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{
"title": "Detecting tax evasion: a co-evolutionary approach",
"abstract": "We present an algorithm that can anticipate tax evasion by modeling the co-evolution of tax schemes with auditing policies. Malicious tax non-compliance, or evasion, accounts for billions of lost revenue each year. Unfortunately when tax administrators change the tax laws or auditing procedures to eliminate known fraudulent schemes another potentially more profitable scheme takes it place. Modeling both the tax schemes and auditing policies within a single framework can therefore provide major advantages. In particular we can explore the likely forms of tax schemes in response to changes in audit policies. This can serve as an early warning system to help focus enforcement efforts. In addition, the audit policies can be fine tuned to help improve tax scheme detection. We demonstrate our approach using the iBOB tax scheme and show it can capture the co-evolution between tax evasion and audit policy. Our experiments shows the expected oscillatory behavior of a biological co-evolving system.",
"corpus_id": 18320607
} | {
"title": "An Intelligent Anti-Money Laundering Method for Detecting Risky Users in the Banking Systems",
"abstract": "During the last decades, universal economy has experienced money laundering and its destructive impact on the economy of the countries. Money laundering is the process of converting or transferring an asset in order to conceal its illegal source or assist someone that is involved in such crimes. Criminals generally attempt to clean the sources of the funds obtained by crime, using the banking system. Due to the large amount of information in the banks, detecting such behaviors is not feasible without anti-money laundering systems. Money laundering detection is one of the areas, where data mining tools can be useful and effective. In this research, some of the features of the users are extracted from their profiles by studying them. These features may include large financial transactions in risky areas regarding money laundering, reactivation of dormant accounts with considerable amounts, etc. Network training is performed by designing a fuzzy system, developing an adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system and adding feature vectors of the users to it. The network output can determine the riskiness of the user behavior. The evaluation results reveal that the proposed method increases the accuracy of detecting risky users.",
"corpus_id": 18822522
} | {
"title": "Adapting nlp and corpus analysis techniques to structured imagery analysis in classical chinese poetry",
"abstract": "This paper describes some pioneering work as a joint research project between City University of Hong Kong and Yuan Ze University in Taiwan to adapt language resources and technologies in order to set up a computational framework for the study of the creative language employed in classical Chinese poetry. ::: ::: In particular, it will first of all describe an existing ontology of imageries found in poems written during the Tang and the Song dynasties (7th -14th century AD). It will then propose the augmentation of such imageries into primary, complex, extended and textual imageries. A rationale of such a structured approach is that while poets may use a common dichotomy of primary imageries, creative language use is to be found in the creation of complex and compound imageries. This approach will not only support analysis of inter-poets stylistic similarities and differences but will also effectively reveal intra-poet stylistic characteristics. This article will then describe a syntactic parser designed to produce parse trees that will eventually enable the automatic identification of possible imageries and their subsequent structural analysis and classification. Finally, a case study will be presented that investigated the syntactic properties found in two lyrics written by two stylistically different lyric writers in the Song Dynasty.",
"corpus_id": 13573743,
"score": -1
} |
{
"title": "Lethal effects of abamectin on the aquatic organisms Daphnia similis, Chironomus xanthus and Danio rerio.",
"abstract": "Abamectin is used as an acaricide and insecticide for fruits, vegetables and ornamental plants, as well as a parasiticide for animals. One of the major problems of applying pesticides to crops is the likelihood of contaminating aquatic ecosystems by drift or runoff. Therefore, toxicity tests in the laboratory are important tools to predict the effects of chemical substances in aquatic ecosystems. The aim of this study was to assess the potential hazards of abamectin to the freshwater biota and consequently the possible losses of ecological services in contaminated water bodies. For this purpose, we identified the toxicity of abamectin on daphnids, insects and fish. Abamectin was highly toxic, with an EC(50) 48 h for Daphnia similis of 5.1 ng L(-1), LC(50) 96 h for Chironomus xanthus of 2.67 μg L(-1) and LC(50) 48 h for Danio rerio of 33 μg L(-1).",
"corpus_id": 2930857
} | {
"title": "Effects of in vitro and in vivo avermectin exposure on alpha synuclein expression and proteasomal activity in pigeons.",
"abstract": "Avermectins (AVMs) are used worldwide in agriculture and veterinary medicine. Residues of avermectin drugs, causing toxicological effects on non-target organisms, have raised great concern. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of AVM on the expression levels of alpha synuclein (α-Syn) and proteasomal activity in pigeon (Columba livia) neurons both in vivo and in vitro. The results showed that, the mRNA and protein levels of α-Syn increased in AVM treated groups relative to control groups in the cerebrum, cerebellum and optic lobe in vivo. Dose-dependent decreases in the proteasomal activity (i.e., chymotrypsin-like, trypsin-like and peptidylglutamyl peptidehydrolase) were observed both in vivo and in vitro. The results suggested that AVM could induce the expression levels of α-Syn and inhibit the normal physiological function of proteasome in brain tissues and neurons. The information presented in this study is helpful to understand the mechanism of AVM-induced neurotoxicology in birds.",
"corpus_id": 7133252
} | {
"title": "Impact of metabolic pathways and salinity on the hydrogen isotope ratios of haptophyte lipids",
"abstract": "Abstract. Hydrogen isotope ratios of biomarkers have been shown to reflect water isotope ratios, and in some cases correlate significantly with salinity. The δ2H-salinity relationship is best studied for long-chain alkenones, biomarkers for haptophyte algae, and is known to be influenced by a number of different environmental parameters. It is not fully known why δ2H ratios of lipids retain a correlation to salinity, and whether this is a general feature for other lipids produced by haptophyte algae. Here, we analyzed δ2H ratios of three fatty acids, brassicasterol, long-chain C37 alkenones and phytol from three different haptophyte species grown over a range of salinities. Lipids synthesized in the cytosol, or relying on precursors of cytosolic origin, show a correlation between their δ2H ratios and salinity. In contrast, biosynthesis in the chloroplast, or utilizing precursors created in the chloroplast, yields lipids that do not show a correlation between δ2H ratios and salinity. This leads to the conclusion that location of metabolism is the first-order control on the salinity signal retained in δ2H ratios of certain lipids. Additionally, we found that δ2H ratios of alkenones from batch cultures of the Group II haptophyte species Tisochrysis lutea correlate positively with temperature, contrary to findings from cultures of Group III haptophytes, but retain a similar response to nutrient availability in line with other Group III haptophytes.\n",
"corpus_id": 155590282,
"score": 1
} |
{
"title": "IGF1 activates cell cycle arrest following irradiation by reducing binding of ΔNp63 to the p21 promoter",
"abstract": "Radiotherapy for head and neck tumors often results in persistent loss of function in salivary glands. Patients suffering from impaired salivary function frequently terminate treatment prematurely because of reduced quality of life caused by malnutrition and other debilitating side-effects. It has been previously shown in mice expressing a constitutively active form of Akt (myr-Akt1), or in mice pretreated with IGF1, apoptosis is suppressed, which correlates with maintained salivary gland function measured by stimulated salivary flow. Induction of cell cycle arrest may be important for this protection by allowing cells time for DNA repair. We have observed increased accumulation of cells in G2/M at acute time-points after irradiation in parotid glands of mice receiving pretreatment with IGF1. As p21, a transcriptional target of the p53 family, is necessary for maintaining G2/M arrest, we analyzed the roles of p53 and p63 in modulating IGF1-stimulated p21 expression. Pretreatment with IGF1 reduces binding of ΔNp63 to the p21 promoter after irradiation, which coincides with increased p53 binding and sustained p21 transcription. Our data indicate a role for ΔNp63 in modulating p53-dependent gene expression and influencing whether a cell death or cell cycle arrest program is initiated.",
"corpus_id": 1418985
} | {
"title": "ΔNp63 expression in four carcinoma cell lines and the effect on radioresistance—a siRNA knockdown model",
"abstract": "ObjectivesThis study investigated the expression of ΔNp63α in carcinoma cell lines of the upper aerodigestive tract and their potential influence on radioresistance using a small interfering RNA (siRNA) knockdown approach.Materials and methodsFour carcinoma cell lines were investigated for the expression of the ΔNp63 isoform by quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) (0, 24, 48 h) with and without single dose irradiation of 6 Gy. Furthermore, all cell lines were transfected with siRNA against the ΔNp63α isoform over 24 h. Knockdown effectiveness was controlled by qRT-PCR and Western blot. Apoptotic events were evaluated by terminal transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay and cross-checked by a test for cell viability (WST-1, Roche) over 48 h.ResultsAll cell lines presented varying expression of the ΔNp63α isoform with and without irradiation. A sufficient knockdown rate was established by siRNA transfection. Knockdown of the ΔNp63 isoform showed an effect on radiation sensitivity proven by an increase of apoptotic events detectable by immunofluorescence (TUNEL assay) and likewise a significant reduction of formazan production (WST-1 test) in three cell lines.ConclusionsWe found overexpression of ΔNp63α with and without irradiation in three cell lines, and the knockdown of ΔNp63α led to increased apoptotic events and fewer viable cells. Thus, the overexpression of ΔNp63α might protect carcinoma cells against irradiation effects.Clinical relevanceThe present work supports the hypothesis that protein 63 might serve as a negative predictor for irradiation response and survival in a clinical setting and may be a target for future therapeutic strategies.",
"corpus_id": 2769802
} | {
"title": "Field preference of Greylag geese Anser anser during the breeding season",
"abstract": "Few studies address food preference of geese on agricultural land (utilization related to availability) and only a handful so for the breeding season. We studied Greylag geese Anser anser during the breeding season in an intensively farmed area in southern Sweden. Few of 22 available field types were truly preferred. Pastureland was the most consistently preferred, by goslings (with parents) as well as by non-breeders. In some sampling periods, goslings also preferred grazed hay, ley, and carrot fields. Non-breeders exploited a greater variety of crops/fields, feeding also on barley, fallow, grazed hay, lettuce, oats, potatoes, and carrots. Most of these crops were preferred on at least one sampling occasion, except for fallow, grazed hay, and wheat, which were always used less than expected from availability. GLMs revealed that goslings rested more than they fed and preferred shorter vegetation before higher. Moreover, goslings occurred in higher densities in younger age classes than in older and preferred nearshore areas. In contrast, density of non-breeders was only related to field type and sampling occasion (higher densities as the season progressed). The maximum number of broods observed (106) implies a breeding success of 34% based on 311 active nests earlier in the season. Brood size decreased from 3.5 to 2.1 during the study period. Our study shows that goose management during the breeding season should consider goslings and their parents separately from non-breeders, and it implies little potential conflict between Greylag geese and agriculture during the breeding period.",
"corpus_id": 7180371,
"score": 0
} |
{
"title": "InAs migration on released, wrinkled InGaAs membranes used as virtual substrate",
"abstract": "Partly released, relaxed and wrinkled InGaAs membranes are used as virtual substrates for overgrowth with InAs. Such samples exhibit different lattice parameters for the unreleased epitaxial parts, the released flat, back-bond areas and the released wrinkled areas. A large InAs migration towards the released membrane is observed with a material accumulation on top of the freestanding wrinkles during overgrowth. A semi-quantitative analysis of the misfit strain shows that the material migrates to the areas of the sample with the lowest misfit strain, which we consider as the areas of the lowest chemical potential of the surface. Material migration is also observed for the edge-supported, freestanding InGaAs membranes found on these samples. Our results show that the released, wrinkled nanomembranes offer a growth template for InAs deposition that fundamentally changes the migration behavior of the deposited material on the growth surface.",
"corpus_id": 3367859
} | {
"title": "In adatom diffusion on InxGa1−xAs/GaAs(001): effects of strain, reconstruction and composition",
"abstract": "By using density functional theory (DFT) calculations of the potential energy surface in conjunction with the analytical solution of the master equation for the time evolution of the adatom site distribution, we study the diffusion properties of an isolated In adatom on InxGa1−xAs wetting layers (WL) deposited on the GaAs(001). The WL reconstructions considered in this study are, listed in the order of increasing In coverage: c(4 × 4), (1 × 3), (2 × 3), α2(2 × 4) and β2(2 × 4). We analyze the dependence of the diffusion properties on WL reconstruction, composition and strain, and find that: (i) diffusion on the (2 × N) reconstructions is strongly anisotropic, owing to the presence of the low barrier potential in-dimer trench, favoring the diffusion along the direction over that along the [110] direction; (ii) In diffusion at a WL coverage θ = 2/3 monolayers (ML; with composition x = 2/3) is faster than on clean GaAs(001) c(4 × 4), and decreases at θ = 1.75 ML (x = 1; e.g. InAs/GaAs(001)); (iii) diffusion and nucleation on the (2 × 4) WL is affected by the presence of adsorption sites for indium inside the As dimers; (iv) the approximation used for the exchange–correlation potential within DFT has an important effect on the description of the diffusion properties.",
"corpus_id": 23585272
} | {
"title": "Dynamic Modelling of Tooth Deformation Using Occlusal Kinematics and Finite Element Analysis",
"abstract": "Background Dental biomechanics based on finite element (FE) analysis is attracting enormous interest in dentistry, biology, anthropology and palaeontology. Nonetheless, several shortcomings in FE modeling exist, mainly due to unrealistic loading conditions. In this contribution we used kinematics information recorded in a virtual environment derived from occlusal contact detection between high resolution models of an upper and lower human first molar pair (M1 and M1, respectively) to run a non-linear dynamic FE crash colliding test. Methodology MicroCT image data of a modern human skull were segmented to reconstruct digital models of the antagonistic right M1 and M1 and the dental supporting structures. We used the Occlusal Fingerprint Analyser software to reconstruct the individual occlusal pathway trajectory during the power stroke of the chewing cycle, which was applied in a FE simulation to guide the M1 3D-path for the crash colliding test. Results FE analysis results showed that the stress pattern changes considerably during the power stroke, demonstrating that knowledge about chewing kinematics in conjunction with a morphologically detailed FE model is crucial for understanding tooth form and function under physiological conditions. Conclusions/Significance Results from such advanced dynamic approaches will be applicable to evaluate and avoid mechanical failure in prosthodontics/endodontic treatments, and to test material behavior for modern tooth restoration in dentistry. This approach will also allow us to improve our knowledge in chewing-related biomechanics for functional diagnosis and therapy, and it will help paleoanthropologists to illuminate dental adaptive processes and morphological modifications in human evolution.",
"corpus_id": 1590358,
"score": 1
} |
{
"title": "Corpus building for Mongolian language",
"abstract": "This paper presents an ongoing research aimed to build the first corpus, 5 million words, for Mongolian language by focusing on annotating and tagging corpus texts according to TEI XML (McQueen, 2004) format. Also, a tool, MCBuilder, which provides support for flexibly and manually annotating and manipulating the corpus texts with XML structure, is presented.",
"corpus_id": 742720
} | {
"title": "Mongolian speech corpus for text-to-speech development",
"abstract": "This paper presents a first attempt to develop Mongolian speech corpus that designed for data-driven speech synthesis in Mongolia. The aim of the speech corpus is to develop a high-quality Mongolian TTS for blinds to use with screen reader. The speech corpus contains nearly 6 hours of Mongolian phones. It well provides Cyrillic text transcription and its phonetic transcription with stress marking. It also provides context information including phone context, stressing levels, syntactic position in word, phrase and utterance for modeling speech acoustics and characteristics for speech synthesis.",
"corpus_id": 10716624
} | {
"title": "Throughput-optimal wireless scheduling with regulated inter-service times",
"abstract": "Motivated by the low-jitter requirements of streaming multi-media traffic, we focus on the development of scheduling strategies under fading conditions that not only maximize throughput performance but also provide regular inter-service times to users. Since the service regularity of the traffic is related to the higher-order statistics of the arrival process and the policy operation, it is highly challenging to characterize and analyze directly. We overcome this obstacle by introducing a new quantity, namely the time-since-last-service, which has a unique evolution different from a tradition queue. By combining it with the queue-length in the weight, we propose a novel maximum-weight type scheduling policy that is proven to be throughput-optimal and also provides provable service regularity guarantees. In particular, our algorithm can achieve a degree of service regularity within a constant factor of a fundamental lower bound we derive. This constant is independent of the higher-order statistics of the arrival process and can be as low as two. Our results, both analytical and numerical, exhibit significant service regularity improvements over the traditional throughput-optimal policies, which reveals the importance of incorporating the metric of time-since-last-service into the scheduling policy for providing regulated service.",
"corpus_id": 5008134,
"score": 1
} |
{
"title": "A New Class of Fast Nonlinear Voltage Controllers and their Impact on Improved Transmission Capacity",
"abstract": "This work is motivated by the present needs to increase tranmission capacity of power systems operating far from conditions for which they were originally designed, without having to endanger their integrity when an unexpected fault occurs. Most of the theoretical work related to this problem has beenseparated into load flow studies of prefault and postfault scenarios, on one hand, and transient stability analysis concerned with short term survival of the system after the fault, on the other hand. An implicit assumption in an approach like this is that the transient dynamics from the prefault to the postfault steady state do not affect significantly the postfault steady state value. As a result, not much effort has been put into understanding potential impact of different controllers on the range of values which can be reached after the fault . Since many systems art presently operating under conditions for whichthey were not originally designed, they are made more vulnerable to any unexpected fault. A rather unique feature of the situation is that the systems subject to faults are experiencing not only problems with maintaining synchronism, but also problems with unacceptable voltages. This is recognized as a voltage collapse situation resulting in system blackouts primarily due to voltage problems. In order to avoid these problems, a general trend is to provide the systems with as much new capacitive support as possible. Planning for new capacitive support is mainly done based on the steady state considerations with tools like optimal load flow. Our recent work is towards improving control strategies of reactive power resources available on the system. It will be shown that the transmission capacity could be greatly improved (steady state property of the system) by making voltage controllers more adaptive to system transient dynamics. This relatively inexpensive effort could considerably improve dynamical properties of systems operating under unusual power transfer patterns. This particular paper proposes a constructive way for changing control logic on automatic excitation control, so that their gains change with the operating conditions towards exploring reactive power reserves. Researchers from Sweden have been studying this problem in order to improve trasmmimion capacity of their system. Some of their rather ingenious practical solutions are available in the literature [I]-[3]. The theoretical work presented here may be viewed as a systematic way to a similar design. Specifically, a rigorous way for changing gains on voltage controllers as the operating conditions change is introduced so that short term system stabilization is achieved following the fault. Transient dynamics are affected by modulating voltage magnitudes so that most is made out of \"dynamic reactive power reserves\". Although not explicitly formulated in this paper, similar control is applicable to the static var compensators.",
"corpus_id": 744159
} | {
"title": "Smart power grid synchronization with Fault Tolerant nonlinear estimation",
"abstract": "In order to provide more reliable state estimation addressing the problem of the bad data (BD) in the Phasor Measurement Unit (PMU)-based power systems synchronization, the paper focuses on developing a novel nonlinear estimation framework to track the voltage magnitude, phase angle, and frequency of the utility power grid. Instead of directly analyzing in abc coordinate frame, the symmetrical component transformation is employed to separate the positive, negative, and zero sequence networks. By using Clarke's transformation, the sequence networks are then transformed into the αβ stationary coordinate frame, and the number of system state variables is reduced to five. A novel Fault Tolerant Extended Kalman Filter real time estimation framework is proposed for power grid system synchronization with bad data measurements. Computer simulation studies show that the novel Fault Tolerant Extended Kalman Filter (FTEKF) provides more accurate results in voltage synchronization, comparing with the Extended Kalman Filter (EKF). The proposed approach has been implemented with dSPACE and CompactRIO hardware in real-time. Our results have shown the potential applications of FTEKF in the future smart power grid synchronization.",
"corpus_id": 8528585
} | {
"title": "Positron Emission Tomography in Diagnosis and Differential Diagnosis of Parkinson’s Disease",
"abstract": "Parkinson’s disease (PD) and atypical Parkinsonian syndromes (aPS) belong to the most common neurologic illnesses. Diagnosis and differential diagnosis of these syndromes is primarily based on well-defined clinical criteria, however, may be difficult in early and particular preclinical/premotor stages. Molecular imaging with PET offers here a broad variety of tools supporting the classification of Parkinsonian syndromes including their early and differential diagnosis, assessment of disease progression and evaluation of the efficacy of therapies. The more widely applied PET imaging techniques have focused on the assessment of neurotransmitter systems, here predominantly the pre- and postsynaptic dopaminergic functions, but also others like the serotonergic and cholinergic system. Beyond, refined methods depict distinct patterns of glucose metabolism in the various Parkinsonian syndromes, and focus on further targets such as neuroinflammation, load of amyloid plaques, and cardiac sympathetic denervation. This overview discusses the important PET applications in the field with a main emphasis on their clinical utilization but also highlights scientific applications which may grant further insights in the pathophysiology of PD and aPS.",
"corpus_id": 22694246,
"score": 0
} |
{
"title": "Thermodynamic Characteristics of Ethyl-2-cyano-3-(furan-2-yl)-prop-2-enoate Derivatives",
"abstract": "Using bomb calorimetry and Knudsen effusion methods the enthalpic characteristics in condensed state of ethyl-2-cyano-3-(furan-2-yl) prop-2-enoate derivatives were experimentally determined. The values of the enthalpies of formation in the gas state of investigated esters were calculated taking into account the values of the enthalpies of sublimation adjusted to 298K. From obtained thermochemical values we defined new group contributions which can be added to the Benson’s additive scheme. Using these increments the enthalpies of formation of investigated compounds in gas state were theoretically calculated and their differences from the experimentally determined were analyzed.",
"corpus_id": 8971939
} | {
"title": "The Merck index : an encyclopedia of chemicals, drugs, and biologicals",
"abstract": "The Merck Index is a one-volume encyclopedia of chemicals, drugs and biologicals that contains more than 10,000 monographs. Each monograph in this authoritative reference source is a concise description of a single substance or a small group of closely related compounds. Compounds included: * human and veterinary drugs * biotech drugs and monoclonal antibodies * substances used for medical imaging * biologicals and natural products * plants and traditional medicines * nutraceuticals and cosmeceuticals * agriculturals, pesticides and herbicides * Organic chemicals used in research * Food additives and supplements * dyes, colors and indicators * environmentally significant substances Information provided: * chemical, common and generic names * Over 15,000 trademarks and associated companies * CAS Registry Numbers for over 12,000 compounds * Over 8,500 chemical structures * molecular formulae, weights and percentage composition * capsule statements identifying compound classes and scientific significance * scientific and patent literature references * physical and toxicity data * therapeutic and commercial uses * caution and hazard information In addition, there are more than 700 new and completely revised monographs, thousands of new references, trademarks and uses added to existing monographs. Now includes a companion CD-ROM which features 989 monographs no longer available in print, organic name reactions, supplemental tables and a new user interface for user-friendly searching. Features of the CD: * Searchable by keywords, references, and numerical properties * Search the complete contents of the 14th edition, plus nearly a thousand monographs archived from previous editions * Comes with a free one-year subscription to the Merck Index Internet Edition * Windows-compatible CD powered by CambridgeSoft's ChemFinder * Extensively revised supplemental tables now including acronyms, vaccines, and physical constants * More than 70 pages of hard to find information in one easy-to-use place",
"corpus_id": 72584905
} | {
"title": "GBR12909 antagonizes the ability of cocaine to elevate extracellular levels of dopamine",
"abstract": "Rats were administered various IP doses of the high-affinity dopamine (DA) reuptake inhibitor 1-[2-[bis(4-fluorophenyl)methoxy]ethyl]-4-[3-phenylpropyl]piperazine (GBR12909). The caudate nuclei were removed 60 min after drug administration and stored at -70 degrees C. Striatal membranes were prepared later. The results demonstrated that GBR12909 produced a dose-dependent decrease in the binding of [3H]cocaine or [3H]GBR12935 to the DA transporter (ED50 about 10 mg/kg). Saturation binding studies with [3H]GBR12935 showed that this was due to both an increase in the Kd, due to residual drug, and to a decrease in the Bmax. At a dose of 25 mg/kg IP, GBR12909 produced a 50% decrease in the Bmax, and a 3.4-fold increase in the Kd. In the in vivo microdialysis studies, GBR12909 (25 mg/kg IP) produced a modest, long-lasting and stable elevation of extracellular DA. Administration of cocaine through the microdialysis probe to rats pretreated with either saline or GBR12909 (25 mg/kg IP) produced a dose-dependent increase in extracellular DA in both groups. GBR12909 inhibited cocaine-induced increases in extracellular DA by about 50% at all doses. These data collectively indicate that at a dose sufficient to decrease by 50% the Bmax of [3H]GBR12935 binding sites, GBR12909 antagonizes the ability of cocaine to elevate extracellular DA by 50%. Further studies will be needed to evaluate a possible role for GBR12909 in the medical treatment of cocaine addiction.",
"corpus_id": 23642903,
"score": 1
} |
{
"title": "The role of magnesium on the structure of biological apatites",
"abstract": "SummaryX-ray diffraction, infrared absorption spectroscopy, and chemical investigation have been carried out on deproteinated samples of turkey leg tendon at different degrees of calcification. The inorganic phase consists of poorly crystalline B carbonated apatite. On increasing calcification, the apatite crystal size, as well as its thermal stability, increase while the relative magnesium content is reduced. On the other hand, synchrotron X-ray diffraction data clearly indicate that apatite lattice parameters do not change as the crystals get larger. At the last stage of calcification the crystal size, chemical composition, and thermal conversion of the apatite crystallites approximate those of bone samples, which have been examined for comparison. The results provide a quantitative relationship between relative magnesium content and extent of apatite conversion into B-tricalcium phosphate by heat treatment. Furthermore, they suggest that the smaller crystallites laid down inside the gap region of the collagen fibrils are richer in magnesium than the longer ones that fill the space between collagen fibrils.",
"corpus_id": 5721911
} | {
"title": "Structural and chemical characterization of inorganic deposits in calcified human mitral valve.",
"abstract": "X-ray diffraction, i.r. absorption, and chemical analyses have been carried out on the mineral deposits of calcified human mitral valves and glutaraldehyde-preserved porcine aortic grafts. The mineral deposits isolated from highly calcified mitral valves and porcine aortic grafts are constituted of type B-carbonate apatite. Magnesium substituted beta-tricalcium phosphate is present, together with an apatitic phase similar to dahllite, in the ashes of poorly calcified mitral valves. The contraction of the unit cell of beta-tricalcium phosphate due to magnesium incorporation is compared with the variation of the lattice constants of synthetic beta-tricalcium phosphate at different degree of magnesium substitution for calcium. The results reveal the important role of magnesium on the calcification of human valves. In fact, the apatitic phase deposited at the beginning of the calcification process, when there is a high magnesium content, converts completely into beta-tricalcium phosphate by heat treatment at 1,000 degrees C. On the other hand, when the calcification becomes massive, magnesium content appears highly reduced, and the deposited apatitic phase is characterized by a high thermal stability.",
"corpus_id": 21800513
} | {
"title": "Polyimide-based ultraviolet-operated nonvolatile photomemory device",
"abstract": "Organic nonvolatile photomemory devices have drawn considerable attention in the field of optical computing. However, most organic nonvolatile photomemory devices use a charge-trap-type architecture that is complex and difficult to miniaturize. This paper proposes a nonvolatile polyimide (PI) resistive photomemory device with a simple metal–PI–metal configuration; its resistance can be altered using pulsed ultraviolet (UV) irradiation and can be maintained at the altered level even after irradiation has ceased. The resistance can also be returned to the initial state by subsequent irradiation with UV light. The memory window is around 7 order of magnitude. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and UV–visible/near-infrared spectroscopy demonstrated that UV irradiation caused a high-energy-gap ( Eg) aromatic form of PI to transform into low- Eg quinoid form, prompting the dominant conduction mechanism of the photomemory device to change from hopping conduction to ohmic conduction. A model characterizing the PI-based photomemory device was also developed and is discussed herein.",
"corpus_id": 253785281,
"score": 1
} |
{
"title": "Hardness of approximating the undirected minimum size k-spanner",
"abstract": "In the undirected unweighted minimum size k-spanner problem we are given a graph with edges of cost and length 1, and a number k. The goal is to find a minimum size E′ and a graph G′(V,E′) so that for every u, v ∈ V : distG(u, v) distG′(u, v) ≤ k. In [2], a conditional hardness was given to the problem, based on the conjecture that there is an instance of MIN −REPk that is as hard to approximate as MIN −REP but its super girth is at least k+ 2 for some universal constant k. Proving this claim is probably very difficult, given that the the proof of the parallel repetition theorem by itself, is extremely difficult [5]. In any case [2] appeared in ICALP 2000, and no proof for this conjecture was given since. We give the first real Labelcover lower bound. We show that the 3 spanner can not be approximated within 2log 1− n unless NP belongs to RQP , namely, unless NP -hard problems can be solved by a quasi-polynomial random algorithm. ∗Department of Computer Science, Weizmann Institute. Michael.Dinitz@weizmann.ac.il †Department of computer science, Rutgers, Camden. guyk@camden.rutgers.edu.",
"corpus_id": 519573
} | {
"title": "Approximating the domatic number",
"abstract": "A set of vertices in a graph is a dominating set if every vertex outside the set has a neighbor in the set. The domatic number problem is that of partitioning the vertices of a graph into the maximum number of disjoint dominating sets. Let n denote the number of vertices, $\\delta$ the minimum degree, and $\\Delta$ the maximum degree. \nWe show that every graph has a domatic partition with $(1 - o(1))(\\delta + 1)/\\ln n$ dominating sets and, moreover, that such a domatic partition can be found in polynomial-time. This implies a $(1 + o(1))\\ln n$-approximation algorithm for domatic number, since the domatic number is always at most $\\delta + 1$. We also show this to be essentially best possible. Namely, extending the approximation hardness of set cover by combining multiprover protocols with zero-knowledge techniques, we show that for every $\\epsilon > 0$, a $(1 - \\epsilon)\\ln n$-approximation implies that $NP \\subseteq DTIME(n^{O(\\log\\log n)})$. This makes domatic number the first natural maximization problem (known to the authors) that is provably approximable to within polylogarithmic factors but no better. \nWe also show that every graph has a domatic partition with $(1 - o(1))(\\delta + 1)/\\ln \\Delta$ dominating sets, where the \"o(1)\" term goes to zero as $\\Delta$ increases. This can be turned into an efficient algorithm that produces a domatic partition of $\\Omega(\\delta/\\ln \\Delta)$ sets.",
"corpus_id": 4645057
} | {
"title": "Efficient approximation algorithms for domatic partition and on-line coloring of circular arc graphs",
"abstract": "Exploits the close relationship between circular arc graphs and interval graphs to design efficient approximation algorithms for NP-hard optimization problems on circular arc graphs. The problems considered are maximum domatic partition and online minimum vertex coloring. We present a heuristic for the domatic partition problem with a performance ratio of 4. For online coloring, we consider two different online models. In the first model, arcs are presented in the increasing order of their left endpoints. For this model, our heuristic guarantees a solution which is within a factor of 2 of the optimal (off-line) value; and we show that no online coloring algorithm can achieve a performance guarantee of less than 3/2. In the second online model, arcs are presented in an arbitrary order; and it is known that no online coloring algorithm can achieve a performance guarantee of less than 3. For this model, we present a heuristic which provides a performance guarantee of 4.<<ETX>>",
"corpus_id": 7059391,
"score": 2
} |
{
"title": "Interpreting evidential distances by connecting them to partial orders: Application to belief function approximation",
"abstract": "Distances between mass functions are instrumental tools in evidence theory, yet it is not always clear in which situation a particular distance should be used. Indeed, while the mathematical properties of distances have been well studied, how to interpret them is still a largely open issue. As a step towards answering this question, we propose to interpret distances by looking at their compatibility with partial orders. We formalize this compatibility through some mathematical properties thereby allowing to combine the advantages of both partial orders (clear semantics) and distances (richer structure and access to numerical tools). We explore in particular the case of informational partial orders, and how distances compatible with such orders can be used to approximate initial belief functions by simpler ones through the use of convex optimization. We finish by discussing some perspectives of the current work. Distances and partial orders in the theory of belief functions are formally related through a desirable property.The compatibility of several L k norm based distances with some informational partial orders is proved.These results are exploited to approximate initial belief functions by simpler ones through the use of convex optimization.",
"corpus_id": 1454065
} | {
"title": "Complementary Lipschitz continuity results for the distribution of intersections or unions of independent random sets in finite discrete spaces",
"abstract": "Abstract We prove that intersections and unions of independent random sets in finite spaces achieve a form of Lipschitz continuity. More precisely, given the distribution of a random set Ξ, the function mapping any random set distribution to the distribution of its intersection (under independence assumption) with Ξ is Lipschitz continuous with unit Lipschitz constant if the space of random set distributions is endowed with a metric defined as the L k norm distance between inclusion functionals also known as commonalities. Moreover, the function mapping any random set distribution to the distribution of its union (under independence assumption) with Ξ is Lipschitz continuous with unit Lipschitz constant if the space of random set distributions is endowed with a metric defined as the L k norm distance between hitting functionals also known as plausibilities. Using the epistemic random set interpretation of belief functions, we also discuss the ability of these distances to yield conflict measures. All the proofs in this paper are derived in the framework of Dempster-Shafer belief functions. Let alone the discussion on conflict measures, it is straightforward to transcribe the proofs into the general (non necessarily epistemic) random set terminology.",
"corpus_id": 88517081
} | {
"title": "THE TRANSFERABLE BELIEF MODEL AND POSSIBILITY THEORY",
"abstract": "We want to show the difference between the degrees of possibilities (or necessities) and the degrees of belief (or plausibility). The overall principle is that the degrees of possibilities and necessities are the extensions of the modal concept of possibility and necessity whereas degrees of belief and plausibility are related to a language at a metalevel. Two models are considered: the transferable belief model and the possibility theory.",
"corpus_id": 14340279,
"score": 2
} |
{
"title": "Impact of temporal aggregation on stock control performance of intermittent demand estimators: Empirical analysis",
"abstract": "Intermittent demand is characterized by occasional demand arrivals interspersed by time intervals during which no demand occurs. These demand patterns pose considerable difficulties in terms of forecasting and stock control due to their compound nature, which implies variability both in terms of demand arrivals and demand sizes. An intuitively appealing strategy to deal with such patterns from a forecasting and stock control perspective is to aggregate demand in lower-frequency ‘time buckets’, thereby reducing the presence of zero observations. In this paper, we investigate the impact of forecasting aggregation on the stock control performance of intermittent demand patterns. The benefit of the forecasting aggregation approach is empirically assessed by means of analysis on a large demand dataset from the Royal Air Force (UK). The results show that the aggregation forecasting approach results in higher achieved service levels as compared to the classical forecasting approach. Moreover, when the combined service-cost performance is considered, the results also show that the former approach is more efficient than the latter, especially for high target service levels.",
"corpus_id": 153544510
} | {
"title": "Forecasting intermittent inventory demands: simple parametric methods vs. bootstrapping ☆",
"abstract": "Although intermittent demand items dominate service and repair parts inventories in many industries, research in forecasting such items has been limited. A critical research question is whether one should make point forecasts of the mean and variance of intermittent demand with a simple parametric method such as simple exponential smoothing or else employ some form of bootstrapping to simulate an entire distribution of demand during lead time. The aim of this work is to answer that question by evaluating the effects of forecasting on stock control performance in more than 7,000 demand series. Tradeoffs between inventory investment and customer service show that simple parametric methods perform well, and it is questionable whether bootstrapping is worth the added complexity.",
"corpus_id": 997638
} | {
"title": "Applying Contemporary Forecasting and Computer Technology for Competitive Advantage in Service Operations",
"abstract": "Applies time‐series forecasting, a traditional operations analysis methodology, to develop a forecasting procedure and ordering policy for a natural‐gas customer of Columbia Gas of Ohio, USA. Evaluates six time‐series methods and four operating policies against four commonly used measures of error and the cost consequences of error to the customer. Demonstrates that time‐series forecasting and decision theory developed by operations and applied in an actual industrial situation can become a powerful marketing technique. Provides further insights into evaluating forecasting models and ordering policies, demonstrating that introducing optimal planned bias is a robust decision‐making/forecasting approach within services. There are three parts to the study. The first is a straightforward testing of forecasting methods, using the forecasts as the natural‐gas ordering policy. Results vary depending upon how well forecasts are fitted to the data. For example, one inaccurate forecast with a poor fit incurs a pena...",
"corpus_id": 153746445,
"score": 2
} |
{
"title": "A Visual Model-Based Perceptual Image Hash for Content Authentication",
"abstract": "Perceptual image hash has been widely investigated in an attempt to solve the problems of image content authentication and content-based image retrieval. In this paper, we combine statistical analysis methods and visual perception theory to develop a real perceptual image hash method for content authentication. To achieve real perceptual robustness and perceptual sensitivity, the proposed method uses Watson’s visual model to extract visually sensitive features that play an important role in the process of humans perceiving image content. We then generate robust perceptual hash code by combining image-block-based features and key-point-based features. The proposed method achieves a tradeoff between perceptual robustness to tolerate content-preserving manipulations and a wide range of geometric distortions and perceptual sensitivity to detect malicious tampering. Furthermore, it has the functionality to detect compromised image regions. Compared with state-of-the-art schemes, the proposed method obtains a better comprehensive performance in content-based image tampering detection and localization.",
"corpus_id": 15983280
} | {
"title": "Multi-Scale Difference Map Fusion for Tamper Localization Using Binary Ranking Hashing",
"abstract": "The block-based analysis for tamper localization is a prevailing mechanism in hash-based forgery detection algorithm. One of the main problems with a block-based analysis is its rough localization stemming from the demand to use relatively large blocks to reduce hash length. While decreasing the block size can improve the localization resolution, the hash length tends to become too long to be practical. In this paper, we propose a binary ranking hashing approach that satisfies both the requirements of compact hash length and small block size, to obtain a binary map combined with spatial information. Meanwhile, we investigate a multiscale difference map fusion approach that fuses multiple candidate difference maps, resulting from the analysis of the subtraction between two binary maps with different sliding windows, to obtain a single, more reliable tampering map with better localization resolution. We use manifold ranking to model this multiscale difference map fusion problem and propose a two-stage scheme, namely, ranking with tampering queries and nontampering queries. Our results indicate that the proposed tamper detection method can improve the tamper localization resolution compared with state-of-the-art methods.",
"corpus_id": 24615587
} | {
"title": "Fusion of Multichannel Local and Global Structural Cues for Photo Aesthetics Evaluation",
"abstract": "Photo aesthetic quality evaluation is a fundamental yet under addressed task in computer vision and image processing fields. Conventional approaches are frustrated by the following two drawbacks. First, both the local and global spatial arrangements of image regions play an important role in photo aesthetics. However, existing rules, e.g., visual balance, heuristically define which spatial distribution among the salient regions of a photo is aesthetically pleasing. Second, it is difficult to adjust visual cues from multiple channels automatically in photo aesthetics assessment. To solve these problems, we propose a new photo aesthetics evaluation framework, focusing on learning the image descriptors that characterize local and global structural aesthetics from multiple visual channels. In particular, to describe the spatial structure of the image local regions, we construct graphlets small-sized connected graphs by connecting spatially adjacent atomic regions. Since spatially adjacent graphlets distribute closely in their feature space, we project them onto a manifold and subsequently propose an embedding algorithm. The embedding algorithm encodes the photo global spatial layout into graphlets. Simultaneously, the importance of graphlets from multiple visual channels are dynamically adjusted. Finally, these post-embedding graphlets are integrated for photo aesthetics evaluation using a probabilistic model. Experimental results show that: 1) the visualized graphlets explicitly capture the aesthetically arranged atomic regions; 2) the proposed approach generalizes and improves four prominent aesthetic rules; and 3) our approach significantly outperforms state-of-the-art algorithms in photo aesthetics prediction.",
"corpus_id": 6090359,
"score": -1
} |
{
"title": "Diversity and classification of rheophilic communities of macrozoobenthos in middle latitudes of European Russia",
"abstract": "Based on original data (450 samples from 115 streams of European Russian middle latitudes—from Pskov to Kostroma regions), an attempt is made to describe the diversity of rheophilic communities inhabiting stream bottoms and macrophytes. A total of 39 community types are identified by the Braun-Blanquet method. Their taxonomical and structural characteristics are described, the associations with biotopes are outlined, and a biotopical nomenclature is proposed. All communities are subdivided into four biotopical classes: crenal (springs and springbrooks with mixed substrates), rhitral (stony and woody substrates), phythal (macrophytes), and pelal (soft ground). It is shown that all communities can be divided by their organization into P-type or M-type communities. Thirty-six out of 39 studied communities belong to the P-type and are characterized mainly by the prevalence of insects, unstable dominance, and rather distinct association with the biotope. In M-type communities (3 out of 39 studied communities), the eurybiontic mollusk Viviparus viviparus and amphipod Dikerogammarus haemobaphes predominate; these communities are interbiotopic, with a stable species structure and high total abundance. The effect of the study’s spatial scale on the definition of communities is discussed along with problems of the communities’ dynamics.",
"corpus_id": 7123986
} | {
"title": "Rheophilic communities of macrobenthos of the southwestern Kola Peninsula",
"abstract": "The fauna and diversity of macrozoobenthos communities in watercourses of the Khibiny tundras, the surrounding plains, and the Kandalaksha Coast of the White Sea (Murmansk oblast) are described from materials collected by the authors. A checklist of 110 recorded taxa is given, with larvae of Diptera, Trichoptera, Ephemeroptera, and Plecoptera prevailing. A total of 21 types of macrozoobenthos communities are described and subdivided into two parallel series: cold mountain reaches (11 types) and relatively warm plain reaches (10 types). The boundary between them is marked by summer water temperatures of 12–14°C and usually associated with flowing lakes passing through the watercourses in foothill areas. Changes in bottom communities along the longitudinal profile of watercourses of the region are considered; the main factor here is also the summer water temperature, but the basic assumptions of Vannote’s river continuum concept or Illies’s longitudinal watercourse zonality concept are not met. The fauna of the plain part of the water-courses of the region is similar to those of other regions of Eastern Europe, from the south to Moscow oblast, but the mountain series with its peculiar and strongly depleted fauna deserves recognition as a separate zoogeographic province.",
"corpus_id": 14623873
} | {
"title": "Community structure in some southern English streams: the influence of physicochemical factors",
"abstract": "SUMMARY. 1. Invertebrates and fish were surveyed during October 1976 in thirty-four stony riffle stream sites in Ashdown Forest, Sussex. \n \n \n \n2. A variety of physicochemical factors were also measured in an attempt to assess the importance of each in determining the distribution of species and the structure of communities. \n \n \n \n3. Three analytical techniques—stepwise multiple regression analysis, ordination and community classification—revealed that the structure of these communities was strongly related to variation in stream pH. Acid sites had low numbers of individuals, low species richness and low equitabilities. Summer temperature and stream discharge also appeared to play significant roles. The pattern of catchment land use was shown to have an important bearing on stream pH. \n \n \n \n4. In the most acid sites only collectors, shredders and predators occurred. In more basic sites the number of species in collector and predator categories increased and these were joined by grazer/scrapers and filter feeders. \n \n \n \n5. A theoretical basis for explaining stream community structure is discussed.",
"corpus_id": 85140533,
"score": 2
} |
{
"title": "Immunization with A91 peptide or copolymer‐1 reduces the production of nitric oxide and inducible nitric oxide synthase gene expression after spinal cord injury",
"abstract": "Immunization with neurally derived peptides (INDP) boosts the action of an autoreactive immune response that has been shown to induce neuroprotection in several neurodegenerative diseases, especially after spinal cord (SC) injury. This strategy provides an environment that promotes neuronal survival and tissue preservation. The mechanisms by which this autoreactive response exerts its protective effects is not totally understood at the moment. A recent study showed that INDP reduces lipid peroxidation. Lipid peroxidation is a neurodegenerative phenomenon caused by the increased production of reactive nitrogen species such as nitric oxide (NO). It is possible that INDP could be interfering with NO production. To test this hypothesis, we examined the effect of INDP on the amount of NO produced by glial cells when cocultured with autoreactive T cells. We also evaluated the amount of NO and the expression of the inducible form of nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) at the injury site of SC‐injured animals. The neural‐derived peptides A91 and Cop‐1 were used to immunize mice and rats with SC injury. In vitro studies showed that INDP significantly reduces the production of NO by glial cells. This observation was substantiated by in vivo experiments demonstrating that INDP decreases the amount of NO and iNOS gene expression at the site of injury. The present study provides substantial evidence on the inhibitory effect of INDP on NO production, helpingour understanding of the mechanisms through which protective autoimmunity promotes neuroprotection. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.",
"corpus_id": 3536779
} | {
"title": "Management of glaucoma as a neurodegenerative disease.",
"abstract": "Glaucoma is a neurodegenerative disease with an estimated prevalence of 60 million people, and the most common cause of irreversible blindness worldwide. The mainstay of treatment has been aimed at lowering intraocular pressure, currently the only modifiable risk factor. Unfortunately, despite adequate pressure control, many patients go on to suffer irreversible visual loss. We first briefly examine currently established intraocular pressure lowering-treatments, with a discussion of their roles in neuroprotection as demonstrated by both animal and clinical studies. The review then examines currently available intraocular pressure independent agents that have shown promise for possessing neuroprotective effects in the management of glaucoma. Finally, we explore potential future treatments such as immune-modulation, stem cell therapy and neural regeneration as they may provide further protection against the neurodegenerative processes involved in glaucomatous optic neuropathy.",
"corpus_id": 4579472
} | {
"title": "Evidence for localized cell heating induced by infrared optical tweezers.",
"abstract": "The confinement of liposomes and Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells by infrared (IR) optical tweezers is shown to result in sample heating and temperature increases by several degrees centigrade, as measured by a noninvasive, spatially resolved fluorescence detection technique. For micron-sized spherical liposome vesicles having bilayer membranes composed of the phospholipid 1,2-diacyl-pentadecanoyl-glycero-phosphocholine (15-OPC), a temperature rise of approximately 1.45 +/- 0.15 degrees C/100 mW is observed when the vesicles are held stationary with a 1.064 microns optical tweezers having a power density of approximately 10(7) W/cm2 and a focused spot size of approximately 0.8 micron. The increase in sample temperature is found to scale linearly with applied optical power in the 40 to 250 mW range. Under the same trapping conditions, CHO cells exhibit an average temperature rise of nearly 1.15 +/- 0.25 degrees C/100 mW. The extent of cell heating induced by infrared tweezers confinement can be described by a heat conduction model that accounts for the absorption of infrared (IR) laser radiation in the aqueous cell core and membrane regions, respectively. The observed results are relevant to the assessment of the noninvasive nature of infrared trapping beams in micromanipulation applications and cell physiological studies.",
"corpus_id": 266741,
"score": 1
} |
{
"title": "Soliton fermionic number from the heat kernel expansion",
"abstract": "We consider different methods of calculating the (fractional) fermion number of solitons based on the heat kernel expansion. We derive a formula for the localized $$\\eta $$η function that provides a more systematic version of the derivative expansion for spectral asymmetry and compute the fermion number in a multi flavor extension of the Goldstone–Wilczek model. We also propose an improved expansion of the heat kernel that allows the tackling of the convergence issues and permits an automated computation of the coefficients.",
"corpus_id": 162168455
} | {
"title": "Fermion transfer in the \nϕ4\n model with a half-BPS preserving impurity",
"abstract": "We study a fermion field coupled to a scalar via a Yukawa term. The scalar field is the $\\phi^4$ model with an impurity that preserves half of the BPS property. We analyze the spectrum of the defects of the model and collisions between them both close to the BPS regime and not. As the fermion binds to these defects, it may be transferred from one to the other, which we quantify via overlaps, known as Bogoliubov coefficients. BPS collisions are less likely to transfer the fermion between defects and can be adiabatic for non-relativistic velocities, especially for small coupling constants. Moreover, closer to the BPS limit only a small fraction of the fermion number is radiated away. In contrast, non-BPS collisions lead to more radiation in the fermion field and excitation of the fermion to higher bound states, and the result is more sensitive to the parameters.",
"corpus_id": 215827692
} | {
"title": "Inverse Problems in Quantum Scattering Theory",
"abstract": "The physical importance of inverse problems in quantum scattering theory is clear since all the information we can obtain on nuclear, particle, and subparticle physics is gathered from scattering experiments. Exact and approximate methods of investigating scattering theory, inverse radial problems at fixed energy, inverse one-dimensional problems, inverse three-dimensional problems, and construction of the scattering amplitude from the cross section are presented. The methods often apply to other fields, e.g. applied mathematics and geophysics. The book will therefore be of interest to theoretical and mathematical physicists, nuclear particle physicists, and chemical physicists. For the second edition the chapters on one-dimensional and three-dimensional scattering problems have been rewritten and considerably expanded. Furthermore, two new chapters on spectral problems and on numerical aspects have been added; in the sections on classical methods the comments and references have been updated.",
"corpus_id": 118309630,
"score": 2
} |
{
"title": "The Genericity Theorem and the Notion of Parametricity in the Polymorphic λ-calculus",
"abstract": "This paper focuses on how terms of second order λ-calculus, which may take types as inputs, depend on types. These terms are generally understood to have an “essentially” constant meaning, in all models, on input types. We show how the proof theory of second order λ-calculus suggests a clear syntactic description of this phenomenon. Namely, under a reasonable condition, we show that identity of two polymorphic functions on a single type implies identity of the functions (equivalently, every type is a generic input).",
"corpus_id": 5874758
} | {
"title": "Rollit: An Application Builder",
"abstract": "Contemporary user interface development systems greatly simplify creation of traditional dialogueuser interface made of buttons or menus, but they do not support the construction and manipulation of application-specific graphical objects. This article describes Rollit, adomain-specific , interactive, application builder developed at the DEC Paris Research Laboratory. The goal of this system is to automatically generate, as a result of direct manipulation, the domain-specific user interface and its run-time behavior as well as the traditional dialogue user interface. Application programmers construct complex objects from standard components, define the interactions between those objects and attach behaviors to them. A constraint-based inference system facilitates the definition of geometrical constraints between objects. Our run-time system kernel supports standard operations on those objects, such as creation and deletion, cut and paste, grouping, save and load. This article describes our system, illustrates its usefulness through applications built within our environment, and shows how it reduces the effort required to develop such applications.",
"corpus_id": 5439837
} | {
"title": "Audio cues for graphic design",
"abstract": "Rockit is a system for the inference of graphical constraints, embedded within a graphical editor as part of larger project on applications development. The graphical editor allows the application designer to draw application-domain-specific objects and define constraints among them. On the basis of direct manipulation techniques, Rockit can infer the most likely graphical constraints as the designer manipulates the objects. Both graphical and audio feedback are used to guide the designer towards their choices. In this short document, we present our experience in designing and using audio, as a complement to graphical feedback, for this purpose.",
"corpus_id": 277189,
"score": 2
} |
{
"title": "Sign language recognition using depth images",
"abstract": "This paper presents a vision based sign language gesture recognition framework that can assist people with impaired hearing and speech with their social interaction and interactive communications. Utilizing a low-cost sensor, such as Microsoft Kinect combined with advanced machine learning analysis, it aims to ease the challenging issue of increasing demand for professional sign language interpreting services. Specifically, this paper discusses a powerful discriminating descriptor called 3D motion map based pyramid histograms of oriented gradient (M-PHOG) which is proposed for depth-based human gesture recognition. The 3D motion map is generated through the entire depth video sequence to encode additional motion information from three projected orthogonal planes. By adding pyramid representation, HOG descriptor is extended to M-PHOG which can characterize local shapes at different spatial grid sizes for gesture recognition. The proposed approach is evaluated on MSR Gesture3D and DEVISIGN two data sets captured by depth cameras. Experimental results show that the proposed approach outperforms the current state-of-the-art methods and demonstrates the effectiveness and robustness of the proposed 3D M-PHOG descriptor. The proposed approach can translate the meaning of captured gestures as professional interpreters currently do. The novelty framework has the potential to improve the quality of life for the deaf community and reduce the communication barriers they currently experience.",
"corpus_id": 15125311
} | {
"title": "Hand Gesture Recognition in Real Time for Automotive Interfaces: A Multimodal Vision-Based Approach and Evaluations",
"abstract": "In this paper, we develop a vision-based system that employs a combined RGB and depth descriptor to classify hand gestures. The method is studied for a human-machine interface application in the car. Two interconnected modules are employed: one that detects a hand in the region of interaction and performs user classification, and another that performs gesture recognition. The feasibility of the system is demonstrated using a challenging RGBD hand gesture data set collected under settings of common illumination variation and occlusion.",
"corpus_id": 2212467
} | {
"title": "The Role of Lactic Acid Bacteria in Milk Fermentation",
"abstract": "Species of lactic ::: acid bacteria (LAB) represent as potential microorganisms and have been widely ::: applied in food fermentation worldwide. Milk fermentation process has been ::: relied on the activity of LAB, where transformation ::: of milk to good quality of fermented milk products made possible. The presence of LAB in milk fermentation can be ::: either as spontaneous or inoculated starter cultures. Both of them are ::: promising cultures to be explored in fermented milk manufacture. LAB have a role in milk ::: fermentation to produce acid which is important as preservative agents and generating flavour of the products. They also produce exopolysaccharides ::: which are essential as texture formation. Considering the existing reports on several health-promoting properties as ::: well as their generally recognized as safe ::: (GRAS) status of LAB, they can be widely used in the developing of new ::: fermented milk products.",
"corpus_id": 8427372,
"score": -1
} |
{
"title": "TelegraphCQ: An Architectural Status Report",
"abstract": "We are building TelegraphCQ, a system to process continuous queries over data streams. Although we had implemented some parts of this technology in earlier Java-based prototypes, our experiences were not positive. As a result, we decided to use PostgreSQL, an open source RDBMS as a starting point for our new implementation. In March 2003, we completed an alpha milestone of TelegraphCQ. In this paper, we report on the development status of our project, with a focus on architectural issues. Specifically, we describe our experiences extending a traditional DBMS towards managing data streams, and an overview of the current early-access release of the system.",
"corpus_id": 1831426
} | {
"title": "Optimization and Execution of Complex Scientific Queries over Uncorrelated Experimental Data",
"abstract": "Scientific experiments produce large volumes of data represented as complex objects that describe independent events such as particle collisions. Scientific analyses can be expressed as queries selecting objects that satisfy complex local conditions over properties of each object. The conditions include joins, aggregate functions, and numerical computations. Traditional query processing where data is loaded into a database does not perform well, since it takes time and space to load and index data. Therefore, we developed SQISLE to efficiently process in one pass large queries selecting complex objects from sources. Our contributions include runtime query optimization strategies, which during query execution collect runtime query statistics, reoptimize the query using collected statistics, and dynamically switch optimization strategies. Furthermore, performance is improved by query rewrites, temporary view materializations, and compile time evaluation of query fragments. We demonstrate that queries in SQISLE perform close to hard-coded C++ implementations of the same analyses.",
"corpus_id": 1285956
} | {
"title": "Molecular monitoring of therapeutic milestones and clinical outcomes in patients with chronic myeloid leukemia",
"abstract": "In the current study, the authors determined whether adhering to molecular monitoring guidelines in patients with chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is associated with major molecular response (MMR) and assessed barriers to adherent monitoring.",
"corpus_id": 53306592,
"score": 0
} |
{
"title": "Combined Geometric and Neural Network Approach to Generic Fault Diagnosis in Satellite Reaction Wheels",
"abstract": "Abstract This paper suggests a novel diagnosis scheme for detection, isolation and estimation of faults affecting satellite reaction wheels. Both spin rate measurements and actuation torque defects are dealt with. The proposed system consists of a fault detection and isolation module composed by a bank of residual filters organized in a generalised scheme, followed by a fault estimation module consisting of a bank of adaptive estimation filters. The residuals are decoupled from aerodynamic disturbances thanks to the Nonlinear Geometric Approach. The use of Radial Basis Function Neural Networks is shown to allow design of generalised fault estimation filters, which do not need a priori information about the faults internal model. Simulation results with a detailed nonlinear spacecraft model, which includes disturbances, show that the proposed diagnosis scheme can deal with faults affecting both reaction wheel torques and flywheel spin rate measurements, and obtain precise fault isolation as well as accurate fault estimates.",
"corpus_id": 4001212
} | {
"title": "Combined Geometric and Neural Network Approach to Generic Fault Diagnosis in Satellite Actuators and Sensors",
"abstract": "Abstract This paper presents a novel scheme for diagnosis of faults affecting the sensors measuring the satellite attitude, body angular velocity and flywheel spin rates as well as defects related to the control torques provided by satellite reaction wheels. A nonlinear geometric design is used to avoid that aerodynamic disturbance torques have unwanted influence on the residuals exploited for fault detection and isolation. Radial basis function neural networks are used to obtain fault estimation filters that do not need a priori information about the fault internal models. Simulation results are based on a detailed nonlinear satellite model with embedded disturbance description. The results document the efficacy of the proposed diagnosis scheme.",
"corpus_id": 35154226
} | {
"title": "On a conjecture of Basile and Marro",
"abstract": "An alternative characterization is given of the class of self-bounded controlled invariant subspaces that was introduced by Basile and Marro in Ref. 1. We also prove a result that was stated as a conjecture in the cited paper.",
"corpus_id": 124333940,
"score": 2
} |
{
"title": "Framework for Sentiment Analysis of Arabic Text",
"abstract": "This paper analyses challenges, and provides a model and a framework for mining Arabic tweets to measure customer satisfaction toward telecom companies in Saudi Arabia, to predict the ratio of customer churn and overcome the specific challenges with the semantic sentiment analysis of Arabic text.",
"corpus_id": 12387796
} | {
"title": "Comparison Research on Text Pre-processing Methods on Twitter Sentiment Analysis",
"abstract": "Twitter sentiment analysis offers organizations ability to monitor public feeling towards the products and events related to them in real time. The first step of the sentiment analysis is the text pre-processing of Twitter data. Most existing researches about Twitter sentiment analysis are focused on the extraction of new sentiment features. However, to select the pre-processing method is ignored. This paper discussed the effects of text pre-processing method on sentiment classification performance in two types of classification tasks, and summed up the classification performances of six pre-processing methods using two feature models and four classifiers on five Twitter datasets. The experiments show that the accuracy and F1-measure of Twitter sentiment classification classifier are improved when using the pre-processing methods of expanding acronyms and replacing negation, but barely changes when removing URLs, removing numbers or stop words. The Naive Bayes and Random Forest classifiers are more sensitive than Logistic Regression and support vector machine classifiers when various pre-processing methods were applied.",
"corpus_id": 3893559
} | {
"title": "A Question Answering System on Holy Quran Translation Based on Question Expansion Technique and Neural Network Classification",
"abstract": "In spite of great efforts that have been made to present systems that support the user's need of the answers from the Holy Quran, the current systems of English translation of Quran still need to do more investigation in order to develop the process of retrieving the accurate verse based on user's question. The Islamic terms are different from one document to another and might be undefined for the user. Thus, the need emerged for a Question Answering System (QAS) that retrieves the exact verse based on a semantic search of the Holy Quran. The main objective of this research is to develop the efficiency of the information retrieval from the Holy Quran based on QAS and retrieving an accurate answer to the user's question through classifying the verses using the Neural Network (NN) technique depending on the purpose of the verses' contents, in order to match between questions and verses. This research has used the most popular English translation of the Quran of Abdullah Yusuf Ali as the data set. In that respect, the QAS will tackle these problems by expanding the question, using WordNet and benefitting from the collection of Islamic terms in order to avoid differences in the terms of translations and question. In addition, this QAS classifies the Al-Baqarah surah into two classes, which are Fasting and Pilgrimage based on the NN classifier, to reduce the retrieval of irrelevant verses since the user's questions are asking for Fasting and Pilgrimage. Hence, this QAS retrieves the relevant verses to the question based on the N-gram technique, then ranking the retrieved verses based on the highest score of similarity to satisfy the desire of the user. According to F-measure, the evaluation of classification by using NN has shown an approximately 90% level and the evaluation of the proposed approach of this research based on the entire QAS has shown an approximately 87% level. This demonstrates that the QAS succeeded in providing a promising outcome in this critical field.",
"corpus_id": 36611655,
"score": -1
} |
{
"title": "Central nervous system complications in human herpesvirus-6 infection",
"abstract": "Human herpesvirus-6 (HHV-6) is the causative agent of the common childhood infectious disease, exanthem subitum. After the virus was recently isolated from humans, it was found to be closely related to human cytomegalovirus (CMV), and was thus classified within the beta subgroup of human herpesviruses. HHV-6 possesses neurotropism in vitro, and it has been suggested that primary infection can cause complications of the central nervous system (CNS), including febrile seizures and encephalitis/encephalopathy. There is also speculation that the direct invasion of the virus into the CNS may play an important role in causing these neurological complications. Moreover, there are several reports which have suggested an association between HHV-6 and a variety of neurological disorders in adults. This paper will briefly review our virological understanding of the virus, and summarize recent findings regarding HHV-6 as an etiologic agent for CNS infection.",
"corpus_id": 3079874
} | {
"title": "A protective role for herpes simplex virus type-1-specific humoral immunity in Alzheimer’s Disease",
"abstract": "Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common form of senile dementia and, due to the worldwide increase of life expectancy, has rapidly become a major medical issue in industrialized countries. The economical toll of AD on public health is enormous, and is estimated to hover actually around US $ 818 billion, representing 1.09 % of global gross domestic product (GDP); this toll is expected to grow further, reaching US$ 3 trillion within the next 15 years [1]. AD is a progressive neurodegenerative disease characterized by the accumulation of abnormally phosphorylated tau (τ) protein, neuronal loss, and formation of senile plaques and neurofibrillary tangles; this results in memory disturbance, attention deficit, and a progressive degree of intellectual impairment. Senile plaques are extracellular and are predominantly constituted of amyloid-β (Aβ), a peptide produced by the proteolysis of amyloid precursor protein (APP), whereas neurofibrillary tangles are intracellular and are formed by τ protein. Aβ peptide accumulation, the major pathological hallmark of AD, has traditionally been considered to be the main trigger of pathology, as such accumulation triggers neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration. Notably, though, an intriguing alternate view of the role of Aβ has recently emerged. Thus, because this peptide is endowed with antimicrobial functions [2], its accumulation could be the result of an overproduction finalized at protecting the brain against infections with viruses or bacteria [3]. An impressive research effort is undergoing worldwide in the attempt to find therapies that could modulate the progression of AD or, in the best possible scenario, prevent it; success is nevertheless hampered by the consideration that the etiology of AD is still unknown. A role for infectious agents has long been suspected in AD [4]. Infectious agents would interact with inflammatory, environmental, and genetics factors, working as triggers that would initiate the processes leading to Aβ formation, abnormal τ phosphorylation, and neuronal loss. Human herpes simplex virus type-1 (HSV-1), in particular, a neurotropic virus with a lifelong latency in neurons, has been indicated as a possible culprit in the etiology of AD. HSV-1 commonly infects humans, with up to 90% of the population harboring it by the sixth decade of life [5]. Thus, (1) HSV-1 DNA can be detected in a high proportion of both AD and elderly brains [6]; and (2) Intrathecal HSV-specific immunoglobulin G (IgG) can be observed in the majority of both AD patients and elderly controls [7]. The presence of a possible connection between HSV-1 and AD was first suggested more than 30 years ago [8]. This suggestion was subsequently strengthened by a number of in vitro data indicating that HSV-1 infection of neuron cell lines results in the same molecular alterations that are observed in AD, including APP processing [9] and intracellular distribution [10], and τ protein phosphorylation [11]. Notably, the possible connection between HSV-1 and AD has also been reinforced over the years by a number of epidemiological results (for a very recent state-of-the art document, see: Itzhaki et al. 2016 [12]). In the past 2 years, we decided to investigate the possible role of HSV-1 in AD by merging together immunologic, virologic, and imaging techniques. Initial results showed the presence of a significant positive correlation between HSV-1 specific antibody (Ab) titers and cortical volumes, as measured by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), in the right orbitofrontal cortex, the left temporal pole, and the right inferior frontal gyrus/temporal pole in patients with mild AD. Notably this correlation was lost in amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI), a clinically intermediate situation between normal cognitive decline due to aging and AD [13]. What do these results mean? We believe that HSV-1-specific Ab could be protective in the early stages of AD [14]. Thus, the alterations of the blood–brain barrier (BBB) seen in AD would facilitate the penetration of peripheral lymphocytes and of HSV-1 Ab into the central nervous system (CNS). The higher titers of intra-CNS HSV-1-specific Ab obtained in this way would slow down and eventually block viral reactivation, limiting the damages in those brain regions where the BBB permeability increases. Of course an alternate way to explain these findings is that a (genetically determined?) weaker HSV-1-specific humoral response would result in the loss of control of viral reactivation, leading, over time, to the brain damage and the neurodegeneration that characterize AD. Is the protective effect due to HSV-1 specific Ab alone, or could Ab directed toward other viruses play a role in this",
"corpus_id": 3317933
} | {
"title": "Human B-lymphotropic virus (human herpesvirus-6).",
"abstract": "Human B-lymphotropic virus (HBLV), also known as human herpesvirus-6 (HHV-6) was first isolated in 1986 from AIDS patients and patients with other lymphoproliferative disorders. HBLV is distinct from known human herpesviruses, biologically, immunologically and by molecular analysis. HBLV can infect and replicate in fresh and established lines of hemopoietic cells and cells of neural origin, suggesting wide tropism. The prevalence of HBLV antibody in the normal population was 26% though clear differences between different populations were observed. The prevalence of HBLV antibody an elevated antibody titer was higher in sera from certain malignancies, Sjögren's syndrome and sarcoidosis. Antibody to HBLV was also elevated in AIDS patients and patients with chronic fatigue syndrome. HBLV-DNA was detected in some B-cell lymphomas. The broad in vitro tropism, combined with immunological and molecular evidence of HBLV infection in individuals raise the question of the pathogenicity of this virus in some diseases. Because in vitro co-infection of CD4 cells by HBLV and HIV leads to enhanced degeneration, this raises the possibility that infection in AIDS patients by both viruses can aggravate the HIV-induced immunodeficiency. Specific reagents and immunological and molecular assays are currently being investigated, which will aid in virus detection in cells from patients, and in elucidating the possible pathogenesis of HBLV.",
"corpus_id": 3968071,
"score": 2
} |
{
"title": "Concerning the CYP 17 MSPA 1 polymorphism and breast cancer risk : a meta-analysis",
"abstract": "Feigelson and colleagues have raised some important points concerning the selection of the data sets and the application of meta-analysis to resolve some of the problems associated with determining the relationships between metabolic polymorphisms and susceptibility to various disease conditions. In recent years, many meta-analyses have been published with the aim of providing more objective and quantitative summaries of genetic association studies (Lau et al., 1998; Dunning et al., 1999; de Jong et al., 2001). However, there are always concerns that combining studies with different degrees of bias and studies of different quality may produce different conclusions (Lau et al., 1998). Feigelson et al. argue in their letter that meta-analysis is not the best approach to resolve possible CYP17–breast cancer associations because of the different experimental designs and the mixtures of age and ethnicities in the data sets. In our paper table I (Ye and Parry, 2002) illustrates that many of the individual studies are of limited size and thus lack the power to clarify a possible CYP17–breast cancer association. Thus, we attempted to reduce this lack of power by combining data sets in a meta-analysis. In our paper we attempted to carefully evaluate the nature of the available data, including factors such as duplications, familial disease and male breast cancer studies. Before the studies were pooled for analysis, tests for heterogeneity across the studies were performed and they indicated no evidence of heterogeneity between the individual studies that were related to CYP17 MspA1 polymorphism. This indicated that the data from the selected studies were suitable for pooled analysis using the Mantel–Haenszel method (Mantel and Haenszel, 1959). The results of our meta-analyses have been strongly supported by a recent study of de Jong et al. (2002). Their meta-analysis of 10 CYP17 MspA1 studies indicated that overall odds ratios (ORs) of breast cancer associated with the combined variant and the homozygous genotype were 0.99 (95% CI 0.88–1.11) and 1.05 (95% CI 0.89–1.23), respectively, which were similar to the results of our pooled analyses across 15 studies. In our paper the overall ORs of breast cancer susceptibility associated with the combined variant and the homozygous genotype were 0.98 (95% CI 0.89–1.07) and 1.05 (95% CI 0.87–1.21), respectively. Although Feigelson et al. appreciate that differences in ages and ethnic groups may impact on the evaluation of the CYP17– breast cancer association, they combined different ethnic",
"corpus_id": 155098414
} | {
"title": "The CYP17 MspA1 polymorphism and breast cancer risk: a meta-analysis.",
"abstract": "Inter-individual differences in susceptibility to breast cancer are partially mediated through the levels of endogenous and exogenous steroid hormones. The CYP17 gene encodes P450c17alpha, an enzyme that is involved in the metabolism of steroid hormones. Increased endogenous steroid hormone levels have been associated with a MspA1 polymorphism in the 5'-promoter region of the CYP17 gene. The CYP17 MspA1 polymorphism has been postulated as being associated with the risk of developing breast cancer. However, the association between the CYP17 MspA1 polymorphism and breast cancer risk has been controversial in the literature. To re-examine this controversy, we have undertaken a meta-analysis of 15 case-control studies, which included a total of 4227 breast cancer cases and 4730 individual controls. The odds ratio (OR) was used to evaluate the risk of breast cancer for each study, using homozygosity of the wild-type allele as the control group. Statistical analysis showed no evidence of heterogeneity within the studies. The pooled ORs of breast cancer associated with the combined variant (A1/A2 + A2/A2) and the homozygous genotype (A2/A2) were 0.98 (95% CI 0.89-1.07) and 1.05 (95% CI 0.87-1.21), respectively. Similarly, the pooled ORs of advanced breast cancer associated with the combined variant and the homozygous genotype were 0.96 (95% CI 0.77-1.20) and 0.88 (95% CI 0.55-1.41), respectively. A pooling of the studies was also conducted for the various ethnic groups, but failed to show an association of CYP17 MspA1 polymorphism with breast cancer risk in the different ethnic groups. In addition, our results show that a possible protective effect for breast cancer risk of a later age at menarche was mainly limited to women with the A1 homozygous genotype. The OR for age at menarche (> or = 13) was 0.87 (95% CI 0.62-1.17). Our results suggest that CYP17 MspA1 polymorphism may be at best a weak modifier of breast cancer risk but is not a significant independent risk factor.",
"corpus_id": 22575683
} | {
"title": "Separation and identification of oligonucleotides by hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC)-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICPMS).",
"abstract": "A method for the separation and detection of oligonucleotides utilizing hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICPMS) is described. Polythymidylic acids of various lengths (10, 15, 20 and 30 nucleotides) were separated under gradient HILIC conditions. Selective detection of oligonucleotides was possible through monitoring m/z 47, corresponding to (31)P(16)O(+), using ICPMS. Oxygen was used as a reaction gas in the collision/reaction cell to produce PO(+) by reacting with phosphorus in the gas phase, thereby effectively eliminating the interferences for phosphorus normally seen at m/z 31. Limits of detections (LODs) were determined to be 1.69 pmol, 1.21 pmol, 1.0 pmol and 0.55 pmol loaded on column for the 10, 15, 20 and 30 mer, respectively.",
"corpus_id": 2175533,
"score": 0
} |
{
"title": "Expression Patterns of Cancer-Testis Antigens in Human Embryonic Stem Cells and Their Cell Derivatives Indicate Lineage Tracks",
"abstract": "Pluripotent stem cells can differentiate into various lineages but undergo genetic and epigenetic changes during long-term cultivation and, therefore, require regular monitoring. The expression patterns of cancer-testis antigens (CTAs) MAGE-A2, -A3, -A4, -A6, -A8, -B2, and GAGE were examined in undifferentiated human embryonic stem (hES) cells, their differentiated derivatives, teratocarcinoma (hEC) cells, and cancer cell lines of neuroectodermal and mesodermal origin. Undifferentiated hES cells and embryoid body cells expressed MAGE-A3, -A6, -A4, -A8, and GAGEs while later differentiated derivatives expressed only MAGE-A8 or MAGE-A4. Likewise, mouse pluripotent stem cells also express CTAs of Magea but not Mageb family. Despite similarity of the hES and hEC cell expression patterns, MAGE-A2 and MAGE-B2 were detected only in hEC cells but not in hES cells. Moreover, our analysis has shown that CTAs are aberrantly expressed in cancer cell lines and display low tissue specificity. The identification of CTA expression patterns in pluripotent stem cells and their derivatives may be useful for isolation of abnormally CTA-expressing cells to improve the safety of stem-cell based therapy.",
"corpus_id": 348228
} | {
"title": "Derepression of Cancer/Testis Antigens in cancer is associated with distinct patterns of DNA Hypomethylation",
"abstract": "BackgroundThe Cancer/Testis Antigens (CTAs) are a heterogeneous group of proteins whose expression is typically restricted to the testis. However, they are aberrantly expressed in most cancers that have been examined to date. Broadly speaking, the CTAs can be divided into two groups: the CTX antigens that are encoded by the X-linked genes and the non-X CT antigens that are encoded by the autosomes. Unlike the non-X CTAs, the CTX antigens form clusters of closely related gene families and their expression is frequently associated with advanced disease with poorer prognosis. Regardless however, the mechanism(s) underlying their selective derepression and stage-specific expression in cancer remain poorly understood, although promoter DNA demethylation is believed to be the major driver.MethodsHere, we report a systematic analysis of DNA methylation profiling data from various tissue types to elucidate the mechanism underlying the derepression of the CTAs in cancer. We analyzed the methylation profiles of 501 samples including sperm, several cancer types, and their corresponding normal somatic tissue types.ResultsWe found strong evidence for specific DNA hypomethylation of CTA promoters in the testis and cancer cells but not in their normal somatic counterparts. We also found that hypomethylation was clustered on the genome into domains that coincided with nuclear lamina-associated domains (LADs) and that these regions appeared to be insulated by CTCF sites. Interestingly, we did not observe any significant differences in the hypomethylation pattern between the CTAs without CpG islands and the CTAs with CpG islands in the proximal promoter.ConclusionOur results corroborate that widespread DNA hypomethylation appears to be the driver in the derepression of CTA expression in cancer and furthermore, demonstrate that these hypomethylated domains are associated with the nuclear lamina-associated domains (LADS). Taken together, our results suggest that wide-spread methylation changes in cancer are linked to derepression of germ-line-specific genes that is orchestrated by the three dimensional organization of the cancer genome.",
"corpus_id": 1734620
} | {
"title": "Region‐specific loss of heterozygosity on chromosome 19 is related to the morphologic type of human glioma",
"abstract": "Allelic mutation on chromosome 19 has previously been reported as a frequent genetic event in human glial tumors. In an effort to localize specific regions of importance on this chromosome better, 13 highly polymorphic genetic markers distributed along the length of chromosome 19 were used for evaluation of loss of heterozygosity (LOH) and microsatellite instability in a total of 100 brain tumors, including 75 astrocytomas (55 grade 4; 7 grade 3; 5 grade 2; 6 grade 1; and 2 other), 17 oligodendrogliomas (1 grade 4; 5 grade 3; 10 grade 2; and 1 grade 1), and 8 mixed oligoastrocytomas (MOA) (3 grade 4; 2 grade 3; and 3 grade 2). No microsatellite expansion was observed in these glial tumors for any of the chromosome 19 loci examined. LOH for loci on chromosome 19 was detected in 23/74 informative astrocytomas (31%), 11/17 oligodendrogliomas (65%), and 3/8 MOA (38%). Partial deletion of chromosome 19 occurred more frequently (31/37 cases) than did loss of one whole copy of the chromosome, and a morphology‐specific pattern of LOH was observed. In 12/14 (86%) instances of chromosome 19 deletion in oligodendrogliomas and MOA, the 19q arm showed LOH, whereas the 19p arm showed no loss for all informative loci. Conversely, in 17/23 (74%) instances of chromosome 19 deletion in astrocytomas, the 19p arm showed LOH, whereas the 19q arm showed no loss for one or more loci. Thus, loss of 19q and retention of 19p are strongly associated with oligodendroglioma and MOA, whereas loss of 19p and retention of distal 19q is associated with astrocytoma. These data indicate that two or more tumor suppressor genes may reside on chromosome 19, one on 19p important in the development of astrocytomas, and one on 19q important in oligodendrogliomas and MOA.",
"corpus_id": 22750578,
"score": 2
} |
{
"title": "An Enhanced Boundary Scan Architecture for Inter-Die Interconnect Leakage Measurement in 2.5D and 3D Packages",
"abstract": "3D-IC is a solution to achieve lower cost and higher performance as the transistor density doubles every 18 months following Moore's law. In recent years, Integrated Fan-Out Wafer-Level Chip-Scale Packaging (InFO WLCSP) is one of the most promising packaging technologies for 3D-IC. In InFO WLCSP, there are some inter-die interconnects. We cannot access these interconnects directly. Therefore, it causes 1-2% test coverage loss. As a result, a built-in self-test (BIST) or other design-for-test (DFT) methodology is necessary to test these interconnects. It is easy to detect open defects and short defects leading to large leakage currents with conventional test methods. However, defects leading to small leakage currents are hard to detect, so we focus on these defects in this work. In this paper, we propose a scheme to measure the small leakage current of these inter-die interconnects. The scheme uses IEEE 1149.1 boundary scan interface. Because boundary scan is a well-adopted standard, the scheme can be integrated into any electronic product easily. Beside four mandatory terminals, we add a reference current input. Users can apply current to compare it with the leakage current. For the input EBSC, two OR gates, a MUX, and a current digitizer are added and it is compared with the conventional BSC. A test chip is implemented to verify our design, which uses the one-polynine-metal (1P9M) 90nm CMOS technology. Measurement results show that the proposed scheme is able to measure the leakage current of the interconnect. In addition, with the dynamic range of 128nA, the current digitizer has 6-bit resolution.",
"corpus_id": 3396322
} | {
"title": "Novel adaptive probing for wafer level chip scale package",
"abstract": "To be “More than Moore's law”, Integrated Fan-Out Wafer-Level Chip-Scale Packaging (InFO WLCSP) is more cost-effective than other 3D-integrated-circuit (3DIC) technologies for consumer mobile, wearable, and “Internet-of-Things” (IoT) markets. To further improve the test quality, yield, and cost of InFO WLCSP by probing copper-pillars without solder-caps, adaptive probing is developed to improve traditional fixed probing recipes. Therefore, variations of copper-pillars, wafer warping, and un-coplanarity of high-pin-count probes can be tolerated. According to the characterizations and experimental results, the analyses, strategies, algorithm, and test programs can improve yield, test time, and probe-card lifetime dramatically. The proposed adaptive probing methods can handle not only the worst varied probing case on copper-pillars but also other critical probing cases.",
"corpus_id": 23651375
} | {
"title": "Flexibility for congestion management: A demonstration of a multi-mechanism approach",
"abstract": "Distribution system operators are investigating new methods to manage network congestion and avoid overloading. Among these methods is the application of flexibility. This paper will present a field implementation as part of the H2020 Interflex project. Two parallel mechanisms will be implemented: a local flexibility market and a variable connection capacity. Multiple aggregators will participate on the local flexibility market, trading flexibility day-ahead and intraday. The DSO can compete for flexibility with other interested parties. In parallel, the concept of variable connection capacity is implemented. The variable connection capacity is based on a contractual agreement between distribution system operator and a customer's point of connection. The connection capacity is set at two levels: off- and on-peak. The scenarios include medium to low voltage transformers and low voltage feeders. In the paper, various test-scenarios are described, and an outlook of the field experiments is provided.",
"corpus_id": 56171727,
"score": 1
} |
{
"title": "EcoRI-modified gold nanoparticles for dual-mode colorimetric detection of magnesium and pyrophosphate ions.",
"abstract": "Magnesium in its ionic form (Mg 2 + ) is essential for many physiological processes, including much of metabolism, enzyme activation and catalysis, photosynthesis development, signal transduction, and protection against hypertension and blood vessel spasm. [ 1 ] Therefore, it has been long recognized that for suitable diagnosis of various ailments, the accurate and rapid measurement of Mg 2 + is important. Additionally, the ability to detect Mg 2 + is also important in the area of environmental monitoring for effective pollution control. [ 2 ]",
"corpus_id": 6988667
} | {
"title": "Advance and Application of DNA-functionalized Nanoparticles.",
"abstract": "DNA-functionalized nanoparticle (DfNP) technology, the integration of DNA with nanotechnology, has emerged over recent decades as a promising biofunctionalization tool in the light of biotechnological approaches. The development of DfNPs has exhibited significant potential for several biological and biomedical applications. In this review, we focus on the mechanism of a series of DNA-NP nanocomposites and highlight the superstructures of DNA-based NPs. We also summarize its applications of these nanocomposites in cell imaging, cancer therapy and bioanalytical detection.",
"corpus_id": 13985829
} | {
"title": "Geographical origin classification of gem corundum using elemental fingerprint analysis by laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry",
"abstract": "Abstract Laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) was applied to study source identification by using elemental fingerprint analysis combined with the use of multivariate statistical analysis of gem corundum samples with different colors (red, blue, purple, yellow) from six countries (Kenya, Madagascar, Nigeria, Tanzania, Cambodia and Thailand). With LA-ICP-MS, the element concentrations in the samples were calculated using NIST 612 standard glass reference material as the external standard, with Al being used as the internal standard. The optimum conditions of laser ablation, i.e., 9 mJ laser power, 100% laser energy, a spot size of 200 μm and a repetition rate of 20 Hz, were selected to improve the signal intensities. The multivariate data analysis, including principal component analysis (PCA) and linear discriminant analysis (LDA) was used for classification study of samples. Two categories of gem corundum were analyzed including the gem corundum of the same color and the gem corundum of different colors. In the case of gem corundum of the same color classification, the LDA provided good scatter plot that could differentiate rubies between South East Asia and African countries and blue sapphires from Madagascar and Nigeria. For the classification of gem corundum with different colors, the LDA with the use of normalization factor was effective for the identification of the origin of corundum samples with 80% accuracy.",
"corpus_id": 95629741,
"score": 1
} |
{
"title": "Therapeutic efficacy of Ashwagandha against experimental aspergillosis in mice.",
"abstract": "Therapeutic efficacy of an Indian Ayurvedic medicinal preparation, Ashwagandha [Withania somnifera L. Dunal (Solanceae; root)] was evaluated against experimental aspergillosis in Balb/c mice. Ashwagandha given orally once daily for 7 consecutive days in a dose of 100 mg/kg after intravenous infection of Aspergillus fumigatus prolonged the survival period of infected mice. This protective activity was probably related to the observed increases in phagocytosis and intracellular killing of peritoneal macrophages induced by Ashwaganda treatment. The number of peripheral leukocytes was not modified, excluding a possibility of mobilization of cells from other compartments. On the basis of these findings, the probable mechanism underlying the protective action of Ashwagandha against systemic Aspergillus infection was discussed in relation with its possible activity to activate the macrophage function.",
"corpus_id": 351392
} | {
"title": "Plant Products as Antimicrobial Agents",
"abstract": "SUMMARY The use of and search for drugs and dietary supplements derived from plants have accelerated in recent years. Ethnopharmacologists, botanists, microbiologists, and natural-products chemists are combing the Earth for phytochemicals and “leads” which could be developed for treatment of infectious diseases. While 25 to 50% of current pharmaceuticals are derived from plants, none are used as antimicrobials. Traditional healers have long used plants to prevent or cure infectious conditions; Western medicine is trying to duplicate their successes. Plants are rich in a wide variety of secondary metabolites, such as tannins, terpenoids, alkaloids, and flavonoids, which have been found in vitro to have antimicrobial properties. This review attempts to summarize the current status of botanical screening efforts, as well as in vivo studies of their effectiveness and toxicity. The structure and antimicrobial properties of phytochemicals are also addressed. Since many of these compounds are currently available as unregulated botanical preparations and their use by the public is increasing rapidly, clinicians need to consider the consequences of patients self-medicating with these preparations.",
"corpus_id": 12801438
} | {
"title": "CHARACTERIZATION OF A LYMPHOCYTE FACTOR WHICH ALTERS MACROPHAGE FUNCTIONS",
"abstract": "As reported previously, antigenically stimulated guinea pig lymphocytes elaborate a soluble factor which activates macrophages in the sense of promoting increased adherence, spreading, phagocytosis, and glucose oxidation through the hexose monophosphate pathway. Further studies on the characteristics and kinetics of this substance were carried out. The activating factor could not be distinguished from a previously characterized lymphocyte mediator, migration inhibitory factor (MIF), on the basis of Sephadex G-100 gel filtration, CsCl density gradient centrifugation, or sensitivity to neuraminidase. It was, however, shown to be distinct from two other lymphocyte mediators, chemotactic factor for macrophages and lymphotoxin. The kinetics of activation were further studied. The data suggest that the 3 day period required by macrophages to manifest a response to the activating factor consists of two stages. In the first, requiring 1–2 days, the macrophages are refractory to the influence of activating factor, but undergo changes which render them receptive. In the second, they respond to activating factor with increased cell adherence and glucose oxidation. Once macrophages have been activated, the effect persists in the absence of activating factor for 24 h. Finally, it was shown that activation in unfractionated supernatants followed the same time-course as that in more purified fractions. The data suggests that the activating factor is the same as MIF and that, in vitro, macrophages respond to this substance with migration inhibition before they become sensitive to its activating influence.",
"corpus_id": 6724318,
"score": 2
} |
{
"title": "Direct observation of electronic-liquid-crystal phase transitions and their microscopic origin in La1/3Ca2/3MnO3",
"abstract": "The ground-state electronic order in doped manganites is frequently associated with a lattice modulation, contributing to their many interesting properties. However, measuring the thermal evolution of the lattice superstructure with reciprocal-space probes alone can lead to ambiguous results with competing interpretations. Here we provide direct observations of the evolution of the superstructure in La1/3Ca2/3MnO3 in real space, as well as reciprocal space, using transmission electron microscopic (TEM) techniques. We show that the transitions are the consequence of a proliferation of dislocations plus electronic phase separation. The resulting states are well described by the symmetries associated with electronic-liquid-crystal (ELC) phases. Moreover, our results resolve the long-standing controversy over the origin of the incommensurate superstructure and suggest a new structural model that is consistent with recent theoretical calculations.",
"corpus_id": 8882403
} | {
"title": "Spontaneous Magnetic Superdomain Wall Fluctuations in an Artificial Antiferromagnet.",
"abstract": "Collective dynamics often play an important role in determining the stability of ground states for both naturally occurring materials and metamaterials. We studied the temperature dependent dynamics of antiferromagnetically ordered superdomains in a square artificial spin lattice using soft x-ray photon correlation spectroscopy. We observed an exponential slowing down of superdomain wall motion below the antiferromagnetic onset temperature, similar to the behavior of typical bulk antiferromagnets. Using a continuous time random walk model we show that these superdomain walls undergo low-temperature ballistic and high-temperature diffusive motions.",
"corpus_id": 118828509
} | {
"title": "Freeform Assembly Planning",
"abstract": "3-D printing enables the fabrication of complex architectures at multiple length scales by automating large sequences of additive steps. The increasing sophistication of printers, materials, and generative design promise to make geometric complexity a nonissue in manufacturing; however, this complexity can only be realized if a design can be translated into a physically executable sequence of printing operations. We investigate this planning problem for freeform direct-write assembly, in which filaments of material are deposited through a nozzle translating along a 3-D path to create sparse, frame-like structures. We enumerate the process constraints for different variants of the freeform assembly process and show that, in the case where material stiffens via a glass transition, determining whether a feasible sequence exists is NP-complete. Nonetheless, for topologies typically encountered in real-world applications, finding a feasible or even optimal sequence is a tractable problem. We develop a sequencing algorithm that maximizes the fidelity of the printed part and minimizes the probability of print failure by modeling the assembly as a linear, elastic frame. We implement the algorithm and validate our approach experimentally, printing objects composed of thousands of large-aspect-ratio sugar alcohol filaments with diameters of 100– $200~\\mu \\text{m}$ . Note to Practitioners—Extrusion-style 3-D printers typically pattern material in a series of 2-D layers, but they can be also be programmed to deposit material along 3-D paths in a “freeform” fashion. However, programming a printer to operate in this way requires consideration of constraints related to collision and stability. For large designs, finding an optimal or even feasible plan with respect to these constraints requires automated planning. We address a hard version of this problem in which any joint in the frame can only support one cantilever at a time. We develop an exact algorithm that maximizes the robustness of the printing plan and validate it by printing complex freeform designs. The assembly planner allows the freeform process to be applied to arbitrarily complex parts, with applications ranging from tissue engineering and microfluidics at the micrometer scale, to vascularized functional materials and soft robots at the millimeter scale, to structural components at the meter scale. This approach removes a major bottleneck in the workflow for freeform assembly, allowing scientists and engineers to automatically translate complex freeform designs into optimal printing plans.",
"corpus_id": 33145294,
"score": 0
} |
{
"title": "When are metal ion-dependent hydroxyl and alkoxyl radical adducts of 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline N-oxide artifacts?",
"abstract": "The formation of the 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline N-oxide (DMPO)/.OH adduct of the spin trap DMPO has been reported to occur through nucleophilic addition of water in the presence of aqueous ferric chloride (K. Makino, T. Hagiwara, A. Hagi, M. Nishi, and A. Murakami, 1990, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 172, 1073-1080). Due to the serious implications of these findings with respect to many spin trapping studies, the suitability of DMPO as a hydroxyl radical spin trap was studied in typical Fenton systems. Using 17O-enriched water, we show conclusively that nucleophilic addition of water occurs at the nitrone carbon (or C-2 position) of DMPO in the presence of either Fe or Cu ions. Furthermore, our results demonstrate that this nucleophilic reaction is a major pathway to the DMPO/.OH adduct, even during the reaction of Fe(II) or Cu(I) with hydrogen peroxide. Primary alkoxyl adducts of DMPO also form in aqueous solution through nucleophilic addition in the presence of both Fe(III) and Cu(II). Attempts to obtain secondary and tertiary alkoxyl adducts by this mechanism were unsuccessful, possibly due to steric effects. When the reaction is carried out in various buffers, however, or in the presence of metal ion chelators, nucleophilic addition to DMPO from Fe(III) is effectively suppressed. Chelators also suppress the reaction with Cu(II). Hence, under most common experimental conditions in biochemical free radical research, nucleophilic addition to DMPO should not be of major concern.",
"corpus_id": 3237445
} | {
"title": "Cautionary note for DMPO spin trapping in the presence of iron ion.",
"abstract": "2-Hydroxy-5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrrolidinyloxy (DMPO-OH), which is known to be produced by spin trapping of hydroxyl radicals (.OH) with 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline-N-oxide (DMPO) and has been a good monitor for detecting .OH in biological systems, has been examined by EPR for its production scheme in the presence of iron ion. In an aqueous DMPO solution containing ferric ion (Fe3+), DMPO-OH was produced and addition of methanol, a good scavenger for .OH, to this solution led to an aminoxyl radical, DMPO-OCH3, instead of DMPO-CH2OH which is produced by DMPO spin trapping of .CH2OH arising from H-abstraction by .OH. Also EPR measurements at 77K indicated the formation of a chelate between DMPO and Fe3+. Based on these, it has been elucidated that DMPO-OH as well as DMPO-OCH3 is formed by the nucleophilic attack of water and methanol to the chelating DMPO, respectively.",
"corpus_id": 29471684
} | {
"title": "A review on biodegradation and photocatalytic degradation of organic pollutants: A bibliometric and comparative analysis",
"abstract": "Abstract In the present era, environmental pollution are increasing manifolds due to various anthropogenic activities. Organic pollutants are one of the biggest nuisances faced by the present human population. Several measures have been proposed and applied for their abatement. Organic pollutants released from the various activities of petrochemicals pose a serious concern among the scientists and researchers. Petrochemicals pollutants are considered as toxic, carcinogenic and hazardous. Therefore their abatement is need of hours with the efficient and sustainable techniques. It was found that recent research activities/publications are increasing on these topics due to various environmental problems. Biodegradation and photodegradation seem to be the most favorable technique for the degradation of wastewater contaminated with petrochemicals. In the present study, our approach was to comparatively evaluate these two most adopted processes i.e. biodegradation and photocatalytic degradation through content and bibliometric and analysis. Firstly Bibliometric analysis was performed on the literature cited in Scopus, for elucidating the present research trend. Both the processes are accepted even at pilot scale and have some limitations and advantages. Biodegradation processes are known as sustainable processes for the abatement of environmental pollution and even for petroleum industrial wastewater treatment at large scale. However, a various problem associated with these processes such as their low efficiency, microbial specificity to pollutants and sensitivity to the environmental factor in case of biodegradation and high running cost, need skilled man-power, and sometimes, intermediates are also more toxic than original pollutants in case of Photocatalytic processes. Based on our comparative evaluation of these two processes, we concluded that there is need of more research on both these technique. And there is a possibility of hybrid of two existing processes.",
"corpus_id": 158629603,
"score": 0
} |
{
"title": "Large-Scale Interdisciplinary Design Thinking for Dealing with Twenty-First Century Problems and Opportunities",
"abstract": "This analysis extends creative design thinking to the macro-level, applying it to the enormous problems and opportunities generated by twenty-first century globalization. Today’s macroproblems and macro-opportunities require creative, interdisciplinary thinking, and collaboration to enable individuals and teams to address the dogmatism that hinders perception of the complexity embedded in complex issues. Suggestions are made for grappling with dogmatism. Examples of interdisciplinary projects aimed at large-scale creative design thinking are provided. Some barriers to creative interdisciplinary work are examined. Finally, the use of visual–metaphorical artistic design is explored as a strategy for simplifying and synthesizing complex ideas and strengthening interdisciplinary creative design thinking.",
"corpus_id": 158076638
} | {
"title": "Social Neuroscience of Empathy",
"abstract": "In recent decades, empathy research has blossomed into a vibrant and multidisciplinary field of study. The social neuroscience approach to the subject is premised on the idea that studying empathy at multiple levels (biological, cognitive, and social) will lead to a more comprehensive understanding of how other people's thoughts and feelings can affect our own thoughts, feelings, and behavior. In these cutting-edge contributions, leading advocates of the multilevel approach view empathy from the perspectives of social, cognitive, developmental and clinical psychology and cognitive/affective neuroscience. Chapters include a critical examination of the various definitions of the empathy construct; surveys of major research traditions based on these differing views (including empathy as emotional contagion, as the projection of one's own thoughts and feelings, and as a fundamental aspect of social development); clinical and applied perspectives, including psychotherapy and the study of empathy for other people's pain; various neuroscience perspectives; and discussions of empathy's evolutionary and neuroanatomical histories, with a special focus on neuroanatomical continuities and differences across the phylogenetic spectrum. The new discipline of social neuroscience bridges disciplines and levels of analysis. In this volume, the contributors' state-of-the-art investigations of empathy from a social neuroscience perspective vividly illustrate the potential benefits of such cross-disciplinary integration.ContributorsC. Daniel Batson, James Blair, Karina Blair, Jerold D. Bozarth, Anne Buysse, Susan F. Butler, Michael Carlin, C. Sue Carter, Kenneth D. Craig, Mirella Dapretto, Jean Decety, Mathias Dekeyser, Ap Dijksterhuis, Robert Elliott, Natalie D. Eggum, Nancy Eisenberg, Norma Deitch Feshbach, Seymour Feshbach, Liesbet Goubert, Leslie S. Greenberg, Elaine Hatfield, James Harris, William Ickes, Claus Lamm, Yen-Chi Le, Mia Leijssen, Abigail Marsh, Raymond S. Nickerson, Jennifer H. Pfeifer, Stephen W. Porges, Richard L. Rapson, Simone G. Shamay-Tsoory, Rick B. van Baaren, Matthijs L. van Leeuwen, Andries van der Leij, Jeanne C. Watson",
"corpus_id": 15456873
} | {
"title": "Is creativity domain-specific? Latent class models of creative accomplishments and creative self-descriptions.",
"abstract": "Is creativity domain-specific? We describe the value of latent class analysis for appraising domain generality, and we report two studies that explore the latent class structure of creative accomplishments (using Carson, Peterson, and Higgins’s Creative Achievement Questionnaire; n = 749) and creative self-descriptions (using Kaufman and Baer’s Creativity Domain Questionnaire; n = 3,534). For creative achievements, clear latent classes were found: the majority of people belonged to an ?uncreative? class, and smaller classes were found for visual arts and performing arts. For creative self-descriptions, however, latent classes were not found: people’s views of themselves as ?creative people? varied quantitatively but not qualitatively. Implications for the assessment and analysis of creativity are considered.",
"corpus_id": 32293945,
"score": 2
} |
{
"title": "Grouped L0 least squares penalised Magnetoencephalography",
"abstract": "The distributed source inverse problem for Magnetoencephalography (MEG) requires regularisation in order to calculate a stable and accurate solution. Recently there has been interest in source reconstruction via the l1 penalised least squares problem. Although this gives some sparseness the ideal measure for sparsity is the l0 norm. Here we develop a cyclic descent algorithm to solve the grouped-variable l0 penalised least squares problem for an underdetermined linear system. We demonstrate the utility of this method on real MEG data and show an increase in sparsity achieved using the l0 instead of the l1 penalty.",
"corpus_id": 149738
} | {
"title": "Topology identification of a sparse dynamic network",
"abstract": "This paper addresses the problem of identifying the topology of a sparsely connected network of dynamic systems. The goal is to identify the links, the direction of information flow and the transfer function of each dynamic system. The output of each system is affected by the incoming data of the directly connected systems and noise. In contrast to the related existing work we use causal Laguerre basis functions to expand the transfer functions. Since the network is sparsely connected we estimate the system topology using an algorithm which optimizes the l0 penalized least squares criterion with grouped variables. This also contrasts with previous work which usually uses and l1 penalty. The l0 penalty has the potential to generate greater sparsity. We present simulation results to demonstrate the effectiveness of this method.",
"corpus_id": 20425902
} | {
"title": "Controlled Support MEG imaging",
"abstract": "In this paper, we present a novel approach to imaging sparse and focal neural current sources from MEG (magnetoencephalography) data. Using the framework of Tikhonov regularization theory, we introduce a new stabilizer that uses the concept of controlled support to incorporate a priori assumptions about the area occupied by focal sources. The paper discusses the underlying Tikhonov theory and its relationship to a Bayesian formulation which in turn allows us to interpret and better understand other related algorithms.",
"corpus_id": 16283210,
"score": 2
} |
{
"title": "Biodegradable Chitosan-Based Ambroxol Hydrochloride Microspheres: Effect of Cross-Linking Agents",
"abstract": "The objective of this study was to investigate the influence of type of cross-linking method used on the properties of ambroxol hydrochloride microspheres such as encapsulation efficiency, particle size, and drug release. Microspheres were prepared by solvent evaporation technique using chitosan as a matrix-forming agent and cross-linked using formaldehyde and heat treatment. Morphological and physicochemical properties of microspheres were then investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffractometry (XRD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) spectroscopy. The cross-linking of chitosan takes place at the free amino group because of formation of imine bond as evidenced by FTIR. The DSC, XRD, and FTIR analysis showed that chitosan microspheres cross linked by heating were superior in properties and performance as compared to the microspheres cross-linked using formaldehyde. SEM results revealed that heat-treated microspheres were spherical, discrete having smooth, and porous structure. The particle size and encapsulation efficiencies of the prepared chitosan microspheres ranged between 10.83-24.11 μm and 39.73-80.56%, respectively. The drug release was extended up to 12 h, and the kinetics of the drug release was obeying Higuchi kinetic proving diffusion-controlled drug release.",
"corpus_id": 16631540
} | {
"title": "In situ gelling pectin formulations for oral drug delivery at high gastric pH.",
"abstract": "The aim of the study was to compare the gelation and drug release characteristics of formulations of pectin with high (31%) and low (9%) degrees of methoxylation over a wide pH range (pH 1.2-5.0). Dilute solutions of pectin (1.5%, w/v) containing complexed calcium ions formed gels in vitro at low pH (pH<2.5) as a consequence of cross-linking of the galacturonic chains by calcium ions released from the complex, but the efficiency of gelation was significantly reduced with increase of pH because of incomplete release of complexed Ca(++). Gelation of formulations of pectin with a degree of esterification of 9% (DE9) was observed over the pH range 2.5-5.0 in the presence of 1.6mM Ca(++), but was incomplete in formulations of pectin with a degree of esterification of 31% (DE31). A sustained release of ambroxol was observed following oral administration of pectin DE9 formulations to gastric-acidity controlled rabbits at pH 5.5-5.7 and visual observation of the stomach contents of these rabbits confirmed in situ gelation of these formulations. There was no evidence of in situ gelation of pectin DE31 formulations under these conditions and a rapid initial drug release was observed. Differences in gelling characteristics in this pH range were attributed to the greater susceptibility of low methoxylated pectin to cross-linking by di- and tri-valent ions present in the gastric juice. It is concluded that formulations of pectin with a low degree of esterification have potential application as in situ gelling vehicles for the sustained delivery of drugs following oral administration under conditions of high gastric pH.",
"corpus_id": 23767772
} | {
"title": "Localization of light waves in Fibonacci dielectric multilayers.",
"abstract": "We have measured the optical transmission of quasiperiodic dielectric multilayer stacks of ${\\mathrm{SiO}}_{2}$ (A) and ${\\mathrm{TiO}}_{2}$ (b) thin films which are ordered according to a Fibonacci sequence ${\\mathit{S}}_{\\mathit{j}+1}$={${\\mathit{S}}_{\\mathit{j}\\mathrm{\\ensuremath{-}}1}$}, with ${\\mathit{S}}_{0}$={B} and ${\\mathit{S}}_{1}$={A} up to the sequence ${\\mathit{S}}_{9}$ which consists of 55 layers. We observe a scaling of the transmission coefficient with increasing Fibonacci sequences at quarter-wavelength optical thicknesses. This behavior is in good agreement with theory and can be considered as experimental evidence for the localization of the light waves. The persistence of strong suppression of the transmission (gaps) in the presence of variations in the refractive indices among the layers is surprising.",
"corpus_id": 36391949,
"score": 1
} |
{
"title": "The nature of visual self-recognition revisited",
"abstract": "It is not true that mirror self-recognition has nothing to do with self-awareness and, contrary to Suddendorf and Butler's claim [1], that self-recognition is ‘universally acquired in toddlers’, there are failures to find mirror self-recognition in mentally retarded children, adolescents, and adults, as well as in autistic children, schizophrenics, patients with damage to the frontal cortex, and those with dementia [2]. Also consistent with predictions based on self-awareness, chimpanzees show an ensemble of intricate reactions to the death of companions that parallel responses humans make [3].",
"corpus_id": 1824604
} | {
"title": "The enfacement illusion in autism spectrum disorder: How interpersonal multisensory stimulation influences facial recognition of the self",
"abstract": "At its most basic level, the sense of self is built upon awareness of one's body and the face holds special significance as the individual's most important and distinctive physical feature. Multimodal sensory integration is pivotal to experiencing one's own body as a coherent visual “self” representation is formed and maintained by matching felt and observed sensorimotor experiences in the mirror. While difficulties in individual facial identity recognition and in both self-referential cognition and empathy are frequently reported in individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), studying the effect of multimodal sensory stimulation in this population is of relevant interest. The present study investigates for the first time the specific effect on Interpersonal Multisensory Stimulation (IMS) on face self-recognition in a sample of 30 adults with (n = 15) and without (n = 15) ASD, matched on age and sex. The results demonstrate atypical self-face recognition and absence of IMS effects (enfacement illusion) in adults with ASD compared to controls, indicating that multisensory integration failed in updating cognitive representations of one's own face among persons with this disorder. The results are discussed in the light of other findings indicating alterations in body enfacement illusion and automatic imitation in ASD as well as in the context of the theories of procedural perception and multisensory integration alterations.",
"corpus_id": 253260760
} | {
"title": "Multicomponent-Fuel Film-Vaporization Model for Multidimensional Computations",
"abstract": "A multicomponent-fuel e lm-vaporization model is developed to be used in multidimensional spray and combustion computations. For the gas phase the vaporization rate was evaluated using the turbulent boundary-layer assumption and the Prandtl mixing-length theory. A third-order polynomial was used to model the temperature and species concentration proe les within the liquid e lm in order to predict accurate surface temperature and surface mass fractions, which are crucial to evaluating the species vaporization rates. By this approach the governing equations for the e lm were reduced to a set of ordinary differential equations. The new model offers a signie cant reduction in computational cost and sufe cient accuracy compared to solving the governing equations for the e lm directly. The new model was verie ed against exact numerical solutions with excellent agreement for several cases concerning the vaporization process of a e lm on a e at plate. The results were also compared with the solutions obtained using an ine nite-diffusion model. The new model predicted the vaporization history more accurately than the ine nite-diffusion model. Finally, the new model was applied to study the e lm evolution for a spray/wall impingement case, and physical insight was gained from the study.",
"corpus_id": 119986092,
"score": 0
} |
{
"title": "Handling dynamic schema change in process models",
"abstract": "Workflow technology has emerged as an appropriate platform for consolidating the distributed information resources of an enterprise, promoting interoperability across cross-platform systems and for providing a global view and understanding of business process models. However, the business processes that workflows represent, are dynamic by nature, that is, they encounter frequent and unavoidable changes. It is through this dynamism that organizations maintain their competitive edge. Workflow technology to date does not provide sufficient support for dynamically changing processes. Managing schema change of workflow processes with multiple active instances is a complex issue. In this paper, we present an analysis of workflow changes in relation to business process change, and present a classification of workflow changes that dictate the scope of the problem. Based on this classification we lay the foundation for a generic framework to support dynamically changing workflow processes.",
"corpus_id": 269834
} | {
"title": "Enforcement vs. freedom of action an integrated approach to flexible workflow enactment",
"abstract": "The advantages of today'sprocess management, such as efficiency and quality aspects, are achievedby enforcing detailed models of work processes. But real world processescan be planned only to a limited degree and sometimes demand changing alreadyplanned parts of the process. So additional, unforeseen activities haveto take place in a process. This contradictory situationwill here be tackled by an approach that combines different forms of enforcementof planned parts of a process. The explicit modelling of these differentsupport strategies allows them to be changed if demanded by the situation.An extended enactment strategy gives workers the opportunity to negotiateabout changing the current support strategy. So there is some thresholdto deviate from the planned process because addtional actions are required.",
"corpus_id": 15217667
} | {
"title": "Sparse Estimation of Faults by Compressed Sensing With Structural Constraints",
"abstract": "This paper addresses the challenge of fault location in large power networks using a limited number of sensors. It was recently shown that power system faults may be modeled by sparse vectors, and hence, can be located efficiently using sparse recovery techniques. In this paper, we extend this approach and propose a sparse recovery algorithm that exploits both the sparsity constraints and additional structural constraints imposed by the faults physical models. To this end, faults are represented by sparse vectors that are subjected to nonconvex constraints. These constraints are shown to provide additional information that is exploited to reduce the number of measurements and to improve the location accuracy. The algorithm searches directly over these physical faults, and therefore, operates over a small solution space. Simulations on the IEEE 118 bus test-case network show that 4 to 20 sensors are sufficient to recover faults with adequate accuracy. With 20 PMU sensors, more than 99% of single-fault events and 84%–95% of two-fault events are located, depending on fault types and SNR.",
"corpus_id": 5014811,
"score": 1
} |
{
"title": "Limitations of European Union policy and law for regulating use of lead shot and sinkers: comparisons with North American regulation",
"abstract": "Extensive shooting and angling causes, indirectly, fatal lead poisoning of birds. European Union policy on this major source of pollution is inconsistent with its laws regulating other forms of lead in the environment. Only three countries have banned the use of lead shot completely in the European Union, despite availability of substitutes and evidence that their use is a major contributor to bird conservation. The European Commission uses the criterion of amount of lead deposited and corroded, and the concentration of lead in water and soil, as the basis of their decisions. The USA and Canada used the prevalence of lead poisoning among birds as the basis of policy and law allowing them to reduce lead use at the continental level. The EU and North American policies and law on lead reduction are compared in this study, on the basis of which recommendations are developed indicating how the EU could revise its approach and resolve this environmental problem. Reluctance to act on lead reduction by the European Parliament and its member states reflects the current vested interests of the sporting communities. Companies in eight European countries already produce non-toxic materials for hunting and shooting, and are not the limiting factor in this issue. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.",
"corpus_id": 153332985
} | {
"title": "Lead-poisoned wildfowl in Spain: A significant threat for human consumers",
"abstract": "Each year, 1.2 million Spanish hunters and shooters discharge 6,000 t of lead shot, of which 30-50 t are deposited in wetlands of this European country. Waterfowl may accidentally ingest lead pellets in these aquatic habitats and become fatally lead poisoned. It has been estimated that 50,000 birds die from this cause in Spain each year, but many more are chronically affected. Most of them are species that can be hunted legally, and the lead toxicosis enhances their susceptibility to being killed by hunting. Consequently, about 30,000 waterfowl hunters and their families, especially children, are at risk from secondary lead ingestion from these poisoned birds. The consumption of a single liver (often eaten in Spain) from any waterfowl shot in this country may result in the direct uptake of 0.01-2.3 mg of lead in 40.4% of cases. This is based on the percentage of 411 analyzed waterfowl having liver lead contents over 0.5 mg kg -1 wet weight, the maximum lead level in poultry offal that current EU regulations permit. Therefore, health management authorities should draw urgent attention to this environmental problem that presents such an established risk to human health.",
"corpus_id": 39603824
} | {
"title": "Lead content of rice collected from various areas in the world.",
"abstract": "Rice samples consumed by local populations were collected between 1990 and 1995 in 17 areas in the world, mostly from Asia (10 areas), but also from 7 areas outside of Asia. In total, 1528 samples were obtained (about one half from Japan) and were analyzed for lead (Pb) by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry. When the Pb contents in rice samples were classified into 10 areas in Asia, the highest and the lowest geometric means (GMs) were for Indonesia (38 ng/g) and Australia (2 ng/g), respectively. Among 7 regions outside Asia, the GM was highest for Spain (58 ng/g) and the lowest for the USA. (3 ng/g). Moreover, inter-regional differences were significant, when more than 100 samples from one area were divided into 3-9 regions and GMs for regions were compared. There was a marked difference in Pb contents in rice by areas and regions in the world. Nevertheless, comparison by area of the present results with those reported in literature show that there has been no substantial reduction in Pb in rice in the past decade either in Japan or elsewhere in the world.",
"corpus_id": 26473743,
"score": 2
} |
{
"title": "The Development Process and Design of a Hybrid Fuzzy Knowledge-Based System for Multiobjective Optimization of Power Distribution System Operations",
"abstract": "A hybrid fuzzy knowledge-based system with crisp and fuzzy rules as well as numerical methods was developed for multiobjective optimization of power distribution system operations. The development process and knowledge acquisition process for the fuzzy knowledge-based system are described in detail. The fuzzy knowledge-based system has a four-level rule hierarchy. After a heuristic preprocessor proposes a list of switch openings that would seem to reduce system losses, network radiality rules consider whether to open a particular switch and find a corresponding switch that can be closed to maintain radiality. Network parameter rules determine if the proposed switching combination will violate network integrity. Network performance rules find the degree of desirability of proposed switching combinations for enhancing multiple objectives.",
"corpus_id": 2600307
} | {
"title": "A knowledge-based approach for network radiality in distribution system reconfiguration",
"abstract": "A knowledge-based system is defined that ensures network radiality during reconfiguration of a power distribution system. Network radiality heuristics identify a pair of switching operations that preserves radiality. A matrix-structured knowledge base with five distinct rule bases is used. Rule base A is used in determining which other rule bases to activate. Rule base B is used in considering whether to open a switch and rule base C is used in finding a corresponding initially open switch to close to assume the load transfer that would be necessitated by the switch opening. Rule base D is used in considering whether to close a switch and rule base E is used in finding a corresponding initially closed switch to open because of the load transfer that would be necessitated by the switch closing. In the interest of brevity, only rule bases A, D, and E are described",
"corpus_id": 26801448
} | {
"title": "Phenotypic instability in fungi.",
"abstract": "Fungi are prone to phenotypic instability, that is, the vegetative phase of these organisms, be they yeasts or molds, undergoes frequent switching between two or more behaviors, often with different morphologies, but also sometime having different physiologies without any obvious morphological outcome. In the context of industrial utilization of fungi, this can have a negative impact on the maintenance of strains and/or on their productivity. Instabilities have been shown to result from various mechanisms, either genetic or epigenetic. This chapter will review different types of instabilities and discuss some lesser-known ones, mostly in filamentous fungi, while it will direct readers to additional literature in the case of well-known phenomena such as the amyloid prions or fungal senescence. It will present in depth the \"white/opaque\" switch of Candida albicans and the \"crippled growth\" degeneration of the model fungus Podospora anserina. These are two of the most thoroughly studied epigenetic phenotypic switches. I will also discuss the \"sectors\" presented by many filamentous ascomycetes, for which a prion-based model exists but is not demonstrated. Finally, I will also describe intriguing examples of phenotypic instability for which an explanation has yet to be provided.",
"corpus_id": 150245708,
"score": 0
} |
{
"title": "Water anomalous thermodynamics, attraction, repulsion, and hydrophobic hydration.",
"abstract": "A model composed of van der Waals-like and hydrogen bonding contributions that simulates the low-temperature anomalous thermodynamics of pure water while exhibiting a second, liquid-liquid critical point [P. H. Poole et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 73, 1632 (1994)] is extended to dilute solutions of nonionic species. Critical lines emanating from such second critical point are calculated. While one infers that the smallness of the water molecule may be a relevant factor for those critical lines to move towards experimentally accessible regions, attention is mainly focused on the picture our model draws for the hydration thermodynamics of purely hydrophobic and amphiphilic non-electrolyte solutes. We first focus on differentiating solvation at constant volume from the corresponding isobaric process. Both processes provide the same viewpoint for the low solubility of hydrophobic solutes: it originates from the combination of weak solute-solvent attractive interactions and the specific excluded-volume effects associated with the small molecular size of water. However, a sharp distinction is found when exploring the temperature dependence of hydration phenomena since, in contrast to the situation for the constant-V process, the properties of pure water play a crucial role at isobaric conditions. Specifically, the solubility minimum as well as enthalpy and entropy convergence phenomena, exclusively ascribed to isobaric solvation, are closely related to water's density maximum. Furthermore, the behavior of the partial molecular volume and the partial molecular isobaric heat capacity highlights the interplay between water anomalies, attraction, and repulsion. The overall picture presented here is supported by experimental observations, simulations, and previous theoretical results.",
"corpus_id": 3475483
} | {
"title": "Osmotic Second Virial Coefficients of Aqueous Solutions from Two-Component Equations of State.",
"abstract": "Osmotic second virial coefficients in dilute aqueous solutions of small nonpolar solutes are calculated from three different two-component equations of state. The solutes are five noble gases, four diatomics, and six hydrocarbons in the range C1-C4. The equations of state are modified versions of the van der Waals, Redlich-Kwong, and Peng-Robinson equations, with an added hydrogen-bonding term for the solvent water. The parameters in the resulting equations of state are assigned so as to reproduce the experimental values and temperature dependence of the density, vapor pressure, and compressibility of the solvent, the gas-phase second virial coefficient of the pure solute, the solubility and partial molecular volume of the solute, and earlier estimates of the solutes' molecular radii. For all 15 solutes, the calculations are done for 298.15 K, whereas for CH4, C2H6, and C3H8 in particular, they are also done as functions of temperature over the full range 278.15-348.15 K. The calculated osmotic virial coefficients are compared with earlier calculations of these coefficients for these solutes and also with the results derived from earlier computer simulations of model aqueous solutions of methane. They are also compared with the experimental gas-phase second virial coefficients of the pure gaseous solutes to determine the effect the mediation of the solvent has on the resulting solute-solute interactions in the solution.",
"corpus_id": 4775863
} | {
"title": "Phase separation in dilute LiCl-H2O solution related to the polyamorphism of liquid water.",
"abstract": "When an emulsified 4.8 mol % LiCl-H2O solution was cooled under a pressure of 0.35 or 0.45 GPa and decompressed to 0.1 GPa at 142 K, slightly above its glass transition temperature (approximately 140 K at 0.1 GPa), its volume increased suddenly. This was regarded as an appearance of the low-density amorphous ice in the liquid solution as suggested by x-ray and Raman measurements, and this appearance corresponded to the high-to-low-density polyamorphic transition of pure H2O. Hysteresis was considered to accompany this volumetric change. The hysteresis of the liquid transition proves its first-order nature and, as for the solution, this suggests that the transition is a polyamorphic phase separation.",
"corpus_id": 5950486,
"score": 2
} |
{
"title": "The point spread function of the human head and its implications for transcranial current stimulation",
"abstract": "Rational development of transcranial current stimulation (tCS) requires solving the ‘forward problem’: the computation of the electric field distribution in the head resulting from the application of scalp currents. Derivation of forward models has represented a major effort in brain stimulation research, with model complexity ranging from spherical shells to individualized head models based on magnetic resonance imagery. Despite such effort, an easily accessible benchmark head model is greatly needed when individualized modeling is either undesired (to observe general population trends as opposed to individual differences) or unfeasible. Here, we derive a closed-form linear system which relates the applied current to the induced electric potential. It is shown that in the spherical harmonic (Fourier) domain, a simple scalar multiplication relates the current density on the scalp to the electric potential in the brain. Equivalently, the current density in the head follows as the spherical convolution between the scalp current distribution and the point spread function of the head, which we derive. Thus, if one knows the spherical harmonic representation of the scalp current (i.e. the electrode locations and current intensity to be employed), one can easily compute the resulting electric field at any point inside the head. Conversely, one may also readily determine the scalp current distribution required to generate an arbitrary electric field in the brain (the ‘backward problem’ in tCS). We demonstrate the simplicity and utility of the model with a series of characteristic curves which sweep across a variety of stimulation parameters: electrode size, depth of stimulation, head size and anode–cathode separation. Finally, theoretically optimal montages for targeting an infinitesimal point in the brain are shown.",
"corpus_id": 3565489
} | {
"title": "ROAST: An Open-Source, Fully-Automated, Realistic Volumetric-Approach-Based Simulator For TES",
"abstract": "Research in the area of transcranial electrical stimulation (TES) often relies on computational models of current flow in the brain. Models are built on magnetic resonance images (MRI) of the human head to capture detailed individual anatomy. To simulate current flow, MRIs have to be segmented, virtual electrodes have to be placed on the scalp, the volume is tessellated into a mesh, and the finite element model is solved numerically to estimate the current flow. Various software tools are available for each step, as well as processing pipelines that connect these tools for automated or semi-automated processing. The goal of the present tool - ROAST – is to provide an end-to-end pipeline that can automatically process individual heads with realistic volumetric anatomy leveraging open-source software (SPM8, iso2mesh and getDP) and custom scripts to improve segmentation and execute electrode placement. When we compare the results on a standard head with other major commercial software for finite element modeling (ScanIP, Abaqus), ROAST only leads to a small difference of 9% in the estimated electric field in the brain. We obtain a larger difference of 47% when comparing results with SimNIBS, an automated pipeline that is based on surface segmentation of the head. We release ROAST as an open-source, fully-automated pipeline at https://www.parralab.org/roast/.",
"corpus_id": 5013862
} | {
"title": "REM deprivation. II. The effects on depressed patients.",
"abstract": "THE FINDINGS that schizophrenics are not psychologically harmed by rapid eye movement (REM) deprivation and that they respond physiologically to REM deprivation in the same way as nonschizophrenics 1 dissuaded us from the prevailing view that REM deprivation is a causal factor in psychosis. As a result, we began to consider the possibility of other effects of REM deprivation, The present study was designed to explore the hypothesis that REM deprivation will relieve the symptoms of depression. Five lines of evidence led to this hypothesis. (1) The major chemical antidepressants (imipramine, 2,3 amitriptyline hydrochloride [Elavil Hydrochloride] , 4 monoamine oxidase [MAO] 5,6 inhibitors, and amphetamines) 7 are potent REM deprivers. (2) Electroshock therapy (EST) , 8-10 an efficacious antidepressant, is a potent REM depriver. (3) Reserpine, which can induce depression, elevates REM time in man. 4 Thus, these three findings suggest that a prolonged decrease of",
"corpus_id": 45261407,
"score": 0
} |
{
"title": "The Effect of Pterygomasseteric Sling's Area in the Postoperative Stability after Mandibular Setback Surgery",
"abstract": "Purpose The purpose of the present study was to investigate the correlation between the postoperative stability and area of pterygomasseteric sling (PMS). Materials and Methods Forty patients of mandibular prognathism were treated by isolated mandibular setback. Serial lateral cephalograms were collected (preoperatively [T1], immediately after surgery [T2], and more than 1 year postoperatively [T3]). The postoperative stability (T32) was divided into 3 groups (total, forward, and backward movements). The areas of PMS, immediate surgical changes (T21), postoperative stability (T32), and final surgical change (T31) were analyzed by Student's t-test, Pearson's correlation coefficient, and multiple linear regression analysis. Results The amount of mean setback (T21) was 12.6 mm in total group, 13.8 mm in forward group, and 10.8 mm in backward group. In the total group, postoperative stability (T32) was 0.6 mm forward and reduction area of PMS (T31) was 291 mm2 (17.2%). The reduction area of PMS (T31) was 298.2 mm2 (18%) and 263.1 (15.3%) mm2 in the forward group (3 mm) and backward group (2.4 mm), respectively. However, reduction area of PMS (T31) showed weak correlation with postoperative stability (T32) in all groups. Conclusion Total and forward groups presented significant correlations between postoperative stability (T32) and amount of setback (T21).",
"corpus_id": 357362
} | {
"title": "Masseter muscle changes following orthognathic surgery: a long-term three-dimensional computed tomography follow-up.",
"abstract": "OBJECTIVE\nTo evaluate the long-term changes of masseter muscle morphology in skeletal Class III patients with facial asymmetry following two-jaw orthognathic surgery (Le Fort I osteotomy + intraoral vertical ramus osteotomy).\n\n\nMATERIALS AND METHODS\nUsing computed tomography (CT), a longitudinal study was conducted on 17 skeletal Class III patients with facial asymmetry. Measurements from the reconstructed three-dimensional (3D) CT images were compared from T1 (before surgery), T2 (1 year after surgery), and T3 (4 years after surgery). The maximum cross-sectional area (CSA), orientation, thickness, and width of the masseter muscle were measured on both the deviated and nondeviated sides. The control group included 17 volunteers with skeletal and dental Class I relationships without dentofacial deformities.\n\n\nRESULTS\nAt T1, there were no significant differences in CSA, thickness, or width of masseter muscle between the deviated and nondeviated sides. Masseter muscle orientation was significantly more vertical on the nondeviated side than on the deviated side at T1 (P < .01); no significant bilateral differences were noted at T2 and T3. At T1, masseter muscle measurements were significantly lower than controls (P < .01). During T1-T3, a significant increase was noted in CSA, thickness, and width (P < .01) of masseter muscle. At T3, no significant difference was noted between the study and control groups.\n\n\nCONCLUSION\nAfter surgery, the masseter muscle measurements of skeletal Class III asymmetry patients showed no significant differences compared with the control group within the 4-year follow-up period, indicating adaptation to the new skeletal environments and increased functional demand.",
"corpus_id": 207361165
} | {
"title": "Stability after surgical correction of mandibular prognathism using the sagittal split ramus osteotomy and fixation with poly-L-lactic acid (PLLA) screws.",
"abstract": "PURPOSE\nThis study was designed to examine skeletal stability after surgical correction of mandibular prognathism using a sagittal split ramus osteotomy (SSRO) and fixation with poly-L-lactic acid (PLLA) screws.\n\n\nPATIENTS AND METHODS\nTwenty patients with Class III malocclusion were treated with bilateral SSRO and mandibular setback. Ten underwent fixation with titanium screws (group I) and the other 10 with PLLA screws (group II). Cephalograms were obtained 2 or 3 days postoperatively, and at 3, 6, and 12 months after the operation. Changes in the position of upper incisors (U-1), lower incisors (L-1), B-point, and pogonion were examined on lateral cephalograms.\n\n\nRESULTS\nCertain tendencies for overjet and overbite were noted to have decreased more markedly, and changes in the position of the skeletal points were greater in group II than in group I. However, statistical analysis showed no significant differences between the two groups.\n\n\nCONCLUSION\nOur results suggest that fixation of the bony segments with PLLA screws after SSRO may be used effectively in properly selected cases.",
"corpus_id": 25770203,
"score": 2
} |
{
"title": "An improvement of the Hasse-Weil-Serre bound for curves over some finite fields",
"abstract": "The Hasse-Weil-Serre bound is improved for low genus curves over finite fields with discriminant from {-3,-4,-7,-8} by studying maximal and minimal curves.",
"corpus_id": 2312078
} | {
"title": "The Maximum or Minimum Number of Rational Points on Genus Three Curves over Finite Fields",
"abstract": "We show that for all finite fields Fq, there exists a curve C over Fq of genus 3 such that the number of rational points on C is within 3 of the Serre–Weil upper or lower bound. For some q, we also obtain improvements on the upper bound for the number of rational points on a genus 3 curve over Fq.",
"corpus_id": 123110323
} | {
"title": "On analysis of deadlock and blocking freeness in isomorphic module systems",
"abstract": "This paper is about efficiently analyzing deadlock and blocking for systems consisting of isomorphic modules instantiated from a template. By refining the template, our approach captures essential interactions among modules and efficiently determine whether a system of an arbitrary number of modules is deadlock free or blocking free, while avoid their explicit synchronization. When the answer is negative, our approach identifies the largest module number, up to which the system satisfies each of these properties.",
"corpus_id": 10186652,
"score": 1
} |
{
"title": "Formalizing Dynamic Software Updating",
"abstract": "Dynamic software updating (DSU) enables running programs to be updated with new code and data without interrupting their execution. A number of DSU systems have been designed, but there is still little rigorous understanding of how to use DSU technology so that updates are safe. As a first step in this direction, we introduce a small update calculus with a precise mathematical semantics. The calculus is formulated as an extension of a typed lambda calculus, and supports updating technology similar to that of the programming language Erlang [2]. Our goal is to provide a simple yet expressive foundation for reasoning about dynamically updateable software. In this paper, we present the details of the calculus, give some examples of its expressive power, and discuss how it might be used or extended to guarantee safety properties.",
"corpus_id": 254888
} | {
"title": "Modelling a Framework for Plugins",
"abstract": "Using plugins as a mechanism for extending applications to provide extra functionality is appealing, but current implementations are limited in scope. We have designed a framework to allow the construction of flexible and complex systems from plugin components. In this paper we describe how the use of modelling techniques helped in the exploration of design issues and refine our ideas before implementing them. We present both an informal model and a formal specification produced using Alloy. Alloy’s associated tools allowed us to analyse the plugin system’s behaviour statically.",
"corpus_id": 590679
} | {
"title": "The treatment of data types in EL1",
"abstract": "In constructing a general purpose programming language, a key issue is providing a sufficient set of data types and associated operations in a manner that permits both natural problem-oriented notation and efficient implementation. The EL1 language contains a number of features specifically designed to simultaneously satisfy both requirements. The resulting treatment of data types includes provision for programmer-defined data types and generaic routines, programmer control over type conversion, and very flexible data type behavior, in a context that allows efficient compiled code and compact data representation.",
"corpus_id": 14842928,
"score": 2
} |
{
"title": "Toward the development of innovative bifunctional agents to induce differentiation and to promote apoptosis in leukemia: clinical candidates and perspectives.",
"abstract": "Although the outcome of therapy for leukemia has improved over the years, mainly in younger patients, less than a third of adults with acute myeloid leukemia (AML), for example, are cured by current treatments, a fact stressing the need for new therapeutic approaches. Since leukemias are considered disorders of self-renewal, differentiation, and apoptosis of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) and/or their early progenitors, the treatment of leukemia is rapidly changing from conventional chemotherapy toward a more innovative individualized and targeted therapy. The discovery of leukemia stems cells (LSCs) in the late 1990s as a minor fraction within the subpopulation of hematopoietic cells and the compelling research efforts initiated thereafter have clearly shown that many malignancies are maintained via stemlike cells having the capacity for indefinite self-renewal. This LSC hypothesis has established the notion that the emergence of drug resistance and the clinical relapse of leukemias following an initial remission induced by cytotoxic or targeted therapy agents is related to acquired mutations of LSCs. Therefore, eradication of LSCs is considered necessary for the radical treatment of leukemias. As a matter of fact, novel exploitable targets for leukemia therapy emerged including enzymes like tyrosine kinases involved in signal transduction pathways, genes encoding proteins that regulate apoptosis and differentiation of malignant cells, celllineage transcriptional factors, angiogenesis factors, and unique proteins driving the cell cycle machinery. Interestingly, within the group of antileukemia agents exist small molecule drugs like tyrosine kinase inhibitors, proteasome inhibitors, farnesyl transferase inhibitors, hypomethylating agents, histone deacetylase inhibitors, mTOR targeting agents, bcl-2 inhibitors, and inhibitors of cyclin-dependent kinases (Figure 1). This paper is a comprehensive overview of the scientific efforts made to develop novel antileukemia therapeutics by presenting chemical, pharmacological, and pharmacogenomic data obtained during preclinical and clinical assessment of these agents.Furthermore, the designated synthesis of newmedicines inducing differentiation, cell cycle arrest, and/or promoting apoptosis along with multitargeted therapeutics will be also discussed. Such novel agents can be used in combination with other agents modulating different signaling pathways and molecular targets within the leukemia cells to overcome the emergence of drug resistance. This information can then be discussed from a pharmacogenomic view of antileukemia therapeutics. Individual genetic variations recorded in antileukemia drug therapy can be critical for personalized medicine and their clinical exploitation can achieve better pharmacotherapy outcomes.",
"corpus_id": 201285
} | {
"title": "Nanomedicine and personalized medicine toward the application of pharmacotyping in clinical practice to improve drug-delivery outcomes.",
"abstract": "UNLABELLED\nRecent technological advances in nanomedicine and nanotechnology in parallel with knowledge accumulated from the clinical translation of disease- and drug-related genomic data have created fertile ground for personalized medicine to emerge as the new direction in diagnosis and drug therapy. To this end, the development of sophisticated nano-based systems for targeted drug delivery, along with the advent of pharmacogenomics, moves the drug-prescription process toward pharmacotyping, e.g., the individualized adjustment of drug selection and dosage. However, the clinical validity and utility of pharmacogenomic testing must be demonstrated by cost-effectiveness analysis and establishment of clinical-practice reimbursement codes. Within this framework, and to achieve major benefits for all patients worldwide, a multidisciplinary scientific and technological infrastructure has to be organized in the healthcare system to address better the issues affecting regulatory environment, clinical pharmacology guidelines, education, bioethics and genomics data dissemination.\n\n\nFROM THE CLINICAL EDITOR\nIndividualized pharmacotyping, patient and disease-specific delivery of drugs, combining nanotechnology and pharmagenomics-based approaches would result in much more specific and efficient treatment of a variety of illnesses. While this clearly is one of the main cornerstones of individualized medicine; the cost effective integration of this complex technology is far from trivial, as discussed in details in this opinion paper.",
"corpus_id": 10773407
} | {
"title": "Hematopoietic Stem Cell Expansion and Distinct Myeloid Developmental Abnormalities in a Murine Model of the AML1-ETO Translocation",
"abstract": "ABSTRACT The t(8;21)(q22;q22) translocation, which fuses the ETO gene on human chromosome 8 with the AML1 gene on chromosome 21 (AML1-ETO), is one of the most frequent cytogenetic abnormalities associated with acute myelogenous leukemia (AML). It is seen in approximately 12 to 15% of AML cases and is present in about 40% of AML cases with a French-American-British classified M2 phenotype. We have generated a murine model of the t(8;21) translocation by retroviral expression of AML1-ETO in purified hematopoietic stem cells (HSC). Animals reconstituted with AML1-ETO-expressing cells recapitulate the hematopoietic developmental abnormalities seen in the bone marrow of human patients with the t(8;21) translocation. Primitive myeloblasts were increased to approximately 10% of bone marrow by 10 months posttransplant. Consistent with this observation was a 50-fold increase in myeloid colony-forming cells in vitro. Accumulation of late-stage metamyelocytes was also observed in bone marrow along with an increase in immature eosinophilic myelocytes that showed abnormal basophilic granulation. HSC numbers in the bone marrow of 10-month-posttransplant animals were 29-fold greater than in transplant-matched control mice, suggesting that AML1-ETO expression overrides the normal genetic control of HSC pool size. In summary, AMLI-ETO-expressing animals recapitulate many (and perhaps all) of the developmental abnormalities seen in human patients with the t(8;21) translocation, although the animals do not develop leukemia or disseminated disease in peripheral tissues like the liver or spleen. This suggests that the principal contribution of AML1-ETO to acute myeloid leukemia is the inhibition of multiple developmental pathways.",
"corpus_id": 27345525,
"score": 2
} |
{
"title": "Prospective Monitoring Reveals Dynamic Levels of T Cell Immunity to Mycobacterium Tuberculosis in HIV Infected Individuals",
"abstract": "Monitoring of latent Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection may prevent disease. We tested an ESAT-6 and CFP-10-specific IFN-γ Elispot assay (RD1-Elispot) on 163 HIV-infected individuals living in a TB-endemic setting. An RD1-Elispot was performed every 3 months for a period of 3–21 months. 62% of RD1-Elispot negative individuals were positive by cultured Elispot. Fluctuations in T cell response were observed with rates of change ranging from −150 to +153 spot-forming cells (SFC)/200,000 PBMC in a 3-month period. To validate these responses we used an RD1-specific real time quantitative PCR assay for monokine-induced by IFN-γ (MIG) and IFN-γ inducible protein-10 (IP10) (MIG: r = 0.6527, p = 0.0114; IP-10: r = 0.6967, p = 0.0056; IP-10+MIG: r = 0.7055, p = 0.0048). During follow-up 30 individuals were placed on ARVs and 4 progressed to active TB. Fluctuations in SFC did not correlate with CD4 count, viral load, treatment initiation, or progression to active TB. The RD1-Elispot appears to have limited value in this setting.",
"corpus_id": 151563
} | {
"title": "Prevalence of latent tuberculosis infection among gold miners in South Africa.",
"abstract": "SETTING\nSouth African gold mines.\n\n\nOBJECTIVE\nTo determine the prevalence of latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) and risk factors for a positive tuberculin skin test (TST) among gold miners.\n\n\nDESIGN\nCross-sectional survey. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) status was determined by self-report and medical records. TST positivity was defined by the mirror method to estimate the prevalence of LTBI, and by the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention definitions to explore risk factors at the individual level.\n\n\nRESULTS\nAmong 429 participants (105/130 subjects aged <30 years, 324/390 > or = 30 years), the estimated prevalence of LTBI was 89%; 45.5% of HIV-positive participants had a zero TST response compared to respectively 13% and 13.5% in the HIV-negative and status unknown participants. In participants with TST > 0, there was no significant difference between size of response by HIV status: the mean (standard deviation) widths for HIV-positive, HIV-negative and HIV status unknown were respectively 11.84 (2.75), 12.03 (2.75) and 12.52 mm (3.04) (analysis of variance P = 0.28). Factors independently associated with a TST < 10 mm were positive HIV status (aOR 0.41, 95%CI 0.17-0.96) and not working underground (aOR 0.25, 95%CI 0.09-0.71).\n\n\nCONCLUSIONS\nThe prevalence of LTBI is very high in gold miners in South Africa. HIV-infected individuals are more likely to have a negative TST, but HIV infection does not affect the size of TST response.",
"corpus_id": 6001204
} | {
"title": "Optical metabolic imaging of heterogeneous drug response in pancreatic cancer patient organoids",
"abstract": "New tools are needed to match pancreatic cancer patients with effective treatments. Patient-derived organoids offer a high-throughput platform to personalize treatments and discover novel therapies. Currently, methods to evaluate drug response in organoids are limited because they cannot be completed in a clinically relevant time frame, only evaluate response at one time point, and most importantly, overlook cellular heterogeneity. In this study, non-invasive optical metabolic imaging (OMI) of cellular heterogeneity in organoids was evaluated as a predictor of clinical treatment response. Organoids were generated from fresh patient tissue samples acquired during surgery and treated with the same drugs as the patient’s prescribed adjuvant treatment. OMI measurements of heterogeneity in response to this treatment were compared to later patient response, specifically to the time to recurrence following surgery. OMI was sensitive to patient-specific treatment response in as little as 24 hours. OMI distinguished subpopulations of cells with divergent and dynamic responses to treatment in living organoids without the use of labels or dyes. OMI of organoids agreed with long-term therapeutic response in patients. With these capabilities, OMI could serve as a sensitive high-throughput tool to identify optimal therapies for individual pancreatic cancer patients, and to develop new effective therapies that address cellular heterogeneity in pancreatic cancer. Significance OMI can non-invasively quantify cellular-level heterogeneity in treatment response within pancreatic cancer patient-derived organoids, which could enable high-throughput drug screens to personalize treatment for individual patients and to accelerate drug discovery.",
"corpus_id": 91491345,
"score": 1
} |
{
"title": "Prospective Evaluation of Allograft Meniscus Transplantation",
"abstract": "Background Clinical and biomechanical studies have demonstrated the increase in contact pressure and progressive deterioration of the tibiofemoral compartments that occur after partial or complete meniscectomy. Meniscus transplantation has been indicated for the symptomatic postmeniscectomy patient to alleviate symptoms and potentially prevent the progression of articular degeneration. Purpose To report the early-term results after allograft meniscus transplantations from a single institution performed by a single surgeon. Study Design Case series; Level of evidence, 4. Methods Forty-four meniscus transplants in 39 patients were evaluated at minimum 2-year follow-up using the Lysholm, Tegner, International Knee Documentation Committee, Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score, Noyes symptom rating and sports activity, and SF-12 scoring systems; visual analog pain scales; patient satisfaction; and physical examination. Four transplants failed early, leaving 40 transplants in 36 patients for review. Patients were grouped into medial and lateral transplant groups as well as those with isolated and combined procedures. Twenty-one menisci were transplanted in isolation (52.5%), and 19 were combined with other procedures (47.5%) to address concomitant articular cartilage injury. Results Patients demonstrated statistically significant improvements in standardized outcomes surveys and visual analog pain and satisfaction scales. In 7 patients, treatment had failed at final follow-up. Overall, 77.5% of patients reported they were completely or mostly satisfied with the procedure, and 90% of patients were classified as normal or nearly normal using the International Knee Documentation Committee knee examination score at final follow-up. There were no significant differences in the medial and lateral subgroups, although the lateral subgroup did demonstrate a trend toward greater improvement. No significant differences were noted in the isolated and combined subgroups. Conclusion Meniscus transplantation alone or in combination with other reconstructive procedures results in reliable improvements in knee pain and function at minimum 2-year follow-up. Longer term studies are necessary to determine if transplantation can prevent the articular degeneration associated with meniscectomy.",
"corpus_id": 2905305
} | {
"title": "Meniscal Allograft Transplantation Without Bone Plugs",
"abstract": "Background: Meniscal allograft transplantation is a viable option for subtotally meniscectomized and totally meniscectomized symptomatic patients and potentially results in pain relief and increased function. Hypothesis: The use of a single tibial tunnel arthroscopic technique without bone plugs will reduce symptoms (pain) and improve knee function at a minimum 3-year follow-up. Study Design: Case series; Level of evidence, 4. Methods: Thirty-two meniscal transplantations (16 medial, 16 lateral; 23 men, 9 women) were prospectively evaluated at a minimum of 36 months (mean, 40.4 ± 6.90 months; range, 36-66 months) after surgery. The average age at the time of surgery was 35.6 ± 10.3 years (range, 15-55 years). The transplantation was performed using an arthroscopic bone plug–free technique with a single tibial tunnel plus “all-inside” meniscal sutures. The anterior meniscal horn was sutured to the capsule. Follow-up included a visual analog scale (VAS) score for knee pain and subjective and objective International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC), Lysholm, Tegner, and SF-36 scores. All patients underwent radiographic and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) evaluation of the involved knee before the surgery and at the final follow-up. The MRI outcomes were evaluated with the modified Yulish score. Results: Regarding clinical evaluation, there was a significant improvement in scores at follow-up compared with preoperatively: the VAS score decreased from 70.6 ± 21.7 to 25.2 ± 22.7 (P < .0001), the SF-36 physical component score increased from 37.31 ± 7.2 to 49.69 ± 8.3 (P < .0001), the SF-36 mental component score increased from 49.69 ± 10.8 to 53.53 ± 7.5 (P = .0032), the Tegner activity score increased from 3 (range, 3-5) to 5 (range, 3-6) (P < .0121), the Lysholm score increased from 59.78 ± 18.25 to 84.84 ± 14.4 (P < .0001), the subjective IKDC score increased from 47.44 ± 20.60 to 77.20 ± 15.57 (P < .0001), and the objective IKDC score changed from 1 A, 21 B, 6 C, and 4 D to 22 A, 9 B, and 1 C (P < .0001). No significant difference was found in this study between patients who received medial allografts and patients who received lateral allografts. There was no significant difference between outcomes of patients with isolated and combined procedures. The MRI findings showed 69% extruded allografts (8 medial and 14 lateral). In detail, we found 50% of the medial allografts and 87% of the lateral allografts extruded. No significant difference in clinical outcomes and modified Yulish score was found between patients with extruded allografts and with in situ allografts. The MRI results also showed a significant decrease of the modified Yulish score from baseline to 3-year minimum follow-up (P < .0001 for femur and P < .0001 for tibia). Only one patient underwent arthroscopic selective meniscectomy because of a medial posterior horn retear of the graft. One patient developed lack of flexion and underwent an arthroscopic arthrolysis. These 2 patients did not draw benefit from allografting and therefore were considered failures. In all remaining cases (94%), meniscal allograft transplantation was able to reduce symptoms (pain measured by VAS) and improve knee function (as measured by IKDC and Lysholm scores). Conclusion: This study found that a single tibial tunnel arthroscopic technique without bone plugs for meniscal allograft transplantation significantly reduced pain and improved knee function in 94% of patients at a minimum 3-year follow-up.",
"corpus_id": 2240647
} | {
"title": "Osteochondral allograft transplantation.",
"abstract": "Experience with fresh osteochondral allografting for cartilage defects in the knee now extends two decades. Clinical outcomes and basic scientific investigations have supported the theoretic basis for this procedure. At the University of California, San Diego, our experience has encouraged us to continue to offer this procedure as a primary treatment for both large and small articular cartilage defects in the young knee. The success rate of fresh osteochondral allografting, particularly in isolated femoral condylar defects, compares favorably with other presently available cartilage repair and resurfacing techniques. In our second hundred cases, which we are currently evaluating, failure of monopolar allografts has been exceedingly rare in short-term follow-up. Fresh osteochondral allografting also appears to be effective in treating larger osteochondral lesions, where there are few other attractive alternatives. Fresh osteochondral allografts can thus be used to treat a wide spectrum of articular pathology. Technical refinements, and improvement in our understanding of graft-host interaction, as well as chondrocyte biology, should continue to improve clinical results. Disadvantages of fresh osteochondral allografting include the relative paucity of donor tissue, complexities in procurement and handling, and the possibility of disease transmission through the transplantation of fresh tissue. At present, only institutions that have overcome these obstacles seem capable of routinely performing this type of articular cartilage transplantation. In the future, as tissue banking and cartilage storage technology advance, fresh allograft tissue may become more available, allowing more widespread use of fresh osteochondral allografting in the treatment of articular cartilage lesions.",
"corpus_id": 4546476,
"score": 2
} |
{
"title": "Neural network solution for an inverse problem associated with the Dirichlet eigenvalues of the anisotropic Laplace operator",
"abstract": "An innovative numerical method based on an artificial neural network is presented in order to solve an inverse problem associated with the calculation of the Dirichlet eigenvalues of the anisotropic Laplace operator. Using a set of predefined eigenvalues obtained by solving repeatedly the direct problem, a radial basis neural network is designed with the purpose to find the appropriate components of the anisotropy matrix, related to the Laplace operator, and thus solving the associated inverse problem. The finite element method is used to solve the direct problem and to create the training set for the first radial basis neural network. A nonlinear map of the Dirichlet eigenvalues as a function of the anisotropy matrix is then obtained. This nonlinear relationship is later inverted and refined, by training a second radial basis neural network, solving the aforementioned inverse problem. Some numerical examples are presented to prove the effectiveness of the introduced method.",
"corpus_id": 3271405
} | {
"title": "Analytical study and numerical experiments for true and spurious eigensolutions of a circular cavity using the real‐part dual BEM",
"abstract": "It has been found recently that the multiple reciprocity method (MRM) (Chen and Wong. Engng. Anal. Boundary Elements 1997; 20(1):25–33; Chen. Processings of the Fourth World Congress on Computational Mechanics, Onate E, Idelsohn SR (eds). Argentina, 1998; 106; Chen and Wong. J. Sound Vibration 1998; 217(1): 75–95.) or real-part BEM (Liou, Chen and Chen. J. Chinese Inst. Civil Hydraulics 1999; 11(2):299–310 (in Chinese)). results in spurious eigenvalues for eigenproblems if only the singular (UT) or hypersingular (LM) integral equation is used. In this paper, a circular cavity is considered as a demonstrative example for an analytical study. Based on the framework of the real-part dual BEM, the true and spurious eigenvalues can be separated by using singular value decomposition (SVD). To understand why spurious eigenvalues occur, analytical derivation by discretizing the circular boundary into a finite degree-of-freedom system is employed, resulting in circulants for influence matrices. Based on the properties of the circulants, we find that the singular integral equation of the real-part BEM for a circular domain results in spurious eigenvalues which are the zeros of the Bessel functions of the second kind, Y (kρ), while the hypersingular integral equation of the real-part BEM results in spurious eigenvalues which are the zeros of the derivative of the Bessel functions of the second kind, Yn′(kρ). It is found that spurious eigenvalues exist in the real-part BEM, and that they depend on the integral representation one uses (singular or hypersingular; single layer or double layer) no matter what the given types of boundary conditions for the interior problem are. Furthermore, spurious modes are proved to be trivial in the circular cavity through analytical derivations. Numerically, they appear to have the same nodal lines of the true modes after normalization with respect to a very small nonzero value. Two examples with a circular domain, including the Neumann and Dirichlet problems, are presented. The numerical results for true and spurious eigensolutions match very well with the theoretical prediction. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.",
"corpus_id": 30881382
} | {
"title": "Casimir operators for Lie superalgebras",
"abstract": "Casimir operators -- the generators of the center of the enveloping algebra -- are described for simple or close to them ``classical'' finite dimensional Lie superalgebras with nondegenerate symmetric even bilinear form in Sergeev A., The invariant polynomials on simple Lie superalgebras. Represent. Theory 3 (1999), 250--280; math-RT/9810111 and for the ``queer'' series in Sergeev A., The centre of enveloping algebra for Lie superalgebra Q(n, C). Lett. Math. Phys. 7, no. 3, 1983, 177--179. Here we consider the remaining cases, and state conjectures proved for small values of parameter. \nUnder deformation (quantization) the Poisson Lie superalgebra po(0|2n) on purely odd superspace turns into gl(2^{n-1}|2^{n-1}) and, conjecturally, the lowest terms of the Taylor series expansion with respect to the deformation parameter (Planck's constant) of the Casimir operators for gl(2^{n-1}|2^{n-1}) are the Casimir operators for po(0|2n). Similarly, quantization sends po(0|2n-1) into q(2^{n-1}) and the above procedure makes Casimir operators for q(2^{n-1}) into same for po(0|2n-1). \nCasimir operators for the Lie superalgebra vect(0|m) of vector fields on purely odd superspace are only constants for m>2. Conjecturally, same is true for the Lie superalgebra svect(0|m) of divergence free vector fields, and its deform, for m>3. \nInvariant polynomials on po(0|2n-1) are also described. They do not correspond to Casimir operators.",
"corpus_id": 18028896,
"score": 1
} |
{
"title": "The association between psychosocial stress and mortality is mediated by lifestyle and chronic diseases: the Hoorn Study.",
"abstract": "Psychosocial stress is associated with chronic disease. We evaluated whether in the general population the number of stressful life events is associated with risk of mortality and whether this association is mediated by behavioral factors and morbidities. We conducted this study in the Hoorn cohort; a population-based cohort study among older men and women. Our main variable of interest was the number of stressful life events experienced during the previous 5 years, which were assessed by questionnaire. We calculated Cox proportional hazard ratios (HRs) for all-cause and cause-specific mortality during follow-up for those who experienced stressful life events compared to those who did not. We included 2385 participants (46% male; 62 ± 7 years). During 20 years of follow-up 834 (35%) participants died, of whom 239 (28.6%) died of cardiovascular disease. Compared to the group with no stressful life events, the age, sex and socioeconomic status adjusted HRs (with 95% confidence intervals) for all-cause mortality, for the groups who had 1 event, 2 events, 3 events and ≥4 events were 0.89 (0.72-1.09), 1.01 (0.81-1.24), 1.29 (1.00-1.66) and 1.44 (1.08-1.92), respectively. Similar results were observed for cardiovascular mortality. Mediation analysis showed that smoking, prevalent type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease were statistically significant mediators of the association between the number of stressful life events and mortality. Having 3 or more stressful life events is associated with a significantly increased risk for mortality in an elderly population-based cohort. This association is mediated by smoking, type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease.",
"corpus_id": 57964
} | {
"title": "Cardiovascular survey methods.",
"abstract": "Cardiovascular survey methods , Cardiovascular survey methods , مرکز فناوری اطلاعات و اطلاع رسانی کشاورزی",
"corpus_id": 21072751
} | {
"title": "Opportunistic Feeding Strategy for the Earliest Old World Hypsodont Equids: Evidence from Stable Isotope and Dental Wear Proxies",
"abstract": "Background The equid Hippotherium primigenium, with moderately hypsodont cheek teeth, rapidly dispersed through Eurasia in the early late Miocene. This dispersal of hipparions into the Old World represents a major faunal event during the Neogene. The reasons for this fast dispersal of H. primigenium within Europe are still unclear. Based on its hypsodonty, a high specialization in grazing is assumed although the feeding ecology of the earliest European hipparionines within a pure C3 plant ecosystem remains to be investigated. Methodology/Principal Findings A multi-proxy approach, combining carbon and oxygen isotopes from enamel as well as dental meso- and microwear analyses of cheek teeth, was used to characterize the diet of the earliest European H. primigenium populations from four early Late Miocene localities in Germany (Eppelsheim, Höwenegg), Switzerland (Charmoille), and France (Soblay). Enamel δ13C values indicate a pure C3 plant diet with small (<1.4‰) seasonal variations for all four H. primigenium populations. Dental wear and carbon isotope compositions are compatible with dietary differences. Except for the Höwenegg hipparionines, dental microwear data indicate a browse-dominated diet. By contrast, the tooth mesowear patterns of all populations range from low to high abrasion suggesting a wide spectrum of food resources. Conclusions/Significance Combined dental wear and stable isotope analysis enables refined palaeodietary reconstructions in C3 ecosystems. Different H. primigenium populations in Europe had a large spectrum of feeding habits with a high browsing component. The combination of specialized phenotypes such as hypsodont cheek teeth with a wide spectrum of diet illustrates a new example of the Liem’s paradox. This dietary flexibility associated with the capability to exploit abrasive food such as grasses probably contributed to the rapid dispersal of hipparionines from North America into Eurasia and the fast replacement of the brachydont equid Anchitherium by the hypsodont H. primigenium in Europe.",
"corpus_id": 4227198,
"score": 0
} |
{
"title": "Probe, count, and classify: categorizing hidden web databases",
"abstract": "The contents of many valuable web-accessible databases are only accessible through search interfaces and are hence invisible to traditional web “crawlers.” Recent studies have estimated the size of this “hidden web” to be 500 billion pages, while the size of the “crawlable” web is only an estimated two billion pages. Recently, commercial web sites have started to manually organize web-accessible databases into Yahoo!-like hierarchical classification schemes. In this paper, we introduce a method for automating this classification process by using a small number of query probes. To classify a database, our algorithm does not retrieve or inspect any documents or pages from the database, but rather just exploits the number of matches that each query probe generates at the database in question. We have conducted an extensive experimental evaluation of our technique over collections of real documents, including over one hundred web-accessible databases. Our experiments show that our system has low overhead and achieves high classification accuracy across a variety of databases.",
"corpus_id": 721970
} | {
"title": "Automated Extraction of Hit Numbers from Search Result Pages",
"abstract": "When a query is submitted to a search engine, the search engine returns a dynamically generated result page that contains the number of hits (i.e., the number of matching results) for the query. Hit number is a very useful piece of information in many important applications such as obtaining document frequencies of terms, estimating the sizes of search engines and generating search engine summaries. In this paper, we propose a novel technique for automatically identifying the hit number for any search engine and any query. This technique consists of three steps: first segment each result page into a set of blocks, then identify the block(s) that contain the hit number using a machine learning approach, and finally extract the hit number from the identified block(s) by comparing the patterns in multiple blocks from the same search engine. Experimental results indicate that this technique is highly accurate.",
"corpus_id": 779920
} | {
"title": "Leverage about synthesis and dispersion with cuo nanoparticle in oil lubricating",
"abstract": "The challenge for nanotechnology application in automotive lubrication is the difficulty in dispersing the nanoparticles in lubricating oils. Some factors have a direct influence on the dispersion of particles, such as size and shape, which are controlled by the chosen synthesis method. In addition, the use of covers and dispersant agents aid the dispersion of nanoparticles in lubricating oils. In this work studied the effect of different amount of energy given during the synthesis of nanoparticles in microwaves, in order to observe its influence on the dispersion size and shape of nanoparticles. They were covered with oleic acid, as well disperse in toluene, improving nanoparticle dispersion. The dispersion in of nanoparticles in oil was observed by physical characteristic, spectroscopy in the visible ultraviolet (UV/VIS) and micrographs (MO). The results showed that the synthesis with higher amount of energy generated a smaller particle size and better dispersion in oil. However the nanoparticle shape is not influenced by energy amount. The use of Oleic acid and toluene improved the dispersion of the nanoparticles in the lubricant oil as observed in the results of UV/ VIS by biggest interparticle distance.",
"corpus_id": 56206478,
"score": 0
} |
{
"title": "Standing sway: iterative estimation of the kinematics and dynamics of the lower extremities from force-plate measurements",
"abstract": "Abstract In this study, a model for the estimation of the dynamics of the lower extremities in standing sway from force plate data only is presented. A three-dimensional, five-segment, four-joint model of the human body was used to describe postural standing sway dynamics. Force-plate data of the reactive forces and centers of pressure were measured bilaterally. By applying the equations of motion to these data, the transversal trajectory of the center of gravity (CG) of the body was resolved in the sagittal and coronal planes. An inverse kinematics algorithm was used to evaluate the kinematics of the body segments. The dynamics of the segments was then resolved by using the Newton-Euler equations, and the model's estimated dynamic quantities of the distal segments were compared with those actually measured. Differences between model and measured dynamics were calculated and minimized, using an iterative algorithm to re-estimate joint positioning and anthropometric properties. The above method was tested with a group of 11 able-bodied subjects, and the results indicated that the relative errors obtained in the final iteration were of the same order of magnitude as those reported for closed loop problems involved in direct kinematics measurements of human gait.",
"corpus_id": 1549789
} | {
"title": "Effect of selective fatiguing of the shank muscles on single-leg-standing sway.",
"abstract": "Control of standing requires the continuous activity of the leg muscles. In single leg standing the system is less redundant and muscular activity is more intensive. The objective of this study was to examine the effect of force imbalance of the shank muscles, evoked by their selective fatiguing, on postural control in single-leg standing. Five healthy subjects performed two single-leg standing trials, lasting as long as the subject could maintain steady balance, and separated by a 240s quasi-isotonic sustained effort to induce fatigue of the Tibialis Anterior and Peroneus muscles. The following were on-line monitored: sway-related parameters, e.g., ground reaction force and center of pressure in the standing trials; and electromyogram of the Tibialis Anterior, Peroneus and Gastrocnemius muscles in all experiments. Simple and multiple linear regressions served to study the fatigue effects on the relationship between muscle activity and postural sway. The results indicate that the evoked muscle imbalance leads to (a) increased postural sway; (b) increased correlation between muscle activity, and sway-related parameters. Thus, with the reduction of the level of redundancy the system becomes more synchronized. These results have potential relevance for cases of muscle impairment, in which electrical stimulation is required to augment muscle activity.",
"corpus_id": 42129070
} | {
"title": "A 3.7GHz 130nm CMOS-SOI class E RF power amplifier",
"abstract": "A 23 dBm class E power amplifier (PA) has been designed and simulated at 3.7 GHZ using a 130 nm CMOS-SOI technology. The PA is a single stage, single ended cascode formed by a thin oxide transistor as common source device and a laterally diffused MOS (LDMOS) transistor as common gate. Fully integrated high current inductor is used as part of the class E wave shaping network. At 3.7 GHz, the PA achieves more than 60% PAE and a gain of 17 dB with 6 dBm driving signal.",
"corpus_id": 38966373,
"score": 1
} |
{
"title": "Comparison of Three Alleles at a Major Solid Stem QTL for Wheat Stem Sawfly Resistance and Agronomic Performance in Hexaploid Wheat",
"abstract": "Solid stems provide resistance to the wheat stem sawfly (WSS, Cephus cinctus Nort.) in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). A major quantitative trait locus, designated Qss.msub-3BL, controls most of the variation for stem solidness. Two alleles that differ for temporal expression of stem solidness have been identified. An allele derived from the cultivar ‘Rescue’, designated Qss.msub-3BL.b, results in solid stems throughout stem development. An allele derived from the cultivar ‘Conan’, designated Qss.msub3BL.c, causes high stem solidness early in plant development, but solidness declines as the plant matures. The objective of this study was to develop near-isogenic lines (NILs) derived from marker-assisted backcrossing to compare the impact of Qss.msub-3BL alleles in different genetic backgrounds on stem solidness, WSS resistance, and agronomic traits. The Conanderived allele Qss.msub-3BL.c resulted in lower WSS infestation than the Rescue-derived allele Qss.msub-3BL.b in two genetic backgrounds. Both alleles showed a high level of early stem solidness, though this declined as the stem matured for NIL with the Conan-derived allele. The Conan-derived allele Qss.msub-3BL.c resulted in lower WSS infestation and stem cutting than the allele for hollow stems in two genetic backgrounds. Based on yield trials grown over 2 yr, there were no significant differences in grain yield between the NIL pairs. Our results indicate the Conan-derived allele at Qss. msub-3BL results in lower infestation of WSS and does not significantly affect agronomic performance, thus providing a novel source of resistance for the development of WSS-resistant cultivars. J.P. Cook, A.C. Varella, J.D. Sherman, H.-Y. Heo, N.K. Blake, and L.E. Talbert, Dep. of Plant Sciences and Plant Pathology, Montana State Univ., Bozeman MT 59717; D.K. Weaver, C. Caron, and M.L. Hofland, Dep. of Land Resources, Montana State Univ., Bozeman MT 59717; P.F. Lamb, Dep. of Research Centers, Montana State Univ., Bozeman MT 59717. Received 4 Jan. 2019. Accepted 7 Mar. 2019. *Corresponding author (ltalbert@montana.edu). Assigned to Associate Editor Jochum Wiersma. Abbreviations: KASP, Kompetitive allele specific polymerase chain reaction; MAB, marker-assisted backcrossing; NIL, near-isogenic line; QTL, quantitative trait locus/loci; RIL, recombinant inbred line; WSS, wheat stem sawfly. Published in Crop Sci. 59:1–9 (2019). doi: 10.2135/cropsci2019.01.0009 © 2019 The Author(s). Re-use requires permission from the publisher. Published online May 3, 2019",
"corpus_id": 155614806
} | {
"title": "Antixenosis, Antibiosis, and Potential Yield Compensatory Response in Barley Cultivars Exposed to Wheat Stem Sawfly (Hymenoptera: Cephidae) Under Field Conditions",
"abstract": "Abstract Wheat stem sawfly, Cephus cinctus Norton, is an economically serious pest of cereals grown in North America. Barley cultivars were previously planted as resistant crops in rotations to manage C. cinctus, but due to increasing levels of injury to this crop, this is no longer a valid management tactic in Montana. Therefore, we aimed to understand antixenosis (behavioral preference), antibiosis (mortality), and potential yield compensation (increased productivity in response to stem injuries) in barley exposed to C. cinctus. We examined these traits in eight barley cultivars. Antixenosis was assessed by counting number of eggs per stem and antibiosis was assessed by counting infested stems, dead larvae, and stems cut by mature larvae. Potential yield compensation was evaluated by comparing grain yield from three categories of stem infestation: 1) uninfested, 2) infested with dead larva, and 3) infested cut by mature larva at crop maturity. We found the greatest number of eggs per infested stem (1.80 ± 0.04), the highest proportion of infested stems (0.63 ± 0.01), and the highest proportion of cut stems (0.33 ± 0.01) in ‘Hockett’. Seven out of eight cultivars had greater grain weight for infested stems than for uninfested stems. These cultivars may have compensatory responses to larval feeding injury. Overall, these barley cultivars contain varying levels of antixenosis, antibiosis, and differing levels of yield compensation. Our results provide foundational knowledge on barley traits that will provide a framework to further develop C. cinctus resistant or tolerant barley cultivars.",
"corpus_id": 221864747
} | {
"title": "Spikelet number, its control and relation to yield per ear in wheat.",
"abstract": "For 12 cultivars of wheat grown under a 21°C day/16°C night temperature regime, spikelet number was closely related to grain number, but not to grain yield per ear as individual grain weights differed considerably between cultivars. However, when spikelet number was varied by day length or vernalization treatment, grain yield per ear was clearly dependent on spikelet number within each cultivar.",
"corpus_id": 83559537,
"score": 2
} |
{
"title": "Some Refinements of the Orthodox Theory",
"abstract": "Explicitly or implicitly, all the theoretical models examined so far, have a common set of assumptions: perfect competition, the rigid supply of productive factors, absence of intermediate goods, absence of transport costs, certainty, absence of illegal trade (such as smuggling), and so on. These are undoubtedly assumptions which do not correspond to reality, so that it is legitimate to ask what happens when they are dropped. In this chapter we shall be concerned with the introduction of those elements which can be dealt with from inside the orthodox theory, of which they are in fact a refinement1. In the next chapter we shall examine the consequences of introducing non-competitive elements and other alternative explanations of international trade, which can be fitted only partially (if at all) into the framework of orthodox theory.",
"corpus_id": 152930407
} | {
"title": "The Theorems of International Trade with Factor Mobility",
"abstract": "This paper addresses the relation between goods trade and international factor mobility in general terms. Conditions for factor price equalization are derived for situations with tradein both goods and factors,as well as Rybczynski and Stolper-Sarnuel Sofl theorems. A weak price versionof the Heckscher-Ohlifl theorem is presented, as well as stronger quantity versions.The basic theorems of international trade, suitably interpreted,are shown to hold in their strong versions ifthe number of international markets is at least as large as the number of factors.The crucial dimensionality issue is hence not the relative number of goods and factors per se, but the number of international markets relative to the number of factors. Only the price version of the Heckscher-Ohlifl theorem fails to be essentially preserved by this condition.",
"corpus_id": 153925238
} | {
"title": "The General Validity of the Law of Comparative Advantage",
"abstract": "It is well known that the law of comparative advantage breaks down when applied to individual commodities or pairs of commodities in a many-commodity world. This paper shows that the law is nonetheless valid if restated in terms of averages across all commodities. Specifically, a theorem and several corollaries are derived which establish correlations between vectors of trade and vectors containing relative-autarky-price measures of comparative advantage. These results are proven in a general many-commodity model that allows for tariffs, transport costs, and other impediments to trade.",
"corpus_id": 58917101,
"score": 2
} |
{
"title": "Controlling Risk in Defense Acquisition Programs: The Evolving Decision Review Framework",
"abstract": "In the last three years, there has been a great deal of turbulence in U.S. defense acquisition policy. This has contributed to confusion within the acquisition workforce in terminology, major policy thrusts, and unclear implications of the changes. The new acquisition framework has added complexity, with more phases and delineations of activity, and both the number and level of decision reviews have been increased. Decision reviews are used as top management level project control gates, and are also a feature of centralized control within a bureaucracy. Although the current stated policy is to foster an environment supporting flexibility and innovation, the result is a continuous cycle of decision reviews. Program Managers may now have fewer resources to manage their programs as they spend much of their time, and budgets, managing the bureaucracy. Moreover, the implicit aspects of the still new model have not been fully realized, and may result in policy that actually lengthens programs -- counter to goals of rapid transformation. The framework, and its associated requirements for senior level reviews, are opposed to the rapid and evolutionary policy espoused, and are counter to appropriate management strategies for a transformational era.",
"corpus_id": 152884632
} | {
"title": "Images of Organization",
"abstract": "Preface Part I. An Overview Introduction Part II. Some Images of Organization 2. Mechanization Takes Command: Organizations as Machines Machines, Mechanical Thinking, and the Rise of Bureaucratic Organization The Origins of Mechanistic Organization Classical Management Theory: Designing bureaucratic organizations Scientific Management Strengths and Limitations of the Machine Metaphor 3. Nature Intervenes: Organizations as Organisms Discovering Organizational Needs Recognizing the Importance of Environment: Organizations as Open Systems Contingency Theory: Adapting Organization to Environment The Variety of the Species Contingency Theory: Promoting Organizational Health and Development Natural Selection: The Population-Ecology View of Organizations Organizational Ecology: The Creation of Shared Futures Strengths and Limitations of the Organismic Metaphor 4. Learning and Self-Organization: Organizations as Brains Images of the Brain Organizations as Information Processing Brains Creating Learning Organizations Cybernetics, Learning, and Learning to Learn Can Organizations Learn to Learn? Guidelines for \"Learning Organizations\" Organizations as Holographic Brains Principles of Holographic Design Strengths and Limitations of the Brain Metaphors 5. Creating Social Realty: Organizations as Cultures Culture and Organization Organization as a Cultural Phenomenon Organization and Cultural Context Corporate Cultures and Subcultures Creating Organizational Reality Culture: Rule Following or Enactment? Organization: The enactment of a Shared Reality Strengths and Limitations of the Cultural Metaphor 6. Interests, Conflict, and Power: Organizations as Political Systems Organizations as Systems of Government Organizations as Systems of Political Activity Analyzing Interests Understanding Conflict Exploring Power Managing Pluralist Organizations Strengths and Limitations of the Political Metaphor 7. Exploring Plato's Cave: Organizations as Psychic Prisons The Trap of Favored Ways of Thinking Organization and the Unconscious Organization and Repressed Sexuality Organization and the Patriarchal Family Organization, Death, and Immortality Organization and Anxiety Organization, Dolls, and Teddy Bears Organization, Shadow, and Archetype The Unconscious: A Creative and Destructive Force Strengths and Limitations of the Psychic Prison Metaphor 8. Unfolding Logics of Change: Organization as Flux and Transformation Autopoiesis: Rethinking Relations With the Environment Enactment as a Form of Narcissism: Organizations Interact With Projections of Themselves Identity and Closure: Egocentrism Versus Systemic Wisdom Shifting \"Attractors\": The Logic of Chaos and Complexity Managing in the Midst of Complexity Loops, Not Lines: The Logic of Mutual Causality Contradiction and Crisis: The Logic of Dialectical Change Dialectical Analysis: How Opposing Forces Drive Change The Dialectics of Management Strengths and Limitations of the Flux and Transformation Metaphor 9. The Ugly Face: Organizations as Instruments of Domination Organization as Domination How Organizations Use and Exploit Their Employees Organization, Class, and Control Work Hazards, Occupational Disease, and Industrial Accidents Workaholism and Social and Mental Stress Organizational Politics and the Radicalized Organization Multinationals and the World Economy The Multinationals as World Powers Multinationals: A Record of Exploitation? Strengths and Limitations of the Domination Metaphor Part III. Implications For Practice 10. The Challenge of Metaphor Metaphors Create Ways of Seeing and Shaping Organizational Life Seeing, Thinking, and Acting in New Ways 11. Reading and Shaping Organizational Life The Multicom Case Interpreting Multicom Developing and Detailed Reading and \"Storyline\" Multicom From Another View \"Reading\" and Emergent Intelligence 12. Postscript Bibliographic Notes Introduction The Machine Metaphor The Organismic Metaphor The Brain Metaphor The Culture Metaphor The Political Metaphor The Psychic Prison Metaphor The Flux and Transformation Metaphor The Domination Metaphor The Challenge of Metaphor Reading and Shaping Organizational Life Postscript Bibliography",
"corpus_id": 75489746
} | {
"title": "Conflict and Ambiguity: Implementing Evolutionary Acquisition",
"abstract": "Abstract : In October 2000 the Secretary of Defense announced that a new policy of revolutionary acquisition would become the preferred approach to acquiring defense systems. Implementation of the new policy has been far from automatic. Today - two years after issuance of the evolutionary acquisition policy - the Department continues to struggle to adopt a consistent approach to policy implementation but also to achieve the kind of lasting cultural change that is critical to long-term policy success. The roots of this implementation struggle are explored paying particular attention to the concept of policy ambiguity and how such ambiguity can drive organizational conflict. Organizational conflict is inevitable but not necessarily counterproductive. In fact the original policy can be improved as the organization undergoes an iterative process of interpretation conflict and refinement.",
"corpus_id": 37281215,
"score": 2
} |
{
"title": "Optimum pressure in low temperature direct metal bonding",
"abstract": "The influence of bonding pressure during low temperature direct metal bond formation between gold studs and electroplated copper joints respectively was evaluated. The findings obtained showed an optimum pressure where bond strength peaks before degrading at further increase in bond pressure. Furthermore, it was found that the increase in bond strength does not correspond to a relative dilation of the bonded area. Both observations deviate from the common understanding that higher bond strength can be achieved with higher bonding pressure and corresponding increase in bonded area. Such contradiction is possibly related to the interfacial deformation phenomenon between locally bonded sites at the interface rather than the bulk deformation behaviour of the bump when bonding pressure exceeds a critical value.",
"corpus_id": 2554000
} | {
"title": "Recent progress in copper-based wafer bonding for 3-D ICs application",
"abstract": "This article discusses thermo-compression bonding (also known as diffusion bonding) of metallic copper and its application in 3-D stacking of ICs. Bonding process is described and characterization results are presented. A survey on recent progress of copper-based wafer bonding, particularly low temperature process, and its application for on wafer 3-D ICs are presented.",
"corpus_id": 45895300
} | {
"title": "Numerical computations of the dynamics of fluidic membranes and vesicles.",
"abstract": "Vesicles and many biological membranes are made of two monolayers of lipid molecules and form closed lipid bilayers. The dynamical behavior of vesicles is very complex and a variety of forms and shapes appear. Lipid bilayers can be considered as a surface fluid and hence the governing equations for the evolution include the surface (Navier-)Stokes equations, which in particular take the membrane viscosity into account. The evolution is driven by forces stemming from the curvature elasticity of the membrane. In addition, the surface fluid equations are coupled to bulk (Navier-)Stokes equations. We introduce a parametric finite-element method to solve this complex free boundary problem and present the first three-dimensional numerical computations based on the full (Navier-)Stokes system for several different scenarios. For example, the effects of the membrane viscosity, spontaneous curvature, and area difference elasticity (ADE) are studied. In particular, it turns out, that even in the case of no viscosity contrast between the bulk fluids, the tank treading to tumbling transition can be obtained by increasing the membrane viscosity. Besides the classical tank treading and tumbling motions, another mode (called the transition mode in this paper, but originally called the vacillating-breathing mode and subsequently also called trembling, transition, and swinging mode) separating these classical modes appears and is studied by us numerically. We also study how features of equilibrium shapes in the ADE and spontaneous curvature models, like budding behavior or starfish forms, behave in a shear flow.",
"corpus_id": 9702210,
"score": 0
} |
{
"title": "Granularity of the diffuse background observed",
"abstract": "Abstract First results are reported from a program for measuring the field-to-field fluctuation level of the cosmic diffuse background by using differences between the two background positions of each deep exposure with the HEXTE instrument on RXTE. With 8 million live seconds accumulated to date a fluctuation level on the 15–25 keV band is observed which is consistent with extrapolations from the HEAO-1 measurements. Positive results are expected eventually at higher energies. Models of AGN origin will eventually be constrained by this program.",
"corpus_id": 5033396
} | {
"title": "Decrease in the Brightness of the Cosmic X-ray and Soft Gamma-ray Background toward Clusters of Galaxies",
"abstract": "We show that Compton scattering by electrons of the hot intergalactic gas in galaxy clusters should lead to peculiar distortions of the cosmic background X-ray and soft gamma-ray radiation - an increase in its brightness at E 1, the effect allows one to determine how the X-ray background evolved and how it was \"gathered\" with z. To detect the effect, the accuracy of measurements should reach ~0.1%. We consider the most promising clusters for observing the effect and discuss the techniques whereby the influence of the thermal gas radiation hindering the detection of background distortions should be minimal.",
"corpus_id": 216056328
} | {
"title": "Seyfert galaxies as X-ray sources",
"abstract": "Using d a ta from th e L e ic e s te r U n iv e rs ity A r ie l V Sky Survey Instrum ent (SSl) th e work re p o rte d in t h i s th e s is e s ta b lis h e s th a t S e y fe r t g a la x ie s form a c la s s o f e x tr a g a la c t ic x -ray so u rc e . The p ro p e r tie s o f S e y fe r t g a la x ie s a re review ed and i t i s shown how s tan d a rd arguments le a d to a model of th e s tru c tu r e o f S e y fe r t galaxy n u c le i co n ta in in g th re e reg io n s c h a ra c te r is e d by th re e ty p es o f em ission: fo rb idden l i n e , p e rm itted l in e and * non-thermal* continuum. R adio, in f r a re d and o p t ic a l param eters b e liev ed to d eriv e from th e se th re e reg io n s a re then compared w ith x -ra y f lu x d e n s i t ie s from th e SSI in an a ttem p t to lo c a te th e source o f x -ra y em ission . I t i s found th a t x -ra y f lu x d e n s ity c o r re la te s only w ith param eters d e sc rib in g th e p e rm itted l in e and continuum re g io n s . S tandard argum ents p resen ted e a r l i e r show th a t th ese reg io n s a re very sm all («0.01 Ipc d iam e te r). O bservable x -ra y v a r i a b i l i t y i s th u s p o ss ib le and i s indeed seen . The v a r i a b i l i t y o f x -ra y em ission from x -ray a c t iv e g a la x ie s i s d esc rib ed u s in g , in th e main, SSI o b s e rv a tio n s . Some su g g estiv e s im i l a r i t i e s in t h e i r l i g h t curves Eire n o ted . An x -ra y lum inosity fu n c tio n f o r S e y fe r t g a la x ie s i s c o n s tru c ted by two methods whose r e s u l t s agree w e ll. Using t h i s lum inosity fu n c tio n th e S e y fe rt g a la x ie s a re found to c o n tr ib u te « 6% to th e d if fu s e x -ray background, w ithout ev o lu tio n . They can account f o r th e e n t i r e background i f on ly moderate ev o lu tio n i s allow ed. F in a l ly , re c e n t developm ents in th e f i e ld a re noted: th e d isco v ery o f more S e y fe r t g a la x ie s a s x -ray sou rces , v a r i a b i l i t y , and some f i r s t x ra y sp e c tra a re review ed. An ex tension to th e c la s s o f * x ra y a c t iv e g a la x ie s ' in th e form of high e x c ita t io n",
"corpus_id": 122122166,
"score": 2
} |
{
"title": "Management of renal caliceal diverticular stones: A decade of experience",
"abstract": "Objective: The objective of this study is to evaluate our methods for management of renal caliceal diverticular stones (CDS). Materials and Methods: We conducted a retrospective study from January 2005 to July 2015 and included patients who were treated for renal CDS. Patients were evaluated for treatment modality, puncture site (in case percutaneous nephrolithotomy [PCNL] attempted), operative time, stone clearance rate, and complications. During PCNL, if the infundibulum was found to connect the diverticulum to the calyx, then a double J stent was placed. No attempt was made to dilate the diverticular neck or to create a neoinfundibulum. Results: Twenty-four patients were treated for CDS during the study period. Two patients underwent shockwave lithotripsy, and 22 were managed by PCNL. Mean stone size was 16.37 mm (range: 6–35 mm) and mean diverticulum size was 20.62 mm (range: 12–37 mm). No fulguration was done in initial 17 patients, while fulguration by Holmium Laser was performed in the last five cases treated with PCNL. Mean operative time was 70.31 min (range: 47–90 min). Mean follow-up was 34 months, diverticulum resolved in 14 patients and reduced in size in 7 patients. Conclusion: Caliceal diverticular calculi can be treated most efficiently by PCNL. Stone-guided puncture and no attempt to dilate or create neoinfundibulum reduces operative time and morbidity while yielding high stone-free rate.",
"corpus_id": 2082052
} | {
"title": "A clinical case of surgical treatment of calyx diverticulum in a 12-year-old child",
"abstract": "Introduction. Calyx diverticulum is a rather rare pathology in pediatric practice. In the structure of cystic kidney malformations, it amounts up to 12-15%. In most cases, the disease is asymptomatic. To make a differential diagnostics and to define a technique for surgical treatment, computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging are used. Currently, puncture-sclerotic method and endosurgical (laparoscopic, retroperitoneoscopic) one can be successfully applied. The main purpose of this clinical observation is to illustrate that little-traumatic laparoscopic access to the kidney and plasma ablation of the diverticulum epithelial lining can be used to have successful outcomes.Material and methods. The authors describe a clinical case of renal cavities in a 12-year-old boy - calyx diverticulum of the right kidney and a cyst of the left kidney - which were successfully treated with a combined approach when puncture and laparoscopic corrections were used depending on lesion’s chracteriatics.Conclusion. A rational approach and substantiation of the applied surgical technique with plasma ablation of calyx diverticulum cavity allowed to obtain good results - cavity size was reduced and renal parenchyma was preserved what is important for future organ functioning.",
"corpus_id": 233915966
} | {
"title": "Metabolic abnormalities associated with calyceal diverticular stones",
"abstract": "Stones in calyceal diverticula present an interesting problem, both surgical and metabolic. Authors from the USA used a comprehensive metabolic evaluation of patients with these stones, and found consistent abnormalities. They also found that these could be corrected with selective medical therapy, and this was associated with a high remission rate.",
"corpus_id": 8230189,
"score": 2
} |
{
"title": "Ontology Evolution: State of the Art and Future Directions",
"abstract": "Ontologies evolve continuously throughout their lifecycle to respond to different change requirements. Several problems emanate from ontology evolution: capturing change requirements, change representation, change impact analysis and resolution, change validation, change traceability, change propagation to dependant artifacts, versioning, etc. The purpose of this chapter is to gather research and current developments to manage ontology evolution. The authors highlight ontology evolution issues and present a state-of-the-art of ontology evolution approach by describing issues raised and the ontology model considered (ontology representation language), and also the ontology engineering tools supporting ontology evolution and maintenance. Furthermore, they sum up the state-of-the-art review by a comparative study based on general characteristics, evolution functionalities supported, and specificities of the existing ontology evolution approaches. At the end of the chapter, the authors discuss future and emerging trends.",
"corpus_id": 18947581
} | {
"title": "A semiotic metrics suite for assessing the quality of ontologies",
"abstract": "A suite of metrics is proposed to assess the quality of an ontology. Drawing upon semiotic theory, the metrics assess the syntactic, semantic, pragmatic, and social aspects of ontology quality. We operationalize the metrics and implement them in a prototype tool called the Ontology Auditor. An initial validation of the Ontology Auditor on the DARPA Agent Markup Language (DAML) library of domain ontologies indicates that the metrics are feasible and highlights the wide variation in quality among ontologies in the library. The contribution of the research is to provide a theory-based framework that developers can use to develop high quality ontologies and that applications can use to choose appropriate ontologies for a given task.",
"corpus_id": 12209454
} | {
"title": "When Rule Engine Meets Big Data: Design and Implementation of a Distributed Rule Engine Using Spark",
"abstract": "Rule Engines have been widely used both in industry and academia since they can separate rule knowledge from implementation logic conveniently and flexibly. However, traditional rule engine systems can not deal with big data, because of the limitations of memory and computing capacity of one single computer. Consequently, some researchers have proposed distributed rule engine to meet this challenge. But these solutions still do not work well when enormous amounts of facts are involved, for the reasons such as high cost of moving data, data imbalance and so on. We present the SparkRE system, a distributed rule engine based on Spark, to support big data reasoning. In particular, SparkRE uses DataFrame representing distributed working memory which holds enormous amounts of facts, and implements the rule condition-testing mechanism by the query execution engine of Spark SQL. In addition, we design a rule language tailored for SparkRE and an efficient inference engine. An experimental evaluation shows SparkRE's capability of matching 26 million facts, and reveals its scalability and performance.",
"corpus_id": 31593278,
"score": -1
} |
{
"title": "Kaurenoic Acid from Pulp of Annona cherimolia in regard to Annonaceae‐induced Parkinsonism",
"abstract": "Guadeloupean Parkinsonism has been linked epidemiologically to the consumption of Annonaceae fruits. These were proposed to be etiological agents for sporadic atypical Parkinsonism worldwide, because of their content of neurotoxins such as isoquinolinic alkaloids and Annonaceous acetogenins. The pulp of Annona cherimolia Mill. from Spain was screened for these toxic molecules using Matrix‐Assisted Laser Desorption Ionisation – Time of Flight mass spectrometry (MALDI‐TOF MS) and it was found not to be a source of exposure. However, kaurenoic acid, a diterpene considered to be cytotoxic, was detected in high amounts (66 mg/fresh fruit). Treatment of rat embryonic striatal primary cultures, up to a high concentration (50 µ m), did not cause neuronal death nor astrogliosis, suggesting that this molecule is not at risk of implication in human neurodegenerative diseases. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.",
"corpus_id": 3051420
} | {
"title": "Medicinal Plants from North and Central America and the Caribbean Considered Toxic for Humans: The Other Side of the Coin",
"abstract": "The consumption of medicinal plants has notably increased over the past two decades. People consider herbal products as safe because of their natural origin, without taking into consideration whether these plants contain a toxic principle. This represents a serious health problem. A bibliographic search was carried out using published scientific material on native plants from Mexico, Central America, and the Caribbean, which describe the ethnobotanical and toxicological information of medicinal plants empirically considered to be toxic. A total of 216 medicinal plants belonging to 77 families have been reported as toxic. Of these plants, 76 had been studied, and 140 plants lacked studies regarding their toxicological effects. The toxicity of 16 plants species has been reported in clinical cases, particularly in children. From these plants, deaths have been reported with the consumption of Chenopodium ambrosioides, Argemone mexicana, and Thevetia peruviana. In most of the cases, the principle of the plant responsible for the toxicity is unknown. There is limited information about the toxicity of medicinal plants used in Mexico, Central America, and the Caribbean. More toxicological studies are necessary to contribute information about the safe use of the medicinal plants cited in this review.",
"corpus_id": 13199034
} | {
"title": "Review on Memristor and Its Applications",
"abstract": "Since memristor was predicted by Chua L O from symmetry arguments and produced at HP laboratory in 2008, it has become one of the most popular research directions in the related fields of automation. In this paper, the origin of the memristor is investigated, the memristor classification and its manufacturing technology are described, then the multiple mathematical models, simulation models and their implementation methods of memristor are analyzed. Finally, the research situation and application prospects on artificial neural network, confidential communications, memory, analog circuit, artificial intelligence computer, and biological behavior simulation are discussed.",
"corpus_id": 63696533,
"score": 1
} |
{
"title": "Influence of aluminum phosphate contaminant on discharge characteristics of suspension glass insulators",
"abstract": "Contaminant composition affects the discharge characteristics of external insulation. This paper studies the intense discharge phenomenon at low relative humidity (77%) in an AC 500 kV substation in Southern China. Due to farming and the soil feature in the sugar cane field around the substation, aluminum phosphate is formed in the soil, and accumulates on the external insulation surface owing to blowing dust. The porous structure and four-coordinated aluminum atom lead to strong moisture absorption capacity of aluminum phosphate. Then electrical performances of aluminum phosphate as a contaminant on insulation surface were investigated by means of discharge test in a constant humidity chamber. The experimental results show that, compared to conventional contaminant, aluminum phosphate contamination insulator has lower discharge inception voltage and stronger discharge intensity when relative humidity is above 70% and the aluminum phosphate content exceeds 20% in the non-soluble deposit. Aluminum phosphate is the main cause for the discharge phenomenon in the substation under study. It needs to be considered for insulation design and maintenance in ferralsol areas where phosphate fertilizer is heavily used. The moisture absorption of contaminant merits special consideration for further research.",
"corpus_id": 539141
} | {
"title": "Influence of sugar as a contaminant on outdoor insulation characteristics of insulators in a substation",
"abstract": "This paper attempts to address the influence of sugar as a contaminant on outdoor insulation characteristics of insulators in a substation. Strong discharge activity was occurred under relative humidity less than 80% on insulators in a 500 kV substation at south China. A preliminary viewpoint that sugar as a contaminant leads to this strong discharge was drawn by investigating pollution sources around the substation and analyzing pollution layer conditions of discharged insulators. In order to further confirming this viewpoint and proposing the appropriate solutions for avoiding this discharge activity, the outward appearance, the surface conductivity, the discharge inception voltage and the flashover voltage of glass insulator and room temperature vulcanized (RTV) coated insulator under sugary and non-sugary contamination were investigated in detail in the lab. Furthermore, the hydrophobicity and hydrophobicity transference of RTV coated insulator were also investigated. The research results show that sugary contamination is very absorbent and viscous, outdoor insulation characteristics of insulators covered with sugary contamination are worse than that covered with non-sugary contamination, but outdoor insulation characteristics of RTV coated insulator covered with sugary contamination is still better than that of non-RTV coating insulator with non-sugary contamination. So it is still a specific solution to inhibit the discharge activity of insulators in the substation by spraying RTV coating. Of course, removing the sugar canes themselves from this area is the best solution.",
"corpus_id": 823474
} | {
"title": "Influence of Desert Pollution on the Lightning Impulse Break",
"abstract": "A discussion is presented of the influence of desert contamination on the breakdown voltage characteristics of rod-plane air gaps when subjected to standard lightning impulse voltages of positive and negative polarities. Experimental simulation of desert air pollution was carried out in a chamber where particle parameters could be controlled independently. The gaps studied were from 5 cm up to 2 m with applied voltages, there is a considerable influence on the breakdown behavior. For such cases, the breakdown voltages for dust contaminated gaps can be lower as well as higher than the corresponding values for clean air gaps, depending upon the gap length and the cathode radius. Detailed results and analysis are provided. >",
"corpus_id": 10714396,
"score": 2
} |
{
"title": "Hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy--Lom, a novel demyelinating neuropathy associated with deafness in gypsies. Clinical, electrophysiological and nerve biopsy findings.",
"abstract": "A previously unrecognized neuropathy was identified in Bulgarian gypsies, and was designated hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy-Lom (HMSNL) after the town where the initial cases were found. It was subsequently identified in other gypsy communities. The disorder, which is of autosomal recessive inheritance, was mapped to chromosome 8q24. It begins consistently in the first decade of life with gait disorder followed by upper limb weakness in the second decade and, in most subjects, by deafness which is most often first noticed in the third decade. Sensory loss affecting all modalities is present, both this and the motor involvement predominating distally in the limbs. Skeletal deformity, particularly foot deformity, is frequent. Severely reduced motor nerve conduction velocity indicates a demyelinating basis, which was confirmed by nerve biopsy. The three younger patients biopsied showed a hypertrophic 'onion bulb' neuropathy. The hypertrophic changes were not evident in the oldest individual biopsied and it is likely that they had regressed secondarily to axon loss. In the eight cases in which brainstem auditory evoked potentials could be recorded, the results suggested demyelination in the eighth cranial nerve and also abnormal conduction in the central auditory pathways in the brainstem. As no myelin genes are known to be located at chromosome 8q24, the disorder may involve a gene for a novel myelin protein or be due to an abnormality of axon-Schwann cell signalling.",
"corpus_id": 839789
} | {
"title": "Gene mapping in Gypsies identifies a novel demyelinating neuropathy on chromosome 8q24",
"abstract": "Founder effect and linkage disequilibrium have been successfully exploited to map single gene disorders1, and the study of isolated populations is emerging as a major approach to the investigation of genetically complex diseases2. In the search for genetic isolates ranging from Pacific islands to Middle East deserts, the 10 million Gypsies resident in Europe3 have largely escaped the attention of geneticists. Because of their geographical ubiquity, lack of written history and the presumed social and cultural nature of their isolation, Gypsies are construed as not meeting the criteria for a well defined founder population. Gypsy society has a complex structure with subdivisions and stratifications that are incomprehensible to the surrounding populations. Marginalization by the health care systems in most countries results in a lack of information on causes of morbidity and mortality and little is known about hereditary disorders or the population genetic characteristics of Gypsies. This study is the first example of mapping a disease gene in endogamous Gypsy groups. Using lod score analysis and linkage disequilibrium, we have located a novel demyelinating neuropathy to a narrow interval on chromosome 8q24. We show that the disease, occuring in Gypsy groups of different identity and history of migrations, is caused by a single mutation whose origin predates the divergence of these groups.",
"corpus_id": 9712904
} | {
"title": "Electrophysiological study (EEG, VEPs, BAEPs) in patients with Charcot Marie Tooth (type HMSN I) disease.",
"abstract": "A laboratory investigation consisting of EEG recordings, BAEPs and VEPs evaluation as well as estimation of the facial nerve distal latency was performed in 9 patients who had Charcot Marie Tooth (type HMSN I) disease. 3 patients showed VEP's abnormalities (2 of them had prolonged P100 latency and one had an abnormal interocular latency difference). Another patient showed an upper normal limit value in the interocular latency difference. Abnormal BAEPs were found in 8 patients (one had I-III/IPLD prolonged, 2 of them had the latency of wave I prolonged and the remaining 6 had no readable or repeatable responses unilaterely or bilaterally). 7 out of 9 patients had the facial nerve distal latency prolonged, without any evident clinical facial weakness. Abnormal EEG recordings were found in 2 of all tested patients. Our results provide some evidence that in Charcot Marie Tooth disease the involvement of the II, VII and VIII nerves is more frequent than clinically expected and is probably related to a demyelinated process.",
"corpus_id": 23317407,
"score": 2
} |
{
"title": "Correlation between extraordinary optical transmission and polarization in metallic subwavelength structures",
"abstract": "Extraordinary optical transmission (EOT) of both transverse-electric (TE) and transverse-magnetic (TM) polarizations was investigated for sub-wavelength metallic structures by the rigorous coupled-wave analysis, implemented as the Airy-like internal reflection series. Generally, because of the absence of coupled surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs), the SPP-produced EOT is not achievable for TE polarization in one-dimensional structures, unlike for TM one. We show that the TE-polarized EOT is also possible by the excitation of trapped modes in simply modified structures. Eventually, the polarization-independent EOT was illustrated at a certain wavelength.",
"corpus_id": 7179057
} | {
"title": "Polarization independent enhanced optical transmission in one-dimensional gratings and device applications.",
"abstract": "A review and analysis is performed of various resonance effects associated with subwavelength one-dimensional (1-D) metal gratings for transverse electric (TE) and transverse magnetic (TM) polarized incident radiation. It is shown that by tuning the structural geometry (especially the groove width) and material composition of the 1-D gratings, polarization independent enhanced optical transmission (EOT) can be achieved. Three different cases of EOT have been studied for 1-D metal gratings: a) EOT for TM-polarized incident radiation b) EOT for TE-polarized incident radiation, and most importantly c) EOT for un-polarized incident light. Potential uses of these results in the design and improvement of various optoelectronic devices, such as polarizers, photodetectors and wavelength filters are discussed.",
"corpus_id": 36853336
} | {
"title": "Numerical modeling of electromagnetic resonance enhanced silicon metal-semiconductor-metal photodetectors.",
"abstract": "A rigorous method of modeling the performance of metal-semiconductor-metal photodetectors (MSM-PD) that use several electromagnetic resonance (ER) modes and optical modes to enhance performance is presented. These ER and optical modes include surface plasmons, Wood-Rayleigh anomalies and vertical cavity modes. Five modeling algorithms are integrated together in a time-dependent way to model a 256 pseudo-random bit sequence (PRBS) of 850nm wavelength TM polarized light, the electromagnetic field distribution in the MSM-PD, quasi-static electric field, the charge carrier motion, and an algorithm to construct eye diagrams and analyze responsivity, inter-symbol interference (ISI) and bit error ratio (BER). We report on the use of a combination of ER and optical modes in channeling more than 83% of the incident light into the silicon even though 60% of the Si surface area is covered with metal contacts. Also, this channeled light is localized near the Si surface below the contact window. The absorption in the metal contacts, reflection, diffraction, electromagnetic field profiles, Poynting vector, photocurrent, eye diagrams, quality factors, responsivity and BER are calculated. Designs for Si MSM-PDs with a bandwidth of 100Gb/s, responsivities in the range of 0.05?0.30A/W and BERs in the range of 10-20?10-10 are described.",
"corpus_id": 39033953,
"score": 2
} |
{
"title": "HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis for people who inject drugs: a review of current results and an agenda for future research",
"abstract": "Studies examining the use of pre‐exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) to prevent HIV transmission among people who inject drugs (PWIDs) have not been adequately summarized. Recently, the Bangkok Tenofovir Study has shown that PrEP may be effective at reducing new HIV infections among this high‐risk group. This randomized controlled trial was the first study to specifically examine the efficacy of PrEP among PWIDs. In this review, we present the current state of evidence regarding the use of PrEP to prevent HIV infection in PWID populations, and set an agenda for future research to inform the most effective implementation of PrEP in the context of existing evidence‐based HIV prevention strategies.",
"corpus_id": 2622726
} | {
"title": "The cost-effectiveness of pre-exposure prophylaxis for HIV infection in South African women.",
"abstract": "BACKGROUND\nRecent trials report the short-term efficacy of tenofovir-based pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) for prevention of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. PrEP's long-term impact on patient outcomes, population-level transmission, and cost-effectiveness remains unknown.\n\n\nMETHODS\nWe linked data from recent trials to a computer model of HIV acquisition, screening, and care to project lifetime HIV risk, life expectancy (LE), costs, and cost-effectiveness, using 2 PrEP-related strategies among heterosexual South African women: (1) women receiving no PrEP and (2) women not receiving PrEP (a tenofovir-based vaginal microbicide). We used a South African clinical cohort and published data to estimate population demographic characteristics, age-adjusted incidence of HIV infection, and HIV natural history and treatment parameters. Baseline PrEP efficacy (percentage reduction in HIV transmission) was 39% at a monthly cost of $5 per woman. Alternative parameter values were examined in sensitivity analyses.\n\n\nRESULTS\nAmong South African women, PrEP reduced mean lifetime HIV risk from 40% to 27% and increased population discounted (undiscounted) LE from 22.51 (41.66) to 23.48 (44.48) years. Lifetime costs of care increased from $7280 to $9890 per woman, resulting in an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of $2700/year of life saved, and may, under optimistic assumptions, achieve cost savings. Under baseline HIV infection incidence assumptions, PrEP was not cost saving, even assuming an efficacy >60% and a cost <$1. At an HIV infection incidence of 9.1%/year, PrEP achieved cost savings at efficacies ≥50%.\n\n\nCONCLUSIONS\nPrEP in South African women is very cost-effective by South African standards, conferring excellent value under virtually all plausible data scenarios. Although optimistic assumptions would be required to achieve cost savings, these represent important benchmarks for future PrEP study design.",
"corpus_id": 23615317
} | {
"title": "Impact of Intravesical Chemotherapy Versus BCG Immunotherapy on Recurrence of Superficial Transitional Cell Carcinoma of the Bladder: Metaanalytic Reevaluation",
"abstract": "Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) immunotherapy is currently considered the most effective agent in the management of superficial bladder cancer. Prior work suggests that the efficacy of intravesical chemotherapy in preventing tumor recurrence may be greater than previously suggested. This latter finding, therefore, brings into question the currently perceived superiority of BCG treatment for this disease. A metaanalysis was performed to rigorously examine existing data relevant to this relationship and to quantify the relative efficacy of both treatment modalities on tumor recurrence. A prospective protocol outlining the above-noted metaanalysis was initially developed followed by a thorough search of the existing published literature using strict eligibility criteria. Nine randomized trials were found that met protocol specifications. These reports contained data on 2,261 patients that were statistically combined using a fixed effects model (Peto). The outcome of interest was the proportion of patients with recurrence at 1, 2, and 3 years following intravesical therapy (i.e., a summary odds ratio, ORp). Combining all nine trials using 1-year recurrence as the endpoint demonstrated significant statistical heterogeneity, although the ORp favored BCG over intravesical chemotherapy (0.89 [0.74–1.07]). This precluded statistical pooling of the data and sensitivity analyses were performed to determine the source of heterogeneity. These tests showed that the prior chemotherapy treatment in a large number of the randomized trials biased study results in favor of the BCG arms. Once the data were stratified on presence or absence of prior drug treatment, intravesical chemotherapy reduced 1-, 2-, and 3-year recurrence by 21% to 82% versus BCG, depending on the endpoint of interest. The available data suggest that clinical trials directly comparing intravesical BCG to intravesical chemotherapy must stratify on the presence or absence of prior chemotherapy. Recurrences following prior intravesical chemotherapy appear less responsive to drug therapy than those in chemotherapy-naive patients. The currently perceived superiority of BCG therapy may therefore be an artifact of this phenomenon, since most randomized trials include chemotherapy failures in their chemotherapy treatment arms.",
"corpus_id": 30074108,
"score": 1
} |
{
"title": "A novel protocol to provide a suitable cardiac model from induced pluripotent stem cells.",
"abstract": "Cumulative evidence has proven the safety, feasibility and efficacy of stem cell therapy for cardiomyocyte replacement in heart failure treatment. In contrast to embryonic stem cells, induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS cells) provide a route to the production of patient-specific stem cell lines with no ethical concerns. Recent studies have revealed that myogenic transcription factors activated the expression of conserved microRNAs (miRNAs), such as mir-1, that 'fine-tuned' the output of the transcriptional networks. To introduce an efficient and applicable protocol for establishment of autologous cardiac cellular models, herein we introduced a novel protocol for induction of iPS cells into cardiomyocytes using both microRNA-1 transduction and 5'-Azacitidine treatment. Quantitative evaluation of transcription and translation of cardiac markers such as MHC-α, GATA4, FLK and troponin, demonstrated that this new direct protocol led to cardiac differentiation of iPS cells. From a clinical point of view, these results raise the possibility that administration of miRNA mimic or miRNA inhibitor therapies could increase allocation of iPS cells into the cardiac lineage. Taking all the results into account, our novel protocol provides further progress in the application of patient's own cells for more effective therapies. Moreover, such cellular models could be used in personalized drug screening.",
"corpus_id": 2247272
} | {
"title": "Cardiovascular molecular imaging of apoptosis",
"abstract": "IntroductionMolecular imaging strives to visualise processes at the molecular and cellular level in vivo. Understanding these processes supports diagnosis and evaluation of therapeutic efficacy on an individual basis and thereby makes personalised medicine possible.Apoptosis and molecular imagingApoptosis is a well-organised mode of cell suicide that plays a role in cardiovascular diseases (CVD). Apoptosis is associated with loss of cardiomyocytes following myocardial infarction, atherosclerotic plaque instability, congestive heart failure and allograft rejection of the transplanted heart. Thus, apoptosis constitutes an attractive target for molecular imaging of CVD. Our current knowledge about the molecular players and mechanisms underlying apoptosis offers a rich palette of potential molecular targets for molecular imaging. However, only a few have been successfully developed so far.AimsThis review highlights aspects of the molecular machinery and biochemistry of apoptosis relevant to the development of molecular imaging probes. It surveys the role of apoptosis in four major areas of CVD and portrays the importance and future perspectives of apoptosis imaging. The annexin A5 imaging protocol is emphasised since it is the most advanced protocol to measure apoptosis in both preclinical and clinical studies.",
"corpus_id": 5577505
} | {
"title": "ApoSense: a novel technology for functional molecular imaging of cell death in models of acute renal tubular necrosis",
"abstract": "PurposeAcute renal tubular necrosis (ATN), a common cause of acute renal failure, is a dynamic, rapidly evolving clinical condition associated with apoptotic and necrotic tubular cell death. Its early identification is critical, but current detection methods relying upon clinical assessment, such as kidney biopsy and functional assays, are insufficient. We have developed a family of small molecule compounds, ApoSense, that is capable, upon systemic administration, of selectively targeting and accumulating within apoptotic/necrotic cells and is suitable for attachment of different markers for clinical imaging. The purpose of this study was to test the applicability of these molecules as a diagnostic imaging agent for the detection of renal tubular cell injury following renal ischemia.MethodsUsing both fluorescent and radiolabeled derivatives of one of the ApoSense compounds, didansyl cystine, we evaluated cell death in three experimental, clinically relevant animal models of ATN: renal ischemia/reperfusion, radiocontrast-induced distal tubular necrosis, and cecal ligature and perforation-induced sepsis.ResultsApoSense showed high sensitivity and specificity in targeting injured renal tubular epithelial cells in vivo in all three models used. Uptake of ApoSense in the ischemic kidney was higher than in the non-ischemic one, and the specificity of ApoSense targeting was demonstrated by its localization to regions of apoptotic/necrotic cell death, detected morphologically and by TUNEL staining.ConclusionApoSense technology should have significant clinical utility for real-time, noninvasive detection of renal parenchymal damage of various types and evaluation of its distribution and magnitude; it may facilitate the assessment of efficacy of therapeutic interventions in a broad spectrum of disease states.",
"corpus_id": 2880198,
"score": 2
} |
{
"title": "Improved Model Generation of AMS Circuits for Formal Verification",
"abstract": "Recently, formal verification has had success in rigorously checking the correctness of digital designs. We have developed the LEMA tool to provide a methodology for the formal verification of analog/mixed-signal (AMS) circuits. In particular, LEMA utilizes a labeled Petri net (LPN) model to represent AMS circuit behavior. LPN models can be translated to SystemVerilog for simulation as well as analyzed directly using formal methods. This paper focuses on improvements in the generation of these abstract models from simulation data. In particular, this paper focuses on modeling transient behavior. This methodology is illustrated using a voltage controlled oscillator (VCO) example.",
"corpus_id": 537825
} | {
"title": "Verification of Analog/Mixed-Signal Circuits Using Symbolic Methods",
"abstract": "This paper presents two symbolic model checking algorithms for the verification of analog/mixed-signal circuits. The first model checker utilizes binary decision diagrams while the second is a bounded model checker that uses a satisfiability modulo theory solver. Both methods have been implemented, and preliminary results are promising.",
"corpus_id": 17238892
} | {
"title": "SURFMOD: teaching tool for parametric curve and surface methods in CAGD based on comparison and analysis",
"abstract": "Parametric curves and surfaces are topics usually included in different disciplines, such as computer graphics, geometric modeling, computer-aided design (CAD), computer-aided geometric design (CAGD), etc. These rapidly emerging and extensive fields require students to understand a wide range of methods. In this context, SURFMOD, a teaching tool for parametric curves and surfaces, was constructed. SURFMOD enables interactive investigation, different quality analyses, and simultaneous studies of various methods using the same data, while, at the same time, adjusting the control parameters",
"corpus_id": 261199,
"score": 1
} |
{
"title": "Comparison of Neoadjuvant vs Concurrent/Adjuvant Androgen Deprivation in Men with High-risk Prostate Cancer Receiving Definitive Radiation Therapy",
"abstract": "Purpose It is unknown whether there is a benefit to starting androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) prior to rather than concurrently with definitive radiation therapy in men with high-risk prostate cancer. We studied the National Cancer Data Base to determine whether the timing of ADT impacts survival. Methods Men diagnosed with high-risk prostate adenocarcinoma who received external beam radiation therapy (EBRT) to a dose of 70-81 Gy along with ADT from 2004-2011 were included. Those who started ADT 42-90 days before EBRT were identified as having received neoadjuvant hormonal therapy (N-HT) and those who received ADT from 14 days before their radiation until 84 days after the start of EBRT were categorized as receiving concurrent/adjuvant treatment (C-HT). We used the log-rank test to compare Kaplan-Meier survival curves and multivariable Cox regression to assess the impact of covariables on overall survival (OS). Results Among 11,491 included patients, those receiving N-HT were 1 year older (p<0.001) and more likely to have Gleason 8-10 disease (p = 0.01) and cT3-4 disease (p = 0.002). Men receiving N-HT had a 5-year and median OS of 80.6% and 111.4 months, respectively, compared to 78.3% and 108.9 months, respectively, in those receiving C-HT (p = 0.03). This benefit remained significant on multivariable analysis (hazard ratio 0.86, 95% confidence interval 0.77-0.96, p = 0.008). Duration of ADT was not available to report. Conclusions External beam radiation therapy with N-HT was associated with improved overall survival compared to C-HT. This study is hypothesis-generating and further studies are needed to best qualify the sequencing of hormone therapy with the duration of treatment.",
"corpus_id": 1991656
} | {
"title": "Escalated-dose versus control-dose conformal radiotherapy for prostate cancer: long-term results from the MRC RT01 randomised controlled trial.",
"abstract": "BACKGROUND\nThe aim of this trial was to compare dose-escalated conformal radiotherapy with control-dose conformal radiotherapy in patients with localised prostate cancer. Preliminary findings reported after 5 years of follow-up showed that escalated-dose conformal radiotherapy improved biochemical progression-free survival. Based on the sample size calculation, we planned to analyse overall survival when 190 deaths occurred; this target has now been reached, after a median 10 years of follow-up.\n\n\nMETHODS\nRT01 was a phase 3, open-label, international, randomised controlled trial enrolling men with histologically confirmed T1b-T3a, N0, M0 prostate cancer with prostate specific antigen of less than 50 ng/mL. Patients were randomly assigned centrally in a 1:1 ratio, using a computer-based minimisation algorithm stratifying by risk of seminal vesicle invasion and centre to either the control group (64 Gy in 32 fractions, the standard dose at the time the trial was designed) or the escalated-dose group (74 Gy in 37 fractions). Neither patients nor investigators were masked to assignment. All patients received neoadjuvant androgen deprivation therapy for 3-6 months before the start of conformal radiotherapy, which continued until the end of conformal radiotherapy. The coprimary outcome measures were biochemical progression-free survival and overall survival. All analyses were done on an intention-to-treat basis. Treatment-related side-effects have been reported previously. This trial is registered, number ISRCTN47772397.\n\n\nFINDINGS\nBetween Jan 7, 1998, and Dec 20, 2001, 862 men were registered and 843 subsequently randomly assigned: 422 to the escalated-dose group and 421 to the control group. As of Aug 2, 2011, 236 deaths had occurred: 118 in each group. Median follow-up was 10·0 years (IQR 9·1-10·8). Overall survival at 10 years was 71% (95% CI 66-75) in each group (hazard ratio [HR] 0·99, 95% CI 0·77-1·28; p=0·96). Biochemical progression or progressive disease occurred in 391 patients (221 [57%] in the control group and 170 [43%] in the escalated-dose group). At 10 years, biochemical progression-free survival was 43% (95% CI 38-48) in the control group and 55% (50-61) in the escalated-dose group (HR 0·69, 95% CI 0·56-0·84; p=0·0003).\n\n\nINTERPRETATION\nAt a median follow-up of 10 years, escalated-dose conformal radiotherapy with neoadjuvant androgen deprivation therapy showed an advantage in biochemical progression-free survival, but this advantage did not translate into an improvement in overall survival. These efficacy data for escalated-dose treatment must be weighed against the increase in acute and late toxicities associated with the escalated dose and emphasise the importance of use of appropriate modern radiotherapy methods to reduce side-effects.\n\n\nFUNDING\nUK Medical Research Council.",
"corpus_id": 20883768
} | {
"title": "SPECIFIC COMPLEMENT-FIXING ANTIGENS IN POLYOMA TUMORS AND TRANSFORMED CELLS.",
"abstract": "Abstract One or more new specific antigens are present in “virus-free” polyoma tumors, as demonstrated by their complement fixation reaction with serum from animals carrying transplantable tumors. These antigens cannot be found in normal animal tissues or in tumors induced by other viruses or by methylcholanthrene. Mouse and hamster cell tissue cultures after exposure to polyoma virus are positive for the antigen and corresponding control cultures are negative. The presence of the antigen in these tissue culture cells is not related to the presence or absence of infectious virus in a carrier culture relationship or to the ability of the culture cells to produce tumors in isologous animals. Sera from tumor-bearing animals having high titers of CF antibody against tumor antigen are negative for antiviral antibody activity. Some sera from virus immunized animals are negative against the tumor antigen but have high anti-viral antibody titers. The presence of demonstrable anti-tumor CF antibodies is not necessary for virus-immunized animals to resist challenge with an isologous polyoma tumor.",
"corpus_id": 32240091,
"score": 1
} |
{
"title": "Spin-Torque Switching with the Giant Spin Hall Effect of Tantalum",
"abstract": "Giant Spin Hall One of the primary challenges in the field of spin-electronics, which exploits the electron's spin rather than its charge, is to create strong currents of electrons with polarized spins. One way to do this is to use a ferromagnet as a polarizer, a principle used in magnetic tunnel junctions; however, these devices suffer from reliability problems. An alternative is the spin Hall effect, where running a charge current through a material generates a spin current in the transverse direction, but the efficiency of this process tends to be small. Liu et al. (p. 555) now show that the spin Hall effect in Tantalum in its high-resistance β phase generates spin currents strong enough to induce switching of the magnetization of an adjacent ferromagnet; at the same time, Ta does not cause energy dissipation in the ferromagnet. These properties allowed efficient and reliable operation of a prototype three-terminal device. Tantalum is found to generate strong spin currents that can induce switching of ferromagnets efficiently and reliably. Spin currents can apply useful torques in spintronic devices. The spin Hall effect has been proposed as a source of spin current, but its modest strength has limited its usefulness. We report a giant spin Hall effect (SHE) in β-tantalum that generates spin currents intense enough to induce efficient spin-torque switching of ferromagnets at room temperature. We quantify this SHE by three independent methods and demonstrate spin-torque switching of both out-of-plane and in-plane magnetized layers. We furthermore implement a three-terminal device that uses current passing through a tantalum-ferromagnet bilayer to switch a nanomagnet, with a magnetic tunnel junction for read-out. This simple, reliable, and efficient design may eliminate the main obstacles to the development of magnetic memory and nonvolatile spin logic technologies.",
"corpus_id": 737011
} | {
"title": "Magnetic Tunnel Junction Mimics Stochastic Cortical Spiking Neurons",
"abstract": "Brain-inspired computing architectures attempt to mimic the computations performed in the neurons and the synapses in the human brain in order to achieve its efficiency in learning and cognitive tasks. In this work, we demonstrate the mapping of the probabilistic spiking nature of pyramidal neurons in the cortex to the stochastic switching behavior of a Magnetic Tunnel Junction in presence of thermal noise. We present results to illustrate the efficiency of neuromorphic systems based on such probabilistic neurons for pattern recognition tasks in presence of lateral inhibition and homeostasis. Such stochastic MTJ neurons can also potentially provide a direct mapping to the probabilistic computing elements in Belief Networks for performing regenerative tasks.",
"corpus_id": 77804
} | {
"title": "Student‐as‐aspirant: strategic implications for business education",
"abstract": "Purpose – The purpose of this paper is twofold. First, to propose a new metaphor, student‐as‐aspirant, which captures well the educational role of students, professors, and business schools. Second, to develop the strategic implications of this metaphor for the management of business schools.Design/methodology/approach – A thorough review of relevant literature is conducted and the underlying assumptions of previously suggested metaphors are exposed and challenged. The new metaphor has subsequently been developed based on a broader typology of business offerings.Findings – The paper shows that the extant metaphors are inappropriate for they misrepresent the nature of learning as the core of business schools' offerings to their students. It concludes with the advantages of the student‐as‐aspirant metaphor.Research limitations/implications – Limitations are centred on the difficulties faced by students, professors, and business schools in adopting the metaphor.Practical implications – The metaphor has strat...",
"corpus_id": 153910063,
"score": 0
} |
{
"title": "Performance analysis of MIMO-IDMA system using spatial diversity in frequency-selective channel",
"abstract": "In this letter, we investigate the bit-error rate (BER) performance of uncoded space-time transmit diversity (STTD) aided interleave division multiple access (IDMA) scheme for down-link (DL) communications. In this contribution, we consider the orthogonal structure based on Alamouti Space-Time code which offers full rate and full diversity. We realize such STTD using two transmit antennas and two receive antennas. At the mobile station, we exploit non-linear detection based on Maximum Likelihood detection algorithm to estimate the desired users' signals. We evaluate the BER performance of STTD-IDMA system based on Rayleigh fading channels with multi-path scattering effects. We also compare the performance of our considered system with Vertical Bell laboratories Space-Time (VBLAST) architecture for the same IDMA system. Our simulation reveals that our considered STTD-IDMA system with ML detection algorithm provides better BER performance than VBLAST assisted IDMA system for DL communications.",
"corpus_id": 1414089
} | {
"title": "Performance of Transmitter Preprocessing Assisted Multi-carrier IDMA in Frequency-Selective Channel for Downlink Communications",
"abstract": "In this correspondence, we investigate and study the performance of multi-user transmitter preprocessing (MUTP) aided multi-carrier interleave division multiple access (MC-IDMA) systems in frequency-selective channels under perfect and imperfect channel state information (CSI) at the transmitter. The MUTP considered in this correspondence creates an orthogonal subspace to the interfering subspace that results in the complete elimination of multi-user interference (MUI) in the context of downlink (DL) communications. Further, this MUTP approach is compared with the conventional zero-forcing (ZF) MUTP and eigen based MUTP. Our simulation study shows that all the MUTP approaches results in the same performance in terms of achievable bit error rate (BER). Furthermore, MUTP aided MC-IDMA systems outperform MUTP aided MC-CDMA systems and MC-IDMA systems with multi-user detection (MUD).",
"corpus_id": 6858953
} | {
"title": "Tuning of magnetic properties of CoFe2O4 nanoparticles through charge transfer effect",
"abstract": "Herein, we report the microscopic origin of surfactant modified magnetic properties of nearly monodispersed CoFe2O4 nanoparticles (NPs). Surface modification is carried out with four surfactants having π-acceptor/π-donor head group along with different chain-length. Upon functionalization, magnetic NPs show a maximum 65.61% increase in coercivity and 78.24% decrease in magnetization as compared to the bare one. Furthermore, π-donor head group surfactant modified CoFe2O4 NPs show higher coercivity and magnetization with respect to π-acceptor head group surfactant modified NPs and with the increase in chain-length of the surfactant, coercivity of NPs enhances slightly. These consequences are explained in context of crystal field splitting energy and steric hindrance offered by the surfactant.",
"corpus_id": 121315601,
"score": 0
} |
{
"title": "Provenance Data in Social Media",
"abstract": "Social media shatters the barrier to communicate anytime anywhere for people of all walks of life. The publicly available, virtually free information in social media poses a new challenge to consumers who have to discern whether a piece of information published in social media is reliable. For example, it can be difficult to understand the motivations behind a statement passed from one user to another, without knowing the person who originated the message. Additionally, false information can be propagated through social media, resulting in embarrassment or irreversible damages. Provenance data associated with a social media statement can help dispel rumors, clarify opinions, and confirm facts. However, provenance data about social media statements is not readily available to users today. Currently, providing this data to users requires changing the social media infrastructure or offering subscription services. Taking advantage of social media features, research in this nascent field spearheads the search for a way to provide provenance data to social media users, thus leveraging social media itself by mining it for the provenance data. Searching for provenance data reveals an interesting problem space requiring the development and application of new metrics in order to provide meaningful provenance data to social media users. This lecture reviews the current research on information provenance, explores exciting research opportunities to address pressing needs, and shows how data mining can enable a social media user to make informed judgements about statements published in social media. Table of Contents: Information Provenance in Social Media / Provenance Attributes / Provenance via Network Information / Provenance Data",
"corpus_id": 46794494
} | {
"title": "Filter bubbles and fake news",
"abstract": "The results of the 2016 Brexit referendum in the U.K. and presidential election in the U.S. surprised pollsters and traditional media alike, and social media is now being blamed in part for creating echo chambers that encouraged the spread of fake news that influenced voters.",
"corpus_id": 7069187
} | {
"title": "Knowledge Amalgam: Generating Jokes and Quotes Together",
"abstract": "Generating humor and quotes are very challenging problems in the field of computational linguistics and are often tackled separately. In this paper, we present a controlled Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) architecture which is trained with categorical data like jokes and quotes together by passing category as an input along with the sequence of words. The idea is that a single neural net will learn the structure of both jokes and quotes to generate them on demand according to input category. Importantly, we believe the neural net has more knowledge as it's trained on different datasets and hence will enable it to generate more creative jokes or quotes from the mixture of information. May the network generate a funny inspirational joke!",
"corpus_id": 48361069,
"score": -1
} |
{
"title": "Simple Wait-Free Snapshots for Real-Time Systems with Sporadic Tasks",
"abstract": "We present a simple and wait-free implementation of a snapshot shared data structure suitable for real-time systems with sporadic tasks. Snapshot mechanisms give the means to a real-time task to read a globally consistent set of variable values while other concurrent tasks are updating them. Such a mechanism can be used to solve a variety of communication and synchronization problems, including system monitoring and control of real-time applications. Typical snapshot implementations are based on mutual exclusion, which causes blocking. Besides from causing reduced overall system performance, blocking also complicates the scheduling analysis and can cause serious problems as priority inversion or dead-locks. To address those problems researchers have introduced non-blocking synchronization methods. The strongest form of non-blocking algorithms is wait-free, and is suitable for hard real-time systems as it gives guarantees in the form of worst-case execution times. In this paper we consider real-time systems with scheduling of periodic or sporadic tasks. Previous suitable wait-free snapshot algorithms are based on strong atomic primitives. By exploiting the timing information that is available and necessary to the real-time scheduler, we have designed a simpler wait-free snapshot algorithm that only relies on atomic read and writes. Experiments on a Sun Enterprise 10000 multiprocessor system show that the new algorithm, because of its simplicity, outperforms considerably the respective wait-free snapshot algorithm that is not using the timing information.",
"corpus_id": 469179
} | {
"title": "Snapshots in real-time databases using database pointer transactions",
"abstract": "We present 2V-DBP-SNAP, an algorithm that allows hard real-time tasks in an embedded real-time control system to read a snapshot of a number of data elements in a real-time database. Furthermore, 2V-DBP-SNAP allows these data elements to be shared with soft real-time tasks, which access them using a database query language, and with other hard real-time tasks that use database pointers. 2V-DBP-SNAP allows temporal behavior and memory consumption to be accurately predicted. Introducing snapshot transactions is beneficial for embedded control-systems, such as for engine control in an automotive system, since a snapshot of the state of the environment can be collected, e.g., the state of all cylinders in the engine. 2V-DBP-SNAP is lightweight and predictable, both with respect to computational and memory overhead, and is therefore highly suited for resource constrained systems.",
"corpus_id": 11285671
} | {
"title": "GHT-based associative memory learning and its application to Human action detection and classification",
"abstract": "Abstract This paper, investigating the goal of human-level synthetic intelligence, presents a novel approach to learning an associative memory model using Generalized Hough Transform (GHT) [1] . A human action detection and classification system is also constructed to verify the effectiveness of the proposed GHT-based associative memory model. Existing human action classification systems use machine learning architectures and low-level features to characterize a specific human action. However, existing machine learning architectures often lack restructuring capability, which is an important process of forming the conceptual structures in human-level synthetic intelligence. The gap between low-level features and high-level human intelligence also degrades the performance of existing human action recognition algorithms when the spatial–temporal boundaries of action objects are ambiguous. To eliminate the side effect of temporal ambiguity, the proposed system uses a preprocessing procedure to extract key-frames from a video sequence and provide a compact representation for this video. The image and motion features of patches extracted from each key-frame are collected and used to train an appearance–motion codebook. The training procedure, based on the learnt codebook and GHT, constructs a hypergraph for associative memory learning. For each key-frame of a test video clip, the Hough voting framework is also used to detect salient segments, which are further partitioned into multiple patches, by grouping blocks of similar appearance and motions. The features of the detected patches are used to query the associative memory and retrieve missing patches from key-frames to recall the whole action object. These patches are then used to locate the target action object and classify the action type simultaneously using a probabilistic Hough voting scheme. Results show that the proposed method gives good performance on several publicly available datasets in terms of detection accuracy and recognition rate.",
"corpus_id": 31466556,
"score": 1
} |
{
"title": "Geographic Routing Using Logical Levels in Wireless Sensor Networks for Sensor Mobility",
"abstract": "In this paper we propose an improvement to the GRPW algorithm for wireless sensor networks called GRPW-M , which collects data in a wireless sensor network (WSN) using a mobile nodes. Performance of GRPW algorithm algorithm depends heavily on the immobile sensor nodes . This prediction can be hard to do. For that reason, we propose a modified algorithm that is able to adapt to the current situation in the network in which the sensor node considered mobile. The goal of the proposed algorithm is to decrease the reconstruction cost and increase the data delivery ratio. In comparing the GRPW-M protocol with GRPW protocol in simulation, this paper demonstrates that adjustment process executed by GRPW-M does in fact decrease the reconstruction cost and increase the data delivery ratio . Simulations were performed on GRPW as well as on the proposed Routing algorithm. The efficiency factors that were evaluated was total number of transmissions in the network and total delivery rate. And in general the proposed Routing algorithm may perform reasonable well for a large number network setups.",
"corpus_id": 1523852
} | {
"title": "Geographic convergecast using mobile sink in wireless sensor networks",
"abstract": "This paper presents a novel convergecast algorithm called, Virtual Circle Combined Straight Routing (VCCSR), which collects data in a wireless sensor network (WSN) using a mobile sink. Tree-based routing offers the shortest routes to deliver data, and it is a common scheme used by mobile sinks to collect data from sensors. When a mobile sink moves, the routes between the sink and the sensors must be reconstructed dynamically, which wastes a great amount of energy. VCCSR selects a set of cluster heads located near the virtual backbone, and when the sink issues a query in the WSN, a spanning tree is constructed to collect and complete data periodically. With VCCSR, the spanning tree does not need to be reconstructed when the mobile sink's location changes because the algorithm is able to update the location of the mobile sink, which then delivers this information to the cluster heads and adjusts the routing. The goal of the proposed algorithm is to decrease the reconstruction cost and increase the data delivery ratio. In comparing the VCCSR protocol with BFS tree-based protocols in simulation, this paper demonstrates that the spanning tree adjustment process executed by VCCSR does in fact decrease the reconstruction cost and increase the data delivery ratio.",
"corpus_id": 19142116
} | {
"title": "Integrating hydrological modelling, data assimilation and cloud computing for real-time management of water resources",
"abstract": "Online data acquisition, data assimilation and integrated hydrological modelling have become more and more important in hydrological science. In this study, we explore cloud computing for integrating field data acquisition and stochastic, physically-based hydrological modelling in a data assimilation and optimisation framework as a service to water resources management. For this purpose, we developed an ensemble Kalman filter-based data assimilation system for the fully-coupled, physically-based hydrological model HydroGeoSphere, which is able to run in a cloud computing environment. A synthetic data assimilation experiment based on the widely used tilted V-catchment problem showed that the computational overhead for the application of the data assimilation platform in a cloud computing environment is minimal, which makes it well-suited for practical water management problems. Advantages of the cloud-based implementation comprise the independence from computational infrastructure and the straightforward integration of cloud-based observation databases with the modelling and data assimilation platform. A cloud-based real-time modelling and data assimilation framework is established.Can be connected to a cloud-based data acquisition and monitoring module.HydroGeoSphere is used as the hydrological forward model.The tiltedV-catchment problem is used as a benchmark for the system.",
"corpus_id": 24447492,
"score": 1
} |
{
"title": "A conditional estimating equation approach for recurrent event data with additional longitudinal information",
"abstract": "Recurrent event data are quite common in biomedical and epidemiological studies. A significant portion of these data also contain additional longitudinal information on surrogate markers. Previous studies have shown that popular methods using a Cox model with longitudinal outcomes as time‐dependent covariates may lead to biased results, especially when longitudinal outcomes are measured with error. Hence, it is important to incorporate longitudinal information into the analysis properly. To achieve this, we model the correlation between longitudinal and recurrent event processes using latent random effect terms. We then propose a two‐stage conditional estimating equation approach to model the rate function of recurrent event process conditioned on the observed longitudinal information. The performance of our proposed approach is evaluated through simulation. We also apply the approach to analyze cocaine addiction data collected by the University of Connecticut Health Center. The data include recurrent event information on cocaine relapse and longitudinal cocaine craving scores. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.",
"corpus_id": 3544392
} | {
"title": "Group Network Hawkes Process",
"abstract": ": In this work, we study the event occurrences of individuals interacting in a network. To characterize the dynamic interactions among the individuals, we propose a group network Hawkes process (GNHP) model whose network structure is observed and fixed. In particular, we introduce a latent group structure among individuals to account for the heterogeneous user-specific characteristics. A maximum likelihood approach is proposed to simultaneously cluster individuals in the network and estimate model parameters. A fast EM algorithm is subsequently developed by utilizing the branching representation of the proposed GNHP model. Theoretical properties of the resulting estimators of group memberships and model parameters are investigated under both settings when the number of latent groups G is over-specified or correctly specified. A data-driven criterion that can consistently identify the true G under mild conditions is derived. Extensive simulation studies and an application to a data set collected from Sina Weibo are used to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed methodology.",
"corpus_id": 239616540
} | {
"title": "Masochism and its Rhythm",
"abstract": "Over five years, from 1919 to 1924, Freud dealt with masochism in three texts written in close proximity: “A Child Is Being Beaten,” Beyond the Pleasure Principle, and “The Economic Problem of Masochism.” Initially Freud explains masochism as incestuous fixation on the father and regression to pregenital, sadistic ways of loving. Subsequently he considers it primarily as subservient to the death drive. This paper starts from an idea present in two of the three texts, but not developed by Freud, in which he refers to the role that the “qualitative” element of rhythm could play in the occurrence of pleasure in masochism. By means of this element traumatic aspects of the primary relationship with the object could be stored as fantasies in the body. In any staged masochistic fantasies of being beaten or in masochistic perversion, the pleasure of pain would lie in the attempt to “dream” the trauma not only in the imagination but also, “aesthetically,” in the body.",
"corpus_id": 4794790,
"score": 1
} |
{
"title": "Persistence of HPV after radio-chemotherapy in locally advanced cervical cancer.",
"abstract": "A causal association of high risk HPV persistent infections with cervical cancer is firmly established by epidemiological and experimental evidence. Since HPV is considered a necessary factor for cervix carcinoma development and disease severity, the HPV DNA persistence may represent an indicator of both therapy effectiveness and risk of recurrence. The presence of HPV in locally advanced cervical carcinoma was analysed at the beginning of therapy, shortly after treatment and during follow-up, in 18 patients with cervix carcinoma treated by radio/chemotherapy. Persistence of HPV DNA sequences was revealed in 62.5% (10/16) of HPV positive patients, in which the HPV type and its physical status were exactly the same as at the onset of therapy, even many years after surgery. Interestingly, in two patients the HPV18 sequence analysis detected the same point mutations in the samples before and after the chemotherapy, and during the follow-up. HPV DNA clearance was associated with a better patient outcome because the majority of the HPV cleared women showed a complete response (6/6), no disease recurrence (4/6), and are still alive. Nevertheless, statistically significant association was seen only with complete responses versus partial or no responses. In conclusion, we demonstrated that HPV DNA positive tumour cells might persist for years in the genital epithelia, even after the surgical removal of the cervix and that HPV DNA detection after therapy is a valid and significant (p=0.03) tool to assess the efficacy of the treatment.",
"corpus_id": 952678
} | {
"title": "Persistence of human papillomavirus infection after therapeutic conization for CIN 3: is it an alarm for disease recurrence?",
"abstract": "OBJECTIVE\nThe aims of this study were (1) to examine whether HPV DNA is persistently detected in the cervix after therapeutic conization for CIN 3 and (2) to explore whether a patient with persistence of HPV infection is at risk of developing recurrent disease.\n\n\nMETHODS\nOf 74 patients referred with CIN 3, 58 who were tested for HPV DNA in the pretreatment cervical lesions were enrolled in the study. After standard therapeutic conization, patients were followed prospectively at the outpatient clinic. Our follow-up protocol was to follow patients without therapeutic intervention as long as they developed no recurrence or recurrence of CIN 1 or 2, while patients who experienced recurrence of CIN 3 were recommended for reconization or hysterectomy. The polymerase chain reaction for detecting HPV DNA was performed using fresh cell samples from the cervix.\n\n\nRESULTS\nIn 56 of 58 patients (96.6%), HPV DNAs were detected in their primary cervical lesions prior to conization. With regard to the distribution of HPV types, HPV type 16 family (types 16, 31, and 35) was identified in 28 cases (50.0%), type 18 family (types 18, 33 and 58) in 15 (26.8%), and type X in 18 (32.1%). Up to August 1999, all of the 58 patients have been followed with a mean follow-up period of 31.8 months (range: 12 to 73 months). After treatment, HPV DNA was persistently detected in 11 (19.6%) but negative in 45 (80.4%) of 56 HPV DNA-positive patients. HPV DNA was not detected in both HPV DNA-negative patients. Five of 11 persistently HPV DNA-positive patients (45.5%) developed CIN recurrence, while none of 45 persistently HPV DNA-negative patients did. Thus, there was a significant difference between the recurrence rates of these two groups (P < 0.0001). Both patients who were initially HPV DNA-negative developed no recurrence. Accordingly, the overall recurrence following conservative treatment for CIN 3 was 5 of 58 patients (8.6%).\n\n\nCONCLUSIONS\nPatients with persistent HPV infection after conization for CIN 3 should be especially closely followed because they are at increased risk of developing disease recurrence.",
"corpus_id": 28222730
} | {
"title": "An improved assay for cyclic GMP using an insect binding protein.",
"abstract": "Protein from silkmoth pupal fat body was used to develop a simple radioisotope-competition binding assay for cGMP, with increased sensitivity and specificity over the currently used protein binding assay (2). With this assay, we have initiated a study of the distribution of cGMP in crickets, which contain unusually high levels, as previously reported by Ishikawa et al. (11).",
"corpus_id": 43858057,
"score": 1
} |
{
"title": "RNA Interference Targets Arbovirus Replication in Culicoides Cells",
"abstract": "ABSTRACT Arboviruses are transmitted to vertebrate hosts by biting arthropod vectors such as mosquitoes, ticks, and midges. These viruses replicate in both arthropods and vertebrates and are thus exposed to different antiviral responses in these organisms. RNA interference (RNAi) is a sequence-specific RNA degradation mechanism that has been shown to play a major role in the antiviral response against arboviruses in mosquitoes. Culicoides midges are important vectors of arboviruses, known to transmit pathogens of humans and livestock such as bluetongue virus (BTV) (Reoviridae), Oropouche virus (Bunyaviridae), and likely the recently discovered Schmallenberg virus (Bunyaviridae). In this study, we investigated whether Culicoides cells possess an antiviral RNAi response and whether this is effective against arboviruses, including those with double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) genomes, such as BTV. Using reporter gene-based assays, we established the presence of a functional RNAi response in Culicoides sonorensis-derived KC cells which is effective in inhibiting BTV infection. Sequencing of small RNAs from KC and Aedes aegypti-derived Aag2 cells infected with BTV or the unrelated Schmallenberg virus resulted in the production of virus-derived small interfering RNAs (viRNAs) of 21 nucleotides, similar to the viRNAs produced during arbovirus infections of mosquitoes. In addition, viRNA profiles strongly suggest that the BTV dsRNA genome is accessible to a Dicer-type nuclease. Thus, we show for the first time that midge cells target arbovirus replication by mounting an antiviral RNAi response mainly resembling that of other insect vectors of arboviruses.",
"corpus_id": 3509341
} | {
"title": "viRome: an R package for the visualization and analysis of viral small RNA sequence datasets",
"abstract": "Summary: RNA interference (RNAi) is known to play an important part in defence against viruses in a range of species. Second-generation sequencing technologies allow us to assay these systems and the small RNAs that play a key role with unprecedented depth. However, scientists need access to tools that can condense, analyse and display the resulting data. Here, we present viRome, a package for R that takes aligned sequence data and produces a range of essential plots and reports. Availability and implementation: viRome is released under the BSD license as a package for R available for both Windows and Linux http://virome.sf.net. Additional information and a tutorial is available on the ARK-Genomics website: http://www.ark-genomics.org/bioinformatics/virome. Contact: mick.watson@roslin.ed.ac.uk",
"corpus_id": 1387392
} | {
"title": "Defining the Structure-Function Relationships of Bluetongue Virus Helicase Protein VP6",
"abstract": "ABSTRACT The VP6 protein of bluetongue virus possesses a number of activities, including nucleoside triphosphatase, RNA binding, and helicase activity (N. Stauber, J. Martinez-Costas, G. Sutton, K. Monastyrskaya, and P. Roy, J. Virol. 71:7220-7226, 1997). Although the enzymatic functions of the protein have been documented, a detailed structure and function study has not been completed and the oligomeric form of the protein in solution has not been described. In this study, we have characterized VP6 activity by creating site-directed mutations in the putative functional helicase domains. Mutant proteins were expressed at high levels in an insect cell by using recombinant baculoviruses purified and analyzed for ATP binding, ATP hydrolysis, and RNA unwinding activities. UV cross-linking experiments indicated that the lysine residue in the conserved motif AXXGXGK110V is directly involved in ATP binding, whereas mutant R205Q in the arginine-rich motif ER205XGRXXR bound ATP at a level comparable to that of the wild-type protein. The RNA binding activity was drastically altered in the R205Q mutant and was also affected in the K110N mutant. Helicase activity was altered in both mutants. The mutation E157N in the DEXX sequence, presumed to act as a Walker B motif, showed an intermediate activity, implying that this motif does not play a crucial role in VP6 function. Purified protein demonstrated stable oligomers with a ring-like morphology in the presence of nucleic acids similar to those shown by other helicases. Gel filtration chromatography, native gel electrophoresis, and glycerol gradient analysis clearly indicated multiple oligomeric forms of VP6.",
"corpus_id": 432877,
"score": 2
} |
{
"title": "Synthesis and structure of a layered titanosilicate catalyst with five-coordinate titanium",
"abstract": "TITANIUM occurs widely in the Earth's crust, traces of it being present in most rocks, soils and clays. It is estimated that titanosilicate minerals alone number more than 100; but, remarkably, in only one of these does the Ti(IV) ion take up fivefold coordination. This is in fresnoite1 (Ba2TiSi2O8), which contains square-pyramidal TiO5 polyhedra. In the course of a programme2–11 to produce new microporous and mesoporous solid catalysts, we have discovered an unusual non-centrosymmetric, tetragonal layered solid (Na4Ti2Si8O22·4H2O), designated JDF-L1, which promises to have interesting applications in materials chemistry. This material contains five-coordinate Ti(IV) ions in the form of TiO5 square pyramids in which each of the vertices of the base is linked to SiO4 tetrahedra [TiO·O4(SiO3)4] to form continuous sheets. The structure was solved by applying ab initio methods to data obtained by X-ray absorption spectroscopy and powder X-ray diffraction. The interlamellar Na+ ions of JDF-L1 are replaceable by protonated amines, and after treatment with a mixture of dilute acid and hydrogen peroxide the parent solid selectively oxidizes phenol to quinone. These results indicate that the material should have useful catalytic, intercalation and ion-exchange properties analogous to those of aluminosilicate clays.",
"corpus_id": 4340015
} | {
"title": "Ba(2)Ti(2)Si(2)O(9)F(2), a new titanium silicate.",
"abstract": "Dibarium dititanium difluoride dioxide heptaoxidodisilicate, Ba(2)Ti(2)Si(2)O(9)F(2), is a new edge-sharing titanate with a unique titanium silicate framework. All atoms in the structure are in general positions. Titanium oxyfluoride octahedra combine with silicon tetrahedra to form a double stacked chain, which is the base unit of the layered framework. The Ba atoms lie in channels that extend along the a axis.",
"corpus_id": 12053686
} | {
"title": "Carbohydrate analysis of fermentation broth by high-performance liquid chromatography utilizing solid-phase extraction",
"abstract": "Abstract Nutrient information concerning the specific needs in fermentation broth is crucial to the potency and production of an antibiotic. Nutrient analysis of carbohydrate metabolism by HPLC is hindered by an array of fermentation broth interferences. These interferences can be effectively removed by solid-phase extraction. The fermentation broth was diluted with an equal amount of water and vortexed. The sample mixture was eluted through an activated Acell QMA solid-phase cartridge. The resultant eluent was diluted with an equal amount of a acetonitrile—ethanol (75:25) mixture, vortexed and filtered. The sample extract was chromatographed on a YMC polyamine column using refractive index detection. The mobile phase consisted of acetonitrile—water (75:25) at a flow-rate of 1 ml/min. Under these conditions, glucose, fructose, sucrose and maltose were separated in less than 13 min with baseline resolution. This method is capable of monitoring the carbohydrate consumption and metabolism throughout the fermentation process.",
"corpus_id": 84262156,
"score": 1
} |
{
"title": "Analysis of the zebrafish smoothened mutant reveals conserved and divergent functions of hedgehog activity.",
"abstract": "Despite extensive studies, there are still many unanswered questions regarding the mechanism of hedgehog signaling and the phylogenic conservation of hedgehog function in vertebrates. For example, whether hedgehog signaling in vertebrates requires smoothened is unclear, and the role of hedgehog activity in zebrafish is controversial. We show that inactivation of smoothened by retroviral insertions in zebrafish results in defects that are characteristic of hedgehog deficiencies, including abnormalities in body size, the central nervous system, adaxial mesoderm, cartilage and pectoral fins. We demonstrate that, as in Drosophila, vertebrate smoothened is essential for hedgehog signaling, and functions upstream of protein kinase A. Further analysis of neural tube defects revealed the absence of lateral floor plate and secondary motoneurons, but the presence of medial floor plate and primary motoneurons in smoothened mutant embryos. Blocking maternal hedgehog signaling by cyclopamine eliminates primary motoneurons, but not medial floor plate. Interestingly, even after inhibition of maternal hedgehog activity, the midbrain dopaminergic neurons still form, and looping of the heart does not randomize in the mutants. We also found decreased proliferation and increased apoptosis in the mutants. Taken together, these data demonstrate the conserved role of vertebrate smoothened in the hedgehog signaling pathway, and reveal similarities and differences of hedgehog function between teleosts and amniotes.",
"corpus_id": 1125775
} | {
"title": "Comparative synteny cloning of zebrafish you-too: mutations in the Hedgehog target gli2 affect ventral forebrain patterning.",
"abstract": "Zebrafish you-too (yot) mutations interfere with Hedgehog (Hh) signaling during embryogenesis. Using a comparative synteny approach, we isolated yot as a zinc finger transcription factor homologous to the Hh target gli2. Two alleles of yot contain nonsense mutations resulting in carboxy-terminally truncated proteins. In addition to causing defects in midline development, muscle differentiation, and retinal axon guidance, yot mutations disrupt anterior pituitary and ventral forebrain differentiation. yot mutations also cause ectopic lens formation in the ventral diencephalon. These findings reveal that truncated zebrafish Gli2 proteins interfere with Hh signaling necessary for differentiation and axon guidance in the ventral forebrain.",
"corpus_id": 13972231
} | {
"title": "Maternal immunoregulation: interrelationship between alloreactive and anti-self plus conventional antigen T sets of cells.",
"abstract": "In a previous paper we reported early immunoregulatory mechanisms involving not only the appearance of progressive suppression but also significant increases in alloreactive T levels in paraaortic lymph nodes (PALN) and spleen, not only in allogeneic but also in syngeneic pregnancies. Taking into account the hypothesis of the superposition of the alloreactive and the anti-self plus conventional antigens T sets of cells, we investigated whether immunization with conventional antigens was able to alter alloreactive T levels. Weekly i.p. doses of rabbit red bloods cells (RRBC) in BALB/c mice resulted in a dose-dependent increase in spleen alloreactivity as determined by graft-versus-host (GvH) assays in strain combinations differing at H-2 level but not in those sharing the same H-2 with BALB/c. The increases could be significantly decreased by an anti-idiotype anti-RRBC serum. Pretreatment with i.p. weekly doses of sheep red blood cells (SRBC) before mating was able to induce dose-dependent fetal damage when the parents differed at the H-2 level. SRBC immunization in one of the uterine horns induced increases in PALN weight which were much higher in progesterone-pseudopregnant than in virgin mice; T alloreactivity was significantly increased in the draining PALN only in pseudopregnant females. These results favour the postulation of the superposition between the alloreactive and the anti-self plus conventional antigens T sets of cells and suggest a possible role for conventional fetal antigens (non H-2) in triggering immunoregulatory mechanisms operating in pregnancy.",
"corpus_id": 3420423,
"score": 1
} |
{
"title": "Not all new recombinant human erythropoietins are biosimilars.",
"abstract": "To the Editor: We completely agree with the critical point of view expressed by Dr Singh regarding the new challenges raised by epoetin-a’s copies known as follow-on epoetin. However, we would like to stress the point that the qualification of Wepox (Wockhardt Limited, Mumbai, India) as a ‘biosimilar’ is probably not fully correct. We acknowledge that this epoetin’s copy is a follow-on epoetin (related to US regulatory rules), nevertheless, naming those products as ‘biosimilars’ could bring some confusion and misunderstanding in the European Union (EU). As the patents for epoetin-a have expired recently in the EU and elsewhere, some pharmaceutical manufacturers have started developing copies. The European Medicines Agency (EMEA) has made efforts to establish guidelines for the development and approval of biopharmaceuticals through the biosimilar pathway for biotechnology derived proteins (rHu-Epo, GCSF, y). This pathway is totally different from the regulations for generic chemically defined drugs. At this time, three rHu-EPO have been accepted as a biosimilar in the EU by the EMEA after having performed the required phase I and III comparative studies. To the best of our knowledge, Wepox has not fulfilled these requirements. Indeed, according to European biosimilar guidelines for rHu-Epo, the clinical efficacy and safety of biosimilar rHuEPO preparations should be demonstrated in at least two adequately powered, randomized, parallel group clinical trials in comparison to a reference product. As mentioned by the author, potential differences between biosimilar glycoproteins such as rHu-EPO and the originator compounds may have differences on immunogenicity, pharmacokinetics, and purity, because of the transgene, the host cell line. The culture conditions and the purification procedures applied by a follow-on manufacturer cannot be the same as the original. According to the EMEA biosimilar guidelines, extensive comparability testing will be required to demonstrate that the biosimilar has a comparable profile in terms of quality, safety, and efficacy as the reference product (physicochemical and biological properties between production batches (that is, comparability) and in comparison with a reference product (that is, similarity)). Although several assays are available, reliable tests for safety and efficacy still require development and international standards. Clinical trials and postauthorization pharmacovigilance are essential to guarantee the product’s safety and efficacy over time. In consequence, pharmacovigilance, as part of a comprehensive risk management plan, is needed to include regular testing for consistent manufacturing of the drug. This postauthorization program is an integral part of biosimilar guideline. From our knowledge, Wepox has not been developed in accordance with the EMEA biosimilar guidelines. Therefore, the wording of the authors naming this product as a ‘biosimilar’ could bring some misunderstanding in Europe.",
"corpus_id": 2719018
} | {
"title": "Regulation of follow-on biologics.",
"abstract": "The first generation of biopharmaceuticals has begun to lose patent protection. Richard Frank writes that there is concern that without new U.S. regulations, patent expirations may not be accompanied by the introduction of competing, lower-cost biologic agents, or that imitator products might be approved without sufficient proof of efficacy and safety. Senator Orrin Hatch discusses his current bill for the regulation of follow-on biologic agents and the ways in which it must differ from laws governing traditional generic pharmaceuticals. Senator Hatch is a Republican from Utah.",
"corpus_id": 21448419
} | {
"title": "In Vivo and In Vitro Pharmacodynamics of Anthelmintic Medication Used in Sheep",
"abstract": "Our research aimed to evaluate the efficacy of anthelmintic treatments in sheep, as well as the resistance occurrence risk for the most commonly used substances. Anthelmintic medication efficacy was evaluated on 30 animals from a private farm, located in Sânmihaiu Almaşului, Sălaj County. In vivo studies were performed by using Fecal Egg Count Reduction Test (FECRT) and testing an albendazole-based (ABZ) product. In vitro, we used Egg Hatch Assay (EHA) and Larval Development Assay (LDA) for albendazole (ABZ), mebendazole (MBZ), fenbendazole (FBZ), thiabendazole (TBZ) and ivermectin (IVM) (only for LDA). FECRT showed that intestinal nematodes developed resistance phenomena against the ABZ-based product, with an extensivity of 80% at seven days post therapy, an egg reduction percentage of 41.89% at seven days post-therapy and 43.9% at 14 days post-therapy. The in vitro EHA highlighted a superior efficacy of TBZ (egg hatch percentage at reference concentration being 51.21) compared to ABZ (71.89%), MBZ (84.46%) and FBZ (79.22%), with a minimum risk of anthelmintic resistance. The LDA test revealed the superior efficacy of FBZ (MIC 0.59 mcg/ml) and IVM (MIC 0.078 mcg/ml), with a minimal risk of inducing parasitic resistance. All in vivo and in vitro tests revealed a limited ABZ efficacy, recommending avoiding the therapy with this substance.",
"corpus_id": 219149934,
"score": 1
} |
{
"title": "Parametric conversion with distributedly modulated capacitors (DMC) for low-noise and non-reciprocal RF front-ends",
"abstract": "Transmission lines with time-varying reactance exhibit interesting behaviors such as parametric amplification and mixing [1]. In this paper, such a transmission line realized with distributedly modulated capacitors (DMC) is demonstrated with its active conversion gain, low noise figure as well as non-reciprocity. DMC is offered a great potential to operate in an RF front-end either as a broadband low-noise amplifier (LNA) or an integrated circulator. A practical implementation is presented with varactors and microstrip lines connected in double-balanced fashion. DMC shows in simulations that 9 dB gain with below 0.5 dB noise figure over the input signal frequency of 1 to 6 GHz is achievable when it is optimized for gain and noise performance. Alternatively when the circuit is optimized for isolation, greater than 13 dB isolation can be achieved from 500 MHz to 1.8 GHz, which has been verified with the experiment.",
"corpus_id": 2411548
} | {
"title": "Nonreciprocal Components With Distributedly Modulated Capacitors",
"abstract": "The concept of distributedly modulated capacitors (DMC) is proposed as a form of time-varying transmission-line structure offering nonreciprocal propagation and coupling characteristics. The nonreciprocity is achieved by taking advantage of the additional dimension of time-variance in the transmission-line property. The complete theory, based on: 1) the distributed parametric effect on a time-varying transmission line and 2) the distributed capacitive mixers, is presented with emphasis on the theoretical bounds of the isolation and insertion performances of DMC. Simulations are carried out and a prototype consisting of double-balanced varactor diodes on microstrip lines is implemented on a Rogers board. The measured results agree well with the theoretical derivations and the simulation results. It is thus confirmed that the DMC has great potential of being a circulator device with broadband, minimum insertion loss, and synthesizable isolation characteristics. It can be integrated into an RF system front-end that allows transmission and reception of signals at the same time and the same frequency.",
"corpus_id": 13987504
} | {
"title": "Nonlinear transmission lines for pulse shaping in silicon",
"abstract": "Nonlinear transmission lines (NLTL) are used for pulse shaping. We developed the theory of pulse propagation through the NLTL. The problem of a wide pulse degenerating into multiple pulses rather than a single pulse is solved by using a gradually scaled NLTL. We exploit certain favorable properties of accumulation-mode MOS varactors to design an NLTL that can simultaneously sharpen both rising and falling edges. There is a good agreement among the theory, simulations, and measurements.",
"corpus_id": 8886266,
"score": 2
} |
{
"title": "Nanoparticle-coated PDMS elastomers for enhancement of Raman scattering.",
"abstract": "A simple but efficient method for highly sensitive Raman detection, covering a thin polydimethylsiloxane elastomer, pre-coated with a layer of Au or Ag nanoparticles, onto the detected substrate, is proposed. Moreover, this nanoparticle-coated PDMS elastomer can be used for chemical imaging with high sensitivity.",
"corpus_id": 542927
} | {
"title": "Patterning Self-Assembled Monolayers: Applications in Materials Science",
"abstract": "Self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) form when organic molecules spontaneously chemisorb on the surfaces of solids (e.g. organic thiols and disulfides on gold, silver, and copper or carboxylic acids on the surface of alumina).1'2 The most robust and best characterized SAMs are those comprising alkanethiolates on gold.l By variation of the length of the alkane chain and the identityof the functional group at its terminus, the thickness of the organic layer and the chemical properties of the exposed interface can be controlled with great precision. We and others have used these SAMs for studies in tribology,t adhesion,a wetting,s and other fields.6 In this paper, we describe a technique for patterning the formation of SAMs, using an elastomeric stamp, that can routinely produce patterns with dimensions from 1 to 100 lrm;7 features as small as 0.2 mm (200 nm) have been generated using this procedure, although these very small features are not always easily reproduced. These patterned surfaces have geometrically well-defined regions with different chemical and physical properties. We demonstrate a number of uses for them.",
"corpus_id": 18487661
} | {
"title": "Raman dye-labeled nanoparticle probes for proteins.",
"abstract": "In this paper, we demonstrate how one can chemically design Raman dye-functionalized nanoparticle probes with specific protein-binding affinities and use these probes, coupled with surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) spectroscopy, to perform multiplexed screening of protein-small molecule interactions and protein-protein interactions in a protein microarray format.",
"corpus_id": 6851031,
"score": 2
} |
{
"title": "“I Can’t Eat if I Don’t Plass”: Impoverished Plasma Donors, Alternatives, and Autonomy",
"abstract": "One of the central considerations to be taken into account in evaluating the ethics of compensation for donated plasma is respect for donor autonomy. And one of the main arguments against compensated donation systems is that many donors do or would come from circumstances of poverty that restrict their alternatives in a way that compromises those donors’ autonomy. In this paper, I develop and defend a novel version of this “compromised autonomy argument” which improves upon extant versions by employing a more nuanced account of the relationship between alternatives and autonomy. According to the version of that argument I offer, donors lack autonomy with respect to the sale of their plasma if their economic circumstances leave them with no choice but to sell their plasma (i.e., “plass”) on the basis of a desire they have had no choice but to hold. After explicating the key terms of this argument, I examine its policy implications. I argue that, given several reasonable empirical assumptions, my argument implies that a majority of individuals whose income falls below a specified threshold would indeed lack autonomy with respect to the sale of their plasma. Most individuals whose income falls above that threshold, on the other hand, would be able to autonomously sell their plasma. I argue that respect for donor autonomy therefore speaks in favor of an income-restricted system of compensated donation which permits collection centers to purchase plasma from those whose income falls above the relevant threshold, but not those below it.",
"corpus_id": 638647
} | {
"title": "Autonomy and organ sales, revisited.",
"abstract": "In this paper I develop and defend my arguments in favor of the moral permissibility of a legal market for human body parts in response to the criticisms that have been leveled at them by Paul M. Hughes and Samuel J. Kerstein.",
"corpus_id": 24217338
} | {
"title": "The Misguided Marriage of Responsibility and Autonomy",
"abstract": "Much of the literature devoted to the topics of agent autonomy and agent responsibility suggests strong conceptual overlaps between the two, although few explore these overlaps explicitly. Beliefs of this sort are commonplace, but they mistakenly conflate the global state of being autonomous with the local condition of acting autonomously or exhibiting autonomy in respect to some act or decision. Because the latter, local phenomenon of autonomy seems closely tied to the condition of being responsible for an act, we tend to think of the former, global phenomenon as a condition of responsibility as well. But one can act autonomously, or manifest autonomy with respect to some occurrent state, without satisfying the conditions for autonomous agency. Autonomous agency and responsible agency are logically distinct in part due to the varient conceptions of rationality each calls for. Both agent responsibility and holding a person responsible imply a fairly ``thick'' form of rationality, where rationality embodies a normative component and is a matter of satisfying criteria that are objective in the sense that they are independent of what a person happens to want or to value. But autonomous agency calls for a quite different, ``thin'' conception of instrumental rationality.",
"corpus_id": 140440275,
"score": 2
} |
{
"title": "Down-regulation of PoGT47C expression in poplar results in a reduced glucuronoxylan content and an increased wood digestibility by cellulase.",
"abstract": "Xylan is the second most abundant polysaccharide in dicot wood. Unraveling the biosynthetic pathway of xylan is important not only for our understanding of the process of wood formation but also for our rational engineering of wood for biofuel production. Although several glycosyltransferases are implicated in glucuronoxylan (GX) biosynthesis in Arabidopsis, whether their close orthologs in woody tree species are essential for GX biosynthesis during wood formation has not been investigated. In fact, no studies have been reported to evaluate the effects of alterations in secondary wall-associated glycosyltransferases on wood formation in tree species. In this report, we demonstrate that PoGT47C, a poplar glycosyltransferase belonging to family GT47, is essential for the normal biosynthesis of GX and the normal secondary wall thickening in the wood of the hybrid poplar Populus alba x tremula. RNA interference (RNAi) inhibition of PoGT47C resulted in a drastic reduction in the thickness of secondary walls, a deformation of vessels and a decreased amount of GX in poplar wood. Structural analysis of GX using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy demonstrated that the reducing end of GX from poplar wood contains the tetrasaccharide sequence, beta-d-Xylp-(1-->3)-alpha-l-Rhap-(1-->2)-alpha-d-GalpA-(1-->4)-d-Xylp, and that its abundance was significantly decreased in the GX from the wood of the GT47C-RNAi lines. The transgenic wood was found to yield more glucose by cellulase digestion than the wild-type wood, indicating that the GX reduction in wood reduces the recalcitrance of wood to cellulase digestion. Together, these results provide direct evidence demonstrating that the PoGT47C glycosyltransferase is essential for normal GX biosynthesis in poplar wood and that GX modification could improve the digestibility of wood cellulose by cellulase.",
"corpus_id": 14698311
} | {
"title": "Evolutionary Conservation of Xylan Biosynthetic Genes in Selaginella moellendorffii and Physcomitrella patens.",
"abstract": "Xylan is a major cross-linking hemicellulose in secondary walls of vascular tissues, and the recruitment of xylan as a secondary wall component was suggested to be a pivotal event for the evolution of vascular tissues. To decipher the evolution of xylan structure and xylan biosynthetic genes, we analyzed xylan substitution patterns and characterized genes mediating methylation of glucuronic acid (GlcA) side chains in xylan of the model seedless vascular plant, Selaginella moellendorffii, and investigated GT43 genes from S. moellendorffii and the model non-vascular plant, Physcomitrella patens, for their roles in xylan biosynthesis. Using nuclear magentic resonance spectroscopy, we have demonstrated that S. moellendorffii xylan consists of β-1,4-linked xylosyl residues subsituted solely with methylated GlcA residues and that xylans from both S. moellendorffii and P. patens are acetylated at O-2 and O-3. To investigate genes responsible for GlcA methylation of xylan, we identified two DUF579 genes in the S. moellendorffii genome and showed that one of them, SmGXM, encodes a glucuronoxylan methyltransferase capable of adding the methyl group onto the GlcA side chain of xylooligomers. Furthermore, we revealed that the two GT43 genes in S. moellendorffii, SmGT43A and SmGT43B, are functional orthologs of the Arabidopsis xylan backbone biosynthetic genes IRX9 and IRX14, respectively, indicating the evolutionary conservation of the involvement of two functionally non-redundant groups of GT43 genes in xylan backbone biosynthesis between seedless and seed vascular plants. Among the five GT43 genes in P. patens, PpGT43A was found to be a functional ortholog of Arabidopsis IRX9, suggesting that the recruitment of GT43 genes in xylan backbone biosynthesis occurred when non-vascular plants appeared on land.",
"corpus_id": 3291540
} | {
"title": "Death comes to town, irreverent humour, and accessibility for the blind and low-visioned",
"abstract": "This article focuses on described video (DV), which makes television accessible to persons who are blind or who have low vision by providing voice-over descriptions of shows. The article highlights the lack of DV content in Canada and outlines the factors inhibiting more DV production, including policy, the commercial and organizational structure of television, and the established conventions that were developed for certain genres (e.g., documentary and drama). It uses the described version of the recent CBC mini-series Death Comes to Town, created by the comedy troupe Kids in the Hall, to illustrate how different genres of television, such as comedy, require unconventional styles of description to convey their full cultural meaning. Finally, it argues that true accessibility and participation in national media culture for people who are blind or have low vision, as mandated in Canadian and international law, depend on adequate DV.",
"corpus_id": 38053747,
"score": 0
} |
{
"title": "Carbon nanotube based multiple spectrum infrared camera",
"abstract": "Infrared (IR) cameras have wide range of applications, but high cost and low performance of its core component, IR detectors, prevent theirs broad usages in various fields. Motivated by this challenge, a carbon nanotube (CNT) based multiple spectrum IR camera was developed, which used nano-size CNT as the functional element of IR detectors, integrating into a novel camera architecture. CNT has exceptional optoelectronic properties owing to its one dimensional (1D) quantum confined structure. IR detectors using multi-wall CNT (MWCNT), comprising of CNTs with multiple diameters, demonstrated that they can effectively detect multiple-spectrum IR signals at room temperature, which is difficult for detectors using planar materials due to the high noise and single bandgap energy of bulk semiconductors. IR detectors using CNTs were assembled by bottom-up approaches, thus it is difficult to manufacture a large focal plane array as in conventional camera structure. In the new IR camera configuration, the image is projected onto a micro-mirror array, which encodes the image using compressive sensing algorithm. The encoded signals are captured by a single IR detector. Images were recovered by decoding the information obtained from the CNT detector. Experimental results showed that an IR image with 50×50 resolution can be recovered by only 800 times of measurement. This novel imaging architecture shows promising future in IR camera system.",
"corpus_id": 12364629
} | {
"title": "High-speed non-cryogenic cooled infrared sensors using carbon nanotubes",
"abstract": "We report the development of high-speed carbon nanotube (CNT) based infrared (IR) sensors which operate at room temperature. When a single CNT is manipulated between two different metal electrodes, a Schottky diode is formed at the CNT-metal interface, so photocurrent is generated when there is IR illumination. The devices exhibit a fast optical response time of 15 μs and the response time is limited by the readout circuit during the measurement. Beside, we proved CNTs are less temperature-dependent. Dark current of CNTs changes by a factor of 10 for 200 °C drop in temperature, and photocurrent is also maintained in the same level. These values indicated nanotube can be used as an excellent IR sensing material with high-speed, stable and reliable performance under non-cryogenic cooled environment.",
"corpus_id": 6390222
} | {
"title": "Methodology For Quantifying Flare In A Microdensitometer",
"abstract": "Linear systems methodology is proposed which quantifies flare as part of the spread function or Modulation Transfer Function (MTF) of a microdensitometer with general application to any optical detection system. Because the irradiance system, the sample's scattering properties and the optical components alter the flare portion of these functions, an empirical method, such as edge-gradient analysis, should be used to determine their profiles. Applying straightforward linear systems theory, one has a method of correcting for flare which is usually considered to be a \"nonlinear and unpredictable\" factor. More importantly, this method is applicable for any object distribution (for a given optical system and sample scattering profile). Partial spread functions and partial MTFs are introduced which permit quantifying the degradation produced by flare, this quantity being denoted as the partial flare factor. The partial flare factor is compared to a more restrictive black-overlay flare factor. Examples are discussed for optical detection systems with and without flare.",
"corpus_id": 123621836,
"score": 1
} |
{
"title": "Strategies for embedding scholarship in the educational experiences of engineering technology undergraduate students",
"abstract": "The hallmark of Engineering Technology (ET) programs is its student-centered curriculum and hands-on approach to teaching. Many institutions with ET programs now require scholarship of their ET faculty in addition to their teaching duties. In many institutions that have always emphasized scholarship and research, undergraduate student education has often times taken a back seat to research. The question that arises for ET programs as we begin to engage in scholarly activities is: how do we insure that ET scholarship is student-centered similar to ET teaching and curriculum? The benefits of scholarship to ET students include enhancement of their critical thinking, innovative, lifelong learning skills, skills that many ET employers today are looking for in our students. In this paper, the author examines issues relating to the importance of scholarship to ET undergraduate students, barriers to ET student scholarship, mechanisms for embedding scholarship in the ET curriculum, resources required to facilitate ET student scholarship, and feedback from ET student scholars who recently worked on a scholarly project with the author. The author concludes that embedding scholarship in the ET curriculum is very desirable and suggests some ways and means to facilitate and nurture student scholarship in ET.",
"corpus_id": 153223639
} | {
"title": "The Role Of Undergraduate Research In Engineering Education",
"abstract": "The establishment of formal research programs for undergraduate engineering students is one way to encourage critical thinking, life-long learning, and the pursuit of graduate education. This paper discusses issues associated with the participation of undergraduates in engineering research, and describes the highly successful and firmly established EXCEL Scholars Program of undergraduate research at Lafayette College. Potential modifications and enhancements will be presented which are proposed to enable the program to meet the changing needs of the students and graduate schools. The information contained in this paper will serve to inform other institutions considering the initiation or expansion of a program of undergraduate research.",
"corpus_id": 115828623
} | {
"title": "Engineering Curriculum Reform at Aalborg University",
"abstract": "Aalborg University in the north Jutland region of Denmark was chartered in 1974 and represents an innovative educational experiment with project-based teaching concepts. The University opened with approximately 900 students and currently enrolls an estimated 10,000. This paper examines how project-based teaching at Aalborg University has led to major engineering curriculum reforms. The Danish education initiatives are also compared to recent National Science Foundation efforts to integrate the teaching of design and economics in the United States.",
"corpus_id": 108958988,
"score": 2
} |
{
"title": "Transcriptional Dynamics of the Embryonic Stem Cell Switch",
"abstract": "Recent ChIP experiments of human and mouse embryonic stem cells have elucidated the architecture of the transcriptional regulatory circuitry responsible for cell determination, which involves the transcription factors OCT4, SOX2, and NANOG. In addition to regulating each other through feedback loops, these genes also regulate downstream target genes involved in the maintenance and differentiation of embryonic stem cells. A search for the OCT4–SOX2–NANOG network motif in other species reveals that it is unique to mammals. With a kinetic modeling approach, we ascribe function to the observed OCT4–SOX2–NANOG network by making plausible assumptions about the interactions between the transcription factors at the gene promoter binding sites and RNA polymerase (RNAP), at each of the three genes as well as at the target genes. We identify a bistable switch in the network, which arises due to several positive feedback loops, and is switched on/off by input environmental signals. The switch stabilizes the expression levels of the three genes, and through their regulatory roles on the downstream target genes, leads to a binary decision: when OCT4, SOX2, and NANOG are expressed and the switch is on, the self-renewal genes are on and the differentiation genes are off. The opposite holds when the switch is off. The model is extremely robust to parameter changes. In addition to providing a self-consistent picture of the transcriptional circuit, the model generates several predictions. Increasing the binding strength of NANOG to OCT4 and SOX2, or increasing its basal transcriptional rate, leads to an irreversible bistable switch: the switch remains on even when the activating signal is removed. Hence, the stem cell can be manipulated to be self-renewing without the requirement of input signals. We also suggest tests that could discriminate between a variety of feedforward regulation architectures of the target genes by OCT4, SOX2, and NANOG.",
"corpus_id": 809030
} | {
"title": "Parameter estimation methods for gene circuit modeling from time-series mRNA data: a comparative study",
"abstract": "Parameter estimation is a challenging computational problem in the reverse engineering of biological systems. Because advances in biotechnology have facilitated wide availability of time-series gene expression data, systematic parameter estimation of gene circuit models from such time-series mRNA data has become an important method for quantitatively dissecting the regulation of gene expression. By focusing on the modeling of gene circuits, we examine here the performance of three types of state-of-the-art parameter estimation methods: population-based methods, online methods and model-decomposition-based methods. Our results show that certain population-based methods are able to generate high-quality parameter solutions. The performance of these methods, however, is heavily dependent on the size of the parameter search space, and their computational requirements substantially increase as the size of the search space increases. In comparison, online methods and model decomposition-based methods are computationally faster alternatives and are less dependent on the size of the search space. Among other things, our results show that a hybrid approach that augments computationally fast methods with local search as a subsequent refinement procedure can substantially increase the quality of their parameter estimates to the level on par with the best solution obtained from the population-based methods while maintaining high computational speed. These suggest that such hybrid methods can be a promising alternative to the more commonly used population-based methods for parameter estimation of gene circuit models when limited prior knowledge about the underlying regulatory mechanisms makes the size of the parameter search space vastly large.",
"corpus_id": 452690
} | {
"title": "Assessment of energetic costs of AhR activation by β-naphthoflavone in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) hepatocytes using metabolic flux analysis.",
"abstract": "Exposure to environmental contaminants such as activators of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) leads to the induction of defense and detoxification mechanisms. While these mechanisms allow organisms to metabolize and excrete at least some of these environmental contaminants, it has been proposed that these mechanisms lead to significant energetic challenges. This study tests the hypothesis that activation of the AhR by the model agonist β-naphthoflavone (βNF) results in increased energetic costs in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) hepatocytes. To address this hypothesis, we employed traditional biochemical approaches to examine energy allocation and metabolism including the adenylate energy charge (AEC), protein synthesis rates, Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase activity, and enzyme activities. Moreover, we have used for the first time in a fish cell preparation, metabolic flux analysis (MFA) an in silico approach for the estimation of intracellular metabolic fluxes. Exposure of trout hepatocytes to 1μM βNF for 48h did not alter hepatocyte AEC, protein synthesis, or Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase activity but did lead to sparing of glycogen reserves and changes in activities of alanine aminotransferase and citrate synthase suggesting altered metabolism. Conversely, MFA did not identify altered metabolic fluxes, although we do show that the dynamic metabolism of isolated trout hepatocytes poses a significant challenge for this type of approach which should be considered in future studies.",
"corpus_id": 21111908,
"score": 1
} |
{
"title": "Catastrophe Bonds - Regulating a Growing Asset Class",
"abstract": "As the severity of natural catastrophes continues to intensify, disaster risk management is becoming increasingly important. In order to expand the capacity of the insurance markets, insurers and reinsurers have utilized alternative risk financing mechanisms such as catastrophe (CAT) bonds. Although the CAT bond market has increased recently, past CAT bond defaults have demonstrated that there are still concerns relating to contract documentation and the collateral structure of the bonds. This article argues that additional regulation that addresses these contracting problems and financial risks would facilitate greater use of CAT bonds. Regulatory change should also include industry‐wide accounting and tax reforms that will further support risk management objectives and the growth of the market. If the CAT bond market continues to experience the growth that was witnessed in the past year and additional regulation is implemented, insurers, reinsurers and governments can benefit from the cost‐effective protection that the instruments may provide in the event of a mega‐catastrophe.",
"corpus_id": 155364599
} | {
"title": "The Evolving Market for Catastrophic Event Risk",
"abstract": "This paper discusses the recent changes in the market for catastrophe risk. These risks have traditionally been distributed through the insurance and reinsurance systems. However, because insurance companies tend to share relatively small amounts of their cat exposures and because insurance companies' capital is threatened by large event, these risks are now being shared partly through the capital markets. In looking to likely future developments, the paper enumerates five key ingredients that successfully structured cat instruments are likely to share: retentions should be substantial; layers of protection should not be too high; dollar amounts of risk transfer should not be too small; loss triggers should be beyond cendent control; and loss triggers should be symmetrically transparent.",
"corpus_id": 154610511
} | {
"title": "Caviar: Conditional Value at Risk by Quantile Regression",
"abstract": "Value at Risk has become the standard measure of market risk employed by financial institutions for both internal and regulatory purposes. Despite its conceptual simplicity, its measurement is a very challenging statistical problem and none of the methodologies developed so far give satisfactory solutions. Interpreting Value at Risk as a quantile of future portfolio values conditional on current information, we propose a new approach to quantile estimation which does not require any of the extreme assumptions invoked by existing methodologies (such as normality or i.i.d. returns). The Conditional Value at Risk or CAViaR model moves the focus of attention from the distribution of returns directly to the behavior of the quantile. We postulate a variety of dynamic processes for updating the quantile and use regression quantile estimation to determine the parameters of the updating process. Tests of model adequacy utilize the criterion that each period the probability of exceeding the VaR must be independent of all the past information. We use a differential evolutionary genetic algorithm to optimize an objective function which is non-differentiable and hence cannot be optimized using traditional algorithms. Applications to simulated and real data provide empirical support to our methodology and illustrate the ability of these algorithms to adapt to new risk environments.",
"corpus_id": 153079655,
"score": 2
} |
{
"title": "Developing clinical guidelines: a challenge to current methods",
"abstract": "Current methods for producing clinical guidelines are cumbersome and not always reliable. Could a more streamlined approach improve coverage and make decisions more transparent?",
"corpus_id": 208133
} | {
"title": "The Appropriateness Method",
"abstract": "I this issue of Medical Decision Making, Taffe and colleagues describe a study of the clinical and economic factors influencing the assessments of appropriateness made by clinicians as part of an application of the RAND-UCLA appropriateness method for assessing the use of preoperative erythropoietin in elective orthopedic surgery. Since some readers of the journal may not be familiar with the appropriateness method, in this space I will discuss the development of the appropriateness method, how it is applied, and some of what is known about its utility and validity. The appropriateness method was developed as a pragmatic solution to theproblemof trying to assess for what patients certain surgical and medical procedures are “appropriate.” In this context, appropriate means that the benefits sufficiently exceed the risks and that the procedure is worth doing. Twenty years ago, descriptions of geographic variations in the use of procedures were achieving widespread visibility, and a hypothesis of the timewas that any rate of use higher than the lowest identified rate probably represented “inappropriate” overuse of the procedure at the higher use sites. Investigators at RAND and UCLA set out to test this hypothesis hoping to compare the rate of appropriate and inappropriate use at highand low-use geographic sites, assuming that the determination of what is appropriateuse for aprocedure couldbemade froma thorough review of themedical literature. Having been disabused of this notion after examining the literature on 6 procedures, the investigators were left with the problem of how to make such assessments. Several fundamental concepts helped shape their solution:",
"corpus_id": 27938319
} | {
"title": "Equipping tomorrow's doctors for the patients of today.",
"abstract": "As the proportion of older patients with frailty presenting to health services increases, so does the need for doctors to be adequately trained to meet their needs. The presentations seen in such patients, the evidence-based models of care and skillsets required to deliver them are different than for younger patient groups-so specific training is required. Several research programmes have used detailed and explicit methods to establish evidence-based expert-validated curricula outlining learning outcomes for undergraduates in geriatric medicine-there is now broad-consensus on what newly qualified doctors need to know. There are, despite this, shortcomings in the teaching of undergraduates about geriatric medicine. National and international surveys from the UK, EU, USA, Canada, Austria and the Netherlands have all shown shortcomings in the content and amount of undergraduate teaching. Mechanisms to improve this situation, aside from specifying curricula, include developing academic departments and professorships in geriatric medicine, providing grants to develop teaching in geriatric medicine and developing novel teaching interventions to make the best of existing resources. Under the last of these headings, innovations have been shown to improve outcomes by: using technology to ensure the most effective allocation of teaching time and resources; using inter-professional education as a means of improving attitudes towards care of older patients; focusing teaching specifically on attitudes towards older patients and those who work with them; and trying to engage patients in teaching. Research areas going forward include how to incentivise medical schools to deliver specified curricula, how to choose from an ever-expanding array of teaching technologies, how to implement interprofessional education in a sustainable way and how to design teaching interventions using a qualitative understanding of attitudes towards older patients and the teams that care for them.",
"corpus_id": 46351762,
"score": 1
} |
{
"title": "The Business Intelligence as a Service in the Cloud",
"abstract": "Limitations imposed by the traditional practice in financial institutions of running risk analysis on the desktop mean many rely on models which assume a normal Gaussian distribution of events which can seriously underestimate the real risk. In this paper, we propose an alternative service which uses the elastic capacities of Cloud Computing to escape the limitations of the desktop and produce accurate results more rapidly.The Business Intelligence as a Service (BIaaS) in the Cloud has a dual-service approach to compute risk and pricing for financial analysis. The first type of BIaaS service uses three APIs to simulate the Heston Model to compute the risks and asset prices, and computes the volatility (unsystematic risks) and the implied volatility (systematic risks) which can be tracked down at any time. The second type of BIaaS service uses two APIs to provide business analytics for stock market analysis, and compute results in the visualised format, so that stake holders without prior knowledge can understand. A full case study with two sets of experiments is presented to support the validity and originality of BIaaS. Additional three examples are used to support accuracy of the predicted stock index movement as a result of the use of the Heston Model and its associated APIs.We describe the architecture of deployment, together with examples and results which show how our approach improves risk and investment analysis and maintaining accuracy and efficiency whilst improving performance over desktops.",
"corpus_id": 10332285
} | {
"title": "Introducing STRATOS: A Cloud Broker Service",
"abstract": "This paper introduces a cloud broker service (STRATOS) which facilitates the deployment and runtime management of cloud application topologies using cloud elements/services sourced on the fly from multiple providers, based on requirements specified in higher level objectives. Its implementation and use is evaluated in a set of experiments.",
"corpus_id": 12529786
} | {
"title": "Fast sort on CPUs and GPUs: a case for bandwidth oblivious SIMD sort",
"abstract": "Sort is a fundamental kernel used in many database operations. In-memory sorts are now feasible; sort performance is limited by compute flops and main memory bandwidth rather than I/O. In this paper, we present a competitive analysis of comparison and non-comparison based sorting algorithms on two modern architectures - the latest CPU and GPU architectures. We propose novel CPU radix sort and GPU merge sort implementations which are 2X faster than previously published results. We perform a fair comparison of the algorithms using these best performing implementations on both architectures. While radix sort is faster on current architectures, the gap narrows from CPU to GPU architectures. Merge sort performs better than radix sort for sorting keys of large sizes - such keys will be required to accommodate the increasing cardinality of future databases. We present analytical models for analyzing the performance of our implementations in terms of architectural features such as core count, SIMD and bandwidth. Our obtained performance results are successfully predicted by our models. Our analysis points to merge sort winning over radix sort on future architectures due to its efficient utilization of SIMD and low bandwidth utilization. We simulate a 64-core platform with varying SIMD widths under constant bandwidth per core constraints, and show that large data sizes of 240 (one trillion records), merge sort performance on large key sizes is up to 3X better than radix sort for large SIMD widths on future architectures. Therefore, merge sort should be the sorting method of choice for future databases.",
"corpus_id": 14972686,
"score": -1
} |
{
"title": "Synthesis of an organoinsulin molecule that can be activated by antibody catalysis",
"abstract": "We have developed a methodology of prodrug delivery by using a modified insulin species whose biological activity potentially can be regulated in vivo. Native insulin was derivatized with aldol-terminated chemical modifications that can be selectively removed by the catalytic aldolase antibody 38C2 under physiologic conditions. The derivatized organoinsulin (insulinD) was defective with respect to receptor binding and stimulation of glucose transport. The affinity of insulinD for the insulin receptor was reduced by 90% in binding studies using intact cells. The ability of insulinD to stimulate glucose transport was reduced by 96% in 3T3-L1 adipocytes and by 55% in conscious rats. Incubation of insulinD with the catalytic aldolase antibody 38C2 cleaved all of the aldol-terminated modifications, restoring native insulin. Treatment of insulinD with 38C2 also restored insulinD's receptor binding and glucose transport-stimulating activities in vitro, as well as its ability to lower glucose levels in animals in vivo. We propose that these results are the foundation for an in vivo regulated system of insulin activation using the prohormone insulinD and catalytic antibody 38C2 with potential therapeutic application.",
"corpus_id": 2654381
} | {
"title": "Enhancing the synthetic utility of aldolase antibody 38C2.",
"abstract": "Three-phase partitioning (TPP) treated aldolase antibody 38C2 was evaluated for aldol reaction between p-nitrobenzaldehyde and acetone to give 4-(4'-nitrophenyl)-4-hydroxy-2-butanone. While TPP-treated 38C2 transformed 65% of p-nitrobenzaldehyde, the untreated 38C2 gave only 24% transformation in 18 h at 25 degrees C. However, since TPP-treated 38C2 also gave an additional (unidentified) product, its synthetic utility was limited. Crosslinked aggregate of 38C2, however, gave the biocatalyst which gave a single product and could be reused at 40 degrees C five times without loss of activity.",
"corpus_id": 1610833
} | {
"title": "Kinetic studies of fast equilibrium by means of high-performance liquid chromatography. Part 11. Keto–enol tautomerism of some β-dicarbonyl compounds",
"abstract": "The keto–enol tautomerism of some β-dicarbonyl compounds, including ethyl acetoacetate (1), acetylacetone (2), benzoylacetone (3), dibenzoylmethane (4), and 1,1,1-trifluoro-3-(2-thenoyl)acetone (5), has been investigated in various solvents at 25 °C, by using low-temperature (–20 to –50 °C) high-performance liquid chromatography (h.p.l.c.) for analytical measurements. Base-line separation of keto and enol tautomers of these compounds has been achieved on silica gel packings with a mobile phase composed of hexane and propan-1-ol containing a small amount of acetic acid. The ratios of keto and enol tautomers in different solvents have been determined; the percentages of enol tautomers have been found to be higher in polar solvents, in accord with n.m.r. data previously reported. In all solvents the proportions of enol tautomers of acetylacetone derivatives have been found to increase in the following order; (2) < (3) < (4); this has been attributed to the fact that enol tautomers of phenyl-substituted acetylacetones have been stabilized, owing to the formation of extended conjugated systems. For the ester (1), the presence of a very small amount of a third tautomer (0.1%) has been found, probably an unconjugated enol tautomer.",
"corpus_id": 98053161,
"score": 2
} |
{
"title": "Elevated prevalence of multidrug-resistant gram-negative organisms in HIV positive men",
"abstract": "BackgroundRoutes of transmission of multidrug-resistant gram-negative organisms (MDRGN) are not completely understood. Since sexual transmission of MDRGN might represent a potential mode that has not been noticed so far, this study evaluated transmission of MDRGN in HIV positive men.MethodsBetween November 2014 and March 2016, we retrospectively investigated the MDRGN prevalence in rectal swabs of n = 109 males tested positive for HIV (HP). These findings were compared to the MDRGN prevalence in n = 109 rectal swabs in age-matched males tested negative for HIV (HN) within the same period. According to the infection control protocol of University Hospital Frankfurt, Germany (UHF), patients admitted to intensive/intermediate care units have to be screened for MDRGN on day of admittance. Patients without HIV testing or MDRGN screening were excluded.ResultsMDRGN prevalence in rectal swabs was significantly higher (p = 0.002) in male HP (23.9%; 95% confidence interval 16.2–32.9%) than in age-matched male HN (8.3%; 3.8–15.1%). In total, 35 MDRGN species were detected. The most frequent MDRGN species was Escherichia coli with resistance due to ESBL expression and additional resistance to fluoroquinolones with n = 25/35 (71.4%; 53.7–85.4%). Thereof, n = 19/26 (73.1%; 52.2–88.4%) were detected in HP and n = 6/9 (66.7%; 29.9–92.5%) in HN, respectively.ConclusionsPrevalence of MDRGN is significantly higher in male HIV positive than in male HIV negative individuals. This might indicate sexual transmission of MDRGN within the male HIV positive population. As treatment options in case of MRGN infections are limited, prevention of MDRGN transmission is strongly emphasized.",
"corpus_id": 2533057
} | {
"title": "Escherichia coli Antimicrobial Susceptibility Reduction amongst HIV-Infected Individuals at the University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka, Zambia",
"abstract": "Increased antimicrobial resistance among Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)-infected individuals to commonly used antibiotics in the treatment of gastroenteritis is a public health concern, especially in resource-limited settings. We set out to compare the antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of Escherichia coli (E. coli) isolates from HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected individuals at a tertiary hospital in Lusaka, Zambia. An analytical cross-sectional study was conducted at the University Teaching Hospital from May 2019 to August 2019. Stool samples were screened, and 79 HIV-infected individuals matched by age and sex with 84 HIV-uninfected individuals that presented with E. coli associated gastroenteritis were studied. Demographics were collected from the Laboratory Information System (LIS) and stool samples were collected in a sterile leak-proof container. Samples were cultured and only those where E. coli was isolated were included in the study and tested for antimicrobial susceptibility by the Kirby–Bauer disk diffusion technique. HIV-positive individuals were 3 times (adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 3.17; 95% CI (1.51, 6.66); p < 0.001) more likely to be resistant to quinolones compared with their HIV-negative counterparts. Similarly, HIV-positive individuals were almost 4 times (AOR = 3.97, 95% CI (1.37, 11.46); p = 0.011) more likely to have multidrug-resistant E. coli compared with those who were HIV-negative. HIV infection was associated with reduced E. coli susceptibility to commonly used antibiotics, and most cases showed resistance.",
"corpus_id": 218649288
} | {
"title": "Welfare improvement from restricting the liquidity of nominal bonds",
"abstract": "In this paper I examine whether a society can improve welfare by imposing a legal restriction to forbid the use of nominal bonds as a means of payments for goods. To do so, I integrate a microfounded model of money with the framework of limited participation. While the asset market is Walrasian, the goods market is decentralized and the legal restriction is imposed only in a fraction of the trades. I show that the legal restriction can improve the society's welfare. This essential role of the legal restriction persists even in the steady state, in contrast to the one-period role established in the literature. Also in contrast to the literature, the essential role of the legal restriction does not rely on households' ability to trade unmatured bonds for money after observing the taste (or endowment) shocks. Thus, the role cannot be mimicked or replaced with other policies such as discount windows",
"corpus_id": 111382864,
"score": 0
} |
{
"title": "Citric acid fermentation from starch and dextrose syrups by a trace metal resistant mutant of Aspergillus niger",
"abstract": "Potato starch and both untreated and decationized dextrose syrups were used as substrates for submerged citric acid biosynthesis using a mutant of Aspergillus niger. The same yield of product (80%) was achieved with both syrups and the starch despite having different trace metals content. The obtained mutant was more sensitive than the parent to Cd2+, Mo2+, and As3+, with decreasing yields of citric acid at 10 mg of ions l−1. Fe2+, Mn2+, V2+ below 50 mg l−1 and Cr3+, Ni2+, Cu2+ up to 100 mg l−1, did not significantly inhibit citric acid production.",
"corpus_id": 2658479
} | {
"title": "Changes in transcript levels of starch hydrolysis genes and raising citric acid production via carbon ion irradiation mutagenesis of Aspergillus niger",
"abstract": "The filamentous ascomycete Aspergillus niger is well known for its ability to accumulate citric acid for the hydrolysis of starchy materials. To improve citric acid productivity, heavy ion beam mutagenesis was utilized to produce mutant A.niger strains with enhanced production of citric acid in this work. It was demonstrated that a mutant HW2 with high concentration of citric acid was isolated after carbon ion irradiation with the energy of 80Mev/μ, which was obvious increase higher than the original strain from liquefied corn starch as a feedstock. More importantly, with the evidence from the expression profiles of key genes and enzyme activity involved in the starch hydrolysis process between original strain and various phenotype mutants, our results confirmed that different transcript levels of key genes involving in starch hydrolysis process between original strain and mutants could be a significant contributor to different citric acid concentration in A.niger, such as, amyR and glaA, which therefore opened a new avenue for constructing genetically engineered A.niger mutants for high-yield citric acid accumulation in the future. As such, this work demonstrated that heavy ion beam mutagenesis presented an efficient alternative strategy to be developed to generate various phenotype microbe species mutants for functional genes research.",
"corpus_id": 23763814
} | {
"title": "Sewage sludge application to land – a preliminary assessment of the sensitivity of Scottish soils to heavy metal inputs",
"abstract": "Abstract. The projected increase in sewage sludge used on land within many countries in the European Community will provide a major source of entry for several heavy metals into the soil. Although the application rate of sewage sludge to agricultural land is constrained by maximum annual additions of heavy metals, there is a need to know the sensitivity of those soils to heavy metal inputs which are physically suited for application. A rulebased classification using weighted parameters designed to assess the metal binding capacity of soil and the risk of groundwater pollution has been applied to soils data held within the Macaulay Land Use Research Institute's National Soils Inventory The classification uses soil pH, organic matter content, texture and soil colour as a surrogate for iron oxide concentration. The results indicate that some metals, for example cadmium and zinc are potentially more mobile in soils than others such as lead, but that the majority of soils display a strong or very strong binding capacity for all the metals. However this pattern can only be sustained if the soil pH values are maintained at their present values; a fall of one pH unit marks a dramatic shift towards the weak and moderate binding classes. The approach is largely unvalidated but does provide a useful framework for incorporating our mechanistic understanding of processes into wide area soil quality assessments and in identifying future research opportunities.",
"corpus_id": 97487699,
"score": 1
} |
{
"title": "Design and characterization of SAW filters for high power performance",
"abstract": "Driven by the need for high data-rates and improved cell coverage, mobile phone filters are required to process increasingly high RF power levels. The simultaneous demand for smaller filter footprints makes designing a filter for high-power performance a challenge. We report a method for simulating the self-heating effects of high input powers on a surface acoustic wave (SAW) filter. We also report gain compression measurements and infrared microscopy to validate the model.",
"corpus_id": 1453671
} | {
"title": "Recent development of temperature compensated SAW Devices",
"abstract": "This paper reviews recent progress of temperature compensated surface acoustic wave (SAW) devices for wireless communications. First, temperature compensation techniques based on the SiO2 deposition and the wafer bonding are explained, and their implementation into real devices are discussed. Finally, we will show how high performances have been realized by the use of these technologies.",
"corpus_id": 44047494
} | {
"title": "Thermal behaviour and reliability of solidly mounted Bulk Acoustic Wave Duplexers under high power RF loads",
"abstract": "In this paper, the reliability requirements, thermal behaviour and failure mechanisms of solidly mounted Bulk Acoustic Wave (BAW) filters are studied. High power RF stress measurements are presented where the evolution of the surface damage of the BAW filters as a function of stress time is analysed by optical height profiling. Two different metal stacks were used. The main failure mechanism for BAW filters during high RF power stress is proposed to be acoustomigration. By comparing the stress measurements to the requirements, excellent reliability of NXP's BAW duplexers is proven.",
"corpus_id": 31542248,
"score": 2
} |
{
"title": "Neonatal diagnosis of isolated absence of the right pulmonary artery: a case report and review of the literature",
"abstract": "BackgroundUnilateral absence of the pulmonary artery (UAPA) is a rare congenital malformation often associated with other cardiac anomalies; however it may occur as an isolated lesion. Isolated absence of the right pulmonary artery is twice more frequent than that of the left pulmonary artery. Patients with isolated UAPA are usually asymptomatic at birth; thereafter they may develop a progression of symptoms such as exercise intolerance, dyspnea, chest pain, hemoptysis and recurrent pulmonary infections. As patients may remain asymptomatic or have vague symptoms, the diagnosis of isolated UAPA can be difficult to make in infancy. Indeed, most cases described in literature are adults. Due to the rarity of neonatal presentation, there is no consensus regarding the treatment of this malformation.Case presentationHerein, the case of a two-day-old term female infant, born after uneventful pregnancy, who required a cardiological assessment for a light murmur, is reported; an echocardiogram demonstrated an isolated unilateral absence of the right pulmonary artery, confirmed by means of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) performed 1 month after child’s birth. Besides this finding, MRI showed a slightly increased lumen and size of the main and left pulmonary arteries. The right lung was shown to be perfused by some systemic collateral arteries. In the absence of any other cardiovascular malformation, our patient did not need any treatment. As symptoms may occur later in life, a thorough clinical and cardiological follow up was immediately started. Three years later, she is still asymptomatic, showing adequate growth, without any sign of pulmonary hypertension.ConclusionsIsolated UAPA is a very rare malformation with a diverse clinical presentation. To the best of our knowledge, this is the second case of neonatal presentation of UAPA reported in literature to date. We believe that our case report supports the opinion that a prompt cardiological evaluation is needed whenever a newborn shows signs and/or symptoms of cardiorespiratory concern. Any missed neonatal diagnosis of UAPA may contribute to the later age at presentation, with resultant higher risk of morbidity and mortality and greater therapeutical difficulties.",
"corpus_id": 3422347
} | {
"title": "Isolated unilateral absence of right proximal pulmonary artery: surgical repair and follow-up.",
"abstract": "The isolated unilateral absence of a proximal pulmonary artery is a rare congenital lesion with a diverse clinical presentation. If the connecting ductus arteriosus closes after birth, the ipsilateral pulmonary artery will lose its source of blood supply, resulting in hypoplasia or obliteration of intrapulmonary vessels. Despite a seemingly benign early clinical course, a significant number of untreated patients will develop pulmonary hypertension, hemoptysis, and recurrent respiratory infections. Early detection and surgical repair provides restoration of physiologic pulmonary circulation, regression of pulmonary hypertension, and the potential for normal distal pulmonary vascular development.",
"corpus_id": 4948886
} | {
"title": "Esomeprazole once daily for 6 months is effective therapy for maintaining healed erosive esophagitis and for controlling gastroesophageal reflux disease symptoms: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of efficacy and safety",
"abstract": "OBJECTIVE:Esomeprazole, the S-isomer of omeprazole, achieves a significantly greater healing rate and symptom resolution of erosive esophagitis than that achieved by omeprazole. The objective of this study is to assess the efficacy of the new proton pump inhibitor esomeprazole in preventing relapse over a prolonged period in patients with healed erosive esophagitis.METHODS:A total of 318 gastroesophageal reflux patients whose erosive esophagitis was healed in a comparative study of esomeprazole 40 mg, 20 mg, or omeprazole 20 mg, were randomized to maintenance therapy with once daily esomeprazole 40 mg, 20 mg, or 10 mg, or placebo in a U.S., double-blind multicenter trial.RESULTS:After 6 months, healing was maintained (cumulative life table rates) in 93.6% (95% CI 87.4–99.7) of patients treated with esomeprazole 40 mg, 93.2% (95% CI 87.4–99.0) treated with esomeprazole 20 mg, and 57.1% (95% CI 45.2–69) treated with esomeprazole 10 mg; p < 0.001 vs placebo (29.1%; 95% CI 17.7–40.3). Of patients relapsing, mean time to first recurrence of esophagitis increased with dose, from 34 days (placebo) to 78 days (10 mg), 115 days (20 mg), and 163 days (40 mg). Patients treated with esomeprazole had less frequent and less severe heartburn than those treated with placebo. At month 6, more than 70% of patients being treated with esomeprazole remained symptom-free.CONCLUSIONS:Esomeprazole is effective and well tolerated in the maintenance of a healing erosive esophagitis. Esomeprazole 40 mg and 20 mg maintain healing in over 90% of patients while providing effective control of heartburn symptoms.",
"corpus_id": 27848025,
"score": 1
} |
{
"title": "Reconsidering the Harvard Medical Practice Study conclusions about the validity of medical malpractice claims.",
"abstract": "Over fifteen years after first reporting to the State of New York, the Harvard Medical Practice Study (HMPS) continues to have a significant impact in medical malpractice policy debates. In those debates the HMPS has come to stand for four main propositions. First, “medical injury ... accounts for more deaths than all other kinds of accidents combined” and “more than a quarter of those were caused by substandard care.” Second, the vast majority of people who are injured as result of substandard care do not file a claim. Third, “a substantial majority of malpractice claims filed are not based on provider carelessness or even iatrogenic injury.” Fourth, “whether negligence or a medical injury had occurred ... bore little relation to the outcome of the claims.” In light of this continuing reliance on the HMPS and the follow up closed claim study, this article reviews the evidence regarding their findings about the validity of medical malpractice claims. The results of this review are as follows: First, the finding that most eligible people do not bring medical malpractice claims is well supported and confirmed by other studies using both similar and very different research methods. Second, the finding that most medical malpractice claims are not based on either iatrogenic injury or provider negligence stands on a small and precarious empirical base. Indeed, the HMPS data are as likely to support a very different finding, namely that most malpractice claims are reasonably related to medical management injuries and provider negligence. Finally, the finding from the follow-up closed claim study rests on an even weaker base and is contradicted by a large body of research on closed medical malpractice claims. In fact, the research reviewed in part IIIB of this article suggests that the legal system filters out most of the weaker claims.",
"corpus_id": 831921
} | {
"title": "Discussion between reviewers does not improve reliability of peer review of hospital quality.",
"abstract": "OBJECTIVES\nPeer review is used to make final judgments about quality of care in many quality assurance activities. To overcome the low reliability of peer review, discussion between several reviewers is often recommended to point out overlooked information or allow for reconsideration of opinions and thus improve reliability. The authors assessed the impact of discussion between 2 reviewers on the reliability of peer review.\n\n\nMETHODS\nA group of 13 board-certified physicians completed a total of 741 structured implicit record reviews of 95 records for patients who experienced severe adverse events related to laboratory abnormalities while in the hospital (hypokalemia, hyperkalemia, renal failure, hyponatremia, and digoxin toxicity). They independently assessed the degree to which each adverse event was caused by medical care and the quality of the care leading up to the adverse event. Working in pairs, they then discussed differences of opinion, clarified factual discrepancies, and rerated the record. The authors compared the reliability of each measure before and after discussion, and between and within pairs of reviewers, using the intraclass correlation coefficient for continuous ratings and the kappa statistic for a dichotomized rating.\n\n\nRESULTS\nThe assessment of whether the laboratory abnormality was iatrogenic had a reliability of 0.46 before discussion and 0.71 after discussion between paired reviewers, indicating considerably improved agreement between the members of a pair. However, across reviewer pairs, the reviewer reliability was 0.36 before discussion and 0.40 after discussion. Similarly, for the rating of overall quality of care, reliability of physician review went from 0.35 before discussion to 0.58 after discussion as assessed by pair. However, across pairs the reliability increased only from 0.14 to 0.17. Even for prediscussion ratings, reliability was substantially higher between 2 members of a pair than across pairs, suggesting that reviewers who work in pairs learn to be more consistent with each other even before discussion, but this consistency also did not improve overall reliability across pairs.\n\n\nCONCLUSIONS\nWhen 2 physicians discuss a record that they are reviewing, it substantially improves the agreement between those 2 physicians. However, this improvement is illusory, as discussion does not improve the overall reliability as assessed by examining the reliability between physicians who were part of different discussions. This finding may also have implications with regard to how disagreements are resolved on consensus panels, guideline committees, and reviews of literature quality for meta-analyses.",
"corpus_id": 41043306
} | {
"title": "Adaptive Classroom Behavior of Learning Disabled Students",
"abstract": "Historically, the goal of most descriptive research on learning disabilities has been to document intellectual or neurological differences between learning disabled and normal children. However, most researchers and teachers would acknowledge that classroom achievement not only depends on cognitive skills but also on certain behaviors that are adaptive to the demands of the classroom environment. This month's Topical Review assesses what is currently known about how learning disabled children behave in the classroom. In treating this subject, the authors have asked a number of interesting questions beyond the basic one of describing differences between learning disabled and normal children. For example, they consider whether the information provided by teacher ratings and direct observation is similar, and they also assess the relationship between classroom behavior and academic achievement. It seems clear from the data presented in this review that an understanding of the classroom behaviors of learning disabled children is important to any complete description of their difficulties in school.---J.K.T.",
"corpus_id": 33520075,
"score": 0
} |
{
"title": "A comparison of enzyme immunoassay and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry in forensic toxicology.",
"abstract": "A series of 137 urine samples were analyzed for drugs of abuse by enzyme immunoassay (EMIT) and by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Agreement between these methods was excellent and ranged from 93.4% for benzodiazepines to 98.5% for propoxyphene. EMIT false negative were traced to the presence of elevated endogenous lysozyme or other interfering materials. In the case of moderate amounts of lysozyme the use of a blank would lead to correct results. Disagreement in the identification of nine benzodiazepine samples was found to be due to a low recovery of benzodiazepine metabolites from urine. Recovery could be improved by incubation of the urine sample with the enzyme beta-glucuronidase.",
"corpus_id": 845458
} | {
"title": "Urine screening for drugs by EMIT.",
"abstract": "Homogenous enzyme immunoassay (EMIT) reagents for the detection of amphetamines, benzodiazepines, cocaine metabolite, methadone, opiates and dextropropoxyphene in urine were evaluated using an automated clinical analyser. Reproducibility of analyses was excellent, specificity good, and interference from unrelated drugs and urine preservatives low. When used on a variety of case urine samples no false negatives were observed and several unexpected positive EMIT results were obtained. The reagents thus appear suitable for screening urine samples in forensic cases for these drugs.",
"corpus_id": 22362042
} | {
"title": "Quantitative determination of morphine in serum by radioimmunoassay.",
"abstract": "The haptenic group morphine was coupled to a protein and the conjugate possessed immunogenic properties. The method for preparing the carboxymethylmorphine protein conjugate is described. Evidence is presented for the formation of antibodies with specificity for the alkaloid as demonstrated by precipitin reaction and by binding of dihydromorphine-8H by the antisera. The details of a simple and convenient procedure for the immunoassay of morphine in plasma are described in this report. The absolute sensitivity of the radioimmunoassay in serum was 50 to 100 pg of morphine in a final assay mixture of 0.5 ml. Levels of morphine in serum from four rats given morphine sulfate (5 mg/ kg i.v.) showed a biphasic decay curve. The first phase had a T1/2 of approximately 50 minutes, whereas the second phase had a T1/2 of 6.8 hours.",
"corpus_id": 33001526,
"score": 2
} |
{
"title": "Effect of isosorbide mononitrate on the human optic nerve and choroidal circulations",
"abstract": "AIMS To assess the effects of the nitric oxide donor 5-isosorbide mononitrate (ISMO) on blood flow in the optic nerve head (ON flow) and choroid (Ch flow). METHODS Laser Doppler flowmetry was used to measure ON flow and Ch flow in 12 normal subjects by aiming the laser beam at the fovea and at the temporal rim, respectively. In a double masked, randomised, crossover design, each subject received orally on separate days either 20 mg of 5-isosorbide mononitrate (ISMO) or placebo. Ch flow and ON flow were determined monocularly at baseline and 1 hour after dosing. In the last six subjects, additional measurements were obtained at 3 hours. Mean arterial blood pressure (BPm), heart rate, and intraocular pressure (IOP) were monitored, and ocular perfusion pressure (PP) was estimated. RESULTS No significant changes in ON flow, PP, IOP, or BPm were observed following placebo. Following ISMO, ON flow increased from baseline by 19.8% (SEM 9.3%) at 1 hour (paired t test, p= 0.058) and by 33.1% (7.5%) at 3 hours (p= 0.007). Compared with the changes following placebo, statistically significant increases in ON flow were observed both at 1 (p=0.050) and 3 hours (p=0.041) after ISMO treatment. Compared with placebo, PP decreased significantly 1 hour after ISMO dosing (p=0.039), mainly as a function of reduced BPm. A significant inverse correlation (R=−0.618; p=0.032) was observed between the percentage changes in PP and ON flow 1 hour following ISMO administration, but not after placebo. No significant change in foveal Ch flow was documented. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that, in normal subjects, ISMO increases significantly ON flow but not Ch flow. The inverse correlation observed between PP and ON flow suggests that the same mechanism(s) responsible for systemic vasodilatation and blood pressure decrease may also cause the ON flow increase.",
"corpus_id": 1497115
} | {
"title": "Assessment of ocular surface toxicity after topical instillation of nitric oxide donors.",
"abstract": "PURPOSE\nTo evaluate the ocular surface toxicity of two nitric oxide donors in ex vivo and in vivo animal models: S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO) and S-nitroso-N-acetylcysteine (SNAC) in a hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) matrix at final concentrations 1.0 and 10.0 mM.\n\n\nMETHODS\nEx vivo GSNO and SNAC toxicities were clinically and histologically analyzed using freshly excised pig eyeballs. In vivo experiments were performed with 20 albino rabbits which were randomized into 4 groups (5 animals each): Groups 1 and 2 received instillations of 150 µL of aqueous HPMC solution containing GSNO 1.0 and 10.0 mM, respectively, in one of the eyes; Groups 3 and 4 received instillations of 150 µL of aqueous HPMC solution-containing SNAC 1.0 and 10.0 mM, respectively, in one of the eyes. The contralateral eyes in each group received aqueous HPMC as a control. All animals underwent clinical evaluation on a slit lamp and the eyes were scored according to a modified Draize eye test and were histologically analyzed.\n\n\nRESULTS\nPig eyeballs showed no signs of perforation, erosion, corneal opacity or other gross damage. These findings were confirmed by histological analysis. There was no difference between control and treated rabbit eyes according to the Draize eye test score in all groups (p>0.05). All formulations showed a mean score under 1 and were classified as \"non-irritating\". There was no evidence of tissue toxicity in the histological analysis in all animals.\n\n\nCONCLUSION\nAqueous HPMC solutions containing GSNO and SNAC at concentrations up to 10.0 mM do not induce ocular irritation.",
"corpus_id": 4022856
} | {
"title": "Comparison of short-range-order in liquid- and rotator-phase states of a simple molecular liquid: A reverse Monte Carlo and molecular dynamics analysis of neutron diffraction data",
"abstract": "The short-range order (SRO) correlations in liquid- and rotator-phase states of carbon tetrachloride are revisited here. The correlation of some angular magnitudes is used to evaluate the positional and orientational correlations in the liquid as well as in the rotator phase. The results show significant similitudes in the relative position of the molecules surrounding a central one but striking differences in their relative orientations, which could explain the changes in SRO between the two phases and the puzzling behavior of the local density in the liquid and rotator phases.",
"corpus_id": 1400864,
"score": 0
} |
{
"title": "Multi-kernel one class link prediction in heterogeneous complex networks",
"abstract": "The heterogeneity of a network causes major challenges for link prediction in heterogeneous complex networks. To deal with this problem, supervised link prediction could be applied to integrate heterogeneous features extracted from different nodes/relations. However, supervised link prediction might be faced with highly imbalanced data issues which results in undesirable false prediction rate. In this paper, we propose a new kernel-based one-class link predictor in heterogeneous complex networks. Assuming a set of available meta-paths, a graph kernel is extracted based on each meta-path. Then, they are combined to form a single kernel function. Afterwards, one class support vector machine (OC-SVM) would be applied on the positive node pairs to train the link predictor. The proposed method has been compared with popular link predictors using DBLP network. The results show that the method outperforms other conventional link predictors in terms of prediction performances.",
"corpus_id": 3615360
} | {
"title": "Mining clique frequent approximate subgraphs from multi-graph collections",
"abstract": "Recently, some algorithms have been reported for mining multi-graph Frequent Approximate Subgraphs (FASs). This kind of algorithm has a large applicability in social network analysis, image classification tasks and clustering, among others. However, all of them mine a large number of patterns. For this reason, some algorithms for mining a subset of FASs have been proposed. In this paper, we propose an efficient algorithm for mining a subset of FASs on multi-graph collections. Our proposed algorithm becomes an alternative for reducing the number of mined FASs by computing the clique FASs. It is important to highlight that, to the best of our knowledge; our proposal is the first algorithm for mining clique FASs on multi-graph collections. Our proposal is compared against other reported solutions and evaluated over several synthetic and real-world multi-graphs. In addition, we show the usefulness of the patterns mined by our proposal for image classification.",
"corpus_id": 254230103
} | {
"title": "Probabilistic Model for Untargeted Peak Detection in LC-MS Using Bayesian Statistics.",
"abstract": "We introduce a novel Bayesian probabilistic peak detection algorithm for liquid chromatography-mass spectroscopy (LC-MS). The final probabilistic result allows the user to make a final decision about which points in a chromatogram are affected by a chromatographic peak and which ones are only affected by noise. The use of probabilities contrasts with the traditional method in which a binary answer is given, relying on a threshold. By contrast, with the Bayesian peak detection presented here, the values of probability can be further propagated into other preprocessing steps, which will increase (or decrease) the importance of chromatographic regions into the final results. The present work is based on the use of the statistical overlap theory of component overlap from Davis and Giddings (Davis, J. M.; Giddings, J. Anal. Chem. 1983, 55, 418-424) as prior probability in the Bayesian formulation. The algorithm was tested on LC-MS Orbitrap data and was able to successfully distinguish chemical noise from actual peaks without any data preprocessing.",
"corpus_id": 20777349,
"score": 1
} |
{
"title": "Echocardiographic findings in a case of acquired pulmonic stenosis from extrinsic compression by a mediastinal cyst.",
"abstract": "A peculiar echocardiographic pattern was recorded in a case of cystic teratoma of the left anterior and upper mediastinum, causing a mild stenosis at the pulmonary valve level. The usefulness of echocardiography in the evaluation of anterior mediastinal masses as they distort normal cardiac anatomy is discussed.",
"corpus_id": 3184456
} | {
"title": "[Peripheral pulmonary stenosis due to tumour compression (author's transl)].",
"abstract": "A report is presented of the occurrence of peripheral pulmonary stenosis due to tumour compression in a 12 year-old boy. The tumour was identified as a liposarcoma of the mediastinum, which caused complete occlusion of the left pulmonary artery and stenosis of the right pulmonary artery. This was followed by an extreme increase in prestenotic pressure with right heart failure.",
"corpus_id": 6404761
} | {
"title": "Acquired pulmonary stenosis",
"abstract": "Four cases of pulmonary artery stenosis resulting from extrinsic pressure are presented. All of these cases presented with the triad of chest pain, dyspnoea, and a pulmonary systolic murmur. Respiratory variation of this murmur was noted in three of the patients, the murmur increasing during expiration and diminishing or disappearing during inspiration. It is suggested that this may be a useful sign in diagnosing this syndrome. The tumour in these four cases was an intrapericardial sarcoma, a benign teratoma, Hodgkin's disease, and a malignant thymoma respectively.",
"corpus_id": 2806516,
"score": 2
} |
{
"title": "Developing and Testing Tools to Measure Youth Capabilities: Theoretical Rationales and Empirical Procedures within a Cross-National Pilot Survey Project",
"abstract": "This paper describes the design and the implementation of the EduWel survey project which took place during the PhD programme of the EduWel Early Stage Researchers (ESRs), between September 2010 and July 2013. The project had two main purposes: to design and implement a pilot survey for the detection and study of certain variables to be analysed under a Capability Approach framework and to provide the ESRs with complete training on the various stages of a field survey. The pilot survey was carried out in four European countries (UK, Italy, Germany and Sweden) and involved high school students as respondents (ISCED level 3: Upper secondary education). The focus of the survey was on two relevant capability domains (critical thinking and embeddedness) which are often overlooked and missing in the empirical literature but essential for children and young adults to flourish and to socialise and assume a key role in children and young adults’ aspirations and capability to aspire (Hart, 2012; Hart et al. 2014).",
"corpus_id": 154207781
} | {
"title": "Aspirations, Education and Social Justice: Applying Sen and Bourdieu",
"abstract": "Introduction 1. Education Policy Issues 2. Sen's Capability Approach 3. Blending Sen and Bourdieu 4. Evolving Theory into Method 5. The Nature of Aspirations 6. The Genesis of Capabilities 7. Aspirations, Capabilities and Choice 8. The Promise of Higher Education 9. The New Pursuit of Justice Bibliography Index",
"corpus_id": 15985233
} | {
"title": "Prevalence and molecular identification of Cryptosporidium spp in cattle in Baghdad province, Iraq",
"abstract": "The objective of this study was to record the prevalence rate of Cryptosporidium and to determine the Cryptosporidium spp in cattle in different parts of Baghdad province. A total number of 100 fecal samples from different age groups were collected. Conventional method using modified Ziehl-Neelsen for staining fecal smears and molecular techniques for detection the prevalence and determines the species of Cryptosporidium that cause infection. The overall prevalence of infection with Cryptosporidium was 21% (21/100) by conventional method; nested PCR was done that targeting 18S rRNA gene on the same samples in which Cryptosporidium DNA identified in 38 samples (38%). Four species of Cryptosporidium in cattle were detected for the first time in Baghdad province: C. parvum (6/10), C. andersoni (2/10), C. bovis (1/10) and C. ryanae (1/10). The determination and characterization of Cryptosporidium spp in cattle was very important to avoid the infection to other animals and handlers and for applying control programs.",
"corpus_id": 207820342,
"score": 0
} |
{
"title": "A High Efficiency Orthogonally Switching Passive Charge Pump Rectifier for Energy Harvesters",
"abstract": "The design and analytical modeling of a high efficiency energy harvester comprising a passive voltage-boosting network (VBN) and a switching charge pump rectifier (CPR) is presented in this paper. To improve the power conversion efficiency (PCE), the VBN increases the voltage at the input of the CPR and provides control signals for switching. Unlike traditional Schottky and diode-connected MOS transistor rectifiers, the proposed orthogonally switching CPR (OS-CPR) comprises MOS transistors as voltage-controlled switches. Analytical models for the OS-CPR are developed and presented. Circuit-level optimization techniques are employed to reduce conduction and switching losses. Simulated in a 90 nm standard CMOS technology (IBM 9RF), a 5-stage 915 MHz OS-CPR achieves a dc voltage of 1.35 V and a PCE of 11.9% with a 1 MΩ load at -18.2 dBm available input power (PS,AV). To show technology scalability of the design, the OS-CPR is also validated using AMS 0.18 μm high-voltage (HV) CMOS technology. When benchmarked with traditional rectifiers, the OS-CPR (under similar conditions) achieves a higher PCE and a higher output dc voltage. The OS-CPR is easily scalable to operate over multiple sub-GHz ISM frequency bands.",
"corpus_id": 4646557
} | {
"title": "A 13.56/402 MHz autonomous wireless sensor node with −18.2 dBm sensitivity and temperature monitoring in 0.18 /im CMOS",
"abstract": "A multi-band autonomous wireless sensor node (AWSN) with temperature monitoring is designed in a standard 0.18 μm CMOS technology. The AWSN comprises a high efficiency energy harvester, a power management module, a temperature-to-time converter (TTC) and a passive 402-MHz MICS band OOK transmitter for backscattering transmission. The AWSN demonstrates a sensitivity of -18.2 dBm at 13.56 MHz. The energy harvester achieves an RF-to-DC power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 11.5 %. From 0 to 100 °C, the temperature conversion and temperature accuracy of the TTC are 1.5 μs/°C and 0.21 °C, respectively. The active area of the AWSN is 0.72 mm2. It consumes 1.5 μW (RMS).",
"corpus_id": 13091226
} | {
"title": "A 60-GHz millimeter-wave CMOS RFIC-on-chip triangular monopole antenna for WPAN applications",
"abstract": "In this paper, a 60-GHz CMOS RFIC-on-chip triangular monopole antenna is presented. A planar triangular-monopole structure fed by the CPW line is adopted to design the on-chip antenna. The FEM-based 3D full-wave EM solver, Ansoft HFSS, is used for the design simulation. The antenna chip is fabricated with a 0.18-mum CMOS process. The on-wafer measurement in a microwave probe station is conducted to measure the input VSWR and the antenna gain of the designed RFIC-on-chip antenna.",
"corpus_id": 5545292,
"score": 2
} |
{
"title": "The Spanish or the German apartment? Study abroad and the acquisition of permanent skills",
"abstract": "In Europe, more than 250,000 university students spend one or two semesters abroad every year. This study explores whether a short time abroad contributes to the acquisition of foreign language proficiency. We use a newly available dataset about almost the totality of Italian graduates and two alternative instruments to address the endogeneity of studying abroad. Both instruments display similar results. The effect of studying abroad on foreign language proficiency is remarkable, although extremely heterogeneous across languages. Languages more rewarded by the labor market are those that are harder to learn in a short time abroad.",
"corpus_id": 157458145
} | {
"title": "Do Study Abroad Programs Enhance the Employability of Graduates?",
"abstract": "Despite the great popularity of international educational mobility schemes, relatively little research has been conducted to explore their benefits. Using data on a large sample of recent Italian graduates, this paper investigates the extent to which participation in study abroad programs during university studies impacts subsequent employment likelihood. To address the problem of endogeneity related to participation in study abroad programs, we use university-department fixed effects and instrumental variable estimation where the instrumental variable is exposure to international student exchange schemes. Our estimates show that studying abroad has a relatively large and statistically meaningful effect on the probability of being in employment 3 years after graduation. This effect is mainly driven by the impact that study abroad programs have on the employment prospects of graduates from disadvantaged backgrounds.",
"corpus_id": 154322734
} | {
"title": "Benefits of bilingualism: Evidence from Mormon missionaries",
"abstract": "Several studies have argued that learning a foreign language has the potential to increase the general cognitive ability and test scores of students. In this analysis, the Mormon missionary program is used to test whether or not students who were assigned to learn a foreign language performed better in college. The results indicate that the increase in GPA due to serving a Mormon mission is the same for students that were assigned to a foreign-speaking mission relative to students that were assigned to an English-speaking mission. These results are robust to controlling for factors such as choice of major and class load.",
"corpus_id": 20826639,
"score": 2
} |
{
"title": "The complement system and inflammation.",
"abstract": "The complement system was discovered toward the end of the nineteenth century as a heat-labile principle in fresh nonimmune serum which was essential for the bactericidal activity of serum from immunized guinea pigs. It has subsequently been established as a very important factor of constitutive immunity. The complement system functions as an auxiliary mechanism in normal serum for the expression and amplification of the biologic consequences of antibody-antigen reactions and in this capacity participates in certain forms of acute immunologic reactions as well as inflammatory processes. It is composed of several structurally and functionally distinct proteins which are generally present in fresh normal serum in their inactive precursor forms (Table 1). Upon activation, they interact sequentially in a self-assembling cascade fashion. The primary target of complements is directed at biologic membranes. Complement may cause irreversible structural and functional impairment of biologic membranes and thus bring about cytolysis, or it may interact with specific membrane receptors to cause activation of specialized cell functions such as release of histamine from mast cells, enhancement of vascular permeability, contraction of smooth muscle, chemotactic attraction of phagocytic cells, immune adherence, enhancement of phagocytosis, degranulation, and release of lysosomal enzymes from neutrophils capable of degrading tissue. It is through the activation of these specialized cell functions that complement participates in inflammatory reactions (Minta and Ward, 1979; Muller-Eberhard, 1974).",
"corpus_id": 434710
} | {
"title": "Proteolysis of C2 and factor B: analyses of cleavage products by one- and two- dimensional peptide mapping.",
"abstract": "Abstract C2 and Factor B were highly purified from human plasma by sodium sulfate precipitation, conventional column Chromatographie techniques and preparative electrophoresis on polyacrylamide gels. Both proteins behaved as single polypeptide chains of mol. wt 116, 900 and 93, 000 dallons respectively. Highly purified C2 and Factor B were cleaved with trypsin, and with S. aureus V8 protease and the fragments analysed by one-dimensional peptide mapping on polyacrylamide slab gels in the presence of SDS and by two-dimensional finger printing on cellulose-coated thin-layer Chromatographie plates. The peptide maps of C2 and Factor B were generally distinct from one another with only about 20% of the limit peptides having common mol. wts and migrational properties.",
"corpus_id": 21625612
} | {
"title": "An improved technique of agar-gel electrophoresis on microscope slides.",
"abstract": "Abstract A technique of agar-gel electrophoresis possessing a high resolving power is described whereby a minimum of nine fractions are revealed in normal human serum. This is achieved by using a steep voltage gradient so as to complete the electrophoretic separation in less than 30 min. A very efficient, inexpensive cooling liquid was found in petroleum ether. Water losses due to evaporation are completely avoided. The electro-endosmotic flow is regularized by interposing large agar blocks between the electrophoretic plate and the electrode vessels. The method seems to be especially promising for the study of tissue proteins and of animal serum proteins.",
"corpus_id": 5894984,
"score": 2
} |
{
"title": "Ad-Hoc Multi-Displays for Mobile Interactive Applications",
"abstract": "We present a framework which enables the combination of different mobile devices into one multi-display such that visual content can be shown on a larger area consisting, e.g., of several mobile phones placed arbitrarily on the table. Our system allows the user to perform multi-touch interaction metaphors, even across different devices, and it guarantees the proper synchronization of the individual displays with low latency. Hence from the user’s perspective the heterogeneous collection of mobile devices acts like one single display and input device. From the system perspective the major technical and algorithmic challenges lie in the co-calibration of the individual displays and in the low latency synchronization and communication of user events. For the calibration we estimate the relative positioning of the displays by visual object recognition and an optional manual calibration step.",
"corpus_id": 759903
} | {
"title": "Cross-Device Interaction Definition, Taxonomy and Applications",
"abstract": "This contribution proposes a definition and taxonomy of the often used term cross-device interaction. Despite of technical progress, systems and interfaces that integrate into the environment are still the subject of intensive research. We still live in a world where devices reside in the foreground and present themselves and their interaction capabilities to the user. At the same time, computing devices become an integral part of our environment, be it in the form of public displays or mobile computers. Furthermore, the number of devices a user owns or has access to is increasing. Humans interacting consciously with multiple devices can be seen as an intermediate stage towards ambient environments or ubiquitous computing. The term cross-device interaction (XDI) is often used to refer to the underlying interaction paradigm in such environments. Unfortunately, the term still lacks consistent and concise definitions. This can be a problem as different authors use the term XDI with divergent meanings within a wide variety of application contexts. To mitigate this problem, we propose a taxonomy and give a user-, spaceand interaction-centric definition for XDI. Additionally, we make use of this taxonomy to classify XDI-scenarios found in the literature and the concepts of XDI they exhibit. Keywords-human computer interaction; computer interfaces; context awareness; collaborative work; ambient computing.",
"corpus_id": 3215926
} | {
"title": "Synchronous gestures for multiple persons and computers",
"abstract": "This research explores distributed sensing techniques for mobile devices using synchronous gestures. These are patterns of activity, contributed by multiple users (or one user with multiple devices), which take on a new meaning when they occur together in time, or in a specific sequence in time. To explore this new area of inquiry, this work uses tablet computers augmented with touch sensors and two-axis linear accelerometers (tilt sensors). The devices are connected via an 802.11 wireless network and synchronize their time-stamped sensor data. This paper describes a few practical examples of interaction techniques using synchronous gestures such as dynamically tiling together displays by physically bumping them together, discusses implementation issues, and speculates on further possibilities for synchronous gestures.",
"corpus_id": 10639720,
"score": 2
} |
{
"title": "Structure-Free Data Aggregation in Sensor Networks",
"abstract": "Data aggregation protocols can reduce the communication cost, thereby extending the lifetime of sensor networks. Prior works on data aggregation protocols have focused on tree-based or cluster-based structured approaches. Although structured approaches are suited for data gathering applications, they incur high maintenance overhead in dynamic scenarios for event-based applications. The goal of our work is to design techniques and protocols that lead to efficient data aggregation without explicit maintenance of a structure. As packets need to converge spatially and temporally for data aggregation, we propose two corresponding mechanisms - data-aware anycast at the MAC layer and randomized waiting at the application layer. We model the performance of the combined protocol that uses both the approaches and show that our analysis matches with the simulations. Using extensive simulations and experiments on a testbed with implementation in TinyOS, we study the performance and potential of structure-free data aggregation.",
"corpus_id": 896107
} | {
"title": "A Qualitative Comparison of Different Logical Topologies for Wireless Sensor Networks",
"abstract": "Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) are formed by a large collection of power-conscious wireless-capable sensors without the support of pre-existing infrastructure, possibly by unplanned deployment. With a sheer number of sensor nodes, their unattended deployment and hostile environment very often preclude reliance on physical configuration or physical topology. It is, therefore, often necessary to depend on the logical topology. Logical topologies govern how a sensor node communicates with other nodes in the network. In this way, logical topologies play a vital role for resource-constraint sensor networks. It is thus more intuitive to approach the constraint minimizing problems from (logical) topological point of view. Hence, this paper aims to study the logical topologies of WSNs. In doing so, a set of performance metrics is identified first. We identify various logical topologies from different application protocols of WSNs, and then compare the topologies using the set of performance metrics.",
"corpus_id": 373050
} | {
"title": "A Molecular Approach to the Sexing of the Triple Burial at the Upper Paleolithic Site of Dolní Věstonice",
"abstract": "In the past decades ancient DNA research has brought numerous insights to archaeological research where traditional approaches were limited. The determination of sex in human skeletal remains is often challenging for physical anthropologists when dealing with incomplete, juvenile or pathological specimens. Molecular approaches allow sexing on the basis of sex-specific markers or by calculating the ratio of DNA derived from different chromosomes. Here we propose a novel approach that relies on the ratio of X chromosome-derived shotgun sequencing data to the autosomal coverage, thus establishing the probability of an XX or XY karyotype. Applying this approach to the individuals of the Upper Paleolithic triple burial of Dolní Věstonice reveals that all three skeletons, including the individual DV 15, whose sex has long been debated due to a pathological condition, were male.",
"corpus_id": 462941,
"score": 0
} |
{
"title": "Cannabis Legalization and Psychiatric Disorders: Caveat “Hemp-tor”",
"abstract": "Rates of cannabis use in Canada are among the highest in the Western world. Past year use among Canadian youth is estimated to be approximately 25%, with up to 28% of children aged 11 to 15 years reporting cannabis use, the highest rate among developed countries. Moreover, 43% of Canadians currently endorse lifetime cannabis use. In contrast, rates of cannabis use disorder (CUD) appear to be lower (*2.0– 2.9%) but may be increasing. The scientific literature suggests that people with mental health and addictive disorders have higher rates of cannabis use and CUD compared to the general population. While it is not clear whether chronic cannabis use is detrimental to physical health and may in fact have some modest benefits, cannabis use is known to be associated with lower motivation; problematic co-use of alcohol, tobacco, and opioids; and poorer psychiatric outcomes notably in people at risk for or with pre-existing psychosis and in people with mood and anxiety disorders. In Canada, the federal government is moving ahead with plans to effect the legalization of cannabis nationwide, which is scheduled to begin in July 2018. There are some notable potential benefits to this nationwide policy change, including a reduced burden on law enforcement and increased tax revenues. However, there are considerable concerns that the legalization of recreational cannabis use may be detrimental to vulnerable populations such as those with mental health and addictive disorders and to youth. It is also clear that more data are needed to assess the impact on these populations. Accordingly, the collection of such data before and after cannabis legalization is imperative if we are to understand fully any consequences of a national policy change such as cannabis legalization. Moreover, it is well known that children begin to first use cannabis during adolescence when most psychiatric disorders also have their onset. Furthermore, there is preliminary evidence that cannabis legalization in the United States may increase youth access; after legalization, Washington State experienced an increase in cannabis use among students in Grades 8 and 10 (cannabis use prevalence in Grade 12 students already exceeds 20%). This may be related to a reduced perception of cannabis risk, and therefore, efforts to increase knowledge about the risks of cannabis in the general public, and youth in particular, are of paramount importance. As such, this information would have clear implications for the mental health of young people. Moreover, in American states that have approved commercial sales of cannabis, rates of cannabis use and CUD have increased compared to states that have not approved commercial cannabis sales. This perspective article reviews the topic of cannabis legalization and psychiatric disorders (including substance use disorders) and provides a framework for clinicians and policy-makers to approach these concerns going forward. We discuss an approach to these issues under the following subheadings:",
"corpus_id": 2497603
} | {
"title": "Medical Marijuana for Treatment of Chronic Pain and Other Medical and Psychiatric Problems: A Clinical Review.",
"abstract": "IMPORTANCE\nAs of March 2015, 23 states and the District of Columbia had medical marijuana laws in place. Physicians should know both the scientific rationale and the practical implications for medical marijuana laws.\n\n\nOBJECTIVE\nTo review the pharmacology, indications, and laws related to medical marijuana use.\n\n\nEVIDENCE REVIEW\nThe medical literature on medical marijuana was reviewed from 1948 to March 2015 via MEDLINE with an emphasis on 28 randomized clinical trials of cannabinoids as pharmacotherapy for indications other than those for which there are 2 US Food and Drug Administration-approved cannabinoids (dronabinol and nabilone), which include nausea and vomiting associated with chemotherapy and appetite stimulation in wasting illnesses.\n\n\nFINDINGS\nUse of marijuana for chronic pain, neuropathic pain, and spasticity due to multiple sclerosis is supported by high-quality evidence. Six trials that included 325 patients examined chronic pain, 6 trials that included 396 patients investigated neuropathic pain, and 12 trials that included 1600 patients focused on multiple sclerosis. Several of these trials had positive results, suggesting that marijuana or cannabinoids may be efficacious for these indications.\n\n\nCONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE\nMedical marijuana is used to treat a host of indications, a few of which have evidence to support treatment with marijuana and many that do not. Physicians should educate patients about medical marijuana to ensure that it is used appropriately and that patients will benefit from its use.",
"corpus_id": 12101463
} | {
"title": "Mechanism of mitral valve area increase by in vitro single and double balloon mitral valvotomy.",
"abstract": "The mechanism of mitral valve area increase by double balloon mitral valvotomy in vitro has not been defined, nor have the mitral valve area results achieved by single versus double balloon mitral valvotomy technique been compared. After a selection of 29 intact mitral valves excised at cardiac surgery from patients with a mitral valve area less than or equal to 1.5 cm2 was made, double balloon mitral valvotomy was attempted in 14 valves using two 20-mm diameter balloon catheters (group 1) and single balloon mitral valvotomy using a 20-mm balloon was undertaken in 15 valves (group 2). In group 1 the mitral valve area increased from 0.9 +/- 0.03 to 1.9 +/- 0.05 cm2 (mean +/- standard error of the mean) (p less than 0.001), with a mean anterior commissural split of 5.3 +/- 0.2 mm and a posterior split of 4.1 +/- 0.2 mm. Following single balloon valvotomy (group 2), the mean mitral valve area increased from 0.8 +/- 0.03 to 1.2 +/- 0.03 cm2 (p less than 0.001), with the mean anterior commissural split being 2.6 +/- 0.2 mm and the posterior 2.1 +/- 0.2 mm. Ten mitral valves from group 2 underwent a second dilatation using the double balloon technique and the mitral valve area increased further from 1.2 +/- 0.06 to 1.9 +/- 0.06 cm2 (p less than 0.001). Overall, commissural splitting occurred preferentially in calcified commissures (81%), as opposed to only 56% of noncalcified commissures. Commissural splitting is the manner in which mitral valve area increases after double balloon mitral valvotomy.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)",
"corpus_id": 33621259,
"score": 1
} |