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Changing the frequency of sound waves, will change the _________ of the sound of a musical instrument?

direction

velocity

distance

pitch

All musical instruments create sound by causing matter to vibrate. Most musical instruments use resonance to amplify sound waves and make sounds louder. Most musical instruments also have a way of changing the frequency of sound waves, which changes the pitch of the sounds.

What does the term porifera means?

pore - signifying

poreless

pore-clogging

pore-bearing

Sponges are aquatic invertebrates that make up the phylum Porifera. The word porifera means pore-bearing. The phylum is aptly named. As you can see from Figure below , a sponge has a porous body. There are at least 5,000 living species of sponges. Almost all of them inhabit the ocean, living mainly on coral reefs or the ocean floor.

What zone is the narrow strip along the coastline that is covered by water at high tide and exposed to air at low tide?

astrolabe zone

aquifer zone

disturbance zone

intertidal zone

The intertidal zone is the narrow strip along the coastline that is covered by water at high tide and exposed to air at low tide (see Figure below ). There are plenty of nutrients and sunlight in the intertidal zone. However, the water is constantly moving in and out, and the temperature keeps changing. These conditions require adaptations in the organisms that live there, such as the barnacles in Figure below .

Integral and peripheral proteins are associated with what fatty bilayer?

carbohydrate

protein

cartilage

lipid

Integral proteins span the lipid bilayer, while peripheral proteins associate with the surfaces of the lipid bilayer. aid in the movement of charged and polar species across the membrane.

What effect describes how earth’s rotation steers winds and surface ocean currents?

Big Bang theory

centripetal force

dorsalis

coriolis

The Coriolis effect describes how Earth’s rotation steers winds and surface ocean currents. Unlike land, air and water move freely (in the absence of obstacles). The Coriolis effect causes the path of a freely moving object to appear to curve. This is because Earth is rotating beneath the object. So even though the object's path is straight, it appears to curve. The curve appears to be to the right in the Northern Hemisphere. It appears to be to the left in the Southern Hemisphere.

What type of shape does sodium chloride have?

oblong

round

trianguler

cubic

Sodium chloride crystals are cubic in shape. Other ionic compounds may have crystals with different shapes.

In what form of matter is hydrogen at room temperature?

solid

dissolved

liquid

gas

A compound has different properties than the substances it contains. For example, hydrogen and oxygen are gases at room temperature. But when they combine chemically, they form liquid water. Another example is table salt, or sodium chloride. It contains sodium and chlorine. Sodium is a silvery solid that reacts explosively with water, and chlorine is a poisonous gas (see Figure below ). But together, sodium and chlorine form a harmless, unreactive compound that you can safely sprinkle on food.

What is the smallest contractile portion of a muscle?

capillary

filaments

cell

sarcomere

10.3 Muscle Fiber Contraction and Relaxation A sarcomere is the smallest contractile portion of a muscle. Myofibrils are composed of thick and thin filaments. Thick filaments are composed of the protein myosin; thin filaments are composed of the protein actin. Troponin and tropomyosin are regulatory proteins. Muscle contraction is described by the sliding filament model of contraction. ACh is the neurotransmitter that binds at the neuromuscular junction (NMJ) to trigger depolarization, and an action potential travels along the sarcolemma to trigger calcium release from SR. The actin sites are exposed after Ca++ enters the sarcoplasm from its SR storage to activate the troponin-tropomyosin complex so that the tropomyosin shifts away from the sites. The cross-bridging of myposin heads docking into actin-binding sites is followed by the “power stroke”—the sliding of the thin filaments by thick filaments. The power strokes are powered by ATP. Ultimately, the sarcomeres, myofibrils, and muscle fibers shorten to produce movement.

Which is the fourth planet from the sun?

earth

mars

jupiter

mars

Mars is the fourth planet from the Sun. The Red Planet is the first planet beyond Earth’s orbit.

What type of sti is characterized by blisters?

chlamydia

syphilis

gonorrhea

genital herpes

Genital herpes is a common STI caused by a herpes virus. The virus causes painful blisters on the penis or near the vaginal opening. The blisters generally go away on their own, but they may return repeatedly throughout life. There is no cure for genital herpes, but medicines can help prevent or shorten outbreaks.

Radioactive isotopes are characterized by an unstable what?

electrons

shell

proton

nuclei

You may have seen this sign before—maybe in a hospital. The sign means there is danger of radiation in the area. Radiation consists of particles and energy that are given off by radioactive isotopes, which have unstable nuclei. But you don’t have to go to a hospital to be exposed to radiation. There is radiation in the world all around you.

What exposure risk comes with aerobic respiration?

nitrogen toxicity

helium toxicity

carbon toxicity

oxygen toxicity

In summary, aerobic and anaerobic respiration each have advantages under specific conditions. Aerobic respiration produces far more ATP, but risks exposure to oxygen toxicity. Anaerobic respiration is less energy-efficient, but allows survival in habitats which lack oxygen. Within the human body, both are important to muscle function. Muscle cells specialized for aerobic respiration provide endurance, and those specialized for lactic acid fermentation support short but intense energy expenditures. Both ways of making ATP play critical roles in life on earth.

What are mammals called that reproduce by laying eggs?

amphibians

marsupials

Fish

monotremes

Only five living species of mammals are not therian mammals. They are called monotremes. Monotremes are mammals that reproduce by laying eggs. The only living monotreme species are the platypus and echidnas (see Figure below and Figure below ). They are found solely in Australia and New Guinea (an island not far from Australia).

In multicellular organisms, only mutations in cell lines that produce gametes can be passed to what?

proteins

cells

clones

offspring

What type of invertebrates are jellyfish and corals known as?

cephalopods

sponges

nautilus

cnidarians

Cnidarians are invertebrates such as jellyfish and corals. They belong to Phylum Cnidaria. All cnidarians are aquatic. Most of them live in the ocean. Cnidarians are a little more complex than sponges. Besides specialized cells, they have tissues and radial symmetry. There are more than 10,000 cnidarian species, see Figure below .

Living things are highly organized following a hierarchy that includes atoms, molecules, organelles, cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems. organisms, in turn, are grouped as populations, communities, ecosystems, and this?

endosphere

hydrosphere

bionicsphere

biosphere

CHAPTER SUMMARY 1.1 Themes and Concepts of Biology Biology is the science of life. All living organisms share several key properties such as order, sensitivity or response to stimuli, reproduction, adaptation, growth and development, regulation, homeostasis, and energy processing. Living things are highly organized following a hierarchy that includes atoms, molecules, organelles, cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems. Organisms, in turn, are grouped as populations, communities, ecosystems, and the biosphere. Evolution is the source of the tremendous biological diversity on Earth today. A diagram called a phylogenetic tree can be used to show evolutionary relationships among organisms. Biology is very broad and includes many branches and sub disciplines. Examples include molecular biology, microbiology, neurobiology, zoology, and botany, among others.

Carbonic acid can dissociate into hydrogen carbonate ions and what?

electrons

protons

atoms

protons

Carbon dioxide is slightly soluble in water. There is an equilibrium reaction that occurs as the carbon dioxide reacts with the water to form carbonic acid (H2CO3). Since carbonic acid is a weak acid, it can dissociate into protons (H+) and hydrogen carbonate ions (HCO 3 −).

Respiration cycles the organic carbon into which gas?

oxygen

liquid dioxide

phosphorus dioxide

carbon dioxide

Figure 46.15 Carbon dioxide gas exists in the atmosphere and is dissolved in water. Photosynthesis converts carbon dioxide gas to organic carbon, and respiration cycles the organic carbon back into carbon dioxide gas. Long-term storage of organic carbon occurs when matter from living organisms is buried deep underground and becomes fossilized. Volcanic activity and, more recently, human emissions, bring this stored carbon back into the carbon cycle. (credit: modification of work by John M. Evans and Howard Perlman, USGS).

What type of bonds between the bases at the center of the dna double helix hold the helix together?

electron bonds

helium bonds

ionic bonds

hydrogen bonds

DNA’s three-dimensional structure is a double helix. The hydrogen bonds between the bases at the center of the helix hold the helix together.

What are changes in makeup and chemical properties of matter called?

radical changes

mineral changes

carbonate changes

chemical changes

Chemical changes are changes in the makeup and chemical properties of matter. An example of a chemical change is wood burning.

Mammals generate heat primarily by maintaining a high rate of what?

movement

reproduction

respiration

metabolism

Mammals generate heat mainly by keeping their metabolic rate high. The cells of mammals have many more mitochondria than the cells of other animals. The extra mitochondria generate enough energy to keep the rate of metabolism high. Mammals can also generate little bursts of heat by shivering. Shivering occurs when many muscles contract a little bit all at once. Each muscle that contracts produces a small amount of heat.

The fossil record indicates that anthropoids began diverging from other primates about how many million years ago?

60

70

40

50

What is the oxygen carrying component of red blood cells called?

platlet

molecule

mitochondria

hemoglobin

In practice, chemical research is often not limited to just one of the five major disciplines. A particular chemist may use biochemistry to isolate a particular chemical found in the human body such as hemoglobin, the oxygen carrying component of red blood cells. He or she may then proceed to analyze the hemoglobin using methods that would pertain to the areas of physical or analytical chemistry. Many chemists specialize in areas that are combinations of the main disciplines, such as bioinorganic chemistry or physical organic chemistry.

What is a disease in which the immune system makes an inflammatory response to a harmless antigen?

cancer

heartburn

bronchitis

an allergy

An allergy is a disease in which the immune system makes an inflammatory response to a harmless antigen . Any antigen that causes an allergy is called an allergen. Allergens may be inhaled or ingested, or they may come into contact with the skin. Two common causes of allergies are shown in Figure below . Inhaling ragweed pollen may cause coughing and sneezing. Skin contact with oils in poison ivy may cause an itchy rash. Other common causes of allergies include dust mites, mold, animal dander, insect stings, latex, and certain food and medications. Symptoms of a common allergy such as pollen can include sneezing, a runny nose, nasal congestion and itchy, watery eyes.

The umbilical cord connects the fetus to what structure?

cell

Ovaries

uterus

placenta

The fetus is connected to the placenta through the umbilical cord. This is a long tube that contains two arteries and a vein. Blood from the fetus enters the placenta through the umbilical arteries. It exchanges gases and other substances with the mother’s blood. Then it travels back to the fetus through the umbilical vein.

The vector of what organism is significant on a map showing the location of malaria?

fungi

virus

worm

mosquito

Worldwide Distribution of Malaria. This map shows where malaria is found. The area is determined by the mosquito vector. The mosquito can live year-round only in the red-shaded areas.

What is the smallest particle of an element that still has the properties of that element is called?

proton

nucleus

neutron

atom

The smallest particle of an element that still has the properties of that element is an atom. Atoms are extremely tiny. They can be observed only with an electron microscope. They are commonly represented by models, like the one Figure below . An atom has a central nucleus that is positive in charge. The nucleus is surrounded by negatively charged particles called electrons.

What is already causing food and water shortages and species extinctions?

zero population growth

urbanization

immigration

global warming

Adding more heat energy to Earth’s atmosphere also causes more extreme weather and changes in precipitation patterns. Global warming is already causing food and water shortages and species extinctions. These problems will only grow worse unless steps are taken to curb greenhouse gases and global climate change.

What is the foundation species of coral reef ecosystems?

molluscs

anemones

crystals

coral

Figure 19.24 Coral is the foundation species of coral reef ecosystems. (credit: Jim E. Maragos, USFWS).

When the ph of precipitation is lowered because of air pollution, what results?

sleet

abnormal rain

climate change

acid rain

All life relies on a relatively narrow range of pH, or acidity. That’s because protein structure and function are very sensitive to pH. Air pollution can cause precipitation to become acidic. Nitrogen and sulfur oxides, mainly from motor vehicle exhaust and coal burning, create acids when they combine with water in the air. The acids lower the pH of precipitation, forming acid rain . If acid rain falls on the ground, it may damage soil and soil organisms. If it falls on plants, it may kill them (see Figure below ). If it falls into lakes, it lowers the pH of the water and kills aquatic organisms.

What type of barrier physically blocks pathogens from entering the body?

molecular

Solid

potential

mechanical

Mechanical barriers physically block pathogens from entering the body. The skin is the most important mechanical barrier. In fact, it is the single most important defense the body has. The outer layer of the skin is tough and very difficult for pathogens to penetrate.

In what do a roundworm's eggs pass from host to the environment?

mouth

skin

arms

feces

Some parasites live on the surface of their host. Others live inside their host. They may enter the host through a break in the skin or in food or water. For example, roundworms are parasites of mammals, including humans, cats, and dogs (see Figure below ). The worms produce huge numbers of eggs, which are passed in the host’s feces to the environment. Other individuals may be infected by swallowing the eggs in contaminated food or water.

What is the name of the command center of the cell?

vacuole

mitochondria

molecules

nucleus

3.3 The Nucleus and DNA Replication The nucleus is the command center of the cell, containing the genetic instructions for all of the materials a cell will make (and thus all of its functions it can perform). The nucleus is encased within a membrane of two interconnected lipid bilayers, side-by-side. This nuclear envelope is studded with protein-lined pores that allow materials to be trafficked into and out of.

What does the ending 'ology' refer to?

focus of

theory of

Application Of

study of

Oceanography is the study of the oceans. The word oceanology might be more accurate, since “ology” is “the study of. ” “Graph” is “to write” and refers to map making. But mapping the oceans is how oceanography started.

What is the only natural phenomenon that causes more damage than earthquakes?

landslides

volcanos

blizzards

hurricanes

Only hurricanes cause more damage than earthquakes. Only one source of earthquake damage is ground shaking. More damage may be done from the tsunami, fires, and landslides that can happen afterwards. Communities along faults can prepare for earthquakes. One way is to use earthquake-safe construction methods and to make older buildings stronger. If you live in earthquake country, it is important to secure heavy objects and put together an emergency kit.

What is the hypothesis that states that the biosphere is its own living organism?

Pascal's hypothesis

Big Bang theory

Geiger theory

gaia hypothesis

The Gaia hypothesis states that the biosphere is its own living organism. The hypothesis suggests that the Earth is self-regulating and tends to achieve a stable state, known as homeostasis . For example the composition of our atmosphere stays fairly consistent, providing the ideal conditions for life. When carbon dioxide levels increase in the atmosphere, plants grow more quickly. As their growth continues, they remove more carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. In this way, the amount of carbon dioxide stays fairly constant without human intervention.

The kinetic energy of molecules is generally proportionate to what other property that they have?

precipitation

variation

mass

temperature

The average kinetic energy of the molecules is proportional to the temperature of the sample.

Several neuropeptides, relatively short chains of amino acids, serve as neurotransmitters that operate via metabotropic what?

organelles

lipids

membranes

receptors

What kind of process is boiling?

cavitation

chemical

spheroidal

isothermal

As with melting, the energy in boiling goes exclusively to changing the phase of a substance; it does not go into changing the temperature of a substance. So boiling is also an isothermal process. Only when all of a substance has boiled does any additional energy go to changing its temperature. What happens when a liquid becomes a gas? We have already established that a liquid is composed of particles in contact with each other. When a liquid becomes a gas, the particles separate from each other, with each particle going its own way in space. This is how gases tend to fill their containers. Indeed, in the gas phase most of the volume is empty space; only about 1/1,000th of the volume is actually taken up by matter (Figure 10.4 "Liquids and Gases"). It is this property of gases that explains why they can be compressed, a fact that is considered in Chapter 6 "Gases". Figure 10.4 Liquids and Gases.

In science, what is constantly tested, sometimes revised, sometimes thrown out and sometimes well-established?

a variable

a technique

a study

a theory

A theory is constantly tested. If some data does not agree with the theory, the theory can be revised. If the theory cannot match the data, it is thrown out. That being said, sometimes a theory is well-established; it has a lot of evidence to back it up. A well-established theory is unlikely to be overthrown. It may just need to be modified a bit. But science does not prove anything beyond a shadow of a doubt.

What is the name of the process in which both the system and its environment can return to exactly the states they were in by following the reverse path?

Different Process

conductive process

Remote process

reversible process

Reversible Processes Both isothermal and adiabatic processes such as shown in Figure 15.13 are reversible in principle. A reversible process is one in which both the system and its environment can return to exactly the states they were in by following the reverse path. The reverse isothermal and adiabatic paths are BA and CA, respectively. Real macroscopic processes are never exactly reversible. In the previous examples, our system is a gas (like that in Figure 15.9), and its environment is the piston, cylinder, and the rest of the universe. If there are any energy-dissipating mechanisms, such as friction or turbulence, then heat transfer to the environment occurs for either direction of the piston. So, for example, if the path BA is followed and there is friction, then the gas will be returned to its original state but the environment will not—it will have been heated in both directions. Reversibility requires the direction of heat transfer to reverse for the reverse path. Since dissipative mechanisms cannot be completely eliminated, real processes cannot be reversible. There must be reasons that real macroscopic processes cannot be reversible. We can imagine them going in reverse. For example, heat transfer occurs spontaneously from hot to cold and never spontaneously the reverse. Yet it would not violate the first law of thermodynamics for this to happen. In fact, all spontaneous processes, such as bubbles bursting, never go in reverse. There is a second thermodynamic law that forbids them from going in reverse. When we study this law, we will learn something about nature and also find that such a law limits the efficiency of heat engines. We will find that heat engines with the greatest possible theoretical efficiency would have to use reversible processes, and even they cannot convert all heat transfer into doing work. Table 15.2 summarizes the simpler thermodynamic processes and their definitions.

What must be present on a plant where ladybugs will lay their eggs?

butterflies

dew drops

mites

aphids

Ladybugs, also known as ladybird beetles, have a life cycle of four to six weeks. In one year as many as six generations of ladybird beetles may hatch. In the spring, each adult female lays up to 300 eggs in small clusters on plants where aphids are present. After a week the wingless larvae hatch. Both the ladybird beetle larvae and adults are active predators, eating only aphids, scales, mites and other plant-eating insects. The ladybugs live on the vegetation where their prey is found, which includes roses, oleander, milkweed and broccoli. Adult ladybugs don’t taste very good. A bird careless enough to try to eat one will not swallow it.

In birds, lightweight air-filled bones and a large four-chambered heart are examples of adaptations for what purpose?

mating

speed

long lifespan

flight

Birds are endothermic tetrapod vertebrates. They are bipedal and have wings and feathers. Their organ systems are adapted for flight. For example, they have light-weight air-filled bones and a large four-chambered heart. Birds also have relatively large brains and a high level of intelligence.

Chemical and solar cells are devices that change chemical or light energy to what?

temperature energy

cellular

occurring energy

electrical energy

Chemical and solar cells are devices that change chemical or light energy to electrical energy. You can read about both types of cells and how they work below.

Stoichiometric coefficients are used in chemical equations to indicate the amounts of reactants and what?

consumers

imports

fuels

products

Stoichiometric coefficients are used in chemical equations to indicate the amounts of reactants and products.

Like acetic acid, pentanoic acid is what kind of acid?

amino

hydroxyl

carbonic

carboxylic

Like acetic acid, pentanoic acid is a carboxylic acid. Unlike acetic acid, however, the alkyl group is rather large, consisting of a 4-carbon chain as in butanol. As with butanol, the nonpolar character of the alkyl group is likely to be as important as the polar character of the carboxylic acid group, making it unlikely that pentanoic.

A solute generally has what effect on the boiling point of a solvent?

none

randomizes

lowers

raises

In harmonic motion there is always a restorative force , which acts in the opposite direction of the velocity. The restorative force changes during oscillation and depends on the position of the object. In a pendulum it is the component of gravity along the path of motion. The force on the oscillating object is directly opposite that of the direction of velocity.

What type of climates are found around the equator?

arctics

arid

tundras

tropical

Tropical climates are found around the Equator. As you'd expect, these climates have warm temperatures year round. The warm air rises at the Equator. As it rises, it cools, causing it to rain. Tropical climates may be very wet, or wet and dry.

What kind of planet do we consider ceres to be?

gas planet

binary planet

minor planet

dwarf planet

Is Ceres a planet? Ceres only has about 1.3% of the mass of the Earth’s Moon. Its orbit is full of other smaller bodies. Its gravity was not high enough to clear its orbit. Ceres fails the fourth criterion for being a planet. Ceres is now considered a dwarf planet, the closest to the Sun.

How many pairs of legs does a millipede have per body segment?

four

eight

one

two

Most millipedes are slower than centipedes and feed on leaf litter and loose organic material. They can be distinguished from centipedes by looking at the number of legs per body segment. Millipedes have two pairs of legs per body segment, while centipedes have a single pair of legs per body segment. Millipedes protect their eggs from predators by using a nest of hard soil. Millipedes are not poisonous. They lack the pair of fangs containing a poison gland that centipedes have.

What is the fertilization step in the sexual reproduction of plants?

evolution

hibernation

Fornications

pollination

To research how characteristics are passed from parents to offspring, Mendel needed to control pollination. Pollination is the fertilization step in the sexual reproduction of plants. Pollen consists of tiny grains that are the male gametes of plants. They are produced by a male flower part called the anther (see Figure below ). Pollination occurs when pollen is transferred from the anther to the stigma of the same or another flower. The stigma is a female part of a flower. It passes the pollen grains to female gametes in the ovary.

How do you add two dimensional vectors?

topologically

linearly

graphically

geometrically

Vectors that are in two dimensions are added geometrically.

The fact that all living things share the same biochemical building blocks is molecular evidence of what theorized process?

generation

emergence

creation

evolution

Molecular evidence for evolution includes that all living things share the same biochemical building blocks.

When the monocilia are defective, what is disrupted?

predicting

triggering

inhibiting

signaling

What is a copy of an object that is formed by reflected light?

example

deflection

instance

image

Reflection is one of several ways that light can interact with matter. Light reflects off surfaces such as mirrors that do not transmit or absorb light. When light is reflected from a smooth surface, it may form an image. An image is a copy of an object that is formed by reflected (or refracted) light.

Hypoxia is a condition of the reduced supply of what?

nitrogen

methane

food

oxygen

Figure 10.14 The role of normal p53 is to monitor DNA and the supply of oxygen (hypoxia is a condition of reduced oxygen supply). If damage is detected, p53 triggers repair mechanisms. If repairs are unsuccessful, p53 signals apoptosis. A cell with an abnormal p53 protein cannot repair damaged DNA and thus cannot signal apoptosis. Cells with abnormal p53 can become cancerous. (credit: modification of work by Thierry Soussi).

What part of an atom is positive due to the presence of positively charged protons?

Electron

Neutron

Proton

nucleus

Charge Carried by Electrons and Protons Franklin wrote in his letters and books that he could see the effects of electric charge but did not understand what caused the phenomenon. Today we have the advantage of knowing that normal matter is made of atoms, and that atoms contain positive and negative charges, usually in equal amounts. Figure 18.5 shows a simple model of an atom with negative electrons orbiting its positive nucleus. The nucleus is positive due to the presence of positively charged protons. Nearly all charge in nature is due to electrons and protons, which are two of the.

Organs of what male biological system include the penis, testes, and epididymis?

circulatory system

immune system

romantic system

reproductive system

Male Reproductive Structures. Organs of the male reproductive system include the penis, testes, and epididymis. Several ducts and glands are also part of the system. Do you know the reproductive functions of any of these structures?.

At certain times of year, a stream or river may overflow its banks. what is the area of land that is flooded called?

lowland

inlet

run off

floodplain

At certain times of year, a stream or river may overflow its banks. The area of land that is flooded is called the floodplain. The floodplain may be very wide where the river flows over a nearly flat surface.

What are the major types anchoring proteins?

claudins and semimetals

semimetals and occludins

amino and fatty acids

claudins and occludins

Tight junctions are composed of strands of transmembrane proteins embedded in the plasma membranes of two adjacent cells. The extracellular domains of these proteins directly join to one another. These joining proteins associate with peripheral membrane proteins located on the intracellular side of plasma membrane. These peripheral proteins anchor the strands to the actin component of the cytoskeleton, effectively forming a molecular complex that joins together the cytoskeletons of adjacent cells. The major types anchoring proteins of tight junctions are the claudins and the occludins.

The process where an atomic nucleus breaks apart into two less massive nuclei is known as ______.

collision

diffusion

fusion

fission

Fission is the process in which an atomic nucleus breaks apart into two less massive nuclei. Energy is released in the process in many forms, heat, gamma rays and the kinetic energy of neutrons. If these neutrons collide with nuclei and induce more fission, then a runaway chain reaction can take place. Fission is responsible for nuclear energy and atom-bomb explosions: the fission of uranium acts as a heat source for the Earth’s molten interior.

Sugar and starch are examples of what type of nutrient?

vitamins

proteins

fat

carbohydrates

Producers such as plants or algae use carbon dioxide in the air to make food. The organisms combine carbon dioxide with water to make sugar. They store the sugar as starch. Both sugar and starch are carbohydrates. Consumers get carbon when they eat producers or other consumers.

What term describes a property of a liquid based on the strength of its intermolecular forces?

tissue pressure

analogous pressure

cellular pressure

vapor pressure

Because they cannot escape the container, the vapor molecules above the surface of the liquid exert a pressure on the walls of the container. The vapor pressure is a measure of the presure (force per unit area) exerted by a gas above a liquid in a sealed container. Vapor pressure is a property of a liquid based on the strength of its intermolecular forces. A liquid with weak intermolecular forces evaporates more easily and has a high vapor pressure. A liquid with stronger intermolecular forces does not evaporate easily and thus has a lower vapor pressure. For example, diethyl ether is a nonpolar liquid with weak dispersion forces. Its vapor pressure at 20°C is 58.96 kPa. Water is a polar liquid whose molecules are attracted to one another by relatively strong hydrogen bonding. The vapor pressure of water at 20°C is only 2.33 kPa, far less than that of diethyl ether.

What do a river and all its tributaries make up?

food system

abundance system

water system

river system

Small streams often flow into bigger streams or rivers. The small streams are called tributaries. A river and all its tributaries make up a river system.

What structure is the site of all of the basic biochemical processes that keep organisms alive?

Element

particle

Atom

cell

The cell is the site of all of the basic biochemical processes that keep organisms alive. To do its work, the cell needs substances such as oxygen, water, and glucose. The cell also must get rid of substances, including wastes such as carbon dioxide. In addition, harmful substances must be kept out of the cell. Controlling what enters or leaves a cell is an important role of the cell membrane.

How does the magnetic field produced by a current in a wire move?

counterclockwise

intermittently

slowly

in concentric circles

The magnetic field produced by a current in a wire moves around the wire in concentric circles. More current creates a stronger magnetic field, and the direction of the current determines the direction of the magnetic field.

What are the 3 types of volcanoes?

crude , shield , cinder cones

composite , atop , cinder cones

composite, seismic, fault

composite, shield, cinder cones

A volcano is a vent through which molten rock and gas escape from a magma chamber. Volcanoes differ in many features, such as height, shape, and slope steepness. Some volcanoes are tall cones, and others are just cracks in the ground ( Figure below ). As you might expect, the shape of a volcano is related to the composition of its magma. The three types of volcanoes are composite, shield, and cinder cones.

The fast motion of gas particles gives them a relatively large amount of what energy?

Chemical energy

residual energy

Potential energy

kinetic energy

Gas particles are in constant rapid motion in random directions . The fast motion of gas particles gives them a relatively large amount of kinetic energy. Recall that kinetic energy is the energy that an object possesses because of its motion. The particles of a gas move in straight-line motion until they collide with another particle or with one of the walls of its container.

When do alkane reactions usually occur?

in cold climates

underwater

at high altitudes

under extreme conditions

Because alkanes contain only C–C and C–H bonds, which are strong and not very polar (the electronegativities of C and H are similar; Figure 7.15 "Pauling Electronegativity Values of the "), they are not easily attacked by nucleophiles or electrophiles. Consequently, their reactivity is limited, and often their reactions occur only under extreme conditions. For example, catalytic cracking can be used to convert straight-chain alkanes to highly branched alkanes, which are better fuels for internal combustion engines. Catalytic cracking is one example of a pyrolysis reaction (from the Greek pyros, meaning “fire,” and lysis, meaning “loosening”), in which alkanes are heated to a sufficiently high temperature to induce cleavage of the weakest bonds: the C–C single bonds. The result is a mixture of radicals derived from essentially random cleavage of the various C–C bonds in the chain. Pyrolysis of n-pentane, for example, is nonspecific and can produce these four radicals: Equation 24.7.

What do you call scientists that study the weather, specifically?

geologists

hydrologists

forecasters

meteorologists

Predicting the weather requires a lot of weather data. Technology is used to gather the data and computers are used to analyze the data. Using this information gives meteorologists the best chance of predicting the weather.

What replicates in the s phase of interphase, resulting in chromosomes composed of two linked sister chromatids?

RNA

protein

hormones

dna

DNA replicates in the S phase of interphase. After replication, the chromosomes are composed of two linked sister chromatids. When fully compact, the pairs of identically packed chromosomes are bound to each other by cohesin proteins. The connection between the sister chromatids is closest in a region called the centromere. The conjoined sister chromatids, with a diameter of about 1 µm, are visible under a light microscope. The centromeric region is highly condensed and thus will appear as a constricted area.

What is located beneath the lithosphere?

magnetosphere

hydropshere

troposphere

asthenosphere

Beneath the lithosphere, the asthenosphere is solid rock that can flow.

What travels 9.5 trillion kilometers a year?

air

Sound

electricity

light

the distance light can travel in one year, 9.5 trillion kilometers.

What population on earth is already harming the environment due to less resources to go around?

insects

whales

rats

humans

Bundles of vascular tissue run through the ground tissue of a stem and transport fluids. Plants may vary in how these bundles are arranged.

What is the female reproductive structure of a flower called?

the stigma

the stamen

the pollinator

the pistil

The pistil is the female reproductive structure of a flower. It consists of a stigma, style, and ovary. The stigma is raised and sticky to help it catch pollen. The style supports the stigma and connects it to the ovary, which contains the egg. Petals attract pollinators to the flower. Petals are often brightly colored so pollinators will notice them.

Red giants are stars that fuse what element into larger atoms?

oxygen

carbon

hydrogen

helium

When stars fuse helium into larger atoms, they become red giants.

What normal bodily occurrence can cause skeletal muscles to involuntarily contract?

respiration

thinking

movement

reflexes

Skeletal muscle is made up of voluntary muscles, usually attached to the skeleton. Skeletal muscles move the body. They can also contract involuntarily by reflexes. For example, you can choose to move your arm, but your arm would move automatically if you were to burn your finger on a stove top. This voluntary contraction begins with a thought process. A signal from your brain tells your muscles to contract or relax. Quickly contract and relax the muscles in your fingers a few times. Think about how quickly these signals must travel throughout your body to make this happen.

What is the outer layer of the adrenal gland called?

medulla

adrenal skin

zona reticularis

adrenal cortex

17.6 The Adrenal Glands The adrenal glands, located superior to each kidney, consist of two regions: the adrenal cortex and adrenal medulla. The adrenal cortex—the outer layer of the gland—produces mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, and androgens. The adrenal medulla at the core of the gland produces epinephrine and norepinephrine. The adrenal glands mediate a short-term stress response and a long-term stress response. A perceived threat results in the secretion of epinephrine and norepinephrine from the adrenal medulla, which mediate the fight-or-flight response. The long-term stress response is mediated by the secretion of CRH from the hypothalamus, which triggers ACTH, which in turn stimulates the secretion of corticosteroids from the adrenal cortex. The mineralocorticoids, chiefly aldosterone, cause sodium and fluid retention, which increases blood volume and blood pressure.

Why would prokaryotes be chemotrophs instead of phototrophs in a deep-sea hydrothermal vent?

too much heat

too cold

too much light

lack of light

Chapter 22 1 Figure 22.8 The extracellular matrix and outer layer of cells protects the inner bacteria. The close proximity of cells also facilitates lateral gene transfer, a process by which genes such as antibiotic resistance genes are transferred from one bacterium to another. And even if lateral gene transfer does not occur, one bacterium that produces an exo-enzyme that destroys antibiotic may save neighboring bacteria. 3 Figure 22.19 D 4 A 6 A 8 B 10 B 12 A 14 B 16 C 18 B 20 D 22 D 24 B 25 As the organisms are non-culturable, the presence could be detected through molecular techniques, such as PCR. 27 Responses will vary. A possible answer is: Bacteria contain peptidoglycan in the cell wall; archaea do not. The cell membrane in bacteria is a lipid bilayer; in archaea, it can be a lipid bilayer or a monolayer. Bacteria contain fatty acids on the cell membrane, whereas archaea contain phytanyl. 29 Responses will vary. In a deep-sea hydrothermal vent, there is no light, so prokaryotes would be chemotrophs instead of phototrophs. The source of carbon would be carbon dioxide dissolved in the ocean, so they would be autotrophs. There is not a lot of organic material in the ocean, so prokaryotes would probably use inorganic sources, thus they would be chemolitotrophs. The temperatures are very high in the hydrothermal vent, so the prokaryotes would be thermophilic. 31 E. coli colonizes the surface of the leaf, forming a biofilm that is more difficult to remove than free (planktonic) cells. Additionally, bacteria can be taken up in the water that plants are grown in, thereby entering the plant tissues rather than simply residing on the leaf surface.

How do wolves learn to hunt as a group?

mirroring

trial and error

primordial learning

observational learning

Observational learning explains how wolves know how to hunt as a group.

What is the common term for water in its solid state?

vapor

precipitation

sea

ice

If an air mass forms over an ocean it is called what type of air mass?

tropical

cumulus

hurricane

maritime

Most air masses form over polar or tropical regions. They may form over continents or oceans. Air masses are moist if they form over oceans. They are dry if they form over continents. Air masses that form over oceans are called maritime air masses. Those that form over continents are called continental air masses. The image below shows air masses that form over or near North America ( Figure below ).

What is the middle layer that hair pass through before exiting at the surface of the skin?

dermis

epithelial tissue

cuticle

epidermis

Hair follicles are the structures where hairs originate. Hairs grow out of follicles, pass through the epidermis, and exit at the surface of the skin.

High per capita use of what means the ecological footprint of the united states is large?

green energy

food

money

resources

Lakes, ponds, streams, springs, and wetlands are?

land formations

salt water bodies

man-made structures

fresh water bodies

Lakes, ponds, streams, springs, and wetlands are fresh water bodies. The organisms that live in them are part of freshwater ecosystems. These ecosystems vary by temperature, pressure (in lakes), and the amount of light that penetrates. The type of plants that grow in these ecosystems varies.

What is the the force of attraction that holds together ions?

magnetic bond

covalent bond

soluble bond

ionic bond

An ionic bond is the force of attraction that holds together positive and negative ions. It forms when atoms of a metallic element give up electrons to atoms of a nonmetallic element.

What is the ability of a material to return to its original shape after being stretched or compressed?

solubility

acidity

viscosity

elasticity

Elasticity is the ability of a material to return to its original shape after being stretched or compressed. Elastic force is the counter force that resists the stretching or compressing of an elastic material.

How much of the soil is made of pieces of rock and minerals?

two third

three fourth

one third

about half

We can think about soil as a living resource. Soil is an ecosystem all by itself! Soil is a complex mixture of different materials. Some of them are inorganic . Inorganic materials are made from non-living substances like pebbles and sand. Soil also contains bits of organic materials from plants and animals. In general, about half of the soil is made of pieces of rock and minerals. The other half is organic materials. In the spaces of soil are millions of living organisms. These include earthworms, ants, bacteria, and fungi. In some soils, the organic portion is entirely missing. This is true of desert sand. At the other extreme, a soil may be completely organic. Peat, found in a bog or swamp, is totally organic soil. Organic materials are necessary for a soil to be fertile. The organic portion provides the nutrients needed for strong plant growth.

Comprised mainly of collagen and associated with long bones and the skull, hyaline is the most widespread type of what?

cytoplasm

enzymes

tissue

collagen

Cartilage: There are three cartilage types: 1. hyaline cartilage 2. fibrocartilage (fibrous cartilage) 3. elastic cartilage Hyaline cartilage: most widespread cartilage type, in adults forms articular surfaces of long bones, rib tips, rings of trachea, and parts of skull. Mostly collagen, name refers to glassy appearance. In embryo, bones form first as hyaline cartilage, later ossifies. Found in tracheal rings. Few collagen fibers. Fibrous cartilage: have lots of collagen fibers. Found in intervertebral discs, pubic symphesis. Grades into dense tendon and ligament tissue. Elastic cartilage: springy and elastic. Found in internal support of external ear and in epiglottis, yellow when fresh. Chondrocites (cartilage cells) rely on diffusion for nutrients, as cartilage has no direct blood supply, and no enervation (nerves). Can be loaded with calcium salts.

Bacterial dna is contained in one circular chromosome, located where?

cerebellum

neuron

mucus

cytoplasm

Bacteria lack many of the structures that eukaryotic cells contain. For example, they don't have a nucleus. They also lack membrane-bound organelles, such as mitochondria or chloroplasts. The DNA of a bacterial cell is also different from a eukaryotic cell. Bacterial DNA is contained in one circular chromosome, located in the cytoplasm. Eukaryotes have several linear chromosomes. Bacteria also have two additional unique features: a cell wall and flagella.

During which phase is the moon more than half lit but not full?

waxing

crescent

new

gibbous phase

Before and after the quarter-moon phases are the gibbous and crescent phases. During the crescent moon phase, the Moon is less than half lit. It is seen as only a sliver or crescent shape. During the gibbous moon phase, the Moon is more than half lit. It is not full. The Moon undergoes a complete cycle of phases about every 29.5 days.

What force is caused by microscopic bumps, lumps, and imperfections colliding?

tension

gravitational

motion

friction

Every surface has microscopic bumps, lumps, and imperfections, emphasized as in the image above. If we try to slide the top block over the lower block, there will be numerous collisions as the bumps impact each other. The forward motion causes the collisions with bumps which then exert a force in opposite way the block is moving. The force of friction always opposes whatever motion is causing the friction.

What is the period during which humans become sexually mature called?

adolescence

adulthood

maturity

puberty

The reproductive organs grow very slowly during childhood and do not mature until puberty. Puberty is the period during which humans become sexually mature. In the U. S. , boys generally begin puberty at about age 12 and complete it at about age 18.

What is another word for brooding- keeping eggs warm while the embryos develop?

hibernation

spawning

fertilization

incubation

After birds lay their eggs, they generally keep the eggs warm with their body heat while the embryos inside continue to develop. This is called incubation, or brooding. In most species, parents stay together for at least the length of the breeding season. In some species, they stay together for life. By staying together, the males as well as females can incubate the eggs and later care for the hatchlings. Birds are the only nonhuman vertebrates with this level of male parental involvement.

Which type of natural disturbance in temperate grasslands, can be caused by a lightning strike?

avalanche

drought

mass extinction

fire

Fires, which are a natural disturbance in temperate grasslands, can be ignited by lightning strikes. It also appears that the lightning-caused fire regime in North American grasslands was enhanced by intentional burning by humans. When fire is suppressed in temperate grasslands, the vegetation eventually converts to scrub and dense forests. Often, the restoration or.

What is another name for mother of pearl?

calcium

pigment

enamel

nacre

Mother of pearl is also known as nacre. Nacre is the iridescent inner shell layer. It can be found in buttons, watch faces, knives, guns, and jewelry. It is also used to decorate various musical instruments.

What type of salts are secreted into the small intestine to aid in the digestion of fats?

sodium

zinc

Table Salt

bile

Bile salts are secreted into the small intestine to aid in the digestion of fats.

Lavas that cool underwater are called what?

water lavas

sea lavas

bed lavas

pillow lavas

Different lava types create different rock types, such as pahoehoe and a'a. Lavas that cool underwater become pillow lavas.

What is oceanography the study of?

waters

bodies of water

seas

oceans

Oceanography is the study of the oceans. The word oceanology might be more accurate, since “ology” is “the study of. ” “Graph” is “to write” and refers to mapmaking. But mapping the oceans is how oceanography started.

What tissue system has neither dermal nor vascular tissues?

internal tissue system

external tissue system

work tissue system

ground tissue system