autoevaluate/autoeval-eval-adversarial_qa-adversarialQA-b079e4-1737160612

context stringlengths 158 2.13k	question stringlengths 13 202	answers.text sequence	answers.answer_start sequence	feat_id sequence	feat_title sequence	feat_metadata.split sequence	feat_metadata.model_in_the_loop sequence	start_logits sequence	end_logits sequence
In the helical thylakoid model, grana consist of a stack of flattened circular granal thylakoids that resemble pancakes. Each granum can contain anywhere from two to a hundred thylakoids, though grana with 10–20 thylakoids are most common. Wrapped around the grana are helicoid stromal thylakoids, also known as frets or lamellar thylakoids. The helices ascend at an angle of 20–25°, connecting to each granal thylakoid at a bridge-like slit junction. The helicoids may extend as large sheets that link multiple grana, or narrow to tube-like bridges between grana. While different parts of the thylakoid system contain different membrane proteins, the thylakoid membranes are continuous and the thylakoid space they enclose form a single continuous labyrinth.	Which is greater, the minimum number of thylakoids a granum contains, or the angle at which helices ascend?	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Torque is the rotation equivalent of force in the same way that angle is the rotational equivalent for position, angular velocity for velocity, and angular momentum for momentum. As a consequence of Newton's First Law of Motion, there exists rotational inertia that ensures that all bodies maintain their angular momentum unless acted upon by an unbalanced torque. Likewise, Newton's Second Law of Motion can be used to derive an analogous equation for the instantaneous angular acceleration of the rigid body:	What word describes the speed of an object?	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Newcastle Mela, held on the late August bank holiday weekend, is an annual two-day multicultural event, blending drama, music and food from Punjabi, Pakistani, Bengali and Hindu cultures. NewcastleGateshead also holds an annual International Arts Fair. The 2009 event will be in the Norman Foster designed Sage Gateshead Music and Arts Centre in September. In October, there is the Design Event festival—an annual festival providing the public with an opportunity to see work by regional, national and international designers. The SAMA Festival, an East Asian cultural festival is also held in early October.	Where was the Arts Fair held?	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Since teachers can affect how students perceive the course materials, it has been found that teachers who showed enthusiasm towards the course materials and students can affect a positive learning experience towards the course materials. On teacher/course evaluations, it was found that teachers who have a positive disposition towards the course content tend to transfer their passion to receptive students. These teachers do not teach by rote but attempt to find new invigoration for the course materials on a daily basis. One of the difficulties in this approach is that teachers may have repeatedly covered a curriculum until they begin to feel bored with the subject which in turn bores the students as well. Students who had enthusiastic teachers tend to rate them higher than teachers who didn't show much enthusiasm for the course materials.	What quality should administrators seek in teachers?	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At the time of the Marburg Colloquy, Suleiman the Magnificent was besieging Vienna with a vast Ottoman army. Luther had argued against resisting the Turks in his 1518 Explanation of the Ninety-five Theses, provoking accusations of defeatism. He saw the Turks as a scourge sent to punish Christians by God, as agents of the Biblical apocalypse that would destroy the antichrist, whom Luther believed to be the papacy, and the Roman Church. He consistently rejected the idea of a Holy War, "as though our people were an army of Christians against the Turks, who were enemies of Christ. This is absolutely contrary to Christ's doctrine and name". On the other hand, in keeping with his doctrine of the two kingdoms, Luther did support non-religious war against the Turks. In 1526, he argued in Whether Soldiers can be in a State of Grace that national defence is reason for a just war. By 1529, in On War against the Turk, he was actively urging Emperor Charles V and the German people to fight a secular war against the Turks. He made clear, however, that the spiritual war against an alien faith was separate, to be waged through prayer and repentance. Around the time of the Siege of Vienna, Luther wrote a prayer for national deliverance from the Turks, asking God to "give to our emperor perpetual victory over our enemies".	Which Luther work regarding war came out a few years prior to the 1529 work?	[ "Whether Soldiers can be in a State of Grace" ]	[ 791 ]	[ "97e6acc0cf7b57c6e87e66886622b6343869cbff" ]	[ "Martin_Luther" ]	[ "validation" ]	[ "Combined" ]	[ -1.4482421875, -7.4609375, -6.72265625, -7.8203125, -8.421875, -9.140625, -8.3046875, -9.015625, -8.359375, -8.90625, -9.3515625, -8.6640625, -8.7890625, -6.69921875, -6.4453125, -9.3671875, -7.21484375, -7.62890625, -9.2421875, -6.765625, -8.078125, -8.390625, -9.3203125, -7.1484375, -6.40625, -9.1875, -8.7421875, -9.8203125, -9.53125, -9.4609375, -9.1171875, -5.2421875, -9.1953125, -8.9140625, -7.859375, -8.8515625, -8.953125, -8.0546875, -9.4375, -9.390625, -6.49609375, -9.21875, -8.5078125, -8.6953125, -7.27734375, -8.5390625, -9.21875, -4.3984375, -8.6171875, -8.0078125, -9.0234375, -6.84375, -7.9453125, -7.05859375, -7.21875, -4.95703125, -4.85546875, -8.265625, -4.171875, -8.0859375, -4.15234375, -4.57421875, -9.1484375, -8.25, -8.1640625, -8.40625, -9.453125, -8.0859375, -9.7109375, -8.2890625, -9.6015625, -6.6328125, 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A B cell identifies pathogens when antibodies on its surface bind to a specific foreign antigen. This antigen/antibody complex is taken up by the B cell and processed by proteolysis into peptides. The B cell then displays these antigenic peptides on its surface MHC class II molecules. This combination of MHC and antigen attracts a matching helper T cell, which releases lymphokines and activates the B cell. As the activated B cell then begins to divide, its offspring (plasma cells) secrete millions of copies of the antibody that recognizes this antigen. These antibodies circulate in blood plasma and lymph, bind to pathogens expressing the antigen and mark them for destruction by complement activation or for uptake and destruction by phagocytes. Antibodies can also neutralize challenges directly, by binding to bacterial toxins or by interfering with the receptors that viruses and bacteria use to infect cells.	What must B cell go through before dividing into plasma cells?	[ "lymphokines and activates the B cell" ]	[ 372 ]	[ "ddde39d74c31f3497d4e4d32c58cde28fb0a785c" ]	[ "Immune_system" ]	[ "validation" ]	[ "Combined" ]	[ -7.36328125, -7.16015625, -9.0390625, -7.9453125, -9.203125, -7.9765625, -7.90234375, -8.5859375, -8.1640625, -8.5625, -8.0234375, -9.3359375, -9.3359375, -9.21875, -5.515625, -6.27734375, -8.0078125, -4.515625, -4.1171875, -7.24609375, -4.328125, -0.8056640625, -6.06640625, -6.17578125, -5.5625, -4.7578125, -6.95703125, -4.203125, -4.45703125, -3.73046875, -5.37890625, -7.87890625, -3.654296875, -2.8671875, -8.140625, -6.34375, -4.97265625, -7.32421875, -5.90625, -8.515625, -8.7421875, -7.34765625, -6.140625, -8.4609375, -8.171875, -4.20703125, -2.955078125, -0.09344482421875, -7.703125, -7.625, -6.21875, -5.51953125, -1.6201171875, -6.30859375, -7.875, -3.251953125, -4.5234375, -7.5078125, -7.0390625, -3.537109375, -3.3203125, -1.28515625, -6.6171875, -3.625, -5.4453125, -2.951171875, -3.783203125, -1.50390625, -1.4833984375, 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Deke Slayton, the grounded Mercury astronaut who became Director of Flight Crew Operations for the Gemini and Apollo programs, selected the first Apollo crew in January 1966, with Grissom as Command Pilot, White as Senior Pilot, and rookie Donn F. Eisele as Pilot. But Eisele dislocated his shoulder twice aboard the KC135 weightlessness training aircraft, and had to undergo surgery on January 27. Slayton replaced him with Chaffee. NASA announced the final crew selection for AS-204 on March 21, 1966, with the backup crew consisting of Gemini veterans James McDivitt and David Scott, with rookie Russell L. "Rusty" Schweickart. Mercury/Gemini veteran Wally Schirra, Eisele, and rookie Walter Cunningham were announced on September 29 as the prime crew for AS-205.	Who was initally chosen for both the initial Apollo crew and the prime crew?	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Since the 1980s, Lutheran Church denominations have repudiated Martin Luther's statements against the Jews and have rejected the use of them to incite hatred against Lutherans. Strommen et al.'s 1970 survey of 4,745 North American Lutherans aged 15–65 found that, compared to the other minority groups under consideration, Lutherans were the least prejudiced toward Jews. Nevertheless, Professor Richard (Dick) Geary, former Professor of Modern History at the University of Nottingham, England, and the author of Hitler and Nazism (Routledge 1993), wrote in the journal History Today an article on who voted for the Nazis in elections held from 1928-1933, where he claimed that from his research he found that the Nazis gained disproportionately more votes from Protestant than Catholic areas of Germany.	Which came later, the elections where people voted for Nazis or Strommen's survey?	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Two Block I CSMs were launched from LC-34 on suborbital flights in 1966 with the Saturn IB. The first, AS-201 launched on February 26, reached an altitude of 265.7 nautical miles (492.1 km) and splashed down 4,577 nautical miles (8,477 km) downrange in the Atlantic ocean. The second, AS-202 on August 25, reached 617.1 nautical miles (1,142.9 km) altitude and was recovered 13,900 nautical miles (25,700 km) downrange in the Pacific ocean. These flights validated the Service Module engine and the Command Module heat shield.	Which Block I CSM was not launched first?	[ "AS-202" ]	[ 285 ]	[ "2509bc99444d9c89ce949f2adeab1f47b74e548c" ]	[ "Apollo_program" ]	[ "validation" ]	[ "Combined" ]	[ -8.921875, -7.62109375, -7.5859375, -8.7421875, -8.171875, -9.453125, -8.8203125, -8.8203125, -9.1875, -9.34375, -9.046875, -9.421875, -3.6875, -3.556640625, -5.83984375, -4.59765625, -8.078125, -7.359375, -7.58984375, -6.18359375, -0.94677734375, -7.48046875, -5.6171875, -7.328125, -7.6171875, -8.5703125, -9.0390625, -9.203125, -8.625, -7.01171875, -4.89453125, -6.87890625, 0.09674072265625, 2.158203125, -2.6328125, -6.78515625, -1.298828125, -5.1953125, -3.83984375, 5.62109375, 0.82568359375, 2.34765625, -5.8671875, -5.77734375, -5.125, -7.61328125, -8.7578125, -8.1875, -8.3203125, -8.7421875, -9.484375, -7.49609375, -9.5625, -9.828125, -9.390625, -10, -9.109375, -8.421875, -9.6015625, -9.578125, -9.859375, -9.734375, -9.765625, -9.3515625, -7.703125, -9.8203125, -7.7421875, -9.6640625, -9.7421875, -10.1015625, -9.8359375, -10.2734375, -9.4296875, -8.640625, 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In 1542, Luther read a Latin translation of the Qur'an. He went on to produce several critical pamphlets on Islam, which he called "Mohammedanism" or "the Turk". Though Luther saw the Muslim faith as a tool of the devil, he was indifferent to its practice: "Let the Turk believe and live as he will, just as one lets the papacy and other false Christians live." He opposed banning the publication of the Qur'an, wanting it exposed to scrutiny.	who did Luther believe was using the Qur'an in a bad way?	[ "the devil" ]	[ 210 ]	[ "ea031223504e9c7014fc940e3f776e5a50d8ada2" ]	[ "Martin_Luther" ]	[ "validation" ]	[ "Combined" ]	[ -8.8828125, -8.3125, -9.2265625, -8.578125, -8.8671875, -9.3125, -8.7734375, -8.5, -8.6171875, -9.6640625, -10.1484375, -8.671875, -8.46875, -8.859375, -9.578125, -9.6484375, -9.4375, -6.609375, -6.53125, -9.359375, -9.5078125, -5.9140625, -7.875, -7.765625, -5.6640625, -8.0390625, -9.1328125, -8.078125, -7.9296875, -9.34375, -9.5859375, -8.9296875, -6.01953125, -7.9609375, -9.2734375, -8.1640625, -7.91015625, -7.82421875, -5.84375, -6.75390625, -7.83203125, -1.64453125, -9.4375, -8.8046875, -6.375, -8.5703125, -5.32421875, -3.119140625, -8.7734375, -8.484375, -9.75, -8.71875, -5.31640625, -2.884765625, -2.623046875, -8.6953125, -7.9296875, -4.640625, -3.15234375, -4.828125, -1.5810546875, -1.103515625, -4.53515625, -5.20703125, -3.650390625, -3.6328125, -4.37890625, 3.92578125, 1.765625, -7.859375, -2.44921875, -6.140625, -2.37890625, -8.3359375, -4.50390625, 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The Mongols learned from captives of the abundant green pastures beyond the Bulgar territory, allowing for the planning for conquest of Hungary and Europe. Genghis Khan recalled Subutai back to Mongolia soon afterwards, and Jebe died on the road back to Samarkand. The famous cavalry expedition led by Subutai and Jebe, in which they encircled the entire Caspian Sea defeating all armies in their path, remains unparalleled to this day, and word of the Mongol triumphs began to trickle to other nations, particularly Europe. These two campaigns are generally regarded as reconnaissance campaigns that tried to get the feel of the political and cultural elements of the regions. In 1225 both divisions returned to Mongolia. These invasions added Transoxiana and Persia to an already formidable empire while destroying any resistance along the way. Later under Genghis Khan's grandson Batu and the Golden Horde, the Mongols returned to conquer Volga Bulgaria and Kievan Rus' in 1237, concluding the campaign in 1240.	the leader of the Mongols was who	[ "Genghis Khan" ]	[ 156 ]	[ "d2e8d128f279f2077c2c5858cb8db12272750817" ]	[ "Genghis_Khan" ]	[ "validation" ]	[ "Combined" ]	[ -0.67724609375, -7.13671875, -7.984375, -9.0234375, -7.73046875, -8.6640625, -9.2421875, -6.87109375, -9.375, -6.05859375, -6.90625, -7.01953125, -5.59765625, -4.94921875, -8.234375, -6.62109375, -5.37109375, -5.0078125, -5.109375, -8.28125, -8.75, -7.37890625, -9.5625, -9.40625, -8.2578125, -9.4765625, -7.875, -8.9765625, -8.1796875, -8.4453125, -9.0859375, -7.68359375, -9.1875, -7.5234375, -9.6796875, -8.0390625, -8.8203125, -1.2841796875, -7.453125, -8.1015625, -5.1484375, -8.1875, -1.6142578125, -7.7734375, -7.01953125, -9.6171875, -9.5, -7.765625, -9.1015625, -9.828125, -9.6328125, -8.75, -4.08984375, -7.91796875, -9.2734375, -9.0859375, -9.171875, -9.1875, 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Official corporal punishment, often by caning, remains commonplace in schools in some Asian, African and Caribbean countries. For details of individual countries see School corporal punishment.	Where is corporal punishment used, besides Asian and Caribbean countries?	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In early 1961, direct ascent was generally the mission mode in favor at NASA. Many engineers feared that a rendezvous —let alone a docking— neither of which had been attempted even in Earth orbit, would be extremely difficult in lunar orbit. Dissenters including John Houbolt at Langley Research Center emphasized the important weight reductions that were offered by the LOR approach. Throughout 1960 and 1961, Houbolt campaigned for the recognition of LOR as a viable and practical option. Bypassing the NASA hierarchy, he sent a series of memos and reports on the issue to Associate Administrator Robert Seamans; while acknowledging that he spoke "somewhat as a voice in the wilderness," Houbolt pleaded that LOR should not be discounted in studies of the question.	Who had a research center named after them?	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It's not clear, however that this stereotypical view reflects the reality of East Asian classrooms or that the educational goals in these countries are commensurable with those in Western countries. In Japan, for example, although average attainment on standardized tests may exceed those in Western countries, classroom discipline and behavior is highly problematic. Although, officially, schools have extremely rigid codes of behavior, in practice many teachers find the students unmanageable and do not enforce discipline at all.	Where do western countries struggle in reference to the classroom?	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Seamans' establishment of an ad-hoc committee headed by his special technical assistant Nicholas E. Golovin in July 1961, to recommend a launch vehicle to be used in the Apollo program, represented a turning point in NASA's mission mode decision. This committee recognized that the chosen mode was an important part of the launch vehicle choice, and recommended in favor of a hybrid EOR-LOR mode. Its consideration of LOR —as well as Houbolt's ceaseless work— played an important role in publicizing the workability of the approach. In late 1961 and early 1962, members of the Manned Spacecraft Center began to come around to support LOR, including the newly hired deputy director of the Office of Manned Space Flight, Joseph Shea, who became a champion of LOR. The engineers at Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) took longer to become convinced of its merits, but their conversion was announced by Wernher von Braun at a briefing in June 1962.	Who created the ad-hoc committee?	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In the autumn of 1991, talks were held for the broadcast rights for Premier League for a five-year period, from the 1992 season. ITV were the current rights holders, and fought hard to retain the new rights. ITV had increased its offer from £18m to £34m per year to keep control of the rights. BSkyB joined forces with the BBC to make a counter bid. The BBC was given the highlights of most of the matches, while BSkyB paying £304m for the Premier League rights, would give them a monopoly of all live matches, up to 60 per year from the 1992 season. Murdoch described sport as a "battering ram" for pay-television, providing a strong customer base. A few weeks after the deal, ITV went to the High Court to get an injunction as it believed their bid details had been leaked before the decision was taken. ITV also asked the Office of Fair Trading to investigate since it believed Rupert Murdoch's media empire via its newspapers had influenced the deal. A few days later neither action took effect, ITV believed BSkyB was telephoned and informed of its £262m bid, and Premier League advised BSkyB to increase its counter bid.	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Both innate and adaptive immunity depend on the ability of the immune system to distinguish between self and non-self molecules. In immunology, self molecules are those components of an organism's body that can be distinguished from foreign substances by the immune system. Conversely, non-self molecules are those recognized as foreign molecules. One class of non-self molecules are called antigens (short for antibody generators) and are defined as substances that bind to specific immune receptors and elicit an immune response.	What biologic study is interested in antigens and other non-self molecules?	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In October 1529, Philip I, Landgrave of Hesse, convoked an assembly of German and Swiss theologians at the Marburg Colloquy, to establish doctrinal unity in the emerging Protestant states. Agreement was achieved on fourteen points out of fifteen, the exception being the nature of the Eucharist – the sacrament of the Lord's Supper—an issue crucial to Luther.	Which issue was the most divisive amongst the doctrinal pillars established?	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In economics, notable Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences winners Milton Friedman, a major advisor to Republican U.S. President Ronald Reagan and Conservative British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher, George Stigler, Nobel laureate and proponent of regulatory capture theory, Gary Becker, an important contributor to the family economics branch of economics, Herbert A. Simon, responsible for the modern interpretation of the concept of organizational decision-making, Paul Samuelson, the first American to win the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences, and Eugene Fama, known for his work on portfolio theory, asset pricing and stock market behaviour, are all graduates. American economist, social theorist, political philosopher, and author Thomas Sowell is also an alumnus.	Paul Samuelson was the first of these?	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Oxygen presents two spectrophotometric absorption bands peaking at the wavelengths 687 and 760 nm. Some remote sensing scientists have proposed using the measurement of the radiance coming from vegetation canopies in those bands to characterize plant health status from a satellite platform. This approach exploits the fact that in those bands it is possible to discriminate the vegetation's reflectance from its fluorescence, which is much weaker. The measurement is technically difficult owing to the low signal-to-noise ratio and the physical structure of vegetation; but it has been proposed as a possible method of monitoring the carbon cycle from satellites on a global scale.	What part of the vegetation is measured?	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There would be no more scoring in the third quarter, but early in the fourth, the Broncos drove to the Panthers 41-yard line. On the next play, Ealy knocked the ball out of Manning's hand as he was winding up for a pass, and then recovered it for Carolina on the 50-yard line. A 16-yard reception by Devin Funchess and a 12-yard run by Stewart then set up Gano's 39-yard field goal, cutting the Panthers deficit to one score at 16–10. The next three drives of the game would end in punts.	Which player fumbled the ball?	[ "Manning" ]	[ 173 ]	[ "c40207a0daff162402b43001ccbebe713492d7fe" ]	[ "Super_Bowl_50" ]	[ "validation" ]	[ "Combined" ]	[ -5.796875, -7.6328125, -8.296875, -8.796875, -8.9765625, -9.609375, -9.71875, -9.0625, -7.65625, -8.140625, -9.09375, -8.2265625, -9.3203125, -8.546875, -8.2109375, -7.72265625, -7.30078125, -8.71875, -9.6796875, -8.3125, -7.20703125, -8.5234375, -7.94921875, -7.109375, -9.4765625, -5.47265625, -4.265625, -7.60546875, -8.75, -7.23046875, -4.23046875, -6.73046875, -9.6640625, -9.4921875, -9.3359375, -9.2578125, -5.58984375, -7.16015625, -8.0234375, -8.59375, -8.5078125, 0.8330078125, -4.59765625, -4.09375, -6.03125, -6.765625, -7.3125, -8.171875, 2.435546875, -5.0390625, -5.01953125, -6.97265625, -5.89453125, -2.74609375, -8.4765625, -7.48828125, -9.578125, -8.390625, -7.23046875, -6.41796875, -9.3203125, -8.6953125, -8.0078125, -7.3125, -9.078125, -8.34375, -3.29296875, -8.46875, -8.0703125, -6.3203125, -9.4296875, -9.40625, -9.34375, -8.5, -5.25, -4.72265625, 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Throughout its existence, Warsaw has been a multi-cultural city. According to the 1901 census, out of 711,988 inhabitants 56.2% were Catholics, 35.7% Jews, 5% Greek orthodox Christians and 2.8% Protestants. Eight years later, in 1909, there were 281,754 Jews (36.9%), 18,189 Protestants (2.4%) and 2,818 Mariavites (0.4%). This led to construction of hundreds of places of religious worship in all parts of the town. Most of them were destroyed in the aftermath of the Warsaw Uprising of 1944. After the war, the new communist authorities of Poland discouraged church construction and only a small number were rebuilt.	Where is Warsaw?	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Like much of the south Atlantic region of the United States, Jacksonville has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen Cfa), with mild weather during winters and hot and humid weather during summers. Seasonal rainfall is concentrated in the warmest months from May through September, while the driest months are from November through April. Due to Jacksonville's low latitude and coastal location, the city sees very little cold weather, and winters are typically mild and sunny. Summers can be hot and wet, and summer thunderstorms with torrential but brief downpours are common.	Low latitude is a cause of what?	[ "very little cold weather, and winters are typically mild and sunny" ]	[ 407 ]	[ "88f72bb15d1ca15d92b92846360fdcfbac2fc869" ]	[ "Jacksonville,_Florida" ]	[ "validation" ]	[ "Combined" ]	[ -9.3203125, -7.31640625, -8.9609375, -9.234375, -8.796875, -9.015625, -9.34375, -8.671875, -9.8515625, -9.25, -8.0703125, -7.578125, -8.7265625, -7.7734375, -6.26953125, -8.4921875, -8.9453125, -9.0703125, -8.28125, -8.1484375, -9.1875, -9.3125, -5.29296875, -8.078125, -7.00390625, -5.3984375, -7.55859375, -7.8828125, -8.5703125, -7.5703125, -7.78125, -9, -9.765625, -8.3203125, -6.77734375, -8.328125, -8.59375, -7.79296875, -9.4375, -6.8671875, -9.4921875, -9, -8.8359375, -8.6953125, -6.515625, -9.0390625, -2.7890625, -3.685546875, -7.94140625, -8.4765625, -8.0859375, -7.6640625, -7.34765625, -9.6953125, -8.8671875, -8.7421875, -7.73828125, -9.1953125, -8.1640625, -9.84375, -8.3828125, -5.68359375, -6.0234375, -9.234375, -7.984375, -9.3046875, -8.265625, -7.32421875, -9.0390625, -7.60546875, 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Other than the curriculum led learning, there are also National and Public Library Services led by the Kenya National Library Service (KNLS). KNLS is the body mandated to establish, equip, manage and maintain national and public libraries in the country. In addition, some of the counties within the country have either established or taken over libraries within their regions. Nairobi County operates four libraries within their network, which included the McMillan Memorial Library located at the central business district of Nairobi. A public library is seen as a peoples university since it is open to all irrespective of age, literacy level and has materials relevant to people of all walks of life.	What is another name for the Kenya National Library Service?	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30 US states have banned corporal punishment, the others (mostly in the South) have not. It is still used to a significant (though declining) degree in some public schools in Alabama, Arkansas, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, Oklahoma, Tennessee and Texas. Private schools in these and most other states may also use it. Corporal punishment in American schools is administered to the seat of the student's trousers or skirt with a specially made wooden paddle. This often used to take place in the classroom or hallway, but nowadays the punishment is usually given privately in the principal's office.	Where is Mississippi?	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A modern example of school discipline in North America and Western Europe relies upon the idea of an assertive teacher who is prepared to impose their will upon a class. Positive reinforcement is balanced with immediate and fair punishment for misbehavior and firm, clear boundaries define what is appropriate and inappropriate behavior. Teachers are expected to respect their students; sarcasm and attempts to humiliate pupils are seen as falling outside of what constitutes reasonable discipline.[verification needed]	What other schools look for the same qualities in teachers as does North America?	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Using boiling water to produce mechanical motion goes back over 2000 years, but early devices were not practical. The Spanish inventor Jerónimo de Ayanz y Beaumont obtained the first patent for a steam engine in 1606. In 1698 Thomas Savery patented a steam pump that used steam in direct contact with the water being pumped. Savery's steam pump used condensing steam to create a vacuum and draw water into a chamber, and then applied pressurized steam to further pump the water. Thomas Newcomen's atmospheric engine was the first commercial true steam engine using a piston, and was used in 1712 for pumping in a mine.	Who was the man who had an engine in the 18th century?	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Teachers face several occupational hazards in their line of work, including occupational stress, which can negatively impact teachers' mental and physical health, productivity, and students' performance. Stress can be caused by organizational change, relationships with students, fellow teachers, and administrative personnel, working environment, expectations to substitute, long hours with a heavy workload, and inspections. Teachers are also at high risk for occupational burnout.	Of the groups of people mentioned, which of them holds the most power?	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The Super Bowl 50 Host Committee has vowed to be "the most giving Super Bowl ever", and will dedicate 25 percent of all money it raises for philanthropic causes in the Bay Area. The committee created the 50 fund as its philanthropic initiative and focuses on providing grants to aid with youth development, community investment and sustainable environments.	What type of group is organizing the giving?	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In the autumn of 1991, talks were held for the broadcast rights for Premier League for a five-year period, from the 1992 season. ITV were the current rights holders, and fought hard to retain the new rights. ITV had increased its offer from £18m to £34m per year to keep control of the rights. BSkyB joined forces with the BBC to make a counter bid. The BBC was given the highlights of most of the matches, while BSkyB paying £304m for the Premier League rights, would give them a monopoly of all live matches, up to 60 per year from the 1992 season. Murdoch described sport as a "battering ram" for pay-television, providing a strong customer base. A few weeks after the deal, ITV went to the High Court to get an injunction as it believed their bid details had been leaked before the decision was taken. ITV also asked the Office of Fair Trading to investigate since it believed Rupert Murdoch's media empire via its newspapers had influenced the deal. A few days later neither action took effect, ITV believed BSkyB was telephoned and informed of its £262m bid, and Premier League advised BSkyB to increase its counter bid.	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It is likely that a multicomponent, adaptive immune system arose with the first vertebrates, as invertebrates do not generate lymphocytes or an antibody-based humoral response. Many species, however, utilize mechanisms that appear to be precursors of these aspects of vertebrate immunity. Immune systems appear even in the structurally most simple forms of life, with bacteria using a unique defense mechanism, called the restriction modification system to protect themselves from viral pathogens, called bacteriophages. Prokaryotes also possess acquired immunity, through a system that uses CRISPR sequences to retain fragments of the genomes of phage that they have come into contact with in the past, which allows them to block virus replication through a form of RNA interference. Offensive elements of the immune systems are also present in unicellular eukaryotes, but studies of their roles in defense are few.	What does a bacteriophage attack?	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The game's media day, which was typically held on the Tuesday afternoon prior to the game, was moved to the Monday evening and re-branded as Super Bowl Opening Night. The event was held on February 1, 2016 at SAP Center in San Jose. Alongside the traditional media availabilities, the event featured an opening ceremony with player introductions on a replica of the Golden Gate Bridge.	What was it called in 2015?	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In the United States, each state determines the requirements for getting a license to teach in public schools. Teaching certification generally lasts three years, but teachers can receive certificates that last as long as ten years. Public school teachers are required to have a bachelor's degree and the majority must be certified by the state in which they teach. Many charter schools do not require that their teachers be certified, provided they meet the standards to be highly qualified as set by No Child Left Behind. Additionally, the requirements for substitute/temporary teachers are generally not as rigorous as those for full-time professionals. The Bureau of Labor Statistics estimates that there are 1.4 million elementary school teachers, 674,000 middle school teachers, and 1 million secondary school teachers employed in the U.S.	Are there estimated to be more elementary school or secondary school teachers?	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One of the main functions of the chloroplast is its role in photosynthesis, the process by which light is transformed into chemical energy, to subsequently produce food in the form of sugars. Water (H2O) and carbon dioxide (CO2) are used in photosynthesis, and sugar and oxygen (O2) is made, using light energy. Photosynthesis is divided into two stages—the light reactions, where water is split to produce oxygen, and the dark reactions, or Calvin cycle, which builds sugar molecules from carbon dioxide. The two phases are linked by the energy carriers adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP+).	What is the output of photosynthesis?	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The Broncos took an early lead in Super Bowl 50 and never trailed. Newton was limited by Denver's defense, which sacked him seven times and forced him into three turnovers, including a fumble which they recovered for a touchdown. Denver linebacker Von Miller was named Super Bowl MVP, recording five solo tackles, 2½ sacks, and two forced fumbles.	How many sacks did the Broncos defense get?	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The delay in the CSM caused by the fire enabled NASA to catch up on man-rating the LM and Saturn V. Apollo 4 (AS-501) was the first unmanned flight of the Saturn V, carrying a Block I CSM on November 9, 1967. The capability of the Command Module's heat shield to survive a trans-lunar reentry was demonstrated by using the Service Module engine to ram it into the atmosphere at higher than the usual Earth-orbital reentry speed. This was followed on April 4, 1968, by Apollo 6 (AS-502) which carried a CSM and a LM Test Article as ballast. The intent of this mission was to achieve trans-lunar injection, followed closely by a simulated direct-return abort, using the Service Module engine to achieve another high-speed reentry. The Saturn V experienced pogo oscillation, a problem caused by non-steady engine combustion, which damaged fuel lines in the second and third stages. Two S-II engines shut down prematurely, but the remaining engines were able to compensate. The damage to the third stage engine was more severe, preventing it from restarting for trans-lunar injection. Mission controllers were able to use the Service Module engine to essentially repeat the flight profile of Apollo 4. Based on the good performance of Apollo 6 and identification of satisfactory fixes to the Apollo 6 problems, NASA declared the Saturn V ready to fly men, cancelling a third unmanned test.	Which happened first, shutdown of premature shutdown of S-11 engines or damage to third stage engine?	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Since the IPCC does not carry out its own research, it operates on the basis of scientific papers and independently documented results from other scientific bodies, and its schedule for producing reports requires a deadline for submissions prior to the report's final release. In principle, this means that any significant new evidence or events that change our understanding of climate science between this deadline and publication of an IPCC report cannot be included. In an area of science where our scientific understanding is rapidly changing, this has been raised as a serious shortcoming in a body which is widely regarded as the ultimate authority on the science. However, there has generally been a steady evolution of key findings and levels of scientific confidence from one assessment report to the next.[citation needed]	What do other scientific bodies produce?	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The other major method of producing O2 gas involves passing a stream of clean, dry air through one bed of a pair of identical zeolite molecular sieves, which absorbs the nitrogen and delivers a gas stream that is 90% to 93% O2. Simultaneously, nitrogen gas is released from the other nitrogen-saturated zeolite bed, by reducing the chamber operating pressure and diverting part of the oxygen gas from the producer bed through it, in the reverse direction of flow. After a set cycle time the operation of the two beds is interchanged, thereby allowing for a continuous supply of gaseous oxygen to be pumped through a pipeline. This is known as pressure swing adsorption. Oxygen gas is increasingly obtained by these non-cryogenic technologies (see also the related vacuum swing adsorption).	How do you remove nitrogen?	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Wesleyan theology stands at a unique cross-roads between evangelical and sacramental, between liturgical and charismatic, and between Anglo-Catholic and Reformed theology and practice. It has been characterized as Arminian theology with an emphasis on the work of the Holy Spirit to bring holiness into the life of the participating believer. The United Methodist Church believes in prima scriptura, seeing the Holy Bible as the primary authority in the Church and using sacred tradition, reason, and experience to interpret it, with the aid of the Holy Spirit (see Wesleyan Quadrilateral). Therefore, according to The Book of Discipline, United Methodist theology is at once "catholic, evangelical, and reformed." Today, the UMC is generally considered one of the more moderate and tolerant denominations with respect to race, gender, and ideology, though the denomination itself actually includes a very wide spectrum of attitudes. Comparatively, the UMC stands to the right of liberal and progressive Protestant groups such as the United Church of Christ and the Episcopal Church on certain issues (especially regarding sexuality), but to the left of historically conservative evangelical traditions such as the Southern Baptists and Pentecostalism, in regard to theological matters such as social justice and Biblical interpretation. However, it should be noted that the UMC is made up of a broad diversity of thought, and so there are many clergy and laity within the UMC that hold differing viewpoints on such theological matters.	Who does the UMC seek guidance from?	[ "the Holy Spirit" ]	[ 545 ]	[ "9531ba755ebeef04eade7606dd42dd9bf1d456b2" ]	[ "United_Methodist_Church" ]	[ "validation" ]	[ "Combined" ]	[ -7.92578125, -9.171875, -9.3203125, -8.34375, -7.55859375, -9.65625, -8.9453125, -9.046875, -9.1328125, -9.640625, -9.390625, -5.15234375, -8.40625, -9.03125, -9.078125, -8.78125, -9.0234375, -8.65625, -9.5390625, -9.84375, -8.9140625, -7.078125, -9.5, -9.3515625, -10.0390625, -9.9140625, -8.390625, -7.91796875, -9.4609375, -9.28125, -10, -9.6640625, -8.515625, -4.41796875, -9.3671875, -7.9921875, -8.9609375, -7.46875, -8.4609375, -9.84375, -9.3671875, -9.5234375, -6.609375, -8.6484375, -9.171875, -8.546875, -8.4609375, -4.6015625, -9.1328125, -8.5, -8.3828125, -6.6953125, -7.34765625, -8.3671875, -5.03515625, -6.03125, -8.765625, -3.232421875, -3.015625, -5.8125, -7.25390625, -7.38671875, -7.328125, -9.5703125, -9.2734375, -9.2734375, -9.3828125, -5.46484375, -6.265625, -6.16015625, -7.64453125, -0.82470703125, -1.767578125, -6.91796875, 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The African Great Lakes region, which Kenya is a part of, has been inhabited by humans since the Lower Paleolithic period. By the first millennium AD, the Bantu expansion had reached the area from West-Central Africa. The borders of the modern state consequently comprise the crossroads of the Niger-Congo, Nilo-Saharan and Afroasiatic areas of the continent, representing most major ethnolinguistic groups found in Africa. Bantu and Nilotic populations together constitute around 97% of the nation's residents. European and Arab presence in coastal Mombasa dates to the Early Modern period; European exploration of the interior began in the 19th century. The British Empire established the East Africa Protectorate in 1895, which starting in 1920 gave way to the Kenya Colony. Kenya obtained independence in December 1963. Following a referendum in August 2010 and adoption of a new constitution, Kenya is now divided into 47 semi-autonomous counties, governed by elected governors.	what time period is mentioned last?	[ "August 2010" ]	[ 850 ]	[ "e8cd9fee4e38d56763d80806bf778b3d8bfb8558" ]	[ "Kenya" ]	[ "validation" ]	[ "Combined" ]	[ -0.185791015625, -7.91796875, -7.546875, -8.828125, -8.7265625, -8.40625, -8.6015625, -9.15625, -8.78125, -1.1787109375, -0.94287109375, -3.30859375, -5.8828125, -6.44921875, -8.6640625, -6.91796875, -2.107421875, -8.3046875, -7.73828125, -8.5078125, -8.9296875, -7.46875, -4.72265625, -5.43359375, -4.80078125, -6.93359375, -3.998046875, -0.841796875, 2.87109375, 5.31640625, 2.6640625, -1.1845703125, -1.2568359375, -2.046875, -4.5546875, 1.16015625, 1.974609375, 5.1328125, 1.6240234375, -1.9013671875, -5.12890625, 0.89453125, 1.2783203125, -4.859375, -3.451171875, -5.7265625, -5.21875, -5.9453125, -6.37109375, -5.375, -0.93212890625, -8.1484375, -7.01171875, -4.7421875, -5.359375, -3.5, -6.4609375, -8.46875, -4.5703125, -4.14453125, -7.9609375, -7.296875, -8.015625, -5.62109375, -6.6875, -9.0390625, -6.33984375, -4.78515625, -9.25, -8.28125, -9.1484375, -7.46484375, 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North American Aviation won the contract to build the CSM, and also the second stage of the Saturn V launch vehicle for NASA. Because the CSM design was started early before the selection of lunar orbit rendezvous, the service propulsion engine was sized to lift the CSM off of the Moon, and thus was oversized to about twice the thrust required for translunar flight. Also, there was no provision for docking with the Lunar Module. A 1964 program definition study concluded that the initial design should be continued as Block I which would be used for early testing, while Block II, the actual lunar spacecraft, would incorporate the docking equipment and take advantage of the lessons learned in Block I development.	What version of the Saturn launch vehicle did the North American Aviation win the contract to build for NASA?	[ "second stage of the Saturn V" ]	[ 72 ]	[ "0a57dfb8b30df7c5f1fb7590a56cee7d8a9d26d7" ]	[ "Apollo_program" ]	[ "validation" ]	[ "Combined" ]	[ -8.65625, -7.78515625, -8.7734375, -8.921875, -7.484375, -6.421875, -8.234375, -7.4609375, -8.8046875, -7.16796875, -6.39453125, -8.2734375, -9.2421875, -8.953125, -8.5625, -9.1484375, -8.9140625, -8.7109375, -8.7734375, -7.66015625, -7.7109375, -9.375, -1.1220703125, -6.41015625, -7.33984375, -5.27734375, -4.8515625, -5.58984375, -4.83203125, -2.107421875, 5.02734375, 7.48046875, -1.2353515625, -5.109375, -5.03125, -3.16796875, 5.12109375, 6.41015625, 0.01525115966796875, -3.69140625, 1.90234375, 5.87890625, 3.654296875, -1.3330078125, -3.099609375, -6.5703125, -3.693359375, -4.91796875, -6.9765625, -6.47265625, -4.171875, -8.375, -7.5703125, -9.21875, -8.8125, -8.21875, -8.8046875, -8.7421875, -8.5, -9.5, -6.85546875, -8.5078125, -7.78515625, -9.7578125, -6.58203125, -5.99609375, -7.6953125, -7.953125, -8.9921875, -8.4765625, -8.3984375, 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Nearby, in Ogród Saski (the Saxon Garden), the Summer Theatre was in operation from 1870 to 1939, and in the inter-war period, the theatre complex also included Momus, Warsaw's first literary cabaret, and Leon Schiller's musical theatre Melodram. The Wojciech Bogusławski Theatre (1922–26), was the best example of "Polish monumental theatre". From the mid-1930s, the Great Theatre building housed the Upati Institute of Dramatic Arts – the first state-run academy of dramatic art, with an acting department and a stage directing department.	In what year did the theater that included Warsaw's first literary cabaret close?	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In addition, there are $2 million worth of other ancillary events, including a week-long event at the Santa Clara Convention Center, a beer, wine and food festival at Bellomy Field at Santa Clara University, and a pep rally. A professional fundraiser will aid in finding business sponsors and individual donors, but still may need the city council to help fund the event. Additional funding will be provided by the city council, which has announced plans to set aside seed funding for the event.	What will the personages in charge of administering day to day operations and making decisions for the urban area in which the event is held furnish?	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Two Block I CSMs were launched from LC-34 on suborbital flights in 1966 with the Saturn IB. The first, AS-201 launched on February 26, reached an altitude of 265.7 nautical miles (492.1 km) and splashed down 4,577 nautical miles (8,477 km) downrange in the Atlantic ocean. The second, AS-202 on August 25, reached 617.1 nautical miles (1,142.9 km) altitude and was recovered 13,900 nautical miles (25,700 km) downrange in the Pacific ocean. These flights validated the Service Module engine and the Command Module heat shield.	Which site was used to send the two Block I CSMs on their flights?	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Luther's rediscovery of "Christ and His salvation" was the first of two points that became the foundation for the Reformation. His railing against the sale of indulgences was based on it.	What did the movement based on Luther's rediscovery come to be called?	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The crew of Apollo 8 sent the first live televised pictures of the Earth and the Moon back to Earth, and read from the creation story in the Book of Genesis, on Christmas Eve, 1968. An estimated one-quarter of the population of the world saw—either live or delayed—the Christmas Eve transmission during the ninth orbit of the Moon. The mission and Christmas provided an inspiring end to 1968, which had been a troubled year for the US, marked by Vietnam War protests, race riots, and the assassinations of civil rights leader Martin Luther King, Jr., and Senator Robert F. Kennedy.	What tells us the story of Adam and Eve?	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BSkyB initially charged additional subscription fees for using a Sky+ PVR with their service; waiving the charge for subscribers whose package included two or more premium channels. This changed as from 1 July 2007, and now customers that have Sky+ and subscribe to any BSkyB subscription package get Sky+ included at no extra charge. Customers that do not subscribe to BSkyB's channels can still pay a monthly fee to enable Sky+ functions. In January 2010 BSkyB discontinued the Sky+ Box, limited the standard Sky Box to Multiroom upgrade only and started to issue the Sky+HD Box as standard, thus giving all new subscribers the functions of Sky+. In February 2011 BSkyB discontinued the non-HD variant of its Multiroom box, offering a smaller version of the SkyHD box without Sky+ functionality. In September 2007, Sky launched a new TV advertising campaign targeting Sky+ at women. As of 31 March 2008, Sky had 3,393,000 Sky+ users.	What is another name for Sky?	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In Hinduism the spiritual teacher is known as a guru, and, in many traditions of Hinduism - especially those common in the West - the emphasis on spiritual mentorship is extremely high, with gurus often exercising a great deal of control over the lives of their disciples.	Who is highly respected in Hinduism especially in the West?	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For certain physical scenarios, it is impossible to model forces as being due to gradient of potentials. This is often due to macrophysical considerations that yield forces as arising from a macroscopic statistical average of microstates. For example, friction is caused by the gradients of numerous electrostatic potentials between the atoms, but manifests as a force model that is independent of any macroscale position vector. Nonconservative forces other than friction include other contact forces, tension, compression, and drag. However, for any sufficiently detailed description, all these forces are the results of conservative ones since each of these macroscopic forces are the net results of the gradients of microscopic potentials.	What determines the model of forces?	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The largest share of Kenya's electricity supply comes from hydroelectric stations at dams along the upper Tana River, as well as the Turkwel Gorge Dam in the west. A petroleum-fired plant on the coast, geothermal facilities at Olkaria (near Nairobi), and electricity imported from Uganda make up the rest of the supply. Kenya's installed capacity stood at 1,142 megawatts between 2001 and 2003. The state-owned Kenya Electricity Generating Company (KenGen), established in 1997 under the name of Kenya Power Company, handles the generation of electricity, while Kenya Power handles the electricity transmission and distribution system in the country. Shortfalls of electricity occur periodically, when drought reduces water flow. To become energy sufficient, Kenya aims to build a nuclear power plant by 2017.	Who sends their electricity to Kenya?	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Luther wrote "Aus tiefer Not schrei ich zu dir" ("From depths of woe I cry to you") in 1523 as a hymnic version of Psalm 130 and sent it as a sample to encourage evangelical colleagues to write psalm-hymns for use in German worship. In a collaboration with Paul Speratus, this and seven other hymns were published in the Achtliederbuch, the first Lutheran hymnal. In 1524 Luther developed his original four-stanza psalm paraphrase into a five-stanza Reformation hymn that developed the theme of "grace alone" more fully. Because it expressed essential Reformation doctrine, this expanded version of "Aus tiefer Not" was designated as a regular component of several regional Lutheran liturgies and was widely used at funerals, including Luther's own. Along with Erhart Hegenwalt's hymnic version of Psalm 51, Luther's expanded hymn was also adopted for use with the fifth part of Luther's catechism, concerning confession.	How do you say "From" in German?	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Jochi died in 1226, during his father's lifetime. Some scholars, notably Ratchnevsky, have commented on the possibility that Jochi was secretly poisoned by an order from Genghis Khan. Rashid al-Din reports that the great Khan sent for his sons in the spring of 1223, and while his brothers heeded the order, Jochi remained in Khorasan. Juzjani suggests that the disagreement arose from a quarrel between Jochi and his brothers in the siege of Urgench. Jochi had attempted to protect Urgench from destruction, as it belonged to territory allocated to him as a fief. He concludes his story with the clearly apocryphal statement by Jochi: "Genghis Khan is mad to have massacred so many people and laid waste so many lands. I would be doing a service if I killed my father when he is hunting, made an alliance with Sultan Muhammad, brought this land to life and gave assistance and support to the Muslims." Juzjani claims that it was in response to hearing of these plans that Genghis Khan ordered his son secretly poisoned; however, as Sultan Muhammad was already dead in 1223, the accuracy of this story is questionable.	Why did Jochi not travel with his brothers when sent for by his father?	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As previously arranged by his father, Temüjin married Börte of the Onggirat tribe when he was around 16 in order to cement alliances between their respective tribes. Soon after Börte's marriage to Temüjin, she was kidnapped by the Merkits and reportedly given away as a wife. Temüjin rescued her with the help of his friend and future rival, Jamukha, and his protector, Toghrul Khan of the Keraite tribe. She gave birth to a son, Jochi (1185–1226), nine months later, clouding the issue of his parentage. Despite speculation over Jochi, Börte would be Temüjin's only empress, though he did follow tradition by taking several morganatic wives.	who was jochi's mother?	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Since the 1980s, Lutheran Church denominations have repudiated Martin Luther's statements against the Jews and have rejected the use of them to incite hatred against Lutherans. Strommen et al.'s 1970 survey of 4,745 North American Lutherans aged 15–65 found that, compared to the other minority groups under consideration, Lutherans were the least prejudiced toward Jews. Nevertheless, Professor Richard (Dick) Geary, former Professor of Modern History at the University of Nottingham, England, and the author of Hitler and Nazism (Routledge 1993), wrote in the journal History Today an article on who voted for the Nazis in elections held from 1928-1933, where he claimed that from his research he found that the Nazis gained disproportionately more votes from Protestant than Catholic areas of Germany.	What did Geary write besides books?	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Warsaw, especially its city centre (Śródmieście), is home not only to many national institutions and government agencies, but also to many domestic and international companies. In 2006, 304,016 companies were registered in the city. Warsaw's ever-growing business community has been noticed globally, regionally, and nationally. MasterCard Emerging Market Index has noted Warsaw's economic strength and commercial center. Moreover, Warsaw was ranked as the 7th greatest emerging market. Foreign investors' financial participation in the city's development was estimated in 2002 at over 650 million euro. Warsaw produces 12% of Poland's national income, which in 2008 was 305.1% of the Polish average, per capita (or 160% of the European Union average). The GDP per capita in Warsaw amounted to PLN 94 000 in 2008 (c. EUR 23 800, USD 33 000). Total nominal GDP of the city in 2010 amounted to 191.766 billion PLN, 111696 PLN per capita, which was 301,1 % of Polish average. Warsaw leads the region of East-Central Europe in foreign investment and in 2006, GDP growth met expectations with a level of 6.1%. It also has one of the fastest growing economies, with GDP growth at 6.5 percent in 2007 and 6.1 percent in the first quarter of 2008.	What is the central business district of Poland's capital?	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For most of human history higher material living standards – full stomachs, access to clean water and warmth from fuel – led to better health and longer lives. This pattern of higher incomes-longer lives still holds among poorer countries, where life expectancy increases rapidly as per capita income increases, but in recent decades it has slowed down among middle income countries and plateaued among the richest thirty or so countries in the world. Americans live no longer on average (about 77 years in 2004) than Greeks (78 years) or New Zealanders (78), though the USA has a higher GDP per capita. Life expectancy in Sweden (80 years) and Japan (82) – where income was more equally distributed – was longer.	If life expectancy has not slowed down and has not plateaued, what group of countries are we talking about?	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Kenya's various ethnic groups typically speak their mother tongues within their own communities. The two official languages, English and Swahili, are used in varying degrees of fluency for communication with other populations. English is widely spoken in commerce, schooling and government. Peri-urban and rural dwellers are less multilingual, with many in rural areas speaking only their native languages. British English is primarily used in the country. Additionally, a distinct local dialect, Kenyan English, is used by some communities and individuals in the country, and contains features unique to it that were derived from local Bantu languages, such as Swahili and Kikuyu. It has been developing since colonisation and also contains certain elements of American English. Sheng is a Swahili-based cant spoken in some urban areas. Primarily consisting of a mixture of Swahili and English, it is an example of linguistic code-switching.	What type of English does Bantu not refer to?	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Uniflow engines attempt to remedy the difficulties arising from the usual counterflow cycle where, during each stroke, the port and the cylinder walls will be cooled by the passing exhaust steam, whilst the hotter incoming admission steam will waste some of its energy in restoring working temperature. The aim of the uniflow is to remedy this defect and improve efficiency by providing an additional port uncovered by the piston at the end of each stroke making the steam flow only in one direction. By this means, the simple-expansion uniflow engine gives efficiency equivalent to that of classic compound systems with the added advantage of superior part-load performance, and comparable efficiency to turbines for smaller engines below one thousand horsepower. However, the thermal expansion gradient uniflow engines produce along the cylinder wall gives practical difficulties.[citation needed]. The Quasiturbine is a uniflow rotary steam engine where steam intakes in hot areas, while exhausting in cold areas.	Compared to turbines for smaller engines, how is the efficiency of the uniflow?	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After a chloroplast polypeptide is synthesized on a ribosome in the cytosol, an enzyme specific to chloroplast proteins phosphorylates, or adds a phosphate group to many (but not all) of them in their transit sequences. Phosphorylation helps many proteins bind the polypeptide, keeping it from folding prematurely. This is important because it prevents chloroplast proteins from assuming their active form and carrying out their chloroplast functions in the wrong place—the cytosol. At the same time, they have to keep just enough shape so that they can be recognized by the chloroplast. These proteins also help the polypeptide get imported into the chloroplast.	Which of the following does not perform phosphorylation, enzymes or transit sequences?	[ "transit sequences" ]	[ 201 ]	[ "5fdc8f0039f14c89a444e3b0730b83035aa09432" ]	[ "Chloroplast" ]	[ "validation" ]	[ "Combined" ]	[ -3.384765625, -6.578125, -7.109375, -6.76953125, -7.375, -7.234375, -8.5078125, -8.671875, -5.8359375, -8.7890625, -8.7109375, -9.09375, -9.8515625, -9.6328125, -8.0390625, -9.2265625, -7.93359375, -8.5390625, -8.84375, -9.1640625, -0.57666015625, 0.3203125, 1.6953125, -4.7734375, -5.4609375, -6.01171875, -4.51171875, 1.2734375, -5.10546875, -5.98828125, -3.61328125, -7.15234375, -6.1796875, -4.296875, -3.140625, -3.802734375, -8.171875, -6.9765625, -5.265625, -3.578125, -0.56103515625, -6.71484375, -5.91015625, -6.4609375, -1.71484375, -1.2841796875, -3.203125, -7.48046875, 2.4375, -5.41796875, -5.83984375, -5.3203125, -4.08203125, -1.65234375, -0.5849609375, -6.125, -5.85546875, -6.49609375, -6.3515625, -7.3359375, -2.966796875, -0.96337890625, 2.333984375, 1.9560546875, -3.134765625, -7.73046875, -2.484375, -5.12109375, -6.43359375, -4.5546875, 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The alga Cyanophora, a glaucophyte, is thought to be one of the first organisms to contain a chloroplast. The glaucophyte chloroplast group is the smallest of the three primary chloroplast lineages, being found in only 13 species, and is thought to be the one that branched off the earliest. Glaucophytes have chloroplasts that retain a peptidoglycan wall between their double membranes, like their cyanobacterial parent. For this reason, glaucophyte chloroplasts are also known as muroplasts. Glaucophyte chloroplasts also contain concentric unstacked thylakoids, which surround a carboxysome - an icosahedral structure that glaucophyte chloroplasts and cyanobacteria keep their carbon fixation enzyme rubisco in. The starch that they synthesize collects outside the chloroplast. Like cyanobacteria, glaucophyte chloroplast thylakoids are studded with light collecting structures called phycobilisomes. For these reasons, glaucophyte chloroplasts are considered a primitive intermediate between cyanobacteria and the more evolved chloroplasts in red algae and plants.	what kind of partition does glaucophytes have	[ "peptidoglycan wall" ]	[ 337 ]	[ "7d4678ff80c468c9f37b37e6eb6777ea8cd8ec0f" ]	[ "Chloroplast" ]	[ "validation" ]	[ "Combined" ]	[ -4.296875, -7.98046875, -8.046875, -8.5234375, -7.6640625, -9.0234375, -8.515625, -9.6171875, -9.75, -9.6171875, -10.0078125, -8.75, -9.46875, -6.25, -4.92578125, -9.515625, -7.55859375, -9.921875, -8.734375, -9.5859375, -9.578125, -7.3515625, -7.42578125, -9.421875, -9.75, -9.578125, -9.8671875, -9.8359375, -8.890625, -8.3671875, -9.1640625, -9.53125, -8.3359375, -9.3203125, -9.0390625, -8.9140625, -9.2734375, -9.25, -8.6171875, -8.421875, -6.59765625, -9.59375, -9.75, -9.5390625, -9.3671875, -9.203125, -5.9765625, -6.37890625, -9.328125, -9.7578125, -9.6875, -9.9375, -8.28125, -9.6953125, -9.71875, -9.625, -10.0703125, -9.4375, -8.6015625, 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Oxygen presents two spectrophotometric absorption bands peaking at the wavelengths 687 and 760 nm. Some remote sensing scientists have proposed using the measurement of the radiance coming from vegetation canopies in those bands to characterize plant health status from a satellite platform. This approach exploits the fact that in those bands it is possible to discriminate the vegetation's reflectance from its fluorescence, which is much weaker. The measurement is technically difficult owing to the low signal-to-noise ratio and the physical structure of vegetation; but it has been proposed as a possible method of monitoring the carbon cycle from satellites on a global scale.	What type of living thing has weaker fluorescence and stronger reflectance?	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Chemical barriers also protect against infection. The skin and respiratory tract secrete antimicrobial peptides such as the β-defensins. Enzymes such as lysozyme and phospholipase A2 in saliva, tears, and breast milk are also antibacterials. Vaginal secretions serve as a chemical barrier following menarche, when they become slightly acidic, while semen contains defensins and zinc to kill pathogens. In the stomach, gastric acid and proteases serve as powerful chemical defenses against ingested pathogens.	Which antimicrobial material comes out of your eyes?	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Chloroplasts are one of many types of organelles in the plant cell. They are considered to have originated from cyanobacteria through endosymbiosis—when a eukaryotic cell engulfed a photosynthesizing cyanobacterium that became a permanent resident in the cell. Mitochondria are thought to have come from a similar event, where an aerobic prokaryote was engulfed. This origin of chloroplasts was first suggested by the Russian biologist Konstantin Mereschkowski in 1905 after Andreas Schimper observed in 1883 that chloroplasts closely resemble cyanobacteria. Chloroplasts are only found in plants and algae.	What process is happening to the cyanobacterium as it is engulfed?	[ "photosynthesizing" ]	[ 182 ]	[ "3b08fce1294b33fa664a89f1d0a7a987113d4282" ]	[ "Chloroplast" ]	[ "validation" ]	[ "Combined" ]	[ -7.4140625, -6.53125, -6.2734375, -8.5703125, -7.5078125, -9.1640625, -8.515625, -7.9375, -9.4453125, -9.28125, -9.46875, -10.1171875, -7.98046875, -8.171875, -8.4921875, -8.109375, -9.4765625, -9.453125, -2.94140625, -7.31640625, -7.84765625, -7.83203125, -8.0390625, -8.1796875, -7.8984375, -9.09375, -8.9296875, -8.46875, -9.265625, -6.69921875, -8.25, -9.2265625, -9.1953125, -9.109375, -9.5, -9.3203125, -3.966796875, -6.8671875, -6.8046875, -6.8828125, -6.9375, -5.58984375, -8.1015625, -4.87890625, -8.4453125, -8.2578125, -8.8515625, -8.0625, 0.509765625, 6.0078125, -4.08984375, -3.390625, -4.40234375, -2.3359375, -6.25, 0.45361328125, 2.482421875, 0.397216796875, -4.6484375, -6.76953125, -5.48828125, -3.177734375, -0.040283203125, 1.1611328125, 4.09765625, -3.6015625, -3.13671875, -3.95703125, -2.62109375, -7.12109375, -6.8984375, -7.36328125, 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For most of human history higher material living standards – full stomachs, access to clean water and warmth from fuel – led to better health and longer lives. This pattern of higher incomes-longer lives still holds among poorer countries, where life expectancy increases rapidly as per capita income increases, but in recent decades it has slowed down among middle income countries and plateaued among the richest thirty or so countries in the world. Americans live no longer on average (about 77 years in 2004) than Greeks (78 years) or New Zealanders (78), though the USA has a higher GDP per capita. Life expectancy in Sweden (80 years) and Japan (82) – where income was more equally distributed – was longer.	Who has the same life expectancy?	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In January 1519, at Altenburg in Saxony, the papal nuncio Karl von Miltitz adopted a more conciliatory approach. Luther made certain concessions to the Saxon, who was a relative of the Elector, and promised to remain silent if his opponents did. The theologian Johann Eck, however, was determined to expose Luther's doctrine in a public forum. In June and July 1519, he staged a disputation with Luther's colleague Andreas Karlstadt at Leipzig and invited Luther to speak. Luther's boldest assertion in the debate was that Matthew 16:18 does not confer on popes the exclusive right to interpret scripture, and that therefore neither popes nor church councils were infallible. For this, Eck branded Luther a new Jan Hus, referring to the Czech reformer and heretic burned at the stake in 1415. From that moment, he devoted himself to Luther's defeat.	Who thought the pope was fallible?	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Using boiling water to produce mechanical motion goes back over 2000 years, but early devices were not practical. The Spanish inventor Jerónimo de Ayanz y Beaumont obtained the first patent for a steam engine in 1606. In 1698 Thomas Savery patented a steam pump that used steam in direct contact with the water being pumped. Savery's steam pump used condensing steam to create a vacuum and draw water into a chamber, and then applied pressurized steam to further pump the water. Thomas Newcomen's atmospheric engine was the first commercial true steam engine using a piston, and was used in 1712 for pumping in a mine.	What is the basic goal of a steam engine?	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In the United States especially, several high-profile cases such as Debra LaFave, Pamela Rogers, and Mary Kay Letourneau have caused increased scrutiny on teacher misconduct.	What level of popularity are the cases of these women deemed?	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Since the IPCC does not carry out its own research, it operates on the basis of scientific papers and independently documented results from other scientific bodies, and its schedule for producing reports requires a deadline for submissions prior to the report's final release. In principle, this means that any significant new evidence or events that change our understanding of climate science between this deadline and publication of an IPCC report cannot be included. In an area of science where our scientific understanding is rapidly changing, this has been raised as a serious shortcoming in a body which is widely regarded as the ultimate authority on the science. However, there has generally been a steady evolution of key findings and levels of scientific confidence from one assessment report to the next.[citation needed]	What does the IPCC report on?	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In humans, this response is activated by complement binding to antibodies that have attached to these microbes or the binding of complement proteins to carbohydrates on the surfaces of microbes. This recognition signal triggers a rapid killing response. The speed of the response is a result of signal amplification that occurs following sequential proteolytic activation of complement molecules, which are also proteases. After complement proteins initially bind to the microbe, they activate their protease activity, which in turn activates other complement proteases, and so on. This produces a catalytic cascade that amplifies the initial signal by controlled positive feedback. The cascade results in the production of peptides that attract immune cells, increase vascular permeability, and opsonize (coat) the surface of a pathogen, marking it for destruction. This deposition of complement can also kill cells directly by disrupting their plasma membrane.	What is the less direct way complement kills microbes?	[ "marking it for destruction" ]	[ 839 ]	[ "f07c2a96b11bc935b863b18316fa69a585b0f72b" ]	[ "Immune_system" ]	[ "validation" ]	[ "Combined" ]	[ -6.55859375, -8.65625, -9.28125, -8.6953125, -8.890625, -9.0703125, -9.125, -8.0078125, -9.203125, -8.2578125, -9.90625, -9.6953125, -8.9921875, -6.15234375, -7.421875, -9.265625, -6.390625, -6.37890625, -7.9140625, -6.89453125, -5.32421875, -3.673828125, -4.60546875, -7.89453125, -4.61328125, -8.578125, -7.734375, -5.80078125, -9.421875, -9.1953125, -7.42578125, -8.71875, -5.7265625, -1.02734375, -0.75927734375, -8.109375, -2.076171875, -5.140625, -6.28125, -1.4345703125, -6.87890625, -7.46875, -8.25, -4.9765625, -5.609375, -7.4296875, -3.5546875, -8.328125, -6.75, -7.7890625, -8.0625, -1.6845703125, 0.90625, -3.962890625, -4.234375, -3.021484375, 1.1220703125, -3.046875, -5.62890625, -6.9765625, -2.58203125, -1.2490234375, -8.0390625, -7.57421875, -6.63671875, -7.83203125, -6.79296875, -7.23828125, -7.46875, -1.923828125, -4.90234375, 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According to the Secret History, Temüjin again offered his friendship to Jamukha, asking him to return to his side. Temüjin had killed the men who betrayed Jamukha, stating that he did not want disloyal men in his army. Jamukha refused the offer of friendship and reunion, saying that there can only be one sun in the sky, and he asked for a noble death. The custom is to die without spilling blood, which is granted by breaking the back. Jamukha requested this form of death, despite the fact that in the past Jamukha had been known to have boiled his opponents' generals alive.	Who was the opponent general to Jamukha?	[ "Temüjin" ]	[ 33 ]	[ "d8bb784978769c5d9bce8706823662c0ef422296" ]	[ "Genghis_Khan" ]	[ "validation" ]	[ "Combined" ]	[ -8.125, -8.515625, -9.0625, -8.265625, -8.125, -8.8671875, -9.21875, -7.55078125, -9.125, -8.5390625, -9.421875, -9.5625, -6.0234375, -9.046875, -6.109375, -5.5234375, -9.3671875, -9.390625, 4.38671875, -3.541015625, -1.9541015625, -9.390625, -8.1640625, -8.1015625, -7.47265625, -8.90625, -2.583984375, -8.0078125, -6.7734375, -9.65625, -7.60546875, -7.46484375, -8.75, -8.6640625, -9.390625, -9.2421875, -9.015625, -9.6484375, -0.469970703125, -6.296875, -4.12109375, -8.3203125, -7.7578125, -7.22265625, -6.9765625, -8.859375, -7.875, -2.81640625, -8.875, -7.03515625, -9.9375, -8.3515625, -8.5859375, -7.3984375, -8.1015625, -8.3671875, -9.4453125, -7.7109375, -8.9609375, -9.7421875, -9.65625, -9.1953125, -9.7421875, -9.3515625, -8.65625, -9.9765625, -2.818359375, -8.359375, -5.91796875, -7.734375, -9.2890625, -9.09375, -9.65625, -6.82421875, -9.6171875, -7.453125, 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The Apollo program was conceived during the Eisenhower administration in early 1960, as a follow-up to Project Mercury. While the Mercury capsule could only support one astronaut on a limited Earth orbital mission, Apollo would carry three astronauts. Possible missions included ferrying crews to a space station, circumlunar flights, and eventual manned lunar landings. The program was named after the Greek god of light, music, and the sun by NASA manager Abe Silverstein, who later said that "I was naming the spacecraft like I'd name my baby." Silverstein chose the name at home one evening, early in 1960, because he felt "Apollo riding his chariot across the Sun was appropriate to the grand scale of the proposed program."	What was the shuttle compared to?	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"Bairn" and "hyem", meaning "child" and "home", respectively, are examples of Geordie words with origins in Scandinavia; barn and hjem are the corresponding modern Norwegian and Danish words. Some words used in the Geordie dialect are used elsewhere in the Northern United Kingdom. The words "bonny" (meaning "pretty"), "howay" ("come on"), "stot" ("bounce") and "hadaway" ("go away" or "you're kidding"), all appear to be used in Scots; "aye" ("yes") and "nowt" (IPA://naʊt/, rhymes with out,"nothing") are used elsewhere in Northern England. Many words, however, appear to be used exclusively in Newcastle and the surrounding area, such as "Canny" (a versatile word meaning "good", "nice" or "very"), "hacky" ("dirty"), "netty" ("toilet"), "hoy" ("throw", from the Dutch gooien, via West Frisian), "hockle" ("spit").	What does hyem mean?	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A modern example of school discipline in North America and Western Europe relies upon the idea of an assertive teacher who is prepared to impose their will upon a class. Positive reinforcement is balanced with immediate and fair punishment for misbehavior and firm, clear boundaries define what is appropriate and inappropriate behavior. Teachers are expected to respect their students; sarcasm and attempts to humiliate pupils are seen as falling outside of what constitutes reasonable discipline.[verification needed]	What other schools look for the same qualities in teachers as does Western Europe?	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On 15 June 1520, the Pope warned Luther with the papal bull (edict) Exsurge Domine that he risked excommunication unless he recanted 41 sentences drawn from his writings, including the 95 Theses, within 60 days. That autumn, Johann Eck proclaimed the bull in Meissen and other towns. Karl von Miltitz, a papal nuncio, attempted to broker a solution, but Luther, who had sent the Pope a copy of On the Freedom of a Christian in October, publicly set fire to the bull and decretals at Wittenberg on 10 December 1520, an act he defended in Why the Pope and his Recent Book are Burned and Assertions Concerning All Articles. As a consequence, Luther was excommunicated by Pope Leo X on 3 January 1521, in the bull Decet Romanum Pontificem.	How did Luther provoke the Pope?	[ "publicly set fire to the bull and decretals at Wittenberg" ]	[ 436 ]	[ "48d13e33116fda1e541633e16f6af173e5d72753" ]	[ "Martin_Luther" ]	[ "validation" ]	[ "Combined" ]	[ -8.2421875, -8.8515625, -8.96875, -7.796875, -8.5390625, -8.09375, -8.875, -9.1875, -9.3359375, -3.96875, -4.671875, -6.87109375, -6.58984375, -8.46875, -8.40625, -1.2626953125, -2.201171875, -0.2410888671875, -3.154296875, -2.84375, -1.109375, -0.8037109375, -4.10546875, -5.0546875, -3.4921875, -6.69921875, -3.3671875, -7.55859375, -8.34375, -7.125, -6.48828125, -2.4453125, 0.60107421875, -0.0565185546875, -1.4765625, -6.78515625, -7.80078125, -5.78125, -0.7451171875, -1.0419921875, -2.662109375, -5.44140625, -7.296875, -2.330078125, -5.25, -6.7578125, -8.0390625, -6.3515625, -4.03515625, -8.2890625, -7.51171875, -5.9453125, -4.42578125, -7.9921875, -8.7578125, -9.125, -5.23828125, -5.16796875, -7.4296875, -7.74609375, -7.03125, -7.7421875, -9.109375, -5.69921875, -8.6875, -9.109375, -5.90234375, -6.16796875, 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Warsaw's first stock exchange was established in 1817 and continued trading until World War II. It was re-established in April 1991, following the end of the post-war communist control of the country and the reintroduction of a free-market economy. Today, the Warsaw Stock Exchange (WSE) is, according to many indicators, the largest market in the region, with 374 companies listed and total capitalization of 162 584 mln EUR as of 31 August 2009. From 1991 until 2000, the stock exchange was, ironically, located in the building previously used as the headquarters of the Polish United Workers' Party (PZPR).	What allowed the resumption of public ownership of equities in Poland?	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In 1993, Galor and Zeira showed that inequality in the presence of credit market imperfections has a long lasting detrimental effect on human capital formation and economic development. A 1996 study by Perotti examined the channels through which inequality may affect economic growth. He showed that, in accordance with the credit market imperfection approach, inequality is associated with lower level of human capital formation (education, experience, and apprenticeship) and higher level of fertility, and thereby lower levels of growth. He found that inequality is associated with higher levels of redistributive taxation, which is associated with lower levels of growth from reductions in private savings and investment. Perotti concluded that, "more equal societies have lower fertility rates and higher rates of investment in education. Both are reflected in higher rates of growth. Also, very unequal societies tend to be politically and socially unstable, which is reflected in lower rates of investment and therefore growth."	He found that inequality is associated with higher levels of redistributive taxation?	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On 17 December 1941, seven Protestant regional church confederations issued a statement agreeing with the policy of forcing Jews to wear the yellow badge, "since after his bitter experience Luther had already suggested preventive measures against the Jews and their expulsion from German territory." According to Daniel Goldhagen, Bishop Martin Sasse, a leading Protestant churchman, published a compendium of Luther's writings shortly after Kristallnacht, for which Diarmaid MacCulloch, Professor of the History of the Church in the University of Oxford argued that Luther's writing was a "blueprint." Sasse applauded the burning of the synagogues and the coincidence of the day, writing in the introduction, "On 10 November 1938, on Luther's birthday, the synagogues are burning in Germany." The German people, he urged, ought to heed these words "of the greatest antisemite of his time, the warner of his people against the Jews."	To which ethnic group did Martin Luther belong?	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The IPCC does not carry out research nor does it monitor climate related data. Lead authors of IPCC reports assess the available information about climate change based on published sources. According to IPCC guidelines, authors should give priority to peer-reviewed sources. Authors may refer to non-peer-reviewed sources (the "grey literature"), provided that they are of sufficient quality. Examples of non-peer-reviewed sources include model results, reports from government agencies and non-governmental organizations, and industry journals. Each subsequent IPCC report notes areas where the science has improved since the previous report and also notes areas where further research is required.	What recommendation does the IPCC give in its reports?	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Since the IPCC does not carry out its own research, it operates on the basis of scientific papers and independently documented results from other scientific bodies, and its schedule for producing reports requires a deadline for submissions prior to the report's final release. In principle, this means that any significant new evidence or events that change our understanding of climate science between this deadline and publication of an IPCC report cannot be included. In an area of science where our scientific understanding is rapidly changing, this has been raised as a serious shortcoming in a body which is widely regarded as the ultimate authority on the science. However, there has generally been a steady evolution of key findings and levels of scientific confidence from one assessment report to the next.[citation needed]	Why are the reports sometimes inaccurate?	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Luther devised the catechism as a method of imparting the basics of Christianity to the congregations. In 1529, he wrote the Large Catechism, a manual for pastors and teachers, as well as a synopsis, the Small Catechism, to be memorised by the people themselves. The catechisms provided easy-to-understand instructional and devotional material on the Ten Commandments, the Apostles' Creed, the Lord's Prayer, baptism, and the Lord's Supper. Luther incorporated questions and answers in the catechism so that the basics of Christian faith would not just be learned by rote, "the way monkeys do it", but understood.	What might have Luther considered people lacked?	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Lead fusible plugs may be present in the crown of the boiler's firebox. If the water level drops, such that the temperature of the firebox crown increases significantly, the lead melts and the steam escapes, warning the operators, who may then manually suppress the fire. Except in the smallest of boilers the steam escape has little effect on dampening the fire. The plugs are also too small in area to lower steam pressure significantly, depressurizing the boiler. If they were any larger, the volume of escaping steam would itself endanger the crew.[citation needed]	What acts as an alarm?	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Diseases of poverty directly correlate with a country's economic performance and wealth distribution: Half of Kenyans live below the poverty level. Preventable diseases like malaria, HIV/AIDS, pneumonia, diarrhoea and malnutrition are the biggest burden, major child-killers, and responsible for much morbidity; weak policies, corruption, inadequate health workers, weak management and poor leadership in the public health sector are largely to blame. According to 2009 estimates, HIV prevalence is about 6.3% of the adult population. However, the 2011 UNAIDS Report suggests that the HIV epidemic may be improving in Kenya, as HIV prevalence is declining among young people (ages 15–24) and pregnant women. Kenya had an estimated 15 million cases of malaria in 2006.	What is a major obstacle can be found within the medical ranks of Kenyan citizens?	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In 1939, c. 1,300,000 people lived in Warsaw, but in 1945 – only 420,000. During the first years after the war, the population growth was c. 6%, so shortly the city started to suffer from the lack of flats and of areas for new houses. The first remedial measure was the Warsaw area enlargement (1951) – but the city authorities were still forced to introduce residency registration limitations: only the spouses and children of the permanent residents as well as some persons of public importance (like renowned specialists) were allowed to get the registration, hence halving the population growth in the following years. It also bolstered some kind of conviction among Poles that Varsovians thought of themselves as better only because they lived in the capital. Unfortunately this belief still lives on in Poland (although not as much as it used to be) – even though since 1990 there are no limitations to residency registration anymore.	Was the population of Warsaw lower in 1939 or 1945?	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It is likely that a multicomponent, adaptive immune system arose with the first vertebrates, as invertebrates do not generate lymphocytes or an antibody-based humoral response. Many species, however, utilize mechanisms that appear to be precursors of these aspects of vertebrate immunity. Immune systems appear even in the structurally most simple forms of life, with bacteria using a unique defense mechanism, called the restriction modification system to protect themselves from viral pathogens, called bacteriophages. Prokaryotes also possess acquired immunity, through a system that uses CRISPR sequences to retain fragments of the genomes of phage that they have come into contact with in the past, which allows them to block virus replication through a form of RNA interference. Offensive elements of the immune systems are also present in unicellular eukaryotes, but studies of their roles in defense are few.	Other than prokaryotes, what else have immune systems?	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In land plants, chloroplasts are generally lens-shaped, 5–8 μm in diameter and 1–3 μm thick. Greater diversity in chloroplast shapes exists among the algae, which often contain a single chloroplast that can be shaped like a net (e.g., Oedogonium), a cup (e.g., Chlamydomonas), a ribbon-like spiral around the edges of the cell (e.g., Spirogyra), or slightly twisted bands at the cell edges (e.g., Sirogonium). Some algae have two chloroplasts in each cell; they are star-shaped in Zygnema, or may follow the shape of half the cell in order Desmidiales. In some algae, the chloroplast takes up most of the cell, with pockets for the nucleus and other organelles (for example some species of Chlorella have a cup-shaped chloroplast that occupies much of the cell).	What is a shape mentioned for Chloroplasts other than a net, cup, lens-shaped, twisted bands, star-shaped, and ribbon-like spiral?	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In 1939, c. 1,300,000 people lived in Warsaw, but in 1945 – only 420,000. During the first years after the war, the population growth was c. 6%, so shortly the city started to suffer from the lack of flats and of areas for new houses. The first remedial measure was the Warsaw area enlargement (1951) – but the city authorities were still forced to introduce residency registration limitations: only the spouses and children of the permanent residents as well as some persons of public importance (like renowned specialists) were allowed to get the registration, hence halving the population growth in the following years. It also bolstered some kind of conviction among Poles that Varsovians thought of themselves as better only because they lived in the capital. Unfortunately this belief still lives on in Poland (although not as much as it used to be) – even though since 1990 there are no limitations to residency registration anymore.	what was temporary?	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Martin Luther (/ˈluːθər/ or /ˈluːðər/; German: [ˈmaɐ̯tiːn ˈlʊtɐ] ( listen); 10 November 1483 – 18 February 1546) was a German professor of theology, composer, priest, former monk and a seminal figure in the Protestant Reformation. Luther came to reject several teachings and practices of the Late Medieval Catholic Church. He strongly disputed the claim that freedom from God's punishment for sin could be purchased with money. He proposed an academic discussion of the power and usefulness of indulgences in his Ninety-Five Theses of 1517. His refusal to retract all of his writings at the demand of Pope Leo X in 1520 and the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V at the Diet of Worms in 1521 resulted in his excommunication by the Pope and condemnation as an outlaw by the Emperor.	What time period did Luther live?	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On 17 December 1941, seven Protestant regional church confederations issued a statement agreeing with the policy of forcing Jews to wear the yellow badge, "since after his bitter experience Luther had already suggested preventive measures against the Jews and their expulsion from German territory." According to Daniel Goldhagen, Bishop Martin Sasse, a leading Protestant churchman, published a compendium of Luther's writings shortly after Kristallnacht, for which Diarmaid MacCulloch, Professor of the History of the Church in the University of Oxford argued that Luther's writing was a "blueprint." Sasse applauded the burning of the synagogues and the coincidence of the day, writing in the introduction, "On 10 November 1938, on Luther's birthday, the synagogues are burning in Germany." The German people, he urged, ought to heed these words "of the greatest antisemite of his time, the warner of his people against the Jews."	Who did Sasse warn German people about?	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Sociologist Jake Rosenfield of the University of Washington asserts that the decline of organized labor in the United States has played a more significant role in expanding the income gap than technological changes and globalization, which were also experienced by other industrialized nations that didn't experience steep surges in inequality. He points out that nations with high rates of unionization, particularly in Scandinavia, have very low levels of inequality, and concludes "the historical pattern is clear; the cross-national pattern is clear: high inequality goes hand-in-hand with weak labor movements and vice-versa."	What might have played a less significant role in the income gap?	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Martin Luther (/ˈluːθər/ or /ˈluːðər/; German: [ˈmaɐ̯tiːn ˈlʊtɐ] ( listen); 10 November 1483 – 18 February 1546) was a German professor of theology, composer, priest, former monk and a seminal figure in the Protestant Reformation. Luther came to reject several teachings and practices of the Late Medieval Catholic Church. He strongly disputed the claim that freedom from God's punishment for sin could be purchased with money. He proposed an academic discussion of the power and usefulness of indulgences in his Ninety-Five Theses of 1517. His refusal to retract all of his writings at the demand of Pope Leo X in 1520 and the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V at the Diet of Worms in 1521 resulted in his excommunication by the Pope and condemnation as an outlaw by the Emperor.	Who was the author of Diet of Worms?	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However, attempting to reconcile electromagnetic theory with two observations, the photoelectric effect, and the nonexistence of the ultraviolet catastrophe, proved troublesome. Through the work of leading theoretical physicists, a new theory of electromagnetism was developed using quantum mechanics. This final modification to electromagnetic theory ultimately led to quantum electrodynamics (or QED), which fully describes all electromagnetic phenomena as being mediated by wave–particles known as photons. In QED, photons are the fundamental exchange particle, which described all interactions relating to electromagnetism including the electromagnetic force.[Note 4]	What helped discover new findings?	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Another green space in Newcastle is the Town Moor, lying immediately north of the city centre. It is larger than London's famous Hyde Park and Hampstead Heath put together and the freemen of the city have the right to graze cattle on it. The right incidentally extends to the pitch of St. James' Park, Newcastle United Football Club's ground, though this is not exercised, although the Freemen do collect rent for the loss of privilege. Honorary freemen include Bob Geldof, King Harald V of Norway, Bobby Robson, Alan Shearer, the late Nelson Mandela and the Royal Shakespeare Company. The Hoppings funfair, said to be the largest travelling funfair in Europe, is held here annually in June.	What makes Town Moor suitable to graze cattle on it?	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The earliest known movie featuring some exterior scenes filmed in the city is On the Night of the Fire (1939), though by and large the action is studio-bound. Later came The Clouded Yellow (1951) and Payroll (1961), both of which feature more extensive scenes filmed in the city. The 1971 film Get Carter was shot on location in and around Newcastle and offers an opportunity to see what Newcastle looked like in the 1960s and early 1970s. The city was also backdrop to another gangster film, the 1988 film noir thriller Stormy Monday, directed by Mike Figgis and starring Tommy Lee Jones, Melanie Griffith, Sting and Sean Bean.	Which musician was featured in the film Stormy Monday?	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Before the Apollo program began, Wernher von Braun and his team of rocket engineers had started work on plans for very large launch vehicles, the Saturn series, and the even larger Nova series. In the midst of these plans, von Braun was transferred from the Army to NASA, and made Director of the Marshall Space Flight Center. The initial direct ascent plan to send the three-man Apollo Command/Service Module directly to the lunar surface, on top of a large descent rocket stage, would require a Nova-class launcher, with a lunar payload capability of over 180,000 pounds (82,000 kg). The June 11, 1962, decision to use lunar orbit rendezvous enabled the Saturn V to replace the Nova, and the MSFC proceeded to develop the Saturn rocket family for Apollo.	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Kenya won several medals during the Beijing Olympics, six gold, four silver and four bronze, making it Africa's most successful nation in the 2008 Olympics. New athletes gained attention, such as Pamela Jelimo, the women's 800m gold medalist who went ahead to win the IAAF Golden League jackpot, and Samuel Wanjiru who won the men's marathon. Retired Olympic and Commonwealth Games champion Kipchoge Keino helped usher in Kenya's ongoing distance dynasty in the 1970s and was followed by Commonwealth Champion Henry Rono's spectacular string of world record performances. Lately, there has been controversy in Kenyan athletics circles, with the defection of a number of Kenyan athletes to represent other countries, chiefly Bahrain and Qatar. The Kenyan Ministry of Sports has tried to stop the defections, but they have continued anyway, with Bernard Lagat the latest, choosing to represent the United States. Most of these defections occur because of economic or financial factors. Some elite Kenyan runners who cannot qualify for their country's strong national team find it easier to qualify by running for other countries.[citation needed]	Did Kenya win more gold or silver medals in the Beijing Olympics?	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An oscillating cylinder steam engine is a variant of the simple expansion steam engine which does not require valves to direct steam into and out of the cylinder. Instead of valves, the entire cylinder rocks, or oscillates, such that one or more holes in the cylinder line up with holes in a fixed port face or in the pivot mounting (trunnion). These engines are mainly used in toys and models, because of their simplicity, but have also been used in full size working engines, mainly on ships where their compactness is valued.[citation needed]	What is another term for oscillates?	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The Parish Church of St Andrew is traditionally recognised as 'the oldest church in this town'. The present building was begun in the 12th Century and the last addition to it, apart from the vestries, was the main porch in 1726. It is quite possible that there was an earlier church here dating from Saxon times. This older church would have been one of several churches along the River Tyne dedicated to St Andrew, including the Priory church at Hexham. The building contains more old stonework than any other church in Newcastle. It is surrounded by the last of the ancient churchyards to retain its original character. Many key names associated with Newcastle's history worshipped and were buried here. The church tower received a battering during the Siege of Newcastle by the Scots who finally breached the Town Wall and forced surrender. Three of the cannonballs remain on site as testament to the siege.	What does The Parish Church of St Andrew have that they can brag about?	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The country's literacy level stands at 85% of the whole population. Preschool, which targets children from age three to five, is an integral component of the education system and is a key requirement for admission to Standard One (First Grade). At the end of primary education, pupils sit the Kenya Certificate of Primary Education (KCPE), which determines those who proceed to secondary school or vocational training. The result of this examination is needed for placement at secondary school. Primary school age is 6/7-13/14 years. For those who proceed to secondary level, there is a national examination at the end of Form Four – the Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education (KCSE), which determines those proceeding to the universities, other professional training or employment. Students sit examinations in eight subjects of their choosing. However, English, Kiswahili (languages) and mathematics are compulsory subjects.	What is the youngest someone would be in primary school?	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The chloroplast membranes sometimes protrude out into the cytoplasm, forming a stromule, or stroma-containing tubule. Stromules are very rare in chloroplasts, and are much more common in other plastids like chromoplasts and amyloplasts in petals and roots, respectively. They may exist to increase the chloroplast's surface area for cross-membrane transport, because they are often branched and tangled with the endoplasmic reticulum. When they were first observed in 1962, some plant biologists dismissed the structures as artifactual, claiming that stromules were just oddly shaped chloroplasts with constricted regions or dividing chloroplasts. However, there is a growing body of evidence that stromules are functional, integral features of plant cell plastids, not merely artifacts.	Plant biologists ignored stromule-containing tubules as what?	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Cyanobacteria are considered the ancestors of chloroplasts. They are sometimes called blue-green algae even though they are prokaryotes. They are a diverse phylum of bacteria capable of carrying out photosynthesis, and are gram-negative, meaning that they have two cell membranes. Cyanobacteria also contain a peptidoglycan cell wall, which is thicker than in other gram-negative bacteria, and which is located between their two cell membranes. Like chloroplasts, they have thylakoids within. On the thylakoid membranes are photosynthetic pigments, including chlorophyll a. Phycobilins are also common cyanobacterial pigments, usually organized into hemispherical phycobilisomes attached to the outside of the thylakoid membranes (phycobilins are not shared with all chloroplasts though).	Which of the following is not a pigment: phycobilins, thylakoids, or cyanobacteria?	[ "Cyanobacteria" ]	[ 0 ]	[ "0332a78d7d8e87f937f7f51f7c1c91e0507adfef" ]	[ "Chloroplast" ]	[ "validation" ]	[ "Combined" ]	[ -2.931640625, -7.5625, -7.87109375, -7.578125, -7.859375, -7.9453125, -7.33984375, -7.703125, -8.3125, -8.921875, -3.251953125, -8.5703125, -8.5390625, -8.265625, -7.6875, -7.609375, -1.923828125, -7.8671875, -7.24609375, -9.765625, -8.4140625, -6.2421875, -8.828125, -8.890625, -9.3671875, -9.421875, -9.3125, -8.8046875, 0.56494140625, -7.7890625, -6.83203125, -7.13671875, -5.76171875, -7.02734375, -6.8984375, -5.16015625, -4.12109375, -7.88671875, 2.298828125, -5.484375, -5.984375, -6.23046875, -5.29296875, -7.140625, -3.47265625, -7.6328125, -7.40625, -8.21875, -2.240234375, -8.3671875, -6.9296875, -4.02734375, -8.4296875, -9.421875, -6.34375, -9.140625, -4.95703125, -8.7421875, -9.3046875, -8.9453125, -8.4609375, -3.72265625, -7.9375, -7.359375, -6.859375, -6.078125, -9.5234375, -9.71875, -9.328125, -6.80078125, -8.765625, -9.75, -8.171875, -9.875, 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In the helical thylakoid model, grana consist of a stack of flattened circular granal thylakoids that resemble pancakes. Each granum can contain anywhere from two to a hundred thylakoids, though grana with 10–20 thylakoids are most common. Wrapped around the grana are helicoid stromal thylakoids, also known as frets or lamellar thylakoids. The helices ascend at an angle of 20–25°, connecting to each granal thylakoid at a bridge-like slit junction. The helicoids may extend as large sheets that link multiple grana, or narrow to tube-like bridges between grana. While different parts of the thylakoid system contain different membrane proteins, the thylakoid membranes are continuous and the thylakoid space they enclose form a single continuous labyrinth.

Which is greater, the minimum number of thylakoids a granum contains, or the angle at which helices ascend?

[ "angle" ]

[ 367 ]

[ "d467630800f6b6376f1741249ec97ab8173ac881" ]

[ "Chloroplast" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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Torque is the rotation equivalent of force in the same way that angle is the rotational equivalent for position, angular velocity for velocity, and angular momentum for momentum. As a consequence of Newton's First Law of Motion, there exists rotational inertia that ensures that all bodies maintain their angular momentum unless acted upon by an unbalanced torque. Likewise, Newton's Second Law of Motion can be used to derive an analogous equation for the instantaneous angular acceleration of the rigid body:

What word describes the speed of an object?

[ "momentum" ]

[ 156 ]

[ "92eb74d054b740c122dbdb98c4a1bf527501aee8" ]

[ "Force" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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Newcastle Mela, held on the late August bank holiday weekend, is an annual two-day multicultural event, blending drama, music and food from Punjabi, Pakistani, Bengali and Hindu cultures. NewcastleGateshead also holds an annual International Arts Fair. The 2009 event will be in the Norman Foster designed Sage Gateshead Music and Arts Centre in September. In October, there is the Design Event festival—an annual festival providing the public with an opportunity to see work by regional, national and international designers. The SAMA Festival, an East Asian cultural festival is also held in early October.

Where was the Arts Fair held?

[ "in the Norman Foster designed Sage Gateshead Music and Arts Centre" ]

[ 276 ]

[ "8df587355ae3525ef8234ff0b2bb0df224197b8c" ]

[ "Newcastle_upon_Tyne" ]

[ "validation" ]

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Since teachers can affect how students perceive the course materials, it has been found that teachers who showed enthusiasm towards the course materials and students can affect a positive learning experience towards the course materials. On teacher/course evaluations, it was found that teachers who have a positive disposition towards the course content tend to transfer their passion to receptive students. These teachers do not teach by rote but attempt to find new invigoration for the course materials on a daily basis. One of the difficulties in this approach is that teachers may have repeatedly covered a curriculum until they begin to feel bored with the subject which in turn bores the students as well. Students who had enthusiastic teachers tend to rate them higher than teachers who didn't show much enthusiasm for the course materials.

What quality should administrators seek in teachers?

[ "enthusiasm" ]

[ 813 ]

[ "90284fcf7b58833ecc1bb716f72531bd76b41cf4" ]

[ "Teacher" ]

[ "validation" ]

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At the time of the Marburg Colloquy, Suleiman the Magnificent was besieging Vienna with a vast Ottoman army. Luther had argued against resisting the Turks in his 1518 Explanation of the Ninety-five Theses, provoking accusations of defeatism. He saw the Turks as a scourge sent to punish Christians by God, as agents of the Biblical apocalypse that would destroy the antichrist, whom Luther believed to be the papacy, and the Roman Church. He consistently rejected the idea of a Holy War, "as though our people were an army of Christians against the Turks, who were enemies of Christ. This is absolutely contrary to Christ's doctrine and name". On the other hand, in keeping with his doctrine of the two kingdoms, Luther did support non-religious war against the Turks. In 1526, he argued in Whether Soldiers can be in a State of Grace that national defence is reason for a just war. By 1529, in On War against the Turk, he was actively urging Emperor Charles V and the German people to fight a secular war against the Turks. He made clear, however, that the spiritual war against an alien faith was separate, to be waged through prayer and repentance. Around the time of the Siege of Vienna, Luther wrote a prayer for national deliverance from the Turks, asking God to "give to our emperor perpetual victory over our enemies".

Which Luther work regarding war came out a few years prior to the 1529 work?

[ "Whether Soldiers can be in a State of Grace" ]

[ 791 ]

[ "97e6acc0cf7b57c6e87e66886622b6343869cbff" ]

[ "Martin_Luther" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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A B cell identifies pathogens when antibodies on its surface bind to a specific foreign antigen. This antigen/antibody complex is taken up by the B cell and processed by proteolysis into peptides. The B cell then displays these antigenic peptides on its surface MHC class II molecules. This combination of MHC and antigen attracts a matching helper T cell, which releases lymphokines and activates the B cell. As the activated B cell then begins to divide, its offspring (plasma cells) secrete millions of copies of the antibody that recognizes this antigen. These antibodies circulate in blood plasma and lymph, bind to pathogens expressing the antigen and mark them for destruction by complement activation or for uptake and destruction by phagocytes. Antibodies can also neutralize challenges directly, by binding to bacterial toxins or by interfering with the receptors that viruses and bacteria use to infect cells.

What must B cell go through before dividing into plasma cells?

[ "lymphokines and activates the B cell" ]

[ 372 ]

[ "ddde39d74c31f3497d4e4d32c58cde28fb0a785c" ]

[ "Immune_system" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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Deke Slayton, the grounded Mercury astronaut who became Director of Flight Crew Operations for the Gemini and Apollo programs, selected the first Apollo crew in January 1966, with Grissom as Command Pilot, White as Senior Pilot, and rookie Donn F. Eisele as Pilot. But Eisele dislocated his shoulder twice aboard the KC135 weightlessness training aircraft, and had to undergo surgery on January 27. Slayton replaced him with Chaffee. NASA announced the final crew selection for AS-204 on March 21, 1966, with the backup crew consisting of Gemini veterans James McDivitt and David Scott, with rookie Russell L. "Rusty" Schweickart. Mercury/Gemini veteran Wally Schirra, Eisele, and rookie Walter Cunningham were announced on September 29 as the prime crew for AS-205.

Who was initally chosen for both the initial Apollo crew and the prime crew?

[ "Eisele" ]

[ 669 ]

[ "f71c8837c060629bf80d8a843031c0b98be1f306" ]

[ "Apollo_program" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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Since the 1980s, Lutheran Church denominations have repudiated Martin Luther's statements against the Jews and have rejected the use of them to incite hatred against Lutherans. Strommen et al.'s 1970 survey of 4,745 North American Lutherans aged 15–65 found that, compared to the other minority groups under consideration, Lutherans were the least prejudiced toward Jews. Nevertheless, Professor Richard (Dick) Geary, former Professor of Modern History at the University of Nottingham, England, and the author of Hitler and Nazism (Routledge 1993), wrote in the journal History Today an article on who voted for the Nazis in elections held from 1928-1933, where he claimed that from his research he found that the Nazis gained disproportionately more votes from Protestant than Catholic areas of Germany.

Which came later, the elections where people voted for Nazis or Strommen's survey?

[ "Strommen et al.'s 1970 survey" ]

[ 177 ]

[ "1853c659357da93502b57a3c7d01fa322b53f425" ]

[ "Martin_Luther" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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Two Block I CSMs were launched from LC-34 on suborbital flights in 1966 with the Saturn IB. The first, AS-201 launched on February 26, reached an altitude of 265.7 nautical miles (492.1 km) and splashed down 4,577 nautical miles (8,477 km) downrange in the Atlantic ocean. The second, AS-202 on August 25, reached 617.1 nautical miles (1,142.9 km) altitude and was recovered 13,900 nautical miles (25,700 km) downrange in the Pacific ocean. These flights validated the Service Module engine and the Command Module heat shield.

Which Block I CSM was not launched first?

[ "AS-202" ]

[ 285 ]

[ "2509bc99444d9c89ce949f2adeab1f47b74e548c" ]

[ "Apollo_program" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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In 1542, Luther read a Latin translation of the Qur'an. He went on to produce several critical pamphlets on Islam, which he called "Mohammedanism" or "the Turk". Though Luther saw the Muslim faith as a tool of the devil, he was indifferent to its practice: "Let the Turk believe and live as he will, just as one lets the papacy and other false Christians live." He opposed banning the publication of the Qur'an, wanting it exposed to scrutiny.

who did Luther believe was using the Qur'an in a bad way?

[ "the devil" ]

[ 210 ]

[ "ea031223504e9c7014fc940e3f776e5a50d8ada2" ]

[ "Martin_Luther" ]

[ "validation" ]

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The Mongols learned from captives of the abundant green pastures beyond the Bulgar territory, allowing for the planning for conquest of Hungary and Europe. Genghis Khan recalled Subutai back to Mongolia soon afterwards, and Jebe died on the road back to Samarkand. The famous cavalry expedition led by Subutai and Jebe, in which they encircled the entire Caspian Sea defeating all armies in their path, remains unparalleled to this day, and word of the Mongol triumphs began to trickle to other nations, particularly Europe. These two campaigns are generally regarded as reconnaissance campaigns that tried to get the feel of the political and cultural elements of the regions. In 1225 both divisions returned to Mongolia. These invasions added Transoxiana and Persia to an already formidable empire while destroying any resistance along the way. Later under Genghis Khan's grandson Batu and the Golden Horde, the Mongols returned to conquer Volga Bulgaria and Kievan Rus' in 1237, concluding the campaign in 1240.

the leader of the Mongols was who

[ "Genghis Khan" ]

[ 156 ]

[ "d2e8d128f279f2077c2c5858cb8db12272750817" ]

[ "Genghis_Khan" ]

[ "validation" ]

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Official corporal punishment, often by caning, remains commonplace in schools in some Asian, African and Caribbean countries. For details of individual countries see School corporal punishment.

Where is corporal punishment used, besides Asian and Caribbean countries?

[ "African" ]

[ 93 ]

[ "87d2c5c264330b7bce1e03663ddd8d920e8af8c5" ]

[ "Teacher" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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In early 1961, direct ascent was generally the mission mode in favor at NASA. Many engineers feared that a rendezvous —let alone a docking— neither of which had been attempted even in Earth orbit, would be extremely difficult in lunar orbit. Dissenters including John Houbolt at Langley Research Center emphasized the important weight reductions that were offered by the LOR approach. Throughout 1960 and 1961, Houbolt campaigned for the recognition of LOR as a viable and practical option. Bypassing the NASA hierarchy, he sent a series of memos and reports on the issue to Associate Administrator Robert Seamans; while acknowledging that he spoke "somewhat as a voice in the wilderness," Houbolt pleaded that LOR should not be discounted in studies of the question.

Who had a research center named after them?

[ "Langley" ]

[ 279 ]

[ "d2ee42256910ecbd1202888b01b58dcfdb2c31ee" ]

[ "Apollo_program" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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It's not clear, however that this stereotypical view reflects the reality of East Asian classrooms or that the educational goals in these countries are commensurable with those in Western countries. In Japan, for example, although average attainment on standardized tests may exceed those in Western countries, classroom discipline and behavior is highly problematic. Although, officially, schools have extremely rigid codes of behavior, in practice many teachers find the students unmanageable and do not enforce discipline at all.

Where do western countries struggle in reference to the classroom?

[ "attainment on standardized tests" ]

[ 239 ]

[ "960a7f0373a26a5ee4e643efbe45bed3bd2a35c9" ]

[ "Teacher" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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Seamans' establishment of an ad-hoc committee headed by his special technical assistant Nicholas E. Golovin in July 1961, to recommend a launch vehicle to be used in the Apollo program, represented a turning point in NASA's mission mode decision. This committee recognized that the chosen mode was an important part of the launch vehicle choice, and recommended in favor of a hybrid EOR-LOR mode. Its consideration of LOR —as well as Houbolt's ceaseless work— played an important role in publicizing the workability of the approach. In late 1961 and early 1962, members of the Manned Spacecraft Center began to come around to support LOR, including the newly hired deputy director of the Office of Manned Space Flight, Joseph Shea, who became a champion of LOR. The engineers at Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) took longer to become convinced of its merits, but their conversion was announced by Wernher von Braun at a briefing in June 1962.

Who created the ad-hoc committee?

[ "Seamans" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "bacd2e379f507099b3ea8bf46eacdff5e198138d" ]

[ "Apollo_program" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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In the autumn of 1991, talks were held for the broadcast rights for Premier League for a five-year period, from the 1992 season. ITV were the current rights holders, and fought hard to retain the new rights. ITV had increased its offer from £18m to £34m per year to keep control of the rights. BSkyB joined forces with the BBC to make a counter bid. The BBC was given the highlights of most of the matches, while BSkyB paying £304m for the Premier League rights, would give them a monopoly of all live matches, up to 60 per year from the 1992 season. Murdoch described sport as a "battering ram" for pay-television, providing a strong customer base. A few weeks after the deal, ITV went to the High Court to get an injunction as it believed their bid details had been leaked before the decision was taken. ITV also asked the Office of Fair Trading to investigate since it believed Rupert Murdoch's media empire via its newspapers had influenced the deal. A few days later neither action took effect, ITV believed BSkyB was telephoned and informed of its £262m bid, and Premier League advised BSkyB to increase its counter bid.

Who held the broadcasting rights for the Premier League prior to 1992

[ "ITV" ]

[ 129 ]

[ "92f9598170c0406620d77f5a29c3e6d95bcaee0b" ]

[ "Sky_(United_Kingdom)" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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Both innate and adaptive immunity depend on the ability of the immune system to distinguish between self and non-self molecules. In immunology, self molecules are those components of an organism's body that can be distinguished from foreign substances by the immune system. Conversely, non-self molecules are those recognized as foreign molecules. One class of non-self molecules are called antigens (short for antibody generators) and are defined as substances that bind to specific immune receptors and elicit an immune response.

What biologic study is interested in antigens and other non-self molecules?

[ "immunology" ]

[ 132 ]

[ "ceed93dafab19e4c596f47b464f20c1478f93222" ]

[ "Immune_system" ]

[ "validation" ]

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In October 1529, Philip I, Landgrave of Hesse, convoked an assembly of German and Swiss theologians at the Marburg Colloquy, to establish doctrinal unity in the emerging Protestant states. Agreement was achieved on fourteen points out of fifteen, the exception being the nature of the Eucharist – the sacrament of the Lord's Supper—an issue crucial to Luther.

Which issue was the most divisive amongst the doctrinal pillars established?

[ "the Eucharist" ]

[ 281 ]

[ "17439c4de85354cf03f529f5b5592a8b7f7b1189" ]

[ "Martin_Luther" ]

[ "validation" ]

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In economics, notable Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences winners Milton Friedman, a major advisor to Republican U.S. President Ronald Reagan and Conservative British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher, George Stigler, Nobel laureate and proponent of regulatory capture theory, Gary Becker, an important contributor to the family economics branch of economics, Herbert A. Simon, responsible for the modern interpretation of the concept of organizational decision-making, Paul Samuelson, the first American to win the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences, and Eugene Fama, known for his work on portfolio theory, asset pricing and stock market behaviour, are all graduates. American economist, social theorist, political philosopher, and author Thomas Sowell is also an alumnus.

Paul Samuelson was the first of these?

[ "American to win the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences" ]

[ 501 ]

[ "7cc880e5a95975dfd46dffb4bfcc34d5894663c6" ]

[ "University_of_Chicago" ]

[ "validation" ]

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Oxygen presents two spectrophotometric absorption bands peaking at the wavelengths 687 and 760 nm. Some remote sensing scientists have proposed using the measurement of the radiance coming from vegetation canopies in those bands to characterize plant health status from a satellite platform. This approach exploits the fact that in those bands it is possible to discriminate the vegetation's reflectance from its fluorescence, which is much weaker. The measurement is technically difficult owing to the low signal-to-noise ratio and the physical structure of vegetation; but it has been proposed as a possible method of monitoring the carbon cycle from satellites on a global scale.

What part of the vegetation is measured?

[ "canopies" ]

[ 205 ]

[ "7326bd2487b5c18358e5c160a7e8e3ceb6e3b758" ]

[ "Oxygen" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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There would be no more scoring in the third quarter, but early in the fourth, the Broncos drove to the Panthers 41-yard line. On the next play, Ealy knocked the ball out of Manning's hand as he was winding up for a pass, and then recovered it for Carolina on the 50-yard line. A 16-yard reception by Devin Funchess and a 12-yard run by Stewart then set up Gano's 39-yard field goal, cutting the Panthers deficit to one score at 16–10. The next three drives of the game would end in punts.

Which player fumbled the ball?

[ "Manning" ]

[ 173 ]

[ "c40207a0daff162402b43001ccbebe713492d7fe" ]

[ "Super_Bowl_50" ]

[ "validation" ]

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Throughout its existence, Warsaw has been a multi-cultural city. According to the 1901 census, out of 711,988 inhabitants 56.2% were Catholics, 35.7% Jews, 5% Greek orthodox Christians and 2.8% Protestants. Eight years later, in 1909, there were 281,754 Jews (36.9%), 18,189 Protestants (2.4%) and 2,818 Mariavites (0.4%). This led to construction of hundreds of places of religious worship in all parts of the town. Most of them were destroyed in the aftermath of the Warsaw Uprising of 1944. After the war, the new communist authorities of Poland discouraged church construction and only a small number were rebuilt.

Where is Warsaw?

[ "Poland" ]

[ 542 ]

[ "d2efce6b2e786b965a94525e0ec9b91c5a95f409" ]

[ "Warsaw" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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Like much of the south Atlantic region of the United States, Jacksonville has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen Cfa), with mild weather during winters and hot and humid weather during summers. Seasonal rainfall is concentrated in the warmest months from May through September, while the driest months are from November through April. Due to Jacksonville's low latitude and coastal location, the city sees very little cold weather, and winters are typically mild and sunny. Summers can be hot and wet, and summer thunderstorms with torrential but brief downpours are common.

Low latitude is a cause of what?

[ "very little cold weather, and winters are typically mild and sunny" ]

[ 407 ]

[ "88f72bb15d1ca15d92b92846360fdcfbac2fc869" ]

[ "Jacksonville,_Florida" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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Other than the curriculum led learning, there are also National and Public Library Services led by the Kenya National Library Service (KNLS). KNLS is the body mandated to establish, equip, manage and maintain national and public libraries in the country. In addition, some of the counties within the country have either established or taken over libraries within their regions. Nairobi County operates four libraries within their network, which included the McMillan Memorial Library located at the central business district of Nairobi. A public library is seen as a peoples university since it is open to all irrespective of age, literacy level and has materials relevant to people of all walks of life.

What is another name for the Kenya National Library Service?

[ "KNLS" ]

[ 135 ]

[ "05f6e09f0ae2742b8e01ddd6e5d2e4ac6acddb5d" ]

[ "Kenya" ]

[ "validation" ]

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30 US states have banned corporal punishment, the others (mostly in the South) have not. It is still used to a significant (though declining) degree in some public schools in Alabama, Arkansas, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, Oklahoma, Tennessee and Texas. Private schools in these and most other states may also use it. Corporal punishment in American schools is administered to the seat of the student's trousers or skirt with a specially made wooden paddle. This often used to take place in the classroom or hallway, but nowadays the punishment is usually given privately in the principal's office.

Where is Mississippi?

[ "US" ]

[ 3 ]

[ "a0a308febc5e9edf56fe63556cf20c039c3fdaca" ]

[ "Teacher" ]

[ "validation" ]

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A modern example of school discipline in North America and Western Europe relies upon the idea of an assertive teacher who is prepared to impose their will upon a class. Positive reinforcement is balanced with immediate and fair punishment for misbehavior and firm, clear boundaries define what is appropriate and inappropriate behavior. Teachers are expected to respect their students; sarcasm and attempts to humiliate pupils are seen as falling outside of what constitutes reasonable discipline.[verification needed]

What other schools look for the same qualities in teachers as does North America?

[ "Western Europe" ]

[ 59 ]

[ "a19a0c4d9bc42e40a8d6fe92c54ccc74120daf60" ]

[ "Teacher" ]

[ "validation" ]

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Using boiling water to produce mechanical motion goes back over 2000 years, but early devices were not practical. The Spanish inventor Jerónimo de Ayanz y Beaumont obtained the first patent for a steam engine in 1606. In 1698 Thomas Savery patented a steam pump that used steam in direct contact with the water being pumped. Savery's steam pump used condensing steam to create a vacuum and draw water into a chamber, and then applied pressurized steam to further pump the water. Thomas Newcomen's atmospheric engine was the first commercial true steam engine using a piston, and was used in 1712 for pumping in a mine.

Who was the man who had an engine in the 18th century?

[ "Thomas Newcomen" ]

[ 479 ]

[ "d30876a9f5052e88bceadf952800826842c6426a" ]

[ "Steam_engine" ]

[ "validation" ]

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Teachers face several occupational hazards in their line of work, including occupational stress, which can negatively impact teachers' mental and physical health, productivity, and students' performance. Stress can be caused by organizational change, relationships with students, fellow teachers, and administrative personnel, working environment, expectations to substitute, long hours with a heavy workload, and inspections. Teachers are also at high risk for occupational burnout.

Of the groups of people mentioned, which of them holds the most power?

[ "administrative personnel" ]

[ 301 ]

[ "0e135c9e0d209154f57bba4e1bf43df03af3ab7a" ]

[ "Teacher" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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The Super Bowl 50 Host Committee has vowed to be "the most giving Super Bowl ever", and will dedicate 25 percent of all money it raises for philanthropic causes in the Bay Area. The committee created the 50 fund as its philanthropic initiative and focuses on providing grants to aid with youth development, community investment and sustainable environments.

What type of group is organizing the giving?

[ "Committee" ]

[ 23 ]

[ "3ad316343cdc80030d2e1859077b52f7a983f125" ]

[ "Super_Bowl_50" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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In the autumn of 1991, talks were held for the broadcast rights for Premier League for a five-year period, from the 1992 season. ITV were the current rights holders, and fought hard to retain the new rights. ITV had increased its offer from £18m to £34m per year to keep control of the rights. BSkyB joined forces with the BBC to make a counter bid. The BBC was given the highlights of most of the matches, while BSkyB paying £304m for the Premier League rights, would give them a monopoly of all live matches, up to 60 per year from the 1992 season. Murdoch described sport as a "battering ram" for pay-television, providing a strong customer base. A few weeks after the deal, ITV went to the High Court to get an injunction as it believed their bid details had been leaked before the decision was taken. ITV also asked the Office of Fair Trading to investigate since it believed Rupert Murdoch's media empire via its newspapers had influenced the deal. A few days later neither action took effect, ITV believed BSkyB was telephoned and informed of its £262m bid, and Premier League advised BSkyB to increase its counter bid.

Who bid against ITV for broadcasting rights after the 1991 season

[ "BSkyB joined forces with the BBC to make a counter bid" ]

[ 294 ]

[ "ab2a795b9b488f9ebd50cc84f0a30b44a057c6d2" ]

[ "Sky_(United_Kingdom)" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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It is likely that a multicomponent, adaptive immune system arose with the first vertebrates, as invertebrates do not generate lymphocytes or an antibody-based humoral response. Many species, however, utilize mechanisms that appear to be precursors of these aspects of vertebrate immunity. Immune systems appear even in the structurally most simple forms of life, with bacteria using a unique defense mechanism, called the restriction modification system to protect themselves from viral pathogens, called bacteriophages. Prokaryotes also possess acquired immunity, through a system that uses CRISPR sequences to retain fragments of the genomes of phage that they have come into contact with in the past, which allows them to block virus replication through a form of RNA interference. Offensive elements of the immune systems are also present in unicellular eukaryotes, but studies of their roles in defense are few.

What does a bacteriophage attack?

[ "bacteria" ]

[ 368 ]

[ "db54eb31c4b1dda42784f9a9fb2a4f4057993338" ]

[ "Immune_system" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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The game's media day, which was typically held on the Tuesday afternoon prior to the game, was moved to the Monday evening and re-branded as Super Bowl Opening Night. The event was held on February 1, 2016 at SAP Center in San Jose. Alongside the traditional media availabilities, the event featured an opening ceremony with player introductions on a replica of the Golden Gate Bridge.

What was it called in 2015?

[ "game's media day" ]

[ 4 ]

[ "cf7e4f6da88ce52b26888ebbf1872c60221882e8" ]

[ "Super_Bowl_50" ]

[ "validation" ]

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In the United States, each state determines the requirements for getting a license to teach in public schools. Teaching certification generally lasts three years, but teachers can receive certificates that last as long as ten years. Public school teachers are required to have a bachelor's degree and the majority must be certified by the state in which they teach. Many charter schools do not require that their teachers be certified, provided they meet the standards to be highly qualified as set by No Child Left Behind. Additionally, the requirements for substitute/temporary teachers are generally not as rigorous as those for full-time professionals. The Bureau of Labor Statistics estimates that there are 1.4 million elementary school teachers, 674,000 middle school teachers, and 1 million secondary school teachers employed in the U.S.

Are there estimated to be more elementary school or secondary school teachers?

[ "elementary school" ]

[ 725 ]

[ "dcdf30399b558dd416c91d35b9fe1370b1f168cd" ]

[ "Teacher" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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One of the main functions of the chloroplast is its role in photosynthesis, the process by which light is transformed into chemical energy, to subsequently produce food in the form of sugars. Water (H2O) and carbon dioxide (CO2) are used in photosynthesis, and sugar and oxygen (O2) is made, using light energy. Photosynthesis is divided into two stages—the light reactions, where water is split to produce oxygen, and the dark reactions, or Calvin cycle, which builds sugar molecules from carbon dioxide. The two phases are linked by the energy carriers adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP+).

What is the output of photosynthesis?

[ "sugar and oxygen (O2)" ]

[ 261 ]

[ "a21bb7b7fa98a5cc43c85aafb3093f6fecbe5056" ]

[ "Chloroplast" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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The Broncos took an early lead in Super Bowl 50 and never trailed. Newton was limited by Denver's defense, which sacked him seven times and forced him into three turnovers, including a fumble which they recovered for a touchdown. Denver linebacker Von Miller was named Super Bowl MVP, recording five solo tackles, 2½ sacks, and two forced fumbles.

How many sacks did the Broncos defense get?

[ "seven" ]

[ 124 ]

[ "a45a1e10c7f076eeb5cbbd20ee3939b8d0c40bdd" ]

[ "Super_Bowl_50" ]

[ "validation" ]

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The delay in the CSM caused by the fire enabled NASA to catch up on man-rating the LM and Saturn V. Apollo 4 (AS-501) was the first unmanned flight of the Saturn V, carrying a Block I CSM on November 9, 1967. The capability of the Command Module's heat shield to survive a trans-lunar reentry was demonstrated by using the Service Module engine to ram it into the atmosphere at higher than the usual Earth-orbital reentry speed. This was followed on April 4, 1968, by Apollo 6 (AS-502) which carried a CSM and a LM Test Article as ballast. The intent of this mission was to achieve trans-lunar injection, followed closely by a simulated direct-return abort, using the Service Module engine to achieve another high-speed reentry. The Saturn V experienced pogo oscillation, a problem caused by non-steady engine combustion, which damaged fuel lines in the second and third stages. Two S-II engines shut down prematurely, but the remaining engines were able to compensate. The damage to the third stage engine was more severe, preventing it from restarting for trans-lunar injection. Mission controllers were able to use the Service Module engine to essentially repeat the flight profile of Apollo 4. Based on the good performance of Apollo 6 and identification of satisfactory fixes to the Apollo 6 problems, NASA declared the Saturn V ready to fly men, cancelling a third unmanned test.

Which happened first, shutdown of premature shutdown of S-11 engines or damage to third stage engine?

[ "S-II engines" ]

[ 883 ]

[ "77c6efc7c87c860e3fcffaa150afe31c646b42ec" ]

[ "Apollo_program" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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Since the IPCC does not carry out its own research, it operates on the basis of scientific papers and independently documented results from other scientific bodies, and its schedule for producing reports requires a deadline for submissions prior to the report's final release. In principle, this means that any significant new evidence or events that change our understanding of climate science between this deadline and publication of an IPCC report cannot be included. In an area of science where our scientific understanding is rapidly changing, this has been raised as a serious shortcoming in a body which is widely regarded as the ultimate authority on the science. However, there has generally been a steady evolution of key findings and levels of scientific confidence from one assessment report to the next.[citation needed]

What do other scientific bodies produce?

[ "scientific papers" ]

[ 80 ]

[ "d2222e01201827193b9ef599f64cfbf9fe120950" ]

[ "Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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The other major method of producing O2 gas involves passing a stream of clean, dry air through one bed of a pair of identical zeolite molecular sieves, which absorbs the nitrogen and delivers a gas stream that is 90% to 93% O2. Simultaneously, nitrogen gas is released from the other nitrogen-saturated zeolite bed, by reducing the chamber operating pressure and diverting part of the oxygen gas from the producer bed through it, in the reverse direction of flow. After a set cycle time the operation of the two beds is interchanged, thereby allowing for a continuous supply of gaseous oxygen to be pumped through a pipeline. This is known as pressure swing adsorption. Oxygen gas is increasingly obtained by these non-cryogenic technologies (see also the related vacuum swing adsorption).

How do you remove nitrogen?

[ "passing a stream of clean, dry air through one bed of a pair of identical zeolite molecular sieves" ]

[ 52 ]

[ "2db643649e42568fd1e529b9e53964c719ed7818" ]

[ "Oxygen" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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Wesleyan theology stands at a unique cross-roads between evangelical and sacramental, between liturgical and charismatic, and between Anglo-Catholic and Reformed theology and practice. It has been characterized as Arminian theology with an emphasis on the work of the Holy Spirit to bring holiness into the life of the participating believer. The United Methodist Church believes in prima scriptura, seeing the Holy Bible as the primary authority in the Church and using sacred tradition, reason, and experience to interpret it, with the aid of the Holy Spirit (see Wesleyan Quadrilateral). Therefore, according to The Book of Discipline, United Methodist theology is at once "catholic, evangelical, and reformed." Today, the UMC is generally considered one of the more moderate and tolerant denominations with respect to race, gender, and ideology, though the denomination itself actually includes a very wide spectrum of attitudes. Comparatively, the UMC stands to the right of liberal and progressive Protestant groups such as the United Church of Christ and the Episcopal Church on certain issues (especially regarding sexuality), but to the left of historically conservative evangelical traditions such as the Southern Baptists and Pentecostalism, in regard to theological matters such as social justice and Biblical interpretation. However, it should be noted that the UMC is made up of a broad diversity of thought, and so there are many clergy and laity within the UMC that hold differing viewpoints on such theological matters.

Who does the UMC seek guidance from?

[ "the Holy Spirit" ]

[ 545 ]

[ "9531ba755ebeef04eade7606dd42dd9bf1d456b2" ]

[ "United_Methodist_Church" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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The African Great Lakes region, which Kenya is a part of, has been inhabited by humans since the Lower Paleolithic period. By the first millennium AD, the Bantu expansion had reached the area from West-Central Africa. The borders of the modern state consequently comprise the crossroads of the Niger-Congo, Nilo-Saharan and Afroasiatic areas of the continent, representing most major ethnolinguistic groups found in Africa. Bantu and Nilotic populations together constitute around 97% of the nation's residents. European and Arab presence in coastal Mombasa dates to the Early Modern period; European exploration of the interior began in the 19th century. The British Empire established the East Africa Protectorate in 1895, which starting in 1920 gave way to the Kenya Colony. Kenya obtained independence in December 1963. Following a referendum in August 2010 and adoption of a new constitution, Kenya is now divided into 47 semi-autonomous counties, governed by elected governors.

what time period is mentioned last?

[ "August 2010" ]

[ 850 ]

[ "e8cd9fee4e38d56763d80806bf778b3d8bfb8558" ]

[ "Kenya" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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North American Aviation won the contract to build the CSM, and also the second stage of the Saturn V launch vehicle for NASA. Because the CSM design was started early before the selection of lunar orbit rendezvous, the service propulsion engine was sized to lift the CSM off of the Moon, and thus was oversized to about twice the thrust required for translunar flight. Also, there was no provision for docking with the Lunar Module. A 1964 program definition study concluded that the initial design should be continued as Block I which would be used for early testing, while Block II, the actual lunar spacecraft, would incorporate the docking equipment and take advantage of the lessons learned in Block I development.

What version of the Saturn launch vehicle did the North American Aviation win the contract to build for NASA?

[ "second stage of the Saturn V" ]

[ 72 ]

[ "0a57dfb8b30df7c5f1fb7590a56cee7d8a9d26d7" ]

[ "Apollo_program" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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Nearby, in Ogród Saski (the Saxon Garden), the Summer Theatre was in operation from 1870 to 1939, and in the inter-war period, the theatre complex also included Momus, Warsaw's first literary cabaret, and Leon Schiller's musical theatre Melodram. The Wojciech Bogusławski Theatre (1922–26), was the best example of "Polish monumental theatre". From the mid-1930s, the Great Theatre building housed the Upati Institute of Dramatic Arts – the first state-run academy of dramatic art, with an acting department and a stage directing department.

In what year did the theater that included Warsaw's first literary cabaret close?

[ "1939" ]

[ 92 ]

[ "2a20bb38fa040a995e61036fc403123134049b07" ]

[ "Warsaw" ]

[ "validation" ]

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In addition, there are $2 million worth of other ancillary events, including a week-long event at the Santa Clara Convention Center, a beer, wine and food festival at Bellomy Field at Santa Clara University, and a pep rally. A professional fundraiser will aid in finding business sponsors and individual donors, but still may need the city council to help fund the event. Additional funding will be provided by the city council, which has announced plans to set aside seed funding for the event.

What will the personages in charge of administering day to day operations and making decisions for the urban area in which the event is held furnish?

[ "seed funding" ]

[ 468 ]

[ "93fc31c6d3f62df1a3c669e98287d79c99c7a3b2" ]

[ "Super_Bowl_50" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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Two Block I CSMs were launched from LC-34 on suborbital flights in 1966 with the Saturn IB. The first, AS-201 launched on February 26, reached an altitude of 265.7 nautical miles (492.1 km) and splashed down 4,577 nautical miles (8,477 km) downrange in the Atlantic ocean. The second, AS-202 on August 25, reached 617.1 nautical miles (1,142.9 km) altitude and was recovered 13,900 nautical miles (25,700 km) downrange in the Pacific ocean. These flights validated the Service Module engine and the Command Module heat shield.

Which site was used to send the two Block I CSMs on their flights?

[ "LC-34" ]

[ 36 ]

[ "f5b692c8f5b9a61bb72571d7e6f9ea80f3279a60" ]

[ "Apollo_program" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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Luther's rediscovery of "Christ and His salvation" was the first of two points that became the foundation for the Reformation. His railing against the sale of indulgences was based on it.

What did the movement based on Luther's rediscovery come to be called?

[ "the Reformation" ]

[ 110 ]

[ "048c978b6b8c751114e109f6868e05f923210b3a" ]

[ "Martin_Luther" ]

[ "validation" ]

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The crew of Apollo 8 sent the first live televised pictures of the Earth and the Moon back to Earth, and read from the creation story in the Book of Genesis, on Christmas Eve, 1968. An estimated one-quarter of the population of the world saw—either live or delayed—the Christmas Eve transmission during the ninth orbit of the Moon. The mission and Christmas provided an inspiring end to 1968, which had been a troubled year for the US, marked by Vietnam War protests, race riots, and the assassinations of civil rights leader Martin Luther King, Jr., and Senator Robert F. Kennedy.

What tells us the story of Adam and Eve?

[ "creation story" ]

[ 119 ]

[ "f6278fcad3961aac791fd61e84ca78a7549488af" ]

[ "Apollo_program" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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BSkyB initially charged additional subscription fees for using a Sky+ PVR with their service; waiving the charge for subscribers whose package included two or more premium channels. This changed as from 1 July 2007, and now customers that have Sky+ and subscribe to any BSkyB subscription package get Sky+ included at no extra charge. Customers that do not subscribe to BSkyB's channels can still pay a monthly fee to enable Sky+ functions. In January 2010 BSkyB discontinued the Sky+ Box, limited the standard Sky Box to Multiroom upgrade only and started to issue the Sky+HD Box as standard, thus giving all new subscribers the functions of Sky+. In February 2011 BSkyB discontinued the non-HD variant of its Multiroom box, offering a smaller version of the SkyHD box without Sky+ functionality. In September 2007, Sky launched a new TV advertising campaign targeting Sky+ at women. As of 31 March 2008, Sky had 3,393,000 Sky+ users.

What is another name for Sky?

[ "BSkyB" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "d82c56933500a027f985be09560d0bf3090dca7a" ]

[ "Sky_(United_Kingdom)" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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In Hinduism the spiritual teacher is known as a guru, and, in many traditions of Hinduism - especially those common in the West - the emphasis on spiritual mentorship is extremely high, with gurus often exercising a great deal of control over the lives of their disciples.

Who is highly respected in Hinduism especially in the West?

[ "guru" ]

[ 48 ]

[ "fd7ee43612ac5fcad48b3ca28b68dbe2992a2b0e" ]

[ "Teacher" ]

[ "validation" ]

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For certain physical scenarios, it is impossible to model forces as being due to gradient of potentials. This is often due to macrophysical considerations that yield forces as arising from a macroscopic statistical average of microstates. For example, friction is caused by the gradients of numerous electrostatic potentials between the atoms, but manifests as a force model that is independent of any macroscale position vector. Nonconservative forces other than friction include other contact forces, tension, compression, and drag. However, for any sufficiently detailed description, all these forces are the results of conservative ones since each of these macroscopic forces are the net results of the gradients of microscopic potentials.

What determines the model of forces?

[ "gradient of potentials" ]

[ 81 ]

[ "00245d3e103a58ff1e76c4996721a03a70412422" ]

[ "Force" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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The largest share of Kenya's electricity supply comes from hydroelectric stations at dams along the upper Tana River, as well as the Turkwel Gorge Dam in the west. A petroleum-fired plant on the coast, geothermal facilities at Olkaria (near Nairobi), and electricity imported from Uganda make up the rest of the supply. Kenya's installed capacity stood at 1,142 megawatts between 2001 and 2003. The state-owned Kenya Electricity Generating Company (KenGen), established in 1997 under the name of Kenya Power Company, handles the generation of electricity, while Kenya Power handles the electricity transmission and distribution system in the country. Shortfalls of electricity occur periodically, when drought reduces water flow. To become energy sufficient, Kenya aims to build a nuclear power plant by 2017.

Who sends their electricity to Kenya?

[ "Uganda" ]

[ 281 ]

[ "650ccc1bfa9bcf9bd82176a7b881f51914ae7b52" ]

[ "Kenya" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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Luther wrote "Aus tiefer Not schrei ich zu dir" ("From depths of woe I cry to you") in 1523 as a hymnic version of Psalm 130 and sent it as a sample to encourage evangelical colleagues to write psalm-hymns for use in German worship. In a collaboration with Paul Speratus, this and seven other hymns were published in the Achtliederbuch, the first Lutheran hymnal. In 1524 Luther developed his original four-stanza psalm paraphrase into a five-stanza Reformation hymn that developed the theme of "grace alone" more fully. Because it expressed essential Reformation doctrine, this expanded version of "Aus tiefer Not" was designated as a regular component of several regional Lutheran liturgies and was widely used at funerals, including Luther's own. Along with Erhart Hegenwalt's hymnic version of Psalm 51, Luther's expanded hymn was also adopted for use with the fifth part of Luther's catechism, concerning confession.

How do you say "From" in German?

[ "Aus" ]

[ 14 ]

[ "4b52d56df615005e4b1eeea6ecb2ed913c160f93" ]

[ "Martin_Luther" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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Jochi died in 1226, during his father's lifetime. Some scholars, notably Ratchnevsky, have commented on the possibility that Jochi was secretly poisoned by an order from Genghis Khan. Rashid al-Din reports that the great Khan sent for his sons in the spring of 1223, and while his brothers heeded the order, Jochi remained in Khorasan. Juzjani suggests that the disagreement arose from a quarrel between Jochi and his brothers in the siege of Urgench. Jochi had attempted to protect Urgench from destruction, as it belonged to territory allocated to him as a fief. He concludes his story with the clearly apocryphal statement by Jochi: "Genghis Khan is mad to have massacred so many people and laid waste so many lands. I would be doing a service if I killed my father when he is hunting, made an alliance with Sultan Muhammad, brought this land to life and gave assistance and support to the Muslims." Juzjani claims that it was in response to hearing of these plans that Genghis Khan ordered his son secretly poisoned; however, as Sultan Muhammad was already dead in 1223, the accuracy of this story is questionable.

Why did Jochi not travel with his brothers when sent for by his father?

[ "disagreement arose from a quarrel between Jochi and his brothers in the siege of Urgench" ]

[ 362 ]

[ "4e34de5a0de7f99369ee53f291cc703933fa4d51" ]

[ "Genghis_Khan" ]

[ "validation" ]

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As previously arranged by his father, Temüjin married Börte of the Onggirat tribe when he was around 16 in order to cement alliances between their respective tribes. Soon after Börte's marriage to Temüjin, she was kidnapped by the Merkits and reportedly given away as a wife. Temüjin rescued her with the help of his friend and future rival, Jamukha, and his protector, Toghrul Khan of the Keraite tribe. She gave birth to a son, Jochi (1185–1226), nine months later, clouding the issue of his parentage. Despite speculation over Jochi, Börte would be Temüjin's only empress, though he did follow tradition by taking several morganatic wives.

who was jochi's mother?

[ "Börte" ]

[ 537 ]

[ "2e7dfa3891b7234c41baf39e556e750888a2dff6" ]

[ "Genghis_Khan" ]

[ "validation" ]

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Since the 1980s, Lutheran Church denominations have repudiated Martin Luther's statements against the Jews and have rejected the use of them to incite hatred against Lutherans. Strommen et al.'s 1970 survey of 4,745 North American Lutherans aged 15–65 found that, compared to the other minority groups under consideration, Lutherans were the least prejudiced toward Jews. Nevertheless, Professor Richard (Dick) Geary, former Professor of Modern History at the University of Nottingham, England, and the author of Hitler and Nazism (Routledge 1993), wrote in the journal History Today an article on who voted for the Nazis in elections held from 1928-1933, where he claimed that from his research he found that the Nazis gained disproportionately more votes from Protestant than Catholic areas of Germany.

What did Geary write besides books?

[ "article" ]

[ 587 ]

[ "322ad97f2c5c051fff16aab2785ede669f1626cc" ]

[ "Martin_Luther" ]

[ "validation" ]

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Warsaw, especially its city centre (Śródmieście), is home not only to many national institutions and government agencies, but also to many domestic and international companies. In 2006, 304,016 companies were registered in the city. Warsaw's ever-growing business community has been noticed globally, regionally, and nationally. MasterCard Emerging Market Index has noted Warsaw's economic strength and commercial center. Moreover, Warsaw was ranked as the 7th greatest emerging market. Foreign investors' financial participation in the city's development was estimated in 2002 at over 650 million euro. Warsaw produces 12% of Poland's national income, which in 2008 was 305.1% of the Polish average, per capita (or 160% of the European Union average). The GDP per capita in Warsaw amounted to PLN 94 000 in 2008 (c. EUR 23 800, USD 33 000). Total nominal GDP of the city in 2010 amounted to 191.766 billion PLN, 111696 PLN per capita, which was 301,1 % of Polish average. Warsaw leads the region of East-Central Europe in foreign investment and in 2006, GDP growth met expectations with a level of 6.1%. It also has one of the fastest growing economies, with GDP growth at 6.5 percent in 2007 and 6.1 percent in the first quarter of 2008.

What is the central business district of Poland's capital?

[ "Śródmieście" ]

[ 36 ]

[ "b65a09f100d8a91f50b72d9241a90511bf1487ff" ]

[ "Warsaw" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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For most of human history higher material living standards – full stomachs, access to clean water and warmth from fuel – led to better health and longer lives. This pattern of higher incomes-longer lives still holds among poorer countries, where life expectancy increases rapidly as per capita income increases, but in recent decades it has slowed down among middle income countries and plateaued among the richest thirty or so countries in the world. Americans live no longer on average (about 77 years in 2004) than Greeks (78 years) or New Zealanders (78), though the USA has a higher GDP per capita. Life expectancy in Sweden (80 years) and Japan (82) – where income was more equally distributed – was longer.

If life expectancy has not slowed down and has not plateaued, what group of countries are we talking about?

[ "poorer countries" ]

[ 222 ]

[ "a5be933a310d30f2653fff37a78a62c72d4956c2" ]

[ "Economic_inequality" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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Kenya's various ethnic groups typically speak their mother tongues within their own communities. The two official languages, English and Swahili, are used in varying degrees of fluency for communication with other populations. English is widely spoken in commerce, schooling and government. Peri-urban and rural dwellers are less multilingual, with many in rural areas speaking only their native languages. British English is primarily used in the country. Additionally, a distinct local dialect, Kenyan English, is used by some communities and individuals in the country, and contains features unique to it that were derived from local Bantu languages, such as Swahili and Kikuyu. It has been developing since colonisation and also contains certain elements of American English. Sheng is a Swahili-based cant spoken in some urban areas. Primarily consisting of a mixture of Swahili and English, it is an example of linguistic code-switching.

What type of English does Bantu not refer to?

[ "British" ]

[ 407 ]

[ "e18bf9d6d0bd2c100a3fa8d429074e47f7d27c5a" ]

[ "Kenya" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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Uniflow engines attempt to remedy the difficulties arising from the usual counterflow cycle where, during each stroke, the port and the cylinder walls will be cooled by the passing exhaust steam, whilst the hotter incoming admission steam will waste some of its energy in restoring working temperature. The aim of the uniflow is to remedy this defect and improve efficiency by providing an additional port uncovered by the piston at the end of each stroke making the steam flow only in one direction. By this means, the simple-expansion uniflow engine gives efficiency equivalent to that of classic compound systems with the added advantage of superior part-load performance, and comparable efficiency to turbines for smaller engines below one thousand horsepower. However, the thermal expansion gradient uniflow engines produce along the cylinder wall gives practical difficulties.[citation needed]. The Quasiturbine is a uniflow rotary steam engine where steam intakes in hot areas, while exhausting in cold areas.

Compared to turbines for smaller engines, how is the efficiency of the uniflow?

[ "comparable" ]

[ 680 ]

[ "c9436256f9231bff323fb101d79b9808b68dcb1a" ]

[ "Steam_engine" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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After a chloroplast polypeptide is synthesized on a ribosome in the cytosol, an enzyme specific to chloroplast proteins phosphorylates, or adds a phosphate group to many (but not all) of them in their transit sequences. Phosphorylation helps many proteins bind the polypeptide, keeping it from folding prematurely. This is important because it prevents chloroplast proteins from assuming their active form and carrying out their chloroplast functions in the wrong place—the cytosol. At the same time, they have to keep just enough shape so that they can be recognized by the chloroplast. These proteins also help the polypeptide get imported into the chloroplast.

Which of the following does not perform phosphorylation, enzymes or transit sequences?

[ "transit sequences" ]

[ 201 ]

[ "5fdc8f0039f14c89a444e3b0730b83035aa09432" ]

[ "Chloroplast" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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The alga Cyanophora, a glaucophyte, is thought to be one of the first organisms to contain a chloroplast. The glaucophyte chloroplast group is the smallest of the three primary chloroplast lineages, being found in only 13 species, and is thought to be the one that branched off the earliest. Glaucophytes have chloroplasts that retain a peptidoglycan wall between their double membranes, like their cyanobacterial parent. For this reason, glaucophyte chloroplasts are also known as muroplasts. Glaucophyte chloroplasts also contain concentric unstacked thylakoids, which surround a carboxysome - an icosahedral structure that glaucophyte chloroplasts and cyanobacteria keep their carbon fixation enzyme rubisco in. The starch that they synthesize collects outside the chloroplast. Like cyanobacteria, glaucophyte chloroplast thylakoids are studded with light collecting structures called phycobilisomes. For these reasons, glaucophyte chloroplasts are considered a primitive intermediate between cyanobacteria and the more evolved chloroplasts in red algae and plants.

what kind of partition does glaucophytes have

[ "peptidoglycan wall" ]

[ 337 ]

[ "7d4678ff80c468c9f37b37e6eb6777ea8cd8ec0f" ]

[ "Chloroplast" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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Oxygen presents two spectrophotometric absorption bands peaking at the wavelengths 687 and 760 nm. Some remote sensing scientists have proposed using the measurement of the radiance coming from vegetation canopies in those bands to characterize plant health status from a satellite platform. This approach exploits the fact that in those bands it is possible to discriminate the vegetation's reflectance from its fluorescence, which is much weaker. The measurement is technically difficult owing to the low signal-to-noise ratio and the physical structure of vegetation; but it has been proposed as a possible method of monitoring the carbon cycle from satellites on a global scale.

What type of living thing has weaker fluorescence and stronger reflectance?

[ "vegetation" ]

[ 379 ]

[ "219afb40bb9065bf55f03af985bf197273cec9c8" ]

[ "Oxygen" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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Chemical barriers also protect against infection. The skin and respiratory tract secrete antimicrobial peptides such as the β-defensins. Enzymes such as lysozyme and phospholipase A2 in saliva, tears, and breast milk are also antibacterials. Vaginal secretions serve as a chemical barrier following menarche, when they become slightly acidic, while semen contains defensins and zinc to kill pathogens. In the stomach, gastric acid and proteases serve as powerful chemical defenses against ingested pathogens.

Which antimicrobial material comes out of your eyes?

[ "tears" ]

[ 194 ]

[ "69e6a4bdb4d38542f6c2a096731a5d56dce4371e" ]

[ "Immune_system" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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Chloroplasts are one of many types of organelles in the plant cell. They are considered to have originated from cyanobacteria through endosymbiosis—when a eukaryotic cell engulfed a photosynthesizing cyanobacterium that became a permanent resident in the cell. Mitochondria are thought to have come from a similar event, where an aerobic prokaryote was engulfed. This origin of chloroplasts was first suggested by the Russian biologist Konstantin Mereschkowski in 1905 after Andreas Schimper observed in 1883 that chloroplasts closely resemble cyanobacteria. Chloroplasts are only found in plants and algae.

What process is happening to the cyanobacterium as it is engulfed?

[ "photosynthesizing" ]

[ 182 ]

[ "3b08fce1294b33fa664a89f1d0a7a987113d4282" ]

[ "Chloroplast" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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For most of human history higher material living standards – full stomachs, access to clean water and warmth from fuel – led to better health and longer lives. This pattern of higher incomes-longer lives still holds among poorer countries, where life expectancy increases rapidly as per capita income increases, but in recent decades it has slowed down among middle income countries and plateaued among the richest thirty or so countries in the world. Americans live no longer on average (about 77 years in 2004) than Greeks (78 years) or New Zealanders (78), though the USA has a higher GDP per capita. Life expectancy in Sweden (80 years) and Japan (82) – where income was more equally distributed – was longer.

Who has the same life expectancy?

[ "Greeks (78 years) or New Zealanders (78)" ]

[ 518 ]

[ "d8e912cc372097105d5c3a1366c64079b917a6ca" ]

[ "Economic_inequality" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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In January 1519, at Altenburg in Saxony, the papal nuncio Karl von Miltitz adopted a more conciliatory approach. Luther made certain concessions to the Saxon, who was a relative of the Elector, and promised to remain silent if his opponents did. The theologian Johann Eck, however, was determined to expose Luther's doctrine in a public forum. In June and July 1519, he staged a disputation with Luther's colleague Andreas Karlstadt at Leipzig and invited Luther to speak. Luther's boldest assertion in the debate was that Matthew 16:18 does not confer on popes the exclusive right to interpret scripture, and that therefore neither popes nor church councils were infallible. For this, Eck branded Luther a new Jan Hus, referring to the Czech reformer and heretic burned at the stake in 1415. From that moment, he devoted himself to Luther's defeat.

Who thought the pope was fallible?

[ "Luther" ]

[ 698 ]

[ "97f1a2fc50faf6ea8ed17e630171695797b96f18" ]

[ "Martin_Luther" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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Using boiling water to produce mechanical motion goes back over 2000 years, but early devices were not practical. The Spanish inventor Jerónimo de Ayanz y Beaumont obtained the first patent for a steam engine in 1606. In 1698 Thomas Savery patented a steam pump that used steam in direct contact with the water being pumped. Savery's steam pump used condensing steam to create a vacuum and draw water into a chamber, and then applied pressurized steam to further pump the water. Thomas Newcomen's atmospheric engine was the first commercial true steam engine using a piston, and was used in 1712 for pumping in a mine.

What is the basic goal of a steam engine?

[ "Using boiling water to produce mechanical motion" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "8f97103cd7812f3ecabf2a4cf238cb08b1134364" ]

[ "Steam_engine" ]

[ "validation" ]

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In the United States especially, several high-profile cases such as Debra LaFave, Pamela Rogers, and Mary Kay Letourneau have caused increased scrutiny on teacher misconduct.

What level of popularity are the cases of these women deemed?

[ "high-profile" ]

[ 41 ]

[ "52eda0593cad5cb537d73331d018a5ce6a8f53f7" ]

[ "Teacher" ]

[ "validation" ]

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Since the IPCC does not carry out its own research, it operates on the basis of scientific papers and independently documented results from other scientific bodies, and its schedule for producing reports requires a deadline for submissions prior to the report's final release. In principle, this means that any significant new evidence or events that change our understanding of climate science between this deadline and publication of an IPCC report cannot be included. In an area of science where our scientific understanding is rapidly changing, this has been raised as a serious shortcoming in a body which is widely regarded as the ultimate authority on the science. However, there has generally been a steady evolution of key findings and levels of scientific confidence from one assessment report to the next.[citation needed]

What does the IPCC report on?

[ "climate science" ]

[ 379 ]

[ "08b7245384475c89dc84f3fde6a9d634efdf7bb6" ]

[ "Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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In humans, this response is activated by complement binding to antibodies that have attached to these microbes or the binding of complement proteins to carbohydrates on the surfaces of microbes. This recognition signal triggers a rapid killing response. The speed of the response is a result of signal amplification that occurs following sequential proteolytic activation of complement molecules, which are also proteases. After complement proteins initially bind to the microbe, they activate their protease activity, which in turn activates other complement proteases, and so on. This produces a catalytic cascade that amplifies the initial signal by controlled positive feedback. The cascade results in the production of peptides that attract immune cells, increase vascular permeability, and opsonize (coat) the surface of a pathogen, marking it for destruction. This deposition of complement can also kill cells directly by disrupting their plasma membrane.

What is the less direct way complement kills microbes?

[ "marking it for destruction" ]

[ 839 ]

[ "f07c2a96b11bc935b863b18316fa69a585b0f72b" ]

[ "Immune_system" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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According to the Secret History, Temüjin again offered his friendship to Jamukha, asking him to return to his side. Temüjin had killed the men who betrayed Jamukha, stating that he did not want disloyal men in his army. Jamukha refused the offer of friendship and reunion, saying that there can only be one sun in the sky, and he asked for a noble death. The custom is to die without spilling blood, which is granted by breaking the back. Jamukha requested this form of death, despite the fact that in the past Jamukha had been known to have boiled his opponents' generals alive.

Who was the opponent general to Jamukha?

[ "Temüjin" ]

[ 33 ]

[ "d8bb784978769c5d9bce8706823662c0ef422296" ]

[ "Genghis_Khan" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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The Apollo program was conceived during the Eisenhower administration in early 1960, as a follow-up to Project Mercury. While the Mercury capsule could only support one astronaut on a limited Earth orbital mission, Apollo would carry three astronauts. Possible missions included ferrying crews to a space station, circumlunar flights, and eventual manned lunar landings. The program was named after the Greek god of light, music, and the sun by NASA manager Abe Silverstein, who later said that "I was naming the spacecraft like I'd name my baby." Silverstein chose the name at home one evening, early in 1960, because he felt "Apollo riding his chariot across the Sun was appropriate to the grand scale of the proposed program."

What was the shuttle compared to?

[ "baby" ]

[ 541 ]

[ "992593236139ea857a3b3d359d7e3395dc4fd6e3" ]

[ "Apollo_program" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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"Bairn" and "hyem", meaning "child" and "home", respectively, are examples of Geordie words with origins in Scandinavia; barn and hjem are the corresponding modern Norwegian and Danish words. Some words used in the Geordie dialect are used elsewhere in the Northern United Kingdom. The words "bonny" (meaning "pretty"), "howay" ("come on"), "stot" ("bounce") and "hadaway" ("go away" or "you're kidding"), all appear to be used in Scots; "aye" ("yes") and "nowt" (IPA://naʊt/, rhymes with out,"nothing") are used elsewhere in Northern England. Many words, however, appear to be used exclusively in Newcastle and the surrounding area, such as "Canny" (a versatile word meaning "good", "nice" or "very"), "hacky" ("dirty"), "netty" ("toilet"), "hoy" ("throw", from the Dutch gooien, via West Frisian), "hockle" ("spit").

What does hyem mean?

[ "home" ]

[ 41 ]

[ "baa6652bbc5cca7ca457b812b13080b9db4273ab" ]

[ "Newcastle_upon_Tyne" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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A modern example of school discipline in North America and Western Europe relies upon the idea of an assertive teacher who is prepared to impose their will upon a class. Positive reinforcement is balanced with immediate and fair punishment for misbehavior and firm, clear boundaries define what is appropriate and inappropriate behavior. Teachers are expected to respect their students; sarcasm and attempts to humiliate pupils are seen as falling outside of what constitutes reasonable discipline.[verification needed]

What other schools look for the same qualities in teachers as does Western Europe?

[ "North America" ]

[ 41 ]

[ "804c6a47fe20af7726509ba42a111d6f68bdd0b3" ]

[ "Teacher" ]

[ "validation" ]

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On 15 June 1520, the Pope warned Luther with the papal bull (edict) Exsurge Domine that he risked excommunication unless he recanted 41 sentences drawn from his writings, including the 95 Theses, within 60 days. That autumn, Johann Eck proclaimed the bull in Meissen and other towns. Karl von Miltitz, a papal nuncio, attempted to broker a solution, but Luther, who had sent the Pope a copy of On the Freedom of a Christian in October, publicly set fire to the bull and decretals at Wittenberg on 10 December 1520, an act he defended in Why the Pope and his Recent Book are Burned and Assertions Concerning All Articles. As a consequence, Luther was excommunicated by Pope Leo X on 3 January 1521, in the bull Decet Romanum Pontificem.

How did Luther provoke the Pope?

[ "publicly set fire to the bull and decretals at Wittenberg" ]

[ 436 ]

[ "48d13e33116fda1e541633e16f6af173e5d72753" ]

[ "Martin_Luther" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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Warsaw's first stock exchange was established in 1817 and continued trading until World War II. It was re-established in April 1991, following the end of the post-war communist control of the country and the reintroduction of a free-market economy. Today, the Warsaw Stock Exchange (WSE) is, according to many indicators, the largest market in the region, with 374 companies listed and total capitalization of 162 584 mln EUR as of 31 August 2009. From 1991 until 2000, the stock exchange was, ironically, located in the building previously used as the headquarters of the Polish United Workers' Party (PZPR).

What allowed the resumption of public ownership of equities in Poland?

[ "free-market economy" ]

[ 228 ]

[ "338dd6cc471f596245cdc4879709210919ca73eb" ]

[ "Warsaw" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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In 1993, Galor and Zeira showed that inequality in the presence of credit market imperfections has a long lasting detrimental effect on human capital formation and economic development. A 1996 study by Perotti examined the channels through which inequality may affect economic growth. He showed that, in accordance with the credit market imperfection approach, inequality is associated with lower level of human capital formation (education, experience, and apprenticeship) and higher level of fertility, and thereby lower levels of growth. He found that inequality is associated with higher levels of redistributive taxation, which is associated with lower levels of growth from reductions in private savings and investment. Perotti concluded that, "more equal societies have lower fertility rates and higher rates of investment in education. Both are reflected in higher rates of growth. Also, very unequal societies tend to be politically and socially unstable, which is reflected in lower rates of investment and therefore growth."

He found that inequality is associated with higher levels of redistributive taxation?

[ "Perotti" ]

[ 202 ]

[ "a8144ea37e81a91d9fd1f19815935e9acc9aa54d" ]

[ "Economic_inequality" ]

[ "validation" ]

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On 17 December 1941, seven Protestant regional church confederations issued a statement agreeing with the policy of forcing Jews to wear the yellow badge, "since after his bitter experience Luther had already suggested preventive measures against the Jews and their expulsion from German territory." According to Daniel Goldhagen, Bishop Martin Sasse, a leading Protestant churchman, published a compendium of Luther's writings shortly after Kristallnacht, for which Diarmaid MacCulloch, Professor of the History of the Church in the University of Oxford argued that Luther's writing was a "blueprint." Sasse applauded the burning of the synagogues and the coincidence of the day, writing in the introduction, "On 10 November 1938, on Luther's birthday, the synagogues are burning in Germany." The German people, he urged, ought to heed these words "of the greatest antisemite of his time, the warner of his people against the Jews."

To which ethnic group did Martin Luther belong?

[ "The German people" ]

[ 794 ]

[ "4a6c8d147f7789efa8e50ae7cc4cd2183a6ab4ef" ]

[ "Martin_Luther" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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The IPCC does not carry out research nor does it monitor climate related data. Lead authors of IPCC reports assess the available information about climate change based on published sources. According to IPCC guidelines, authors should give priority to peer-reviewed sources. Authors may refer to non-peer-reviewed sources (the "grey literature"), provided that they are of sufficient quality. Examples of non-peer-reviewed sources include model results, reports from government agencies and non-governmental organizations, and industry journals. Each subsequent IPCC report notes areas where the science has improved since the previous report and also notes areas where further research is required.

What recommendation does the IPCC give in its reports?

[ "areas where further research is required" ]

[ 658 ]

[ "a5010996bed896de85abacd4fa2e3d5b530ccd30" ]

[ "Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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Since the IPCC does not carry out its own research, it operates on the basis of scientific papers and independently documented results from other scientific bodies, and its schedule for producing reports requires a deadline for submissions prior to the report's final release. In principle, this means that any significant new evidence or events that change our understanding of climate science between this deadline and publication of an IPCC report cannot be included. In an area of science where our scientific understanding is rapidly changing, this has been raised as a serious shortcoming in a body which is widely regarded as the ultimate authority on the science. However, there has generally been a steady evolution of key findings and levels of scientific confidence from one assessment report to the next.[citation needed]

Why are the reports sometimes inaccurate?

[ "any significant new evidence or events that change our understanding of climate science between this deadline and publication of an IPCC report cannot be included" ]

[ 307 ]

[ "ed7688d75dc33220529b3983fc9fec5a27491c6f" ]

[ "Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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Luther devised the catechism as a method of imparting the basics of Christianity to the congregations. In 1529, he wrote the Large Catechism, a manual for pastors and teachers, as well as a synopsis, the Small Catechism, to be memorised by the people themselves. The catechisms provided easy-to-understand instructional and devotional material on the Ten Commandments, the Apostles' Creed, the Lord's Prayer, baptism, and the Lord's Supper. Luther incorporated questions and answers in the catechism so that the basics of Christian faith would not just be learned by rote, "the way monkeys do it", but understood.

What might have Luther considered people lacked?

[ "the basics of Christianity" ]

[ 54 ]

[ "b0e6dbdf73ebdf290ba2305b7e50a6d0f6045fa4" ]

[ "Martin_Luther" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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Lead fusible plugs may be present in the crown of the boiler's firebox. If the water level drops, such that the temperature of the firebox crown increases significantly, the lead melts and the steam escapes, warning the operators, who may then manually suppress the fire. Except in the smallest of boilers the steam escape has little effect on dampening the fire. The plugs are also too small in area to lower steam pressure significantly, depressurizing the boiler. If they were any larger, the volume of escaping steam would itself endanger the crew.[citation needed]

What acts as an alarm?

[ "steam" ]

[ 193 ]

[ "352c71373a1978464439ef1484146dbfccf0c719" ]

[ "Steam_engine" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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Diseases of poverty directly correlate with a country's economic performance and wealth distribution: Half of Kenyans live below the poverty level. Preventable diseases like malaria, HIV/AIDS, pneumonia, diarrhoea and malnutrition are the biggest burden, major child-killers, and responsible for much morbidity; weak policies, corruption, inadequate health workers, weak management and poor leadership in the public health sector are largely to blame. According to 2009 estimates, HIV prevalence is about 6.3% of the adult population. However, the 2011 UNAIDS Report suggests that the HIV epidemic may be improving in Kenya, as HIV prevalence is declining among young people (ages 15–24) and pregnant women. Kenya had an estimated 15 million cases of malaria in 2006.

What is a major obstacle can be found within the medical ranks of Kenyan citizens?

[ "weak management and poor leadership" ]

[ 366 ]

[ "2b206823f71ffbe9941c1e5ae56a65e5531b3791" ]

[ "Kenya" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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In 1939, c. 1,300,000 people lived in Warsaw, but in 1945 – only 420,000. During the first years after the war, the population growth was c. 6%, so shortly the city started to suffer from the lack of flats and of areas for new houses. The first remedial measure was the Warsaw area enlargement (1951) – but the city authorities were still forced to introduce residency registration limitations: only the spouses and children of the permanent residents as well as some persons of public importance (like renowned specialists) were allowed to get the registration, hence halving the population growth in the following years. It also bolstered some kind of conviction among Poles that Varsovians thought of themselves as better only because they lived in the capital. Unfortunately this belief still lives on in Poland (although not as much as it used to be) – even though since 1990 there are no limitations to residency registration anymore.

Was the population of Warsaw lower in 1939 or 1945?

[ "1945" ]

[ 53 ]

[ "7ad5556fac1d1c76fb5494d795ace7bea669ca44" ]

[ "Warsaw" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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It is likely that a multicomponent, adaptive immune system arose with the first vertebrates, as invertebrates do not generate lymphocytes or an antibody-based humoral response. Many species, however, utilize mechanisms that appear to be precursors of these aspects of vertebrate immunity. Immune systems appear even in the structurally most simple forms of life, with bacteria using a unique defense mechanism, called the restriction modification system to protect themselves from viral pathogens, called bacteriophages. Prokaryotes also possess acquired immunity, through a system that uses CRISPR sequences to retain fragments of the genomes of phage that they have come into contact with in the past, which allows them to block virus replication through a form of RNA interference. Offensive elements of the immune systems are also present in unicellular eukaryotes, but studies of their roles in defense are few.

Other than prokaryotes, what else have immune systems?

[ "unicellular eukaryotes" ]

[ 846 ]

[ "deb46958eeca004cc01b10d4236ac5df17d723ab" ]

[ "Immune_system" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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In land plants, chloroplasts are generally lens-shaped, 5–8 μm in diameter and 1–3 μm thick. Greater diversity in chloroplast shapes exists among the algae, which often contain a single chloroplast that can be shaped like a net (e.g., Oedogonium), a cup (e.g., Chlamydomonas), a ribbon-like spiral around the edges of the cell (e.g., Spirogyra), or slightly twisted bands at the cell edges (e.g., Sirogonium). Some algae have two chloroplasts in each cell; they are star-shaped in Zygnema, or may follow the shape of half the cell in order Desmidiales. In some algae, the chloroplast takes up most of the cell, with pockets for the nucleus and other organelles (for example some species of Chlorella have a cup-shaped chloroplast that occupies much of the cell).

What is a shape mentioned for Chloroplasts other than a net, cup, lens-shaped, twisted bands, star-shaped, and ribbon-like spiral?

[ "half the cell" ]

[ 517 ]

[ "b6417c52ac4deebfeb3afd19c11e78dd3ef3904d" ]

[ "Chloroplast" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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In 1939, c. 1,300,000 people lived in Warsaw, but in 1945 – only 420,000. During the first years after the war, the population growth was c. 6%, so shortly the city started to suffer from the lack of flats and of areas for new houses. The first remedial measure was the Warsaw area enlargement (1951) – but the city authorities were still forced to introduce residency registration limitations: only the spouses and children of the permanent residents as well as some persons of public importance (like renowned specialists) were allowed to get the registration, hence halving the population growth in the following years. It also bolstered some kind of conviction among Poles that Varsovians thought of themselves as better only because they lived in the capital. Unfortunately this belief still lives on in Poland (although not as much as it used to be) – even though since 1990 there are no limitations to residency registration anymore.

what was temporary?

[ "residency registration limitations" ]

[ 359 ]

[ "1dd73daaa1203b1c9a03db5a39b4c5b576d5f70e" ]

[ "Warsaw" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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Martin Luther (/ˈluːθər/ or /ˈluːðər/; German: [ˈmaɐ̯tiːn ˈlʊtɐ] ( listen); 10 November 1483 – 18 February 1546) was a German professor of theology, composer, priest, former monk and a seminal figure in the Protestant Reformation. Luther came to reject several teachings and practices of the Late Medieval Catholic Church. He strongly disputed the claim that freedom from God's punishment for sin could be purchased with money. He proposed an academic discussion of the power and usefulness of indulgences in his Ninety-Five Theses of 1517. His refusal to retract all of his writings at the demand of Pope Leo X in 1520 and the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V at the Diet of Worms in 1521 resulted in his excommunication by the Pope and condemnation as an outlaw by the Emperor.

What time period did Luther live?

[ "Late Medieval" ]

[ 292 ]

[ "a1d14d92a349861b2b82547a8efe0d309af7ee92" ]

[ "Martin_Luther" ]

[ "validation" ]

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On 17 December 1941, seven Protestant regional church confederations issued a statement agreeing with the policy of forcing Jews to wear the yellow badge, "since after his bitter experience Luther had already suggested preventive measures against the Jews and their expulsion from German territory." According to Daniel Goldhagen, Bishop Martin Sasse, a leading Protestant churchman, published a compendium of Luther's writings shortly after Kristallnacht, for which Diarmaid MacCulloch, Professor of the History of the Church in the University of Oxford argued that Luther's writing was a "blueprint." Sasse applauded the burning of the synagogues and the coincidence of the day, writing in the introduction, "On 10 November 1938, on Luther's birthday, the synagogues are burning in Germany." The German people, he urged, ought to heed these words "of the greatest antisemite of his time, the warner of his people against the Jews."

Who did Sasse warn German people about?

[ "Luther" ]

[ 735 ]

[ "e87061b5505bc45dd7c10379d62363fbda5ecb86" ]

[ "Martin_Luther" ]

[ "validation" ]

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Sociologist Jake Rosenfield of the University of Washington asserts that the decline of organized labor in the United States has played a more significant role in expanding the income gap than technological changes and globalization, which were also experienced by other industrialized nations that didn't experience steep surges in inequality. He points out that nations with high rates of unionization, particularly in Scandinavia, have very low levels of inequality, and concludes "the historical pattern is clear; the cross-national pattern is clear: high inequality goes hand-in-hand with weak labor movements and vice-versa."

What might have played a less significant role in the income gap?

[ "technological changes and globalization" ]

[ 193 ]

[ "89f6019ad15ea0dd0eb5ee73063eaab3725cbda1" ]

[ "Economic_inequality" ]

[ "validation" ]

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Martin Luther (/ˈluːθər/ or /ˈluːðər/; German: [ˈmaɐ̯tiːn ˈlʊtɐ] ( listen); 10 November 1483 – 18 February 1546) was a German professor of theology, composer, priest, former monk and a seminal figure in the Protestant Reformation. Luther came to reject several teachings and practices of the Late Medieval Catholic Church. He strongly disputed the claim that freedom from God's punishment for sin could be purchased with money. He proposed an academic discussion of the power and usefulness of indulgences in his Ninety-Five Theses of 1517. His refusal to retract all of his writings at the demand of Pope Leo X in 1520 and the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V at the Diet of Worms in 1521 resulted in his excommunication by the Pope and condemnation as an outlaw by the Emperor.

Who was the author of Diet of Worms?

[ "Martin Luther" ]

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However, attempting to reconcile electromagnetic theory with two observations, the photoelectric effect, and the nonexistence of the ultraviolet catastrophe, proved troublesome. Through the work of leading theoretical physicists, a new theory of electromagnetism was developed using quantum mechanics. This final modification to electromagnetic theory ultimately led to quantum electrodynamics (or QED), which fully describes all electromagnetic phenomena as being mediated by wave–particles known as photons. In QED, photons are the fundamental exchange particle, which described all interactions relating to electromagnetism including the electromagnetic force.[Note 4]

What helped discover new findings?

[ "quantum mechanics" ]

[ 283 ]

[ "3759f85e9d2e08bfc710cfdab06fc83f684e0435" ]

[ "Force" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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Another green space in Newcastle is the Town Moor, lying immediately north of the city centre. It is larger than London's famous Hyde Park and Hampstead Heath put together and the freemen of the city have the right to graze cattle on it. The right incidentally extends to the pitch of St. James' Park, Newcastle United Football Club's ground, though this is not exercised, although the Freemen do collect rent for the loss of privilege. Honorary freemen include Bob Geldof, King Harald V of Norway, Bobby Robson, Alan Shearer, the late Nelson Mandela and the Royal Shakespeare Company. The Hoppings funfair, said to be the largest travelling funfair in Europe, is held here annually in June.

What makes Town Moor suitable to graze cattle on it?

[ "green space" ]

[ 8 ]

[ "df667840dc5c79d3e6c54f41e13a500d9c5157aa" ]

[ "Newcastle_upon_Tyne" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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The earliest known movie featuring some exterior scenes filmed in the city is On the Night of the Fire (1939), though by and large the action is studio-bound. Later came The Clouded Yellow (1951) and Payroll (1961), both of which feature more extensive scenes filmed in the city. The 1971 film Get Carter was shot on location in and around Newcastle and offers an opportunity to see what Newcastle looked like in the 1960s and early 1970s. The city was also backdrop to another gangster film, the 1988 film noir thriller Stormy Monday, directed by Mike Figgis and starring Tommy Lee Jones, Melanie Griffith, Sting and Sean Bean.

Which musician was featured in the film Stormy Monday?

[ "Sting" ]

[ 608 ]

[ "d463263fb257262693c1fc1983a718363319b065" ]

[ "Newcastle_upon_Tyne" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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Before the Apollo program began, Wernher von Braun and his team of rocket engineers had started work on plans for very large launch vehicles, the Saturn series, and the even larger Nova series. In the midst of these plans, von Braun was transferred from the Army to NASA, and made Director of the Marshall Space Flight Center. The initial direct ascent plan to send the three-man Apollo Command/Service Module directly to the lunar surface, on top of a large descent rocket stage, would require a Nova-class launcher, with a lunar payload capability of over 180,000 pounds (82,000 kg). The June 11, 1962, decision to use lunar orbit rendezvous enabled the Saturn V to replace the Nova, and the MSFC proceeded to develop the Saturn rocket family for Apollo.

Original plans to land men on the moon planned for what launch vehicle

[ "a Nova-class launcher" ]

[ 495 ]

[ "6fef73ea832bf7d0002a3dfdf9c10de57a8742bd" ]

[ "Apollo_program" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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Kenya won several medals during the Beijing Olympics, six gold, four silver and four bronze, making it Africa's most successful nation in the 2008 Olympics. New athletes gained attention, such as Pamela Jelimo, the women's 800m gold medalist who went ahead to win the IAAF Golden League jackpot, and Samuel Wanjiru who won the men's marathon. Retired Olympic and Commonwealth Games champion Kipchoge Keino helped usher in Kenya's ongoing distance dynasty in the 1970s and was followed by Commonwealth Champion Henry Rono's spectacular string of world record performances. Lately, there has been controversy in Kenyan athletics circles, with the defection of a number of Kenyan athletes to represent other countries, chiefly Bahrain and Qatar. The Kenyan Ministry of Sports has tried to stop the defections, but they have continued anyway, with Bernard Lagat the latest, choosing to represent the United States. Most of these defections occur because of economic or financial factors. Some elite Kenyan runners who cannot qualify for their country's strong national team find it easier to qualify by running for other countries.[citation needed]

Did Kenya win more gold or silver medals in the Beijing Olympics?

[ "gold" ]

[ 58 ]

[ "7cde53506e96442857da35650c352bf2456f22c0" ]

[ "Kenya" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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An oscillating cylinder steam engine is a variant of the simple expansion steam engine which does not require valves to direct steam into and out of the cylinder. Instead of valves, the entire cylinder rocks, or oscillates, such that one or more holes in the cylinder line up with holes in a fixed port face or in the pivot mounting (trunnion). These engines are mainly used in toys and models, because of their simplicity, but have also been used in full size working engines, mainly on ships where their compactness is valued.[citation needed]

What is another term for oscillates?

[ "rocks" ]

[ 202 ]

[ "dd1c266b6e0203c94ea79082f10296f216728b23" ]

[ "Steam_engine" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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The Parish Church of St Andrew is traditionally recognised as 'the oldest church in this town'. The present building was begun in the 12th Century and the last addition to it, apart from the vestries, was the main porch in 1726. It is quite possible that there was an earlier church here dating from Saxon times. This older church would have been one of several churches along the River Tyne dedicated to St Andrew, including the Priory church at Hexham. The building contains more old stonework than any other church in Newcastle. It is surrounded by the last of the ancient churchyards to retain its original character. Many key names associated with Newcastle's history worshipped and were buried here. The church tower received a battering during the Siege of Newcastle by the Scots who finally breached the Town Wall and forced surrender. Three of the cannonballs remain on site as testament to the siege.

What does The Parish Church of St Andrew have that they can brag about?

[ "more old stonework" ]

[ 477 ]

[ "537dcba2bf5332cc67f541ae74da61c5f1257db1" ]

[ "Newcastle_upon_Tyne" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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The country's literacy level stands at 85% of the whole population. Preschool, which targets children from age three to five, is an integral component of the education system and is a key requirement for admission to Standard One (First Grade). At the end of primary education, pupils sit the Kenya Certificate of Primary Education (KCPE), which determines those who proceed to secondary school or vocational training. The result of this examination is needed for placement at secondary school. Primary school age is 6/7-13/14 years. For those who proceed to secondary level, there is a national examination at the end of Form Four – the Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education (KCSE), which determines those proceeding to the universities, other professional training or employment. Students sit examinations in eight subjects of their choosing. However, English, Kiswahili (languages) and mathematics are compulsory subjects.

What is the youngest someone would be in primary school?

[ "6" ]

[ 517 ]

[ "f26175bb61d955656c28690f61e24aa9b040b0b1" ]

[ "Kenya" ]

[ "validation" ]

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The chloroplast membranes sometimes protrude out into the cytoplasm, forming a stromule, or stroma-containing tubule. Stromules are very rare in chloroplasts, and are much more common in other plastids like chromoplasts and amyloplasts in petals and roots, respectively. They may exist to increase the chloroplast's surface area for cross-membrane transport, because they are often branched and tangled with the endoplasmic reticulum. When they were first observed in 1962, some plant biologists dismissed the structures as artifactual, claiming that stromules were just oddly shaped chloroplasts with constricted regions or dividing chloroplasts. However, there is a growing body of evidence that stromules are functional, integral features of plant cell plastids, not merely artifacts.

Plant biologists ignored stromule-containing tubules as what?

[ "artifactual" ]

[ 524 ]

[ "b63bbb5218202b788bb9c20f6e838149ae568ee1" ]

[ "Chloroplast" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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Cyanobacteria are considered the ancestors of chloroplasts. They are sometimes called blue-green algae even though they are prokaryotes. They are a diverse phylum of bacteria capable of carrying out photosynthesis, and are gram-negative, meaning that they have two cell membranes. Cyanobacteria also contain a peptidoglycan cell wall, which is thicker than in other gram-negative bacteria, and which is located between their two cell membranes. Like chloroplasts, they have thylakoids within. On the thylakoid membranes are photosynthetic pigments, including chlorophyll a. Phycobilins are also common cyanobacterial pigments, usually organized into hemispherical phycobilisomes attached to the outside of the thylakoid membranes (phycobilins are not shared with all chloroplasts though).

Which of the following is not a pigment: phycobilins, thylakoids, or cyanobacteria?

[ "Cyanobacteria" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "0332a78d7d8e87f937f7f51f7c1c91e0507adfef" ]

[ "Chloroplast" ]

[ "validation" ]

[ "Combined" ]

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