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ืœืื™ื–ื• ืฆื•ืจื” ื’ื™ืื•ืžื˜ืจื™ืช ื™ืฉ 5 ืฆืœืขื•ืช ื•-5 ื–ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช?
ื”ืฆื•ืจื” ื”ื’ื™ืื•ืžื˜ืจื™ืช ื”ื™ื ืžื—ื•ืžืฉ.
ืฆื•ืจ ื”ืฆืขื” ืœืžื•ืฆืจ ื—ื“ืฉ ื•ืžืงื•ืจื™.
ืžืฆื™ื’ื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื•ืฆืจ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ื•ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื ื™ ืฉื›ื•ื‘ืฉ ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื‘ืกืขืจื”: ื”-SmartBat! ื”-SmartBat ื”ื•ื ืžื›ืฉื™ืจ ืžื”ืคื›ื ื™ ื”ืžืฉืœื‘ ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืกืžืืจื˜ืคื•ืŸ, ืขื•ื–ืจ ื‘ื™ื ื” ืžืœืื›ื•ืชื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืคืขืœืช ื‘ืงื•ืœ ื•ื—ื™ื™ืฉืŸ ืชื ื•ืขื” ืœืžื›ืฉื™ืจ ืื—ื“ ื ื•ื— ื‘ืฆื•ืจืช ืขื˜ืœืฃ. ืขื ื”ืžืžืฉืง ื”ืื™ื ื˜ื•ืื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ื•ื”-AI ื”ืขื•ืฆืžืชื™ ืฉืœื•, ื”-SmartBat ื”ื•ื ื‘ืŸ ืœื•ื•ื™ื” ื”ืžื•ืฉืœื ืœื›ืœ ืžื™ ืฉื ืžืฆื ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืฉืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ื™ืฉืืจ ืžื—ื•ื‘ืจ ื•ืžืขื•ื“ื›ืŸ. ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ืืชื” ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ ืื• ื‘ื‘ื™ืช, ื”-SmartBat ืžื›ื•ืกื” ื‘ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื•. ืื– ืืœ ืชื—ื›ื•, ืงื—ื• ืืช ื”-SmartBat ืฉืœื›ื ืขื•ื“ ื”ื™ื•ื ื•ืงื—ื• ืืช ื—ื™ื™ื›ื ืœืฉืœื‘ ื”ื‘ื!
ื—ื‘ืจ ืกื•ื ื˜ื” ืขืœ ื™ื•ืคื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข.
ื™ื•ืคื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ื”ื•ื ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืœื ืฆื—, ืžืจืื” ืœื”ืชืคืขืœ ืžืžื ื• ื‘ื›ืœ ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืืจืฅ. ื”ืฉืžื™ื™ื ืœืžืขืœื”, ื”ืื“ืžื” ืœืžื˜ื” ื‘ื”ื™ืฉื’ ื™ื“, ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ืœืจืื•ืช, ืืฃ ืขื™ืŸ ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ. ื”ืขืฆื™ื ื”ื ืžืชื—ื™ื ืœื“ืจื™ืฉืช ื”ืฉืžื™ื, ืจื™ืงื•ื“ ื”ืคืจื—ื™ื ื›ืžื• ืื™ื–ื• ืœื”ืงื” ืžื•ื–ืจื”, ื”ื ื” ื”ืœื—ื™ืฉื” ื”ืขื“ื™ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืจื•ื— ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื”, ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืจืฉืจืฉ ืืช ื”ืขืœื™ื ื‘ืคืงื•ื“ืช ื”ื˜ื‘ืข. ื”ื ื”ืจื•ืช ื”ืžืชืงืคืœื™ื, ืฉื•ืขื˜ื™ื ื•ื–ื•ืจืžื™ื, ืืœ ื”ื™ื ื›ืžื• ืื™ื–ื• ืžื•ืคืข ืžืชื•ืง ื•ืžืื•ืคืง, ื”ืฉืžืฉ, ื—ื‘ื•ื™ื” ื‘ืขืจืคืœ, ืื™ื–ื” ื–ื•ื”ืจ ืžืคื•ืืจ, ื–ื” ืžื˜ืœื˜ ื›ืžื• ื”ื—ืžื™ืžื•ืช ืฉืœื• ื‘ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืง ืฉืœื• ืื›ืŸ ืžืกืชืชืจ. ื”ื•, ื”ื™ื•ืคื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข, ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืœื ืฆื—, ื—ื–ื•ืŸ ืœืขื•ืจืจ ื”ืฉืจืื”, ื‘ืฉืžื—ื” ืฉื”ื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื”.
ื›ืชื•ื‘ ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ื‘ื ื›ืš ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืงื•ืœ ืคืขื™ืœ.
ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื ืคืชืจืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื”.
ื”ื™ื ืคื•ืชืจืช ืืช ื”ื‘ืขื™ื”.
ื›ืชื‘ื• ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืงืฆืจ ืขืœ ื™ื•ื ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื• ืฉืœ ืžื”ื ื“ืก ืชื•ื›ื ื”.
ื’'ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืžื”ื ื“ืก ืชื•ื›ื ื” ื•ืขืกืง ื‘ืงื™ื“ื•ื“ ื‘-5 ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช. ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื ื”ื•ื ื”ืชืขื•ืจืจ ืžื•ืงื“ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ื”ื™ื•ื ืฉืœืคื ื™ื•. ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ื‘ืืจื•ื—ืช ื‘ื•ืงืจ ืžื”ื™ืจื” ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ืฆื•ืœืœ ืœืขื•ืœื ื”ืงื™ื“ื•ื“, ื™ื•ืฆืจ ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื•ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ื‘ืื’ื™ื ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื. ืœืื—ืจ ื›ืžื” ืฉืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ืงื™ื“ื•ื“, ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืœื•ืงื— ื”ืคืกืงื” ื•ืื•ื›ืœ ืืจื•ื—ืช ืฆื”ืจื™ื™ื ืœื™ื“ ื”ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ ืฉืœื•, ื“ืŸ ื‘ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ืขื ืขืžื™ืชื™ื• ื•ื—ื•ืฉืฃ ืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ืœื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื‘ื›ื•ืช ืฉื‘ื”ืŸ ื”ื ื ืชืงืœื•. ืื—ืจ ื”ืฆื”ืจื™ื™ื ื”ื™ื” ืžืชื’ืœื’ืœ ื•ื’'ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืžืจื•ื›ื– ื‘ืงื•ื“ ืฉืœื•, ืขื•ื‘ืจ ืืช ื”ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืชื•ืš ืฉืžื™ืจื” ื—ื“ื” ืขืœ ืฉื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœื™ื™ื. ื”ื™ื•ื ืฉืœื• ื™ืกืชื™ื™ื ื‘ืงืฆืช ืงืจื™ืื” ืงืœื”, ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืฉืคื•ืช ืงื™ื“ื•ื“ ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช, ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืขื•ื“ื›ืŸ ื‘ื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ื”ืชืขืฉื™ื™ื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื”. ื•ื‘ื›ืš, ื™ื•ืžื• ื”ื•ืฉืœื.
ืžื” ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื•ื™ืจื•ืก ืœืชื•ืœืขืช?
ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื•ื™ืจื•ืก ืœืชื•ืœืขืช ื”ื•ื ืฉื•ื™ืจื•ืก ื“ื•ืจืฉ ืื™ื ื˜ืจืืงืฆื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉืชืžืฉ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืชืคืฉื˜, ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉืชื•ืœืขืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ืคื™ืฅ ืืช ืขืฆืžื” ืžืžื—ืฉื‘ ืื—ื“ ืœืžืฉื ื”ื• ื‘ืขืฆืžื”. ื•ื™ืจื•ืกื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืงื‘ืฆื™ื ื•ืœืคื’ื•ืข ื‘ื ืชื•ื ื™ื, ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉืชื•ืœืขื™ื ื ื•ืขื“ื• ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืœืฉื›ืคืœ ืืช ืขืฆืžืŸ ื•ืœื”ืชืคืฉื˜ ืœืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื. ื•ื™ืจื•ืกื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ื’ื ืœื”ืชืคืฉื˜ ืœืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืžื“ื™ื” ื•ืงื‘ืฆื™ื ื ื’ื•ืขื™ื, ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉืชื•ืœืขื™ื ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืžื ืฆืœื•ืช ืคืจืฆื•ืช ืื‘ื˜ื—ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืชืคืฉื˜.
ื”ืกื‘ืจ ืืช ืžื•ืฉื’ ื”ื‘ืœื•ืงืฆ'ื™ื™ืŸ.
ื”ื‘ืœื•ืงืฆ'ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ืช ืกืคืจ ื—ืฉื‘ื•ื ื•ืช ืžื‘ื•ื–ืจืช ื”ืžืฉืžืฉืช ืœืื—ืกื•ืŸ ื•ืจื™ืฉื•ื ืขืกืงืื•ืช. ื”ื•ื ืžืื•ื‘ื˜ื— ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืจืฉืช ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ื”ืžื•ืคืฆืช ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื, ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ืคืš ืื•ืชื• ืœืžืื•ื‘ื˜ื— ื•ื’ื ืœืžื‘ื•ื–ืจ ืžืื—ืจ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืจืฉื•ืช ืžืจื›ื–ื™ืช ื”ืฉื•ืœื˜ืช ื‘ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ื”ืžืื•ื—ืกื ื™ื ื‘ื•. ื›ืœ "ื‘ืœื•ืง" ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ื‘ืœื•ืงืฆ'ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื›ื™ืœ ืจื™ืฉื•ื ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ ืฉืœ ืขืกืงื” ืื• ืื™ืจื•ืข ืฉื ืจืฉื ืœื‘ืœื•ืงืฆ'ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืžืื•ื‘ื˜ื—ืช ืงืจื™ืคื˜ื•ื’ืจืคื™ืช. ื”ื‘ืœื•ืงืฆ'ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื ื• ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™, ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉืขืกืงื” ืžืชื•ืขื“ืช, ืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืื• ืœืžื—ื•ืง ืื•ืชื”, ืžื” ืฉืžืกืคืง ืจื™ืฉื•ื ืงื‘ื•ืข ื•ืžืื•ื‘ื˜ื— ืฉืœ ืžื™ื“ืข.
ืžื”ื™ ื”ื”ืชื›ื•ื•ืฆื•ืช ืฉืœ "ื”ื"?
ื”ื›ื™ื•ื•ืฅ ืฉืœ "ื”ื" ื”ื•ื "ื”ื".
ืฆื•ืจ ืจืฉื™ืžื” ืฉืœ ืคืจื™ื˜ื™ื ืœืคื™ืงื ื™ืง.
ืจืฉื™ืžืช ืคื™ืงื ื™ืง ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื›ืœื•ืœ ืคืจื™ื˜ื™ื ื›ื’ื•ืŸ: ื›ืจื™ื›ื™ื, ืฆ'ื™ืคืก, ืคื™ืจื•ืช, ื™ืจืงื•ืช, ืงืจืงืจื™ื, ืžืžืจื—ื™ื, ื’ื‘ื™ื ื•ืช, ืžืฉืงืื•ืช ื•ื—ื˜ื™ืคื™ื. ืคืจื™ื˜ื™ื ืื•ืคืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™ื™ื ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœื›ืœื•ืœ ืกื›ื•"ื ื•ืฆืœื—ื•ืช, ืฉืžื™ื›ื” ืœืฉื‘ืช ืขืœื™ื”, ืงืจื ื”ื’ื ื”, ื›ื•ื‘ืขื™ื ื•ืžืฉืงืคื™ ืฉืžืฉ, ื“ื•ื—ื” ื—ืจืงื™ื, ืงืœืคื™ื ืื• ืžืฉื—ืงื™ ืœื•ื—, ืคืจื™ืกื‘ื™ ืื• ื›ื“ื•ืจ ืœืฉื—ืง ืื™ืชื•, ื•ืฉืงื™ื•ืช ืงืจื— ื‘ืžื™ื“ืช ื”ืฆื•ืจืš.
ืžืฆื ืืช ื”ื›ืคื•ืœื” ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช ื”ื ืžื•ื›ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ืฉื ื™ ืžืกืคืจื™ื.
36 ื•-87
30932
ืกื•ื•ื’ื• ืืช ื”ืžืืžืจ ื”ื ืชื•ืŸ ื›ืกื ื˜ื™ืžื ื˜ ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ ืื• ืฉืœื™ืœื™.
ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” ืžืื›ื–ื‘ืช. ื”ื”ืคืกืงื•ืช ืื™ื•ืžื•ืช ื•ืขื•ืœื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ื™ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆืขื•ืช.
ืฉืœื™ืœื™
ื”ืžืจ ืืช ื”ืžืกืคืจ ื”ื”ืงืกื“ืฆื™ืžืœื™ ื”ื‘ื ืœืื•ืงื˜ืœื™.
DB
333
ืืกื•ืฃ ื›ืžื” ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืขื“ื›ื ื™ื™ื ื”ืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ืœืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ื”ืื‘ื˜ืœื” ื”ื’ื•ื‘ืจื™ื.
ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืขื“ื›ื ื™ื™ื ืขืœ ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ื”ืื‘ื˜ืœื” ื”ื’ื“ืœื™ื ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ืืจื”"ื‘ ืžืจืื™ื ืฉืžืื– ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืชืคืจืฆื•ืช ื ื’ื™ืฃ ื”ืงื•ืจื•ื ื”, ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื”ืื‘ื˜ืœื” ืขืœื” ืž-3.5% ืœ-14.7%. ื–ื”ื• ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื”ืื‘ื˜ืœื” ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืื– ื”ืฉืคืœ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ. ื”ืœืฉื›ื” ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช ืœืกื˜ื˜ื™ืกื˜ื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืžื“ื•ื•ื—ืช ื’ื ื›ื™ ืžืื– ืืคืจื™ืœ 2020, 43 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื ื”ื’ื™ืฉื• ื‘ืงืฉื” ืœืื‘ื˜ืœื”. ื”ืคื“ืจืœ ืจื™ื–ืจื‘ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ ื“ื™ื•ื•ื— ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ 2020 ื›ื™ 40% ืžืžืฉืงื™ ื”ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืžืจื•ื•ื™ื—ื™ื ืคื—ื•ืช ืž-40,000 ื“ื•ืœืจ ื‘ืฉื ื” ืื™ื‘ื“ื• ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืื• ื—ื•ื• ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ื‘ื”ื›ื ืกื” ืขืงื‘ COVID-19, ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉ-23% ืžืžืฉืงื™ ื”ื‘ื™ืช ืฉื”ืจื•ื•ื™ื—ื• ืžืขืœ 100,000 ื“ื•ืœืจ ื—ื•ื• ืื•ื‘ื“ืŸ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืื• ื”ืคื—ืชืช ื”ื›ื ืกื” .
ืฆื™ื™ืŸ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืื•ืช ื‘ืจื•ืžืŸ ืžืฉืงืคื•ืช ืืช ื”ื ื•ืฉื ืฉืœ "ื”ืฉืคืขืชื• ื”ืžืฉื—ื™ืชืช ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื•ื—".
ื’ืจื’ื•ืืจ ื‘ื–'ืจืžื™ื ืœ ืฉืœ ื–ื•ืœื”
ื’ืจื’ื•ืืจ ืžืฉืžืฉ ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืœื”ืฉืคืขื” ื”ืžืฉื—ื™ืชืช ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื•ื— ื‘ืจื•ืžืŸ ื’'ืจืžื™ื ืœ. ื›ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื›ื•ืจื™ื ืฉืขื•ืœื” ืœื“ืจื’ื™ื ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ื›ืจื™ื™ื”, ื’ืจื’ื•ืืจ ืžืคื ื” ืขื•ืจืฃ ืœื—ื‘ืจื™ื• ืœืฉืขื‘ืจ ืœื˜ื•ื‘ืช ืงื™ื“ื•ื ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจืกื™ื ืฉืœื•. ื”ื•ื ืžืฉืชื ื” ืžื›ื•ืจื” ื ืืžืŸ ื•ืื“ื™ื‘ ืœืžืฉื’ื™ื— ืงืฉื•ื— ืฉืžืฉืžื— ืœืจืกืง ืืช ืจื•ื—ื ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื•ืจื™ื ื•ืœื”ืขื ื™ืฉื ืขืœ ื”ืขื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ. ื”ื˜ืจื ืกืคื•ืจืžืฆื™ื” ืฉืœื• ื”ื™ื ื”ืžื—ืฉื” ื‘ืจื•ืจื” ืœืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื‘ื• ืœืืœื• ื”ืžื•ืฉื—ืชื™ื ืžื›ื•ื— ื”ื›ื•ื— ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื—ืกืจื™ ืœื‘ ื•ืจื—ืžื™ื ืžื‘ืขื‘ืจ, ื•ื”ืžืกืข ืฉืœื• ืžืงื™ืฃ ืืช ื”ื ื•ืฉื ืฉืœ "ื”ืฉืคืขืชื• ื”ืžืฉื—ื™ืชืช ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื•ื—".
ื›ืชื•ื‘ ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ื‘ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžื ื•ืข ื›ืฉืœ ืœื•ื’ื™.
ืชืจื•ืคื” ื–ื• ืชืจืคื ืืช ื›ืœ ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ืฉืœืš; ืืชื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืกืžื•ืš ืขืœื™ื™ ื›ื™ ืื ื™ ืจื•ืคื.
ื‘ื”ืชื—ืฉื‘ ื‘ื”ื›ืฉืจืชื™ ื›ืจื•ืคื, ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืœื”ื ื™ื— ืฉืชืจื•ืคื” ื–ื• ืชืกืคืง ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืžื•ืขื™ืœื” ืœืจื•ื‘ ื”ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช.
ืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืชื™ ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืœืฆืžืฆื•ื ื”ืขื•ื ื™ ื‘ืงื”ื™ืœื”.
ืฉืชื™ ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืœืฆืžืฆื•ื ื”ืขื•ื ื™ ื‘ืงื”ื™ืœื” ื”ืŸ ืœืคืชื— ื™ื•ื–ืžื•ืช ืคื™ืชื•ื— ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ืœื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื•ืขืกืงื™ื, ื•ืœื”ื’ื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ืœืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื•ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื›ื“ื™ ืœืชืช ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืืช ื”ื›ืœื™ื ื”ื“ืจื•ืฉื™ื ืœื”ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฆืœื™ื—.
ืฆื•ืจ ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืขื•ืงื‘ ืื—ืจ ื”ืžื‘ื ื” ืฉืœ: "ื›ืœ ____ ืžื‘ื•ืกืก ืขืœ/ืขื _____"
ื›ืœ ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ืžื‘ื•ืกืกืช ืขืœ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืงืฉื” ื•ืžืกื™ืจื•ืช.
ืชืืจ ืืช ื”ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืง ื”ืืกืคืงื”.
ื—ื•ืง ื”ืืกืคืงื” โ€‹โ€‹ืงื•ื‘ืข ืฉื›ื›ืœ ืฉืžื—ื™ืจ ื”ืžื•ืฆืจ ืื• ื”ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืขื•ืœื”, ื”ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ืžืกื•ืคืงืช ืœืฉื•ืง ืขื•ืœื” ื’ื ื”ื™ื, ืฉื›ืŸ ื”ื™ืฆืจื ื™ื ืžืชืžืจืฆื™ื ืžืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ ื”ืจื•ื•ื— ื”ืžื•ื’ื“ืœ. ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ, ื›ื›ืœ ืฉืžื—ื™ืจ ืžื•ืฆืจ ืื• ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื™ื•ืจื“, ื”ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ืžืกื•ืคืงืช ืœืฉื•ืง ื™ื•ืจื“ืช ื’ื ื”ื™ื ืขืงื‘ ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ื‘ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ ื”ืจื•ื•ื—.
ืžืฆื ืืช ื”ืฉื˜ื— ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ืจืคื– ื”ื ืชื•ืŸ.
ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื: 13 ืก"ืž ื•-16 ืก"ืž; ื’ื•ื‘ื”: 12 ืก"ืž
168 ืก"ืž^2
ืชืืจ ืืช ื”ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ื”ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ืฉื™ืจ ื”ื ืชื•ืŸ.
ืฉืึดื™ืจ: ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ืฆืื™ื ืืœ ื”ืœื™ืœื” ืื™ืคื” ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื•ื›ื™ื ื›ืžื• ืฉืจืง ื‘ื“ื™ื“ื•ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ื•ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืื”ื‘ื” ื‘ื—ื•ืฉืš
ื”ืฉื™ืจ "ื™ื•ืฆืื™ื ืืœ ื”ืœื™ืœื”" ื ื•ื’ืข ื‘ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ืฉืœ ืื”ื‘ื”, ื‘ื“ื™ื“ื•ืช ื•ื™ื•ืคื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืฉืžื™ ื”ืœื™ืœื”. ื”ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื•ื›ื™ื ื›ืžื• ืจืง ื‘ื“ื™ื“ื•ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืžื•ื– ืขืœ ืจื’ืฉ ืžืœื ื›ื•ืœื™, ืœืจืžื•ื– ืฉืื”ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื ื’ื ื”ื›ืจื—ื™ืช ื•ื’ื ืจืฆื•ื™ื”, ืื‘ืœ ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื’ื ืงืฉื” ืื• ื›ื•ืื‘ืช. ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืกืžืœ ืืช ืื•ืคื™ ื”ืžืขื‘ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื•ืืช ื”ืงืฉื™ื™ื ืœืžืฆื•ื ืืช ืžืงื•ืžื• ื‘ืขื•ืœื.
ืฆื•ืจ ืฉื™ืจ ื”ื™ื™ืงื•.
ื˜ืœ ืขืœ ืขืœื” ื ื•ืฆืฅ ืจื•ื— ืงื™ืฅ ืขื“ื™ื ื” ืžืจืฉืจืฉืช ืฉื™ืจ ืฆื™ืงื“ื” ื‘ืงืจื‘ืช ืžืงื•ื
ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ืœื•ื’ื• ืœื—ื‘ืจืช ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืืชืจื™ื.
ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ืœื•ื’ื• ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ ื•ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™. ื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ื›ื—ื•ืœ, ื™ืจื•ืง ื•ื›ืชื•ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืขืจื›ืช ื”ืฆื‘ืขื™ื. ื”ืœื•ื’ื• ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื›ืœื•ืœ ืขื™ื’ื•ืœ ืžื•ืคืฉื˜ ื‘ืžืจื›ื–, ืขื ืฉื ื™ ืžืฉื•ืœืฉื™ื ืžืฉื ื™ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ื™ืฆื’ ืืช ื”ืืชืจ ืฉื ืžืฆื ื‘ื‘ื ื™ื™ื”. ื›ืœื•ืœ ืืช ืฉื ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืขื™ื’ื•ืœ ืื• ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืœืงืฆื•ื•ืช. ื”ื’ื•ืคืŸ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื“ื’ืฉ ื•ืงืจื™ื. ื”ืœื•ื’ื• ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืคืฉื•ื˜, ืืš ืžื•ืฉืš ืืช ื”ืขื™ืŸ.
ื”ืฉื•ื• ื‘ื™ืŸ ื—ืชื•ืœื™ื ื•ื›ืœื‘ื™ื.
ื—ืชื•ืœื™ื ื•ื›ืœื‘ื™ื ืฉื ื™ื”ื ื—ื™ื•ืช ืžื—ืžื“ ืื”ื•ื‘ื•ืช, ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื. ื›ืœื‘ื™ื ื”ื ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื™ื•ืฆืื™ื ื•ื ืžืจืฆื™ื, ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉื—ืชื•ืœื™ื ื ื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืฆืžืื™ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ. ื›ืœื‘ื™ื ื ื•ื˜ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื ื•ืคืขื™ืœื™ื, ื ื”ื ื™ื ืžื˜ื™ื•ืœื™ื ื•ืžืฉื—ืงื™ื ืขื ื—ื™ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช. ื—ืชื•ืœื™ื, ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช, ื ื•ื˜ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื•ื“ื“ื™ื, ื•ืžืขื“ื™ืคื™ื ืœื”ื™ืจื’ืข ื•ืœื”ืชื›ืจื‘ืœ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื—ืžื™ื. ื›ืœื‘ื™ื ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื“ื•ืจืฉื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื•ืชืฉื•ืžืช ืœื‘, ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉื—ืชื•ืœื™ื ื”ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืฆืžืื™ื™ื. ืœืžืจื•ืช ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ื”ืœืœื•, ื—ืชื•ืœื™ื ื•ื›ืœื‘ื™ื ื ืฉืืจื™ื ื—ื™ื•ืช ืžื—ืžื“ ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ื•ืช ื•ืื•ื”ื‘ื•ืช.
ืกื•ื•ื’ื• ืืช ื”ื˜ืงืกื˜ ื”ื–ื” ื›ืกื™ืคื•ืจืช ืื• ืขื™ื•ืŸ.
ื”ื™ืงื•ื ืžื•ืขืจืš ื‘ื›-13.8 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ืฉื ื™ื.
ืกืคืจื™ ืขื™ื•ืŸ.
ืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืคื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืขืฉื™ืจื™ื ื‘ื•ื™ื˜ืžื™ืŸ C.
ืชืคื•ื–ื™ื, ืืฉื›ื•ืœื™ื•ืช ื•ืœื™ืžื•ื ื™ื.
ืชืจื’ื ืืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ื–ื” ืžืฆืจืคืชื™ืช ืœืื ื’ืœื™ืช.
ืื ื™ ืื•ื”ื‘ ื˜ื™ื•ืœื™ื.
ืื ื™ ืื•ื”ื‘ ืœืฆืืช ืœื˜ื™ื•ืœื™ื.
ืฆื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืื™ื‘ืจ ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ื‘ืจืฆืฃ 2, 5, 9, 14.
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ืžื”ื™ ืžื˜ืจืช ื”ื—ืฉื‘ื•ื ืื•ืช ื”ืคื™ื ื ืกื™ืช?
ืžื˜ืจืช ื”ื—ืฉื‘ื•ื ืื•ืช ื”ืคื™ื ื ืกื™ืช ื”ื™ื ืœืกืคืง ืžื™ื“ืข ืจืœื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ ื•ืžื“ื•ื™ืง ื›ื“ื™ ืœืกื™ื™ืข ืœื’ื•ืคื™ื ืœืงื‘ืœ ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ืžื•ืฉื›ืœื•ืช ื•ืœื ื”ืœ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื™ืขื™ืœื” ืืช ื”ื›ืกืคื™ื ืฉืœื”ื. ื–ื” ื’ื ืžืกืคืง ืชื™ืขื•ื“ ืืžื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืขืกืงืื•ืช ื”ืคื™ื ื ืกื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื, ืฉื”ื•ื ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ ืœื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ืขืกืงื™ื.
ืชืืจ ื“ืจืš ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ืช ืœื‘ืฉืœ ืกื˜ื™ื™ืง.
ืื—ืช ื”ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื”ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื•ืช ืœื‘ืฉืœ ืกื˜ื™ื™ืง ื”ื™ื ืกื•-ื•ื•ื™ื“. ืฉื™ื˜ื” ื–ื• ืžื‘ืฉืœืช ืืช ื”ืกื˜ื™ื™ืง ื‘ืื™ื˜ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืฉืงื™ืช ืกื’ื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื™ืฆื™ื ืฉืœื• ื‘ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื” ื ืžื•ื›ื”. ื”ืกื˜ื™ื™ืง ื ืกื’ืจ ื‘ื•ื•ืืงื•ื, ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ืžื‘ื•ืฉืœ ื‘ืืžื‘ื˜ ืžื™ื ื‘ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื” ืžื“ื•ื™ืงืช ืœืžืฉืš ืชืงื•ืคื” ืžืžื•ืฉื›ืช, ื•ืžื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื‘ื•ืฉืœ ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ ืืš ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืจืš ื•ืขืกื™ืกื™.
ืกื›ืžื• ืืช ื”ื™ืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืžืชื—ื“ืฉืช.
ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืžืชื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื›ืžื• ืฉืžืฉ ื•ืจื•ื— ื”ื ื ืงื™ื™ื, ื‘ืจื™ ืงื™ื™ืžื ื•ืฉื•ืคืข. ื”ื ืžืคื—ื™ืชื™ื ืืช ื–ื™ื”ื•ื ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื•ื”ืžื™ื, ืžืกื™ื™ืขื™ื ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืจ ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื™ืงืจื•ืช ืขืจืš ื•ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื‘ืฆืข ืžื™ืงื•ืจ ื—ื•ืฅ. ืœืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืžืชื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื™ืฉ ื’ื ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ ืœื”ืคื—ื™ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื“ืจืกื˜ื™ ืืช ืคืœื™ื˜ื•ืช ื”ื”ืชื—ืžืžื•ืช ื”ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ืช ื•ืœื”ื™ืœื—ื ื‘ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ ื”ืืงืœื™ื, ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ืคืš ืื•ืชื ืœื—ื™ื•ื ื™ื™ื ืœืขืชื™ื“ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช ื•ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ.
ื–ื”ื” ืืช ื”ืžื™ืœื” ื”ืฉื’ื•ื™ื” ื‘ืžืฉืคื˜ ื–ื”.
ื”ื–ืžืจ ื—ื’ื’ ื‘ืฉืžื—ื” ืืช ื”ืกื•ืœื• ืฉืœื”ื.
ืฉืึถืœึธื”ึถื
ื”ืฆืข ืฆื™ื˜ื•ื˜ ื—ื–ืง.
"ื‘ื›ื•ื— ื”ืจืฆื•ืŸ ื”ื›ืœ ืืคืฉืจื™." - ืœื ื™ื“ื•ืข
ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืจืฉื™ืžื” ื”ื‘ืื” ื‘ืกื“ืจ ืืœืคื‘ื™ืชื™.
ื”ืกื•ื•ืื”, ืจื™ื”ื•ื˜, ื’ื‘ืก
ืจื™ื”ื•ื˜, ื”ืกื•ื•ืื”, ื’ื‘ืก
ืžื”ื• ื’ื™ืจืขื•ืŸ ืžืกื—ืจื™?
ื’ื™ืจืขื•ืŸ ืกื—ืจ ื”ื•ื ืžืฆื‘ ืฉื‘ื• ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืžื™ื™ื‘ืืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืกื—ื•ืจื•ืช ืžืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื ืžื™ื™ืฆืืช. ื”ื™ื ืžืชืจื—ืฉืช ื›ืืฉืจ ืขืจืš ื”ื™ืฆื•ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื™ื•ืจื“ ืžืชื—ืช ืœืขืจืš ื”ื™ื‘ื•ื ืฉืœื”. ื–ื” ืžื•ืขืจืš ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืกืชื›ืœื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืขืจืš ื”ื›ื•ืœืœ ืฉืœ ืกื—ื•ืจื•ืช ื•ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ื ืฉืžื“ื™ื ื” ืžื™ื™ื‘ืืช ื•ืžื™ื™ืฆืืช ืœืื•ืจืš ืชืงื•ืคื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช.
ืฆื™ื™ืŸ ื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ืื—ื“ ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื˜ืฆื™ื”.
ื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ืื—ื“ ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื˜ืฆื™ื” ื”ื•ื ื”ืคื—ืชืช ืจืžื•ืช ื”ืœื—ืฅ. ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืชืจื’ื•ืœ ืงื‘ื•ืข, ืžื“ื™ื˜ืฆื™ื” ืขื•ื–ืจืช ืœืืžืŸ ืืช ื”ืชื•ื“ืขื” ืœื”ืชืžืงื“, ืžื” ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœืฉื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ืจื™ื›ื•ื– ื•ื”ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช. ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื”ืงืœ ืขืœ ืชื—ื•ืฉื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืชื—, ื—ืจื“ื” ื•ื“ื™ื›ืื•ืŸ, ื›ืžื• ื’ื ืœืฉืคืจ ืืช ืื™ื›ื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ื ื”.
ืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืืช ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ืจื›ืกื™ ื”ื”ืจื™ื ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ื™ื ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช.
ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ืจื›ืกื™ ื”ื”ืจื™ื ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ื™ื ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ื ื”ืจื™ ื”ืจื•ืงื™, ื”ืจื™ ื”ืืคืœืฆ'ื™ื ื•ื”ืจื™ ืกื™ื™ืจื” ื ื‘ืื“ื”.
ื”ืงืฆื” ืžืฉื™ืžื” ื–ื• ืœืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘.
ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื›ืœื™ ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ืœื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ื™ื.
ืขืœ ืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื”ื•ื˜ืœื” ื”ืžืฉื™ืžื” ืœืขืฆื‘ ื›ืœื™ ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ืœื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ื™ื.
ืกืคืง ืืช ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื ืœืฉื™ืจ ืฉื›ื•ืชืจืชื• "ืืชืžื•ืœ"
ืืชืžื•ืœ, ื›ืœ ื”ืฆืจื•ืช ืฉืœื™ ื ืจืื• ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืจื—ื•ืงื•ืช ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื–ื” ื ืจืื” ื›ืื™ืœื• ื”ื ื›ืืŸ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื™ืฉืืจ ืื• ืื ื™ ืžืืžื™ืŸ ื‘ืืชืžื•ืœ ืคืชืื•ื, ืื ื™ ืœื ื—ืฆื™ ืžื”ื’ื‘ืจ ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืคืขื ื™ืฉ ืฆืœ ืชืœื•ื™ ืžืขืœื™ ื”ื•, ืืชืžื•ืœ ื”ื’ื™ืข ืคืชืื•ื
ืกืคืง ืกื™ื›ื•ื ืงืฆืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืจื•ืžืŸ "ืœืขื•ืœื ืืœ ืชืขื–ื•ื‘ ืื•ืชื™".
Never Let Me Go ื”ื•ื ืจื•ืžืŸ ื“ื™ืกื˜ื•ืคื™ ืžืืช ืงื–ื•ืื• ืื™ืฉื™ื’ื•ืจื• ื”ืžืกืคืจ ืืช ืกื™ืคื•ืจื ืฉืœ ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืœืžื“ื• ื™ื—ื“ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืกืคืจ, ืฉืœืœื ื™ื“ื™ืขืชื โ€‹โ€‹ื”ื›ื™ืŸ ืื•ืชื ืœื’ื•ืจืœ ืขื’ื•ื. ื›ืฉื”ื ื’ื“ืœื™ื, ื”ื ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ืžื˜ืจืชื ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ืช ื•ื ืืœืฆื™ื ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ื”ื“ื™ืœืžื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืกืจื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ืืชื™ื•ืช ืฉืžืฆื™ื’ ื’ื•ืจืœื ื”ืžืžืฉืžืฉ ื•ื‘ื.
ืขืจื•ืš ืืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ื‘ื ื›ืš ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื• ื“ืงื“ื•ืง ื ื›ื•ืŸ.
ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื”ืœื›ืชื™ ืœื—ื ื•ืช
ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื”ืœื›ืชื™ ืœื—ื ื•ืช.
ืชืŸ ืฉื ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืขื ื ื™ื™ืจ.
ืœื›ืชื•ื‘, ืœืฆื™ื™ืจ, ืœืฆื‘ื•ืข, ืœืงืคืœ, ืœื’ื–ื•ืจ, ืื•ืจื™ื’ืžื™, ืœื”ื›ื™ืŸ ืžื˜ื•ืก ื ื™ื™ืจ, ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืงื•ืœืื–', ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื›ืจื˜ื™ืก ืžื•ืงืคืฅ, ืœื’ืจื•ืก, ืœืจื‘ื“.
ื‘ื ื” ืžืฉืคื˜ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ "ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื".
ืื ื™ ืขื•ืฉื” ืžืฉื”ื• ื—ื“ืฉ ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื.
ืื™ื–ื” ืกื•ื’ ืคื™ืจื•ืช ื™ื”ื™ื” ืชื•ืกืคืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืœืกืœื˜ ืคื™ืจื•ืช?
ืชื•ืชื™ื, ืื•ื›ืžื ื™ื•ืช, ืคื˜ืœ, ืขื ื‘ื™ื, ืงื™ื•ื•ื™, ืชืคื•ื–ื™ื, ืชืคื•ื—ื™ื, ืื’ืกื™ื, ืžื ื’ื•, ืคืคืื™ื” ื•ืื ื ืก.
ืชืืจ ื‘ื›ืžื” ืžื™ืœื™ื ืžื” ืขื•ืฉื” ืžื ื”ื™ื’ ื˜ื•ื‘.
ืžื ื”ื™ื’ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื”ื•ื ื‘ืขืœ ืžื•ื˜ื™ื‘ืฆื™ื”, ื‘ื˜ื•ื—, ืžืฉื›ื ืข, ืžืขื•ืจืจ ื”ืฉืจืื”, ืžืื•ืจื’ืŸ ื•ืืžื™ืŸ.
ืžืฆื ืžื™ืœื” ืžืชื—ืจื–ืช ืœืžื™ืœื” "ื ื”ืจ".
ืžึทืชึธืŸ.
ืžื”ื• ื”ืฉื ื”ืžื“ืขื™ ืฉืœ ื‘ื•ื ื”?
ื”ืฉื ื”ืžื“ืขื™ ืฉืœ ื‘ื•ื ื” ื”ื•ื Castor canadensis.
ื”ืžืจ ืืช ื”ืžืกืคืจ ื”ื‘ื ืžื‘ืกื™ืก 10 ืœื”ืงืกื“ืฆื™ืžืœื™: 278
ื”ืžืกืคืจ 278 ื‘ื”ืงืกื“ืฆื™ืžืœื™ ื”ื•ื 112.
ืชืŸ ื”ื’ื“ืจื” ืฉืœ "ืืฆื•ืช".
ืืฆื•ืช ื”ืŸ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื•ืžื’ื•ื•ื ืช ืฉืœ ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ืžื™ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ื™ื, ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืื•ื˜ื•ื˜ืจื•ืคื™ื™ื, ื”ื ืขื™ื ืžืฆื•ืจื•ืช ื—ื“-ืชืื™ื•ืช ืœืจื‘-ืชืื™ื•ืช. ื’ื•ื“ืœืŸ ื ืข ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืฆื•ืช ื™ื ืžื™ืงืจื•ืกืงื•ืคื™ื•ืช ืœืืฆื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ื•ืžืกื•ื•ื’ื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืžืžืœื›ื” ื›ืžื• ืฆืžื—ื™ื, ืื ื›ื™ ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœืฆืžื—ื™ื ื—ืกืจื™ื ืœื”ื ืฉื•ืจืฉื™ื, ื’ื‘ืขื•ืœื™ื ื•ืขืœื™ื ืืžื™ืชื™ื™ื. ืืฆื•ืช ื—ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœื—ื•ืช, ื›ื•ืœืœ ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื™ืžื™ื•ืช, ืžื™ื ืžืชื•ืงื™ื ื•ื™ื‘ืฉืชื™ื™ื.
ืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ื”ืžืชืจื—ืฉ ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืจ ืžื–ื•ืŸ.
ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ื”ืžืชืจื—ืฉ ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืจ ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืชืกื™ืกื”.
ืกืคืง ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืœื”ืฉืœืžืช ื”ืคืชื’ื ื”ื–ื”: "ืขื“ื™ืฃ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ืžืืฉืจ ____."
ืขื“ื™ืฃ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ืžืืฉืจ ืœื”ืฆื˜ืขืจ.
ืชืŸ ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืฉืœ ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ืžืชื›ื ืก.
ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืœื’ื‘ื•ืœ ืžืชื›ื ืก ื”ื•ื ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืœื•ื— ื”ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ ืœืœื•ื— ื”ืฉืงื˜ ืฉืžืชื›ื ืก ืœื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื”ืจื™ ืกื™ื™ืจื” ื ื‘ืื“ื”.
ืคืขืœ ืœืคื™ ื—ื•ืง ื”ื”ื™ืฆืข ื•ื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืฉ, ืชืืจ ืžื” ื™ืงืจื” ืœืžื—ื™ืจ ืฉืœ ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืฉ ื™ื’ื“ืœ.
ืื ื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืฉ ืœืกื—ื•ืจื” ื™ื’ื“ืœ, ืžื—ื™ืจ ื”ืกื—ื•ืจื” ื™ืขืœื” ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœืื–ืŸ ืืช ื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืฉ ืขื ื”ื”ื™ืฆืข ื”ื–ืžื™ืŸ. ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืœื›ืš ื”ื™ื ืฉื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืฉ ืขื•ืœื” ืขืœ ื”ื”ื™ืฆืข, ื”ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœืขืœื•ืช ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœืงืฆื•ื‘ ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื ื•ืœืžื ื•ืข ืฉื”ืืกืคืงื” โ€‹โ€‹ืœื ืชื™ื’ืžืจ.
ืกืคืง ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืœืžื™ืŸ ื‘ืขืœ ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืกื›ื ืช ื”ื›ื—ื“ื”.
ื ืžืจ ื”ืฉืœื’ (Panthera uncia) ื”ื•ื ืกื•ื’ ื‘ืขืœ ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืกื›ื ืช ื”ื›ื—ื“ื” ืฉืžืงื•ืจื• ื‘ื”ืจื™ ืžืจื›ื– ื•ื“ืจื•ื ืืกื™ื”.
ืžื—ืงืจ ืขืœ ืžื“ืขืŸ ืžืคื•ืจืกื ื•ืกืคืง ื‘ื™ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ืงืฆืจื” ืขืœื™ื•/ื”.
ืžืืจื™ ืงื™ืจื™ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžื“ืขื ื™ืช ืคื•ืœื ื™ืช-ืฆืจืคืชื™ื™ื” ื”ื™ื“ื•ืขื” ื‘ืชืจื•ืžื•ืชื™ื” ืœื—ืงืจ ื”ืจื“ื™ื•ืืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช. ื”ื™ื ื–ื›ืชื” ื‘ืฉื ื™ ืคืจืกื™ ื ื•ื‘ืœ ื‘ืคื™ื–ื™ืงื” ื•ื‘ื›ื™ืžื™ื”, ืžื” ืฉื”ืคืš ืื•ืชื” ืœืื™ืฉื” ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืฉื–ื›ืชื” ื‘ืฉื ื™ื™ื. ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ืฉืœื” ืขืœ ืื•ืคื™ ื”ืจื“ื™ื•ืืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื—ื•ืœืœ ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื‘ื”ื‘ื ืชื ื• ืืช ื”ืื˜ื•ื ื•ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืขื™ื“ืŸ ื—ื“ืฉ ืฉืœ ืžื“ืข ื•ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™. ื”ื™ื ื”ืงื™ืžื” ืืช ืžืขื‘ื“ื•ืช ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืœื—ืงืจ ื”ืงืจื™ื ื” ื•ื”ืขื ื™ืงื” ืืช ืฉืžื” ืœื™ืกื•ื“ ืคื•ืœื•ื ื™ื•ื, ื”ืงืจื•ื™ ืขืœ ืฉื ืืจืฅ ื”ื•ืœื“ืชื” ืคื•ืœื™ืŸ.
ื”ืกื‘ื™ืจื• ืžื“ื•ืข ื‘ื—ื™ืจืชื• ืฉืœ ืื‘ืจื”ื ืœื™ื ืงื•ืœืŸ ื ื—ืฉื‘ื” ืœืจื’ืข ืžื”ืคื›ื ื™.
ื‘ื—ื™ืจืชื• ืฉืœ ืื‘ืจื”ื ืœื™ื ืงื•ืœืŸ ื‘-1860 ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืจื’ืข ืžื”ืคื›ื ื™ ื‘ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื ืขืจืขืจื” ืืช ื”ืกื˜ื˜ื•ืก ืงื•ื• ืฉืœ ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืชืงื•ืคื”. ื–ื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ืคืขื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉื‘ื” ื ื‘ื—ืจ ื ืฉื™ื ืœืชืคืงื™ื“ ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื” ืžื”ืžืคืœื’ื” ื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ืช ืื• ื”ื•ื•ื™ื’ื™ืช. ื™ืชืจ ืขืœ ื›ืŸ, ืœื™ื ืงื•ืœืŸ ืกื™ืžืŸ ืžื—ื•ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœื”ื™ืœื—ื ื‘ืขื‘ื“ื•ืช, ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื ื•ืฉื ืฉื ื•ื™ ื‘ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”, ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืขืžื™ื“ื” ืขืœ ืžืฆืข ื ื’ื“ ืขื‘ื“ื•ืช. ืื™ืจื•ืข ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ ื–ื” ื—ื–ื” ืืช ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ื•ืืช ืฉื—ืจื•ืจ ื”ืขื‘ื“ื™ื.
ื—ืงืจื• ืืช ืชื•ืจืช ื”ื™ื—ืกื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื™ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื•ืกืคืงื• ื”ืกื‘ืจ ืงืฆืจ.
ืชื•ืจืช ื”ื™ื—ืกื•ืช ืฉืœ ืืœื‘ืจื˜ ืื™ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื ืชื•ืจืช ื”ื›ื‘ื™ื“ื” ืฉืงื•ื‘ืขืช ืฉื—ื•ืงื™ ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ืงื” ื–ื”ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืกื’ืจื•ืช ื”ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื•ืช ื”ื ืขื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืื—ื™ื“, ืœืœื ืงืฉืจ ืœืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืื• ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืชื ื•ืขื”. ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื ืฉืžืจื—ื‘ ื•ื–ืžืŸ ื›ืจื•ื›ื™ื ื–ื” ื‘ื–ื”, ื•ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืจืฆืฃ ืืจื‘ืขื” ืžืžื“ื™ ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื” "ืžืจื—ื‘-ื–ืžืŸ". ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ื–ื” ื›ื•ืœืœ ืืช ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืจื—ื‘ืช ื–ืžืŸ, ืฉื‘ื• ื—ืœื•ืฃ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืžืื™ืฅ ืื• ืžืื˜ ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืฆื•ืคื”.
ื ืชื— ืืช ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ืช ืฉืœ ืžืจื“ ืกื˜ื•ื ื•ื•ืœ.
ืžืจื“ ืกื˜ื•ื ื•ื•ืœ ืฉืœ 1969 ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืœืจื’ืข ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ื‘ืฆืžื™ื—ืช ืชื ื•ืขืช ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”- LGBTQ+. ื‘-28 ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ ืคืจืฆื” ืกื“ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืคื’ื ื•ืช ืกืคื•ื ื˜ื ื™ื•ืช ื‘-The Stonewall Inn, ืžื•ืขื“ื•ืŸ ื”ื•ืžื•ืื™ื ื‘ืขื™ืจ ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง, ื‘ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืœืคืฉื™ื˜ื” ืฉืœ โ€‹โ€‹ื”ืžืฉื˜ืจื” ืฉื”ืชืจื—ืฉื” ืžื•ืงื“ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืขืจื‘. ืื™ืจื•ืข ื–ื” ืฉื™ืžืฉ ืœืื™ื—ื•ื“ ื•ื”ืฉืจืื” ืฉืœ ืงื”ื™ืœืช ื”-LGBTQ+ ืœื”ื™ืœื—ื ืœืžืขืŸ ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื•ื ืจืื•ืช, ื•ื ื—ืฉื‘ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื ืจื—ื‘ ื›ื”ืชื—ืœื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื‘ืง ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ ืœืฉื—ืจื•ืจ LGBTQ+.
ืฆื•ืจ ืžืฉืคื˜ ืฉืžืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื“ืžื•ืช ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ.
ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืฆืจื•ืจ ืขืฆื‘ื™ื, ื›ืžื• ืคืจืคืจ ื‘ืกื•ืคืช ืฉืœื’ื™ื.
ืฆื•ืจ ืžืฉืคื˜ ื‘ืกืคืจื“ื™ืช ืฉืžืชืืจ ืืช ื”ื™ื•ืคื™ ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ืฉืœ ื‘ืจืฆืœื•ื ื”.
ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ื‘ื‘ืจืฆืœื•ื ื” ืžืจื”ื™ื‘, ืขื ื”ื—ื•ืฃ ื•ื”ืจื•ื‘ืข ื”ื’ื•ืชื™ ื”ืขืชื™ืง ืฉืœื•.
ืชืืจ ืืช ื”ืฆื™ื•ืจ "ื”ื’ืœ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžื•ืœ ืงื ืื’ืื•ื•ื”" ืžืืช ืงืฆื•ืฉื™ืงื” ื”ื•ืงื•ืกืื™.
ื”ื’ืœ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžื•ืœ ืงื ืื’ืื•ื•ื”, ืฉื ื•ืฆืจ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืืžืŸ ื”ื™ืคื ื™ ืงืฆื•ืฉื™ืงื” ื”ื•ืงื•ืกืื™ ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-30 ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”-20, ื”ื•ื ื”ื“ืคืก ืขืฅ ื”ืžืชืืจ ื’ืœ ืจื‘ ืขื•ืฆืžื” ื”ืžืชื ืฉื ื‘ื—ื–ื™ืช, ืฉื›ืŸ ื‘ืจืงืข ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืกื™ืจื•ืช ื•ื”ืจ ืคื•ื’'ื™. ืคืœื˜ืช ื”ืฆื‘ืขื™ื ื”ื‘ื•ืœื˜ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื™ื•ืจ ื•ื”ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ ืฉืœ ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ืžื›ื—ื•ืœ ื’ืจื’ื™ืจื™ืช ืžื“ื’ื™ืฉื” ืืช ื”ืขื•ืฆืžื” ื•ื”ื™ืจืื” ืฉืœ ื’ืœ ืžืกื™ื‘ื™ ื‘ืชื ื•ืขื”.
ื”ืกื‘ืจ ืืช ืžื•ืฉื’ ื”ืื ื˜ืจื•ืคื™ื” ื‘ืชืจืžื•ื“ื™ื ืžื™ืงื”.
ื‘ืชืจืžื•ื“ื™ื ืžื™ืงื”, ืื ื˜ืจื•ืคื™ื” ื”ื™ื ืžื“ื“ ืœืืงืจืื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื•ืœื™ื›ื•ืœืชื” ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื™ืช. ื–ื” ืงืฉื•ืจ ืงืฉืจ ื”ื“ื•ืง ืœื—ื•ืง ื”ืฉื ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืชืจืžื•ื“ื™ื ืžื™ืงื”, ืฉืงื•ื‘ืข ืฉื”ืื ื˜ืจื•ืคื™ื” ืฉืœ ืžืขืจื›ืช ืœืขื•ืœื ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ืฆื˜ืžืฆื ืขื ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืืœื ืื ืžื•ืกื™ืคื™ื ืœื” ืื ืจื’ื™ื”. ืื ื˜ืจื•ืคื™ื” ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืžืชืจื—ืฉื™ื ื”ืขื‘ืจืช ื—ื•ื ื•ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ื›ื™ืžื™ื™ื ื‘ื˜ื‘ืข.
ืกืคืง ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืœืžืงื•ืจ ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืœื ืžืชื—ื“ืฉ.
ืžืงื•ืจ ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืœื ืžืชื—ื“ืฉ ื”ื•ื ืžืงื•ืจ ืฉืื™ื ื• ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉ ื‘ืงื ื” ืžื™ื“ื” ืื ื•ืฉื™. ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ืœืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžืชื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื›ื•ืœืœื™ื ื“ืœืงื™ื ืžืื•ื‘ื ื™ื ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื ืคื˜, ื’ื– ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ื•ืคื—ื, ื›ืžื• ื’ื ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ืช. ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื”ืœืœื• ื”ื ืกื•ืคื™ื™ื ื•ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื™ืชืจื•ืงื ื• ืขื ื”ื–ืžืŸ.
ืชืืจ ืืช ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืืžื•ื ื” ื”ืงืชื•ืœื™ืช ื•ื”ืคืจื•ื˜ืกื˜ื ื˜ื™ืช.
ืฉื ื™ ื”ืขื ืคื™ื ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื ืฆืจื•ืช, ื”ืงืชื•ืœื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ืคืจื•ื˜ืกื˜ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช, ื ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ื‘ืืžื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื. ื”ืงืชื•ืœื™ื ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื ื‘ืืคื™ืคื™ื•ืจ ื›ืกืžื›ื•ืช ื”ืขืœื™ื•ื ื” ื‘ื›ื ืกื™ื™ื”, ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉื”ืคืจื•ื˜ืกื˜ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืžื—ื•ืœืงืช ืœืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืจื—ื‘ ืฉืœ ืขื“ื•ืช ื”ืžื›ื™ืจื” ื‘ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ืกืžื›ื•ืช ื›ืžื• ื”ืชื "ืš ืื• ืžื•ืขืฆื•ืช ื”ื›ื ืกื™ื™ื”. ื”ืงืชื•ืœื™ื ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื ื‘ืฉื‘ืขื” ืกืงืจืžื ื˜ื™ื ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉื”ืคืจื•ื˜ืกื˜ื ื˜ื™ื ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื ืจืง ื‘ืฉื ื™ื™ื, ื˜ื‘ื™ืœื” ื•ืงื•ื“ืฉ. ื”ืงืชื•ืœื™ื ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ื’ื ื‘ื”ืชื ื•ืช, ื”ืืžื•ื ื” ืฉืœื—ื ื•ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ืคื›ื™ื ืœื’ื•ืคื• ื”ืžื™ืœื•ืœื™ ื•ืœื“ืžื• ืฉืœ ื™ืฉื•ืข ื”ืžืฉื™ื— ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืกืงืจืžื ื˜ ื”ืงื•ื“ืฉ.
ืžื”ื• ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืคื•ื˜ื•ืกื™ื ืชื–ื” ื•ืžื“ื•ืข ื”ื•ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘?
ืคื•ื˜ื•ืกื™ื ืชื–ื” ื”ื™ื ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืฉื‘ื• ืฆืžื—ื™ื ืžืžื™ืจื™ื ืืช ืื•ืจ ื”ืฉืžืฉ ืœืื ืจื’ื™ื™ืช ืžื–ื•ืŸ. ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื–ื”, ื”ืฆืžื— ืงื•ืœื˜ ืคื—ืžืŸ ื“ื• ื—ืžืฆื ื™ ืžื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื•ืžืฉืœื‘ ืื•ืชื• ืขื ืžื™ื ืœื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื’ืœื•ืงื•ื– ื•ื—ืžืฆืŸ. ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื’ืœื•ืงื•ื– ื–ื” ืœื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืœืฆืžื— ื•ื—ืžืฆืŸ, ื”ืžืฉืชื—ืจืจ ืœืื•ื•ื™ืจ. ืคื•ื˜ื•ืกื™ื ืชื–ื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื ืžืกืคืงืช ืžืงื•ืจ ืขื™ืงืจื™ ืฉืœ ืื ืจื’ื™ื™ืช ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืœืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ืžื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื, ื•ื”ื™ื ื’ื ืื—ืจืื™ืช ืœืฉืžื™ืจื” ืขืœ ื”ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ.
ื›ืชื•ื‘ ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืฉืœ 250 ืžื™ืœื™ื ืขืœ ืฉื™ืžื•ืจ ืฉื•ื ื™ืช ื”ืืœืžื•ื’ื™ื
ืฉื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœืžื•ื’ื™ื ื”ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื’ื•ื•ื ื•ืช ื•ื”ื™ืคื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื”ืŸ ื ืžืฆืื•ืช ื‘ืกื›ื ื” ืœื”ื™ื”ืจืก ืขืงื‘ ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช, ื–ื™ื”ื•ื ื•ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ ืืงืœื™ื. ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื›ืš, ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืช ื™ืงืจื•ืช ืืœื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื™ื™ืฉื•ื ืืžืฆืขื™ ืฉื™ืžื•ืจ. ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงื‘ืœ ื”ื‘ื ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื•ื”ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื•ืช ืœื”ื’ื ื” ืขืœ ืฉื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœืžื•ื’ื™ื, ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื•ื”ืžื‘ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืช, ื”ืื™ื•ืžื™ื ื•ื”ื™ืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ืฉื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืจ ืžืกืคืง. ืฉื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืืœืžื•ื’ื™ื ื”ืŸ ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช ื•ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ืžื‘ื ื” ื’ื‘ื•ื” ืฉื‘ื”ืŸ ืžื™ื ื™ื ืžืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ืื™ื ื˜ืจืืงืฆื™ื” ื•ืžืชืคืชื—ื™ื ื™ื—ื“. ื”ื ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืžืžื•ืฉื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื ื—ืกืจื™ ื—ื•ืœื™ื•ืช ื”ื ืงืจืื™ื ืืœืžื•ื’ื™ื ื”ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืจืฉืชื•ืช ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช ื•ืกื™ืจื•ืช ืงืื ื•. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœื”ื™ื•ืชืŸ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ื•ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช, ืฉื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœืžื•ื’ื™ื ืžืกืคืงื•ืช ื™ืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื›ืžื• ืžื–ื•ืŸ, ื”ื’ื ื” ืขืœ ื”ื—ื•ืฃ ื•ื”ื’ื ื” ืžืคื ื™ ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ ืžื–ื’ ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื. ืœืจื•ืข ื”ืžื–ืœ, ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช ื’ืจืžื” ื ื–ืง ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ ืœืฉื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœืžื•ื’ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ื”ืื™ื•ืžื™ื ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื ื“ื™ื’ ื™ืชืจ, ืคื™ืชื•ื— ื—ื•ืคื™, ื–ื™ื”ื•ื ืžื™ื ื•ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ ืืงืœื™ื. ื”ืชื—ืžืžื•ืช ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ื’ืจืžื” ืœื”ืœื‘ื ืช ืืœืžื•ื’ื™ื ื”ืžืชืจื—ืฉืช ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืืœืžื•ื’ื™ื ื ืœื—ืฆื™ื ื•ืžื•ืฆื™ืื™ื ืืช ื”ืืฆื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ืžื” ืฉืขืœื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืงื˜ืœื ื™. ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ, ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืžื–ื”ืžื™ื ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื™ื ื•ืžืฉืงืขื™ื ื”ืžื•ื–ืจืžื™ื ืœืžื™ื ืขืœื•ืœื™ื ืœื—ื ื•ืง ื•ืœืคื’ื•ืข ื‘ืฉื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœืžื•ื’ื™ื. ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื™ืงืจื•ืช ืขืจืš ืืœื”, ื™ืฉ ื›ืžื” ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื•ืช ืžืคืชื— ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื™ื™ืฉื. ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื•ื ื”ืคื—ืชืช ื”ื–ื™ื”ื•ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืคื™ืงื•ื— ืขืœ ื ื’ืจ ื•ื—ืงืœืื•ืช ื—ืงืœืื™ื•ืช, ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ื‘ืคื™ืชื•ื— ื”ื—ื•ืคื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžื–ืขืจ ืžืฉืงืขื™ื, ืฆืžืฆื•ื ื”ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช ื‘ืฉื•ื ื™ื•ืช, ื”ืงืžืช ืคืืจืงื™ื ื™ืžื™ื™ื ื•ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืžื•ื’ื ื™ื, ื•ื”ื’ื‘ืจืช ื”ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ืช ืœื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉื™ืžื•ืจ ืฉื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœืžื•ื’ื™ื. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœืขืงื•ื‘ ืื—ืจ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจืช ื”ืžื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžื ื•ืข ื”ืœื‘ื ืช ืืœืžื•ื’ื™ื ื•ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ื•ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ืœืฉื™ืงื•ื ืฉื•ื ื™ืช ืืœืžื•ื’ื™ื. ืฉื™ืžื•ืจ ืฉื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœืžื•ื’ื™ื ื”ื•ื ื ื•ืฉื ื“ื—ื•ืฃ ื”ื“ื•ืจืฉ ืคืขื•ืœื” ื“ื—ื•ืคื” ืžืฆื“ ื™ื—ื™ื“ื™ื, ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื ื•ืžืžืฉืœื•ืช. ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžืชืŸ ืืช ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ืคืขื™ืœื•ื™ื•ืช ืื ื•ืฉื™ื•ืช, ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ ืœื™ื™ืฉื ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื•ืช ืฉื™ืžื•ืจ ื›ืขืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื™ืคื•ืช ื•ื”ื™ืงืจื•ืช ื”ืœืœื• ืœื“ื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื‘ืื™ื.
ื—ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื™ืงื• ืขืœ ื—ืชื•ืœื™ื
ื—ืชื•ืœื™ื ืžืชื›ืจื‘ืœื™ื ืžื’ืจื’ืจื™ื, ื‘ื ื™ ืœื•ื•ื™ื” ืจื›ื™ื ืฉืฉื•ืžืจื™ื ืขืœื™ื ื• ืจื’ื•ืขื™ื, ื‘ื ื—ืžื” ืฉืœื•ื•ื”.
ื‘ื”ื™ื ืชืŸ ืจืฆืฃ ืฉืœ ืžืกืคืจื™ื, ื—ืฉื‘ ืืช ื”ืžืžื•ืฆืข
1, 2, 3, 4, 5
3.0
ืžื”ืŸ ื”ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื ืืก"ื ืœื—ืงืจ ื”ื—ืœืœ?
ื ืืก"ื ืชืจืžื” ืชืจื•ืžื” ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช ืœื—ืงืจ ื”ื—ืœืœ ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืฉื ื™ื, ื›ืžื• ืคื™ืชื•ื— ื”ื—ืœืœื™ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื”ื ื™ืชื ืช ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื—ื•ื–ืจ, ืฉื™ื’ื•ืจ ืœื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืฉืืคืฉืจื• ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ืช, ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืงื˜ืœื•ื’ ื ืจื—ื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืงื•ื ื•ื—ืงื™ืจื•ืช ืจื•ื‘ื•ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ ืœื›ืช ื•ื™ืจื—ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื. ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ืฉืœื”ื ืคืชื— ืชื’ืœื™ื•ืช ืžื“ืขื™ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช, ืืฉืจ ืงื™ื“ืžื• ืžืื•ื“ ืืช ื”ื‘ื ืชื ื• ืืช ื”ื™ืงื•ื ื•ืืช ืžืงื•ืžื ื• ื‘ื•. ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ื ืืก"ื ื’ื ืืคืฉืจื• ืงืคื™ืฆื•ืช ืžืขื•ืจืจื•ืช ื”ืฉืจืื” ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช, ื›ืžื• ื”ืœื™ื›ื” ืขืœ ื”ื™ืจื—, ืฉื™ื’ื•ืจ ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืจื•ื‘ื•ื˜ื™ื™ื ืœืžืื“ื™ื ื•ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืžืกืข ื‘ื—ืœืœ ืœืื–ืจื—ื™ื ืจื’ื™ืœื™ื.
ื›ืชื•ื‘ ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ื–ื”, "ื”ื™ื ืœื•ืงื—ืช ื”ืคืกืงื” ืงืฆืจื” ืžื”ืชืจื’ื•ืœ"
ื”ื™ื ืœื•ืงื—ืช ื”ืคืกืงื” ืงืฆืจื” ืžื”ืชืจื’ื•ืœ
ื”ื™ื ืœื•ืงื—ืช ื”ืคื•ื’ื” ืžื”ื—ื–ืจื•ืช ืฉืœื”.
ื‘ื”ื™ื ืชืŸ ืฉื ื”ืกืจื˜ "ืขื ืง ื”ื‘ืจื–ืœ", ื”ืขืœื• ืงื• ืชื™ื•ื’ ืžืชืื™ื
ืขื ืง ื”ื‘ืจื–ืœ
ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืขื ืง ืคื•ื’ืฉ ืืช ื”ื™ืœื“, ื™ื“ื™ื“ื•ืช ืชื ืฆื— ืืช ื”ืคื—ื“.
ื‘ื”ื™ื ืชืŸ ื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ื”ื‘ืื™ื, ืžื”ื• ื”ืฆื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื—ืฆื™ื•ื ื™
7, 9, 13, 2, 8
8
ืชืืจ ืืช ื”ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื ื”ื™ื’ ื˜ื•ื‘
ืœืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื™ืฉ ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื›ืžื• ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืขืฆืžื™, ื›ื™ืฉื•ืจื™ ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื—ื–ืงื™ื, ื™ื•ืฉืจื”, ืืžืคืชื™ื”, ืคืชื™ื—ื•ืช ืœืžืฉื•ื‘, ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ื•ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ื—ื–ืงื•ืช ืฉืœ ืงื‘ืœืช ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช. ื”ื ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœื”ื ื™ืข ืื ืฉื™ื ื•ืœืขื•ืจืจ ื‘ื”ื ื”ืฉืจืื” ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืœืงืจืืช ืžื˜ืจื” ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช, ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ืช, ืœืคืชื•ืจ ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช, ืœื”ืืฆื™ืœ ืžืฉื™ืžื•ืช ื‘ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช ื•ืœื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ื‘ื“ื•ื’ืžื”. ืœืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื™ืฉ ื’ื ืื™ื ื˜ืœื™ื’ื ืฆื™ื” ืจื’ืฉื™ืช ื•ืžื•ืฆื™ืื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื™ื˜ื‘ ืžืื ืฉื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื›ืจื” ื‘ื—ื•ื–ืงื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื ื•ื”ื‘ื ืช ื”ื—ื•ืœืฉื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื.
ื”ืกื‘ืจ ืืช ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื—ืฉื‘ ืื™ืฉื™ ืœืฉืจืช
ืžื—ืฉื‘ ืื™ืฉื™ (PC) ื”ื•ื ืžื›ืฉื™ืจ ืฉื•ืœื—ื ื™ ืื• ืžื—ืฉื‘ ื ื™ื™ื“ ื”ืžืฉืžืฉ ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืื“ื ืœืคืขื™ืœื•ื™ื•ืช ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืช. ื”ื•ื ื”ืชื—ื‘ืจ ืœืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืจืฉืช ื•ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื’ืฉืช ืœืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ื ืžืงื•ื•ื ื™ื. ืฉืจืช ื”ื•ื ืžื—ืฉื‘ ืฉื ื•ืขื“ ืœื ื”ืœ, ืœืื—ืกืŸ ื•ืœืงืฉืจ ืžืกืคืจ ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ื•ื™ื™ืฉื•ืžื™ื ื™ื—ื“ื™ื•. ื”ื•ื ืžืฉืžืฉ ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืกืคืง ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ื ืœืžืกืคืจ ืจื‘ ืฉืœ ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื, ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื™ื™ืฉื•ืžื™ื ืžืงื•ื•ื ื™ื ื•ืืชืจื™ ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜. ืฉืจืชื™ื ื”ื ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื—ื–ืงื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ืื™ืฉื™ื™ื ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืื—ืกื•ืŸ ื•ืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ.
ืžื”ื™ ื”ืžื˜ืจื” ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ืช ืฉืœ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ืช ื”ื‘ืœื•ืงืฆ'ื™ื™ืŸ?
ื”ืžื˜ืจื” ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ืช ืฉืœ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ืช ื”ื‘ืœื•ืงืฆ'ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื ืœืฉืžืฉ ื›ืกืคืจ ื—ืฉื‘ื•ื ื•ืช ืžื‘ื•ื–ืจ ื”ืžืืคืฉืจ ืขืกืงืื•ืช ื ื˜ื•ืœื•ืช ืืžื•ืŸ ื•ืžืื•ื‘ื˜ื—ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฆื“ื“ื™ื. ื”ืื•ืคื™ ื—ืกืจ ื”ืืžื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ืช ื”ื‘ืœื•ืงืฆ'ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื•ืฉื’ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืงืจื™ืคื˜ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื”, ื”ืžื•ื ืขืช ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ื•ื’ื™ืฉื” ืœื ืžื•ืจืฉื™ืช. ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื–ื• ืžืืคืฉืจืช ืื—ืกื•ืŸ ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืžืกื“ ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ ืžืื•ื‘ื˜ื—, ืžื” ืฉืžื’ื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช, ื”ืฉืงื™ืคื•ืช ื•ื”ืื‘ื˜ื—ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืขืกืงืื•ืช.
ืชืžืฆื™ื ืžื˜ืืคื•ืจื” ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ืช ืœื—ื™ื•ืš
ื—ื™ื•ืš ื”ื•ื ื›ืžื• ืงืจืŸ ืฉืžืฉ, ืžืื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื—ื“ืจ ื•ืžื‘ื™ื ืฉืžื—ื” ืœื›ื•ืœื.
ื‘ื”ื™ื ืชืŸ ืจืฉื™ืžืช ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื, ื‘ื•ื ืขื ืžื ื”
ืžืœื—, ืคืœืคืœ, ื‘ืฆืœ, ืฉื•ื
ื‘ืฆืœ ื•ืฉื•ื ืžื•ืงืคืฆื™ื ืขื ืžืœื— ื•ืคืœืคืœ.
ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืงื˜ืข ื”ื‘ื, ื–ื”ื” ืืช ื”ื ื•ืฉื ืื• ื”ืฆื”ืจืช ื”ืชื–ื”.
ืฉื—ื™ืชื•ืช ืžืฉืคื™ืขื” ืขืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื‘ืจืžื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ื•ืฉื•ื—ืงืช ืืช ื”ื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ื”ืชื—ืจื•ืชื™ ืฉืœื”ืŸ ื‘ื›ืœื›ืœื” ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ืช. ืขืžื™ื“ื” ืœืงื•ื™ื” ื‘ืชืงื ื•ืช, ื‘ืกื˜ื ื“ืจื˜ื™ื ื”ืืชื™ื™ื ื•ื‘ื—ื•ืงื™ื ืคื•ื’ืขืช ื‘ืืžื•ืŸ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื•ืžื‘ื™ืื” ืœืขื™ืžื•ืชื™ื. ืคืฉื™ืขื” ืคื™ื ื ืกื™ืช ื—ื•ืฆื”-ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ืฉื•ืื‘ืช ืืช ืžืฉืื‘ื™ ื”ืื•ืžื”, ืžื—ืœื™ืฉื” ืืช ื”ื›ืœื™ื ื”ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืกืคืง ืžื˜ืจื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช ืืจื•ื›ื•ืช ื˜ื•ื•ื—, ื•ืžืขืจืขืจืช ืืช ื”ืฉื•ื•ืงื™ื.
ื”ืฉื—ื™ืชื•ืช ืคื•ื’ืขืช ื‘ืืžื•ืŸ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื•ืžื—ืœื™ืฉื” ืืช ื”ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื, ื”ื›ืœื™ื ื•ื”ืฉื•ื•ืงื™ื ืฉืœ ืื•ืžื”.
ืœืื™ื–ื” ืกืจื˜ ืฉื–ื›ื” ืœืฉื‘ื—ื™ื ืž-2016 ื™ืฉ ืชืคืื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ืฉืžืžื” ืคื•ืกื˜-ืืคื•ืงืœื™ืคื˜ื™ืช?
ืžืงืก ื”ื–ื•ืขื: ื“ืจืš ื”ื–ืขื.
ื‘ื”ืชื—ืฉื‘ ื‘ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ื‘ื, ื”ื•ืกืฃ ืกื™ืžื ื™ ืคื™ืกื•ืง ืžืชืื™ืžื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืื•ืชื• ืœื ื›ื•ืŸ ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ื“ืงื“ื•ืงื™ืช.
ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ ืืžืจ ืืฉื
ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ ืืžืจ, "ืืฉื".
ืชื™ื™ื’ ืืช ืžืืžืจ ื”ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื”ื‘ื ื›"ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™" ืื• "ื‘ื™ื“ื•ืจ"
ืื ืกืœ ืืœื’ื•ืจื˜ ื•ื’ื‘ืจื™ืืœ ื™ื•ื ื™ื•ืŸ ืœื•ื”ืงื• ืฉื ื™ื”ื ืœืกืจื˜ ืงื™ืฅ ืจื•ืžื ื˜ื™ ื—ื“ืฉ ืฉื™ื™ืฆื ื‘-2022.
ื‘ื™ื“ื•ืจ
ื ื™ืกื•ื— ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ื‘ื ืœื–ืžืŸ ืขื‘ืจ.
ื”ื™ื ื›ื•ืชื‘ืช ืจื•ืžืŸ ื‘ื”ืฉืจืืช ืกื‘ื”.
ื”ื™ื ื›ืชื‘ื” ืจื•ืžืŸ ื‘ื”ืฉืจืืช ืกื‘ื”.
ืกื›ืžื• ืืช ื”ืงื˜ืข ื”ื‘ื ื‘ืคื—ื•ืช ืž-50 ืžื™ืœื™ื.
ื ื•ืฉื ื”ื”ื’ื™ืจื” ื”ืคืš ืœืงืจื™ื˜ื™ ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืžืกืคืจ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืก ืœืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืœื—ื™ื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืขืœื™ื™ื”. ื”ื”ื’ื™ืจื” ื”ื™ื•ื•ืชื” ืžืงื•ืจ ืขืงื‘ื™ ืœืžื—ืœื•ืงื•ืช ื•ืœื•ื•ื™ื›ื•ื—ื™ื, ืขื ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืจื‘ื” ื‘ื“ืขื•ืช ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ื™ืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ื•ื”ื—ืกืจื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื”ื’ื™ืจื”. ื”ื’ื™ืจื” ืžื—ืœืง ืื—ื“ ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ืœืžืฉื ื”ื• ืื™ื ื” ื ื“ื™ืจื”, ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ืืช ื”ืžืฆื‘ ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ ืฉืœ ื•ื™ื›ื•ื— ื”ื”ื’ื™ืจื” ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืกืœื™ื ื•ื”ืคืš ืœืคืœื’.
ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื”ื’ืจ ืœืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื’ื“ืœ, ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœื•ื•ื™ื›ื•ื—ื™ื ื•ืœืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ื™ืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ื•ื”ื—ืกืจื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื”ื’ื™ืจื”. ื”ื•ื•ื™ื›ื•ื— ืขืœ ื”ื”ื’ื™ืจื” ื‘ืืจื”"ื‘ ื”ืคืš ืœืคืœื’ ืžืื•ื“.
ื›ืžื” ื‘ืชื™ื ื™ืฉ ื‘ืงื™ืœื‘ื™ื™ื˜?
ื™ืฉื ื 1,024 ื‘ืชื™ื ื‘ืงื™ืœื•-ื‘ื™ื™ื˜.
ืฆื•ืจ ืชื™ืื•ืจ ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ ืฉืœ ืฉืงื™ืขื” ื‘ื—ื•ืฃ ื”ื™ื.
ื”ืฉืžืฉ ืฉืงืขื” ืžืขืœ ื”ืื•ืคืง, ื•ืฆื‘ืขื” ืืช ื”ืฉืžื™ื™ื ื‘ืคืœื˜ื” ืžืจื”ื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื›ืชื•ืžื™ื, ืฆื”ื•ื‘ื™ื ื•ื•ืจื•ื“ื™ื. ื”ื’ื•ื•ื ื™ื ื”ื›ืชื•ืžื™ื ื‘ืื• ืœื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื‘ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก โ€‹โ€‹ื”ืžื ืฆื ืฅ, ื•ื™ืฆืจื• ื ื•ืฃ ืžื“ื”ื™ื ื•ืฉืœื™ื•. ื”ืจื•ื— ื”ืžืœื•ื—ื” ื ืฉื‘ื” ืžื”ื™ื ื•ื”ื’ืœื™ื ื”ืชื ืคืฆื• ืขืœ ื”ืกืœืขื™ื ื•ื™ืฆืจื• ืžืงื”ืœื” ืžืจื’ื™ืขื” ืฉืœ ืฆืœื™ืœ.
ืชืงืŸ ืืช ื”ืชืืจื™ืš ื”ื‘ื ืœืคื•ืจืžื˜ ISO 8601.
26 ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™, 2021
ื›ืชื•ื‘ ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ื‘ื ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืชืžืฆื™ืชื™ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ.
ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉืœืžื“ ืžืกืคืจ ืฉืขื•ืช ื”ื•ื ืœื ืกื™ื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืฉื™ืžื”.
ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉืœืžื“ ืฉืขื•ืช, ื”ื•ื ืœื ืกื™ื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืฉื™ืžื”.
ืกื•ื•ื’ื• ืืช ื”ืคืจื™ ื”ื‘ื ืœืคื™ ืฆื‘ืขื•.
ืชืคื•ื–
ื›ืชื•ื ื”ื•ื ืฆื‘ืข ืฆื”ื•ื‘-ื›ืชื•ื.
ืžื—ืฉื‘ ืืช ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื”ื‘ื.
2^3 + 3^2
11
ื”ืฆื™ืขื• ืžืฉื—ืง ืงืœืคื™ื ืžืชืื™ื ืœืžืกื™ื‘ืช ื™ื•ื ื”ื•ืœื“ืช ืขื ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื‘ื ื™ 10.
ื’ื• ืคื™ืฉ ื”ื•ื ืžืฉื—ืง ืงืœืคื™ื ืžืชืื™ื ืœืžืกื™ื‘ืช ื™ื•ื ื”ื•ืœื“ืช ืขื ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื‘ื ื™ 10. ื–ื” ืงืœ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ื•ื–ื” ืžืฉืขืฉืข ืœื›ื•ืœื.
ืชืจื’ื ืืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ื‘ื ืžืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืฆืจืคืชื™ืช.
ืื ื™ ืฉืžื— ืœืคื’ื•ืฉ ืื•ืชืš.
ืื ื™ ืฉืžื— ืœืคื’ื•ืฉ ืื•ืชืš.
ื ืชื—ื• ืืช ื”ืฉื™ืจ ื”ื ืชื•ืŸ ื•ื”ืกื‘ื™ืจื• ืืช ื”ื ื•ืฉื.
ื•ืจื“ื™ื ื”ื ืื“ื•ืžื™ื, ืกื™ื’ืœื™ื•ืช ื”ืŸ ื›ื—ื•ืœื•ืช, ืกื•ื›ืจ ื–ื” ืžืชื•ืง ื•ื›ืš ื’ื ืืชื”.
ื”ื ื•ืฉื ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื™ืจ ื”ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ืข ืื”ื‘ื”. ื”ืžืฉื•ืจืจ ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ื ืžืขืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืžืชื•ืง ื›ืžื• ืกื•ื›ืจ. ืœืฉื™ืจ ื™ืฉ ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ืจื•ืžื ื˜ื™ืช ื•ื”ื•ื ืžืชืืจ ื”ืขืจื›ื” ื›ืœืคื™ ื”ืื“ื ื”ืื—ืจ.
ื—ืฉื‘ ืืช ื”ื’ื™ืœ ื”ืžืžื•ืฆืข ืฉืœ ื—ืžืฉืช ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ื‘ืื™ื.
ื’'ื•ืŸ, ื‘ืŸ 32 ืืŸ, 25 ื™ื•, 27 ืคื™ื˜ืจ, ื‘ืŸ 40 ืจื‘ืงื”, ื‘ืช 28
ื”ื’ื™ืœ ื”ืžืžื•ืฆืข ืฉืœ ื—ืžืฉืช ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ื•ื 30.
ื”ืกื‘ื™ืจื• ืืช ื”ืฆื™ื˜ื•ื˜ ื”ื‘ื.
"ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื”ื•ื ื”ืžืคืชื— ืœื”ืฆืœื—ื”".
ื”ืฆื™ื˜ื•ื˜ ืžืจืžื– ืฉื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื”ื•ื ื”ื“ืจืš ืื• ื”ื‘ืกื™ืก ืœื”ืฆืœื—ื”. ื”ื•ื ืžื“ื’ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื™ื“ืข ื•ืœืžื™ื“ื” ืœื—ื™ื™ื ื•ืงืจื™ื™ืจื” ืžืฆืœื™ื—ื™ื. ื”ืฉื›ืœื” ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกืช ืœื ืจืง ืœื—ื™ื ื•ืš ืคื•ืจืžืœื™ ืื• ื›ื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื, ืืœื ื’ื ืœืจื›ื™ืฉืช ื™ื“ืข, ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ื•ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ.
ืงื‘ืข ืืช ื”ืžื™ืœื” ื”ืืจื•ื›ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ื‘ื.
ื–ื”ื• ื™ื•ื ืฉืžืฉ ื ืคืœื.
ื”ืžื™ืœื” ื”ืืจื•ื›ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื™ื "ื ืคืœื".
ื›ืชื•ื‘ ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืืช ื”ืžืฉื•ื•ืื” ื”ื‘ืื” ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืžื•ืจื—ื‘ืช.
(x + 3)(2x - 5)
x^2 - xx + ื”ืคื•ืš + 15 = x^a + xx + 15.
ื”ืกื‘ืจ ืืช ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื”ื‘ื.
"ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืงื•ืคืกื"
ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ "ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืงื•ืคืกื”" ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืœื’ื™ืฉื” ืื• ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ืœื‘ืขื™ื” ืฉื”ื™ื ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ืช ืื• ื—ื“ืฉื ื™ืช ื‘ืžื”ื•ืชื”. ื”ื•ื ืžืฉืžืฉ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืคืชืจื•ืŸ ืžืกื•ื™ื ืื™ื ื• ื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ื”ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ืช ืื• ื”ืกื˜ืจื™ืื•ื˜ื™ืคื™ืช, ืืœื ื”ื•ื ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™.
ื›ืชื‘ื• ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืขืœ ื”ืกืจื˜ ื”ื‘ื.
ื”ืกื ื“ืง
ื”ืกื ื“ืง ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืœืงืœืืกื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžื ื™ื, ื•ืžืกื™ื‘ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื”. ื–ื”ื• ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืžืจืชืง ืฉืœ ืคืฉืข ื•ื“ื™ื ืžื™ืงื” ืžืฉืคื—ืชื™ืช, ื”ื›ื•ืœืœ ื”ื•ืคืขื•ืช ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ืžื›ืœ ื”ืงืืกื˜. ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืžืขื•ืฆื‘ ื‘ืžื•ืžื—ื™ื•ืช ื•ืžื•ืคืขืœ ื ืคืœื, ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ืคืš ืื•ืชื• ืœื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืฉื›ื—ืช. ื–ื” ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืื™ื˜ื™ ืœืคืขืžื™ื, ืื‘ืœ ืืœ ืชืชื ื• ืœื–ื” ืœืžื ื•ืข ืžื›ื ืœืฆืคื•ืช ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื”ืžื•ืคืช ื”ืžื‘ืจื™ืงื” ื”ื–ื•.
ื–ื”ื” ืืช ื”ื“ืžื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื™ืช ื‘ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ื‘ื.
ืคืขื, ื’ืจ ืื™ื›ืจ ืขื ื™ ืฉืขื‘ื“ ืงืฉื” ืžืื•ื“ ื‘ื—ื•ื•ื” ืฉืœื•.
ื”ื“ืžื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื™ืช ื‘ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ื™ื ื ืขืจ ื”ืื™ื›ืจ ื”ืขื ื™.
ืชืืจ ืืช ื”ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ื‘ืคื™ืจื•ื˜.
ื”ืงืžื ื• ืžืขืจื›ืช ืœื”ืคืงื” ืื•ื˜ื•ืžื˜ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžื•ื“ืœ ืœืžื™ื“ืช ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื” ืฉืœื ื•.
ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ืฉืœื ื• ืœื”ืคืงื” ืื•ื˜ื•ืžื˜ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžื•ื“ืœ ืœืžื™ื“ืช ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื” ืฉืœื ื• ืžืฉืชืžืฉืช ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืœื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ื ืชื•ื ื™ื, ื›ื•ืœืœ ื’ื™ืจื•ื“ ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜ ื•ืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ ืฉืคื” ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช. ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืžืื•ื—ืกื ื•ืช ื‘ืžืกื“ ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ื•ืžืฉืžืฉื•ืช ื›ืงืœื˜ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžื•ื“ืœ ืœืžื™ื“ืช ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื” ืฉืœื ื•. ืžืขืจื›ืช ื–ื• ืžืืคืฉืจืช ืœื ื• ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืžืขืจืš ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืžื” ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื™ื“ื ื™, ืชื•ืš ืฆืžืฆื•ื ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื•ื”ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื ื”ื“ืจื•ืฉื™ื ืœืื™ืžื•ืŸ ื”ืžื•ื“ืœ.
ืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืžื—ืœื•ืช ืฉืขืœื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื’ืจื ืขืงื‘ ื”ื™ื’ื™ื™ื ื” ืœืงื•ื™ื”.
ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืžื—ืœื•ืช ื”ื ื’ืจืžื•ืช ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื”ื™ื’ื™ื™ื ื” ืœืงื•ื™ื” ื”ืŸ ืฉืœืฉื•ืœ, ื’ืกื˜ืจื•ืื ื˜ืจื™ื˜ื™ืก ื•ื›ื•ืœืจื”.