amandakonet/climate_fever_adopted · Datasets at Hugging Face

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996	But when the Arctic warms up faster than the equator does […] the jet stream’s flow can become weakened and elongated.	During the Dust Bowl, the jet stream weakened and changed course traveling farther south than normal.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Jet stream
1,374	world temperatures, because they have gone up only very slowly, less than half as fast as the scientific consensus predicted in 1990	On the basis of available data, climate scientists are now projecting an average global temperature rise over this century of 2.0 to 4.5°C.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Scientific consensus on climate change
3,047	The clearest of these is simple accounting - humans are emitting CO2 at a rate twice as fast as the atmospheric increase (natural sinks are absorbing the other half).	This increase has occurred despite the uptake of more than half of the emissions by various natural "sinks" involved in the carbon cycle.	SUPPORTS	entailment	Greenhouse gas
508	Climate projections also assume that planet Earth is not dynamic	These models predict an upward trend in the global mean surface temperature, with the most rapid increase in temperature being projected for the higher latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Climate
1,718	The actual data show high northern latitudes are warmer today than in 1940.	Changes in regional climate are expected to include greater warming over land, with most warming at high northern latitudes, and least warming over the Southern Ocean and parts of the North Atlantic Ocean.	SUPPORTS	entailment	Physical impacts of climate change
496	Nine years into that 11-year hurricane drought, a NASA scientist computed it as a 1-in-177-year event.	Following the state's fourth-worst drought in a century, the rains collected in rivers and streams, causing record flooding at 18 river gauges, and mostly affecting the Raritan, Passaic, and Delaware basins.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Hurricane Floyd
1,615	Climate change isn't increasing extreme weather damage costs.	"Impacts [of climate change] will very likely increase due to increased frequencies and intensities of some extreme weather events".	REFUTES	contradiction	Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
474	Sea ice continued its declining trend, both in the Arctic and Antarctic.	"A 40-y record reveals gradual Antarctic sea ice increases followed by decreases at rates far exceeding the rates seen in the Arctic".	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Antarctica
2,608	And their wind and manure emit more than one third of emissions of another, methane, which warms the world 20 times faster than carbon dioxide.	Compared to other hydrocarbon fuels, methane produces less carbon dioxide for each unit of heat released.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Methane
3,131	We don't need a high heat flow - just a high temperature for the core to affect the surface climate.	Sea water has an important influence on the world's climate, with the oceans acting as a large heat reservoir.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Earth
2,245	Overall, about 90% of the global warming occurs after the CO2 increase.	Global anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions in 2010 were equivalent to 49 billion tonnes of carbon dioxide (using the most recent global warming potentials over 100 years from the AR5 report).	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Global warming
1,171	If Hillary would have fact-checked her example of sea level rise in Norfolk, Virginia, she would have found out that the experts already know this is mostly due to the land there sinking.	In Europe for instance, considerable variation is found because some land areas are rising while others are sinking.	SUPPORTS	entailment	Sea level rise
2,593	[T]he study indicates “Greenland’s ice may be less susceptible to the massive meltdown predicted by computer models of climate change, the main author ... said in an interview. ...	In an e-mail interview with Than (2007), Peiser stated that: "I think it is an intriguing coincidence that warming trends have been observed on a number of very diverse planetary bodies in our solar system, (...) Perhaps this is just a fluke."	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Attribution of recent climate change
1,503	climate models have overestimated the amount of global warming and failed to predict what climatologists call the warming ‘hiatus’.	Additional disputes concern estimates of climate sensitivity, predictions of additional warming, what the consequences of global warming will be, and what to do about it.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Global warming
1,433	Eleven percent of the world’s population is currently vulnerable to climate change impacts such as droughts, floods, heat waves, extreme weather events and sea-level rise.	Many physical impacts of global warming are already visible, including extreme weather events, glacier retreat, changes in the timing of seasonal events (e.g., earlier flowering of plants), sea level rise, and declines in Arctic sea ice extent.	SUPPORTS	entailment	Effects of global warming
531	When South Australians buy electricity at $14,200/MWh, they are paying the equivalent of $400 a litre for petrol.	The maximum price was $14,000/MWh in 2016-2017, $13,800/MWh in 2015-2016, $13,500/MWh in 2014-2015, and $13,100/MWh in 2013-2014.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	National Electricity Market
628	as continents rise after the overlying ice has melted	Sea levels rose as the Ordovician ice sheets melted, and tectonic movements created major faults which assembled the outline of Scotland from previously scattered fragments.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Geology of Scotland
2,632	At least close to the new spot and to the equator, nothing less than global warming is expected"	In the tropics the net effect is to produce a significant warming, while at latitudes closer to the poles a loss of albedo leads to an overall cooling effect.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Global warming
2,922	Soares looks at short-term trends which are swamped by natural variations.	It has been argued that this definition is a natural consequence of the effect of sexual reproduction on the dynamics of natural selection.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Species
2,920	"Global warming data apparently cooked by U.S. government-funded body shows astounding temperature fraud with increases averaging 10 to 15 degrees Fahrenheit.	"Modeling of long-term fossil fuel consumption shows 14.5-degree hike in Earth's temperature".	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Global warming controversy
3,119	CO2 constitutes 80% of the non-condensing greenhouse gas forcing.	Projected annual energy-related CO 2 emissions in 2030 were 40–110% higher than in 2000, with two-thirds of the increase originating in developing countries.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Greenhouse gas
14	The Great Barrier Reef is experiencing the most widespread bleaching ever recorded	Mass coral bleaching events due to elevated ocean temperatures occurred in the summers of 1998, 2002 and 2006, and coral bleaching is expected to become an annual occurrence.	SUPPORTS	entailment	Great Barrier Reef
2,390	There may have been regions of Greenland that were 'greener' than today	The Great Green Wall initiative is a pan-African proposal to "green" the continent from west to east in order to battle desertification.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Reforestation
1,712	The sun has not warmed since 1970 and so cannot be driving global warming.	Multiple independently produced instrumental datasets confirm that the 2009–2018 decade was 0.93 ± 0.07 °C warmer than the pre-industrial baseline (1850–1900).	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Global warming
2,083	Climategate CRU emails suggest conspiracy	"Analysis of the appeal of conspiracy theories with suggestions for more accurate ad hoc internet reporting of them".	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Conspiracy theory
1,539	Climate change is due to cosmic rays.	They also found that galactic cosmic rays, and total solar irradiance did not have any statistically significant influence on changes in cloud cover.	REFUTES	contradiction	Henrik Svensmark
258	But the period has caused a headache for climate scientists because clearly there was no upswell in carbon dioxide that could account for such swift warming.	Despite a weak early Sun, the greenhouse effect from a thick carbon dioxide atmosphere, if bolstered with small amounts of methane or insulating effects of carbon-dioxide-ice clouds, would have been sufficient to warm the mean surface temperature to a value above the freezing point of water.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Mars ocean hypothesis
903	Growers regularly pump CO2 into greenhouses, raising levels to three times that of the natural environment, to produce stronger, greener, healthier plants.”	Secondary metabolites, e.g., cardiac glycosides in Digitalis lanata, are produced in higher amounts by greenhouse cultivation at enhanced temperature and at enhanced carbon dioxide concentration.	SUPPORTS	entailment	Greenhouse
1,859	Big rooftop solar's plan forces Nevada families who don't have solar panels to pay higher power bills to subsidize rooftop solar.	A 2014 report funded by the Institute for Electric Innovation claims that net metering in California produces excessively large subsidies for typical residential rooftop solar photovoltaic (PV) facilities.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Net metering
1,715	Theory, models and direct measurement confirm CO2 is currently the main driver of climate change.	Scientists have determined that the major factors causing the current climate change are greenhouse gases, land use changes, and aerosols and soot.	SUPPORTS	entailment	Global warming
1,257	“as surface temperatures of the oceans warm up, the immediate response is more water vapor in the atmosphere.	The heat needed to raise an average temperature increase of the entire world ocean by 0.01 °C would increase the atmospheric temperature by approximately 10 °C.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Sea level rise
2,320	While the Medieval Warm Period saw unusually warm temperatures in some regions, globally the planet was cooler than current conditions.	Certain regions, such as central Eurasia, northwestern North America, and (with less confidence) parts of the South Atlantic, exhibit anomalous coolness.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Medieval Warm Period
335	Last month was the hottest June ever recorded, European satellite agency announces	20 August July 2015 was the hottest month on Earth since records began in 1880, according to data from NOAA.	REFUTES	contradiction	2015 in science
2,141	Satellite error inflated Great Lakes temperatures	Current Great Lakes Water Levels.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Lake Superior
2,283	In fact, the global melt rate has been accelerating since the mid-1970s.	This effect results in the increased absorption of radiation that accelerates melting."	SUPPORTS	entailment	Global warming
2,788	'On June 23, 1988, NASA scientist James Hansen testified before the House of Representatives that there was a strong "cause and effect relationship" between observed temperatures and human emissions into the atmosphere.	...Dr. James E. Hansen of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration told a Congressional committee that it was 99 percent certain that the warming trend was not a natural variation but was caused by a buildup of carbon dioxide and other artificial gases in the atmosphere.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	James Hansen
1,690	That human CO2 is causing global warming is known with high certainty & confirmed by observations.	"How do we know more CO2 is causing warming?".	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Carbon dioxide
2,632	At least close to the new spot and to the equator, nothing less than global warming is expected"	The water reacts by radiating, also in the infrared, both upward and downward, and the downward longwave radiation results in increased warming at the surface.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Cloud
1,774	The CERN CLOUD experiment only tested one-third of one out of four requirements necessary to blame global warming on cosmic rays, and two of the other requirements have already failed.	To test the hypothesis, CERN designed the CLOUD experiment, which showed the effect of cosmic rays is too weak to influence climate noticeably.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Climate change (general concept)
2,268	“[T]he 1079 emails and 72 documents seem indeed evidence of a scandal involving most of the most prominent scientists pushing the man-made warming theory - a scandal that is one of the greatest in modern science.	An editorial in Nature said that many in the media "were led by the nose, by those with a clear agenda, to a sizzling scandal that steadily defused as the true facts and context were made clear".	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Climatic Research Unit email controversy
1,524	The IPCC (2013), USGCRP (2017), and USGCRP (2018) indicate that it is extremely likely that human influence has been the dominant cause of the observed warming since the mid-twentieth century.	Since the mid-20th century, most of the observed warming is "likely" (greater than 66% probability, based on expert judgement) due to human activities.	SUPPORTS	entailment	Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
925	About 120,000 years ago, before the last ice age, the planet went through a natural warm period, with temperatures similar to those expected in coming decades.	This period of warmth ended about 5,500 years ago with the descent into the Neoglacial and concomitant Neopluvial.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Holocene
1,357	“The notion that world-wide weather is becoming more extreme is just that: a notion, or a testable hypothesis.	Popper considered falsifiability a test of whether theories are scientific, not of whether propositions that they contain or support are true.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Falsifiability
1,394	U.S. Forest Service data show pine beetle infestations have recently declined dramatically throughout the western United States.	However, unusually hot, dry summers and mild winters throughout the region during the last few years, along with forests filled with mature lodgepole pine, have led to an unprecedented epidemic.	REFUTES	contradiction	Mountain pine beetle
2,500	Believers think the warming is man-made, while the skeptics believe the warming is natural and contributions from man are minimal and certainly not potentially catastrophic à la Al Gore.'	There is no convincing scientific evidence that human release of carbon dioxide, methane, or other greenhouse gases is causing or will, in the foreseeable future, cause catastrophic heating of the Earth's atmosphere and disruption of the Earth's climate.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Climate change denial
2,268	“[T]he 1079 emails and 72 documents seem indeed evidence of a scandal involving most of the most prominent scientists pushing the man-made warming theory - a scandal that is one of the greatest in modern science.	He said that it was not a single scandal, but "a sustained and coordinated campaign" aimed at undermining the credibility of the science.	SUPPORTS	entailment	Climatic Research Unit email controversy
2,649	"Mike's Nature trick" has nothing to do with "hide the decline", instead refering to a technique by Michael Mann to plot instrumental temperature along with past reconstructions.	In it, "Spatially resolved global reconstructions of annual surface temperature patterns" were related to "changes in greenhouse-gas concentrations, solar irradiance, and volcanic aerosols" leading to the conclusion that "each of these factors has contributed to the climate variability of the past 400 years, with greenhouse gases emerging as the dominant forcing during the twentieth century.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Michael E. Mann
512	water vapour has been the main greenhouse gas and carbon dioxide has had a minuscule effect on global climate	The primary greenhouse gases in Earth's atmosphere are water vapor (H2O), carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), and ozone (O3).	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Greenhouse gas
2,966	Over the three years from 1979 to 1982 when CO2 emissions were decreasing due to the rapid increase in the price of oil that drastically reduced consumption, there was no change in the rate of increase in atmospheric concentration of CO2 proving that humans were not the primary source for the increase in concentration.'	Combustion of fossil fuels and deforestation have caused the atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide to increase by about 43% since the beginning of the age of industrialization.	REFUTES	contradiction	Carbon dioxide
31	Discovery Of Massive Volcanic CO2 Emissions Discredits Global Warming Theory	"Global Warming Led To Atmospheric Hydrogen Sulfide And Permian Extinction".	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Permian–Triassic extinction event
516	For the past 4567 million years, the sun and the Earth’s orbit have driven climate change cycles.	Earth orbits the Sun at an average distance of about 150 million km (93 million mi) every 365.2564 mean solar days, or one sidereal year.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Earth
383	“As soon as renewables were introduced into the grid, electricity prices increased and delivery became unreliable.	The improved flexibility of the smart grid permits greater penetration of highly variable renewable energy sources such as solar power and wind power, even without the addition of energy storage.	REFUTES	contradiction	Smart grid
1,784	Many lines of evidence, including simple accounting, demonstrate beyond a shadow of a doubt that the increase in atmospheric CO2 is due to human fossil fuel burning.	The spatial and temporal fingerprint of warming can be traced to increasing greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere, which are a direct result of burning fossil fuels, broad-scale deforestation and other human activity."	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Scientific consensus on climate change
2,312	Everybody knows that the Pacific island of Tuvalu is sinking. ...	"Coral islands defy sea-level rise over the past century: Records from a central Pacific atoll".	SUPPORTS	entailment	Tuvalu
2,838	The data is being reported by the University of Illinois's Arctic Climate Research Center, and is derived from satellite observations of the Northern and Southern hemisphere polar regions (Daily Tech).	Satellite data since the early 1970s reveal considerable seasonal, regional, and interannual variability in the sea-ice covers of both hemispheres.	SUPPORTS	entailment	Cryosphere
2,329	We know the Northwest Passage had been open before."	On September 14, 2007, the European Space Agency stated that ice loss that year had opened up the historically impassable passage, setting a new low of ice cover as seen in satellite measurements which went back to 1978.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Northwest Passage
30	the bushfires [in Australia] were caused by arsonists and a series of lightning strikes, not 'climate change'	Man-made events include arcing from overhead power lines, arson, accidental ignition in the course of agricultural clearing, grinding and welding activities, campfires, cigarettes and dropped matches, sparks from machinery, and controlled burn escapes.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Bushfires in Australia
194	The main greenhouse gas is water vapour[…]	"How Much CO2 Does A Single Volcano Emit?".	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Greenhouse gas
3,090	A generous estimate of the energy generated by satellites is around 1 million times too small to cause global warming.	Global anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions in 2010 were equivalent to 49 billion tonnes of carbon dioxide (using the most recent global warming potentials over 100 years from the AR5 report).	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Global warming
2,539	"[T]he influence of so-called greenhouse gases on near-surface temperature - is not yet absolutely proven.	Before the Industrial Revolution, naturally occurring amounts of greenhouse gases caused the air near the surface to be warmer by about 33 °C (59 °F) than it would be in their absence.	REFUTES	contradiction	Global warming
2,100	IPCC were wrong about Himalayan glaciers	The report has also been criticized for inclusion of an erroneous date for the projected demise of the Himalayan glaciers.	SUPPORTS	entailment	IPCC Fourth Assessment Report
2,227	Every part of the Earth's climate system has continued warming since 1998, with 2015 shattering temperature records.	Multiple independently produced instrumental datasets confirm that the 2009–2018 decade was 0.93 ± 0.07 °C warmer than the pre-industrial baseline (1850–1900).	SUPPORTS	entailment	Global warming
1,996	There are already more American jobs in the solar industry than in coal mining.	A key benefit that this investment growth brings is a growth in jobs.	SUPPORTS	entailment	Renewable energy commercialization
2,966	Over the three years from 1979 to 1982 when CO2 emissions were decreasing due to the rapid increase in the price of oil that drastically reduced consumption, there was no change in the rate of increase in atmospheric concentration of CO2 proving that humans were not the primary source for the increase in concentration.'	Human activities, primarily the burning of fossil fuels (coal, oil, and natural gas), and secondarily the clearing of land, have increased the concentration of carbon dioxide, methane, and other heat-trapping ("greenhouse") gases in the atmosphere...There is international scientific consensus that most of the warming observed over the last 50 years is attributable to human activities.	REFUTES	contradiction	Scientific consensus on climate change
2,222	A large number of ancient mass extinction events have been strongly linked to global climate change.	Species extinction at Seymour Island occurred in two pulses that coincide with the two observed warming events, directly linking the end-Cretaceous extinction at this site to both volcanic and meteorite events via climate change.	SUPPORTS	entailment	Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event
1,547	Water vapor is the most powerful greenhouse gas.	Water vapor is the most potent greenhouse gas owing to the presence of the hydroxyl bond which strongly absorbs in the infra-red region of the light spectrum.	SUPPORTS	entailment	Water vapor
649	“Houlton has been exploring this possibility for years.	The Last Valley (1971) is a film starring Michael Caine and Omar Sharif, who discover a temporary haven from the Thirty Years' War.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Thirty Years' War
1,851	Barack Obama and Joe Biden will establish a 10 percent federal Renewable Portfolio Standard (RPS) to require that 10 percent of electricity consumed in the U.S. is derived from clean, sustainable energy sources, like solar, wind and geothermal by 2012.	Democrats have supported increased domestic renewable energy development, including wind and solar power farms, in an effort to reduce carbon pollution.	SUPPORTS	entailment	Democratic Party (United States)
41	More than 500 scientists and professionals in climate and related fields have sent a 'European Climate Declaration' to the Secretary-General of the United Nations	Dennis Bray and Hans von Storch conducted a survey in August 2008 of 2058 climate scientists from 34 different countries.	SUPPORTS	entailment	Scientific consensus on climate change
710	With marine ice cliff instability, sea-level rise for the next century is potentially much larger than we thought it might be five or 10 years ago	Over the 21st century, the IPCC projects that in a very high emissions scenario the sea level could rise by 61–110 cm.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Global warming
1,416	In recent decades this warming has been accompanied by a constant rise in the sea level and, it would appear, by an increase of extreme weather events, even if a scientifically determinable cause cannot be assigned to each particular phenomenon.	Further examples include sea level rise, widespread melting of snow and land ice, increased heat content of the oceans, increased humidity, and the earlier timing of spring events, such as the flowering of plants.	SUPPORTS	entailment	Global warming
935	The winds around the continent seem to be strengthening, stirring the ocean and bringing up a layer of warmer water that has most likely been there for centuries.	Atlantic Water has the same salinity as Arctic Bottom Water but is much warmer (up to 3 °C).	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Arctic Ocean
2,753	However, studies have determined that current technology is sufficient to reduce greenhouse gas emissions the necessary amount, and that we can do so without significant impact on the economy.	There is overwhelming agreement among economists that carbon taxes are the most efficient and effective way to curb climate change, with the least adverse effects on the economy.	SUPPORTS	entailment	Carbon tax
2,536	But the central message of the IPCC AR4, is confirmed by the peer reviewed literature.	Scientific consensus is normally achieved through communication at conferences, publication in the scientific literature, replication (reproducible results by others), and peer review.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Global warming controversy
645	Scientists just discovered a massive, heretofore unknown, source of nitrogen	The discovery of nitrogen is attributed to the Scottish physician Daniel Rutherford in 1772, who called it noxious air.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Nitrogen
1,009	‘Arctic ice conditions have been tracking at record low conditions since October, persisting for six consecutive months’	Scientists recently measured sixteen-foot (five-meter) wave heights during a storm in the Beaufort Sea in mid-August until late October 2012.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Arctic sea ice decline
266	The IPCC no longer includes the ‘Hockey stick’ chart in its reports.	Besides the Sixth Assessment Report, to be completed in 2022, the IPCC released the Special Report on Global Warming of 1.5 °C in October 2018, released an update to its 2006 Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories—the 2019 Refinement—in May 2019, and delivered two further special reports in 2019: the Special Report on Climate Change and Land (SRCCL), published online on 7 August, and the Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate (SROCC), released on 25 September 2019.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
2,989	While preventing global warming is relatively cheap, economists can't even accurately estimate the accelerating costs of climate damages if we continue with business-as-usual.	No models suggest that the optimal policy is to do nothing, i.e., allow "business-as-usual" emissions.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Economics of global warming
55	[T]he raw data, the actual thermometer data[...] shows that the US has been cooling for 80 to 90 years.	That's the data we've had for the past 150 years, which is quite consistent with the expectation that the climate is continuing to warm."	REFUTES	contradiction	Hockey stick controversy
2,083	Climategate CRU emails suggest conspiracy	The CRU emails do not show either that the science is flawed or that the scientific process has been compromised.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Climatic Research Unit email controversy
2,915	"Pollution; none of us are supporting putting substances into the atmosphere or the waterways that might be pollutants, but carbon dioxide is not a pollutant.	Flue gas from combustion of the fossil fuels contains carbon dioxide and water vapor, as well as pollutants such as nitrogen oxides (NOx), sulfur oxides (SOx), and, for coal-fired plants, mercury, traces of other metals, and fly ash.	SUPPORTS	entailment	Fossil fuel power station
3,123	Given that a doubling of carbon dioxide would change the surface heat flux by only two watts per square meter, it is evident that a small change in cloud cover can strongly affect the response to carbon dioxide."	The main reinforcing feedbacks are the water vapour feedback, the ice–albedo feedback, and probably the net effect of clouds.	SUPPORTS	entailment	Global warming
2,890	Heat is continuing to build up in the subsurface ocean.	Underneath the thick atmospheres of the planets Uranus and Neptune, it is expected that these planets are composed of oceans of hot high-density fluid mixtures of water, ammonia and other volatiles.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Ocean
1,097	“[…]The impact on calcification, metabolism, growth, fertility and survival of calcifying marine species when pH is lowered up to 0.3 units […] is beneficial, not damaging.	It is expected to drop by a further 0.3 to 0.5 pH units (an additional doubling to tripling of today's post-industrial acid concentrations) by 2100 as the oceans absorb more anthropogenic CO 2, the impacts being most severe for coral reefs and the Southern Ocean.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Ocean acidification
2,042	Recent research also indicates that the quantity of fossil fuels staying in the atmosphere is much less than previously thought.	Human activities, primarily the burning of fossil fuels (coal, oil, and natural gas), and secondarily the clearing of land, have increased the concentration of carbon dioxide, methane, and other heat-trapping ("greenhouse") gases in the atmosphere...There is international scientific consensus that most of the warming observed over the last 50 years is attributable to human activities.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Scientific consensus on climate change
818	“Carbon dioxide hurts nobody’s health.	When inhaled, these particles can settle in the lungs and respiratory tract and cause health problems.	REFUTES	contradiction	Smog
2,272	It found the scientists' rigour and honesty are not in doubt, and their behaviour did not prejudice the IPCC's conclusions, though they did fail to display the proper degree of openness.	Scientific integrity demands robust, independent peer review, however, and AAAS therefore emphasised that investigations are appropriate whenever significant questions are raised regarding the transparency and rigour of the scientific method, the peer-review process, or the responsibility of individual scientists.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Climatic Research Unit email controversy
2,444	There are a number of forcings which affect climate (eg - stratospheric aerosols, solar variations).	Volcanic eruptions, solar variations and anthropogenic changes in the composition of the atmosphere and land use change are external forcings.	SUPPORTS	entailment	Climate system
246	at the end of recent ice ages, the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere started to rise only after temperatures began to climb.	An ice age is a long period of reduction in the temperature of the Earth's surface and atmosphere, resulting in the presence or expansion of continental and polar ice sheets and alpine glaciers.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Ice age
198	For decades horticulturalists have pumped carbon dioxide into glasshouses to increase yields.	The possibility of using carbon dioxide enrichment in greenhouse cultivation to enhance plant growth has been known for nearly 100 years.	SUPPORTS	entailment	Greenhouse
499	The monetary cost of damages has increased dramatically in recent decades, but that is due to increasing population, wealth and the amount of vulnerable infrastructure.	(2001) concluded that: countries with limited economic resources, low levels of technology, poor information and skills, poor infrastructure, unstable or weak institutions, and inequitable empowerment and access to resources have little adaptive capacity and are highly vulnerable to climate change (p. 879).	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Economics of global warming
1,580	Plant stomata show higher and more variable CO2 levels.	The CO2 fertiliser effect has been greatly overestimated during Free-Air Carbon dioxide Enrichment (FACE) experiments where results show increased CO2 levels in the atmosphere enhances photosynthesis, reduce transpiration, and increase water use efficiency (WUE).	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Stoma
101	Neither the rate nor the magnitude of the reported late twentieth century surface warming (1979–2000) lay outside normal natural variability.	From this, he concluded that "The post-1980 global warming trend from surface thermometers is not credible.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Hockey stick controversy
1,326	But more than 7% of deaths are related to cold—counting hypothermia, as well as increased blood pressure and risk of heart attack that results when the body restricts blood flow in response to frigid temperatures.”	High blood pressure is estimated to account for approximately 13% of CVD deaths, while tobacco accounts for 9%, diabetes 6%, lack of exercise 6% and obesity 5%.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Cardiovascular disease
1,487	NASA has been adjusting temperatures from the past[...]	""2016 Climate Trends Continue to Break Records".	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	NASA
2,753	However, studies have determined that current technology is sufficient to reduce greenhouse gas emissions the necessary amount, and that we can do so without significant impact on the economy.	Economists generally argue that carbon taxes are the most efficient and effective way to curb climate change, with the least adverse effects on the economy.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Carbon tax
3,058	Correspondingly, the global surface temperature has also dropped."	These isotope changes occurred due to the release of carbon from the ocean into the atmosphere that led to a temperature increase of 4-8 °C (7-14 °F) at the surface of the ocean.	REFUTES	contradiction	Eocene
1,962	Surface temperatures on Earth "have stabilized."	Surface temperature increases are greatest in the Arctic, which has contributed to the retreat of glaciers, permafrost, and sea ice.	REFUTES	contradiction	Global warming
1,508	global warming ceased around the end of the twentieth century and was followed (since 1997) by 19 years of stable temperature.	The average global temperature on Earth has increased by about 0.8° Celsius (1.4° Fahrenheit) since 1880; Two-thirds of the warming has occurred since 1975, at a rate of roughly 0.15-0.20 °C per decade.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	20th century
1,880	Electricity rates are 40 percent higher in states that have required utility companies to use a certain amount of renewable energy such as solar power.	Smart grid technology is a necessary condition for very large amounts of renewable electricity on the grid for this reason.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Smart grid

996

But when the Arctic warms up faster than the equator does […] the jet stream’s flow can become weakened and elongated.

During the Dust Bowl, the jet stream weakened and changed course traveling farther south than normal.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Jet stream

1,374

world temperatures, because they have gone up only very slowly, less than half as fast as the scientific consensus predicted in 1990

On the basis of available data, climate scientists are now projecting an average global temperature rise over this century of 2.0 to 4.5°C.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Scientific consensus on climate change

3,047

The clearest of these is simple accounting - humans are emitting CO2 at a rate twice as fast as the atmospheric increase (natural sinks are absorbing the other half).

This increase has occurred despite the uptake of more than half of the emissions by various natural "sinks" involved in the carbon cycle.

SUPPORTS

entailment

Greenhouse gas

508

Climate projections also assume that planet Earth is not dynamic

These models predict an upward trend in the global mean surface temperature, with the most rapid increase in temperature being projected for the higher latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Climate

1,718

The actual data show high northern latitudes are warmer today than in 1940.

Changes in regional climate are expected to include greater warming over land, with most warming at high northern latitudes, and least warming over the Southern Ocean and parts of the North Atlantic Ocean.

SUPPORTS

entailment

Physical impacts of climate change

496

Nine years into that 11-year hurricane drought, a NASA scientist computed it as a 1-in-177-year event.

Following the state's fourth-worst drought in a century, the rains collected in rivers and streams, causing record flooding at 18 river gauges, and mostly affecting the Raritan, Passaic, and Delaware basins.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Hurricane Floyd

1,615

Climate change isn't increasing extreme weather damage costs.

"Impacts [of climate change] will very likely increase due to increased frequencies and intensities of some extreme weather events".

REFUTES

contradiction

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

474

Sea ice continued its declining trend, both in the Arctic and Antarctic.

"A 40-y record reveals gradual Antarctic sea ice increases followed by decreases at rates far exceeding the rates seen in the Arctic".

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Antarctica

2,608

And their wind and manure emit more than one third of emissions of another, methane, which warms the world 20 times faster than carbon dioxide.

Compared to other hydrocarbon fuels, methane produces less carbon dioxide for each unit of heat released.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Methane

3,131

We don't need a high heat flow - just a high temperature for the core to affect the surface climate.

Sea water has an important influence on the world's climate, with the oceans acting as a large heat reservoir.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Earth

2,245

Overall, about 90% of the global warming occurs after the CO2 increase.

Global anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions in 2010 were equivalent to 49 billion tonnes of carbon dioxide (using the most recent global warming potentials over 100 years from the AR5 report).

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Global warming

1,171

If Hillary would have fact-checked her example of sea level rise in Norfolk, Virginia, she would have found out that the experts already know this is mostly due to the land there sinking.

In Europe for instance, considerable variation is found because some land areas are rising while others are sinking.

SUPPORTS

entailment

Sea level rise

2,593

[T]he study indicates “Greenland’s ice may be less susceptible to the massive meltdown predicted by computer models of climate change, the main author ... said in an interview. ...

In an e-mail interview with Than (2007), Peiser stated that: "I think it is an intriguing coincidence that warming trends have been observed on a number of very diverse planetary bodies in our solar system, (...) Perhaps this is just a fluke."

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Attribution of recent climate change

1,503

climate models have overestimated the amount of global warming and failed to predict what climatologists call the warming ‘hiatus’.

Additional disputes concern estimates of climate sensitivity, predictions of additional warming, what the consequences of global warming will be, and what to do about it.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Global warming

1,433

Eleven percent of the world’s population is currently vulnerable to climate change impacts such as droughts, floods, heat waves, extreme weather events and sea-level rise.

Many physical impacts of global warming are already visible, including extreme weather events, glacier retreat, changes in the timing of seasonal events (e.g., earlier flowering of plants), sea level rise, and declines in Arctic sea ice extent.

SUPPORTS

entailment

Effects of global warming

531

When South Australians buy electricity at $14,200/MWh, they are paying the equivalent of $400 a litre for petrol.

The maximum price was $14,000/MWh in 2016-2017, $13,800/MWh in 2015-2016, $13,500/MWh in 2014-2015, and $13,100/MWh in 2013-2014.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

National Electricity Market

628

as continents rise after the overlying ice has melted

Sea levels rose as the Ordovician ice sheets melted, and tectonic movements created major faults which assembled the outline of Scotland from previously scattered fragments.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Geology of Scotland

2,632

At least close to the new spot and to the equator, nothing less than global warming is expected"

In the tropics the net effect is to produce a significant warming, while at latitudes closer to the poles a loss of albedo leads to an overall cooling effect.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Global warming

2,922

Soares looks at short-term trends which are swamped by natural variations.

It has been argued that this definition is a natural consequence of the effect of sexual reproduction on the dynamics of natural selection.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Species

2,920

"Global warming data apparently cooked by U.S. government-funded body shows astounding temperature fraud with increases averaging 10 to 15 degrees Fahrenheit.

"Modeling of long-term fossil fuel consumption shows 14.5-degree hike in Earth's temperature".

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Global warming controversy

3,119

CO2 constitutes 80% of the non-condensing greenhouse gas forcing.

Projected annual energy-related CO 2 emissions in 2030 were 40–110% higher than in 2000, with two-thirds of the increase originating in developing countries.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Greenhouse gas

14

The Great Barrier Reef is experiencing the most widespread bleaching ever recorded

Mass coral bleaching events due to elevated ocean temperatures occurred in the summers of 1998, 2002 and 2006, and coral bleaching is expected to become an annual occurrence.

SUPPORTS

entailment

Great Barrier Reef

2,390

There may have been regions of Greenland that were 'greener' than today

The Great Green Wall initiative is a pan-African proposal to "green" the continent from west to east in order to battle desertification.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Reforestation

1,712

The sun has not warmed since 1970 and so cannot be driving global warming.

Multiple independently produced instrumental datasets confirm that the 2009–2018 decade was 0.93 ± 0.07 °C warmer than the pre-industrial baseline (1850–1900).

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Global warming

2,083

Climategate CRU emails suggest conspiracy

"Analysis of the appeal of conspiracy theories with suggestions for more accurate ad hoc internet reporting of them".

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Conspiracy theory

1,539

Climate change is due to cosmic rays.

They also found that galactic cosmic rays, and total solar irradiance did not have any statistically significant influence on changes in cloud cover.

REFUTES

contradiction

Henrik Svensmark

258

But the period has caused a headache for climate scientists because clearly there was no upswell in carbon dioxide that could account for such swift warming.

Despite a weak early Sun, the greenhouse effect from a thick carbon dioxide atmosphere, if bolstered with small amounts of methane or insulating effects of carbon-dioxide-ice clouds, would have been sufficient to warm the mean surface temperature to a value above the freezing point of water.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Mars ocean hypothesis

903

Growers regularly pump CO2 into greenhouses, raising levels to three times that of the natural environment, to produce stronger, greener, healthier plants.”

Secondary metabolites, e.g., cardiac glycosides in Digitalis lanata, are produced in higher amounts by greenhouse cultivation at enhanced temperature and at enhanced carbon dioxide concentration.

SUPPORTS

entailment

Greenhouse

1,859

Big rooftop solar's plan forces Nevada families who don't have solar panels to pay higher power bills to subsidize rooftop solar.

A 2014 report funded by the Institute for Electric Innovation claims that net metering in California produces excessively large subsidies for typical residential rooftop solar photovoltaic (PV) facilities.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Net metering

1,715

Theory, models and direct measurement confirm CO2 is currently the main driver of climate change.

Scientists have determined that the major factors causing the current climate change are greenhouse gases, land use changes, and aerosols and soot.

SUPPORTS

entailment

Global warming

1,257

“as surface temperatures of the oceans warm up, the immediate response is more water vapor in the atmosphere.

The heat needed to raise an average temperature increase of the entire world ocean by 0.01 °C would increase the atmospheric temperature by approximately 10 °C.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Sea level rise

2,320

While the Medieval Warm Period saw unusually warm temperatures in some regions, globally the planet was cooler than current conditions.

Certain regions, such as central Eurasia, northwestern North America, and (with less confidence) parts of the South Atlantic, exhibit anomalous coolness.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Medieval Warm Period

335

Last month was the hottest June ever recorded, European satellite agency announces

20 August July 2015 was the hottest month on Earth since records began in 1880, according to data from NOAA.

REFUTES

contradiction

2015 in science

2,141

Satellite error inflated Great Lakes temperatures

Current Great Lakes Water Levels.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Lake Superior

2,283

In fact, the global melt rate has been accelerating since the mid-1970s.

This effect results in the increased absorption of radiation that accelerates melting."

SUPPORTS

entailment

Global warming

2,788

'On June 23, 1988, NASA scientist James Hansen testified before the House of Representatives that there was a strong "cause and effect relationship" between observed temperatures and human emissions into the atmosphere.

...Dr. James E. Hansen of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration told a Congressional committee that it was 99 percent certain that the warming trend was not a natural variation but was caused by a buildup of carbon dioxide and other artificial gases in the atmosphere.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

James Hansen

1,690

That human CO2 is causing global warming is known with high certainty & confirmed by observations.

"How do we know more CO2 is causing warming?".

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Carbon dioxide

2,632

At least close to the new spot and to the equator, nothing less than global warming is expected"

The water reacts by radiating, also in the infrared, both upward and downward, and the downward longwave radiation results in increased warming at the surface.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Cloud

1,774

The CERN CLOUD experiment only tested one-third of one out of four requirements necessary to blame global warming on cosmic rays, and two of the other requirements have already failed.

To test the hypothesis, CERN designed the CLOUD experiment, which showed the effect of cosmic rays is too weak to influence climate noticeably.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Climate change (general concept)

2,268

“[T]he 1079 emails and 72 documents seem indeed evidence of a scandal involving most of the most prominent scientists pushing the man-made warming theory - a scandal that is one of the greatest in modern science.

An editorial in Nature said that many in the media "were led by the nose, by those with a clear agenda, to a sizzling scandal that steadily defused as the true facts and context were made clear".

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Climatic Research Unit email controversy

1,524

The IPCC (2013), USGCRP (2017), and USGCRP (2018) indicate that it is extremely likely that human influence has been the dominant cause of the observed warming since the mid-twentieth century.

Since the mid-20th century, most of the observed warming is "likely" (greater than 66% probability, based on expert judgement) due to human activities.

SUPPORTS

entailment

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

925

About 120,000 years ago, before the last ice age, the planet went through a natural warm period, with temperatures similar to those expected in coming decades.

This period of warmth ended about 5,500 years ago with the descent into the Neoglacial and concomitant Neopluvial.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Holocene

1,357

“The notion that world-wide weather is becoming more extreme is just that: a notion, or a testable hypothesis.

Popper considered falsifiability a test of whether theories are scientific, not of whether propositions that they contain or support are true.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Falsifiability

1,394

U.S. Forest Service data show pine beetle infestations have recently declined dramatically throughout the western United States.

However, unusually hot, dry summers and mild winters throughout the region during the last few years, along with forests filled with mature lodgepole pine, have led to an unprecedented epidemic.

REFUTES

contradiction

Mountain pine beetle

2,500

Believers think the warming is man-made, while the skeptics believe the warming is natural and contributions from man are minimal and certainly not potentially catastrophic à la Al Gore.'

There is no convincing scientific evidence that human release of carbon dioxide, methane, or other greenhouse gases is causing or will, in the foreseeable future, cause catastrophic heating of the Earth's atmosphere and disruption of the Earth's climate.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Climate change denial

2,268

“[T]he 1079 emails and 72 documents seem indeed evidence of a scandal involving most of the most prominent scientists pushing the man-made warming theory - a scandal that is one of the greatest in modern science.

He said that it was not a single scandal, but "a sustained and coordinated campaign" aimed at undermining the credibility of the science.

SUPPORTS

entailment

Climatic Research Unit email controversy

2,649

"Mike's Nature trick" has nothing to do with "hide the decline", instead refering to a technique by Michael Mann to plot instrumental temperature along with past reconstructions.

In it, "Spatially resolved global reconstructions of annual surface temperature patterns" were related to "changes in greenhouse-gas concentrations, solar irradiance, and volcanic aerosols" leading to the conclusion that "each of these factors has contributed to the climate variability of the past 400 years, with greenhouse gases emerging as the dominant forcing during the twentieth century.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Michael E. Mann

512

water vapour has been the main greenhouse gas and carbon dioxide has had a minuscule effect on global climate

The primary greenhouse gases in Earth's atmosphere are water vapor (H2O), carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), and ozone (O3).

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Greenhouse gas

2,966

Over the three years from 1979 to 1982 when CO2 emissions were decreasing due to the rapid increase in the price of oil that drastically reduced consumption, there was no change in the rate of increase in atmospheric concentration of CO2 proving that humans were not the primary source for the increase in concentration.'

Combustion of fossil fuels and deforestation have caused the atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide to increase by about 43% since the beginning of the age of industrialization.

REFUTES

contradiction

Carbon dioxide

31

Discovery Of Massive Volcanic CO2 Emissions Discredits Global Warming Theory

"Global Warming Led To Atmospheric Hydrogen Sulfide And Permian Extinction".

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Permian–Triassic extinction event

516

For the past 4567 million years, the sun and the Earth’s orbit have driven climate change cycles.

Earth orbits the Sun at an average distance of about 150 million km (93 million mi) every 365.2564 mean solar days, or one sidereal year.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Earth

383

“As soon as renewables were introduced into the grid, electricity prices increased and delivery became unreliable.

The improved flexibility of the smart grid permits greater penetration of highly variable renewable energy sources such as solar power and wind power, even without the addition of energy storage.

REFUTES

contradiction

Smart grid

1,784

Many lines of evidence, including simple accounting, demonstrate beyond a shadow of a doubt that the increase in atmospheric CO2 is due to human fossil fuel burning.

The spatial and temporal fingerprint of warming can be traced to increasing greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere, which are a direct result of burning fossil fuels, broad-scale deforestation and other human activity."

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Scientific consensus on climate change

2,312

Everybody knows that the Pacific island of Tuvalu is sinking. ...

"Coral islands defy sea-level rise over the past century: Records from a central Pacific atoll".

SUPPORTS

entailment

Tuvalu

2,838

The data is being reported by the University of Illinois's Arctic Climate Research Center, and is derived from satellite observations of the Northern and Southern hemisphere polar regions (Daily Tech).

Satellite data since the early 1970s reveal considerable seasonal, regional, and interannual variability in the sea-ice covers of both hemispheres.

SUPPORTS

entailment

Cryosphere

2,329

We know the Northwest Passage had been open before."

On September 14, 2007, the European Space Agency stated that ice loss that year had opened up the historically impassable passage, setting a new low of ice cover as seen in satellite measurements which went back to 1978.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Northwest Passage

30

the bushfires [in Australia] were caused by arsonists and a series of lightning strikes, not 'climate change'

Man-made events include arcing from overhead power lines, arson, accidental ignition in the course of agricultural clearing, grinding and welding activities, campfires, cigarettes and dropped matches, sparks from machinery, and controlled burn escapes.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Bushfires in Australia

194

The main greenhouse gas is water vapour[…]

"How Much CO2 Does A Single Volcano Emit?".

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Greenhouse gas

3,090

A generous estimate of the energy generated by satellites is around 1 million times too small to cause global warming.

Global anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions in 2010 were equivalent to 49 billion tonnes of carbon dioxide (using the most recent global warming potentials over 100 years from the AR5 report).

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Global warming

2,539

"[T]he influence of so-called greenhouse gases on near-surface temperature - is not yet absolutely proven.

Before the Industrial Revolution, naturally occurring amounts of greenhouse gases caused the air near the surface to be warmer by about 33 °C (59 °F) than it would be in their absence.

REFUTES

contradiction

Global warming

2,100

IPCC were wrong about Himalayan glaciers

The report has also been criticized for inclusion of an erroneous date for the projected demise of the Himalayan glaciers.

SUPPORTS

entailment

IPCC Fourth Assessment Report

2,227

Every part of the Earth's climate system has continued warming since 1998, with 2015 shattering temperature records.

Multiple independently produced instrumental datasets confirm that the 2009–2018 decade was 0.93 ± 0.07 °C warmer than the pre-industrial baseline (1850–1900).

SUPPORTS

entailment

Global warming

1,996

There are already more American jobs in the solar industry than in coal mining.

A key benefit that this investment growth brings is a growth in jobs.

SUPPORTS

entailment

Renewable energy commercialization

2,966

Over the three years from 1979 to 1982 when CO2 emissions were decreasing due to the rapid increase in the price of oil that drastically reduced consumption, there was no change in the rate of increase in atmospheric concentration of CO2 proving that humans were not the primary source for the increase in concentration.'

Human activities, primarily the burning of fossil fuels (coal, oil, and natural gas), and secondarily the clearing of land, have increased the concentration of carbon dioxide, methane, and other heat-trapping ("greenhouse") gases in the atmosphere...There is international scientific consensus that most of the warming observed over the last 50 years is attributable to human activities.

REFUTES

contradiction

Scientific consensus on climate change

2,222

A large number of ancient mass extinction events have been strongly linked to global climate change.

Species extinction at Seymour Island occurred in two pulses that coincide with the two observed warming events, directly linking the end-Cretaceous extinction at this site to both volcanic and meteorite events via climate change.

SUPPORTS

entailment

Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event

1,547

Water vapor is the most powerful greenhouse gas.

Water vapor is the most potent greenhouse gas owing to the presence of the hydroxyl bond which strongly absorbs in the infra-red region of the light spectrum.

SUPPORTS

entailment

Water vapor

649

“Houlton has been exploring this possibility for years.

The Last Valley (1971) is a film starring Michael Caine and Omar Sharif, who discover a temporary haven from the Thirty Years' War.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Thirty Years' War

1,851

Barack Obama and Joe Biden will establish a 10 percent federal Renewable Portfolio Standard (RPS) to require that 10 percent of electricity consumed in the U.S. is derived from clean, sustainable energy sources, like solar, wind and geothermal by 2012.

Democrats have supported increased domestic renewable energy development, including wind and solar power farms, in an effort to reduce carbon pollution.

SUPPORTS

entailment

Democratic Party (United States)

41

More than 500 scientists and professionals in climate and related fields have sent a 'European Climate Declaration' to the Secretary-General of the United Nations

Dennis Bray and Hans von Storch conducted a survey in August 2008 of 2058 climate scientists from 34 different countries.

SUPPORTS

entailment

Scientific consensus on climate change

710

With marine ice cliff instability, sea-level rise for the next century is potentially much larger than we thought it might be five or 10 years ago

Over the 21st century, the IPCC projects that in a very high emissions scenario the sea level could rise by 61–110 cm.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Global warming

1,416

In recent decades this warming has been accompanied by a constant rise in the sea level and, it would appear, by an increase of extreme weather events, even if a scientifically determinable cause cannot be assigned to each particular phenomenon.

Further examples include sea level rise, widespread melting of snow and land ice, increased heat content of the oceans, increased humidity, and the earlier timing of spring events, such as the flowering of plants.

SUPPORTS

entailment

Global warming

935

The winds around the continent seem to be strengthening, stirring the ocean and bringing up a layer of warmer water that has most likely been there for centuries.

Atlantic Water has the same salinity as Arctic Bottom Water but is much warmer (up to 3 °C).

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Arctic Ocean

2,753

However, studies have determined that current technology is sufficient to reduce greenhouse gas emissions the necessary amount, and that we can do so without significant impact on the economy.

There is overwhelming agreement among economists that carbon taxes are the most efficient and effective way to curb climate change, with the least adverse effects on the economy.

SUPPORTS

entailment

Carbon tax

2,536

But the central message of the IPCC AR4, is confirmed by the peer reviewed literature.

Scientific consensus is normally achieved through communication at conferences, publication in the scientific literature, replication (reproducible results by others), and peer review.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Global warming controversy

645

Scientists just discovered a massive, heretofore unknown, source of nitrogen

The discovery of nitrogen is attributed to the Scottish physician Daniel Rutherford in 1772, who called it noxious air.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Nitrogen

1,009

‘Arctic ice conditions have been tracking at record low conditions since October, persisting for six consecutive months’

Scientists recently measured sixteen-foot (five-meter) wave heights during a storm in the Beaufort Sea in mid-August until late October 2012.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Arctic sea ice decline

266

The IPCC no longer includes the ‘Hockey stick’ chart in its reports.

Besides the Sixth Assessment Report, to be completed in 2022, the IPCC released the Special Report on Global Warming of 1.5 °C in October 2018, released an update to its 2006 Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories—the 2019 Refinement—in May 2019, and delivered two further special reports in 2019: the Special Report on Climate Change and Land (SRCCL), published online on 7 August, and the Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate (SROCC), released on 25 September 2019.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

2,989

While preventing global warming is relatively cheap, economists can't even accurately estimate the accelerating costs of climate damages if we continue with business-as-usual.

No models suggest that the optimal policy is to do nothing, i.e., allow "business-as-usual" emissions.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Economics of global warming

55

[T]he raw data, the actual thermometer data[...] shows that the US has been cooling for 80 to 90 years.

That's the data we've had for the past 150 years, which is quite consistent with the expectation that the climate is continuing to warm."

REFUTES

contradiction

Hockey stick controversy

2,083

Climategate CRU emails suggest conspiracy

The CRU emails do not show either that the science is flawed or that the scientific process has been compromised.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Climatic Research Unit email controversy

2,915

"Pollution; none of us are supporting putting substances into the atmosphere or the waterways that might be pollutants, but carbon dioxide is not a pollutant.

Flue gas from combustion of the fossil fuels contains carbon dioxide and water vapor, as well as pollutants such as nitrogen oxides (NOx), sulfur oxides (SOx), and, for coal-fired plants, mercury, traces of other metals, and fly ash.

SUPPORTS

entailment

Fossil fuel power station

3,123

Given that a doubling of carbon dioxide would change the surface heat flux by only two watts per square meter, it is evident that a small change in cloud cover can strongly affect the response to carbon dioxide."

The main reinforcing feedbacks are the water vapour feedback, the ice–albedo feedback, and probably the net effect of clouds.

SUPPORTS

entailment

Global warming

2,890

Heat is continuing to build up in the subsurface ocean.

Underneath the thick atmospheres of the planets Uranus and Neptune, it is expected that these planets are composed of oceans of hot high-density fluid mixtures of water, ammonia and other volatiles.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Ocean

1,097

“[…]The impact on calcification, metabolism, growth, fertility and survival of calcifying marine species when pH is lowered up to 0.3 units […] is beneficial, not damaging.

It is expected to drop by a further 0.3 to 0.5 pH units (an additional doubling to tripling of today's post-industrial acid concentrations) by 2100 as the oceans absorb more anthropogenic CO 2, the impacts being most severe for coral reefs and the Southern Ocean.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Ocean acidification

2,042

Recent research also indicates that the quantity of fossil fuels staying in the atmosphere is much less than previously thought.

Human activities, primarily the burning of fossil fuels (coal, oil, and natural gas), and secondarily the clearing of land, have increased the concentration of carbon dioxide, methane, and other heat-trapping ("greenhouse") gases in the atmosphere...There is international scientific consensus that most of the warming observed over the last 50 years is attributable to human activities.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Scientific consensus on climate change

818

“Carbon dioxide hurts nobody’s health.

When inhaled, these particles can settle in the lungs and respiratory tract and cause health problems.

REFUTES

contradiction

Smog

2,272

It found the scientists' rigour and honesty are not in doubt, and their behaviour did not prejudice the IPCC's conclusions, though they did fail to display the proper degree of openness.

Scientific integrity demands robust, independent peer review, however, and AAAS therefore emphasised that investigations are appropriate whenever significant questions are raised regarding the transparency and rigour of the scientific method, the peer-review process, or the responsibility of individual scientists.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Climatic Research Unit email controversy

2,444

There are a number of forcings which affect climate (eg - stratospheric aerosols, solar variations).

Volcanic eruptions, solar variations and anthropogenic changes in the composition of the atmosphere and land use change are external forcings.

SUPPORTS

entailment

Climate system

246

at the end of recent ice ages, the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere started to rise only after temperatures began to climb.

An ice age is a long period of reduction in the temperature of the Earth's surface and atmosphere, resulting in the presence or expansion of continental and polar ice sheets and alpine glaciers.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Ice age

198

For decades horticulturalists have pumped carbon dioxide into glasshouses to increase yields.

The possibility of using carbon dioxide enrichment in greenhouse cultivation to enhance plant growth has been known for nearly 100 years.

SUPPORTS

entailment

Greenhouse

499

The monetary cost of damages has increased dramatically in recent decades, but that is due to increasing population, wealth and the amount of vulnerable infrastructure.

(2001) concluded that: countries with limited economic resources, low levels of technology, poor information and skills, poor infrastructure, unstable or weak institutions, and inequitable empowerment and access to resources have little adaptive capacity and are highly vulnerable to climate change (p. 879).

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Economics of global warming

1,580

Plant stomata show higher and more variable CO2 levels.

The CO2 fertiliser effect has been greatly overestimated during Free-Air Carbon dioxide Enrichment (FACE) experiments where results show increased CO2 levels in the atmosphere enhances photosynthesis, reduce transpiration, and increase water use efficiency (WUE).

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Stoma

101

Neither the rate nor the magnitude of the reported late twentieth century surface warming (1979–2000) lay outside normal natural variability.

From this, he concluded that "The post-1980 global warming trend from surface thermometers is not credible.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Hockey stick controversy

1,326

But more than 7% of deaths are related to cold—counting hypothermia, as well as increased blood pressure and risk of heart attack that results when the body restricts blood flow in response to frigid temperatures.”

High blood pressure is estimated to account for approximately 13% of CVD deaths, while tobacco accounts for 9%, diabetes 6%, lack of exercise 6% and obesity 5%.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Cardiovascular disease

1,487

NASA has been adjusting temperatures from the past[...]

""2016 Climate Trends Continue to Break Records".

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

NASA

2,753

However, studies have determined that current technology is sufficient to reduce greenhouse gas emissions the necessary amount, and that we can do so without significant impact on the economy.

Economists generally argue that carbon taxes are the most efficient and effective way to curb climate change, with the least adverse effects on the economy.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Carbon tax

3,058

Correspondingly, the global surface temperature has also dropped."

These isotope changes occurred due to the release of carbon from the ocean into the atmosphere that led to a temperature increase of 4-8 °C (7-14 °F) at the surface of the ocean.

REFUTES

contradiction

Eocene

1,962

Surface temperatures on Earth "have stabilized."

Surface temperature increases are greatest in the Arctic, which has contributed to the retreat of glaciers, permafrost, and sea ice.

REFUTES

contradiction

Global warming

1,508

global warming ceased around the end of the twentieth century and was followed (since 1997) by 19 years of stable temperature.

The average global temperature on Earth has increased by about 0.8° Celsius (1.4° Fahrenheit) since 1880; Two-thirds of the warming has occurred since 1975, at a rate of roughly 0.15-0.20 °C per decade.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

20th century

1,880

Electricity rates are 40 percent higher in states that have required utility companies to use a certain amount of renewable energy such as solar power.

Smart grid technology is a necessary condition for very large amounts of renewable electricity on the grid for this reason.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Smart grid