f7c7a", "5726bc505951b619008f7c7a" ]
[ "Victoria_and_Albert_Museum", "Victoria_and_Albert_Museum", "Victoria_and_Albert_Museum" ]
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Conservative researchers have argued that income inequality is not significant because consumption, rather than income should be the measure of inequality, and inequality of consumption is less extreme than inequality of income in the US. Will Wilkinson of the libertarian Cato Institute states that "the weight of the evidence shows that the run-up in consumption inequality has been considerably less dramatic than the rise in income inequality," and consumption is more important than income. According to Johnson, Smeeding, and Tory, consumption inequality was actually lower in 2001 than it was in 1986. The debate is summarized in "The Hidden Prosperity of the Poor" by journalist Thomas B. Edsall. Other studies have not found consumption inequality less dramatic than household income inequality, and the CBO's study found consumption data not "adequately" capturing "consumption by high-income households" as it does their income, though it did agree that household consumption numbers show more equal distribution than household income.
What political leaning does the Cato Institute have?
[ "libertarian", "libertarian", "libertarian" ]
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[ "572a0c541d046914007796f4", "572a0c541d046914007796f4", "572a0c541d046914007796f4" ]
[ "Economic_inequality", "Economic_inequality", "Economic_inequality" ]
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A piece of paper was later found on which Luther had written his last statement. The statement was in Latin, apart from "We are beggars," which was in German.
What portion of Luther's last statement was in German?
[ "\"We are beggars,\"", "We are beggars", "We are beggars," ]
[ 120, 121, 121 ]
[ "56f8ca289b226e1400dd1009", "56f8ca289b226e1400dd1009", "56f8ca289b226e1400dd1009" ]
[ "Martin_Luther", "Martin_Luther", "Martin_Luther" ]
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Several commemorative events take place every year. Gatherings of thousands of people on the banks of the Vistula on Midsummer’s Night for a festival called Wianki (Polish for Wreaths) have become a tradition and a yearly event in the programme of cultural events in Warsaw. The festival traces its roots to a peaceful pagan ritual where maidens would float their wreaths of herbs on the water to predict when they would be married, and to whom. By the 19th century this tradition had become a festive event, and it continues today. The city council organize concerts and other events. Each Midsummer’s Eve, apart from the official floating of wreaths, jumping over fires, looking for the fern flower, there are musical performances, dignitaries' speeches, fairs and fireworks by the river bank.
What is the polish word for wreaths?
[ "Wianki", "Wianki", "Wianki" ]
[ 157, 157, 157 ]
[ "57339dd94776f41900660ecc", "57339dd94776f41900660ecc", "57339dd94776f41900660ecc" ]
[ "Warsaw", "Warsaw", "Warsaw" ]
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The modern trend in design is toward integration of previously separated specialties, especially among large firms. In the past, architects, interior designers, engineers, developers, construction managers, and general contractors were more likely to be entirely separate companies, even in the larger firms. Presently, a firm that is nominally an "architecture" or "construction management" firm may have experts from all related fields as employees, or to have an associated company that provides each necessary skill. Thus, each such firm may offer itself as "one-stop shopping" for a construction project, from beginning to end. This is designated as a "design build" contract where the contractor is given a performance specification and must undertake the project from design to construction, while adhering to the performance specifications.
Even in large firms, architects, interior designers, engineers, developers, construction managers, and general contractors were more likely to be what?
[ "entirely separate companies", "entirely separate companies", "entirely separate companies" ]
[ 254, 254, 254 ]
[ "57274e0d708984140094dbe6", "57274e0d708984140094dbe6", "57274e0d708984140094dbe6" ]
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Luther had published his German translation of the New Testament in 1522, and he and his collaborators completed the translation of the Old Testament in 1534, when the whole Bible was published. He continued to work on refining the translation until the end of his life. Others had translated the Bible into German, but Luther tailored his translation to his own doctrine. When he was criticised for inserting the word "alone" after "faith" in Romans 3:28, he replied in part: "[T]he text itself and the meaning of St. Paul urgently require and demand it. For in that very passage he is dealing with the main point of Christian doctrine, namely, that we are justified by faith in Christ without any works of the Law. ... But when works are so completely cut away – and that must mean that faith alone justifies – whoever would speak plainly and clearly about this cutting away of works will have to say, 'Faith alone justifies us, and not works'."
When was the Old Testament translation finished?
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One of the things Tesla developed at that laboratory in 1887 was an induction motor that ran on alternating current, a power system format that was starting to be built in Europe and the United States because of its advantages in long-distance, high-voltage transmission. The motor used polyphase current which generated a rotating magnetic field to turn the motor (a principle Tesla claimed to have conceived in 1882). This innovative electric motor, patented in May 1888, was a simple self-starting design that did not need a commutator, thus avoiding sparking and the high maintenance of constantly servicing and replacing mechanical brushes.
When was Tesla's innovative motor patented?
[ "May 1888", "in May 1888", "May 1888" ]
[ 464, 461, 464 ]
[ "56dfb6d17aa994140058e054", "56dfb6d17aa994140058e054", "56dfb6d17aa994140058e054" ]
[ "Nikola_Tesla", "Nikola_Tesla", "Nikola_Tesla" ]
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There are also several smaller freight operators and numerous tourist railways operating over lines which were once parts of a state-owned system. Victorian lines mainly use the 1,600 mm (5 ft 3 in) broad gauge. However, the interstate trunk routes, as well as a number of branch lines in the west of the state have been converted to 1,435 mm (4 ft 8 1⁄2 in) standard gauge. Two tourist railways operate over 760 mm (2 ft 6 in) narrow gauge lines, which are the remnants of five formerly government-owned lines which were built in mountainous areas.
What gauge of rail lines do two tourist lines use?
[ "760 mm (2 ft 6 in) narrow gauge lines", "760 mm", "760 mm (2 ft 6 in) narrow gauge lines" ]
[ 409, 409, 409 ]
[ "570d47b8b3d812140066d62f", "570d47b8b3d812140066d62f", "570d47b8b3d812140066d62f" ]
[ "Victoria_(Australia)", "Victoria_(Australia)", "Victoria_(Australia)" ]
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After each election to the Scottish Parliament, at the beginning of each parliamentary session, Parliament elects one MSP to serve as Presiding Officer, the equivalent of the speaker (currently Tricia Marwick), and two MSPs to serve as deputies (currently Elaine Smith and John Scott). The Presiding Officer and deputies are elected by a secret ballot of the 129 MSPs, which is the only secret ballot conducted in the Scottish Parliament. Principally, the role of the Presiding Officer is to chair chamber proceedings and the Scottish Parliamentary Corporate Body. When chairing meetings of the Parliament, the Presiding Officer and his/her deputies must be politically impartial. During debates, the Presiding Officer (or the deputy) is assisted by the parliamentary clerks, who give advice on how to interpret the standing orders that govern the proceedings of meetings. A vote clerk sits in front of the Presiding Officer and operates the electronic voting equipment and chamber clocks.
Who is currently speaker of the Scottish Parliament?
[ "Tricia Marwick", "Tricia Marwick", "Tricia Marwick" ]
[ 194, 194, 194 ]
[ "572fb42904bcaa1900d76c16", "572fb42904bcaa1900d76c16", "572fb42904bcaa1900d76c16" ]
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Tesla also explained the principles of the rotating magnetic field in an induction motor by demonstrating how to make a copper egg stand on end using a device he constructed known as the Egg of Columbus.
Who demonstrated the Egg of Columbus?
[ "Tesla", "Tesla", "Tesla" ]
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These chloroplasts, which can be traced back directly to a cyanobacterial ancestor, are known as primary plastids ("plastid" in this context means almost the same thing as chloroplast). All primary chloroplasts belong to one of three chloroplast lineages—the glaucophyte chloroplast lineage, the rhodophyte, or red algal chloroplast lineage, or the chloroplastidan, or green chloroplast lineage. The second two are the largest, and the green chloroplast lineage is the one that contains the land plants.
How many chloroplast lineages are there?
[ "three", "three", "three" ]
[ 228, 228, 228 ]
[ "5729582b1d046914007792e4", "5729582b1d046914007792e4", "5729582b1d046914007792e4" ]
[ "Chloroplast", "Chloroplast", "Chloroplast" ]
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Teaching using pedagogy also involve assessing the educational levels of the students on particular skills. Understanding the pedagogy of the students in a classroom involves using differentiated instruction as well as supervision to meet the needs of all students in the classroom. Pedagogy can be thought of in two manners. First, teaching itself can be taught in many different ways, hence, using a pedagogy of teaching styles. Second, the pedagogy of the learners comes into play when a teacher assesses the pedagogic diversity of his/her students and differentiates for the individual students accordingly. For example, an experienced teacher and parent described the place of a teacher in learning as follows: "The real bulk of learning takes place in self-study and problem solving with a lot of feedback around that loop. The function of the teacher is to pressure the lazy, inspire the bored, deflate the cocky, encourage the timid, detect and correct individual flaws, and broaden the viewpoint of all. This function looks like that of a coach using the whole gamut of psychology to get each new class of rookies off the bench and into the game."
What function is a teacher's role similar to?
[ "coach", "a coach", "coach" ]
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Fresno (/ˈfrɛznoʊ/ FREZ-noh), the county seat of Fresno County, is a city in the U.S. state of California. As of 2015, the city's population was 520,159, making it the fifth-largest city in California, the largest inland city in California and the 34th-largest in the nation. Fresno is in the center of the San Joaquin Valley and is the largest city in the Central Valley, which contains the San Joaquin Valley. It is approximately 220 miles (350 km) northwest of Los Angeles, 170 miles (270 km) south of the state capital, Sacramento, or 185 miles (300 km) south of San Francisco. The name Fresno means "ash tree" in Spanish, and an ash leaf is featured on the city's flag.
What does the name Fresno mean in Spanish?
[ "ash tree", "ash tree", "ash tree" ]
[ 605, 605, 605 ]
[ "5725ce4d38643c19005acd4f", "5725ce4d38643c19005acd4f", "5725ce4d38643c19005acd4f" ]
[ "Fresno,_California", "Fresno,_California", "Fresno,_California" ]
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Some theories of civil disobedience hold that civil disobedience is only justified against governmental entities. Brownlee argues that disobedience in opposition to the decisions of non-governmental agencies such as trade unions, banks, and private universities can be justified if it reflects "a larger challenge to the legal system that permits those decisions to be taken". The same principle, she argues, applies to breaches of law in protest against international organizations and foreign governments.
Brownlee argues disobedience can be justified toward what institutions?
[ "trade unions, banks, and private universities", "non-governmental agencies", "decisions of non-governmental agencies", "non-governmental agencies", "non-governmental agencies" ]
[ 216, 182, 169, 182, 182 ]
[ "5728151b4b864d1900164429", "5728151b4b864d1900164429", "5728151b4b864d1900164429", "5728151b4b864d1900164429", "5728151b4b864d1900164429" ]
[ "Civil_disobedience", "Civil_disobedience", "Civil_disobedience", "Civil_disobedience", "Civil_disobedience" ]
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Peyton Manning became the first quarterback ever to lead two different teams to multiple Super Bowls. He is also the oldest quarterback ever to play in a Super Bowl at age 39. The past record was held by John Elway, who led the Broncos to victory in Super Bowl XXXIII at age 38 and is currently Denver's Executive Vice President of Football Operations and General Manager.
Who has the record of being the oldest quarter back in any Super Bowl game?
[ "Peyton Manning", "Manning", "Manning", "Peyton Manning" ]
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An ambitious scheme of decoration was developed for these new areas: a series of mosaic figures depicting famous European artists of the Medieval and Renaissance period. These have now been removed to other areas of the museum. Also started were a series of frescoes by Lord Leighton: Industrial Arts as Applied to War 1878–1880 and Industrial Arts Applied to Peace, which was started but never finished. To the east of this were additional galleries, the decoration of which was the work of another designer Owen Jones, these were the Oriental Courts (covering India, China and Japan) completed in 1863, none of this decoration survives, part of these galleries became the new galleries covering the 19th century, opened in December 2006. The last work by Fowke was the design for the range of buildings on the north and west sides of the garden, this includes the refreshment rooms, reinstated as the Museum Café in 2006, with the silver gallery above, (at the time the ceramics gallery), the top floor has a splendid lecture theatre although this is seldom open to the general public. The ceramic staircase in the northwest corner of this range of buildings was designed by F. W. Moody and has architectural details of moulded and coloured pottery. All the work on the north range was designed and built in 1864–69. The style adopted for this part of the museum was Italian Renaissance, much use was made of terracotta, brick and mosaic, this north façade was intended as the main entrance to the museum with its bronze doors designed by James Gamble & Reuben Townroe having six panels depicting: Humphry Davy (chemistry); Isaac Newton (astronomy); James Watt (mechanics); Bramante (architecture); Michelangelo (sculpture); Titian (painting); thus representing the range of the museums collections, Godfrey Sykes also designed the terracotta embellishments and the mosaic in the pediment of the North Façade commemorating the Great Exhibition the profits from which helped to fund the museum, this is flanked by terracotta statue groups by Percival Ball. This building replaced Brompton Park House, which could then be demolished to make way for the south range.
What Italian painter was depicted in the main bronze door entrance of the museum?
[ "Titian", "Michelangelo", "Michelangelo (sculpture)" ]
[ 1727, 1701, 1701 ]
[ "57269c06708984140094cba5", "57269c06708984140094cba5", "57269c06708984140094cba5" ]
[ "Victoria_and_Albert_Museum", "Victoria_and_Albert_Museum", "Victoria_and_Albert_Museum" ]
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In 1882, Tesla began working for the Continental Edison Company in France, designing and making improvements to electrical equipment. In June 1884, he relocated to New York City:57–60 where he was hired by Thomas Edison to work at his Edison Machine Works on Manhattan's lower east side. Tesla's work for Edison began with simple electrical engineering and quickly progressed to solving more difficult problems.
Where was the Continental Edison Company located?
[ "France", "in France", "France" ]
[ 67, 64, 67 ]
[ "56e0d54a7aa994140058e76a", "56e0d54a7aa994140058e76a", "56e0d54a7aa994140058e76a" ]
[ "Nikola_Tesla", "Nikola_Tesla", "Nikola_Tesla" ]
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Hypersensitivity is an immune response that damages the body's own tissues. They are divided into four classes (Type I – IV) based on the mechanisms involved and the time course of the hypersensitive reaction. Type I hypersensitivity is an immediate or anaphylactic reaction, often associated with allergy. Symptoms can range from mild discomfort to death. Type I hypersensitivity is mediated by IgE, which triggers degranulation of mast cells and basophils when cross-linked by antigen. Type II hypersensitivity occurs when antibodies bind to antigens on the patient's own cells, marking them for destruction. This is also called antibody-dependent (or cytotoxic) hypersensitivity, and is mediated by IgG and IgM antibodies. Immune complexes (aggregations of antigens, complement proteins, and IgG and IgM antibodies) deposited in various tissues trigger Type III hypersensitivity reactions. Type IV hypersensitivity (also known as cell-mediated or delayed type hypersensitivity) usually takes between two and three days to develop. Type IV reactions are involved in many autoimmune and infectious diseases, but may also involve contact dermatitis (poison ivy). These reactions are mediated by T cells, monocytes, and macrophages.
Antibody-dependent hypersensitivity belongs to what class of hypersensitivity?
[ "Type II", "Type II hypersensitivity", "Type II hypersensitivity" ]
[ 488, 488, 488 ]
[ "572a0bf96aef051400155208", "572a0bf96aef051400155208", "572a0bf96aef051400155208" ]
[ "Immune_system", "Immune_system", "Immune_system" ]
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Near the end of the 19th century compound engines came into widespread use. Compound engines exhausted steam in to successively larger cylinders to accommodate the higher volumes at reduced pressures, giving improved efficiency. These stages were called expansions, with double and triple expansion engines being common, especially in shipping where efficiency was important to reduce the weight of coal carried. Steam engines remained the dominant source of power until the early 20th century, when advances in the design of electric motors and internal combustion engines gradually resulted in the replacement of reciprocating (piston) steam engines, with shipping in the 20th-century relying upon the steam turbine.
In what field were double and triple expansion engines common?
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Analogous definitions can be made for space requirements. Although time and space are the most well-known complexity resources, any complexity measure can be viewed as a computational resource. Complexity measures are very generally defined by the Blum complexity axioms. Other complexity measures used in complexity theory include communication complexity, circuit complexity, and decision tree complexity.
A complexity resource can also be described as what other type of resource?
[ "computational", "computational", "computational resource" ]
[ 170, 170, 170 ]
[ "56e1b754cd28a01900c67abd", "56e1b754cd28a01900c67abd", "56e1b754cd28a01900c67abd" ]
[ "Computational_complexity_theory", "Computational_complexity_theory", "Computational_complexity_theory" ]
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Egyptian President Anwar Sadat – whose policies included opening Egypt to Western investment (infitah); transferring Egypt's allegiance from the Soviet Union to the United States; and making peace with Israel – released Islamists from prison and welcomed home exiles in tacit exchange for political support in his struggle against leftists. His "encouraging of the emergence of the Islamist movement" was said to have been "imitated by many other Muslim leaders in the years that followed." This "gentlemen's agreement" between Sadat and Islamists broke down in 1975 but not before Islamists came to completely dominate university student unions. Sadat was later assassinated and a formidable insurgency was formed in Egypt in the 1990s. The French government has also been reported to have promoted Islamist preachers "in the hope of channeling Muslim energies into zones of piety and charity."
Who is the President of Egypt?
[ "Anwar Sadat", "Anwar Sadat", "Anwar Sadat" ]
[ 19, 19, 19 ]
[ "572ffc99947a6a140053cef6", "572ffc99947a6a140053cef6", "572ffc99947a6a140053cef6" ]
[ "Islamism", "Islamism", "Islamism" ]
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On 1 February 2007, the eve of the publication of IPCC's major report on climate, a study was published suggesting that temperatures and sea levels have been rising at or above the maximum rates proposed during the last IPCC report in 2001. The study compared IPCC 2001 projections on temperature and sea level change with observations. Over the six years studied, the actual temperature rise was near the top end of the range given by IPCC's 2001 projection, and the actual sea level rise was above the top of the range of the IPCC projection.
How did the 2001 IPCC report compare to reality for 2001-2006?
[ "temperatures and sea levels have been rising at or above the maximum rates", "temperatures and sea levels have been rising at or above the maximum rates proposed", "temperatures and sea levels have been rising at or above the maximum rates proposed" ]
[ 120, 120, 120 ]
[ "572945b11d04691400779230", "572945b11d04691400779230", "572945b11d04691400779230" ]
[ "Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change", "Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change", "Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change" ]
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Long-term active memory is acquired following infection by activation of B and T cells. Active immunity can also be generated artificially, through vaccination. The principle behind vaccination (also called immunization) is to introduce an antigen from a pathogen in order to stimulate the immune system and develop specific immunity against that particular pathogen without causing disease associated with that organism. This deliberate induction of an immune response is successful because it exploits the natural specificity of the immune system, as well as its inducibility. With infectious disease remaining one of the leading causes of death in the human population, vaccination represents the most effective manipulation of the immune system mankind has developed.
By what process can active immunity be generated in an artificial manner?
[ "vaccination", "vaccination", "vaccination" ]
[ 148, 148, 148 ]
[ "5729ffda1d046914007796af", "5729ffda1d046914007796af", "5729ffda1d046914007796af" ]
[ "Immune_system", "Immune_system", "Immune_system" ]
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The interpretation of Islam promoted by this funding was the strict, conservative Saudi-based Wahhabism or Salafism. In its harshest form it preached that Muslims should not only "always oppose" infidels "in every way," but "hate them for their religion ... for Allah's sake," that democracy "is responsible for all the horrible wars of the 20th century," that Shia and other non-Wahhabi Muslims were infidels, etc. While this effort has by no means converted all, or even most Muslims to the Wahhabist interpretation of Islam, it has done much to overwhelm more moderate local interpretations, and has set the Saudi-interpretation of Islam as the "gold standard" of religion in minds of some or many Muslims.
What interpretation of Islam is, for many of the adherents, the "gold standard" of their religion?
[ "Saudi", "Saudi", "the Saudi-interpretation" ]
[ 611, 611, 607 ]
[ "572ffd9e04bcaa1900d76fcb", "572ffd9e04bcaa1900d76fcb", "572ffd9e04bcaa1900d76fcb" ]
[ "Islamism", "Islamism", "Islamism" ]
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