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Most hydrogen atoms have how many protons? | four | two | three | one | Hydrogen is a good example of isotopes because it has the simplest atoms. Three isotopes of hydrogen are modeled in Figure below . Most hydrogen atoms have just one proton and one electron and lack a neutron. They are just called hydrogen. Some hydrogen atoms have one neutron. These atoms are the isotope named deuterium. Other hydrogen atoms have two neutrons. These atoms are the isotope named tritium. |
How many viruses that can cause cancer in humans have been identified by scientists? | 1 | 4 | 3 | 6 | |
What is utilized to analyze simple mendelian inheritance? | trait | origins | dna | pedigree | Inheritance in humans is not as straight-forward as that in the pea plant. Though some traits are inherited in simple Mendelian fashion, many are not. To analyze simple Mendelian inheritance a pedigree is often utilized. This is especially helpful in tracking the inheritance of a specific trait, characteristic or disorder (or allele) through a family. |
What is the only animal phyla that does not consist exclusively of invertebrates? | eukaryotes | arthropods | bacteria | chordates | Except for the chordates, all animal phyla consist only of invertebrates. |
Soap acts as what kind of agent between grease and water? | sterilizing | lubricating | codifying | emulsifying | Butter and mayonnaise are examples of a class of colloids called emulsions . An emulsion is a colloidal dispersion of a liquid in either a liquid or a solid. A stable emulsion requires an emulsifying agent to be present. Mayonnaise is made in part of oil and vinegar. Since oil is nonpolar and vinegar is an aqueous solution and polar, the two do not mix and would quickly separate into layers. However, the addition of egg yolk causes the mixture to become stable and not separate. Egg yolk is capable of interacting with both the polar vinegar and the nonpolar oil. The egg yolk is called the emulsifying agent. Soap acts as an emulsifying agent between grease and water. Grease cannot be simply rinsed off your hands or another surface because it is insoluble. However, the soap stabilizes a grease-water mixture because one end of a soap molecule is polar and the other end is nonpolar. This allows the grease to be removed from your hands or your clothing by washing with soapy water. |
The nucleus from a differentiated frog cell can direct development of what? | ovary | embryo | fetus | tadpole | |
What can slow down the increase of viruses in the blood? | androgens | platelets | infections | medications | Medications can slow down the increase of viruses in the blood. But the medications cannot remove the viruses from the body. At present, there is no cure for HIV infection. A vaccine against HIV could stop this disease, and such a vaccine is in development, though it could take many years before it can be given to prevent this virus. |
In a few species, chloroplast genes are inherited only from what? | eggs | mothers | siblings | sperm | |
Ions flow through atp synthase from the thylakoid space into the stroma in a process called known as what? | fertilization | oxidation | respiration | chemiosmosis | 5.2 The Light-Dependent Reactions of Photosynthesis In the first part of photosynthesis, the light-dependent reaction, pigment molecules absorb energy from sunlight. The most common and abundant pigment is chlorophyll a. A photon strikes photosystem II to initiate photosynthesis. Energy travels through the electron transport chain, which pumps hydrogen ions into the thylakoid space. This forms an electrochemical gradient. The ions flow through ATP synthase from the thylakoid space into the stroma in a process called chemiosmosis to form molecules of ATP, which are used for the formation of sugar molecules in the second stage of photosynthesis. Photosystem I absorbs a second photon, which results in the formation of an NADPH molecule, another energy carrier for the Calvin cycle reactions. |
What is the name of microscopic channels which traverse the cell walls of plants? | notochord | chloroplasts | sphenopalatine | plasmodesmata | Plasmodesmata (singular, plasmodesma ) are microscopic channels which traverse the cell walls of plant cells and some algal cells. These junctions enable two cells to transport materials and communication between them. Plasmodesmata are similar to gap junctions of animal cells. Like gap junctions, plasmodesmata enable direct intercellular transport of substances between cells. However, unlike other junctions, plasmodesmata do not seem to be protein based. Rather, they are made from membrane and cell wall material. Plasmodesmata move various types of molecules, including transport proteins (including transcription factors), short interfering RNA, messenger RNA and viral genomes from cell to cell. A typical plant cell may have between 1,000 and 100,000 plasmodesmata connecting it with adjacent cells. |
Like the platypus, the echnida is a what? | dugongs | prosauropod | Gives Live birth | monotreme | Echidna. Like the platypus, the echnida is a monotreme. The only living monotreme species inhabit Australia and New Guinea. |
The cell membrane consists of two layers of what? | filaments | chlorophyll | epidermis | phospholipids | The cell membrane consists of two layers of phospholipids. Transport proteins are embedded in the layers. The movement of substances across the cell membrane may be by passive or active transport. |
What is an adaptation? | inherited gene | harmful mutation | unfavorable trait | favorable trait | Adaptations are favorable traits that organisms inherit. Adaptations develop from variations within a population and help organisms to survive in their given environment. |
Where fossils of the genus eomaia found? | India | Japan | Egypt | china | The earliest placental mammals may have evolved about 110 million years ago. The ancestor of placental mammals may be the extinct genus Eomaia . Fossils of Eomaia have been found in what is now China. It was only about 10 centimeters (4 inches) long. It was a tree climber and probably ate insects and worms. Eomaia had several traits of placental mammals. Figure below shows an Eomaia fossil. |
By exploding what the space probes get separated from their launchers? | walls | frames | doors | bolts | Space probes may be separated from their launchers by exploding bolts. (They bolt away from one another. ) Suppose a 4800-kg satellite uses this method to separate from the 1500-kg remains of its launcher, and that 5000 J of kinetic energy is supplied to the two parts. What are their subsequent velocities using the frame of reference in which they were at rest before separation?. |
What is the energy that matter possesses because of its location or structure? | thermal energy | kinetic energy | mechanical energy | potential energy | |
What is the term for the relatively stable state inside the body of an animal? | consciousness | metabolism | dormancy | homeostasis | 16.1 | Homeostasis and Osmoregulation By the end of this section, you will be able to: • Explain the concept of homeostasis • Describe thermoregulation of endothermic and ectothermic animals • Explain how the kidneys serve as the main osmoregulatory organs in the human body Homeostasis refers to the relatively stable state inside the body of an animal. Animal organs and organ systems constantly adjust to internal and external changes in order to maintain this steady state. Examples of internal conditions maintained homeostatically are the level of blood glucose, body temperature, blood calcium level. These conditions remain stable because of physiologic processes that result in negative feedback relationships. If the blood glucose or calcium rises, this sends a signal to organs responsible for lowering blood glucose or calcium. The signals that restore the normal levels are examples of negative feedback. When homeostatic mechanisms fail, the results can be unfavorable for the animal. Homeostatic mechanisms keep the body in dynamic equilibrium by constantly adjusting to the changes that the body’s systems encounter. Even an animal that is apparently inactive is maintaining this homeostatic equilibrium. Two examples of factors that are regulated homeostatically are temperature and water content. The processes that maintain homeostasis of these two factors are called thermoregulation and osmoregulation. |
What is the middle layer of connective tissue called? | pollenation | tendon | xerophyte | perimysium | Inside each skeletal muscle, muscle fibers are organized into individual bundles, each called a fascicle, by a middle layer of connective tissue called the perimysium. This fascicular organization is common in muscles of the limbs; it allows the nervous system to trigger a specific movement of a muscle by activating a subset of muscle fibers within a bundle, or fascicle of the muscle. Inside each fascicle, each muscle fiber is encased in a thin connective tissue layer of collagen and reticular fibers called the endomysium. The endomysium contains the extracellular fluid and nutrients to support the muscle fiber. These nutrients are supplied via blood to the muscle tissue. In skeletal muscles that work with tendons to pull on bones, the collagen in the three tissue layers (the mysia) intertwines with the collagen of a tendon. At the other end of the tendon, it fuses with the periosteum coating the bone. The tension created by contraction of the muscle fibers is then transferred though the mysia, to the tendon, and then to the periosteum to pull on the bone for movement of the skeleton. In other places, the mysia may fuse with a broad, tendon-like sheet called an aponeurosis, or to fascia, the connective tissue between skin and bones. The broad sheet of connective tissue in the lower back that the latissimus dorsi muscles (the “lats”) fuse into is an example of an aponeurosis. Every skeletal muscle is also richly supplied by blood vessels for nourishment, oxygen delivery, and waste removal. In addition, every muscle fiber in a skeletal muscle is supplied by the axon branch of a somatic motor neuron, which signals the fiber to contract. Unlike cardiac and smooth muscle, the only way to functionally contract a skeletal muscle is through signaling from the nervous system. |
Unlike prokaryotic chromosomes, eukaryotic chromosomes are what? | expanding | multiple | simple | linear | Telomere replication Unlike prokaryotic chromosomes, eukaryotic chromosomes are linear. As you’ve learned, the enzyme DNA pol can add nucleotides only in the 5' to 3' direction. In the leading strand, synthesis continues until the end of the chromosome is reached. On the lagging strand, DNA is synthesized in short stretches, each of which is initiated by a separate primer. When the replication fork reaches the end of the linear chromosome, there is no place for a primer to be made for the DNA fragment to be copied at the end of the chromosome. These ends thus remain unpaired, and over time these ends may get progressively shorter as cells continue to divide. The ends of the linear chromosomes are known as telomeres, which have repetitive sequences that code for no particular gene. In a way, these telomeres protect the genes from getting deleted as cells continue to divide. In humans, a six base pair sequence, TTAGGG, is repeated 100 to 1000 times. The discovery of the enzyme telomerase (Figure 14.16) helped in the understanding of how chromosome ends are maintained. The telomerase enzyme contains a catalytic part and a built-in RNA template. It attaches to the end of the chromosome, and complementary bases to the RNA template are added on the 3' end of the DNA strand. Once the 3' end of the lagging strand template is sufficiently elongated, DNA polymerase can add the nucleotides complementary to the ends of the chromosomes. Thus, the ends of the chromosomes are replicated. |
Reversible reactions are indicated by what kinds of arrows? | equilibrium arrows | double-headed | resonance arrows | opposite-headed | |
Downhill skiiers gain little advantage from a running start because the initial kinetic energy is small compared with the gain in what other energy form? | thermal energy | gravitational kinetic energy | chemical energy | gravitational potential energy | In a downhill ski race, surprisingly, little advantage is gained by getting a running start. (This is because the initial kinetic energy is small compared with the gain in gravitational potential energy on even small hills. ) To demonstrate this, find the final speed and the time taken for a skier who skies 70.0 m along a 30º slope neglecting friction: (a) Starting from rest. (b) Starting with an initial speed of 2.50 m/s. (c) Does the answer surprise you? Discuss why it is still advantageous to get a running start in very competitive events. |
Population size is the number of what in a population? | proteins | humans | subdivisions | individuals | Population size is the number of individuals in a population. |
What is the cause of common mold allergies? | viruses | immobile mold spores | bacteria | airborne mold spores | Mold allergies are very common. They are caused by airborne mold spores. When the spores enter the respiratory tract, the immune system responds to them as though they were harmful microbes. Symptoms may include sneezing, coughing, and difficulty breathing. The symptoms are likely to be more severe in people with asthma or other respiratory diseases. Long-term exposure to mold spores may also weaken the immune system. |
Which sphincter is located at the stomach end of the esophagus and opens to allow the bolus to enter the stomach? | urethral sphincter | pupillary sphincter | pyloric sphincter | gastro-esophageal sphincter | A ring-like muscle called a sphincter forms valves in the digestive system. The gastro-esophageal sphincter is located at the stomach end of the esophagus. In response to swallowing and the pressure exerted by the bolus of food, this sphincter opens, and the bolus enters the stomach. When there is no swallowing action, this sphincter is shut and prevents the contents of the stomach from traveling up the esophagus. Many animals have a true sphincter; however, in humans, there is no true. |
What adaptation helps prey hide and predators sneak up on prey? | variation | scent | claws | camouflage | Both predators and prey have adaptations to predation that evolve through natural selection. Predator adaptations help them capture prey. Prey adaptations help them avoid predators. A common adaptation in both predator and prey is camouflage . Several examples are shown in Figure below . Camouflage in prey helps them hide from predators. Camouflage in predators helps them sneak up on prey. |
Bursitis is the inflammation of a bursa near what? | muscle | brain stem | lung | joint | Bursitis Bursitis is the inflammation of a bursa near a joint. This will cause pain, swelling, or tenderness of the bursa and surrounding area, and may also result in joint stiffness. Bursitis is most commonly associated with the bursae found at or near the shoulder, hip, knee, or elbow joints. At the shoulder, subacromial bursitis may occur in the bursa that separates the acromion of the scapula from the tendon of a shoulder muscle as it passes deep to the acromion. In the hip region, trochanteric bursitis can occur in the bursa that overlies the greater trochanter of the femur, just below the lateral side of the hip. Ischial bursitis occurs in the bursa that separates the skin from the ischial tuberosity of the pelvis, the bony structure that is weight bearing when sitting. At the knee, inflammation and swelling of the bursa located between the skin and patella bone is prepatellar bursitis (“housemaid’s knee”), a condition more commonly seen today in roofers or floor and carpet installers who do not use knee pads. At the elbow, olecranon bursitis is inflammation of the bursa between the skin and olecranon process of the ulna. The olecranon forms the bony tip of the elbow, and bursitis here is also known as “student’s elbow. ” Bursitis can be either acute (lasting only a few days) or chronic. It can arise from muscle overuse, trauma, excessive or prolonged pressure on the skin, rheumatoid arthritis, gout, or infection of the joint. Repeated acute episodes of bursitis can result in a chronic condition. Treatments for the disorder include antibiotics if the bursitis is caused by an infection, or anti-inflammatory agents, such as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) or corticosteroids if the bursitis is due to trauma or overuse. Chronic bursitis may require that fluid be drained, but additional surgery is usually not required. |
What is one thing that cell membranes are permeable to? | metals | nutrients | gas | specific ions | |
What kind of a process is corrosion? | electromagnetic | electrolysis | oxidation | galvanic | Note the Pattern Corrosion is a galvanic process. Under ambient conditions, the oxidation of most metals is thermodynamically spontaneous, with the notable exception of gold and platinum. Hence it is actually somewhat surprising that any metals are useful at all in Earth’s moist, oxygen-rich atmosphere. Some metals, however, are resistant to corrosion for kinetic reasons. For example, aluminum in soft-drink cans and airplanes is protected by a thin coating of metal oxide that forms on the surface of the metal and acts as an impenetrable barrier that prevents further destruction. Aluminum cans also have a thin plastic layer to prevent reaction of the oxide with acid in the soft drink. Chromium, magnesium, and nickel also form protective oxide films. Stainless steels are remarkably resistant to corrosion because they usually contain a significant proportion of chromium, nickel, or both. In contrast to these metals, when iron corrodes, it forms a red-brown hydrated metal oxide (Fe2O3·xH2O), commonly known as rust, that does not provide a tight protective film (Figure 19.17 "Rust, the Result of Corrosion of. |
What is equal to the angular acceleration multiplied by the radius of the rotating object? | momentum | equilibrium | peak velocity | linear acceleration | linear acceleration a is equal to the angular acceleration multiplied by the radius of the rotating object. |
What is the membrane lining the back of the eye called? | aperture | lens | cornea | retina | The retina is a membrane lining the back of the eye. The retina has nerve cells called rods and cones that change images to electrical signals. Rods are good at sensing dim light but can’t distinguish different colors of light. Cones can sense colors but not in dim light. There are three different types of cones. Each type senses one of the three primary colors of light. |
What group of animals has adapted to live in both water and on land? | omnivores | herbivores | reptiles | amphibians | What group of animals begins its life in the water, but then spends most of its life on land? Amphibians! Amphibians are a group of vertebrates that has adapted to live in both water and on land. Amphibian larvae are born and live in water, and they breathe using gills. The adults live on land for part of the time and breathe both through their skin and with their lungs as their lungs are not sufficient to provide the necessary amount of oxygen. |
Animals breath in air in order to obtain what element? | carbon | water | nitrogen | oxygen | |
Where are pressure receptors mainly found? | the muscles | the nerves | the tissue | the skin | Touch is the ability to sense pressure. Pressure receptors are found mainly in the skin. They are especially concentrated on the tongue, lips, face, palms of the hands, and soles of the feet. Some touch receptors sense differences in temperature or pain. How do pain receptors help maintain homeostasis? (Hint: What might happen if we couldn’t feel pain?). |
Monomers of condensation polymers must contain how many functional groups so that each monomer can link up with two other monomers? | one | three | four | two | A condensation polymer is a polymer formed by condensation reactions. Monomers of condensation polymers must contain two functional groups so that each monomer can link up with two other monomers. One type of condensation polymer is called a polyamide. An amide is characterized by the functional group shown below wherein the carbon of a carbonyl group is bonded to the nitrogen of an amine. |
What is the name of the skull that covers the brain and protects it? | mandible | cerebrum | Nasal bone | the cranium | a cranium, or bony skull, that encloses and protects the brain;. |
Silk and cotton are examples of what kind of fiber? | simple | pure | artificial | natural | The fibers that compose the materials for our clothes are either natural or human-made. Silk and cotton would be examples of natural fibers. Silk is produced by the silkworm and cotton is grown as a plant. Human-made fabrics include nylon, orlon, and a number of other polymers. These materials are made from hydrocarbons found in petroleum products. Synthetic polymers are also used in shoes, raingear, and camping items. The synthetic fabrics tend to be lighter than the natural ones and can be treated to make them more water-resistant and durable. |
Reacting with metal is one thing that distinguishes acids from what? | protiens | metals | minerals | bases | A: A property that is shared by bases and acids is the ability to conduct electricity when dissolved in water. Some ways bases and acids are different is that acids taste sour whereas bases taste bitter. Also, acids but not bases react with metals. For other differences between bases and acids, as well as why they differ in these ways, read the short article at this URL: http://www. chem4kids. com/files/react_acidbase. html. |
What happens to light when it passed from air to water? | it speeds up | it contracts | it brightens | it bends | Refraction is another way that waves interact with matter. Refraction occurs when waves bend as they enter a new medium at an angle. You can see an example of refraction in the Figure below . Light bends when it passes from air to water or from water to air. The bending of the light traveling from the fish to the man’s eyes causes the fish to appear to be in a different place from where it actually is. |
The basic voltaic cell variations are the dry cell and the what? | lead electricity battery | lead flood battery | positive terminal | lead storage battery | Two variations on the basic voltaic cell are the dry cell and the lead storage battery. |
In a solution, what is the substance present in the lesser amount called? | fluids | molecules | compound | solute | Most chemical reactions are carried out in solutions, which are homogeneous mixtures of two or more substances. In a solution, a solute (the substance present in the lesser amount) is dispersed in a solvent (the substance present in the greater amount). Aqueous solutions contain water as the solvent, whereas nonaqueous solutions have solvents other than water. Polar substances, such as water, contain asymmetric arrangements of polar bonds, in which electrons are shared unequally between bonded atoms. Polar substances and ionic compounds tend to be most soluble in water because they interact favorably with its structure. In aqueous solution, dissolved ions becomehydrated; that is, a shell of water molecules surrounds them. Substances that dissolve in water can be categorized according to whether the resulting aqueous solutions conduct electricity. Strong electrolytes dissociate completely into ions to produce solutions that conduct electricity well. Weak electrolytes produce a relatively small number of ions, resulting in solutions that conduct electricity poorly. Nonelectrolytes dissolve as uncharged molecules and have no effect on the electrical conductivity of water. |
What is the difference between oils and fats at room temperature? | liquid and gas states | solid and gas states | saturated and unsaturated | liquid and solid states | A lipid is a member of a class of water-insoluble compounds that includes oils, fats, and waxes. Oils and fats are based on the same general structure, but fats are solids at room temperature, while oils are liquids. Butter is an example of a fat and is derived from animals. Some oils include olive oil and canola oil, which are obtained from plants. Lipids are an essential part of a healthy diet, though excess dietary fat can be harmful. Lipids store energy in the body and are also needed to keep cell membranes healthy. |
A cochlear implant aims to restore loss of what sense? | taste | vision | touch | hearing | consists of a microphone that picks up sound. A speech processor selects sounds in the range of human speech, and a transmitter converts these sounds to electrical impulses, which are then sent to the auditory nerve. Which of the following types of hearing loss would not be restored by a cochlear implant? a. Hearing loss resulting from absence or loss of hair cells in the organ of Corti. Hearing loss resulting from an abnormal auditory nerve. Hearing loss resulting from fracture of the cochlea. |
In which constellation is the helix nebula located? | gemini | prometheus | zodiac | aquarius | The Helix nebula, located about 700 light-years away in the constellation Aquarius, belongs to a class of objects called planetary nebulae . Planetary nebulae are the remains of stars that once looked a lot like our sun. When sun-like stars die, they puff out their outer gaseous layers. These layers are heated by the hot core of the dead star, called a white dwarf, and shine with infrared and visible colors. Scientists can study the birth and death of stars by analyzing the types of light that are emitted from nebulae. |
The chains in cellulose stack in parallel rows held together by hydrogen bonds between which groups? | soda groups | disc groups | carbon groups | hydroxl groups | that produce a coiled structure. The glucose units in cellulose, in contrast, are linked to give long, unbranched chains. The chains in cellulose stack in parallel rows held together by hydrogen bonds between hydroxyl groups. This arrangement produces a rigid structure that is insoluble in water. Figure 24.22 The Polysaccharides Starch and Cellulose. |
The small, rocky bodies that orbit the sun are called what? | fossils | comets | meteorites | asteroids | Asteroids are small rocky bodies that orbit the Sun. |
Water is used by the plant to move materials up from the roots to make what? | fruit | light | chlorophyll | food | |
Magnets have a "north" and a "south" what? | temperature | arch | grid | pole | Figure 22.3 Magnets come in various shapes, sizes, and strengths. All have both a north pole and a south pole. There is never an isolated pole (a monopole). |
Exemplified by organisms that grow in geysers, hyperthermophiles "love" what? | rainfall | humidity | cold | heat | Hyperthermophiles are organisms that "love" heat. Some archaeans can survive at very high temperatures. For example, they can grow in hot springs and geysers. One archaean species can even reproduce at 122 °C (252 °F). This is higher than the boiling point of water. It is the highest recorded temperature for any organism. |
What is the term for the multi-phase process in which the nucleus of the cell divides? | epistasis | cytokinesis | mutation | mitosis | The first step is mitosis , a multi-phase process in which the nucleus of the cell divides. During mitosis, the nuclear membrane breaks down and later reforms. The chromosomes are also sorted and separated to ensure that each daughter cell receives a diploid number (2 sets) of chromosomes. In humans, that number of chromosomes is 46 (23 pairs). Mitosis is described in greater detail in a subsequent concept. |
Fungi often make specialized reproductive structures, such as what? | herbs | pieces | Fungus | mushrooms | Fungi often make specialized reproductive structures, such as a mushroom. |
Which is a more reliable trait or measure to identify minerals? | weight | color | shape | streak | Streak is more reliable than color to identify minerals. The color of a mineral may vary. Streak does not vary. Also, different minerals may be the same color, but they may have a different color streak. For example, samples of hematite and galena can both be dark gray. They can be told apart because hematite has a red streak and galena has a gray streak. |
Inside female cones, female spores develop into female what? | tubules | gymnosperms | filaments | gametophytes | Cones form on a mature sporophyte plant. Inside male cones, male spores develop into male gametophytes. Each male gametophyte consists of several cells enclosed within a grain of pollen . Inside female cones, female spores develop into female gametophytes. Each female gametophyte produces an egg inside an ovule. |
What is the name of the molecule which has one carbon and four hydrogen atoms? | carbon monoxide | carbohydrate | sulfur | methane | Hydrocarbons are made of carbon and hydrogen atoms. This molecule with one carbon and four hydrogen atoms is methane. |
On a global scale, plants and other photosynthetic organisms have generated all of what element in the air? | methane | nitrogen | carbon dioxide | oxygen | |
What living creatures comprise the "rainforests of the oceans"? | algae | kelp | krill | coral reefs | Corals and other animals create limestone rock reefs near the shore. Coral reefs are the “rainforests of the oceans. ” They have a tremendous amount of species diversity ( Figure below ). |
What type of reactions absorb heat from their surroundings? | exothermic | geothermic | hypothermic | endothermic | Endothermic reactions absorb heat from their surroundings. |
Two significant parts of the heat include the atrium and its counterpart, which is what? | valve | cells | skeletal | ventricle | through the branching bronchi, reaching the respiratory bronchioles. The respiratory bronchioles open up into the alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs, and alveoli. Because there are so many alveoli and alveolar sacs in the lung, the surface area for gas exchange is very large. The mammalian circulatory system is a closed system with double circulation passing through the lungs and the body. It consists of a network of vessels containing blood that circulates because of pressure differences generated by the heart. The heart contains two pumps that move blood through the pulmonary and systemic circulations. There is one atrium and one ventricle on the right side and one atrium and one ventricle on the left side. The pumping of the heart is a function of cardiomyocytes, distinctive muscle cells that are striated like skeletal muscle but pump rhythmically and involuntarily like smooth muscle. The signal for contraction begins in the wall of the right atrium. The electrochemical signal causes the two atria to contract in unison; then the signal causes the ventricles to contract. The blood from the heart is carried through the body by a complex network of blood vessels; arteries take blood away from the heart, and veins bring blood back to the heart. |
Bigger ocean waves and waves that carry more sediment cause a greater extent of what? | sand dunes | drowning | silt | erosion | Runoff, streams, and rivers carry sediment to the oceans. The sediment in ocean water acts like sandpaper. Over time, they erode the shore. The bigger the waves are and the more sediment they carry, the more erosion they cause. |
Which science is an extension of genetics, evolution, anatomy, physiology, and other biological disciplines? | chronology | microbiology | neurobiology | ethology | 45.7 | Behavioral Biology: Proximate and Ultimate Causes of Behavior By the end of this section, you will be able to: • Compare innate and learned behavior • Discuss how movement and migration behaviors are a result of natural selection • Discuss the different ways members of a population communicate with each other • Give examples of how species use energy for mating displays and other courtship behaviors • Differentiate between various mating systems • Describe different ways that species learn Behavior is the change in activity of an organism in response to a stimulus. Behavioral biology is the study of the biological and evolutionary bases for such changes. The idea that behaviors evolved as a result of the pressures of natural selection is not new. Animal behavior has been studied for decades, by biologists in the science of ethology, by psychologists in the science of comparative psychology, and by scientists of many disciplines in the study of neurobiology. Although there is overlap between these disciplines, scientists in these behavioral fields take different approaches. Comparative psychology is an extension of work done in human and behavioral psychology. Ethology is an extension of genetics, evolution, anatomy, physiology, and other biological disciplines. Still, one cannot study behavioral biology without touching on both comparative psychology and ethology. One goal of behavioral biology is to dissect out the innate behaviors, which have a strong genetic component and are largely independent of environmental influences, from the learned behaviors, which result from environmental conditioning. Innate behavior, or instinct, is important because there is no risk of an incorrect behavior being learned. They are “hard wired” into the system. On the other hand, learned behaviors, although riskier, are flexible, dynamic, and can be altered according to changes in the environment. |
What are catalysts in living things called? | carbohydrates | proteins | carbohydrates | enzymes | Chemical reactions constantly occur inside living things. Many of these reactions require catalysts so they will occur quickly enough to support life. Catalysts in living things are called enzymes. Enzymes may be extremely effective. A reaction that takes a split second to occur with an enzyme might take many years without it!. |
What is part of a large fungus that lives underground? | bark | bamboo | mold | mushroom | Mushrooms aren't around just so you can put them on your pizza. The mushroom is part of a large fungus that lives underground. The mushroom develops above the ground when the fungus is ready to reproduce. |
When sediments settle out of water, what do they form? | magnetic layers | separated layers | erosion | horizontal layers | When sediments settle out of water, they form horizontal layers. A layer of sediment is deposited. Then the next layer is deposited on top of that layer. So each layer in a sedimentary rock is younger than the layer under it ( Figure below ). |
In the inner ear, the vibrations are changed to electrical signals by hair cells lining what? | ear lobe | ear canal | hammer | the cochlea | In the inner ear, the vibrations are changed to electrical signals by hair cells lining the cochlea. The electrical signals then travel to the brain. |
What causes cells to divide if cytokinins are added to it? | hyptoxin | osmosis | apoptosis | auxin | |
Angiosperm seed develops inside of what? | the pancreas | fallopian tubes | a kidney | an ovary | In gymnosperms, a seed develops on the scale of a cone. Only an angiosperm seed develops inside an ovary. |
The efficiency of a machine is a measure of how well it reduces what force? | sound | tension | vibration | friction | The efficiency of a machine is a measure of how well it reduces friction. It is calculated as the percent of input work that becomes output work. |
Algae produce food using what process? | spermatogenesis | glycolysis | cellular respiration | photosynthesis | The green scum in this canal consists of billions of single-celled green algae. Algae are plant-like microorganisms that produce food by photosynthesis. |
What happens to energy when work is done by a system? | multiplied | stored | added | removed | Work done on a system puts energy into it. Work done by a system removes energy from it. Give an example for each statement. When solving for speed in Example 7.4, we kept only the positive root. Why?. |
What term is used to describe organic compounds such as sugars and starches? | vegetables | fats | proteins | carbohydrates | Carbohydrates are organic compounds such as sugars and starches. They provide energy and form structures such as cell walls. |
What indicates horizontal distance and are also found on the map legend? | variations | spikes | edges | scales | Scales indicate horizontal distance and are also found on the map legend. |
What is the blood in the body pumped with? | lung | systolic pressure | respiratory | heart | A main body cavity with an expanded circulatory system. Blood is pumped by a heart located near the back. |
What kind of diffusion do small hydrophobic molecules squeeze through lipid molecules? | complex | difficult | slippery | simple | Problems can occur with red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, and other parts of the blood. Many blood disorders are genetic, meaning they are inherited from a parent. Some blood diseases are caused by not getting enough of a certain nutrient, while others are cancers of the blood. |
The feeding positions in a food chain or web are called? | consumer levels | secondary levels | producer levels | trophic levels | The feeding positions in a food chain or web are called trophic levels . The different trophic levels are defined in the Table below . Examples are also given in the table. All food chains and webs have at least two or three trophic levels. Generally, there are a maximum of four trophic levels. |
Parasites infect the host's what? | white blood cells | platelets | plasma | red blood cells | Plasmodium protozoa cause malaria . The parasites are spread by a mosquito vector. Parasites enter a host’s blood through the bite of an infected mosquito. The parasites infect the host’s red blood cells, causing symptoms such as fever, joint pain, anemia, and fatigue. |
Earthquakes cause longitudinal waves as well as which other waves? | electromagnetic | aural | irregular | transverse | Earthquakes cause longitudinal waves as well as transverse waves. The disturbance that causes an earthquake sends longitudinal waves through underground rocks in all directions from the disturbance. Earthquake waves that travel this way are called primary, or P, waves. They are illustrated in Figure below . |
How does the water cycle end? | cloud precipitation | ocean evaporation | freezing glaciers | it repeats itself | Two common home heating systems are hot-water and warm-air heating systems. They burn fuel for thermal energy and transfer the energy to water or air. The heated water or air circulates throughout the house, transferring thermal energy to the air in each room. |
Light travels more quickly in air than what? | metal | earth | glass | water | When light is refracted, it changes direction as it passes into a new medium and changes speed. The straw in the Figure below looks bent where light travels from water to air. Light travels more quickly in air than in water and changes direction. For a detailed explanation of how this happens, watch the animation at this URL:. |
What are chromosomes made of? | muscle tissue | amino acids | sperm and proteins | dna and proteins | Chromosomes are coiled structures made of DNA and proteins. Chromosomes are the form of the genetic material of a cell during cell division. It is this coiled structure that ensures proper segregation of the chromosomes during cell division. During other phases of the cell cycle, DNA is not coiled into chromosomes. Instead, it exists as a grainy material called chromatin . |
What is the general name for a group of atoms derived from an alkane? | acid group | anode group | oxidation group | alkyl group | The general name for a group of atoms derived from an alkane is an alkyl group. The name of an alkyl group is derived from the name of the alkane by adding the suffix -yl. Thus the – CH3 fragment is a methyl group, the –CH2CH3 fragment is an ethyl group, and so forth, where the dash represents a single bond to some other atom or group. Similarly, groups of atoms derived from aromatic hydrocarbons are aryl groups, which sometimes have unexpected names. For example, the –C6H5 fragment is derived from benzene, but it is called a phenyl group. In general formulas and structures, alkyl and aryl groups are often abbreviated as R. |
What are most cells surrounded by? | air | fat | lipids | water | |
What is the term for materials that have both a defined shape and a defined volume? | gases | liquids | matter | solids | Solids are materials that have both a defined shape and a defined volume. They do not take on the shape of their container, as liquids and gases do. Solids can be either amorphous or crystalline. Amorphous solids (such as glass) do not have a well organized three-dimensional arrangement of molecules or atoms, so they lack a high level of order. On the other hand, crystalline solids display a highly ordered and predictable three-dimensional structure. In this section we will discuss the different types of crystalline solids. |
Proto-oncogenes can change into oncogenes that cause what? | Mutations | Infections | DNA | cancer | |
What is the radioactive process used in nuclear power plants and one type of nuclear bomb? | decay | fusion | radiation | fission | Note Fission is the radioactive process used in nuclear power plants and one type of nuclear bomb. |
Where does a crossover occur on a chromosome? | at the same location | at no locations | at one-two locations | at different locations | Figure 17.11 Crossover may occur at different locations on the chromosome. Recombination between genes A and B is more frequent than recombination between genes B and C because genes A and B are farther apart; a crossover is therefore more likely to occur between them. |
What are the biggest groups of stars called? | orbits | cells | novas | galaxies | The biggest groups of stars are called galaxies. A few million to many billions of stars may make up a galaxy. With the unaided eye, every star you can see is part of the Milky Way Galaxy. All the other galaxies are extremely far away. The closest spiral galaxy, the Andromeda Galaxy, shown in Figure below , is 2,500,000 light years away and contains one trillion stars!. |
What is defined as the act of contaminating the environment with waste? | global warming | purifying | climate change | pollution | Left: Ciar; Right: Jeff Keacher. Bread left out grows mold, bread in refrigerator stays fresh . Left: Public Domain; Right: CC BY 2.0. |
What type of energy is produced when two objects move together? | fluid | internal | kinetic | mechanical | |
What is the mechanism by which favorable traits become more common in organisms over the course of generations? | birth | evolution | environmental selection | natural selection | Natural selection can change a species or even make a new species. Natural processes favor some traits over others in a population. This causes those traits to be more common in subsequent generations. |
Evaporation of moisture is greatest where it is? | rainy and hot | cool and snowy | sunny and populated | hot and sunny | Evaporation of moisture is greatest where it is hot and sunny. Therefore, cold climates with low precipitation may not be as dry as warm climates with the same amount of precipitation. |
What are the structural and functional units of the kidneys? | dendrites | interneurons | fat cells | nephrons | The actual removal of wastes from the blood occurs in tiny units inside the kidneys called nephrons. Nephrons are the structural and functional units of the kidneys. A single kidney may have more than a million nephrons! This is further discussed in the Urinary System concept. |
What does the ovule mature into after double fertilization? | a sister chromatid | a spore | a twin | a seed | |
The gap between two dna fragments is sealed by what? | enzymes | reductase | rna ligase | by dna ligase | DNA polymerase starts adding nucleotides to the 3'-OH end of the primer. Elongation of both the lagging and the leading strand continues. RNA primers are removed by exonuclease activity. Gaps are filled by DNA pol by adding dNTPs. The gap between the two DNA fragments is sealed by DNA ligase, which helps in the formation of phosphodiester bonds. Table 14.1 summarizes the enzymes involved in prokaryotic DNA replication and the functions of each. |
"incident" and "reflected" are two types of what? | collisions | cells | mirrors | rays | In the Figure below , you can see how both types of reflection occur. Waves of light are represented by arrows called rays. Rays that strike the surface are referred to as incident rays, and rays that reflect off the surface are known as reflected rays. In regular reflection, all the rays are reflected in the same direction. This explains why regular reflection forms a clear image. In diffuse reflection, the rays are reflected in many different directions. This is why diffuse reflection forms, at best, a blurry image. You can see animations of both types of reflection at this URL: http://toolboxes. flexiblelearning. net. au/demosites/series5/508/Laboratory/StudyNotes/snReflectionMirrors. htm. |
Where does most of the earth's energy come from? | heat | cover | fire | sun | Almost all energy on Earth comes from the Sun. The Sun’s energy heats the planet and the air around it. Sunlight also powers photosynthesis and life on Earth. |
What do we call a carbohydrate formed by two monosaccharides bonding together? | calcite | Nitrate | olivine | disaccharide | If two monosaccharides bond together, they form a carbohydrate called a disaccharide . Two monosaccharides will bond together through a dehydration reaction, in which a water molecule is lost. A dehydration reaction is a condensation reaction , a chemical reaction in which two molecules combine to form one single molecule, losing a small molecule in the process. In the dehydration reaction, this small molecule is water. The bond between two monosaccharides is known as a glycosidic bond . |
What determines how long a planet's orbit is around the sun? | direction | size | age | distance | The distance between the Earth and the Sun is about 150 million kilometers. Earth revolves around the Sun at an average speed of about 27 kilometers (17 miles) per second. Mercury and Venus are closer to the Sun, so they take shorter times to make one orbit. Mercury takes only about 88 Earth days to make one trip around the Sun. All of the other planets take longer amounts of time. The exact amount depends on the planet's distance from the Sun. Saturn takes more than 29 Earth years to make one revolution around the Sun. |
Anaerobic cellular respiration does not require the presence of what (by the very fact it is anaerobic, specifically)? | nitrogen | carbon | helium | oxygen | In aerobic respiration, the final electron acceptor is an oxygen molecule, O2. If aerobic respiration occurs, then ATP will be produced using the energy of high-energy electrons carried by NADH or FADH2 to the electron transport chain. If aerobic respiration does not occur, NADH must be reoxidized to NAD+ for reuse as an electron carrier for the glycolytic pathway to continue. How is this done? Some living systems use an organic molecule as the final electron acceptor. Processes that use an organic molecule to regenerate NAD+ from NADH are collectively referred to as fermentation. In contrast, some living systems use an inorganic molecule as a final electron acceptor. Both methods are called anaerobic cellular respiration in which organisms convert energy for their use in the absence of oxygen. |
The three-dimensional spaces with specific shapes that are components of electrons shells are known as what? | ventricals | arrays | isotopes | orbitals | |
In relation to electrical current, what property will a narrow wire have more of than a wide wire? | current | voltage | wattage | resistance | A wide wire has less resistance than a narrow wire of the same material. Electricity flowing through a wire is like water flowing through a hose. More water can flow through a wide hose than a narrow hose. In a similar way, more current can flow through a wide wire than a narrow wire. |
Oil and water do not mix, instead forming two distinct layers called what? | surfaces | changes | stages | phases | Oil and water do not mix, instead forming two distinct layers called phases. The oil phase is less dense than the water phase and so the oil floats on top of the water. |