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The principal Treaties that form the European Union began with common rules for coal and steel, and then atomic energy, but more complete and formal institutions were established through the Treaty of Rome 1957 and the Maastricht Treaty 1992 (now: TFEU). Minor amendments were made during the 1960s and 1970s. Major amending treaties were signed to complete the development of a single, internal market in the Single European Act 1986, to further the development of a more social Europe in the Treaty of Amsterdam 1997, and to make minor amendments to the relative power of member states in the EU institutions in the Treaty of Nice 2001 and the Treaty of Lisbon 2007. Since its establishment, more member states have joined through a series of accession treaties, from the UK, Ireland, Denmark and Norway in 1972 (though Norway did not end up joining), Greece in 1979, Spain and Portugal 1985, Austria, Finland, Norway and Sweden in 1994 (though again Norway failed to join, because of lack of support in the referendum), the Czech Republic, Cyprus, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Poland, Slovakia and Slovenia in 2004, Romania and Bulgaria in 2007 and Croatia in 2013. Greenland signed a Treaty in 1985 giving it a special status.
In what years did Spain and Portugal join the European Union?
[ "1985", "1985", "1985", "1985" ]
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[ "European_Union_law", "European_Union_law", "European_Union_law", "European_Union_law" ]
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Walt Disney and his brother Roy contacted Goldenson at the end of 1953 for ABC to agree to finance part of the Disneyland project in exchange for producing a television program for the network. Walt wanted ABC to invest $500,000 and accrued a guarantee of $4.5 million in additional loans, a third of the budget intended for the park. Around 1954, ABC agreed to finance Disneyland in exchange for the right to broadcast a new Sunday night program, Disneyland, which debuted on the network on October 27, 1954 as the first of many anthology television programs that Disney would broadcast over the course of the next 50 years.
In what year did ABC agree to finance Disneyland?
[ "1954", "1954", "1954" ]
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Warsaw remained the capital of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth until 1796, when it was annexed by the Kingdom of Prussia to become the capital of the province of South Prussia. Liberated by Napoleon's army in 1806, Warsaw was made the capital of the newly created Duchy of Warsaw. Following the Congress of Vienna of 1815, Warsaw became the centre of the Congress Poland, a constitutional monarchy under a personal union with Imperial Russia. The Royal University of Warsaw was established in 1816.
When did Warsaw become the center of the Congress Poland?
[ "1815", "1815", "1815" ]
[ 320, 320, 320 ]
[ "57332a734776f41900660729", "57332a734776f41900660729", "57332a734776f41900660729" ]
[ "Warsaw", "Warsaw", "Warsaw" ]
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A procedural consequence of the establishment of the Scottish Parliament is that Scottish MPs sitting in the UK House of Commons are able to vote on domestic legislation that applies only to England, Wales and Northern Ireland – whilst English, Scottish, Welsh and Northern Irish Westminster MPs are unable to vote on the domestic legislation of the Scottish Parliament. This phenomenon is known as the West Lothian question and has led to criticism. Following the Conservative victory in the 2015 UK election, standing orders of the House of Commons were changed to give MPs representing English constituencies a new "veto" over laws only affecting England.
MPs representing English constituencies can only veto laws affecting which country?
[ "England", "England", "England" ]
[ 650, 650, 650 ]
[ "572fdd03a23a5019007fcaa1", "572fdd03a23a5019007fcaa1", "572fdd03a23a5019007fcaa1" ]
[ "Scottish_Parliament", "Scottish_Parliament", "Scottish_Parliament" ]
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The United Methodist Church opposes conscription as incompatible with the teaching of Scripture. Therefore, the Church supports and extends its ministry to those persons who conscientiously oppose all war, or any particular war, and who therefore refuse to serve in the armed forces or to cooperate with systems of military conscription. However, the United Methodist Church also supports and extends its ministry to those persons who conscientiously choose to serve in the armed forces or to accept alternative service. The church also states that "as Christians they are aware that neither the way of military action, nor the way of inaction is always righteous before God."
The Church supports those persons who conscientiously oppose what?
[ "all war", "war", "war" ]
[ 197, 201, 201 ]
[ "5730b9852461fd1900a9cffb", "5730b9852461fd1900a9cffb", "5730b9852461fd1900a9cffb" ]
[ "United_Methodist_Church", "United_Methodist_Church", "United_Methodist_Church" ]
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In contrast to product requirements or other laws that hinder market access, the Court of Justice developed a presumption that "selling arrangements" would be presumed to not fall into TFEU article 34, if they applied equally to all sellers, and affected them in the same manner in fact. In Keck and Mithouard two importers claimed that their prosecution under a French competition law, which prevented them selling Picon beer under wholesale price, was unlawful. The aim of the law was to prevent cut throat competition, not to hinder trade. The Court of Justice held, as "in law and in fact" it was an equally applicable "selling arrangement" (not something that alters a product's content) it was outside the scope of article 34, and so did not need to be justified. Selling arrangements can be held to have an unequal effect "in fact" particularly where traders from another member state are seeking to break into the market, but there are restrictions on advertising and marketing. In Konsumentombudsmannen v De Agostini the Court of Justice reviewed Swedish bans on advertising to children under age 12, and misleading commercials for skin care products. While the bans have remained (justifiable under article 36 or as a mandatory requirement) the Court emphasised that complete marketing bans could be disproportionate if advertising were "the only effective form of promotion enabling [a trader] to penetrate" the market. In Konsumentombudsmannen v Gourmet AB the Court suggested that a total ban for advertising alcohol on the radio, TV and in magazines could fall within article 34 where advertising was the only way for sellers to overcome consumers' "traditional social practices and to local habits and customs" to buy their products, but again the national courts would decide whether it was justified under article 36 to protect public health. Under the Unfair Commercial Practices Directive, the EU harmonised restrictions on restrictions on marketing and advertising, to forbid conduct that distorts average consumer behaviour, is misleading or aggressive, and sets out a list of examples that count as unfair. Increasingly, states have to give mutual recognition to each other's standards of regulation, while the EU has attempted to harmonise minimum ideals of best practice. The attempt to raise standards is hoped to avoid a regulatory "race to the bottom", while allowing consumers access to goods from around the continent.
In which case did the Court of Justice review Swedish bans on advertising to young children under 12?
[ "Konsumentombudsmannen v De Agostini", "Konsumentombudsmannen v De Agostini", "Konsumentombudsmannen v De Agostini" ]
[ 990, 990, 990 ]
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[ "European_Union_law", "European_Union_law", "European_Union_law" ]
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When considering computational problems, a problem instance is a string over an alphabet. Usually, the alphabet is taken to be the binary alphabet (i.e., the set {0,1}), and thus the strings are bitstrings. As in a real-world computer, mathematical objects other than bitstrings must be suitably encoded. For example, integers can be represented in binary notation, and graphs can be encoded directly via their adjacency matrices, or by encoding their adjacency lists in binary.
What is another term for the string of a problem instance?
[ "bitstrings", "bitstrings", "bitstrings" ]
[ 195, 195, 195 ]
[ "56e181d9e3433e1400422fa2", "56e181d9e3433e1400422fa2", "56e181d9e3433e1400422fa2" ]
[ "Computational_complexity_theory", "Computational_complexity_theory", "Computational_complexity_theory" ]
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A teacher's role may vary among cultures. Teachers may provide instruction in literacy and numeracy, craftsmanship or vocational training, the arts, religion, civics, community roles, or life skills.
What factor may make a teacher's role vary?
[ "cultures", "cultures", "cultures" ]
[ 32, 32, 32 ]
[ "56e748a200c9c71400d76f37", "56e748a200c9c71400d76f37", "56e748a200c9c71400d76f37" ]
[ "Teacher", "Teacher", "Teacher" ]
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The central garden was redesigned by Kim Wilkie and opened as the John Madejski Garden, on 5 July 2005. The design is a subtle blend of the traditional and modern, the layout is formal; there is an elliptical water feature lined in stone with steps around the edge which may be drained to use the area for receptions, gatherings or exhibition purposes. This is in front of the bronze doors leading to the refreshment rooms, a central path flanked by lawns leads to the sculpture gallery; the north, east and west sides have herbaceous borders along the museum walls with paths in front which continues along the south façade; in the two corners by the north façade there is planted an American Sweetgum tree; the southern, eastern and western edges of the lawns have glass planters which contain orange and lemon trees in summer, these are replaced by bay trees in winter.
The redesigned central garden opened in 2005 with what new moniker?
[ "John Madejski Garden", "John Madejski Garden", "the John Madejski Garden" ]
[ 66, 66, 62 ]
[ "5726b12f5951b619008f7ab0", "5726b12f5951b619008f7ab0", "5726b12f5951b619008f7ab0" ]
[ "Victoria_and_Albert_Museum", "Victoria_and_Albert_Museum", "Victoria_and_Albert_Museum" ]
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Cryptophytes, or cryptomonads are a group of algae that contain a red-algal derived chloroplast. Cryptophyte chloroplasts contain a nucleomorph that superficially resembles that of the chlorarachniophytes. Cryptophyte chloroplasts have four membranes, the outermost of which is continuous with the rough endoplasmic reticulum. They synthesize ordinary starch, which is stored in granules found in the periplastid space—outside the original double membrane, in the place that corresponds to the red alga's cytoplasm. Inside cryptophyte chloroplasts is a pyrenoid and thylakoids in stacks of two.
What kind of chloroplasts do cryptophytes have?
[ "red-algal", "red-algal derived chloroplast", "red-algal derived" ]
[ 66, 66, 66 ]
[ "572963221d04691400779386", "572963221d04691400779386", "572963221d04691400779386" ]
[ "Chloroplast", "Chloroplast", "Chloroplast" ]
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The catechism is one of Luther's most personal works. "Regarding the plan to collect my writings in volumes," he wrote, "I am quite cool and not at all eager about it because, roused by a Saturnian hunger, I would rather see them all devoured. For I acknowledge none of them to be really a book of mine, except perhaps the Bondage of the Will and the Catechism." The Small Catechism has earned a reputation as a model of clear religious teaching. It remains in use today, along with Luther's hymns and his translation of the Bible.
What translation of Luther's is still used today?
[ "Bible", "Bible", "the Bible" ]
[ 525, 525, 521 ]
[ "56f867e3a6d7ea1400e175db", "56f867e3a6d7ea1400e175db", "56f867e3a6d7ea1400e175db" ]
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One of the later ruptures between Toghrul and Temüjin was Toghrul's refusal to give his daughter in marriage to Jochi, the eldest son of Temüjin, a sign of disrespect in the Mongolian culture. This act led to the split between both factions and was a prelude to war. Toghrul allied himself with Jamukha, who already opposed Temüjin's forces; however, the internal dispute between Toghrul and Jamukha, plus the desertion of a number of their allies to Temüjin, led to Toghrul's defeat. Jamukha escaped during the conflict. This defeat was a catalyst for the fall and eventual dissolution of the Keraite tribe.
Who escaped when Temüjin emerged victorious in his conflict with Toghrul?
[ "Jamukha", "Jamukha", "Jamukha" ]
[ 485, 485, 485 ]
[ "5726af765951b619008f7a53", "5726af765951b619008f7a53", "5726af765951b619008f7a53" ]
[ "Genghis_Khan", "Genghis_Khan", "Genghis_Khan" ]
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Tesla made predictions about the relevant issues of a post-World War I environment in a printed article, "Science and Discovery are the great Forces which will lead to the Consummation of the War" (20 December 1914). Tesla believed that the League of Nations was not a remedy for the times and issues.[citation needed]
What entity did Tesla believe would not be able to solve the problems of the time?
[ "the League of Nations", "League of Nations", "League of Nations" ]
[ 237, 241, 241 ]
[ "56e12477e3433e1400422c61", "56e12477e3433e1400422c61", "56e12477e3433e1400422c61" ]
[ "Nikola_Tesla", "Nikola_Tesla", "Nikola_Tesla" ]
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Uniflow engines attempt to remedy the difficulties arising from the usual counterflow cycle where, during each stroke, the port and the cylinder walls will be cooled by the passing exhaust steam, whilst the hotter incoming admission steam will waste some of its energy in restoring working temperature. The aim of the uniflow is to remedy this defect and improve efficiency by providing an additional port uncovered by the piston at the end of each stroke making the steam flow only in one direction. By this means, the simple-expansion uniflow engine gives efficiency equivalent to that of classic compound systems with the added advantage of superior part-load performance, and comparable efficiency to turbines for smaller engines below one thousand horsepower. However, the thermal expansion gradient uniflow engines produce along the cylinder wall gives practical difficulties.[citation needed]. The Quasiturbine is a uniflow rotary steam engine where steam intakes in hot areas, while exhausting in cold areas.
The uniflow engine is an attempt to fix an issue that arises in what cycle?
[ "counterflow", "counterflow", "counterflow" ]
[ 74, 74, 74 ]
[ "57114aceb654c5140001fc48", "57114aceb654c5140001fc48", "57114aceb654c5140001fc48" ]
[ "Steam_engine", "Steam_engine", "Steam_engine" ]
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A function problem is a computational problem where a single output (of a total function) is expected for every input, but the output is more complex than that of a decision problem, that is, it isn't just yes or no. Notable examples include the traveling salesman problem and the integer factorization problem.
How many outputs are expected for each input in a function problem?
[ "single", "single", "a single output" ]
[ 54, 54, 52 ]
[ "56e19724cd28a01900c679f7", "56e19724cd28a01900c679f7", "56e19724cd28a01900c679f7" ]
[ "Computational_complexity_theory", "Computational_complexity_theory", "Computational_complexity_theory" ]
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Johann Eck, speaking on behalf of the Empire as assistant of the Archbishop of Trier, presented Luther with copies of his writings laid out on a table and asked him if the books were his, and whether he stood by their contents. Luther confirmed he was their author, but requested time to think about the answer to the second question. He prayed, consulted friends, and gave his response the next day:
When did Luther give his response to Eck?
[ "next day", "next day", "the next day:" ]
[ 391, 391, 387 ]
[ "56f82454a6d7ea1400e173fe", "56f82454a6d7ea1400e173fe", "56f82454a6d7ea1400e173fe" ]
[ "Martin_Luther", "Martin_Luther", "Martin_Luther" ]
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After an unmanned LM test flight AS-206, a crew would fly the first Block II CSM and LM in a dual mission known as AS-207/208, or AS-278 (each spacecraft would be launched on a separate Saturn IB.) The Block II crew positions were titled Commander (CDR) Command Module Pilot (CMP) and Lunar Module Pilot (LMP). The astronauts would begin wearing a new Apollo spacesuit, designed to accommodate lunar extravehicular activity (EVA). The traditional visor helmet was replaced with a clear "fishbowl" type for greater visibility, and the lunar surface EVA suit would include a water-cooled undergarment.
What type of undergarment, if any, was included into the Apollo spacesuit?
[ "water-cooled undergarment.", "a water-cooled undergarment", "water-cooled undergarment", "water-cooled undergarment.", "water-cooled" ]
[ 573, 571, 573, 573, 573 ]
[ "5725d79e89a1e219009abf93", "5725d79e89a1e219009abf93", "5725d79e89a1e219009abf93", "5725d79e89a1e219009abf93", "5725d79e89a1e219009abf93" ]
[ "Apollo_program", "Apollo_program", "Apollo_program", "Apollo_program", "Apollo_program" ]
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The Normans were in contact with England from an early date. Not only were their original Viking brethren still ravaging the English coasts, they occupied most of the important ports opposite England across the English Channel. This relationship eventually produced closer ties of blood through the marriage of Emma, sister of Duke Richard II of Normandy, and King Ethelred II of England. Because of this, Ethelred fled to Normandy in 1013, when he was forced from his kingdom by Sweyn Forkbeard. His stay in Normandy (until 1016) influenced him and his sons by Emma, who stayed in Normandy after Cnut the Great's conquest of the isle.
Who did Emma Marry?
[ "King Ethelred II", "Ethelred II", "King Ethelred II" ]
[ 360, 365, 360 ]
[ "56de15dbcffd8e1900b4b5c8", "56de15dbcffd8e1900b4b5c8", "56de15dbcffd8e1900b4b5c8" ]
[ "Normans", "Normans", "Normans" ]
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Pharmacists provide direct patient care services that optimizes the use of medication and promotes health, wellness, and disease prevention. Clinical pharmacists care for patients in all health care settings, but the clinical pharmacy movement initially began inside hospitals and clinics. Clinical pharmacists often collaborate with physicians and other healthcare professionals to improve pharmaceutical care. Clinical pharmacists are now an integral part of the interdisciplinary approach to patient care. They often participate in patient care rounds drug product selection.
What is the origin of clinical pharmacy?
[ "the clinical pharmacy movement initially began inside hospitals and clinics", "inside hospitals and clinics", "inside hospitals and clinics" ]
[ 213, 260, 260 ]
[ "5726e3c4dd62a815002e9405", "5726e3c4dd62a815002e9405", "5726e3c4dd62a815002e9405" ]
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Since its founding, the EU has operated among an increasing plurality of national and globalising legal systems. This has meant both the European Court of Justice and the highest national courts have had to develop principles to resolve conflicts of laws between different systems. Within the EU itself, the Court of Justice's view is that if EU law conflicts with a provision of national law, then EU law has primacy. In the first major case in 1964, Costa v ENEL, a Milanese lawyer, and former shareholder of an energy company, named Mr Costa refused to pay his electricity bill to Enel, as a protest against the nationalisation of the Italian energy corporations. He claimed the Italian nationalisation law conflicted with the Treaty of Rome, and requested a reference be made to both the Italian Constitutional Court and the Court of Justice under TFEU article 267. The Italian Constitutional Court gave an opinion that because the nationalisation law was from 1962, and the treaty was in force from 1958, Costa had no claim. By contrast, the Court of Justice held that ultimately the Treaty of Rome in no way prevented energy nationalisation, and in any case under the Treaty provisions only the Commission could have brought a claim, not Mr Costa. However, in principle, Mr Costa was entitled to plead that the Treaty conflicted with national law, and the court would have a duty to consider his claim to make a reference if there would be no appeal against its decision. The Court of Justice, repeating its view in Van Gend en Loos, said member states "albeit within limited spheres, have restricted their sovereign rights and created a body of law applicable both to their nationals and to themselves" on the "basis of reciprocity". EU law would not "be overridden by domestic legal provisions, however framed... without the legal basis of the community itself being called into question." This meant any "subsequent unilateral act" of the member state inapplicable. Similarly, in Amministrazione delle Finanze v Simmenthal SpA, a company, Simmenthal SpA, claimed that a public health inspection fee under an Italian law of 1970 for importing beef from France to Italy was contrary to two Regulations from 1964 and 1968. In "accordance with the principle of the precedence of Community law," said the Court of Justice, the "directly applicable measures of the institutions" (such as the Regulations in the case) "render automatically inapplicable any conflicting provision of current national law". This was necessary to prevent a "corresponding denial" of Treaty "obligations undertaken unconditionally and irrevocably by member states", that could "imperil the very foundations of the" EU. But despite the views of the Court of Justice, the national courts of member states have not accepted the same analysis.
What were the years two Regulations that conflicted with an Italian law originate in the Simmenthal SpA case?
[ "1964 and 1968", "1964 and 1968", "1964 and 1968", "1964 and 1968" ]
[ 2214, 2214, 2214, 2214 ]
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[ "European_Union_law", "European_Union_law", "European_Union_law", "European_Union_law" ]
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On 18 November 2015, Sky announced Sky Q, a range of products and services to be available in 2016. The Sky Q range consists of three set top boxes (Sky Q, Sky Q Silver and Sky Q Mini), a broadband router (Sky Q Hub) and mobile applications. The Sky Q set top boxes introduce a new user interface, Wi-Fi hotspot functionality, Power-line and Bluetooth connectivity and a new touch-sensitive remote control. The Sky Q Mini set top boxes connect to the Sky Q Silver set top boxes with a Wi-Fi or Power-line connection rather than receive their own satellite feeds. This allows all set top boxes in a household to share recordings and other media. The Sky Q Silver set top box is capable of receiving and displaying UHD broadcasts, which Sky will introduce later in 2016.
What are the Sky Q mini set top boxes able to connect to?
[ "Sky Q Silver set top boxes", "the Sky Q Silver set top boxes", "Sky Q Silver" ]
[ 451, 447, 451 ]
[ "57096505ed30961900e84083", "57096505ed30961900e84083", "57096505ed30961900e84083" ]
[ "Sky_(United_Kingdom)", "Sky_(United_Kingdom)", "Sky_(United_Kingdom)" ]
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Co-teaching has also become a new trend amongst educational institutions. Co-teaching is defined as two or more teachers working harmoniously to fulfill the needs of every student in the classroom. Co-teaching focuses the student on learning by providing a social networking support that allows them to reach their full cognitive potential. Co-teachers work in sync with one another to create a climate of learning.
How do co-teachers work with each other to fulfill the needs of students?
[ "harmoniously", "harmoniously", "in sync" ]
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The variant forms of the name of the Rhine in modern languages are all derived from the Gaulish name Rēnos, which was adapted in Roman-era geography (1st century BC) as Greek Ῥῆνος (Rhēnos), Latin Rhenus.[note 3] The spelling with Rh- in English Rhine as well as in German Rhein and French Rhin is due to the influence of Greek orthography, while the vocalisation -i- is due to the Proto-Germanic adoption of the Gaulish name as *Rīnaz, via Old Frankish giving Old English Rín, Old High German Rīn, Dutch Rijn (formerly also spelled Rhijn)). The diphthong in modern German Rhein (also adopted in Romansh Rein, Rain) is a Central German development of the early modern period, the Alemannic name Rī(n) retaining the older vocalism,[note 4] as does Ripuarian Rhing, while Palatine has diphthongized Rhei, Rhoi. Spanish is with French in adopting the Germanic vocalism Rin-, while Italian, Occitan and Portuguese retain the Latin Ren-.
What century did the name of the Rhine come from?
[ "1st century BC", "1st century BC", "Roman-era", "1st" ]
[ 150, 150, 129, 150 ]
[ "572f55e8a23a5019007fc56e", "572f55e8a23a5019007fc56e", "572f55e8a23a5019007fc56e", "572f55e8a23a5019007fc56e" ]
[ "Rhine", "Rhine", "Rhine", "Rhine" ]
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The Mongols' conquest, even by their own standards, was brutal. After the capital Samarkand fell, the capital was moved to Bukhara by the remaining men, while Genghis Khan ordered two of his generals and their forces to completely destroy the remnants of the Khwarezmid Empire, including not only royal buildings, but entire towns, populations, and even vast swaths of farmland. According to legend, Genghis Khan even went so far as to divert a river through the Khwarezmid emperor's birthplace, erasing it from the map.[citation needed]
What was the capital of Khwarezmia before the Mongol invasion?
[ "Samarkand", "Samarkand", "Samarkand" ]
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[ "5726c4c8708984140094d0f5", "5726c4c8708984140094d0f5", "5726c4c8708984140094d0f5" ]
[ "Genghis_Khan", "Genghis_Khan", "Genghis_Khan" ]
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First, if a Directive's deadline for implementation is not met, the member state cannot enforce conflicting laws, and a citizen may rely on the Directive in such an action (so called "vertical" direct effect). So, in Pubblico Ministero v Ratti because the Italian government had failed to implement a Directive 73/173/EEC on packaging and labelling solvents by the deadline, it was estopped from enforcing a conflicting national law from 1963 against Mr Ratti's solvent and varnish business. A member state could "not rely, as against individuals, on its own failure to perform the obligations which the Directive entails." Second, a citizen or company can invoke a Directive, not just in a dispute with a public authority, but in a dispute with another citizen or company. So, in CIA Security v Signalson and Securitel the Court of Justice held that a business called CIA Security could defend itself from allegations by competitors that it had not complied with a Belgian decree from 1991 about alarm systems, on the basis that it had not been notified to the Commission as a Directive required. Third, if a Directive gives expression to a "general principle" of EU law, it can be invoked between private non-state parties before its deadline for implementation. This follows from Kücükdeveci v Swedex GmbH & Co KG where the German Civil Code §622 stated that the years people worked under the age of 25 would not count towards the increasing statutory notice before dismissal. Ms Kücükdeveci worked for 10 years, from age 18 to 28, for Swedex GmbH & Co KG before her dismissal. She claimed that the law not counting her years under age 25 was unlawful age discrimination under the Employment Equality Framework Directive. The Court of Justice held that the Directive could be relied on by her because equality was also a general principle of EU law. Third, if the defendant is an emanation of the state, even if not central government, it can still be bound by Directives. In Foster v British Gas plc the Court of Justice held that Mrs Foster was entitled to bring a sex discrimination claim against her employer, British Gas plc, which made women retire at age 60 and men at 65, if (1) pursuant to a state measure, (2) it provided a public service, and (3) had special powers. This could also be true if the enterprise is privatised, as it was held with a water company that was responsible for basic water provision.
Which company did Mrs Foster work for?
[ "British Gas plc", "British Gas plc", "British Gas plc" ]
[ 2117, 2117, 2117 ]
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During the mid-Eocene, it is believed that the drainage basin of the Amazon was split along the middle of the continent by the Purus Arch. Water on the eastern side flowed toward the Atlantic, while to the west water flowed toward the Pacific across the Amazonas Basin. As the Andes Mountains rose, however, a large basin was created that enclosed a lake; now known as the Solimões Basin. Within the last 5–10 million years, this accumulating water broke through the Purus Arch, joining the easterly flow toward the Atlantic.
Near where in the continent is it believed that the Amazon basin split?
[ "Purus Arch", "along the middle", "Purus Arch" ]
[ 127, 86, 127 ]
[ "5729e6313f37b319004785aa", "5729e6313f37b319004785aa", "5729e6313f37b319004785aa" ]
[ "Amazon_rainforest", "Amazon_rainforest", "Amazon_rainforest" ]
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What we now call gravity was not identified as a universal force until the work of Isaac Newton. Before Newton, the tendency for objects to fall towards the Earth was not understood to be related to the motions of celestial objects. Galileo was instrumental in describing the characteristics of falling objects by determining that the acceleration of every object in free-fall was constant and independent of the mass of the object. Today, this acceleration due to gravity towards the surface of the Earth is usually designated as and has a magnitude of about 9.81 meters per second squared (this measurement is taken from sea level and may vary depending on location), and points toward the center of the Earth. This observation means that the force of gravity on an object at the Earth's surface is directly proportional to the object's mass. Thus an object that has a mass of will experience a force:
Who came up with the concept that falling objects fell at the same speed regardless of weight?
[ "Galileo", "Galileo", "Galileo", "Galileo" ]
[ 233, 233, 233, 233 ]
[ "573784fa1c45671900574484", "573784fa1c45671900574484", "573784fa1c45671900574484", "573784fa1c45671900574484" ]
[ "Force", "Force", "Force", "Force" ]
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Each sitting day, normally at 5 pm, MSPs decide on all the motions and amendments that have been moved that day. This "Decision Time" is heralded by the sounding of the division bell, which is heard throughout the Parliamentary campus and alerts MSPs who are not in the chamber to return and vote. At Decision Time, the Presiding Officer puts questions on the motions and amendments by reading out the name of the motion or amendment as well as the proposer and asking "Are we all agreed?", to which the chamber first votes orally. If there is audible dissent, the Presiding Officer announces "There will be a division" and members vote by means of electronic consoles on their desks. Each MSP has a unique access card with a microchip which, when inserted into the console, identifies them and allows them to vote. As a result, the outcome of each division is known in seconds.
How do members vote when there is a division?
[ "electronic consoles on their desks", "electronic consoles on their desks", "electronic consoles" ]
[ 649, 649, 649 ]
[ "572fc49d04bcaa1900d76cce", "572fc49d04bcaa1900d76cce", "572fc49d04bcaa1900d76cce" ]
[ "Scottish_Parliament", "Scottish_Parliament", "Scottish_Parliament" ]
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In 1271, Kublai Khan imposed the name Great Yuan (Chinese: 大元; pinyin: Dà Yuán; Wade–Giles: Ta-Yüan), establishing the Yuan dynasty. "Dà Yuán" (大元) is from the sentence "大哉乾元" (dà zai Qián Yuán / "Great is Qián, the Primal") in the Commentaries on the Classic of Changes (I Ching) section regarding Qián (乾). The counterpart in Mongolian language was Dai Ön Ulus, also rendered as Ikh Yuan Üls or Yekhe Yuan Ulus. In Mongolian, Dai Ön (Great Yuan) is often used in conjunction with the "Yeke Mongghul Ulus" (lit. "Great Mongol State"), resulting in Dai Ön Yeke Mongghul Ulus (Mongolian script: ), meaning "Great Yuan Great Mongol State". The Yuan dynasty is also known as the "Mongol dynasty" or "Mongol Dynasty of China", similar to the names "Manchu dynasty" or "Manchu Dynasty of China" for the Qing dynasty. Furthermore, the Yuan is sometimes known as the "Empire of the Great Khan" or "Khanate of the Great Khan", which particularly appeared on some Yuan maps, since Yuan emperors held the nominal title of Great Khan. Nevertheless, both terms can also refer to the khanate within the Mongol Empire directly ruled by Great Khans before the actual establishment of the Yuan dynasty by Kublai Khan in 1271.
What was the Yuan dynasty called in Mongolian?
[ "Dai Ön Ulus", "Dai Ön Ulus", "Dai Ön Ulus, also rendered as Ikh Yuan Üls or Yekhe Yuan Ulus" ]
[ 351, 351, 351 ]
[ "57286192ff5b5019007da1de", "57286192ff5b5019007da1de", "57286192ff5b5019007da1de" ]
[ "Yuan_dynasty", "Yuan_dynasty", "Yuan_dynasty" ]
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Tesla gained experience in telephony and electrical engineering before emigrating to the United States in 1884 to work for Thomas Edison in New York City. He soon struck out on his own with financial backers, setting up laboratories and companies to develop a range of electrical devices. His patented AC induction motor and transformer were licensed by George Westinghouse, who also hired Tesla for a short time as a consultant. His work in the formative years of electric power development was involved in a corporate alternating current/direct current "War of Currents" as well as various patent battles.
Where did Tesla work with Edison?
[ "New York City", "New York City", "New York City" ]
[ 140, 140, 140 ]
[ "56e0b9d57aa994140058e6c3", "56e0b9d57aa994140058e6c3", "56e0b9d57aa994140058e6c3" ]
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In the final years of the apartheid era, parents at white government schools were given the option to convert to a "semi-private" form called Model C, and many of these schools changed their admissions policies to accept children of other races. Following the transition to democracy, the legal form of "Model C" was abolished, however, the term continues to be used to describe government schools formerly reserved for white children.. These schools tend to produce better academic results than government schools formerly reserved for other race groups . Former "Model C" schools are not private schools, as they are state-controlled. All schools in South Africa (including both independent schools and public schools) have the right to set compulsory school fees, and formerly model C schools tend to set much higher school fees than other public schools.
How do academic results in former Model C schools compare to other schools?
[ "produce better academic results", "better", "better" ]
[ 459, 467, 467 ]
[ "57275409708984140094dc36", "57275409708984140094dc36", "57275409708984140094dc36" ]
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Terra preta (black earth), which is distributed over large areas in the Amazon forest, is now widely accepted as a product of indigenous soil management. The development of this fertile soil allowed agriculture and silviculture in the previously hostile environment; meaning that large portions of the Amazon rainforest are probably the result of centuries of human management, rather than naturally occurring as has previously been supposed. In the region of the Xingu tribe, remains of some of these large settlements in the middle of the Amazon forest were found in 2003 by Michael Heckenberger and colleagues of the University of Florida. Among those were evidence of roads, bridges and large plazas.
The development of Terra Preta allowed for what to happen in the Amazon Forest?
[ "agriculture and silviculture", "agriculture and silviculture", "agriculture and silviculture" ]
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Socialists attribute the vast disparities in wealth to the private ownership of the means of production by a class of owners, creating a situation where a small portion of the population lives off unearned property income by virtue of ownership titles in capital equipment, financial assets and corporate stock. By contrast, the vast majority of the population is dependent on income in the form of a wage or salary. In order to rectify this situation, socialists argue that the means of production should be socially owned so that income differentials would be reflective of individual contributions to the social product.
How do socialists think the means of production should be owned?
[ "socially", "socially", "socially" ]
[ 509, 509, 509 ]
[ "572a1fe16aef0514001552d3", "572a1fe16aef0514001552d3", "572a1fe16aef0514001552d3" ]
[ "Economic_inequality", "Economic_inequality", "Economic_inequality" ]
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In the early years, many Huguenots also settled in the area of present-day Charleston, South Carolina. In 1685, Rev. Elie Prioleau from the town of Pons in France, was among the first to settle there. He became pastor of the first Huguenot church in North America in that city. After the Revocation of the Edict of Nantes in 1685, several Huguenot families of Norman and Carolingian nobility and descent, including Edmund Bohun of Suffolk England from the Humphrey de Bohun line of French royalty descended from Charlemagne, Jean Postell of Dieppe France, Alexander Pepin, Antoine Poitevin of Orsement France, and Jacques de Bordeaux of Grenoble, immigrated to the Charleston Orange district. They were very successful at marriage and property speculation. After petitioning the British Crown in 1697 for the right to own land in the Baronies, they prospered as slave owners on the Cooper, Ashepoo, Ashley and Santee River plantations they purchased from the British Landgrave Edmund Bellinger. Some of their descendants moved into the Deep South and Texas, where they developed new plantations.
What southern city did the Huguenots settle near?
[ "Charleston, South Carolina", "Charleston", "Charleston, South Carolina" ]
[ 75, 75, 75 ]
[ "57107a3ea58dae1900cd69de", "57107a3ea58dae1900cd69de", "57107a3ea58dae1900cd69de" ]
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Local Pastors are called by God, affirmed by the church, and appointed by a bishop to a ministry of Word, Sacrament, Order and Service within the church. The Local Pastor are given the authority to preach the Word of God, administer the sacraments of the church, to provide care and counseling, and to order the life of the church for ministry and mission, but are not ordained. When elders are not available to be appointed to a local church, either through shortage of personnel or financial hardship of a pastoral charge, the bishop may appoint a "local pastor" to serve the pastoral appointment. Local Pastors are often bi-vocational, living out their ministerial call in the local church and in their field of employment. Full-time and part-time licensed local pastors under appointment are clergy and hold membership in the annual conference and not in the local church. A Local Pastor's official title is 'Licensed Local Pastor' and is appointed as clergy to the local church where they preach, conduct divine worship and perform the regular duties of a pastor. The licensed local pastor has the authority of a pastor only within the context and during the time of the appointment and shall not extend beyond it. Local pastors are not required to have advanced degrees but are required to attend licensing school and attend and pass an approved five-year course of study at an approved United Methodist seminary or course of study school, successfully complete written and oral examinations, and appear before the District Committee on Ministry and the Conference Board of Ordained Ministry. They may continue towards Associate Membership allowing them to retire as clergy. They also may continue towards ordination if they complete their bachelor's degree, requirements of their particular Conference Board of Ordained Ministry, as well as an advanced course or study or prescribed seminary courses at an approved seminary. Upon retirement, local pastors return to their charge conference as lay members.
How many years must a local pastor attend a course of study at United Methodist approved seminary?
[ "five-year", "five-year course of study at an", "five" ]
[ 1352, 1352, 1352 ]
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In late November 2015, reports surfaced stating that "multiple acts" would perform during the halftime show. On December 3, the league confirmed that the show would be headlined by the British rock group Coldplay. On January 7, 2016, Pepsi confirmed to the Associated Press that Beyoncé, who headlined the Super Bowl XLVII halftime show and collaborated with Coldplay on the single "Hymn for the Weekend", would be making an appearance. Bruno Mars, who headlined the Super Bowl XLVIII halftime show, and Mark Ronson also performed.
On January 7, 2016, it was confirmed that which start would join Coldplay for the halftime show?
[ "Beyoncé", "Beyoncé", "Beyoncé" ]
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[ "56d9c551dc89441400fdb7d1", "56d9c551dc89441400fdb7d1", "56d9c551dc89441400fdb7d1" ]
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The immune system protects organisms from infection with layered defenses of increasing specificity. In simple terms, physical barriers prevent pathogens such as bacteria and viruses from entering the organism. If a pathogen breaches these barriers, the innate immune system provides an immediate, but non-specific response. Innate immune systems are found in all plants and animals. If pathogens successfully evade the innate response, vertebrates possess a second layer of protection, the adaptive immune system, which is activated by the innate response. Here, the immune system adapts its response during an infection to improve its recognition of the pathogen. This improved response is then retained after the pathogen has been eliminated, in the form of an immunological memory, and allows the adaptive immune system to mount faster and stronger attacks each time this pathogen is encountered.
What is another name for an immune system's improved response?
[ "immunological memory", "immunological memory", "immunological memory" ]
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[ "5726f8aef1498d1400e8f16e", "5726f8aef1498d1400e8f16e", "5726f8aef1498d1400e8f16e" ]
[ "Immune_system", "Immune_system", "Immune_system" ]
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The Victorian Alps in the northeast are the coldest part of Victoria. The Alps are part of the Great Dividing Range mountain system extending east-west through the centre of Victoria. Average temperatures are less than 9 °C (48 °F) in winter and below 0 °C (32 °F) in the highest parts of the ranges. The state's lowest minimum temperature of −11.7 °C (10.9 °F) was recorded at Omeo on 13 June 1965, and again at Falls Creek on 3 July 1970. Temperature extremes for the state are listed in the table below:
What is the lowest recorded temperature in Victoria?
[ "−11.7 °C", "−11.7 °C (10.9 °F)", "−11.7 °C" ]
[ 343, 343, 343 ]
[ "570d391fb3d812140066d579", "570d391fb3d812140066d579", "570d391fb3d812140066d579" ]
[ "Victoria_(Australia)", "Victoria_(Australia)", "Victoria_(Australia)" ]
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The most widely accepted estimate for the Middle East, including Iraq, Iran and Syria, during this time, is for a death rate of about a third. The Black Death killed about 40% of Egypt's population. Half of Paris's population of 100,000 people died. In Italy, the population of Florence was reduced from 110–120 thousand inhabitants in 1338 down to 50 thousand in 1351. At least 60% of the population of Hamburg and Bremen perished, and a similar percentage of Londoners may have died from the disease as well. Interestingly while contemporary reports account of mass burial pits being created in response to the large numbers of dead, recent scientific investigations of a burial pit in Central London found well-preserved individuals to be buried in isolated, evenly spaced graves, suggesting at least some pre-planning and Christian burials at this time. Before 1350, there were about 170,000 settlements in Germany, and this was reduced by nearly 40,000 by 1450. In 1348, the plague spread so rapidly that before any physicians or government authorities had time to reflect upon its origins, about a third of the European population had already perished. In crowded cities, it was not uncommon for as much as 50% of the population to die. The disease bypassed some areas, and the most isolated areas were less vulnerable to contagion. Monks and priests were especially hard hit since they cared for victims of the Black Death.
How many people would die of plague in largely populated cities?
[ "50%", "as much as 50%", "50%" ]
[ 1213, 1202, 1213 ]
[ "5726542ff1498d1400e8dc2b", "5726542ff1498d1400e8dc2b", "5726542ff1498d1400e8dc2b" ]
[ "Black_Death", "Black_Death", "Black_Death" ]
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In the modern industrialized world, construction usually involves the translation of designs into reality. A formal design team may be assembled to plan the physical proceedings, and to integrate those proceedings with the other parts. The design usually consists of drawings and specifications, usually prepared by a design team including Architect, civil engineers, mechanical engineers, electrical engineers, structural engineers, fire protection engineers, planning consultants, architectural consultants, and archaeological consultants. The design team is most commonly employed by (i.e. in contract with) the property owner. Under this system, once the design is completed by the design team, a number of construction companies or construction management companies may then be asked to make a bid for the work, either based directly on the design, or on the basis of drawings and a bill of quantities provided by a quantity surveyor. Following evaluation of bids, the owner typically awards a contract to the most cost efficient bidder.
The owner typically awards a contract to who?
[ "most cost efficient bidder", "the most cost efficient bidder", "the most cost efficient bidder" ]
[ 1015, 1011, 1011 ]
[ "572745c6708984140094db9d", "572745c6708984140094db9d", "572745c6708984140094db9d" ]
[ "Construction", "Construction", "Construction" ]
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The plague theory was first significantly challenged by the work of British bacteriologist J. F. D. Shrewsbury in 1970, who noted that the reported rates of mortality in rural areas during the 14th-century pandemic were inconsistent with the modern bubonic plague, leading him to conclude that contemporary accounts were exaggerations. In 1984 zoologist Graham Twigg produced the first major work to challenge the bubonic plague theory directly, and his doubts about the identity of the Black Death have been taken up by a number of authors, including Samuel K. Cohn, Jr. (2002), David Herlihy (1997), and Susan Scott and Christopher Duncan (2001).
Who challenged the plague theory first?
[ "J. F. D. Shrewsbury", "British bacteriologist J. F. D. Shrewsbury", "J. F. D. Shrewsbury" ]
[ 91, 68, 91 ]
[ "5726509bdd62a815002e815a", "5726509bdd62a815002e815a", "5726509bdd62a815002e815a" ]
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On June 4, 2014, the NFL announced that the practice of branding Super Bowl games with Roman numerals, a practice established at Super Bowl V, would be temporarily suspended, and that the game would be named using Arabic numerals as Super Bowl 50 as opposed to Super Bowl L. The use of Roman numerals will be reinstated for Super Bowl LI. Jaime Weston, the league's vice president of brand and creative, explained that a primary reason for the change was the difficulty of designing an aesthetically pleasing logo with the letter "L" using the standardized logo template introduced at Super Bowl XLV. The logo also deviates from the template by featuring large numerals, colored in gold, behind the Vince Lombardi Trophy, instead of underneath and in silver as in the standard logo.
Who is the NFL's vice president of brand and creative?
[ "Jaime Weston", "Weston", "Jaime Weston" ]
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[ "56bebbbf3aeaaa14008c9317", "56bebbbf3aeaaa14008c9317", "56bebbbf3aeaaa14008c9317" ]
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Prevenient grace, or the grace that "goes before" us, is given to all people. It is that power which enables us to love and motivates us to seek a relationship with God through Jesus Christ. This grace is the present work of God to turn us from our sin-corrupted human will to the loving will of the Father. In this work, God desires that we might sense both our sinfulness before God and God's offer of salvation. Prevenient grace allows those tainted by sin to nevertheless make a truly free choice to accept or reject God's salvation in Christ.
What is Prevenient grace?
[ "the grace that \"goes before\" us", "that power which enables us to love and motivates us to seek a relationship with God through Jesus Christ.", "It is that power which enables us to love and motivates us to seek a relationship with God through Jesus Christ." ]
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[ "5730ac6b8ab72b1400f9c671", "5730ac6b8ab72b1400f9c671", "5730ac6b8ab72b1400f9c671" ]
[ "United_Methodist_Church", "United_Methodist_Church", "United_Methodist_Church" ]
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Reserved matters are subjects that are outside the legislative competence of the Scotland Parliament. The Scottish Parliament is unable to legislate on such issues that are reserved to, and dealt with at, Westminster (and where Ministerial functions usually lie with UK Government ministers). These include abortion, broadcasting policy, civil service, common markets for UK goods and services, constitution, electricity, coal, oil, gas, nuclear energy, defence and national security, drug policy, employment, foreign policy and relations with Europe, most aspects of transport safety and regulation, National Lottery, protection of borders, social security and stability of UK's fiscal, economic and monetary system.
Where are issues like abortion and drug policy legislated on?
[ "Westminster", "Westminster", "Westminster" ]
[ 205, 205, 205 ]
[ "572fcc43b2c2fd140056847f", "572fcc43b2c2fd140056847f", "572fcc43b2c2fd140056847f" ]
[ "Scottish_Parliament", "Scottish_Parliament", "Scottish_Parliament" ]
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Tesla, like many of his era, became a proponent of an imposed selective breeding version of eugenics. His opinion stemmed from the belief that humans' "pity" had interfered with the natural "ruthless workings of nature," rather than from conceptions of a "master race" or inherent superiority of one person over another. His advocacy of it was, however, to push it further. In a 1937 interview, he stated:
When did he talk about his beliefs in an interview?
[ "1937", "1937", "1937" ]
[ 379, 379, 379 ]
[ "56e122dacd28a01900c6763c", "56e122dacd28a01900c6763c", "56e122dacd28a01900c6763c" ]
[ "Nikola_Tesla", "Nikola_Tesla", "Nikola_Tesla" ]
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In the fall of 1949, ABC found itself in the position of an outsider, with less coverage than two of its competing networks, CBS and NBC, even though it was on par with them in some major cities and had a headstart over its third rival at the time, the DuMont Television Network. Before the freeze ended in 1952, there were only 108 existing television stations in the United States; a few major cities (such as Boston) had only two television stations, many other cities (such as Pittsburgh and St. Louis) had only one, and still many others (such as Denver and Portland) did not yet have any television service. The result was a strange period where television flourished in certain areas and network radio remained the main source of broadcast entertainment and news in others.
Who was ABC's third major rival in 1949?
[ "DuMont Television Network", "DuMont Television Network", "DuMont Television Network" ]
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[ "5726e942f1498d1400e8efa2", "5726e942f1498d1400e8efa2", "5726e942f1498d1400e8efa2" ]
[ "American_Broadcasting_Company", "American_Broadcasting_Company", "American_Broadcasting_Company" ]
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The mayor of Warsaw is called President. Generally, in Poland, the mayors of bigger cities are called presidents – i.e. such cities, which have over 100,000 people or these, where already was president before 1990. The first Warsaw President was Jan Andrzej Menich (1695–1696). Between 1975 and 1990 the Warsaw Presidents was simultaneously the Warsaw Voivode. Since 1990 the President of Warsaw had been elected by the City council. In the years of 1994–1999 the mayor of the district Centrum automatically was designated as the President of Warsaw: the mayor of Centrum was elected by the district council of Centrum and the council was elected only by the Centrum residents. Since 2002 the President of Warsaw is elected by all of the citizens of Warsaw.
Who was the first Warsaw President?
[ "Jan Andrzej Menich", "Jan Andrzej Menich", "Jan Andrzej Menich" ]
[ 246, 246, 246 ]
[ "57338255d058e614000b5c0e", "57338255d058e614000b5c0e", "57338255d058e614000b5c0e" ]
[ "Warsaw", "Warsaw", "Warsaw" ]
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In regard to companies, the Court of Justice held in R (Daily Mail and General Trust plc) v HM Treasury that member states could restrict a company moving its seat of business, without infringing TFEU article 49. This meant the Daily Mail newspaper's parent company could not evade tax by shifting its residence to the Netherlands without first settling its tax bills in the UK. The UK did not need to justify its action, as rules on company seats were not yet harmonised. By contrast, in Centros Ltd v Erhversus-og Selkabssyrelsen the Court of Justice found that a UK limited company operating in Denmark could not be required to comply with Denmark's minimum share capital rules. UK law only required £1 of capital to start a company, while Denmark's legislature took the view companies should only be started up if they had 200,000 Danish krone (around €27,000) to protect creditors if the company failed and went insolvent. The Court of Justice held that Denmark's minimum capital law infringed Centros Ltd's freedom of establishment and could not be justified, because a company in the UK could admittedly provide services in Denmark without being established there, and there were less restrictive means of achieving the aim of creditor protection. This approach was criticised as potentially opening the EU to unjustified regulatory competition, and a race to the bottom in standards, like in the US where the state Delaware attracts most companies and is often argued to have the worst standards of accountability of boards, and low corporate taxes as a result. Similarly in Überseering BV v Nordic Construction GmbH the Court of Justice held that a German court could not deny a Dutch building company the right to enforce a contract in Germany on the basis that it was not validly incorporated in Germany. Although restrictions on freedom of establishment could be justified by creditor protection, labour rights to participate in work, or the public interest in collecting taxes, denial of capacity went too far: it was an "outright negation" of the right of establishment. However, in Cartesio Oktató és Szolgáltató bt the Court of Justice affirmed again that because corporations are created by law, they are in principle subject to any rules for formation that a state of incorporation wishes to impose. This meant that the Hungarian authorities could prevent a company from shifting its central administration to Italy while it still operated and was incorporated in Hungary. Thus, the court draws a distinction between the right of establishment for foreign companies (where restrictions must be justified), and the right of the state to determine conditions for companies incorporated in its territory, although it is not entirely clear why.
What could justify restrictions on freedom of establishment?
[ "Denmark's minimum capital law", "creditor protection, labour rights to participate in work, or the public interest in collecting taxes", "creditor protection, labour rights to participate in work, or the public interest in collecting taxes" ]
[ 959, 1888, 1888 ]
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Reciprocating piston type steam engines remained the dominant source of power until the early 20th century, when advances in the design of electric motors and internal combustion engines gradually resulted in the replacement of reciprocating (piston) steam engines in commercial usage, and the ascendancy of steam turbines in power generation. Considering that the great majority of worldwide electric generation is produced by turbine type steam engines, the "steam age" is continuing with energy levels far beyond those of the turn of the 19th century.
Along with electric motors, what type of engines superseded piston steam engines?
[ "internal combustion", "internal combustion", "internal combustion" ]
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[ "57115ac550c2381900b54a7a", "57115ac550c2381900b54a7a", "57115ac550c2381900b54a7a" ]
[ "Steam_engine", "Steam_engine", "Steam_engine" ]
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In 1979, the Soviet Union deployed its 40th Army into Afghanistan, attempting to suppress an Islamic rebellion against an allied Marxist regime in the Afghan Civil War. The conflict, pitting indigenous impoverished Muslims (mujahideen) against an anti-religious superpower, galvanized thousands of Muslims around the world to send aid and sometimes to go themselves to fight for their faith. Leading this pan-Islamic effort was Palestinian sheikh Abdullah Yusuf Azzam. While the military effectiveness of these "Afghan Arabs" was marginal, an estimated 16,000 to 35,000 Muslim volunteers came from around the world came to fight in Afghanistan.
Who deployed its army into Afghanistan in 1979?
[ "the Soviet Union", "the Soviet Union", "Soviet Union" ]
[ 9, 9, 13 ]
[ "57300ec0947a6a140053d004", "57300ec0947a6a140053d004", "57300ec0947a6a140053d004" ]
[ "Islamism", "Islamism", "Islamism" ]
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In cases where the criminalized behavior is pure speech, civil disobedience can consist simply of engaging in the forbidden speech. An example would be WBAI's broadcasting the track "Filthy Words" from a George Carlin comedy album, which eventually led to the 1978 Supreme Court case of FCC v. Pacifica Foundation. Threatening government officials is another classic way of expressing defiance toward the government and unwillingness to stand for its policies. For example, Joseph Haas was arrested for allegedly sending an email to the Lebanon, New Hampshire city councilors stating, "Wise up or die."
What is one criminal behavior that is hard to stop by authorities?
[ "engaging in the forbidden speech", "forbidden speech", "pure speech", "pure speech" ]
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[ "Civil_disobedience", "Civil_disobedience", "Civil_disobedience", "Civil_disobedience" ]
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To help reduce consumption, in 1974 a national maximum speed limit of 55 mph (about 88 km/h) was imposed through the Emergency Highway Energy Conservation Act. Development of the Strategic Petroleum Reserve began in 1975, and in 1977 the cabinet-level Department of Energy was created, followed by the National Energy Act of 1978.[citation needed] On November 28, 1995, Bill Clinton signed the National Highway Designation Act, ending the federal 55 mph (89 km/h) speed limit, allowing states to restore their prior maximum speed limit.
Which president ended the Emergency Energy Conservation Act?
[ "Bill Clinton", "Bill Clinton", "Bill Clinton", "Bill Clinton", "Bill Clinton" ]
[ 370, 370, 370, 370, 370 ]
[ "57264efddd62a815002e8136", "57264efddd62a815002e8136", "57264efddd62a815002e8136", "57264efddd62a815002e8136", "57264efddd62a815002e8136" ]
[ "1973_oil_crisis", "1973_oil_crisis", "1973_oil_crisis", "1973_oil_crisis", "1973_oil_crisis" ]
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Sociologist Jake Rosenfield of the University of Washington asserts that the decline of organized labor in the United States has played a more significant role in expanding the income gap than technological changes and globalization, which were also experienced by other industrialized nations that didn't experience steep surges in inequality. He points out that nations with high rates of unionization, particularly in Scandinavia, have very low levels of inequality, and concludes "the historical pattern is clear; the cross-national pattern is clear: high inequality goes hand-in-hand with weak labor movements and vice-versa."
What does Rosenfield feel plays the most significant role in expanding the income gap?
[ "decline of organized labor", "decline of organized labor", "decline of organized labor" ]
[ 77, 77, 77 ]
[ "5729e4291d04691400779653", "5729e4291d04691400779653", "5729e4291d04691400779653" ]
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From the late 1340s onwards, people in the countryside suffered from frequent natural disasters such as droughts, floods and the resulting famines, and the government's lack of effective policy led to a loss of popular support. In 1351, the Red Turban Rebellion started and grew into a nationwide uprising. In 1354, when Toghtogha led a large army to crush the Red Turban rebels, Toghun Temür suddenly dismissed him for fear of betrayal. This resulted in Toghun Temür's restoration of power on the one hand and a rapid weakening of the central government on the other. He had no choice but to rely on local warlords' military power, and gradually lost his interest in politics and ceased to intervene in political struggles. He fled north to Shangdu from Khanbaliq (present-day Beijing) in 1368 after the approach of the forces of the Míng dynasty (1368–1644), founded by Zhu Yuanzhang in the south. He had tried to regain Khanbaliq, which eventually failed; he died in Yingchang (located in present-day Inner Mongolia) two years later (1370). Yingchang was seized by the Ming shortly after his death. Some royal family members still lived in Henan today.
When was the Ming dynasty in power?
[ "1368–1644", "1368–1644", "1368–1644" ]
[ 849, 849, 849 ]
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Before the return of the collections after the war, the Britain Can Make It exhibition was held between September and November 1946, attracting nearly a million and a half visitors. This was organised by the Council of Industrial Design established by the British government in 1944 "to promote by all practicable means the improvement of design in the products of British industry". The success of this exhibition led to the planning of the Festival of Britain (1951). By 1948 most of the collections had been returned to the museum.
How many visitors did the Britain Can Make It exhibition attract?
[ "nearly a million and a half", "nearly a million and a half visitors", "nearly a million and a half" ]
[ 144, 144, 144 ]
[ "57268f2c708984140094ca26", "57268f2c708984140094ca26", "57268f2c708984140094ca26" ]
[ "Victoria_and_Albert_Museum", "Victoria_and_Albert_Museum", "Victoria_and_Albert_Museum" ]
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ABC's master feed is transmitted in 720p high definition, the native resolution format for The Walt Disney Company's U.S. television properties. However, most of Hearst Television's 16 ABC-affiliated stations transmit the network's programming in 1080i HD, while 11 other affiliates owned by various companies carry the network feed in 480i standard definition either due to technical considerations for affiliates of other major networks that carry ABC programming on a digital subchannel or because a primary feed ABC affiliate has not yet upgraded their transmission equipment to allow content to be presented in HD.
What is the native format for the Walt Disney Company's US TV properties?
[ "480i", "720p high definition", "720p high definition" ]
[ 336, 36, 36 ]
[ "57275650708984140094dc62", "57275650708984140094dc62", "57275650708984140094dc62" ]
[ "American_Broadcasting_Company", "American_Broadcasting_Company", "American_Broadcasting_Company" ]
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The results of the Haensch study have since been confirmed and amended. Based on genetic evidence derived from Black Death victims in the East Smithfield burial site in England, Schuenemann et al. concluded in 2011 "that the Black Death in medieval Europe was caused by a variant of Y. pestis that may no longer exist." A study published in Nature in October 2011 sequenced the genome of Y. pestis from plague victims and indicated that the strain that caused the Black Death is ancestral to most modern strains of the disease.
When was the study on sequenced Y genomes published?
[ "October 2011", "October 2011", "October 2011" ]
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Both B cells and T cells carry receptor molecules that recognize specific targets. T cells recognize a "non-self" target, such as a pathogen, only after antigens (small fragments of the pathogen) have been processed and presented in combination with a "self" receptor called a major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecule. There are two major subtypes of T cells: the killer T cell and the helper T cell. In addition there are regulatory T cells which have a role in modulating immune response. Killer T cells only recognize antigens coupled to Class I MHC molecules, while helper T cells and regulatory T cells only recognize antigens coupled to Class II MHC molecules. These two mechanisms of antigen presentation reflect the different roles of the two types of T cell. A third, minor subtype are the γδ T cells that recognize intact antigens that are not bound to MHC receptors.
What kind of T cells have the purpose of modulating the immune response?
[ "regulatory T cells", "regulatory T cells", "regulatory" ]
[ 430, 430, 430 ]
[ "5729f1fcaf94a219006aa6d4", "5729f1fcaf94a219006aa6d4", "5729f1fcaf94a219006aa6d4" ]
[ "Immune_system", "Immune_system", "Immune_system" ]
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Harvard has been highly ranked by many university rankings. In particular, it has consistently topped the Academic Ranking of World Universities (ARWU) since 2003, and the THE World Reputation Rankings since 2011, when the first time such league tables were published. When the QS and Times were published in partnership as the THE-QS World University Rankings during 2004-2009, Harvard had also been regarded the first in every year. The University's undergraduate program has been continuously among the top two in the U.S. News & World Report. In 2014, Harvard topped the University Ranking by Academic Performance (URAP). It was ranked 8th on the 2013-2014 PayScale College Salary Report and 14th on the 2013 PayScale College Education Value Rankings. From a poll done by The Princeton Review, Harvard is the second most commonly named "dream college", both for students and parents in 2013, and was the first nominated by parents in 2009. In 2011, the Mines ParisTech : Professional Ranking World Universities ranked Harvard 1st university in the world in terms of number of alumni holding CEO position in Fortune Global 500 companies.
Starting in what year has Harvard topped the Academic Rankings of World Universities?
[ "2003", "2003", "2003" ]
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[ "5727d9c43acd2414000dee17", "5727d9c43acd2414000dee17", "5727d9c43acd2414000dee17" ]
[ "Harvard_University", "Harvard_University", "Harvard_University" ]
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After leaving Edison's company Tesla partnered with two businessmen in 1886, Robert Lane and Benjamin Vail, who agreed to finance an electric lighting company in Tesla's name, Tesla Electric Light & Manufacturing. The company installed electrical arc light based illumination systems designed by Tesla and also had designs for dynamo electric machine commutators, the first patents issued to Tesla in the US.
Who did Tesla partner with in 1886?
[ "Robert Lane and Benjamin Vail", "Robert Lane and Benjamin Vail", "Robert Lane and Benjamin Vail" ]
[ 77, 77, 77 ]
[ "56dfb5777aa994140058e021", "56dfb5777aa994140058e021", "56dfb5777aa994140058e021" ]
[ "Nikola_Tesla", "Nikola_Tesla", "Nikola_Tesla" ]
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The weight of boilers and condensers generally makes the power-to-weight ratio of a steam plant lower than for internal combustion engines. For mobile applications steam has been largely superseded by internal combustion engines or electric motors. However, most electric power is generated using steam turbine plant, so that indirectly the world's industry is still dependent on steam power. Recent concerns about fuel sources and pollution have incited a renewed interest in steam both as a component of cogeneration processes and as a prime mover. This is becoming known as the Advanced Steam movement.[citation needed]
What is the name of the movement that seeks renewed use of steam power in the modern era?
[ "Advanced Steam", "Advanced Steam movement", "cogeneration processes", "Advanced Steam movement" ]
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[ "5711607f2419e314009555d0", "5711607f2419e314009555d0", "5711607f2419e314009555d0", "5711607f2419e314009555d0" ]
[ "Steam_engine", "Steam_engine", "Steam_engine", "Steam_engine" ]
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The S-IVB orbital workshop was the only one of these plans to make it off the drawing board. Dubbed Skylab, it was constructed complete on the ground rather than in space, and launched in 1973 using the two lower stages of a Saturn V. It was equipped with an Apollo Telescope Mount, the solar telescope that would have been used on the Apollo Telescope Missions. Skylab's last crew departed the station on February 8, 1974, and the station itself re-entered the atmosphere in 1979, by which time it had become the oldest operational Apollo-Saturn component.
The Skylab had what type of equipment onboard that was supposed to be used in a different mission?
[ "Apollo Telescope Mount", "solar telescope", "Apollo Telescope Mount", "Apollo Telescope Mount", "Apollo Telescope Mount" ]
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[ "5725ef6838643c19005aced1", "5725ef6838643c19005aced1", "5725ef6838643c19005aced1", "5725ef6838643c19005aced1", "5725ef6838643c19005aced1" ]
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John Schmitt and Ben Zipperer (2006) of the CEPR point to economic liberalism and the reduction of business regulation along with the decline of union membership as one of the causes of economic inequality. In an analysis of the effects of intensive Anglo-American liberal policies in comparison to continental European liberalism, where unions have remained strong, they concluded "The U.S. economic and social model is associated with substantial levels of social exclusion, including high levels of income inequality, high relative and absolute poverty rates, poor and unequal educational outcomes, poor health outcomes, and high rates of crime and incarceration. At the same time, the available evidence provides little support for the view that U.S.-style labor-market flexibility dramatically improves labor-market outcomes. Despite popular prejudices to the contrary, the U.S. economy consistently affords a lower level of economic mobility than all the continental European countries for which data is available."
What is economic liberalism one of the causes of?
[ "economic inequality", "economic inequality", "economic inequality" ]
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Free oxygen also occurs in solution in the world's water bodies. The increased solubility of O 2 at lower temperatures (see Physical properties) has important implications for ocean life, as polar oceans support a much higher density of life due to their higher oxygen content. Water polluted with plant nutrients such as nitrates or phosphates may stimulate growth of algae by a process called eutrophication and the decay of these organisms and other biomaterials may reduce amounts of O 2 in eutrophic water bodies. Scientists assess this aspect of water quality by measuring the water's biochemical oxygen demand, or the amount of O 2 needed to restore it to a normal concentration.
At what temperatures is O2 more soluble?
[ "lower", "lower", "lower", "lower temperatures", "lower" ]
[ 100, 100, 100, 100, 100 ]
[ "571cc8815efbb31900334def", "571cc8815efbb31900334def", "571cc8815efbb31900334def", "571cc8815efbb31900334def", "571cc8815efbb31900334def" ]
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Salaries for primary teachers in Ireland depend mainly on seniority (i.e. holding the position of principal, deputy principal or assistant principal), experience and qualifications. Extra pay is also given for teaching through the Irish language, in a Gaeltacht area or on an island. The basic pay for a starting teacher is €27,814 p.a., rising incrementally to €53,423 for a teacher with 25 years service. A principal of a large school with many years experience and several qualifications (M.A., H.Dip., etc.) could earn over €90,000.
What can a teacher with 25 years of experience make, in Euros?
[ "53,423", "€53,423", "€53,423" ]
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Proportionality is recognised one of the general principles of European Union law by the European Court of Justice since the 1950s. According to the general principle of proportionality the lawfulness of an action depends on whether it was appropriate and necessary to achieve the objectives legitimately pursued. When there is a choice between several appropriate measures the least onerous must be adopted, and any disadvantage caused must not be disproportionate to the aims pursued. The principle of proportionality is also recognised in Article 5 of the EC Treaty, stating that "any action by the Community shall not go beyond what is necessary to achieve the objectives of this Treaty".
Where is the principle of proportionality recognized in the EC treaty?
[ "Article 5", "the lawfulness of an action depends on whether it was appropriate and necessary to achieve the objectives legitimately pursued", "in Article 5" ]
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Peyton Manning became the first quarterback ever to lead two different teams to multiple Super Bowls. He is also the oldest quarterback ever to play in a Super Bowl at age 39. The past record was held by John Elway, who led the Broncos to victory in Super Bowl XXXIII at age 38 and is currently Denver's Executive Vice President of Football Operations and General Manager.
What role does John Elway currently have in the Broncos franchise?
[ "Executive Vice President of Football Operations and General Manager.", "Executive Vice President of Football Operations and General Manager", "Executive Vice President of Football Operations and General Manager.", "Executive Vice President of Football Operations and General Manager" ]
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Crime rate has also been shown to be correlated with inequality in society. Most studies looking into the relationship have concentrated on homicides – since homicides are almost identically defined across all nations and jurisdictions. There have been over fifty studies showing tendencies for violence to be more common in societies where income differences are larger. Research has been conducted comparing developed countries with undeveloped countries, as well as studying areas within countries. Daly et al. 2001 found that among U.S States and Canadian Provinces there is a tenfold difference in homicide rates related to inequality. They estimated that about half of all variation in homicide rates can be accounted for by differences in the amount of inequality in each province or state. Fajnzylber et al. (2002) found a similar relationship worldwide. Among comments in academic literature on the relationship between homicides and inequality are:
How much of a difference in homicide rates are related to inequality?
[ "tenfold", "tenfold", "tenfold" ]
[ 581, 581, 581 ]
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Subsequently, Californios (dissatisfied with inequitable taxes and land laws) and pro-slavery southerners in the lightly populated "Cow Counties" of southern California attempted three times in the 1850s to achieve a separate statehood or territorial status separate from Northern California. The last attempt, the Pico Act of 1859, was passed by the California State Legislature and signed by the State governor John B. Weller. It was approved overwhelmingly by nearly 75% of voters in the proposed Territory of Colorado. This territory was to include all the counties up to the then much larger Tulare County (that included what is now Kings, most of Kern, and part of Inyo counties) and San Luis Obispo County. The proposal was sent to Washington, D.C. with a strong advocate in Senator Milton Latham. However, the secession crisis following the election of Abraham Lincoln in 1860 led to the proposal never coming to a vote.
Which Senator was a strong advocate for the Pico Act?
[ "Milton Latham", "Milton Latham", "Milton Latham" ]
[ 790, 790, 790 ]
[ "5705f09e75f01819005e77a8", "5705f09e75f01819005e77a8", "5705f09e75f01819005e77a8" ]
[ "Southern_California", "Southern_California", "Southern_California" ]
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Like mitochondria, chloroplasts use the potential energy stored in an H+, or hydrogen ion gradient to generate ATP energy. The two photosystems capture light energy to energize electrons taken from water, and release them down an electron transport chain. The molecules between the photosystems harness the electrons' energy to pump hydrogen ions into the thylakoid space, creating a concentration gradient, with more hydrogen ions (up to a thousand times as many) inside the thylakoid system than in the stroma. The hydrogen ions in the thylakoid space then diffuse back down their concentration gradient, flowing back out into the stroma through ATP synthase. ATP synthase uses the energy from the flowing hydrogen ions to phosphorylate adenosine diphosphate into adenosine triphosphate, or ATP. Because chloroplast ATP synthase projects out into the stroma, the ATP is synthesized there, in position to be used in the dark reactions.
Where do chloroplasts pump hydrogen?
[ "thylakoid space", "into the thylakoid space", "into the thylakoid space" ]
[ 356, 347, 347 ]
[ "572975073f37b31900478416", "572975073f37b31900478416", "572975073f37b31900478416" ]
[ "Chloroplast", "Chloroplast", "Chloroplast" ]
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Although Kenya is the most industrially developed country in the African Great Lakes region, manufacturing still accounts for only 14% of the GDP. Industrial activity, concentrated around the three largest urban centres, Nairobi, Mombasa and Kisumu, is dominated by food-processing industries such as grain milling, beer production, and sugarcane crushing, and the fabrication of consumer goods, e.g., vehicles from kits. There is a cement production industry.[citation needed] Kenya has an oil refinery that processes imported crude petroleum into petroleum products, mainly for the domestic market. In addition, a substantial and expanding informal sector commonly referred to as Jua Kali engages in small-scale manufacturing of household goods, motor-vehicle parts, and farm implements.[citation needed]
How much of GDP does manufactoriing account for?
[ "14%", "14%", "14%" ]
[ 131, 131, 131 ]
[ "57291beb1d04691400779054", "57291beb1d04691400779054", "57291beb1d04691400779054" ]
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Chloroplasts alone make almost all of a plant cell's amino acids in their stroma except the sulfur-containing ones like cysteine and methionine. Cysteine is made in the chloroplast (the proplastid too) but it is also synthesized in the cytosol and mitochondria, probably because it has trouble crossing membranes to get to where it is needed. The chloroplast is known to make the precursors to methionine but it is unclear whether the organelle carries out the last leg of the pathway or if it happens in the cytosol.
Where do chloroplasts make amino acids?
[ "in their stroma", "in their stroma", "stroma" ]
[ 65, 65, 74 ]
[ "572976cfaf94a219006aa493", "572976cfaf94a219006aa493", "572976cfaf94a219006aa493" ]
[ "Chloroplast", "Chloroplast", "Chloroplast" ]
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In its focus on the Caliphate, the party takes a different view of Muslim history than some other Islamists such as Muhammad Qutb. HT sees Islam's pivotal turning point as occurring not with the death of Ali, or one of the other four rightly guided Caliphs in the 7th century, but with the abolition of the Ottoman Caliphate in 1924. This is believed to have ended the true Islamic system, something for which it blames "the disbelieving (Kafir) colonial powers" working through Turkish modernist Mustafa Kemal Atatürk.
When was the Ottoman Caliphate abolished?
[ "1924", "1924", "1924" ]
[ 328, 328, 328 ]
[ "57302e45947a6a140053d230", "57302e45947a6a140053d230", "57302e45947a6a140053d230" ]
[ "Islamism", "Islamism", "Islamism" ]
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From 2005 to 2014, there were two Major League Soccer teams in Los Angeles — the LA Galaxy and Chivas USA — that both played at the StubHub Center and were local rivals. However, Chivas were suspended following the 2014 MLS season, with a second MLS team scheduled to return in 2018.
How many teams did Los Angeles used to have?
[ "two", "two", "two" ]
[ 30, 30, 30 ]
[ "5706149552bb891400689881", "5706149552bb891400689881", "5706149552bb891400689881" ]
[ "Southern_California", "Southern_California", "Southern_California" ]
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Where school class sizes are typically 40 to 50 students, maintaining order in the classroom can divert the teacher from instruction, leaving little opportunity for concentration and focus on what is being taught. In response, teachers may concentrate their attention on motivated students, ignoring attention-seeking and disruptive students. The result of this is that motivated students, facing demanding university entrance examinations, receive disproportionate resources. Given the emphasis on attainment of university places, administrators and governors may regard this policy as appropriate.
What class sizes can make keeping order difficult?
[ "40 to 50 students", "40 to 50 students", "40 to 50 students," ]
[ 39, 39, 39 ]
[ "56e75f5500c9c71400d7703a", "56e75f5500c9c71400d7703a", "56e75f5500c9c71400d7703a" ]
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Although most are non-aligned, some of the best known independent schools also belong to the large, long-established religious foundations, such as the Anglican Church, Uniting Church and Presbyterian Church, but in most cases, they do not insist on their students’ religious allegiance. These schools are typically viewed as 'elite schools'. Many of the 'grammar schools' also fall in this category. They are usually expensive schools that tend to be up-market and traditional in style, some Catholic schools fall into this category as well, e.g. St Joseph's College, Gregory Terrace, Saint Ignatius' College, Riverview, St Gregory's College, Campbelltown, St Aloysius' College (Sydney) and St Joseph's College, Hunters Hill, as well as Loreto Kirribilli, Monte Sant Angelo Mercy College, St Ursula's College and Loreto Normanhurst for girls.
Along with the Anglican Church and Uniting Church, what religious denomination operates private schools in Australia?
[ "Presbyterian Church", "Presbyterian", "Presbyterian Church" ]
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Tesla served as a vice president of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers, the forerunner (along with the Institute of Radio Engineers) of the modern-day IEEE, from 1892 to 1894.
Along with the American Institute of Electrical Engineers what other institute eventually became the IEEE?
[ "the Institute of Radio Engineers", "Institute of Radio Engineers", "the Institute of Radio Engineers" ]
[ 111, 115, 111 ]
[ "56e0f019231d4119001ac472", "56e0f019231d4119001ac472", "56e0f019231d4119001ac472" ]
[ "Nikola_Tesla", "Nikola_Tesla", "Nikola_Tesla" ]
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A consortium led by the International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT) has had some success in helping farmers grow new pigeon pea varieties, instead of maize, in particularly dry areas. Pigeon peas are very drought resistant, so can be grown in areas with less than 650 mm annual rainfall. Successive projects encouraged the commercialisation of legumes, by stimulating the growth of local seed production and agro-dealer networks for distribution and marketing. This work, which included linking producers to wholesalers, helped to increase local producer prices by 20–25% in Nairobi and Mombasa. The commercialisation of the pigeon pea is now enabling some farmers to buy assets, ranging from mobile phones to productive land and livestock, and is opening pathways for them to move out of poverty.
Why did they teach them to grow peas?
[ "Pigeon peas are very drought resistant,", "very drought resistant", "drought resistant" ]
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There are hints in the surviving records of the ancient Egyptians that they had some knowledge of prime numbers: the Egyptian fraction expansions in the Rhind papyrus, for instance, have quite different forms for primes and for composites. However, the earliest surviving records of the explicit study of prime numbers come from the Ancient Greeks. Euclid's Elements (circa 300 BC) contain important theorems about primes, including the infinitude of primes and the fundamental theorem of arithmetic. Euclid also showed how to construct a perfect number from a Mersenne prime. The Sieve of Eratosthenes, attributed to Eratosthenes, is a simple method to compute primes, although the large primes found today with computers are not generated this way.
What civilization was the first known to clearly study prime numbers?
[ "Ancient Greeks", "Greeks", "Ancient Greeks", "the Ancient Greeks", "Ancient Greeks" ]
[ 333, 341, 333, 329, 333 ]
[ "572978f91d046914007794d4", "572978f91d046914007794d4", "572978f91d046914007794d4", "572978f91d046914007794d4", "572978f91d046914007794d4" ]
[ "Prime_number", "Prime_number", "Prime_number", "Prime_number", "Prime_number" ]
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Teachers in Wales can be registered members of trade unions such as ATL, NUT or NASUWT and reports in recent years suggest that the average age of teachers in Wales is falling with teachers being younger than in previous years. A growing cause of concern are that attacks on teachers in Welsh schools which reached an all-time high between 2005 and 2010.
What are the attacks on teachers causing?
[ "concern", "A growing cause of concern", "concern" ]
[ 247, 228, 247 ]
[ "56e7788200c9c71400d77184", "56e7788200c9c71400d77184", "56e7788200c9c71400d77184" ]
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Free oxygen gas was almost nonexistent in Earth's atmosphere before photosynthetic archaea and bacteria evolved, probably about 3.5 billion years ago. Free oxygen first appeared in significant quantities during the Paleoproterozoic eon (between 3.0 and 2.3 billion years ago). For the first billion years, any free oxygen produced by these organisms combined with dissolved iron in the oceans to form banded iron formations. When such oxygen sinks became saturated, free oxygen began to outgas from the oceans 3–2.7 billion years ago, reaching 10% of its present level around 1.7 billion years ago.
During which eon did free oxygen begin appearing in quantity?
[ "Paleoproterozoic", "Paleoproterozoic", "Paleoproterozoic", "Paleoproterozoic", "the Paleoproterozoic eon" ]
[ 215, 215, 215, 215, 211 ]
[ "571cca4add7acb1400e4c151", "571cca4add7acb1400e4c151", "571cca4add7acb1400e4c151", "571cca4add7acb1400e4c151", "571cca4add7acb1400e4c151" ]
[ "Oxygen", "Oxygen", "Oxygen", "Oxygen", "Oxygen" ]
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In Europe there are old pharmacies still operating in Dubrovnik, Croatia, located inside the Franciscan monastery, opened in 1317; and in the Town Hall Square of Tallinn, Estonia, dating from at least 1422. The oldest is claimed to have been set up in 1221 in the Church of Santa Maria Novella in Florence, Italy, which now houses a perfume museum. The medieval Esteve Pharmacy, located in Llívia, a Catalan enclave close to Puigcerdà, also now a museum, dates back to the 15th century, keeping albarellos from the 16th and 17th centuries, old prescription books and antique drugs.
What is the medieval Esteve Pharmacy used as at present?
[ "museum", "a museum", "museum" ]
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Modern primality tests for general numbers n can be divided into two main classes, probabilistic (or "Monte Carlo") and deterministic algorithms. Deterministic algorithms provide a way to tell for sure whether a given number is prime or not. For example, trial division is a deterministic algorithm because, if performed correctly, it will always identify a prime number as prime and a composite number as composite. Probabilistic algorithms are normally faster, but do not completely prove that a number is prime. These tests rely on testing a given number in a partly random way. For example, a given test might pass all the time if applied to a prime number, but pass only with probability p if applied to a composite number. If we repeat the test n times and pass every time, then the probability that our number is composite is 1/(1-p)n, which decreases exponentially with the number of tests, so we can be as sure as we like (though never perfectly sure) that the number is prime. On the other hand, if the test ever fails, then we know that the number is composite.
What is the name of one type of modern primality test?
[ "probabilistic (or \"Monte Carlo\")", "probabilistic", "probabilistic", "probabilistic (or \"Monte Carlo\")", "probabilistic" ]
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Kenya is active in several sports, among them cricket, rallying, football, rugby union and boxing. The country is known chiefly for its dominance in middle-distance and long-distance athletics, having consistently produced Olympic and Commonwealth Games champions in various distance events, especially in 800 m, 1,500 m, 3,000 m steeplechase, 5,000 m, 10,000 m and the marathon. Kenyan athletes (particularly Kalenjin) continue to dominate the world of distance running, although competition from Morocco and Ethiopia has reduced this supremacy. Kenya's best-known athletes included the four-time women's Boston Marathon winner and two-time world champion Catherine Ndereba, 800m world record holder David Rudisha, former Marathon world record-holder Paul Tergat, and John Ngugi.
What is the country known for?
[ "dominance in middle-distance and long-distance athletics", "middle-distance and long-distance athletics", "its dominance in middle-distance and long-distance athletics" ]
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[ "Kenya", "Kenya", "Kenya" ]
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However, a problem emerged regarding the directions taken by ABC and UPT. In 1950, Noble appointed Robert Kintner to be ABC's president while he himself served as its CEO, a position he would hold until his death in 1958. Despite the promise of non-interference between ABC and UPT, Goldenson had to intervene in ABC's decisions because of financial problems and the FCC's long period of indecision. Goldenson added to the confusion when, in October 1954, he proposed a merger between UPT and the DuMont Television Network, which was also mired in financial trouble. As part of this merger, the network would have been renamed "ABC-DuMont" for five years, and DuMont would have received $5 million in cash, room on the schedule for existing DuMont programming, and guaranteed advertising time for DuMont Laboratories receivers. In addition, to comply with FCC ownership restrictions, it would have been required to sell either WABC-TV or DuMont owned-and-operated station WABD in the New York City market, as well as two other stations. The merged ABC-DuMont would have had the resources to compete with CBS and NBC.
Goldenson proposed a merger between UPT and what network in October 1954?
[ "DuMont Television Network", "DuMont Television Network", "DuMont Television Network" ]
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[ "57273f9d708984140094db52", "57273f9d708984140094db52", "57273f9d708984140094db52" ]
[ "American_Broadcasting_Company", "American_Broadcasting_Company", "American_Broadcasting_Company" ]
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The rainforest contains several species that can pose a hazard. Among the largest predatory creatures are the black caiman, jaguar, cougar, and anaconda. In the river, electric eels can produce an electric shock that can stun or kill, while piranha are known to bite and injure humans. Various species of poison dart frogs secrete lipophilic alkaloid toxins through their flesh. There are also numerous parasites and disease vectors. Vampire bats dwell in the rainforest and can spread the rabies virus. Malaria, yellow fever and Dengue fever can also be contracted in the Amazon region.
What type of bat that lives in the Amazon rainforest can spread rabies?
[ "Vampire", "Vampire bats", "Vampire" ]
[ 434, 434, 434 ]
[ "5729f3831d0469140077967f", "5729f3831d0469140077967f", "5729f3831d0469140077967f" ]
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In the Sandgate area, to the east of the city and beside the river, resided the close-knit community of keelmen and their families. They were so called because they worked on the keels, boats that were used to transfer coal from the river banks to the waiting colliers, for export to London and elsewhere. In the 1630s about 7,000 out of 20,000 inhabitants of Newcastle died of plague, more than one-third of the population. Specifically within the year 1636, it is roughly estimated with evidence held by the Society of Antiquaries that 47% of the then population of Newcastle died from the epidemic; this may also have been the most devastating loss in any British City in this period.
How many folks died of plague in Newcastle in the 1630s?
[ "7,000", "7,000", "7,000" ]
[ 325, 325, 325 ]
[ "57266a15f1498d1400e8def8", "57266a15f1498d1400e8def8", "57266a15f1498d1400e8def8" ]
[ "Newcastle_upon_Tyne", "Newcastle_upon_Tyne", "Newcastle_upon_Tyne" ]
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In 1981, the Presidential Working Party on the Second University was commissioned to look at both the possibilities of setting up a second university in Kenya as well as the reforming of the entire education system. The committee recommended that the 7–4–2–3 system be changed to an 8–4–4 system (eight years in primary, four years in secondary, and four years in university education). The table under Present-day education in Kenya below shows the structure of the 8–4–4 system. Although the 7–4–2–3 system theoretically ended with the introduction of the new 8–4–4 system in 1985, the last batch of students from the former system graduated from Kenyan Universities in 1992.
What is the edcuation system currently?
[ "8–4–4 system", "7–4–2–3", "7–4–2–3 system" ]
[ 467, 494, 251 ]
[ "572926086aef051400154ac4", "572926086aef051400154ac4", "572926086aef051400154ac4" ]
[ "Kenya", "Kenya", "Kenya" ]
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The United Methodist Church, along with other Methodist churches, condemns capital punishment, saying that it cannot accept retribution or social vengeance as a reason for taking human life. The Church also holds that the death penalty falls unfairly and unequally upon marginalized persons including the poor, the uneducated, ethnic and religious minorities, and persons with mental and emotional illnesses. The United Methodist Church also believes that Jesus explicitly repudiated the lex talionis in Matthew 5:38-39 and abolished the death penalty in John 8:7. The General Conference of the United Methodist Church calls for its bishops to uphold opposition to capital punishment and for governments to enact an immediate moratorium on carrying out the death penalty sentence.
What part of the UMC calls for its bishops to uphold opposition to capital punishment?
[ "The General Conference", "The General Conference of the United Methodist Church", "The General Conference" ]
[ 565, 565, 565 ]
[ "5730b54c069b531400832290", "5730b54c069b531400832290", "5730b54c069b531400832290" ]
[ "United_Methodist_Church", "United_Methodist_Church", "United_Methodist_Church" ]
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The study also found that there were two previously unknown but related clades (genetic branches) of the Y. pestis genome associated with medieval mass graves. These clades (which are thought to be extinct) were found to be ancestral to modern isolates of the modern Y. pestis strains Y. p. orientalis and Y. p. medievalis, suggesting the plague may have entered Europe in two waves. Surveys of plague pit remains in France and England indicate the first variant entered Europe through the port of Marseille around November 1347 and spread through France over the next two years, eventually reaching England in the spring of 1349, where it spread through the country in three epidemics. Surveys of plague pit remains from the Dutch town of Bergen op Zoom showed the Y. pestis genotype responsible for the pandemic that spread through the Low Countries from 1350 differed from that found in Britain and France, implying Bergen op Zoom (and possibly other parts of the southern Netherlands) was not directly infected from England or France in 1349 and suggesting a second wave of plague, different from those in Britain and France, may have been carried to the Low Countries from Norway, the Hanseatic cities or another site.
When did the y. pestis reach England?
[ "1349", "1349", "spring of 1349" ]
[ 625, 625, 615 ]
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[ "Black_Death", "Black_Death", "Black_Death" ]
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In 1970, ABC debuted Monday Night Football as part of its Monday prime time schedule; the program became a hit for the network and served as the National Football League (NFL)'s premier game of the week until 2006, when Sunday Night Football, which moved to NBC that year as part of a broadcast deal that in turn saw MNF move to ESPN, took over as the league's marquee game. According to Goldenson, Monday Night Football helped earn ABC regularly score an audience share of 15%–16%; ABC Sports managed the budget for the Monday night time slot to reallocate the weekly budget for ABC's prime time schedule to just six days, as opposed to seven on competing networks. 1970 also saw the premieres of several soap operas including the long-running All My Children, which ran on the network for 41 years.
When Sunday Night Football premiered, to which network did Monday Night Football move?
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Steam engines frequently possess two independent mechanisms for ensuring that the pressure in the boiler does not go too high; one may be adjusted by the user, the second is typically designed as an ultimate fail-safe. Such safety valves traditionally used a simple lever to restrain a plug valve in the top of a boiler. One end of the lever carried a weight or spring that restrained the valve against steam pressure. Early valves could be adjusted by engine drivers, leading to many accidents when a driver fastened the valve down to allow greater steam pressure and more power from the engine. The more recent type of safety valve uses an adjustable spring-loaded valve, which is locked such that operators may not tamper with its adjustment unless a seal illegally is broken. This arrangement is considerably safer.[citation needed]
In an adjustable spring-loaded valve, what needs to be broken to allow an operator to tamper with it?
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NASA immediately convened an accident review board, overseen by both houses of Congress. While the determination of responsibility for the accident was complex, the review board concluded that "deficiencies existed in Command Module design, workmanship and quality control." At the insistence of NASA Administrator Webb, North American removed Harrison Storms as Command Module program manager. Webb also reassigned Apollo Spacecraft Program Office (ASPO) Manager Joseph Francis Shea, replacing him with George Low.
What was found to be at fault for the fire in the cabin on Apollo 1 regarding the CM design?
[ "deficiencies", "\"deficiencies existed in Command Module design, workmanship and quality control.\"", "deficiencies existed in Command Module design, workmanship and quality control", "workmanship and quality control" ]
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In addition to climate assessment reports, the IPCC is publishing Special Reports on specific topics. The preparation and approval process for all IPCC Special Reports follows the same procedures as for IPCC Assessment Reports. In the year 2011 two IPCC Special Report were finalized, the Special Report on Renewable Energy Sources and Climate Change Mitigation (SRREN) and the Special Report on Managing Risks of Extreme Events and Disasters to Advance Climate Change Adaptation (SREX). Both Special Reports were requested by governments.
How does the IPCC prepare Special Reports?
[ "the same procedures as for IPCC Assessment Reports", "the same procedures as for IPCC Assessment Reports", "follows the same procedures as for IPCC Assessment Reports" ]
[ 176, 176, 168 ]
[ "57293f8a6aef051400154bde", "57293f8a6aef051400154bde", "57293f8a6aef051400154bde" ]
[ "Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change", "Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change", "Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change" ]
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Despite being relatively unaffected by the embargo, the UK nonetheless faced an oil crisis of its own - a series of strikes by coal miners and railroad workers over the winter of 1973–74 became a major factor in the change of government. Heath asked the British to heat only one room in their houses over the winter. The UK, Germany, Italy, Switzerland and Norway banned flying, driving and boating on Sundays. Sweden rationed gasoline and heating oil. The Netherlands imposed prison sentences for those who used more than their ration of electricity.
What caused UK to have an oil crisis in its own country?
[ "a series of strikes by coal miners and railroad workers", "a series of strikes by coal miners and railroad workers", "a series of strikes", "a series of strikes", "strikes by coal miners and railroad workers" ]
[ 104, 104, 104, 104, 116 ]
[ "572649d8f1498d1400e8db37", "572649d8f1498d1400e8db37", "572649d8f1498d1400e8db37", "572649d8f1498d1400e8db37", "572649d8f1498d1400e8db37" ]
[ "1973_oil_crisis", "1973_oil_crisis", "1973_oil_crisis", "1973_oil_crisis", "1973_oil_crisis" ]
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The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) is a scientific intergovernmental body under the auspices of the United Nations, set up at the request of member governments. It was first established in 1988 by two United Nations organizations, the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) and the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), and later endorsed by the United Nations General Assembly through Resolution 43/53. Membership of the IPCC is open to all members of the WMO and UNEP. The IPCC produces reports that support the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), which is the main international treaty on climate change. The ultimate objective of the UNFCCC is to "stabilize greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic [i.e., human-induced] interference with the climate system". IPCC reports cover "the scientific, technical and socio-economic information relevant to understanding the scientific basis of risk of human-induced climate change, its potential impacts and options for adaptation and mitigation."
What is the UN's climate change treaty?
[ "United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change", "the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC),", "United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC)" ]
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[ "57293b843f37b31900478136", "57293b843f37b31900478136", "57293b843f37b31900478136" ]
[ "Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change", "Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change", "Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change" ]
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In what became known as the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre of 24 August – 3 October 1572, Catholics killed thousands of Huguenots in Paris. Similar massacres took place in other towns in the weeks following. The main provincial towns and cities experiencing the Massacre were Aix, Bordeaux, Bourges, Lyons, Meaux, Orleans, Rouen, Toulouse, and Troyes. Nearly 3,000 Protestants were slaughtered in Toulouse alone. The exact number of fatalities throughout the country is not known. On 23–24 August, between about 2,000 and 3,000 Protestants were killed in Paris and between 3,000 and 7,000 more in the French provinces. By 17 September, almost 25,000 Protestants had been massacred in Paris alone. Beyond Paris, the killings continued until 3 October. An amnesty granted in 1573 pardoned the perpetrators.[citation needed]
How many Huguenots were killed in Toulouse?
[ "Nearly 3,000", "Nearly 3,000", "Nearly 3,000" ]
[ 352, 352, 352 ]
[ "57111428b654c5140001fb01", "57111428b654c5140001fb01", "57111428b654c5140001fb01" ]
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The second main legislative body is the Council, which is composed of different ministers of the member states. The heads of government of member states also convene a "European Council" (a distinct body) that the TEU article 15 defines as providing the 'necessary impetus for its development and shall define the general political directions and priorities'. It meets each six months and its President (currently former Poland Prime Minister Donald Tusk) is meant to 'drive forward its work', but it does not itself 'legislative functions'. The Council does this: in effect this is the governments of the member states, but there will be a different minister at each meeting, depending on the topic discussed (e.g. for environmental issues, the member states' environment ministers attend and vote; for foreign affairs, the foreign ministers, etc.). The minister must have the authority to represent and bin the member states in decisions. When voting takes place it is weighted inversely to member state size, so smaller member states are not dominated by larger member states. In total there are 352 votes, but for most acts there must be a qualified majority vote, if not consensus. TEU article 16(4) and TFEU article 238(3) define this to mean at least 55 per cent of the Council members (not votes) representing 65 per cent of the population of the EU: currently this means around 74 per cent, or 260 of the 352 votes. This is critical during the legislative process.
How are the votes weighted to ensure that smaller states aren't dominated by larger ones?
[ "it is weighted inversely to member state size", "inversely", "weighted inversely to member state size", "it is weighted inversely to member state size" ]
[ 965, 980, 971, 965 ]
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[ "European_Union_law", "European_Union_law", "European_Union_law", "European_Union_law" ]
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All the incidental music for the 2005 revived series has been composed by Murray Gold and Ben Foster and has been performed by the BBC National Orchestra of Wales from the 2005 Christmas episode "The Christmas Invasion" onwards. A concert featuring the orchestra performing music from the first two series took place on 19 November 2006 to raise money for Children in Need. David Tennant hosted the event, introducing the different sections of the concert. Murray Gold and Russell T Davies answered questions during the interval and Daleks and Cybermen appeared whilst music from their stories was played. The concert aired on BBCi on Christmas Day 2006. A Doctor Who Prom was celebrated on 27 July 2008 in the Royal Albert Hall as part of the annual BBC Proms. The BBC Philharmonic and the London Philharmonic Choir performed Murray Gold's compositions for the series, conducted by Ben Foster, as well as a selection of classics based on the theme of space and time. The event was presented by Freema Agyeman and guest-presented by various other stars of the show with numerous monsters participating in the proceedings. It also featured the specially filmed mini-episode "Music of the Spheres", written by Russell T Davies and starring David Tennant.
Who performed a benefit concert for the charity Children in Need?
[ "the BBC National Orchestra of Wales", "BBC National Orchestra of Wales", "the BBC National Orchestra of Wales" ]
[ 127, 131, 127 ]
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[ "Doctor_Who", "Doctor_Who", "Doctor_Who" ]
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It is a common misconception to ascribe the stiffness and rigidity of solid matter to the repulsion of like charges under the influence of the electromagnetic force. However, these characteristics actually result from the Pauli exclusion principle.[citation needed] Since electrons are fermions, they cannot occupy the same quantum mechanical state as other electrons. When the electrons in a material are densely packed together, there are not enough lower energy quantum mechanical states for them all, so some of them must be in higher energy states. This means that it takes energy to pack them together. While this effect is manifested macroscopically as a structural force, it is technically only the result of the existence of a finite set of electron states.
What is often misunderstood as the cause of matter rigidity?
[ "the repulsion of like charges under the influence of the electromagnetic force", "repulsion of like charges", "repulsion of like charges under the influence of the electromagnetic force", "repulsion of like charges", "repulsion of like charges under the influence of the electromagnetic force", "repulsion of like charges", "repulsion of like charges", "the repulsion of like charges under the influence of the electromagnetic force" ]
[ 86, 90, 90, 90, 90, 90, 90, 86 ]
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