text stringlengths 11 320k | source stringlengths 26 161 |
|---|---|
Bangdiwala's Bstatistic was created byShrikant Bangdiwalain 1985 and is a measure ofinter-rater agreement.[1][2]While not as commonly used as thekappa statisticthe B test has been used by various workers.[3][4][5][6]While it is principally used as a graphical aid to inter observer agreement, itsasymptotic distributioni... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangdiwala%27s_B |
Instatistics, theintraclass correlation, or theintraclass correlation coefficient(ICC),[1]is adescriptive statisticthat can be used when quantitative measurements are made on units that are organized into groups. It describes how strongly units in the same group resemble each other. While it is viewed as a type ofcor... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intraclass_correlation |
Krippendorff's alpha coefficient,[1]named after academicKlaus Krippendorff, is a statistical measure of the agreement achieved when coding a set of units of analysis. Since the 1970s,alphahas been used incontent analysiswhere textual units are categorized by trained readers, in counseling andsurvey researchwhere expert... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krippendorff%27s_alpha |
Whenclassificationis performed by a computer, statistical methods are normally used to develop the algorithm.
Often, the individual observations are analyzed into a set of quantifiable properties, known variously asexplanatory variablesorfeatures. These properties may variously becategorical(e.g. "A", "B", "AB" or "O... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistical_classification |
Inlinguistics,Cartographic syntax, or simplyCartography, is a branch of Generativesyntax. The basic assumption of Cartographic syntax is that syntactic structures are built according to the same patterns in all languages of the world. It is assumed that all languages exhibit a richly articulated structure of hierarchic... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartographic_syntax |
Ametasyntaxis a syntax used to define the syntax of aprogramming languageorformal language. It describes the allowable structure and composition of phrases and sentences of ametalanguage, which is used to describe either anatural languageor a computer programming language.[1]Some of the widely used formal metalanguages... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metasyntax |
When analysing the regularities and structure ofmusicas well as the processing of music in thebrain, certain findings lead to the question of whether music is based on asyntaxthat could be compared withlinguistic syntax. To get closer to this question it is necessary to have a look at the basic aspects of syntax inlang... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_syntax |
Semiotics(/ˌsɛmiˈɒtɪks/SEM-ee-OT-iks) is the systematic study ofsign processesand the communication ofmeaning. In semiotics, asignis defined as anything that communicates intentional and unintentional meaning or feelings to the sign's interpreter.
Semiosis is any activity, conduct, or process that involves signs. Sign... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semiotics |
Syntaxis apeer-reviewedacademic journalin the field ofsyntaxofnatural languages, established in 1998 and published byWiley-Blackwell. The founding editors wereSuzanne Flynn(MIT) and Samuel D. Epstein (University of Michigan).Syntaxwas rated A in both theAustralian Research Council's ERA journal listfor 2010 and theEuro... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syntax_(journal) |
Anacademic journal(orscholarly journalorscientific journal) is aperiodical publicationin whichscholarshiprelating to a particularacademic disciplineis published. They serve as permanent and transparent forums for the dissemination, scrutiny, and discussion ofresearch. Unlikeprofessional magazinesortrade magazines, the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academic_journal |
Incomputer science, thesyntaxof acomputer languageis the rules that define the combinations of symbols that are considered to be correctly structuredstatementsorexpressionsin that language. This applies both toprogramming languages, where the document representssource code, and tomarkup languages, where the document re... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syntax_(programming_languages) |
Inlinguistics, thesyntax–semantics interfaceis the interaction betweensyntaxandsemantics. Its study encompasses phenomena that pertain to both syntax and semantics, with the goal of explaining correlations between form and meaning.[1]Specific topics includescope,[2][3]binding,[2]andlexical semanticproperties such asver... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syntax%E2%80%93Semantics_Interface |
Theusageof alanguageis the ways in which itswrittenandspokenvariations are routinely employed by its speakers; that is, it refers to "the collective habits of a language's native speakers",[1]as opposed to idealized models of how a language works (or should work) in the abstract. For instance,Fowlercharacterized usage ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usage |
Acontronymorcontranymis a word with twooppositemeanings. For example, the wordoriginalcan mean "authentic, traditional", or "novel, never done before". This feature is also calledenantiosemy,[1][2]enantionymy(enantio-means "opposite"),antilogyorautoantonymy. An enantiosemic term is by definitionpolysemic.
A contronym ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contronym |
The ultimate goal ofsemantic technologyis to help machines understand data. To enable the encoding of semantics with the data, well-known technologies areRDF(Resource Description Framework)[1]andOWL(Web Ontology Language).[2]These technologies formallyrepresentthe meaning involved in information. For example,ontologyca... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantic_technology |
Semantic change(alsosemantic shift,semantic progression,semantic development, orsemantic drift) is a form oflanguage changeregarding the evolution ofword usage—usually to the point that the modern meaning is radically different from the original usage. Indiachronic (or historical) linguistics, semantic change is a chan... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantic_change |
"Talking past each other" is an English phrase describing the situation where two or more people talk about different subjects, while believing that they are talking about the same thing.[1]
David Horton writes that when characters in fiction talk past each other, the effect is to expose "an unbridgeable gulf between ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talking_past_each_other |
Inmathematicsandcomputer science,graph edit distance(GED) is ameasure of similarity(or dissimilarity) between twographs.
The concept of graph edit distance was first formalized mathematically by Alberto Sanfeliu and King-Sun Fu in 1983.[1]A major application of graph edit distance is ininexact graph matching, such
as e... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graph_edit_distance |
Incomputer science, thestring-to-string correction problemrefers to determining the minimum cost sequence of edit operations necessary to change onestringinto another (i.e., computing the shortestedit distance). Each type of edit operation has its own cost value.[1]A single edit operation may be changing a singlesymbol... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/String-to-string_correction_problem |
Inmathematicsandcomputer science, astring metric(also known as astring similarity metricorstring distance function) is ametricthat measuresdistance("inverse similarity") between twotext stringsforapproximate string matchingor comparison and infuzzy string searching. A requirement for a stringmetric(e.g. in contrast tos... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/String_metric |
In thedata analysisoftime series,Time Warp Edit Distance(TWED) is ameasure of similarity(or dissimilarity) between pairs of discrete time series, controlling the relative distortion of the time units of the two series using the physical notion ofelasticity. In comparison to other distance measures, (e.g. DTW (dynamic t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_Warp_Edit_Distance |
AGLR parser(generalized left-to-right rightmost derivation parser) is an extension of anLR parseralgorithm to handlenon-deterministicandambiguous grammars.[1]The theoretical foundation was provided in a 1974 paper[2]by Bernard Lang (along with other generalcontext-free parserssuch as GLL). It describes a systematic way... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GLR_parser |
Incomputer science, theEarley parseris analgorithmforparsingstringsthat belong to a givencontext-free language, though (depending on the variant) it may suffer problems with certain nullable grammars.[1]The algorithm, named after its inventorJay Earley, is achart parserthat usesdynamic programming; it is mainly used fo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earley_parser |
ThePackrat parseris a type ofparserthat shares similarities with therecursive descent parserin its construction. However, it differs because it takesparsing expression grammars (PEGs)as input rather thanLL grammars.[1]
In 1970, Alexander Birman laid the groundwork for packrat parsing by introducing the "TMG recognitio... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Packrat_parser |
Forparsing algorithmsincomputer science, theinside–outside algorithmis a way of re-estimating production probabilities in aprobabilistic context-free grammar. It was introduced byJames K. Bakerin 1979 as a generalization of theforward–backward algorithmfor parameter estimation onhidden Markov modelstostochastic context... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inside%E2%80%93outside_algorithm |
Inlinguistics, acatena(English pronunciation:/kəˈtiːnə/, pluralcatenasorcatenae; fromLatinfor "chain")[1]is a unit ofsyntaxandmorphology, closely associated withdependency grammars. It is a more flexible and inclusive unit than theconstituentand its proponents therefore consider it to be better suited than the constitu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catena_(linguistics) |
Incomputer science, in particular inconcurrency theory, adependency relationis abinary relationon a finite domainΣ{\displaystyle \Sigma },[1]: 4symmetric, andreflexive;[1]: 6i.e. a finitetolerance relation. That is, it is a finite set ofordered pairsD{\displaystyle D}, such that
In general, dependency relations are n... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dependency_relation |
Inlinguistics,head directionalityis a proposedparameterthat classifies languages according to whether they arehead-initial(theheadof aphraseprecedes itscomplements) orhead-final(the head follows its complements). Theheadis the element that determines the category of a phrase: for example, in averb phrase, the head is a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head-directionality_parameter |
Igor Aleksandrovič Mel'čuk, sometimesMelchuk(Russian:Игорь Александрович Мельчук;Ukrainian:Ігор Олександрович Мельчук; born 1932) is a Soviet and Canadian linguist, a retired professor at the Department of Linguistics and Translation,Université de Montréal.
He graduated from the Moscow State University's Philological ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igor_Mel%27%C4%8Duk |
Aparse treeorparsing tree[1](also known as aderivation treeorconcrete syntax tree) is an ordered, rootedtreethat represents thesyntacticstructure of astringaccording to somecontext-free grammar. The termparse treeitself is used primarily incomputational linguistics; in theoretical syntax, the termsyntax treeis more com... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parse_tree |
Michael K. Brame(January 27, 1944[1]– August 16, 2010[2]) was an American linguist. He served as a professor at theUniversity of Washingtonand was the founding editor of thepeer-reviewedresearch journal,Linguistic Analysis.[3]Brame's work focused on the development ofrecursive categorical syntax, also referred to as al... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recursive_categorical_syntax |
TheDice-Sørensen coefficient(see below for other names) is a statistic used to gauge the similarity of twosamples. It was independently developed by the botanistsLee Raymond Dice[1]andThorvald Sørensen,[2]who published in 1945 and 1948 respectively.
The index is known by several other names, especiallySørensen–Dice in... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B8rensen%E2%80%93Dice_coefficient |
Ininformation theory, theHamming distancebetween twostringsor vectors of equal length is the number of positions at which the correspondingsymbolsare different. In other words, it measures the minimum number ofsubstitutionsrequired to change one string into the other, or equivalently, the minimum number oferrorsthat co... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamming_distance |
Instatistics,correlationordependenceis any statistical relationship, whethercausalor not, between tworandom variablesorbivariate data. Although in the broadest sense, "correlation" may indicate any type of association, in statistics it usually refers to the degree to which a pair of variables arelinearlyrelated.
Fami... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Correlation |
TheJaccard indexis astatisticused for gauging thesimilarityanddiversityofsamplesets.
It is defined in general taking the ratio of two sizes (areas or volumes), the intersection size divided by the union size, also calledintersection over union(IoU).
It was developed byGrove Karl Gilbertin 1884 as hisratio of verificat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaccard_index |
SimRankis a generalsimilarity measure, based on a simple and intuitivegraph-theoretic model.
SimRank is applicable in anydomainwith object-to-objectrelationships, that measures similarity of the structural context in which objects occur, based on their relationships with other objects.
Effectively, SimRank is a measure... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SimRank |
Inacousticsandfluid dynamics, anacoustic metric(also known as asonic metric) is ametricthat describes the signal-carrying properties of a given particulate medium.
(Generally, inmathematical physics, a metric describes the arrangement of relative distances within a surface or volume, usually measured by signals passin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acoustic_metric |
Inmathematical analysis, ametric spaceMis calledcomplete(or aCauchy space) if everyCauchy sequenceof points inMhas alimitthat is also inM.
Intuitively, a space is complete if there are no "points missing" from it (inside or at the boundary). For instance, the set ofrational numbersis not complete, because e.g.2{\displ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complete_metric_space |
Inmathematics, adiversityis a generalization of the concept ofmetric space. The concept was introduced in 2012 by Bryant and Tupper,[1]who call diversities "a form of multi-way metric".[2]The concept finds application in nonlinear analysis.[3]
Given a setX{\displaystyle X}, let℘fin(X){\displaystyle \wp _{\mbox{fin}}(... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diversity_(mathematics) |
In mathematics, specifically incategory theory, ageneralized metric spaceis ametric spacebut without the symmetry property and some other properties.[1]Precisely, it is a categoryenrichedover[0,∞]{\displaystyle [0,\infty ]}, the one-point compactification ofR{\displaystyle \mathbb {R} }. The notion was introduced in 19... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generalized_metric_space |
Inmathematics,Hilbert's fourth problemin the 1900 list ofHilbert's problemsis a foundational question ingeometry. In one statement derived from the original, it was to find — up to an isomorphism — allgeometriesthat have anaxiomaticsystem of the classical geometry (Euclidean,hyperbolicandelliptic), with those axioms o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilbert%27s_fourth_problem |
Ametric treeis anytreedata structurespecialized to index data inmetric spaces. Metric trees exploit properties of metric spaces such as thetriangle inequalityto make accesses to the data more efficient. Examples include theM-tree,vp-trees,cover trees,MVP trees, andBK-trees.[1]
Most algorithms and data structures for s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metric_tree |
TheMinkowski distanceorMinkowski metricis ametricin anormed vector spacewhich can be considered as a generalization of both theEuclidean distanceand theManhattan distance. It is named after the Polish mathematicianHermann Minkowski.
The Minkowski distance of orderp{\displaystyle p}(wherep{\displaystyle p}is an integer... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minkowski_distance |
Inmathematicsand its applications, thesigned distance functionorsigned distance field(SDF) is theorthogonal distanceof a given pointxto theboundaryof asetΩ in ametric space(such as the surface of a geometric shape), with thesigndetermined by whether or notxis in theinteriorof Ω. Thefunctionhas positive values at points... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signed_distance_function |
Inmathematics, aspaceis aset(sometimes known as auniverse) endowed with astructuredefining the relationships among theelementsof the set.
Asubspaceis asubsetof the parent space which retains the same structure.
While modern mathematics uses many types of spaces, such asEuclidean spaces,linear spaces,topological spaces,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_(mathematics) |
Inmathematics, anultrametric spaceis ametric spacein which thetriangle inequalityis strengthened tod(x,z)≤max{d(x,y),d(y,z)}{\displaystyle d(x,z)\leq \max \left\{d(x,y),d(y,z)\right\}}for allx{\displaystyle x},y{\displaystyle y}, andz{\displaystyle z}. Sometimes the associated metric is also called anon-Archimedean met... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultrametric_space |
Inlinguistics,agreementorconcord(abbreviatedagr) occurs when awordchanges form depending on the other words to which it relates.[1]It is an instance ofinflection, and usually involves making the value of somegrammatical category(such asgenderorperson) "agree" between varied words or parts of thesentence.
For example, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agreement_(linguistics) |
Diction(Latin:dictionem(nom.dictio), "a saying, expression, word"),[1]in its original meaning, is a writer's or speaker's distinctivevocabularychoices and style of expression in a piece of writing such as a poem or story.[2][3]In its common meaning, it is the distinctiveness ofspeech:[3][4][5]the art of speaking so tha... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diction |
Inlinguistics,intonationis the variation inpitchused to indicate the speaker's attitudes and emotions, to highlight orfocusan expression, to signal theillocutionary actperformed by a sentence, or to regulate the flow ofdiscourse. For example, theEnglishquestion "Does Maria speak Spanish or French?" is interpreted as ay... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intonation_(linguistics) |
Nonconcatenative morphology, also calleddiscontinuous morphologyandintroflection, is a form of word formation and inflection in which therootis modified and which does not involve stringingmorphemestogether sequentially.[1]
InEnglish, for example, whilepluralsare usually formed by adding the suffix -s, certain words u... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Introflection |
ʾIʿrāb(إِعْرَاب,IPA:[ʔiʕraːb]) is anArabicterm for thedeclensionsystem of nominal, adjectival, or verbalsuffixesofClassical Arabicto markgrammatical case. These suffixes are written in fullyvocalized Arabic texts, notably theQur’ānor texts written for children or Arabic learners, and they are articulated when a text is... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CA%BEI%CA%BFrab |
Alexeme(/ˈlɛksiːm/ⓘ) is a unit oflexicalmeaning that underlies a set of words that are related throughinflection. It is a basic abstract unit of meaning,[1]aunitofmorphologicalanalysisinlinguisticsthat roughly corresponds to a set of forms taken by a single rootword. For example, inthe English language,run,runs,ranandr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lexeme |
Inlinguistics, amarkeris a free or boundmorphemethat indicates thegrammatical functionof the marked word, phrase, or sentence. Most characteristically, markers occur ascliticsorinflectionalaffixes. Inanalytic languagesandagglutinative languages, markers are generally easily distinguished. Infusional languagesandpolysyn... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marker_(linguistics) |
Amorphemeis any of the smallest meaningful constituents within a linguistic expression and particularly within a word.[1]Many words are themselves standalone morphemes, while other words contain multiple morphemes; in linguistic terminology, this is the distinction, respectively, betweenfree and bound morphemes. The fi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morpheme |
Nominal TAMis the indication oftense–aspect–moodbyinflectinga noun, rather than a verb. Inclausal nominal TAM, the noun indicates TAM information about theclause(as opposed to the noun phrase).
Whether or not a particular language can best be understood as having clausal nominal TAM can be controversial, and there are... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nominal_TAM |
In linguistics and literature,periphrasis(/pəˈrɪfrəsɪs/)[1]is the use of a larger number of words, with an implicit comparison to the possibility of using fewer. The comparison may be within a language or between languages. For example, "more happy" is periphrastic in comparison to "happier", and English "I will eat" i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periphrasis |
Ingenerativemorphology, therighthand head ruleis aruleofgrammarthat specifies that the rightmostmorphemein amorphological structureis almost always theheadin certain languages. What this means is that it is the righthand element that provides the primarysyntacticand/orsemanticinformation. The projection of syntactic in... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Righthand_head_rule |
Inlinguisticsandetymology,suppletionis traditionally understood as the use of one word as theinflectedform of another word when the two words are notcognate. For those learning a language, suppletive forms will be seen as "irregular" or even "highly irregular". For example,go:wentis a suppletive paradigm, becausegoandw... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suppletion |
Asynthetic languageis a language that is statistically characterized by a higher morpheme-to-word ratio. Rule-wise, a synthetic language is characterized by denotingsyntacticrelationships between words viainflectionoragglutination, withfusional languagesfavoring the former andagglutinative languagesthe latter subtype o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synthetic_language |
Tense–aspect–mood(commonly abbreviatedtaminlinguistics) ortense–modality–aspect(abbreviated astma) is an important group ofgrammatical categories, which are marked in different ways by differentlanguages.[1]
TAM covers the expression of three major components of words which lead to or assist in the correct understandi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tense%E2%80%93aspect%E2%80%93mood |
Inlinguistic morphology, anuninflected wordis awordthat has no morphologicalmarkers(inflection) such asaffixes,ablaut,consonant gradation, etc., indicatingdeclensionorconjugation. If a word has an uninflected form, this is usually the form used as thelemmafor the word.[1]
InEnglishand many otherlanguages, uninflected ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uninflected_word |
Linguistic relativityasserts thatlanguageinfluencesworldvieworcognition. One form of linguistic relativity,linguistic determinism, regards peoples' languages as determining and influencing the scope of culturalperceptionsof their surrounding world.[1]
Various colloquialisms refer to linguistic relativism: theWhorf hyp... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistic_relativity |
Abilingual punis apuncreated by a word or phrase in one language sounding similar to a different word or phrase in another language. The result of a bilingual pun can be a joke that makes sense in more than one language (a joke that can be translated) or a joke which requires understanding of both languages (a joke spe... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilingual_pun |
Ahybrid wordorhybridismis awordthatetymologicallyderives from at least two languages. Such words are a type ofmacaronic language.
The most common form of hybrid word inEnglishcombinesLatinandGreekparts. Since manyprefixesandsuffixesin English are of Latin or Greeketymology, it is straightforward to add a prefix or suf... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hybrid_word |
Aninkhorn termis aloanword, or a word coined from existing roots, which is deemed to be unnecessary or over-pretentious.[1]
An inkhorn is aninkwellmade ofhorn. It was an important item for many scholars, which soon became symbolic of writers in general. Later, it became a byword for fussy or pedantic writers.[1]The ph... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inkhorn_term |
Language contactoccurs when speakers of two or morelanguagesorvarietiesinteract with and influence each other. The study of language contact is calledcontact linguistics. Language contact can occur atlanguage borders,[1]betweenadstratumlanguages, or as the result ofmigration, with an intrusive language acting as either... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_contact |
Phono-semantic matching(PSM) is the incorporation of awordinto one language from another, often creating aneologism, where the word's non-native quality is hidden by replacing it withphoneticallyandsemanticallysimilar words or roots from the adopting language. Thus the approximatesoundandmeaningof the original expressi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phono-semantic_matching |
Reborrowingis the process where a word travels from one language to another and then back to the originating language in a different form or with a different meaning. A reborrowed word is sometimes called aRückwanderer(German, a 'returner').
The result is generally adoublet, where the reborrowed word exists alongside ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reborrowing |
Inlinguistics,semantic loanis a process (or an instance or result) of borrowingsemantic meaning(rather thanlexical items) from anotherlanguage. It is very similar to the formation ofcalques, excepting that in this case the complete word in the borrowing language already exists; the change is that its meaning isextended... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantic_loan |
Abbreviationsin music are of two kinds, namely,abbreviations of termsrelated tomusical expression, and the true musical abbreviations by the help of which certain passages, chords, etc., may be notated in a shortened form, to the greater convenience of both composer and performer. Abbreviations of the first kind are li... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbreviation_(music) |
Inlinguistics, ablend—also known as ablend word,lexical blend, orportmanteau[a]—is a word formed by combining the meanings, and parts of the sounds, of two or more words together.[2][3][4]English examples includesmog, coined by blendingsmokeandfog,[3][5]andmotel, frommotor(motorist) andhotel.[6]
A blend is similar to ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blend_word |
This is a selection ofportmanteauwords.
'Babelonagain" def.: (portmanteau of babel and pn again.) The language of a person who talks endless nonsense.Attribution: Mark Boles 04.28.25 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_portmanteaus |
Inlinguistics,clipping, also calledtruncationorshortening,[1]isword formationby removing somesegmentsof an existing word to create adiminutiveword or aclipped compound. Clipping differs fromabbreviation, which is based on a shortening of the written, rather than the spoken, form of an existing word or phrase. Clipping ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clipping_(morphology) |
Agramogram,grammagram, orletteral wordis a letter or group of letters which can be pronounced to form one or more words, as in "CU" for "see you".[1][2][3]They are a subset ofrebuses, and are commonly used as abbreviations.
They are sometimes used as a component ofcryptic crosswordclues.[1][4]
A poem reportedly appea... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gramogram |
This is alist of abbreviations used in medical prescriptions, including hospital orders (the patient-directed part of which is referred to assig codes). This list does not include abbreviations for pharmaceuticals or drug name suffixes such as CD, CR, ER, XT (SeeTime release technology § List of abbreviationsfor those)... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_abbreviations_used_in_medical_prescriptions |
During most of the 20th century photography depended mainly upon the photochemical technology of silver halide emulsions onglass platesorroll film.[1]Early in the 21st century this technology was displaced by the electronic technology ofdigital cameras. The development of digitalimage sensors,microprocessors,memory car... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_abbreviations_in_photography |
Anacronymis a type ofabbreviationconsisting of a phrase whose only pronounced elements are the initial letters or initial sounds of words inside that phrase. Acronyms are often spelled with the initialletterof eachwordinall capswith nopunctuation.
For some, aninitialism[1]oralphabetismconnotesthis general meaning, and... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acronym |
Lists of acronymscontainacronyms, a type of abbreviation formed from the initial components of the words of a longer name or phrase. They are organized alphabetically and by field. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_acronyms |
This is a list ofabbreviations used in a business or financial context. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_business_and_finance_abbreviations |
The following list contains a selection from theLatinabbreviationsthat occur in the writings and inscriptions of theRomans.[1][2]A few other non-classical Latin abbreviations are added. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_classical_abbreviations |
Examples ofsiglain use in theMiddle Ages: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_medieval_abbreviations |
Anumeronymis a word, usually anabbreviation, composed partially or wholly of numerals. The term can be used to describe several different number-based constructs, but it most commonly refers to a contraction in which all letters between the first and last of a word are replaced with the number of omitted letters (for e... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numeronym |
RAS syndrome, whereRASstands forredundant acronym syndrome(making the phrase "RAS syndrome"autological), is the redundant use of one or more of the words that make up anacronymin conjunction with the abbreviated form. This means, in effect, repeating one or more words from the acronym. For example:PINnumber(expanding t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAS_syndrome |
Short Message Service(SMS)languageortextese[a]is the abbreviated language andslangcommonly used in the late 1990s and early 2000s with mobile phonetext messaging, and occasionally throughInternet-based communication such asemailandinstant messaging.[1]Many call the words used in texting "textisms" or "internet slang."
... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SMS_language |
Athree-letter acronym(TLA), orthree-letter abbreviation, is as the phrase suggests anabbreviationconsisting of three letters. The abbreviation for TLA, TLA, has a special status among abbreviations and to some ishumoroussince abbreviations that are three-letters long are very common and TLA is, in fact, a TLA.
TLAisau... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three-letter_acronym |
InUnicode, characters can have a uniquename. A character can also have one or morealias names. An alias name can be an abbreviation, a C0 or C1 control name, a correction, an alternate name or a figment. An alias too is unique over all names and aliases, and therefore identifying.
The formal, primary Unicode name is ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unicode_alias_names_and_abbreviations |
Instatistics,additive smoothing, also calledLaplacesmoothing[1]orLidstonesmoothing, is a technique used to smooth count data, eliminating issues caused by certain values having 0 occurrences. Given a set of observation countsx=⟨x1,x2,…,xd⟩{\displaystyle \mathbf {x} =\langle x_{1},x_{2},\ldots ,x_{d}\rangle }from ad{\di... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Additive_smoothing |
Feature engineeringis a preprocessing step insupervised machine learningandstatistical modeling[1]which transforms raw data into a more effective set of inputs. Each input comprises several attributes, known as features. By providing models with relevant information, feature engineering significantly enhances their pre... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feature_extraction |
Machine learning(ML) is afield of studyinartificial intelligenceconcerned with the development and study ofstatistical algorithmsthat can learn fromdataandgeneraliseto unseen data, and thus performtaskswithout explicitinstructions.[1]Within a subdiscipline in machine learning, advances in the field ofdeep learninghave ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machine_learning |
Incomputer scienceanddata mining,MinHash(or themin-wise independent permutationslocality sensitive hashingscheme) is a technique for quickly estimating howsimilartwo sets are. The scheme was published byAndrei Broderin a 1997 conference,[1]and initially used in theAltaVistasearch engine to detect duplicate web pages an... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MinHash |
Inmathematical statistics, theKullback–Leibler(KL)divergence(also calledrelative entropyandI-divergence[1]), denotedDKL(P∥Q){\displaystyle D_{\text{KL}}(P\parallel Q)}, is a type ofstatistical distance: a measure of how much a modelprobability distributionQis different from a true probability distributionP.[2][3]Mathem... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kullback%E2%80%93Leibler_divergence |
Anoun phrase– orNPornominal (phrase)– is aphrasethat usually has anounorpronounas itshead, and has the samegrammaticalfunctions as a noun.[1]Noun phrases are very commoncross-linguistically, and they may be the most frequently occurring phrase type.
Noun phrases often function as verbsubjectsandobjects, aspredicative ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noun_phrase |
Theword countis the number ofwordsin a document or passage of text. Word counting may be needed when a text is required to stay within certain numbers of words. This may particularly be the case inacademia, legal proceedings,journalismandadvertising. Word count is commonly used bytranslatorsto determine the price of a ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Word_count |
TheSMART (System for the Mechanical Analysis and Retrieval of Text) Information Retrieval Systemis aninformation retrievalsystem developed atCornell Universityin the 1960s.[1]Many important concepts in information retrieval were developed as part of research on the SMART system, including thevector space model,relevanc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SMART_Information_Retrieval_System |
Inlinguistics, anempty category, which may also be referred to as acovert category, is an element in the study ofsyntaxthat does not have any phonological content and is therefore unpronounced.[1]Empty categories exist in contrast to overt categories which are pronounced.[1]When representing empty categories in tree st... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empty_category |
Inlinguistics, agrammatical categoryorgrammatical featureis a property of items within thegrammarof alanguage. Within each category there are two or more possible values (sometimes calledgrammemes), which are normally mutually exclusive. Frequently encountered grammatical categories include:
Although the use of terms... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical_category |
Ingrammar, apart of speechorpart-of-speech(abbreviatedasPOSorPoS, also known asword class[1]orgrammatical category[2][a]) is a category of words (or, more generally, oflexical items) that have similargrammaticalproperties. Words that are assigned to the same part of speech generally display similarsyntacticbehavior (th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lexical_category |
Mergeis one of the basic operations in theMinimalist Program, a leading approach togenerative syntax, when two syntactic objects are combined to form a new syntactic unit (aset). Merge also has the property ofrecursionin that it may be applied to its own output: the objects combined by Merge are eitherlexical itemsor s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merge_(linguistics) |
Ingrammar, aphrase—calledexpressionin some contexts—is a group of words or singular word acting as a grammatical unit. For instance, theEnglishexpression "the very happy squirrel" is anoun phrasewhich contains theadjective phrase"very happy". Phrases can consist of a single word or a complete sentence. Intheoretical l... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phrase |
Inlinguistics,syntax(/ˈsɪntæks/SIN-taks)[1][2]is the study of how words andmorphemescombine to form larger units such asphrasesandsentences. Central concerns of syntax includeword order,grammatical relations, hierarchical sentence structure (constituency),[3]agreement, the nature of crosslinguistic variation, and the r... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syntax |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.